Wikipedia tnwiki https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsebe_ya_konokono MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.12 first-letter Pego Faphegileng Puisano Modirisi Puisano ya modirisi Wikipedia Puisano ya Wikipedia Setshwantsho Puisano ya setshwantsho MediaWiki Puisano ya MediaWiki Tempolete Puisano ya tempolete Thuso Puisano ya thuso Karolo Puisano ya karolo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2077 53305 53254 2026-07-26T19:56:28Z Khumo Batolomi 11767 Created by translating the section "Access to content" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365868094|Wikipedia]]" 53305 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website | name = Wikipedia | logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-tn.svg|250px]] | logo_caption = Sekano sa [[Wikipedia]] | screenshot = Wikipedia Portal Screenshot (2022).svg{{!}}border | screenshot_alt = Wikipedia portal showing the different languages sorted by article count | collapsible = yes | caption = Tebego ya tsebe ya konokono ya Wikipedia ka komputara | type = [[Maranyane a encyclopedia]] | language_count = {{NUMBEROF|languages|Wikipedia}} | country_of_origin = United States | owner = {{Unbulleted list|[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|}} | authors = {{Unbulleted list|[[Jimmy Wales]]|[[Larry Sanger]]}} | url = {{URL|https://www.wikipedia.org/|wikipedia.org}} | commercial = Nyaa | registration = Wa ithopela | num_users = [[List of Wikipedias#Statistics totals|>{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|totalactive.wikipedia}}}}}}]] active editors<ref> To be considered [[Special:ActiveUsers|active]], a user must make at least one edit or other action in a given month.</ref><br />[[list of Wikipedias#Statistics totals|>{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|USERS|totalactive.wikipedia}}}}}}]] registered users | launch_date = {{Start date and age|mf=yes|p=yes|br=yes|2001|1|15}} | current_status = Active | content_license = {{Nowrap|[[Creative Commons license|CC Attribution / Share-Alike]] 3.0}}<br />Most text is also dual-licensed under [[GNU Free Documentation License|GFDL]]; media licensing varies | programming_language = [[LAMP (software bundle)|LAMP]] platform<ref name="roadchap">{{cite web |url=https://rogchap.com/2011/09/06/top-40-website-programming-languages/ |title= Top 40 Website Programming Languages |website= rogchap.com |author= Chapman, Roger |date= September 6, 2011 |access-date= September 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922015103/https://rogchap.com/2011/09/06/top-40-website-programming-languages/ |archive-date= September 22, 2013}}</ref> | oclc = 52075003 }} Wikipedia [e] ke [[:en:Encyclopedia|ensaetlopedia]] ya mahala ya maranyane e e kwadilweng le go tlhokomelwa ke setšhaba sa baithaopi, ba ba itsiweng jaaka [[:en:Wikipedians|Bawikipedia]], ka [[:en:Open_collaboration|tirisanommogo e e bulegileng]] le serweboleta sa [[:en:Wiki|wiki]] sa [[:en:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]]. E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Jimmy_Wales|Jimmy Wales]] le [[:en:Larry_Sanger|Larry Sanger]] ka ngwaga wa 2001, Wikipedia e ntse e amogelwa fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 2003 ke [[:en:Wikimedia_Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]], [[:en:501(c)(3)_organization|mokgatlho wa Amerika o o sa direng dipoelo]] o o tshegediwang thata ke meneelo ya babadi.<ref>[[:en:Lisa_Seitz-Gruwell|Seitz-Gruwell, Lisa]] (October 23, 2023)[[foundationsite:news/2022/11/03/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/|. "7 reasons you should donate to Wikipedia"]]. [[:en:Wikimedia_Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241008212455/https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/10/23/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/ Archived] from the original on October 8, 2024. Retrieved December 27, 2023.</ref> Wikipedia ke buka e kgolo go tsotlhe ya [[:en:Reference_work|tshedimosetso e e dirisediwang go batla tshedimosetso,]] gape ke yone e e balwang thata mo ditsong.<ref>[https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher "Wikipedia is 20, and its reputation has never been higher]". ''[https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher The Economist]''. January 9, 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210107165356/https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher Archived] from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2021.</ref><ref>[[:en:Chris_Anderson_(writer)|Anderson, Chris]] (May 8, 2006). [https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975813_1975844_1976488,00.html "Jimmy Wales – The 2006 Time 100".] ''[https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975813_1975844_1976488,00.html Time]''. [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/500px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png Archived] from the original on October 12, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2017.</ref> Kwa tshimologong e ne e le teng ka Seesemane fela, Wikipedia e godile [[:en:List_of_Wikipedias|go fitlha dipuo di feta]] [[:en:List_of_Wikipedias|makgolo a mararo]] mme ke nngwe ya [[:en:List_of_most-visited_websites|lefelo la tshedimosetso mo maranyaneng tse di etelwang thata]] mo lefatsheng go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2026. [[:en:English_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Seesemane]], e e nang le [[:en:Article_(publishing)|dipego]] di feta didikadike di le supa, e sa ntse e le yone e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe mo dikgatisong, tse mmogo di nang le dipego di feta didikadike di le masome a a marataro le bosupa mme gape e amogela maeto a a fetang didikadike di le sekete le makgolo a matlhano tsa didirisiwa tse di farologaneng le diphetogo di ka nna didikadike di le lesome le boraro kgwedi le kgwedi, e leng palogare ya diphetogo di ka nna tlhano ka motsotswana. Go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ka ngwaga wa 2025, mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong ya batho ba ba etelang Wikipedia ba ne ba tswa kwa lefatsheng la United States, fa lefatshe la Japane le ne le emela mo e ka nnang karolo ya bosupa mo lekgolong, mme mafatshe a United Kingdom, Germany le Russia tsotlhe di ne di emela mo e ka nnang karolo ya botlhano mo lekgolong nngwe le nngwe.<ref>[https://www.similarweb.com/website/wikipedia.org/#geography "wikipedia.org]". ''Similarweb''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200605091241/https://www.similarweb.com/website/wikipedia.org#geography Archived] from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2026.</ref> Wikipedia e ile ya akgolwa ka ntlha ya popego ya yone ya ka fa gare le setso, e e [[:en:Democratization_of_knowledge|kgontshang go dira gore kitso e nne ya]] [[:en:Democratization_of_knowledge|puso ya batho ka batho]], le ka ntlha ya go akaretsa dilo tse dintsi ka dikgang tse di farologaneng, [[:en:Censorship_of_Wikipedia|Wikipedia e ile ya tlhotlhomisiwa]] ke dipuso dingwe tsa bosetšhaba, go simolola ka ditsebe tse di rileng go ya kwa saeteng yotlhe, ka dinako tse dingwe ka ntlha ya go kgala puso kgotsa ka ntlha ya diteng tse di tsewang di le bosula .<ref>Treisman, Rachel (April 1, 2022). [https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine "Russia threatens to fine Wikipedia if it doesn't remove some details about the war]". ''[[:en:NPR|NPR]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221202215844/https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine Archived] from the original on December 2, 2022. Retrieved January 22, 2023.</ref><ref>Skipper, Ben (December 7, 2015). [https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/chinas-government-has-blocked-wikipedia-its-entirety-again-1532138 "China's government has blocked Wikipedia in its entirety again"]. ''International Business Times UK''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180503111142/https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/chinas-government-has-blocked-wikipedia-its-entirety-again-1532138 Archived] from the original on May 3, 2018. Retrieved May 2, 2018.</ref> Ensaekolopedia eo e kile ya tshwaiwa diphoso ka ntlha ya go sekamela mo letlhakoreng le le lengwe mo mokgweng wa yone wa go tlhagisa tshedimosetso. Sekao ke go se neye basadi tshiamelo e e lekanang le ya banna (gender bias) le go sa emele dinaga tsa Borwa jwa Lefatshe (Global South) ka tekatekano. Gape, boikanyego jwa tshedimosetso ya Wikipedia bo ne bo belaelwa gantsi mo dingwageng tsa bo-2000, mme go simolola kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo-2010, e simolotse go amogelwa le go akgolwa thata. Ditlhogo tsa Wikipedia tse di buang ka ditiragalo tse di sa tswang go diragala di dirisiwa gantsi ke batho ba le bantsi e le metswedi ya tshedimosetso ya bosheng. [[Category:Wikipedia]] == Ditso == Go ne ga lekeletswa diensaetlolopedia tse di farologaneng tsa tirisanommogo tsa mo mafaratlhatlheng (inthanete) pele ga go simololwa ga Wikipedia, mme tsotlhe tsa atlega fela e seng mo go kalo kalo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Garber |first=Megan |date=October 12, 2011 |title=The contribution conundrum: Why did Wikipedia succeed while other encyclopedias failed? |url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2011/10/the-contribution-conundrum-why-did-wikipedia-succeed-while-other-encyclopedias-failed/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114540/https://www.niemanlab.org/2011/10/the-contribution-conundrum-why-did-wikipedia-succeed-while-other-encyclopedias-failed/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2016 |website=Nieman Lab}}</ref> Wikipedia e simolotse e le lenaneo le le tlaleletsang Nupedia, e leng thulaganyo ya mahala ya mafaratlhatlha a inthanete ya ensaetlolopedia ya puo ya Sekgoa e makwalo a yone a neng a kwalwa ke baitseanape le go sekasekwa ka fa tlase ga thulaganyo e e tlhomameng. <ref name="KockJungSyn2016">{{Cite journal |last=Kock |first=Ned |author-link=Ned Kock |last2=Jung |first2=Yusun |last3=Syn |first3=Thant |date=2016 |title=Wikipedia and e-Collaboration Research: Opportunities and Challenges |url=https://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[International Journal of e-Collaboration]] |publisher=IGI Global |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.4018/IJeC.2016040101 |issn=1548-3681 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927001627/https://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2016}}</ref> E tlhomilwe ka Mopitlo a le malatsi a le boferabongwe, ngwaga wa 2000, e le ya Bomis, e leng kompone ya web portal . Batho ba bagolo ba yone e ne e le Mookamedi-mogolo wa Bomis e bong Jimmy Wales le Larry Sanger, morulaganyi-mogolo wa Nupedia mme moragonyana wa Wikipedia. Nupedia e neilwe teseletso lantlha ka fa tlase ga teseletso ya yone ya Diteng tse di Buletsweng tsa Nupedia. Pele ga Wikipedia e tlhongwa, Nupedia e ne ya fetogela kwa Teseletso ya Dikwalo ya Mahala ya GNU se se rotloediwa ke Richard Stallman . Gantsi Wales o fiwa tlotla gore o ne a kgona go tlhalosa ka botlalo maikano a go dira ensaetlolopedia e makwalo a yone a kgonang go kwalwa le go baakangwa ke setshaba , fa Sanger ene a bokelwa go tswa ka leano la go dirisa wiki go fitlhelela maikano ao. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-15 |title=Tech Rewind: How Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia came to be |url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/health-and-fitness/article/tech-rewind--how-wikipedia--the-free-encyclopedia-came-to-be-15915177 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le lesome, ngwaga wa 2001, Sanger o ne a ntsha mogopolo mo dithomelong tsa Nupedia go tlhama wiki gore e bereke go "thusa" lenaneo la Nupedia. <ref name="nupedia feeder from WP 1" group="W">{{Cite news|last=Sanger|first=Larry|date=January 10, 2001|title=Let's Make a Wiki|url=https://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html|access-date=December 26, 2008|publisher=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> === Tshimololo le kgolo === Wikipedia e simolodisitswe ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le lesome le botlhano ka ngwaga wa 2001, (ka dinako tse dingwe le bidiwa "Letsatsi la Wikipedia"), {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=7}} e le kgatiso e le nngwe ya puo ya Sekgoa e e nang le leina la kgolagano ya ''www.wikipedia.com'', mme le ne la bolelwa ke Sanger mo dithomelong tsa Nupedia. Leina le, le le duleng ka Sanger go thibela tshenyo epe e e ka nnang teng mo leineng la Nupedia, <ref>{{Cite news|last=Larry Sanger|author-link=Larry Sanger|date=11 January 2001|title=Re: [Advisory-l] The wiki...|publisher=Nupedia mailing list|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000680.html|access-date=10 July 2026|archivedate=14 April 2003|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030414021138/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000680.html}}</ref> le simolotse mo motswakong wa mafoko ''wiki'' le ''encyclopedia'' . Wales o boletse gore kgopolo ya Wikipedia e ne ya tlhotlhelediwa ke dikgopolo tsa thulaganyo e e sa rulaganngwang e e neng e amana le Friedrich Hayek le [[Austrian School|Sekolo sa tsa itsholelo sa kwa Austria]] morago ga gore moitseanape wa tsa itsholelo yo o ratang kgololesego e bong Mark Thornton a supe megopolo ye . <ref>{{Cite news|date=2009-04-15|title=Wikipedia's Model Follows Hayek - WSJ|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123976347774119699}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mangu-Ward |first=Katherine |date=2007-05-30 |title=Wikipedia and Beyond |url=https://reason.com/2007/05/30/wikipedia-and-beyond/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725210204/https://reason.com/2007/05/30/wikipedia-and-beyond/ |archive-date=July 25, 2021 |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=Reason.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Segolobogolo, Wales o ne ya tlhotlhelediwa ke polelo ya ga Hayek ya Tiriso ya Kitso mo Setšhabeng e e neng e bolela gore e ne e le "konokono" mo mogopolong wa gagwe ka ga "kafa a ka laolang lenaneo la Wikipedia ka teng". <ref name=":0" /> Molao wa tsamaiso ya yone o o botlhokwa wa " pono e e sa tseyeng letlhakore " o ne wa simolola mo ngwageng wa yone wa ntlha . {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=29}}Mme fela, go ne go na le melao e mmalwa, mme e ne e bereka e sa laolwe ke Nupedia. Bomis kwa tshimologong e ne e ikaeletse gore e nne kgwebo e e dirang dipoelo. <ref name="Seth-Finkelstein">{{Cite news|date=September 25, 2008|title=Read me first: Wikipedia isn't about human potential, whatever Wales says|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/sep/25/wikipedia.internet|access-date=January 23, 2023}}</ref> Wikipedia e ne ya bona bakwadi/batlatsi ba ntlha go tswa mo Nupedia, dipego tsa ''Slashdot'', le go dira dikgolagano tsa enjene ya patlo ya webo. Dikgatiso tsa puo di ne tsa tlhamiwa go simolola ka Mopitlo 2001, mme palo yotlhe ya tse di ne di dirisiwang di le lekgolo le masome a le marataro le bongwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa 2004. Nupedia le Wikipedia di ne tsa nna mmogo go fitlhela disefara tsa Nupedia di emisetswa ruri ka 2003, mme dikwalo tsa yone di ne tsa tsenngwa mo Wikipedia. Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e fetile letshwao la dikwalo tse di didikadike di le pedi (2 million) ka Lwetse a le malatsi a le boferabongwe, ngwaga wa 2007, mme se se ne sa e dira gore e nne ensaetlolopedia e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe tse di kileng tsa kokoanngwa, e feta ''Ensaetlolopedia ya Yongle'' e e neng ya dirwa kwa China ka nako ya puso ya ga Ming ka 1408, e e neng e tshwere rekoto ya teng dingwaga di ka nna makgolo a le marataro. Ka ntlha ya go tshaba papatso ya dikgwebo le go tlhoka taolo, badirisi ba Wikipedia ya Sepanishe ba ne ba tswa mo Wikipedia go tlhama {{Lang|es|[[Enciclopedia Libre]]}} ka Tlhakole 2002. <ref name="EL fears and start 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=[long] Enciclopedia Libre: msg#00008 |url=https://osdir.com/ml/science.linguistics.wikipedia.international/2003-03/msg00008.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006065927/https://osdir.com/ml/science.linguistics.wikipedia.international/2003-03/msg00008.html |archive-date=October 6, 2008 |access-date=December 26, 2008 |website=Osdir}}</ref> Morago ga moo Wales o ne a ntsha kitsiso ya gore Wikipedia ga e kitla e bontsha dikgang tsa ipapatso mme ya fetola kgolagano ya dikhomphiutha go tswa go ''wikipedia.com'' go ya go ''wikipedia.org'' . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Vibber |first=Brion |date=August 16, 2002 |title=Brion VIBBER at pobox.com |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-August/003982.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620071550/https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-August/003982.html |archive-date=June 20, 2014 |access-date=December 8, 2020 |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref> Morago ga paka ya ntlha ya kgolo e e kwa godimo, <ref name="wikisym slowing growth 1" /> go lebega selekanyo sa kgolo ya Wikipedia ya Sekgoa go ya ka dipalo tsa dikwalo tse disha le tsa bakwadi e ne ya tsholetsega thata go bapa le ngwaga wa 2007 o simolola. <ref name="guardian WP user peak 1">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia approaches its limits|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/aug/12/wikipedia-deletionist-inclusionist|access-date=March 31, 2010}}</ref> Kgatiso e e ne ya fitlhelela dikwalo di le didikadike di le tharo ka Phatwe 2009. Dikwalo di ka nna sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi di ne di tsenngwa mo ensaetlolopedia ye ka letsatsi ka ngwaga wa 2006; ka 2013 palogare eo e ne e tsamaela makgolo a le boferabobedi. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=((Editors of Wikipedia)) |author-link=Special:History/Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia extended growth |title=Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia extended growth |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia_extended_growth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826234512/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia%27s_growth |archive-date=August 26, 2011 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Setlhopha kwa Lekalaneng la Dipatlisiso la Palo Alto se ne sa amanya go fokotsega mo ga kgolo le "go oketsega ga kgokagano le ditshenyegelo tse di kwa godimo, go se akarediwe batho ba basha mo lenaneong, le go gana diphetogo tse disha". Ba bangwe ba ne ba akantsha gore kgolo e ne ya fokotsega ka gonne dikwalo tse di ka bidiwang " [[wiktionary:low-hanging fruit|tse di motlhofo thata]] "— tsa ditlhogo tse di tshwanelwang ke go nna dikwalo—di ne di setse di tlhamilwe le go agiwa thata. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Cohen|author-link=Noam Cohen|title=Wikipedia&nbsp;– Exploring Fact City|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/weekinreview/29cohen.html}}</ref> Ka Ngwanatsele 2009, mmatlisisi mongwe kwa Sekolong sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Rey Juan Carlos kwa Madrid, kwa Spain, o ne a fitlhela gore Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e ne e latlhegetswe ke bakwadi/batlatsi ba le dikete di le masome a mane le boferabongwe mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse tharo tsa 2009; fa e bapisiwa, e ne e latlhegetswe ke bakwadi ba le dikete di le nne le makgolo a le boferabongwe fela mo pakeng e e tshwanang ka 2008. <ref name="guardian editors leaving 1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/nov/26/wikipedia-losing-disgruntled-editors|title=Wikipedia falling victim to a war of words|work=The Guardian|location=London|first=Jenny|last=Kleeman|date=November 26, 2009|access-date=December 13, 2016}}</ref> ''Pego ya The Wall Street'' e ne ya umaka melao e e farologaneng e e dirisiwang mo go direng dikwalo le dikganetsano tse di amanang le diteng tsa one gareng ga mabaka a a dirang gore go nne le tlwaelo ya kgang ye. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fowler |first=Geoffrey A. |last2=Angwin |first2=Julia |date=November 27, 2009 |title=Volunteers Log Off as Wikipedia Ages |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125893981183759969 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204041034/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125893981183759969 |archive-date=December 4, 2022 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> Wales o ne a ganetsa dikgang tse ka 2009, a ganela dikgang tsa phokotsego le go belaela mokgwa wa patlisiso eo. <ref name="telegraph Wales WP not losing editors 1">{{Cite news|last=Barnett|first=Emma|date=November 26, 2009|title=Wikipedia's Jimmy Wales denies site is 'losing' thousands of volunteer editors|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|location=London|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/6660646/Wikipedias-Jimmy-Wales-denies-site-is-losing-thousands-of-volunteer-editors.html|access-date=March 31, 2010}}</ref> Morago ga dingwaga di le pedi, ka 2011, o ne a amogela gore go nnile le phokotsego e nnye, a lemoga phokotsego go tswa go "bakwadi ba ba fetang dikete di le masome a mararo le borataro go le sekae" ka Seetebosigo 2010 go ya go ba le dikete di le masome a mararo le botlhano le makgolo a le boferabobedi ka Seetebosigo 2011. Mo go yone potsolotso eo, o ne a bolela gape gore palo ya bakwadi e ne e "tlhomame e bile e tswelelela pele". <ref name="wiki-women">{{Cite news|last=Rawlinson|first=Kevin|date=August 8, 2011|title=Wikipedia seeks women to balance its 'geeky' editors|newspaper=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/wikipedia-seeks-women-to-balance-its-geeky-editors-2333605.html|access-date=April 5, 2012}}</ref> Setlhogo sa lekwalo la 2013 la ''MIT Technology Review'', "Go wela tlase ga Wikipedia", se ne sa belaela polelo e, sa bega gore fa e sale ka 2007 Wikipedia e ne e latlhegetswe ke nngwetharong ya bakwadi ba yone ba ba ithaopileng, mme sa akantsha gore ba ba setseng ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo thata mo dintlheng tse dinnye. <ref name="Simonite-2013">{{Cite journal |last=Simonite |first=Tom |date=October 22, 2013 |title=The Decline of Wikipedia |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/ |url-status=live |journal=[[MIT Technology Review]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731083716/https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/ |archive-date=July 31, 2022 |access-date=November 30, 2013}}</ref> Ka Phukwi 2012, ''The Atlantic'' e ne ya bega gore palo ya batsamaisi le yone e ne e fokotsega. <ref name="Meyer-2012">{{Cite news|last=Meyer|first=Robinson|date=July 16, 2012|title=3 Charts That Show How Wikipedia Is Running Out of Admins|work=The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/3-charts-that-show-how-wikipedia-is-running-out-of-admins/259829|access-date=January 23, 2023}}</ref> Ka Ngwanatseele 2013, bukana ya ditshwantsho ya ''New York'' e ne ya bolela jaana, "Wikipedia, webosaete ya borataro e e dirisiwang thata, e lebagane le mathata a tsamaiso ya one." Palo ya bakwadi ba esaentlolopedia ya Sekgoa ba ba e dirisang gangwe le gape fa e sa le ka nako eo e ntse e tlhomame morago ga nako e telele ya go wela tlase. <ref>{{Cite news|last=F.|first=G.|date=May 5, 2013|title=Who really runs Wikipedia?|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2013/05/05/who-really-runs-wikipedia|access-date=November 26, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mandiberg |first=Michael |date=February 23, 2020 |title=Mapping Wikipedia |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/02/where-wikipedias-editors-are-where-they-arent-and-why/605023/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115131524/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/02/where-wikipedias-editors-are-where-they-arent-and-why/605023 |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |access-date=November 26, 2021 |website=The Atlantic}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le masome a mabedi, ngwaga wa 2014, Subodh Varma yo o neng a begela ''The Economic Times'' o ne a supa gore ga se fela gore kgolo ya Wikipedia e ne e eme, e ne e "latlhegetswe ke palo ya dipono tsa dikwalo di ka nna lesome mo lekgolong ngogola. Go nnile le phokotsego ye e ka nnang dikadikadike di le dikete tse pedi (2 billion) fa gare ga Sedimonthole 2012 le Sedimonthole 2013. Diphetolelo tsa yone tse di ratiwang thata ke tsone tse di eteletseng pele mo tsebeng: dipono tsa dikwalo tsa Wikipedia ya Sekgoa di fokotsegile ka lesome le bobedi mo lekgolong (12%), tsa mofuta wa Sejeremane di fokotsegile ka lesome le bosupa mo lekgolong (17%) mme tsa mofuta wa Sejapane di fokotsegile ka boferabongwe mo lekgolong (9%)." <ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news|last=Varma|first=Subodh|date=January 20, 2014|title=Google eating into Wikipedia page views?|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/29094246.cms|access-date=February 10, 2014}}</ref> Varma o ne a tlatsa a re, "Le fa baokamedi ba Wikipedia ba akanya gore se se ka tswa se bakilwe ke diphoso tsa go tsaa dipalo, baitseanape ba bangwe ba akanya gore lenaneo la Google la Knowledge Graphs le le simolotsweng ngogola le ka tswa le ne le tsaya badirisi ba Wikipedia." <ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com" /> Fa go ikgolagangwa le ene, Clay Shirky, morutintshi-mmogo kwa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa New York le modiri ka ene kwa Lekalana la Setšhaba le mafaratlhatlha a Inthanete la Berkman Klein la Harvard o ne a bolela gore o belaela gore bontsi jwa go fokotsega ga go lebelewa ga ditsebe go bakilwe ke Dikerafo tsa Kitso, a bolela jaana, "Fa o ka kgona go bona karabo ya potso ya gago mo tsebeng ya patlo, ga o tlhoke go [tobetsa] go ya pele." <ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com" /> Kwa bokhutlong jwa Sedimonthole 2016, Wikipedia e ne ya fiwa maemo a botlhano mo webosaeteng e e itseweng thata mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka bophara. <ref name="Alexa">{{Cite web |title=Alexa Top 500 Global Sites |url=https://www.alexa.com/topsites |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203120227/https://www.alexa.com/topsites |archive-date=February 3, 2021 |access-date=December 28, 2016 |website=[[Alexa Internet]]}}</ref> Go ema ka Firikgong 2023, go setse go nopotswe dikwalo di le dikete di le masome a matlhano le botlhano le makgolo a le bosupa le masome a le boferabongwe le bongwe (55 791) tsa Wikipedia ya Sekgoa makgetho a le dikete di le masome a le boferabongwe le bobedi le makgolo a le mararo (92 300 ) mo dibukaneng tsa barutegi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Citations of Wikipedia as an Online Resource |url=https://exaly.com/online-resource/146983/en.wikipedia.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104134042/https://exaly.com/online-resource/146983/en.wikipedia.org |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |access-date=November 4, 2022 |publisher=exaly}}</ref> tse go tswa mo go tsone tiriso ya dikitso tsa dikhomphiutha e neng e le tsebe e e nopotsweng thata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Citations of Cloud Computing |url=https://exaly.com/online-document/8348259/articles/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104134042/https://exaly.com/online-document/8348259/articles/ |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |access-date=November 4, 2022 |publisher=exaly}}</ref> === Dithulaganyo tse di berekang le yone === Wikipedia e tlhamile mananeo a le mmalwa a a berekang le ensaetlolopedia, tse gape e leng diwiki tse di tsamaisiwang ke [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] . [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mananeo a mangwe a Wikimedia]] a a akaretsa Wiktionary, lenaneo la bukana ya ithunthuntso mafoko e e neng ya simololwa ka Sedimonthole 2002, Wikiquote, kokoanyo ya dinopolo tse di tlhamilweng beke morago ga gore Wikimedia e simololwe, <ref>{{Cite book |last=Woods |first=Dan |year=2007 |title=Wikis for dummies |last2=Theony |first2=Peter |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1-118-05066-8 |edition=1st |location=Hoboken, NJ |page=58 |chapter=3: The Thousand Problem-Solving Faces of Wikis |oclc=1300481129 |ol=5741003W}}</ref> Wikibooks, kokoanyo ya dibukathuto tsa mahala tse di kwadilweng ka tirisanommogo, <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=((Editors of Meta-Wiki)) |author-link=m:Special:History/Talk:Science Hypertextbook project |title=Talk:Science Hypertextbook project |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=153077 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319183224/http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=153077 |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> [[Wikimedia Commons]] . e e neng e diretswe metswedi ya dikgang ya kitso e e gololesegileng, Wikinews, ya bobegadikgang jo bo dirisanang mmogo, le Wikiversity, lenaneo la go tlhama didirisiwa tsa go ithuta tsa mahala le go tlamela ka ditiro tsa go ithuta ka inthanete. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=((Editors of Wikiversity)) |author-link=v:Special:History/Wikiversity:History of Wikiversity |title=Wikiversity:History of Wikiversity |url=https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:History_of_Wikiversity |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724204635/https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:History_of_Wikiversity |archive-date=July 24, 2015 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Wikiversity |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Lenaneo le lengwe la Wikipedia, Wikispecies, le nankolola mefuta ya ditshedi tsotlhe, mme ga e a bulegela go ka tlaletswa ke setšhaba. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=February 18, 2005 |title=NET News: Calling All Taxonomists |journal=Science |volume=307 |issue=5712 |page=1021 |doi=10.1126/science.307.5712.1021a |s2cid=220095354 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ka 2012, Wikivoyage, e leng kaedi ya mesepele e e ka tlaleletswang, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Luyt |first=Brendan |date=January 1, 2020 |title=A new kind of travel guide or more of the same? Wikivoyage and Cambodia |journal=Online Information Review |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=356–371 |doi=10.1108/OIR-03-2020-0104}}</ref> le Wikidata, e leng motheo wa kitso o o ka tlaleletswang le one, di ne tsa simololwa. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Matthew |date=March 30, 2012 |title=The Wikipedia data revolution |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2012/03/30/the-wikipedia-data-revolution/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114634/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2012/03/30/the-wikipedia-data-revolution/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> === Diphitlhelelo === [[File:List_of_Wikipedia_articles_by_language_-_March_2024.svg|thumb|[[Cartogram]] showing number of articles in the top 88 Wikipedias ({{as of|2024|3|lc=y|post=).}} The size of the circles for Wikipedias that have less than a million articles is fixed and not proportional to the size of the Wikipedia. The smallest Wikipedia that made the cutoff is the [[Haitian Creole]] Wikipedia with 69K articles.{{efn|As of April 2026, the [[Haitian Creole]] Wikipedia, with 72K articles, is in 91st place when ranked by number of articles.}}<br /> The languages are roughly grouped by region: <br />{{hlist|{{legend0|#4C0099|[[Northern Europe]]}}|{{legend0|#CC0000|[[Southern Europe]]}}|{{legend0|#CCCC00|[[Eastern Europe]]}}|{{legend0|#CC6600|[[Middle East]]}}|{{legend0|#4C9900|[[East Asia]]}}|{{legend0|#00CDFF|[[Indian subcontinent]]}}|{{legend0|#660000|[[Sub-Saharan Africa]]}}|{{legend0|#808080|[[Central Asia]]}}|{{legend0|#6600CC|[[Caribbean]]}}}} ]] Ka Firikgong 2007, Wikipedia e ne ya nna nngwe ya diwebosaete tse di lesome tse di tumileng thata kwa Amerika, go ya ka Comscore Networks. <ref name="Comscore-2007">{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2007 |title=New Year's Resolutions Reflected in January U.S. Web Traffic |url=https://ir.comscore.com/static-files/45b068e1-1cee-412a-b48f-21ec34e7b59d |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819190445/https://ir.comscore.com/static-files/45b068e1-1cee-412a-b48f-21ec34e7b59d |archive-date=August 19, 2021 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[Comscore]] |page=3 |format=PDF}}</ref> Ka badirisi ba yone ba ba kgethegileng ba le didikadike di le masome a mane le bobedi le dikete di le makgolo a le boferabongwe (42.9), e ne ya nna mo maemong a boferabongwe, e feta ''The New York Times'' (maemo a lesome) le Apple (maemo a lesome le bongwe). <ref name="Comscore-2007" /> Se se ne sa tshwaya koketsego e e bonalang go feta Firikgong 2006, fa Wikipedia e ne e le mo maemong a bomasome a le mararo le boraro, ka badirisi ba kgethegileng ba le didikadike di le lesome le boferabobedi le dikete di le makgolo a le mararo ka (18.3 million). Ka 2014, e ne ya amogela dipono tsa ditsebe di le didikadike di le dikete tse di boferabobedi (8 billion) kgwedi le kgwedi. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report&nbsp;– Wikipedia Page Views Per Country |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020212633/http://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm |archive-date=October 20, 2011 |access-date=March 8, 2015 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Ka Tlhakole a le malatsi ae boferabongwe, 2014, ''The New York Times'' e ne ya bega gore Wikipedia e ne e na le &nbsp;dipono tsa ditsebe di le dikadikadike di le dikete tse dilesome le boferabobedi (18 billion) le badirisi ba ba kgethegileng ba le didikadike di le makgolo a le matlhano (500 million) ka kgwedi, "go ya ka ditekanyetso tsa comScore". <ref name="small screen">{{Cite news|last=Cohen|first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen|date=February 9, 2014|title=Wikipedia vs. the Small Screen|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/10/technology/wikipedia-vs-the-small-screen.html?_r=0|access-date=January 22, 2023}}</ref> Go ema ka Mopitlo 2023, e ne le mo maemong a borataro ka go tuma go ya kaSimilarweb.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Similarweb |title=Top Websites Ranking – Most Visited Websites In The World |url=https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210041116/https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/ |archive-date=February 10, 2022 |access-date=March 4, 2023 |website=[[Similarweb]]}}</ref> Jeff Loveland le Joseph Reagle ba nganga gore, mo tsamaisong, Wikipedia e latela mokgwa wa tsela e e telele wa diensaetlolopedia tsa ditso tse di kokoantseng ditokafatso ka bonya ka bonya ka " go kokoanya ga stigmergy ". <ref name="sagepub WP and encyclopedic production 1">{{Cite journal |last=Loveland |first=Jeff |last2=Reagle |first2=Joseph |date=January 15, 2013 |title=Wikipedia and encyclopedic production |journal=New Media & Society |volume=15 |issue=8 |page=1294 |doi=10.1177/1461444812470428 |issn=1461-4448 |s2cid=27886998}}</ref> <ref name="theatlantic WP actually a reversion 1">{{Cite web |last=Rosen |first=Rebecca J. |date=January 30, 2013 |title=What If the Great Wikipedia 'Revolution' Was Actually a Reversion? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/what-if-the-great-wikipedia-revolution-was-actually-a-reversion/272697 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229051117/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/what-if-the-great-wikipedia-revolution-was-actually-a-reversion/272697/ |archive-date=December 29, 2022 |access-date=February 9, 2013 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le lesome le boferabobedi, ngwaga wa 2012, Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e ne ya nna le seabe mo motseletseleng wa ditshupetso tse di rulagantsweng kgatlhanong le melao e mebedi e e neng e tshitshintswe kwa Lekgotlaneng la United States — Molao wa go Emisa go Utswa bodiratsi/dikwalo mo mafaratlhatlheng (SOPA) le Molao wa PROTECT IP (PIPA)—ka go fifatsa ditsebe tsa yone dioura di le masome a mabedi le bone . <ref name="LA Times Jan 19">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia: SOPA protest led eight million to look up reps in Congress|url=https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2012/01/wikipedia-sopa-blackout-congressional-representatives.html|access-date=March 6, 2012}}</ref> Batho ba feta didikadike di le lekgolo le le lengwe le masome a mabedi ba bone tsebe e e neng e tlhalosa go fifafatsa moo e e neng e tsere maemo a diteng tsa ensaetlolopedia nakwana e e seng ya sennela ruri. <ref name="BBC WP blackout protest 1">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia joins blackout protest at US anti-piracy moves|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-16590585|access-date=January 19, 2012}}</ref> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=SOPA/Blackoutpage |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/SOPA/Blackoutpage |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622185443/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/SOPA/Blackoutpage |archive-date=June 22, 2018 |access-date=January 19, 2012 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Ka Firikgong 2013, 274301 Wikipedia, e leng asteroid, e ne ya bidiwa ka Wikipedia; <ref>{{Cite news|last=Workman|first=Robert|date=January 5, 2013|title=Asteroid Re-Named 'Wikipedia'|work=[[Space.com]]|url=https://www.space.com/19643-asteroid-named-wikipedia.html|access-date=January 23, 2023}}</ref> ka Phalane 2014, Wikipedia e ne ya tlotlomatswa ka ''Sefikantswe sa Wikipedia'' ; <ref>{{Cite news|last=Katz|first=Leslie|date=October 27, 2014|title=A Wikipedia monument? It's true (we're pretty sure)|work=[[CNET]]|url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/a-wikipedia-monument-its-true-were-pretty-sure/|access-date=January 23, 2023}}</ref> mme, ka Phukwi 2015, ditshutiso tsa Wikipedia di le lekgolo le le lengwe le borataro (106) mo go tse di dikete di le bosupa le makgolo a le mane le masome a le bosupa le boraro (7 473) tse di nang le ditsebe di le makgolo a le masupa 700 di ne tsa nna teng e le Wikipedia e e Gatisitsweng . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sawers |first=Paul |date=June 18, 2015 |title=You can soon buy a 7,471-volume printed version of Wikipedia for $500,000 |url=https://venturebeat.com/business/you-can-soon-buy-a-7471-volume-printed-version-of-wikipedia-for-500000/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017154940/https://venturebeat.com/business/you-can-soon-buy-a-7471-volume-printed-version-of-wikipedia-for-500000/ |archive-date=October 17, 2022 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=VentureBeat}}</ref> Ka Moranang 2019, sefofane sa Iseraele se se fologang mo ngweding, Beresheet, se ne sa wela mo godimo ga [[Ngwedi]] se tshotse dikhophi tsa dikwalo tsa Wikipedia ya sekgoa tsotlhe di gateletswe mo dipoleiting tse ditshesane tsa nikele; baitseanape ba re go ka direga gore dipoleiti tse di ne tsa seka tsa amega fa tiragalo e ya go wa ga sefofane e diragala. <ref name="WRD-20190805">{{Cite news|last=Oberhaus|first=Daniel|date=August 5, 2019|title=A Crashed Israeli Lunar Lander Spilled Tardigrades On The Moon|work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|url=https://www.wired.com/story/a-crashed-israeli-lunar-lander-spilled-tardigrades-on-the-moon/|access-date=August 6, 2019}}</ref> <ref name="VOX-20190806">{{Cite news|last=Resnick|first=Brian|title=Tardigrades, the toughest animals on Earth, have crash-landed on the moon&nbsp;– The tardigrade conquest of the solar system has begun.|url=https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2019/8/6/20756844/tardigrade-moon-beresheet-arch-mission|date=August 6, 2019|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|access-date=August 6, 2019}}</ref> Ka Seetebosigo 2019, baitseanape ba maranyane ba ne ba bega gore 16 GB otlhe wa dikwalo tse di tswang mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa o tsentswe mo DNA ya maitirelo . <ref name="CNET-20190629">{{Cite news|last=Shankland|first=Stephen|date=June 29, 2019|title=Startup packs all 16&nbsp;GB of Wikipedia onto DNA strands to demonstrate new storage tech&nbsp;– Biological molecules will last a lot longer than the latest computer storage technology, Catalog believes.|work=[[CNET]]|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/startup-packs-all-16gb-wikipedia-onto-dna-strands-demonstrate-new-storage-tech/|access-date=August 15, 2023}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le lesome le boferabobedi, 2023, Wikipedia e ne ya simolodisa webosaete e ntšha e e baakantsweng , e e bidiwang " Vector 2022 ". <ref name="Pearl-2023">{{Cite web |last=Pearl |first=Mike |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Yes, Wikipedia looks weird. Don't freak out. |url=https://mashable.com/article/new-wikipedia-redesign |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120012235/https://mashable.com/article/new-wikipedia-redesign |archive-date=January 20, 2023 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[Mashable]]}}</ref> <ref name="Tech Desk-2023">{{Cite web |last=Tech Desk |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Wikipedia gets a facelift after 10 years: A look at new interface and features |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/wikipedia-gets-a-facelift-after-10-years-a-look-at-new-interface-and-features/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119054103/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/wikipedia-gets-a-facelift-after-10-years-a-look-at-new-interface-and-features/ |archive-date=January 19, 2023 |access-date=January 22, 2023 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> E ne e na le tsebe ya lenaneo e e tlhamilweng sesha, e sutisetsa tafole ya diteng kafa molemeng go e dira baara e e kafa thoko, le diphetogo di le dintsi fa go tobediwang teng go tlhopha tse o batlang go di dirisa jaaka sedirisiwa sa go tlhopha puo. <ref name="Tech Desk-2023" /> <ref group="W">{{Cite news|date=January 18, 2023|title=Wikipedia Gets a Fresh New Look: First Desktop Update in a Decade Puts Usability at the Forefront|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/01/18/wikipedia-gets-a-fresh-new-look-first-desktop-update-in-a-decade-puts-usability-at-the-forefront/|access-date=January 22, 2023}}</ref> Ntšhafatso e e ne ya amogela tsibogo e e sa siamang kwa tshimologong, segolobogolo fa bakwadi botlhe ba Wikipedia ya Seswahili ba ne ba tlhopha go busetsa diphetogo morago. <ref name="Pearl-2023" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rauwerda |first=Annie |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Wikipedia's Redesign Is Barely Noticeable. That's the Point. |url=https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120005241/https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html |archive-date=January 20, 2023 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=Slate Magazine}}</ref> Bobedi jo, Sanger le Wales ba ne tsenelela dipotsolotso tse di phatlalatsa kwa bokhutlong jwa 2025 ka ga dikakanyo tsa bone ka ga maemo le seemo sa Wikipedia, go fitlha go felela fa dingwageng tsa one tse di masome a mabedi le botlhano e ntse e le mo tirisong ka Firikgong a le lesome le botlhano, ngwaga wa 2026; Wales o ne a tlhagelela mo thulaganyong ya dikgang tsa PBS mo lenaneong la GZERO World e e neng e botsolodiwa ke Ian Bremmer mme Sanger o ne a tlhagelela mo Dikgannyeng tsa Fox, e e neng e botsolodiwa ke Ashley Rindsberg . Buka ya ga Wales ya ''Melao e e Supa ya go Ikanyega'' e ne ya gatisiwa ke Penguin Random House ka Phalane 2025 . E ne ya tlhalosiwa ke mogatisi jaaka "kakanyo e e tseneletseng ka ga mathata a lefatshe a go ikanyega le kitso" e le buka e e kanokang "melao ya go tshepana" e e letleletseng kgolo le katlego ya Wikipedia. <ref name="Penguin">{{Cite web |title=The Seven Rules of Trust |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/734278/the-seven-rules-of-trust-by-jimmy-wales-with-dan-gardner/ |access-date=22 October 2025 |website=[[Penguin Random House]] |language=en}}</ref> === Ditlamorago tsa maranyane a botlhale jwa maiterelo (generative AI ) mo dipalong tsa dipono tsa ditsebe tsa Wikipedia === Fa e sa le ka Firikgong 2024, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o begile koketsego ya sephatlo mo lekgolong ya tiriso tsa dibandwith go tswa mo go bapaleng diteng tsa bobegakgang mo mananeong a one otlhe. Go ya ka mokgatlho yo, kgolo e e amana le mananeo a a iperekisang ka boone, kgotsa di-bot tsa " scraper ", tse di kokoanyang ditshutiso tsa kitso mo ditsebeng tsa Wikimedia gore di dirisiwe mo go katiseng didirisiwa tse ditona tsa puo le ditiro tse di amanang le tsone. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weaver |first=Tanya |date=2025-04-04 |title=AI scraper bots putting costly strain on Wikimedia infrastructure |url=https://eandt.theiet.org/2025/04/04/ai-scraper-bots-are-putting-costly-strain-wikimedias-infrastructure |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=eandt.theiet.org}}</ref> Ka Phalane 2025, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o ne wa bega palo kakanyetso e le boferabobedi mo lekgolong ya phokotsego ya pharakano fa go bapisiwa le kgwedi e e tshwanang ka 2024 mo diponong tse di dirilweng ke batho. Ba bua gore se se bontsha tiriso ya Maranyane a botlhale jwa maitirelo le metswedi ya dikgang di sedimosa ka fa batho ba ratang go batla kitso/dikgang ka teng. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ha |first=Anthony |date=2025-10-18 |title=Wikipedia says traffic is falling due to AI search summaries and social video |url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/10/18/wikipedia-says-traffic-is-falling-due-to-ai-search-summaries-and-social-video/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221202413/https://techcrunch.com/2025/10/18/wikipedia-says-traffic-is-falling-due-to-ai-search-summaries-and-social-video/ |archive-date=December 21, 2025 |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=TechCrunch}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Marshall |date=2025-10-17 |title=New User Trends on Wikipedia |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/10/17/new-user-trends-on-wikipedia/ |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Diff}}</ref> == Tirisanommogo ya bakwadi == [[File:History_Comparison_Example_(Vector).png|thumb|Dipharologano tse di gateletsweng mo dikwalong tsa setlhogo se le sengwe]] === Melawana === Ka ntlha ya go tuma ga Wikipedia mo go ntseng go oketsega, dikgatiso dingwe, di akaretsa le tsa Sekgoa, di simolodisitse melawana e e laolang go tlaleletsa dikwalo fa gongwe. Ka sekai, mo Wikipedia ya sekgoa le dikgatiso dingwe tsa dipuo, badirisi ba ba nang le diphetogo di le lesome tsa dikwalo mme gape ba na le malatsi a le mane e le badirisi ke bone fela ba ba ka dirang dikwalo tse disha. Mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, gareng ga tse dingwe, ditsebe tse di bakang dikganetsano thata, tse di masisi, kgotsa tse di nang le kgonagalo ya go senngwa di ile tsa sirelediwa ka selekanyo se se farologaneng. <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Hafner|first1=Katie|date=June 17, 2006|title=Growing Wikipedia Refines Its 'Anyone Can Edit' Policy|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/17/technology/17wiki.html|access-date=December 5, 2016}}</ref> Tsebe e e senngwang gantsi e ka nna "e e sireleditsweng bontlhabongwe" kgotsa "e e sireleditsweng e netefaditswe gape e atolositswe", se se rayang gore ke fela bakwadi ba ba "tlhomamisitsweng" kgotsa ba ba "netefaditsweng mo go atolositsweng" ba ka e fetolang. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=12–13}}Setlhogo se se bakang dikganetsano thata se ka nna sa lotlelwa gore e nne batsamaisi fela ba ba ka dirang diphetogo. Lekwalo la 2021 mo ''Columbia Journalism Review'' le ne la supa melawana ya Wikipedia ya go sireletsa ditsebe jaaka "gongwe tsela e e botlhokwa thata" e e nang le yone ya go "laola mmaraka wa yone wa megopolo". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrison |first=Stephen |last2=Benjakob |first2=Omer |date=January 14, 2021 |title=Wikipedia is twenty. It's time to start covering it better. |url=https://www.cjr.org/opinion/wikipedia-is-twenty-its-time-to-start-covering-it-better.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117150508/https://www.cjr.org/opinion/wikipedia-is-twenty-its-time-to-start-covering-it-better.php |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |access-date=January 15, 2021 |website=[[Columbia Journalism Review]]}}</ref> Wikipedia e abetse di- bot ditiro dingwe . tsamaiso ya algorithm ya mofuta yoo e bonolo go tsenngwa mo tirisong le go lekanyediwa, mme go gana go amogela diphetogo mo go itirisang (automated rejection ) go ka tswa go nnile le seabe mo go fokotsegeng ga bakwadi ba ba matlhagatlhaga ba Wikipedia. <ref name="Ren-2024">{{Cite journal |last=Ren |first=Yuqing |last2=Zhang |first2=Haifeng |last3=Kraut |first3=Robert E. |date=February 29, 2024 |title=How Did They Build the Free Encyclopedia? A Literature Review of Collaboration and Coordination among Wikipedia Editors |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3617369 |url-status=live |journal=ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=1–48 |doi=10.1145/3617369 |issn=1073-0516 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912194101/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3617369 |archive-date=September 12, 2024 |access-date=September 12, 2024}}</ref> Di-bot di tshwanetse go amogelwa ke badirisi pele ga ditiro tsa tsone di tsenngwa mo tirisong. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=36}} Mo dikgannyeng tse dingwe, bakwadi botlhe ba letlelelwa go romela diphetogo, fela go tlhokega tshekatsheko mo bakwading bangwe, go lebilwe diemo dingwe. Ka sekai, Wikipedia ya Sejeremane e boloka "diphetolo tse di tlhomameng" tsa dikwalo tse di fentseng go tlhatlhobiwa mo go rileng. Morago ga diteko tse di tsereng nako e telele le dipuisano tsa badirisi, Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e ne ya tlhagisa thulaganyo ya "diphetogo tse di santseng di letilwe" ka Sedimonthole ngwaga wa 2012. <ref name="BInsider pending changes intro 1">{{Cite news|last=Henderson|first=William|date=December 10, 2012|title=Wikipedia Has Figured Out A New Way To Stop Vandals In Their Tracks|work=[[Insider Inc.|Business Insider]]|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/pending-changes-safeguard-on-wikipedia-2012-12|access-date=January 22, 2023}}</ref> Ka fa tlase ga thulaganyo ye, diphetogo tsa badirisi ba basha le ba ba sa kwadisiwang mo dikwalong dingwe tse di bakang dikganetsano kgotsa tse di nnang di senngwa di sekasekwa ke badirisi ba ba tlhomameng pele ga di gatisiwa. <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Frewin|first1=Jonathan|date=June 15, 2010|title=Wikipedia unlocks divisive pages for editing|journal=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10312095|access-date=August 21, 2014}}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, melawana ya go tlaleletsa dikwalo e fokotsa go nna le seabe ga bakwadi ga mmogo le maiteko a go kabakanya morafe wa badirisi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ajmani |first=Leah |last2=Vincent |first2=Nicholas |last3=Chancellor |first3=Stevie |date=September 28, 2023 |title=Peer Produced Friction: How Page Protection on Wikipedia Affects Editor Engagement and Concentration |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3610198 |url-status=live |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |volume=7 |issue=CSCW2 |pages=1–33 |doi=10.1145/3610198 |issn=2573-0142 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915061444/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3610198 |archive-date=September 15, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> Dikwalo tse di amanang le kgotlhang ya Iseraele le Palestina di bewa ka fa tlase ga tshireletso e e atolositsweng e e netefaditsweng. <ref name="Harrison-2023">{{Cite news|last=Harrison|first=Stephen|date=October 26, 2023|title=Wikipedia Is Covering the War in Israel and Gaza Better Than X|url=https://slate.com/technology/2023/10/wikipedia-elon-musk-gaza-hamas-israel-x-twitter-dispute.html|access-date=December 20, 2023|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|issn=1091-2339}}</ref> Bakwadi gape ba ka dira phetogo ya go boela morago mafoko a bone gangwe fela ka letsatsi go ralala ensaetlolopedia yotlhe mme ba ka thibelwa ruri go tlaleletsa dikwalo tse di amanang le yone. Melawana e e simolotswe ka 2008. <ref name="Benjakob-2020a">{{Cite news|last=Benjakob|first=Omer|date=October 4, 2020|title=The Second Intifada Still Rages on Wikipedia|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2020-10-04/ty-article/.highlight/the-second-intifada-still-rages-on-wikipedia/0000017f-e7fb-da9b-a1ff-efff2c230000|access-date=March 6, 2024|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref> Ka Firikgong 2025, Komiti ya Katlholo e ne ya simolodisa "melawana e e lekalekanang ya go tlaleletsa dikwalo", e e tlhokang gore badirisi ba ba nang le dithibelo ba neele fela nngwetharong ya diphetolo tsa bone mo dikwalong tse di amanang le kgotlhang ya Iseraele le Palestina le fa go se na melao epe ya boitshwaro jo bo sa siamang e e robilweng. <ref name="Elia-Shalev-2025">{{Cite web |last=Elia-Shalev |first=Asaf |date=January 24, 2025 |title=Edit wars over Israel spur rare ban of 8 Wikipedia editors — from both sides |url=https://www.jta.org/2025/01/23/israel/edit-wars-over-israel-spur-rare-ban-of-8-wikipedia-editors-from-both-sides |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250610091420/https://www.jta.org/2025/01/23/israel/edit-wars-over-israel-spur-rare-ban-of-8-wikipedia-editors-from-both-sides |archive-date=June 10, 2025 |access-date=May 27, 2025 |website=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]}}</ref> === Tshekatsheko ya diphetogo === [[File:Wikipedia_editing_interface.png|thumb|tsebe ya diphetolo ya Wikipedia]] Le fa diphetogo di sa sekasekwe ka thulaganyo, sofotewere ya Wikipedia e tlamela ka didirisiwa tse di letlelelang mongwe le mongwe go sekaseka diphetogo tse di dirilweng ke ba bangwe. Tsebe ya Ditso ya lekwalo lengwe le sengwe e golagana le diphetolo dingwe le dingwe tsa yone.{{efn|Revisions with libelous content, criminal threats, or copyright infringements may be removed completely.}} Mo dikwalong ka bontsi, mongwe le mongwe o ka lebelela diphetogo tse disha mme gape a baakanya diphetolo tsa ba bangwe ka go tobetsa kgokagano e e mo tsebeng ya Ditso tsa lekwalo la teng. Badirisi ba ba kwadisitsweng ba ka nna ba tlhokometse dikwalo tse di ba kgatlhang ka go nna le "lenaneo la ditebelelo" gore ba kgone go itsisiwe ka diphetogo. "Kanoko ya ditsebe tse disha" ke thulaganyo e mo go yone dikwalo tse di sa tswang go tlhamiwa di tlholwang go bona gore a di na le mathata a a bonalang. Ka 2003, moithuti wa setlankana sa PhD sa dithuto tsa itsholelo Andrea Ciffolilli o ne a bolela gore ditshenyegelo tse di kwa tlase tsa go nna le seabe mo wiki di ne tsa dira gore go nne le tlhabololo ya tirisanommogo, le gore dikarolo tsa mofuta yoo di ne di letlelela gore go nne motlhofo go bona diphetolo tse di fetileng tsa tsebe, mme go ne go thusa ka "dikatlholo tse di agang" go na le "dikatlholo tse di senyang". <ref name="FMonday collaborative effort 1">{{Cite journal |last=Ciffolilli |first=Andrea |date=December 2003 |title=Phantom authority, self-selective recruitment and retention of members in virtual communities: The case of Wikipedia |journal=First Monday |volume=8 |issue=12 |doi=10.5210/fm.v8i12.1108 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Tshenyo === Phetogo epe e e tshosetsang go thokgama ga Wikipedia ka bomo e tsewa e le go senya. Mefuta e e tlwaelegileng thata e e bonalang ya go senya e akaretsa go oketsa ka dilo tse di fatlhang le metlae e e sa siamang; gape e ka akaretsa ipapatso le mefuta e mengwe ya spam. Ka dinako tse dingwe bakwadi ba senya dikwalo ka go tlosa diteng kgotsa go tsenya tsebe e e senang sepe gotlhelele. Mefuta e e sa tlwaelegang thata ya tshenyo, jaaka go tlaletsa dikwalo ka dikgang tse di utlwalang mme di se boammaaruri ka bomo, di ka nna dingalo thata go lemosega. Batho ba ba senyang dikwalo ba ka tsenya fomate e e sa amaneng le sepe, ba fetola motheo wa tsebe jaaka setlhogo sa tsebe kgotsa go aroganngwa ga yone ka ditlhopha, ba dirisa khoutu e e ka fa tlase ga lekwalo ka boferefere, kgotsa ba dirisa ditshwantsho ka tsela e e kgoreletsang. [[File:John_Seigenthaler_Sr._speaking.jpg|alt=White-haired elderly gentleman in suit and tie speaks at a podium.|left|thumb|Mmegadikgang wa MoAmerika John Seigenthaler (1927–2014), setlhogo sa tiragalo ya buka ya botshelo jwa ga Seigenthaler]] Tshenyo e e bonalang ka kakaretso e motlhofo go ka ntshiwa mo dikwalong tsa Wikipedia; nako ya bogare ya go e lemoga le go e baakanya ke metsotso e le mmalwa. Le fa go ntse jalo, tshenyo ye nngwe e tsaya lobaka thata go ka lemogwa le go baakanngwa. Mo tiragalong ya buka ya botshelo jwa ga Seigenthaler, mokwadi mongwe yo o neng a ipipile leina a sa itsiwe o ne a tsenya kgang ye e e seng boammaaruri mo lekwalong la botshelo jwa moeteledipele wa sepolotiki wa Amerika e bong John Seigenthaler ka Motsheganong 2005, a mo kaya mo go maaka jaaka mmelaelwa wa polao ya ga John F. Kennedy . E ne ya nna e sa baakanngwa dikgwedi di le nne. Seigenthaler, mookamedi yo o simolotseng ''USA Today'' le motlhami wa lekgotlana la kgololesego ya Lekalana la Phetolo ya Ntlha kwa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Vanderbilt, o ne a leletsa motlhami-mmogo wa Wikipedia e bong Jimmy Wales mme a mmotsa gore a o na le tsela epe ya go itse gore ke mang yo o tsentseng kgang ye e senang boammaaruri yeo. Wales o ne a re ga itse, le fa mong wa molato a ne a feleletsa a latedisiwa. <ref name="book The World is Flat 1">{{Cite book |last=Friedman |first=Thomas L. |year=2007 |title=The World is Flat |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus & Giroux]] |isbn=978-0-374-29278-2 |page=124}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Buchanan |first=Brian |date=November 17, 2006 |title=Founder shares cautionary tale of libel in cyberspace |url=https://archive.firstamendmentcenter.org/news.aspx?id=17798 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221140311/https://archive.firstamendmentcenter.org/news.aspx?id=17798 |archive-date=December 21, 2012 |access-date=November 17, 2012 |publisher=[[First Amendment Center]]}}</ref> Morago ga tiragalo e, Seigenthaler o ne a tlhalosa Wikipedia e le "sedirisiwa sa patlisiso se se nang le diphoso gape se sena maikarabelo". Tiragalo e e ne ya dira gore go dirwe diphetogo tsa melawana kwa Wikipedia tsa go gagamatsa go netefadiwa ga dikwalo tse di buang ka matshelo a batho ba ba tshelang. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Helm|first=Burt|title=Wikipedia: "A Work in Progress"|url=https://www.businessweek.com/stories/2005-12-13/wikipedia-a-work-in-progress|date=December 13, 2005|access-date=July 26, 2012}}</ref> === Dikganetsano le dintwa tsa go tlaleletsa dikwalo === Bakwadi ba Wikipedia gantsi ba na le go sa dumalane mabapi le diteng, tse di ka tlotliwang mo ditsebeng tsa Puisano tsa dikwalo. Dikganetsano di ka felela ka diphetogo tse di gaisanang gangwe le gape mo dikwalong, tse di bidiwang "ntwa ya go tlaleletsa". <ref name="NBC WP editorial warzone 12">{{Cite news|last=Coldewey|first=Devin|date=June 21, 2012|title=Wikipedia is editorial warzone, says study|department=Technology|work=[[NBC News]]|url=https://sys03-public.nbcnews.com/technology/wikipedia-editorial-warzone-says-study-838793|access-date=March 26, 2021|archivedate=August 26, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826113318/http://sys03-public.nbcnews.com/technology/wikipedia-editorial-warzone-says-study-838793}}</ref> E bonwa ke botlhe jaaka seemo se se senyang didirisiwa mme go sena kitso epe e e mosola e e tsengwang, <ref>{{Cite book |last=Kalyanasundaram |first=Arun |date=December 2015 |title=2015 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC) |last2=Wei |first2=Wei |last3=Carley |first3=Kathleen M. |last4=Herbsleb |first4=James D. |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-1-4673-9743-8 |location=Huntington Beach, CA |pages=276–287 |chapter=An agent-based model of edit wars in Wikipedia: How and when is consensus reached |citeseerx=10.1.1.715.2758 |doi=10.1109/WSC.2015.7408171}}</ref> gape e a kgalwa ka e tsewa e dira ngwao ya gore bakwadi ba nne le kgaisano e nang le kgotlhang <ref>{{Cite book |last=Suh |first=Bongwon |date=2009 |title=Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration |last2=Convertino |first2=Gregorio |last3=Chi |first3=Ed H. |last4=Pirolli |first4=Peter |publisher=ACM Press |isbn=978-1-60558-730-1 |location=Orlando, FL |pages=1–10 |chapter=The singularity is not near |doi=10.1145/1641309.1641322 |doi-access=free}}</ref> se se amangwang le dikarolo tsa bong tsa banna tsa setso . <ref>{{Cite news|last=Torres|first=Nicole|date=June 2, 2016|title=Why Do So Few Women Edit Wikipedia?|url=https://hbr.org/2016/06/why-do-so-few-women-edit-wikipedia|access-date=August 20, 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bear |first=Julia B. |last2=Collier |first2=Benjamin |date=March 2016 |title=Where are the Women in Wikipedia? Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Wikipedia |journal=Sex Roles |volume=74 |issue=5–6 |pages=254–265 |doi=10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |s2cid=146452625}}</ref> Dipatlisiso di itebagantse thata le, sekai, go tlhoka botho ka dikganetsano, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khazraie |first=Marzieh |last2=Talebzadeh |first2=Hossein |date=February 7, 2020 |title="Wikipedia does NOT tolerate your babbling!": Impoliteness-induced conflict (resolution) in a polylogal collaborative online community of practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378216620300771 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Pragmatics |volume=163 |pages=46–65 |doi=10.1016/j.pragma.2020.03.009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914115833/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378216620300771 |archive-date=September 14, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smirnov |first=Ivan |last2=Oprea |first2=Camelia |last3=Strohmaier |first3=Markus |date=December 1, 2023 |editor-last=Ognyanova |editor-first=Katherine |title=Toxic comments are associated with reduced activity of volunteer editors on Wikipedia |url=https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/doi/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385/7457939 |url-status=live |journal=PNAS Nexus |volume=2 |issue=12 |doi=10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385 |issn=2752-6542 |pmc=10697426 |pmid=38059265 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007101400/https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/doi/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385/7457939 |archive-date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024 |doi-access=free |article-number=pgad385}}</ref> tlhotlheletso ya dikampa tsa bakwadi tse di gaisanang, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lerner |first=Jürgen |last2=Lomi |first2=Alessandro |date=December 21, 2020 |title=The free encyclopedia that anyone can dispute: An analysis of the micro-structural dynamics of positive and negative relations in the production of contentious Wikipedia articles |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378873318300467 |url-status=live |journal=Social Networks |volume=60 |pages=11–25 |doi=10.1016/j.socnet.2018.12.003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126001010/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378873318300467 |archive-date=November 26, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morris-O'Connor |first=Danielle A. |last2=Strotmann |first2=Andreas |last3=Zhao |first3=Dangzhi |date=April 4, 2023 |title=The colonization of Wikipedia: evidence from characteristic editing behaviors of warring camps |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090/full/html |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Documentation |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=784–810 |doi=10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090 |issn=0022-0418 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020151300/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090/full/html |archive-date=October 20, 2023 |access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref> popego ya dipuisano, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ziembowicz |first=Karolina |last2=Roszczyńska-Kurasińska |first2=Magdalena |last3=Rychwalska |first3=Agnieszka |last4=Nowak |first4=Andrzej |date=October 3, 2022 |title=Predicting conflict-prone disputes using the structure of turn-taking: the case of Wikipedia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224 |url-status=live |journal=Information, Communication & Society |volume=25 |issue=13 |pages=1987–2005 |doi=10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224 |issn=1369-118X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091334/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224 |archive-date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> le phetogo ya dikgotlhang go tlhoma mogopolo mo metsweding. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Chhabra |first=Anamika |date=August 25, 2020 |title=Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Open Collaboration |last2=Kaur |first2=Rishemjit |last3=Iyengar |first3=S. R.S. |publisher=ACM |isbn=978-1-4503-8779-8 |pages=1–10 |chapter=Dynamics of Edit War Sequences in Wikipedia |doi=10.1145/3412569.3412585 |access-date=September 15, 2024 |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3412569.3412585 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915052238/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3412569.3412585 |archive-date=September 15, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="Ruprechter">{{Cite journal |last=Ruprechter |first=Thorsten |last2=Santos |first2=Tiago |last3=Helic |first3=Denis |date=September 9, 2020 |title=Relating Wikipedia article quality to edit behavior and link structure |journal=Applied Network Science |volume=5 |issue=1 |doi=10.1007/s41109-020-00305-y |issn=2364-8228 |doi-access=free |article-number=61}}</ref> Taha Yasseri wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Oxford o ne a sekaseka dikgotlhang tsa go tlaleletsa/kwala dikwalo le go rarabololwa ga tsone mo patlisisong ya 2013. <ref name="Yasseri-2014">{{Cite book |last=Yasseri |first=Taha |author-link=Taha Yasseri |year=2014 |title=The Most Controversial Topics in Wikipedia: A Multilingual and Geographical Analysis |last2=Spoerri |first2=Anselm |last3=Graham |first3=Mark |last4=Kertész |first4=János |author-link4=János Kertész |publisher=Scarecrow Press |editor-last=Fichman, P. |doi=10.2139/SSRN.2269392 |ssrn=2269392 |editor-last2=Hara, N.}}</ref> Yasseri o ne a nganga gore go boela morago mo go bonolo fela kgotsa ditiro tsa "go dirolola" e ne e se selekanyo se se botlhokwa thata sa boitshwaro jo bo sa siamang jwa tiro kwa Wikipedia. O ne a ikaegile boemong jwa seo ka leano la "bakwadi ba le babedi ba bereka mmogo go boela ditlaleletso morago", le e leng gore mokwadi a le mongwe o tlaabo a busetsa morago go tlaleletsa ga mokwadi yo mongwe yo morago ga moo, ka tatelano, a boelang go busetsa tlaleletso ya mokwadi wa ntlha morago. Maduo a ne a tsenngwa mo lenaneong la diphetolelo di le mmalwa tsa dipuo tsa Wikipedia. Dikgotlhang tsa dipalo tse tharo tse di tona mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e ne e le tsa dikwalo tsa ga George W. Bush, botlhokapuso, le Muhammad . <ref name="Yasseri-2014" /> Fa go bapisiwa, mo Wikipedia ya Jeremane, dikgotlhang tsa dipalo tse tharo tse di tona ka nako ya patlisiso e ne e le tsa dikwalo tse di neng di bua ka Croatia, Scientology, le megopolo ka tiragalo ya 9/11 . <ref name="Yasseri-2014" /> Ka 2020, babatlisisi ba ne ba supa dikgato tse dingwe ka maitsholo a bakwadi, go feta go boela morago ditlaleletso ka bobedi, go supa dikgotlhang tsa go tlaleletsa dikwalo go ralala Wikipedia. <ref name="Ruprechter"/> Bakwadi gape ba ngangisana ka go phimolwa ga dikwalo mo Wikipedia, ka dingangisano tse di ntseng jalo di ka nna dikete di le makgolo a le matlhano fa e sa le Wikipedia e simololwa go tloga ka 2019. Fa lekwalo le sena go tlhophiwa go phimolwa, kganetsano gantsi e laolwa ke ditlhopo tsa ntlha (gore a le bolokwe kgotsa le phimolwe) le ka go umaka melawana ya tse di rileng tsa setlhogo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mayfield |first=Elijah |last2=Black |first2=Alan W. |date=November 7, 2019 |title=Analyzing Wikipedia Deletion Debates with a Group Decision-Making Forecast Model |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3359308 |url-status=live |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |volume=3 |issue=CSCW |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1145/3359308 |issn=2573-0142 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915025504/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3359308 |archive-date=September 15, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> == Melao le diteng == Wikipedia e na le mafelo a maina a a farologaneng a le lesome le bongwe mme dikwalo tsa yone di teng mo ''lefelong la maremelelo'' . Mafelo a mangwe a maina a na le ketapele pele ga setlhogo sa tsebe ya one mme a diragatsa maikaelelo a a farologaneng. Sekai, lefelo la maina a lenaneo le o a dirisa ketapele ''ya Wikipedia'' mme gape le dirisediwa dipuisano tse di amanang le go ipusa. Bontsi jwa babadi ga ba itse ka mafelo a a mangwe a maina. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=3}} Melaometheo ya morafe wa badirisi ba Wikipedia e akareditswe mo "Dipilara tse Tlhano", fa melaometheo e e tseneletseng ya go tlaleletsa dikwalo e tlhagisiwa mo melaong le dikaedi tse dintsi tse di diretsweng go bopa diteng mo go tshwanetseng. Dipilara tse tlhano tseo ke: * Wikipedia ke ensaetlolopedia * Wikipedia e kwadilwe ka tsela e e sa tseyeng letlhakore * Diteng tsa Wikipedia ke tsa mahala tse mongwe le mongwe a ka di dirisang, a di tlaleletsa, le go di anamisa * Bakwadi ba Wikipedia ba tshwanetse go tshwarana ka tlotlo le maitseo * Wikipedia ga e na melao e e kgopo Melao e e tlhamilweng ke badirisi e bolokwa mo lefelong la maina la Wikipedia, mme bakwai ba Wikipedia ba kwala le go tlhabolola melao le dikaelo tsa webosaete go ya ka tumalano ya badirisi. <ref name="pcworld who's behind WP">{{Cite web |date=February 6, 2008 |title=Who's behind Wikipedia? |url=https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/index.php/id;1866322157;fp;2;fpid;2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209110303/https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/index.php/id%3B1866322157%3Bfp%3B2%3Bfpid%3B2 |archive-date=February 9, 2008 |access-date=February 7, 2008 |website=PC World |page=2}}</ref> Kwa tshimologong, melao ya dikgatiso tse e seng tsa Sekgoa tsa Wikipedia e ne e beilwe mo thanolong ya melao ya Wikipedia ya Sekgoa. Fa e sa le ka nako eo e ile ya fapoga golo gongwe. === Melao ya diteng le dikaelo === Go ya ka melao ya morafe wa badirisi ba Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, lekwalo lengwe le lengwe mo Wikipedia le tshwanetse go nna le setlhogo se se maleba go nna mo [[wiktionary:encyclopedic|ensaetlolopedia]] mme e se lekwalo le le kwadilweng kana le utlwalega jaaka buka ya tlhaloso ya mafoko. Setlhogo gape se tshwanetse go fitlhelela maemo a Wikipedia a "notability", se se rayang gore setlhogo se tshwanetse gore a bo se kile sa akarediwa thata mo metsweding e e ikanyegang e e ikemetseng ka nosi mo setlhogong sa lekwalo leo. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=53–54}}Wikipedia e ikaeletse go fetisa fela kitso e e setseng e tlhomilwe gape e lemogwa ka jalo ga e a tshwanela go tlhagisa dipatlisiso tsa ntlha tsa setlhogo sa palo. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=32}}Ditlhogo tsa dipalo tse dingwe, jaaka tsa mapolotiki le barutegi, di na le melwana e e kgethegileng. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=53–54}}La bofelo, Wikipedia e tshwanetse go supa karolo e e sa tseyeng letlhakore. Se se fitlhelelwa ka go soboka metswedi e e ikanyegang, go dirisa puo e e sa tseyeng letlhakore, le go tlhomamisa gore go tlhagisiwa dintlha tse dintsintsi go ikaegile ka gore di tlhagelela go le kana kang. Dikgang/kitso gape e tshwanetse gore a bo e ka netefadiwa. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=5–7}}Lekwalo le le senang dinopolo le ka nna la tshwaiwa kgotsa la phimolwa gotlhelele. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=33}}Se ka dinako tse dingwe se ka dira gore go phimolwe lekwalo(tshedimosetso) , le fa e le boammaaruri, e le gore ga e na metswedi sentle. <ref name="IHT WP valid info wrong removable 1">{{Cite news|last=Cohen|first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen|date=August 9, 2011|title=For inclusive mission, Wikipedia is told that written word goes only so far|page=18|newspaper=[[International Herald Tribune]]}}</ref> Jaaka fa melao ya Wikipedia e ntse e fetoga mo tsamaong ya nako, gape e nna dingalo, palo ya yone e ile ya gola. Ka 2008, go ne go na le ditsebe tsa melao di le masome a mane le bone le ditsebe tsa dikaelo di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a le mane le boferabobedi (248); ka 2013, barutegi ba ne ba bala ditsebe tsa melao di le makgolo a le mararo le masome a le boferabobedi le boraro (383) le ditsebe tsa dikaelo di le makgolo a le mane le masome a le mane le boferabongwe (449). <ref name="Ren-2024"/> == Tsamaiso/Puso == Puso ya ntlha ya Wikipedia e ne ya kopanya dikarolo tsa puso ya batho ka batho le tsa tatelano ya maemo fa nako e ntse e tsamaya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanger |first=Larry |author-link=Larry Sanger |date=April 18, 2005 |title=The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir |url=https://features.slashdot.org/story/05/04/18/164213/the-early-history-of-nupedia-and-wikipedia-a-memoir |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525051304/http://features.slashdot.org/features/05/04/18/164213.shtml |archive-date=May 25, 2009 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=[[Slashdot]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kostakis |first=Vasilis |date=March 2010 |title=Identifying and understanding the problems of Wikipedia's peer governance: The case of inclusionists versus deletionists |url=https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2613/2479 |url-status=live |journal=First Monday |volume=15 |issue=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310125049/https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2613/2479 |archive-date=March 10, 2021 |access-date=March 26, 2021}}</ref> Lekwalo ga le tsewe e le la motlhami wa lone kgotsa mokwadi ope yo mongwe, le fa e le yo go buiwang ka ene (setlhogo) mo go lone. Bakwadi ba ba mo maemong a a siameng mo morafeng ww badirisi ba ka kopa ditshwanelo tse dingwe tsa bodirisi, se se ka ba nayang bokgoni jwa setegeniki jwa go dira ditiro dingwe tse di kgethegileng. Ditshwanelo dingwe tsa bodirisi di neelwa ka go itirisa (automatically), jaaka ditlhopha tse ''di netefaditsweng ka go itirisa'' le ''tse di netefaditsweng tse di atolositsweng'', fa dingwaga tsa akhaonte le diphetogo tsa dikwalo tse di batliwang di fitlhelelwa. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=12–13}} === Batsamaisi === Bakwadi ba ba nang le kitso ya bodirisi ba ka tlhopha go tsenelela ditlhopho tsa " botsamaisi ", jo bo akaretsang bokgoni jwa go phimola ditsebe kgotsa go di thibela gore di se ka tsa fetolwa mo dikgetseng tsa tshenyo e e masisi kgotsa dikgotlhang tsa dikwalo. Batsamaisi ga ba a tshwanela go nna le dithata dipe tse di kgethegileng tsa go dira ditshwetso; go na le seo, dithata tsa bone di lekanyeditswe thata mo go direng diphetogo tse di botlhokwa thata tsa mananeo mme ka jalo ga di letlelelwe bakwadi ba ba tlwaelesegileng, le go diragatsa dithibelo tse di ikaeletseng go thibela bakwadi ba ba kgoreletsang go dira diphetogo tse di senang mosola. <ref name=":6" group="W" /> Ka 2012, bakwadi ba le mmalwa ba ne ba nna batsamaisi fa ba bapisiwa le dingwaga tsa pele tsa Wikipedia, bontlhabongwe jwa lobaka la kgang e e le gore thulaganyo ya go tlhatlhoba batsamaisi ba ba ka nnang teng e ne e setse e gagametse thata. <ref name="Meyer-2012"/> Ka 2022, go ne ga nna le kopo e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata ya botsamaisi ka ga maikutlo a ntlhopheng yo o neng a le kgatlhanong le Trump; kwa bofelong, ba ne ba newa botsamaisi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrison |first=Stephen |date=June 16, 2022 |title=Inside Wikipedia's Historic, Fiercely Contested "Election" |url=https://slate.com/technology/2022/06/wikipedia-administrator-election-tamzin.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824123521/https://slate.com/technology/2022/06/wikipedia-administrator-election-tamzin.html |archive-date=August 24, 2022 |access-date=July 22, 2022 |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}</ref> === Tharabololo ya dikgotlhang === Mo tsamaong ya nako, Wikipedia e tlhamile thulaganyo ya go rarabolola dikgotlhang e e sa tlhomamang tota-tota. Go tlhomamisa tumalano gareng ga morafe wa badirisi, bakwadi ba ka tlhagisa dikgang kwa makgotlaneng a badirisi a a maleba, ba batla dikakgelo kwa ntle ka dikopo tsa maikutlo a boraro, kgotsa ba simolola dipuisano tsa morafe wa badirisi ka kakaretso, yo o bidiwang "kopo ya kakgelo", e mo go yone di-bot di tsenyang puisano eo mo lenaneong le le kopantsweng la dipuisano, mme bakwadi a bo ba lalediwa go tsaya karolo, mme morago ba sutlhe puisano eo mo lenaneong morago ga malatsi a le masome a boraro. Le fa go ntse jalo, bakwadi ba na le tshwanelo ya go tswala (le go sutlha) puisano eo pele kgotsa morago ga nako. Fa maduo a puisano a sa bonale sentle, mokwadi yo o gaufi yo o sa amegeng yo gantsi a leng mo maemong a a siameng a ka ntsha katlholo go ya ka maatla a mabaka a a ntshiwang le palo ya batho ba ba ngangisanang mo matlhakoreng otlhe. <ref name="Bandler-2024">{{Citation|last=Bandler|first=Aaron|date=June 21, 2024|title=Wikipedia Editors Label ADL Only Reliable for Antisemitism When 'Israel and Zionism Are Not Concerned'|url=https://jewishjournal.com/news/united-states/372532/wikipedia-editors-label-adl-only-reliable-for-antisemitism-when-israel-and-zionism-are-not-concerned/|access-date=May 3, 2025}}</ref> Badirisi ba Wikipedia ba gatelela gore thulaganyo e ga se go tlhopha ka go umaka dipego tsa maikutlo mo dipuisanong tseo jaaka "!vote", e mo go lone letshwao la kgakgamatso e leng letshwao la go ganetsa ka tsela e e utlwalang mme le bidiwa "nnyaa". <ref>{{Citation|last=Harrison|first=Stephen|title=Wikipedia's War on the Daily Mail|date=July 1, 2021|work=Slate|url=https://slate.com/technology/2021/07/wikipedia-daily-mail-generally-unreliable.html|access-date=May 13, 2025|issn=1091-2339}}</ref> Wikipedia e rotloetsa ditharabololo tsa dikgotlhang, tse Jemielniak a reng di kgethegile thata mo dithutong tsa mokgatlho, le fa go nnile le kgatlhego ya bosheng jaana mo go ageng tumalano mo lephateng le. <ref name="Jemielniak">{{Cite book |last=Jemielniak |first=Dariusz |year=2014 |title=Common Knowledge?: An Ethnography of Wikipedia |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8047-9120-5 |location=Stanford, CA |doi=10.2307/j.ctvqsdrf9 |jstor=j.ctvqsdrf9}}</ref> Reagle le Sue Gardner ba nganga gore mekgwa ya go aga tumalano e tshwana le e e dirisiwang ke ba-Quakers . <ref name="Jemielniak" />{{Rp|page=62}}Pharologanyo le diphuthego tsa ba-Quaker ke go tlhoka motsamaisi fa go na le go sa dumalana, e leng seabe se se tshamekiwang ke mokwaledi mo diphuthegong tsa Ba-Quaker. <ref name="Jemielniak" />{{Rp|page=83}} ==== Komiti ya Katlholo ==== Komiti ya Katlholo e okametse thulaganyo ya bofelo ya tharabololo ya dikgotlhang. Le fa gantsi dikgotlhang di tsoga ka ntlha ya go sa dumalane ka megopolo e mebedi e e ganetsanang ka lekwalo le tshwanetseng go balega ka teng, Komiti ya Katlholo e gana tota ka go dira tshwetso ka tlhamalalo ka mogopolo yo o tshwanetseng go amogelwa. <ref name="Hoffman-2009">{{Cite journal |last=Hoffman |first=David A. |last2=Mehra |first2=Salil K. |date=March 5, 2009 |title=Wikitruth Through Wikiorder |url=https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/elj/vol59/iss1/3/ |url-status=live |journal=Emory Law Journal |volume=59 |issue=1 |ssrn=1354424 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613214656/https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/elj/vol59/iss1/3/ |archive-date=June 13, 2021 |access-date=November 15, 2024}}</ref> Ditshekatsheko tsa dipalopalo di supa gore komiti ya Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e itlhokomolosa diteng tsa dikgotlhang mme go na le moo e remelela thata mo goreng dikgotlhang di tsamaisiwe jang, e sa dire thata go rarabolola dikgotlhang le go dira kagiso fa gare ga bakwadi ba ba ganetsenang, mme e ntsha bakwadi ba ba dingalo e ntse e letla bakwadi ba tlhaga go boela go tsaya karolo gape. <ref name="Hoffman-2009"/> Ka jalo, komiti ga e laole diteng tsa dikwalo, le fa ka dinako tse dingwe e kgala diphetogo tsa diteng fa e tsaya gore diteng tse disha di tlola melao ya Wikipedia (sekai, fa diteng tse disha di tsewa di tsaya letlhakore).{{efn|The committee may directly rule that a content change is inappropriate, but may not directly rule that certain content is inappropriate.}} Ditharabololo tse di dirisiwang gantsi di akaretsa dikgalemo le go beewa leitlho thata( di dirisiwa mo dikgetseng di le masome a le marataro le boraro mo lekgolong (63%)) le go kobela ruri bakwadi mo dikwalong (masome a le mane le boraro mo lekgolong (43%)), dikgang tsa setlhogo (masome a le mabedi le boraro mo lekgolong (23%)), kgotsa mo Wikipedia (lesome le borataro mo lekgolong(16%)). <ref name="Hoffman-2009" /> Go kobelwa ruri mo go feletseng mo Wikipedia gantsi go beetswe fela dikgetse di tshwana le go ipaya o le motho yo mongwe le boitshwaro jwa go sa dirisana le batho ba bangwe sentle . Fa boitshwaro e se go ipaya o le motho yo mongwe kgotsa go nna kgatlhanong le go tshela sentle le batho ba bangwe, mme e le jwa dintwa tsa dikwalo le go roba melao e mengwe ya go tlaleletsa/kwala dikwalo, ditharabololo di na le go ema ka dikgalemo fela. <ref name="Hoffman-2009" /> == Morafe wa badirisi == [[File:Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm|start=00:04|thumbtime=00:16|thumb|Setshwantsho sa motshikinyego saWikimania 2005{{snd}}bokopano jwa ngwaga le ngwaga jwa badirisi ba Wikipedia le mananeo a mangwe a a tsamaisiwang ke [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]], o ne o tshwaretswe kwa Frankfurt am Main, kwa Jeremane, ka Phatwe a le malatsi a le mane go fitlhela a le boferabobedi.]] Lekwalo lengwe le lengwe le modirisi mongwe le mongwe wa Wikipedia o na le tsebe e a amanang le yone gape e e kgethegileng ya "puo". Dilo tse di bopa tsela ya konokono ya dipuisano gore bakwadi ba kgone go abelana megopolo, go rulaganya le go ngangisana. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Viégas |first=Fernanda B. |author-link=Fernanda B. Viégas |last2=Wattenberg |first2=Martin M. |author-link2=Martin M. Wattenberg |last3=Kriss |first3=Jesse |last4=van Ham |first4=Frank |date=January 3, 2007 |title=Talk Before You Type: Coordination in Wikipedia |url=https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/wikipedia_coordination_final.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205111038/https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/wikipedia_coordination_final.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2007 |access-date=June 27, 2008 |publisher=Visual Communication Lab, [[IBM Research]]}}</ref> Morafe wa Wikipedia o tlhalositswe fa o tswana le setlhopha sa bodumedi, <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/dec/15/wikipedia.web20|title=Log on and join in, but beware the web cults|first1=Charles|last1=Arthur|date=December 15, 2005|access-date=December 26, 2008}}</ref> le fa go sa tewe ka mekgwa e e sa lolamang fela ka dinako tsotlhe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/internet/08/03/wikipedia/index.html|title=Wikipedia: The know-it-all Web site|first1=Kristie|last1=Lu Stout|publisher=CNN|date=August 4, 2003|access-date=December 26, 2008}}</ref> Go rata go nna seoposengwe ga one, le fa go tlhoka go mpampetsa mo go akaretsang go tlhokomologa dintlha tsa go itshupa, go biditswe " go nna kgatlhanong le go itseela kwa maemong a a kwa godimo " . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Sanger |first=Larry |author-link=Larry Sanger |date=December 31, 2004 |title=Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism |url=https://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101011352/http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25 |archive-date=November 1, 2021 |access-date=March 26, 2021 |website=[[Kuro5hin]], Op–Ed |quote=There is a certain mindset associated with unmoderated Usenet groups [...] that infects the collectively-managed Wikipedia project: if you react strongly to trolling, that reflects poorly on you, not (necessarily) on the troll. If you [...] demand that something be done about constant disruption by trollish behavior, the other listmembers will cry "censorship", attack you, and even come to the defense of the troll. [...] The root problem: anti-elitism, or lack of respect for expertise. There is a deeper problem [...] which explains both of the above-elaborated problems. Namely, as a community, Wikipedia lacks the habit or tradition of respect for expertise. As a community, far from being elitist, it is anti-elitist (which, in this context, means that expertise is not accorded any special respect, and snubs and disrespect of expertise are tolerated). This is one of my failures: a policy that I attempted to institute in Wikipedia's first year, but for which I did not muster adequate support, was the policy of respecting and deferring politely to experts. (Those who were there will, I hope, remember that I tried very hard.)}}</ref> [[File:Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv|right|thumb|Badiri ba Wikipedia le batlhokomedi ba [[Motlobo wa ditso wa Borithane]] ba dirisana mmogo mo lekwalong la Hoxne Hoard ka Seetebosigo 2010.]] Wikipedia ga e tlhoke gore bakwadi ba yone le ba na le seabe ba itshupe gore ke bomang. Fa Wikipedia e ntse e gola, potso ya "Ke mang yo o kwalang Wikipedia?" e ne ya nna nngwe ya dipotso tse di neng di botswa thata teng.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kittur |first=Aniket |year=2007 |title=CHI '07: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |publisher=Viktoria Institute |chapter=Power of the Few vs. Wisdom of the Crowd: Wikipedia and the Rise of the Bourgeoisie |citeseerx=10.1.1.212.8218}}</ref> Jimmy Wales o kile a bolela gore ke fela "morafe&nbsp;... setlhopha se se ineetseng sa baithaopi ba le makgolo a le mmalwa" se se dirang bontsi jwa ditshwaelo mo Wikipedia le gore ka jalo lenaneo le "le tshwana fela le mokgatlho mongwe le mongwe yo o tlwaelesegileng". <ref name="blodget">{{Cite news|last=Blodget|first=Henry|date=January 3, 2009|title=Who The Hell Writes Wikipedia, Anyway?|work=[[Insider Inc.|Business Insider]]|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/2009/1/who-the-hell-writes-wikipedia-anyway|access-date=January 26, 2023}}</ref> Ka Wikipedia e ikaegile ka tiro ya boithaopo, bakwadi gantsi ba remelela mo dikgannyeng tse di ba kgatlhang. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=61–62}} Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e na le dikwalo di le didikadile di le bosupa le dikete di le makgolo a mabedi le boferabongwe le masome a le matlhano le bone ({{self-reference link|Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}}}), bakwadi ba ba kwadisitsweng ba le didikadike di le masome a matlhano le boraro le dikete di le makgolo a marataro le masome a le bosupa le botlhano le makgolo a le mararo le masome a le mane le bongwe ({{self-reference link|Special:ListUsers|{{NUMBEROFUSERS}}}}), le bakwadi ba ba ba tlhaga ba dinako tsotlhe ba le dikete di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a le mane le boferabongwe le makgolo a le mararo le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa( {{self-reference link|Special:ActiveUsers|{{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}}}} ). Mokwadi o tsewa a le tlhaga fa a dirile phetogo/tlaleletso e le nngwe kgotsa go feta mo malatsing a le masome a mararo a a fetileng. Bakwadi ba ba palelwang ke go sela morago mekgwa ya Wikipedia, e e tshwanang le go saena ditshwaelo tsa tsebe ya puisano, ba ka supa ka tlhamalalo gore ke batho ba ba tswang kwa ntle ga Wikipedia, mme se sa oketsa kgonagalo ya gore badirisi ba ba mo teng ga Wikipedia ba ka nna ba lebisa kgotsa ba fokotsa ditshwaelo tsa bone. Go nna modirisi yo o mo teng ga Wikipedia go akaretsa ditshenyegelo tse di sa reng sepe: motsaakarolo o solofetswe go ithuta dikhoutu tsa maranyane tse di rileng tsa Wikipedia, go ineela mo thulaganyong e ka dinako dingwe e leng dingalo ya go rarabolola dikgotlhang, le go ithuta "ngwao e e makatsang e e humileng metlae le dikakgelo tsa mo teng". <ref name="labor squeeze on WP 1" /> Bakwadi ba ba sa tseneng mo teng ga ensaetlolopedia ke " badirisi ba maemo a bobedi " mo Wikipedia ka tsela nngwe, <ref name="labor squeeze on WP 1">{{Cite journal |year=2010 |title=Wikipedia's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences |url=https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/facpubs/5/ |url-status=live |journal=Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law |volume=8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126220032/https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/facpubs/5/ |archive-date=January 26, 2023 |access-date=January 26, 2023 |via=Santa Clara Law Digital Commons}}</ref> ka gonne "batsayakarolo ba amogetswe semmuso ke maloko a morafe wa wiki, ba ba nang le kgatlhego e e tseneletseng mo go somareleng boleng jwa tiro e e ntshiwang, go lebilwe go nna le seabe ga bone mo go tswelelang", <ref name="legal edu and WP 1">{{Cite journal |date=March 2007 |title=Wikipedia and the Future of Legal Education |journal=Journal of Legal Education |publisher=[[Association of American Law Schools]] |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=3–9 |jstor=42894005}}</ref> mme ditso tsa go nna le seabe tsa bakwadi ba ba sa itsiweng ba sa ikwadisa mme ba lemogwa ka . diaterese tsa bone fela ga di amane le mokwadi ope ka tlhomamo. <ref name="legal edu and WP 1" /> Bakwadi ba basha gantsi ba sokola go tlhaloganya marara a Wikipedia. Bakwadi ba ba nang le maitemogelo/kitso ba rotloediwa gore ba seka ba "tlhasela" badirisi ba ba sha gore ba kgone go dira mowa wa go amogela batho. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=10–11}} === Dipatlisiso === Patlisiso ya 2007 e e dirilweng ke babatlisisi go tswa kwa Dartmouth College e bone gore "badirisi ba ba sa itsiweng le ba ba sa tseyeng karolo thata mo Wikipedia&nbsp;... ke motswedi o o ikanyegang wa kitso fela jaaka badirisi ba ba ikwadisang mo saeteng e". <ref name="sciam good samaritans 1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=good-samaritans-are-on-the-money|title=Wikipedia "Good Samaritans" Are on the Money|work=Scientific American|date=October 19, 2007|access-date=December 26, 2008}}</ref> Jimmy Wales o boletse ka 2009 gore "[Go] bonala gore go feta sephatlo mo lekgolong (50%) ya diphetogo tsotlhe di dirwa ke 0.7% fela ya badirisi&nbsp;... Batho ba le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mabedi le bone&nbsp;... Mme tota, bobedi mo lekgolong (2%) e etlhaga thata, e leng batho ba le sekete le makgolo a mane , ba dirile 73.4% ya diphetogo tsotlhe." <ref name="blodget"/> Le fa go ntse jalo, morulaganyi wa ''Business Insider'' gape e le mmegadikgang Henry Blodget o bontshitse ka 2009 gore mo bontlhengbongwe jwa dikwalo tse di tlhophilweng fela go sena lenaneo, bontsi jwa diteng tsa Wikipedia (tse di lekanngwang ka selekanyo sa mokwalo o o tsentsweng o o sa ntseng o le teng go fitlha ka sampole ya bosheng) di tlhamilwe ke "batho ba ba tswang kwa ntle", fa bontsi jwa go kwala le go fomata go dirwa ke "badirisi ba ba mo teng". <ref name="blodget" /> Ka 2008, setlhogo sa bukana ya ditshwantsho le dikgang y''a Slate'' e ne ya bega gore "bongwe fela mo lekgolong la badirisi ba Wikipedia ke bone ba ba dirang mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa diphetogo tsa saete e." <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.slate.com/id/2184487|title=The Wisdom of the Chaperones|date=February 22, 2008|first=Chris|last=Wilson|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|access-date=August 13, 2014}}</ref> Mokgwa o wa go sekaseka go tsaa karolo o ne wa ganetswa morago ke Aaron Swartz, yo o neng a lemotsha gore dikwalo di le mmalwa tse a neng a di tsaya disampole di ne di na le dikarolo tse ditona tsa diteng tsa tsone (tse di lekanngwang ka palo ya ditlhaka) tse di neng di dirilwe ke badirisi ba ba nang le dipalo tse di kwa tlase tsa bokwadi/go tlaleletsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swartz |first=Aaron |date=September 4, 2006 |title=Raw Thought: Who Writes Wikipedia? |url=https://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/whowriteswikipedia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803134036/https://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/whowriteswikipedia |archive-date=August 3, 2014 |access-date=February 23, 2008}}</ref> Thutopatlisiso ya 2008 e fitlhetse gore batho ba Wikipedia ba ne ba sa dumalane thata, ba sa bulegela megopolo, e bile ba se kelo-tlhoko go feta ba bangwe, <ref name="liebertonline view on WP users 1">{{Cite journal |last=Amichai-Hamburger |first=Yair |last2=Lamdan |first2=Naama |last3=Madiel |first3=Rinat |last4=Hayat |first4=Tsahi |year=2008 |title=Personality Characteristics of Wikipedia Members |journal=CyberPsychology & Behavior |publisher=Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=679–681 |doi=10.1089/cpb.2007.0225 |pmid=18954273}}</ref> le fa kakgelo morago e ne ya supa diphoso tse di masisi, di akaretsa gore phatliso e ne e supa go bulegela megopolo mo go kwa godimo le gore dipharologano tsa setlhopha sa taolo le disampole di ne di le dinnye. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McGreal |first=Scott A. |date=March 11, 2013 |title=The Misunderstood Personality Profile of Wikipedia Members |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/unique-everybody-else/201303/the-misunderstood-personality-profile-wikipedia-members |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716155007/https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/unique-everybody-else/201303/the-misunderstood-personality-profile-wikipedia-members |archive-date=July 16, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2016 |website=[[Psychology Today]]}}</ref> Go ya ka patlisiso ya 2009, go na le "bosupi jwa kganetso e e golang go tswa mo morafeng wa badirisi ba Wikipedia mabapi le diteng tse disha". <ref name="newscientist WP boom to bust 1">{{Cite web |last=Giles |first=Jim |date=August 4, 2009 |title=After the boom, is Wikipedia heading for bust? |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17554-after-the-boom-is-wikipedia-heading-for-bust.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421215605/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17554-after-the-boom-is-wikipedia-heading-for-bust.html |archive-date=April 21, 2015 |access-date=September 18, 2017 |website=New Scientist}}</ref> === Kabakanyo ya badirisi === Dipatlisiso di le mmalwa di supile gore bontsi jwa batsaakarolo ba ba ithaopileng mo Wikipedia ke banna. Maduo a patlisiso ya [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] ka 2008 a supile gore bakwadi ba Wikipedia ba le lesome le boraro mo lekgolong(13%) fela e ne e le basadi. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Cohen|first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen|title=Define Gender Gap? Look Up Wikipedia's Contributor List|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/31/business/media/31link.html?_r=0|work=The New York Times|date=January 31, 2011|access-date=October 28, 2013}}</ref> Ka ntlha ya se, dikolo tsa dithuto tse di kgolwane go ralala United States di ne tsa leka go kgothatsa basadi go nna batsaakarolo ba Wikipedia. <ref name="CBC News-2013" /> Ka tsela e e tshwanang, bontsi jwa dikolo tse di kgolwane tse, di akaretsa Yale le Brown, di ne di akgola baithuti ba ba tlhamang kgotsa ba ba tlaleletsa lekwalo le le amanang le basadi mo go tsa maranyane kgotsa mafaratlhatlha.<ref name="CBC News-2013">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ocad-to-storm-wikipedia-this-fall-1.1412807|title=OCAD to 'Storm Wikipedia' this fall|work=CBC News|date=August 27, 2013|access-date=August 21, 2014}}</ref> Andrew Lih, morutintshi-mogolo gape e le mankge wa maranyane, o ne a re lebaka la go bo a ne a akanya gore palo ya banna ba ba nang le seabe e feta palo ya basadi thata ke ka gore go itshupa o le mosadi go ka nna ga dira gore motho a ipeye mo kotsing ya "boitshwaro jo bo maswe, jo bo tshosang". <ref name="Bloomberg 2016">{{Cite news|date=December 22, 2016|title=Is Wikipedia Woke?|work=Bloomberg Businessweek|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2016-12-22/how-woke-is-wikipedia-s-editorial-pool?|access-date=September 21, 2022}}</ref> Dipego di supile gore MaAforika a emetswe ke dipalo tse di kwa tlase tsa bakwadi mo Wikipedia. <ref name="memeb">{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Andy |date=June 21, 2018 |title=The startling numbers behind Africa's Wikipedia knowledge gaps |url=https://memeburn.com/2018/06/wikipedia-wikimania-africa-numbers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319170357/http://memeburn.com/2018/06/wikipedia-wikimania-africa-numbers/ |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |access-date=January 26, 2023 |website=memeburn}}</ref> == Dikgatiso tsa dipuo == Mo bogompienong, go na le dikgatiso tsa dipuo di le makgolo a mararo le masome a mane le bosupa ({{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}}) tsa Wikipedia (tse gape di bidiwang ''diphetolelo tsa puo'', kgotsa fela ''Wikipedias'' ). Go tloga ka {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}, di-Wikipedia tse thataro tse dikgolo, ka tatelano ya palo ya dikwalo, ke tsa Sekgoa ({{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|1}}), {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|2}}, Sejeremane {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|3}}, Sefora {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|4}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|5}}, le {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|6}} . <ref name="WP list of WPs by article 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:List of Wikipedias |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224190350/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles |archive-date=December 24, 2018 |access-date={{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> DiWikipedia tsa bobedi le ya botlhano ka botona di beilwe mo maemong ao ke bot e e tlhamang dikwalo ya Lsjbot, e ka go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2013 e neng e tlhamile dikwalo di tsamaela sephatlo mo Wikipedia ya Se-Swedish, le bontsi jwa dikwalo mo Wikipedia ya Se-Cebuano le ya Se-Waray . Dipuo tse ka bobedi ke tsa Philippines . Mo godimo ga tse thataro tse di kwa godimo, di-Wikipedia tse dingwe di le lesome le bobedi di na le dikwalo tse di fetang sedikadike nngwe le nngwe ya tsone ( Se{{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|7}}, Se{{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|8}}, Se{{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|9}}, Se{{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|10}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|11}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|12}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|13}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|14}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|15}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|20}} {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|16}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|21}} {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|17}}, le {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|18}} ), tse dingwe di le bosupa go feta di na le dikwalo tse di fetang dikete di le makgolo a matlhano {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|22}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|23}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|24}}, le {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|25}} ), tse dingwe tse di masome a mane le bone ba di na le tse di fetang dikete di le lekgolo , mme di le masome a boferabobedi le bobedi di na le tse di fetang dikete di le lesome. <ref name="WP list of WPs by article 1" group="W"/> E e tona go gaisa, Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, e na le dikwalo di feta didikadike di le bosupa le dikete di le makgolo a mabedi (7.2 million). Go tloga go ema ka Firikgong 2021, Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e amogela masome a le mane le boferabobedi mo lekgolong (48%) ya pharakano e e kokoantsweng ya Wikipedia, mme palo e e setseng e kgaogantswe mo gareng ga dipuo tse dingwe. Dikgatiso tse di kwa godimo di le lesome di emela mo e ka nnang masome a le boferabobedi le botlhano mo lekgolong (85%) ya pharakano yotlhe. Ka Wikipedia e beilwe mo Webo ka jalo e le ya lefatshe ka bophara, batsaakarolo mo kgatisong e le nngwe ya puo ba ka nna ba dirisa diteme (tsa puo e le nngwe) tse di farologaneng kgotsa ba ka tswa ba tswa kwa mafatsheng a a farologaneng (jaaka go ntse ka kgatiso ya Sekgoa).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2026)">citation needed</span>'' &#x5D;</sup> Dipharologano tse di ka baka dikgotlhang dingwe ka ga dipharologano tsa go peleta (sekao, colour kgatlhanong ''le color'' ) <ref name="WP spelling MOS 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104005104/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling |archive-date=January 4, 2021 |access-date=November 6, 2023 |website=Wikipedia}}</ref> kgotsa matlhakore. <ref name="WP countering bias 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104005153/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias |archive-date=January 4, 2021 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=Wikipedia}}</ref> Le fa dikgatiso tse di farologaneng tsa dipuo di tshegetswa ka melao ya lefatshe lotlhe jaaka " pono e e sa tseyeng letlhakore ", di farologana mo dintlheng dingwe tsa melao le tiriso, segolobogolo mo go reng a ditshwantsho tse di sa newang teseletso ka kgololesego di ka dirisiwa ka maikaelelo a tiriso e e siameng . <ref name="WP meta fair use 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Non-free content |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Non-free_content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116024114/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Non-free_content |archive-date=January 16, 2023 |access-date=January 27, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> <ref name="IBM visual WP 1">{{Cite journal |last=Viégas |first=Fernanda B. |date=January 3, 2007 |title=The Visual Side of Wikipedia |url=https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/viegas_hicss_visual_wikipedia.pdf |journal=Visual Communication Lab, IBM Research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061024012919/https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/viegas_hicss_visual_wikipedia.pdf |archive-date=October 24, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2007}}</ref> Diteng tsa dikwalo tse di buang ka setlhogo se le sengwe di ka farologana thata magareng ga dipuo, go ikaegile ka gore bakwadi ba dirisa metswedi efe le mabaka a mangwe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fians |first=Guilherme |date=September 16, 2025 |title=Wikipedia: Editing the narrative |url=https://www.ciol.org.uk/wikipedia-editing-narrative |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250924020710/https://www.ciol.org.uk/wikipedia-editing-narrative |archive-date=September 24, 2025 |access-date=September 27, 2025 |publisher=[[Chartered Institute of Linguists]]}}</ref> Jimmy Wales o tlhalositse Wikipedia jaaka "maiteko a go tlhama le go anamisa ensaetlolopedia ya mahala ya boleng jo bo kwa godimo jo kgonegang mo mothong mongwe le mongwe mo lefatsheng ka puo ya gagwe". Le fa kgatiso nngwe le nngwe ya puo e dira e ikemetse ilka nosi, go dirwa maiteko mangwe a go di okamela tsotlhe. Di golagantswe ka bontlhabongwe ke Meta-Wiki, le wiki ya Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia e e neetsweng go tlhokomela mananeo otlhe a yone (Wikipedia le a mangwe). <ref name="WP metawiki maintenance 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Meta-Wiki |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714061722/https://meta.wikimedia.org/ |archive-date=July 14, 2013 |access-date=March 24, 2009 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Sekai, Meta-Wiki e fa dipalopalo tse di botlhokwa mo dikgatisong tsotlhe tsa puo tsa Wikipedia, <ref name="WP meta stats 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Meta-Wiki Statistics |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Statistics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080326192946/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Statistics |archive-date=March 26, 2008 |access-date=March 24, 2008 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> gape e tlhokomela lenaneo la dikwalo tse Wikipedia nngwe le nngwe e tshwanetseng go nna le tsone. <ref name="WP meta articles on all sites 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=List of articles every Wikipedia should have |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_articles_every_Wikipedia_should_have |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321020418/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_articles_every_Wikipedia_should_have |archive-date=March 21, 2008 |access-date=March 24, 2008 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Lenaneo le le amana le diteng tsa kwa tshimologong tsa dithuto: bayokerafi, ditso, dithuto tsa dipopego tsa lefatshe, tsa setšhaba, setso, maranyane, mafaratlhatlha, le dipalo. <ref name="WP meta articles on all sites 1" group="W" /> Ga go thona gore dikwalo tse di amanang thata le puo e e rileng di se ka tsa nna le tse di tshwanang le tsone mo kgatisong e nngwe. Sekai, dikwalo tse di buang ka ditoropo tse dinnye kwa United States di ka nna tsa nna teng fela ka Sekgoa, le fa di fitlhelela ditlhokego tse di kgethegileng tsa mananeo a Wikipedia tsa dipuo tse dingwe. [[File:User_-_demography.svg|thumb|Palo kakanyetso ya botsaakarolo go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di farologaneng mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka bophara go ya kwa dikgatisong tse di farologaneng tsa Wikipedia <ref name="PLoS One 2012" />]] Dikwalo tse di ranotsweng di emela fela karolo e nnye ya dikwalo mo dikgatisong di le dintsi, ka gore dikgatiso tseo ga di letlelele gore dikwalo di ranolwe ka botlalo mo go itirisang (automated). Dikwalo tse di leng teng ka dipuo tse di fetang bongwe di ka fa "dikgokagano tsa interwiki", tse di golaganyang le dikwalo tse di tshwanang le tsone mo dikgatisong tse dingwe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Massa |first=Paolo |last2=Scrinzi |first2=Federico |date=January 4, 2013 |title=Manypedia: Comparing language points of view of Wikipedia communities |journal=[[First Monday (journal)|First Monday]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |doi=10.5210/fm.v18i1.3939 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Manual:Interwiki |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Interwiki |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203112631/https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Interwiki |archive-date=December 3, 2010 |access-date=January 27, 2023 |website=MediaWiki |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Thuto-patlisiso e e gatisitsweng ke ''PLOS One'' ka 2012 le yone e ne ya nna le palo kakanyetso ya dikarolo tsa go nna le seabe mo dikgatisong tse di farologaneng tsa Wikipedia go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di farologaneng tsa lefatshe. E ne ya bega gore selekanyo sa diphetogo tse di dirilweng go tswa kwa Amerika Bokone e ne e le masome a le matlhano le bongwe mo lekgolong (51%) mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, le masome a le mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong (25%) mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e e motlhofo . <ref name="PLoS One 2012">{{Cite journal |last=Yasseri |first=Taha |last2=Sumi |first2=Robert |last3=Kertész |first3=János |author-link3=János Kertész |date=January 17, 2012 |title=Circadian Patterns of Wikipedia Editorial Activity: A Demographic Analysis |journal=[[PLOS One]] |volume=7 |issue=1 |arxiv=1109.1746 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...730091Y |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0030091 |pmc=3260192 |pmid=22272279 |doi-access=free |article-number=e30091}}</ref> === Dipalo tsa bakwadi ba Wikipedia ya Sekgoa === Ka Mopitlo a rogwa, 2014, ''The Economist'', mo lekwalong la setlhogo sa "Isago ya Wikipedia", e ne ya umaka tshekatsheko e e amanang le tshedimosetso e e gatisitsweng ke Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia e e bolelang gore "palo ya bakwadi ba mofuta wa puo ya Sekgoa e wetse tlase ka nngwetharong mo dingwageng di le bosupa." <ref name="economist1">{{Cite news|date=March 1, 2014|title=The future of Wikipedia: WikiPeaks?|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21597959-popular-online-encyclopedia-must-work-out-what-next-wikipeaks|access-date=March 11, 2014}}</ref> Seelo sa go tlhokafala ga bakwadi ba ba tlhaga mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa se ne sa umakiwa ke ''The Economist'' jaaka se se farologaneng thata le dipalopalo tsa Wikipedia e e mo dipuong tse dingwe (Wikipedia e e seng ya Sekgoa). ''The Economist'' e ne ya bega gore palo ya ba na le seabe ba ba nang le palogare ya diphetogo di le tlhano kgotsa go feta ka kgwedi e ne e eme golo go le gongwe fa e sale ka 2008 mo Wikipedia ya dipuo tse dingwe, e le bakwadi ba ka nna dikete di masome a mane le bobedi (42 000) mo gare ga dipharologano tse e seng tsa sepe tsa dipaka tsa bakwadi ba ka nna dikete di le pedi go ya kwa godimo kgotsa kwa tlase. Palo ya bakwadi ba ba tlhaga mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, fa e bapisiwa mo go tsepameng, e ne ya umakiwa e le kwa setlhoeng ka 2007 e tsamaela dikete di le masome a matlhano (50,000) mme ya wela kwa tlase go nna dikete di le masome a mararo (30,000) kwa tshimologong ya 2014. <ref name="economist1" /> Go farologana le seo, tshekatsheko ya Wikipedia ka dipuo tse dingwe (Wikipedia e e seng ya Sekgoa) e supa katlego mo go tshwareng bakwadi ba ba tlhaga ka tsela e e kgonang go ntšhwafadiwa le e e tswelelang, ka dipalo tsa bone di nna di sa fetoge di nna fela fa diketeng di le masome mane le bobedi. Ga gona kakgelo epe e e dirilweng mabapi le maemo a a farologaneng a melao ya bokwadi mo Wikipedia ka dipuo tse dingwe (Wikipedia e e seng ya Sekgoa) e ka ntshang tsela e nngwe e e kgonegang mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa go tokafatsa sentle dielo tsa go tlhokafala ga bakwadi mo Wikipedia ya puo ya Sekgoa. <ref name="economist1"/> == Kamogelo == <sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&action=edit &#x5B; tlhabolola &#x5D;]</sup> [[Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014]] [[Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements]] <ref name="Jemielniak"/> Ba ba neng ba e sekaseka ba boletse gore Wikipedia e bontsha go tsaya letlhakore ka tsela e e sa siamang .Ka 2010, mokwadi wa ditlhogo le mmegadikgang Edwin Black o ne a tlhalosa Wikipedia e le motswako wa "boammaaruri, bonnete jo bo sa felelang, le maaka mangwe". <ref name="EdwinBlack">{{Cite news|first=Edwin|last=Black|author-link=Edwin Black|date=April 19, 2010|work=[[History News Network]]|publisher=[[Columbian College of Arts and Sciences]]|title=Wikipedia – The Dumbing Down of World Knowledge|url=https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/125437|access-date=October 21, 2014}}</ref> Metswedi e le mmalwa ya dikgang le baitseanape ba beile Wikipedia molato wa go tsaya letlhakore mo megopolong . Motlhami-mmogo wa Wikipedia Larry Sanger, yo o tlogetseng Wikipedia ka 2002 go tlhoma diwebosaete tse di gaisanang, o boletse gore Wikipedia e fetogile "maaka" e phatlalatsa dikgang tsa molema mo sepolotiking mme a tlhagisa gore lefelo le (Wikipedia) ga le sa tlhole le ikanyega.Ka 2022, molwela-kgololesego John Stossel o ne a ntsha mogopolo wa gore Wikipedia, lenaneo le a neng a le tshegetsa ka madi nako nngwe, go ne go lebega le fetogile thata mo tsamaong ya nako mo go tseyeng letlhakore la molema, segolobogolo mo dikgannyeng tsa sepolotiki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2022 |title=Wikipedia Bias |url=https://www.johnstossel.com/wikipedia-bias/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209214140/https://www.johnstossel.com/wikipedia-bias/ |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |access-date=January 29, 2023 |website=StosselTV}}</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, beke e le nngwe morago ga go kobiwa ga ga Vibber, WMF e ne ya koba babereki ba le barataro fa e ntse e tswala [[Wikimedia Foundation|setlhopha sa yone sa Community Tech]], mme se sa gakatsa maiteko a go ithola marapo ga bakwadi le go feta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Greis |first=Friedhelm |date=28 May 2026 |title=Nach Entlassung von Entwicklern: Wikipedia-Autoren drohen mit Streik |trans-title=After dismissal of developers Wikipedia writers threaten strike |url=https://www.golem.de/news/nach-entlassung-von-entwicklern-wikipedia-autoren-drohen-mit-streik-2605-209132.html |url-status=live |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Golem.de |language=de}}</ref> Baokamedi ba WMF ba ne ba bolela gore babereki ba Community Tech ba ka dira dikopo tsa maemo a a farologaneng mo mokgatlhong, le gore thulaganyo ya lenaneo la dikeletso e tla rulaganngwa sesha, gape gore WMF e tla amogela lekgotlana le le bonang tshegetso e bontsi go tswa mo babereking. Ba bangwe ba ne ba tshwaya diphoso ka tsela e e tshwanang. <ref name="Orlowski2005">{{Cite news|last=Orlowski|first=Andrew|date=December 16, 2005|title=Wikipedia science 31% more cronky than Britannica's Excellent for Klingon science, though|url=https://www.theregister.com/2005/12/16/wikipedia_britannica_science_comparison/|access-date=February 25, 2019}}</ref> Moitseanape wa tsa Itsholelo Tyler Cowen o ne a kwala jaana: "Fa ke ne ke ka tshwanelwa ke go akanyetsa gore a Wikipedia kgotsa setlhogo sa lekwalodikgang se se buang ka itsholelo se ka tswa se le boammaaruri morago ga go akanya ka lobaka lo loleele, ke ne ke tla tlhopha Wikipedia." O akgela ka gore metswedi mengwe ya setso ya dibuka tse e seng tsa dipolelo di na le go tlhoka tekatekano ga thulaganyo, mme maduo a padi tse, go ya ka kakanyo ya gagwe, di begwa go feta selekanyo mo dikwalong tsa dibukana tsa ditshwantsho mmogo le tshedimosetso e botlhokwa e e sa feleletsweng mo dipegong tsa dikgang. Amy Bruckman o nganga gore, ka ntlha ya palo ya basekaseki, "diteng tsa tsebe e e tlwaelesegileng ya Wikipedia tota ke mofuta o o ikanyegang go gaisa wa tshedimosetso o o kileng wa tlhamiwa". <ref name="PC 2021">{{Cite news|last=Stuart|first=S.C.|title=Wikipedia: The Most Reliable Source on the Internet?|url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/wikipedia-the-most-reliable-source-on-the-internet}}</ref> Ka Lwetse 2022, mmegadikgang wa ''The Sydney Morning Herald'' e bong Liam Mannix o ne a bolela gore: "Ga go na lebaka la go solofela gore Wikipedia e nnete .&nbsp;... Mme le fa go ntse jalo e nnete [go ntse jalo]." Batshwayadiphoso ba bolela gore go bo Wikipedia e bulegile le go tlhoka metswedi e e siameng ya bontsi jwa tshedimosetso/kitso go dira gore e se ka ya ikanyega. <ref name="TNY reliability issues 1">{{Cite news|last=Schiff|first=Stacy|author-link=Stacy Schiff|date=July 23, 2006|title=Know It All|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/07/31/know-it-all|access-date=January 29, 2023}}</ref> Go tsibogela kgang ya bakwadi ba ba duelwang go bua ka dikgang dingwe le dikgang tsa go bokwadi tse di sa senolwang, Wikipedia e ne ya bega mo lekwalong mo ''The Wall Street Journal'' gore e ne ya nonotsha melao ya yone kgatlhanong le go kwalwa/tlaleletsa mo go sa senolwang. <ref name="Elder-2014">{{Cite news|date=June 16, 2014|title=Wikipedia Strengthens Rules Against Undisclosed Editing|magazine=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-35861|access-date=January 29, 2023}}</ref> Wales o gatelela gore diensaetlolopedia tsa mofuta ope fela gantsi ga di a tshwanela go dirisiwa jaaka metswedi e e ka umakiwang, mme ga go a tshwanela go ikaegiwa ka tsone. Setlhopha sa tekeletso se ne sa laelwa go ithuta pele ga ba tla mo ntlwaneng ya borutelo le go bona ditshwaelo ka bonako pele ga ba tsena (mofuta wa ntlwana ya borutelo e e fetotsweng), fa setlhopha sa taolo se ne sa newa ditaelo tse di tlhamaletseng mo ntlwaneng ya borutelo (mofuta o o tlwaelegileng wa mo ntlwaneng ya borutelo). Morago ga moo ditlhopha tse di ne tsa laelwa go dirisana mmogo go tlhama dikwalo tsa Wikipedia, tse di neng di tla bewa matshwao go ya ka boleng morago ga dithutopatlisiso. Ka Mopitlo a le malatsi a le matlhano, 2014, Julie Beck, fa a ne a kwalela bukana ya ditshwantsho ya ''The Atlantic'' mo lekwalong le le bidiwang "Motswedi wa #1 wa Dingaka wa Tshedimosetso ya Tlhokomelo le Botsogo: Wikipedia", o ne a bolela gore "sephatlo mo lekgolong sa dingaka di batla tlhaloso ya malwetsi mo saeteng ya (Wikipedia), mme bangwe ba kwala dikwalo tse ka bobone go tokafatsa boleng jwa tshedimosetso e e leng teng." Mo lekwalong le le latelang mo ''The Atlantic'' la Motsheganong a le malatsi a bosupa, ka ngwaga wa 2014, setlhogo se ne se re "A Wikipedia e ka Tsamaya e Nna Mokwalo o o Tlhomameng wa Kalafi?", Julie Beck o ne a nopola mafoko a ga James Heilman wa WikiProject Medicine a re: "Gore fela dikgokedi tsa kitso di sekasekilwe ke balekane ga go reye gore ke tsa boleng jo bo kwa godimo." Beck o ne a oketsa a re: "Wikipedia e na le thulaganyo ya yone ya go sekaseka ga balekane pele ga dikwalo di ka tlhaolwa jaaka tse di 'siameng' kgotsa tse di 'tlhagisiwang'. Heilman, yo o kileng a nna le seabe mo thulaganyong eo pele, a re kwa tlase ga 'bongwe mo lekgolong' jwa dikwalo tsa kalafi tsa Wikipedia di ne tsa atlega." <ref name="theatlantic.com" /> === Go akaretsa ditlhogo le go tsaya letlhakore === Wikipedia e batla go tlhama tshoboko ya kitso yotlhe ya batho ka sebopego sa ensaetlolopedia ya mo inthaneteng, ka setlhogo sengwe le sengwe se akareditswe ka ensaetlolipedia mo lekwalong le le lengwe. E re ka e na le di-terabyte tsa mafelo a go baya mo disiking, e ka nna le ditlhogo tse dintsi thata go feta tse di ka akarediwang ke ensaetlolopedia epe e e gatisitsweng . Selekanyo se se tlhomameng le mokgwa wa go akaretsa ditlhogo mo Wikipedia o nna o sekasekwa ke bakwadii ba yone, mme go sa dumalane ga go tlwaelesega (bona go phimola le go akaretsa ). <ref name="Economist disagreements not uncommon">{{Cite news|date=March 6, 2008|title=The battle for Wikipedia's soul|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/printedition/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10789354|access-date=March 7, 2008|issn=0013-0613}}</ref> <ref name="telegraph WP torn apart 1">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia: an online encyclopedia torn apart|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=November 10, 2007|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/3354752/Wikipedia-an-online-encyclopedia-torn-apart.html|access-date=November 23, 2010}}</ref> Wikipedia e na le dilo tse batho bangwe ba ka nnang ba di fitlhela di sa amogelesege, di kgopisa kgotsa di na le ditshwantsho tse di fatlhang tsa tlhakanelo dikobo. Molao wa gore "Wikipedia ga e bipe" ka dinako tse dingwe e itshupile e tsosa dikganetsano: ka 2008, Wikipedia e ne ya gana boikuelo jwa mo inthaneteng kgatlhanong le go akarediwa ga ditshwantsho tsa ga Muhammad mo kgatisong ya Sekgoa ya lekwalo la yone la ga Muhammad, go nopotswe molao o. <ref>{{Cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130231600/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/05/books/05wiki.html|date=February 5, 2008|title=Wikipedia Islam Entry Is Criticized|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/05/books/05wiki.html|access-date=January 30, 2023|issn=0362-4331|archivedate=January 30, 2023}}</ref> Go nna teng ga ditshwantsho tse di fatlhang tsa tlhakanelo dikobo, ga mmogo le dilo tse di masisi tsa sepolotiki le bodumedi mo Wikipedia go dirile gore di bipiwe ke balaodi ba bosetšhaba kwa China le Pakistan, gareng ga mafatshe a mangwe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moon |first=Mariella |date=March 12, 2022 |title=Prominent editor of Russian Wikipedia pages detained in Belarus |url=https://www.yahoo.com/now/mark-bernstein-russian-wikipedia-pages-detained-in-belarus-104102452.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313173559/https://www.yahoo.com/now/mark-bernstein-russian-wikipedia-pages-detained-in-belarus-104102452.html |archive-date=March 13, 2022 |access-date=January 30, 2023 |website=[[Yahoo! Inc. (2017–present)|Yahoo!]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Arthur |first=Charles |date=December 8, 2008 |title=Wikipedia row escalates as internet watchdog considers censoring Amazon US over Scorpions image |url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/dec/08/amazon-internet-censorship-iwf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/dec/08/amazon-internet-censorship-iwf |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=January 30, 2023 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Ka thulaganyo ya yone ya "Wikipedia e Rata Metlobo ya dibuka", Wikipedia e dirisane mmogo le metlobo ya dibuka e metona ya setšhaba di tshwana le Motlobo wa dibuka wa Setšhaba wa New York wa dithuto tsa bodiragatsi go atolosa go akaretsa ga yone ditlhogo le dikwalo tse di sa emelwang sentle. <ref name="NYT subjects and articles">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/21/theater/editing-wikipedia-at-the-new-york-public-library-for-the-performing-arts.html|title=Wikipedia's Deep Dive Into a Library Collection|last=Petrusich|first=Amanda|work=The New York Times|date=October 20, 2011|access-date=October 28, 2011}}</ref> Patlisiso nngwe ya 2011 e e dirilweng ke babatlisisi kwa Sekolo sa dithuto tse di kgolwane sa Minnesota e bontshitse gore bakwadi ba banna le ba basadi ba remelela mo dikgannyeng tse di farologaneng tsa bokwadi. Go ne go na le basadi ba le bantsi mo setlhopheng sa "batho le dithuto ysa bodiragatsi", fa banna ba ne ba remelela thata mo tsa "lefatshe le maranyane". Mokwadi mongwe wa ''The Guardian'' ka 2014 o ne a bolela gore go dirilwe maiteko a mantsi go tlamela ka dikgokedi tsa kitso tsa lenaneo la badiragatsi ba basadi ba ditshwantsho tsa tlhakanelo dikobo go na le lenaneo la bakwadi ba basadi . <ref name="GuardianAugust2014">{{Cite news|date=August 7, 2018|title=The Guardian view on Wikipedia: evolving truth|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/aug/07/guardian-view-wikipedia-evolving-truth|access-date=January 31, 2023}}</ref> ==== Go tsaya letlhakore ga thulaganyo ==== Melao ya Wikipedia e ka nna ya lekanyetsa "bokgoni jwa yone jwa go emela kitso ya lefatshe lotlhe ka boammaaruri". Ka sekai, Wikipedia e tsaya fela metswedi e e gatisitsweng e le e e ka ikanngwang. Kitso ya molomo ya ditso tsa Setso ga se ka metlha e bonalang mo dikgatisong. Ditlhogo tse di kgaphetsweng kwa thoko le tsone di ka tlhoka go akarediwa thata mo metsweding e e ikanyegang. Ka jalo diteng tsa Wikipedia di lekanyeditswe ka ntlha ya go tlhoka tekatekano mo go tona ga thulaganyo. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=37, 38, 47}} Dithuto tsa thuto tsa Wikipedia di bontshitse gore palogare ya motsaakarolo mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa ke monna yo mosweu wa Lekgoa yo o rutegileng, yo o nang le tshekamelo ya gore ke lekgoa la monna, wa dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano go ya kwa go di masome a mane le boferabongwe (15–49), go tswa kwa lefatsheng le le tlhabologileng, le bontsi jwa yone e leng la Bokeresete. <ref name="Livingstone2010">{{Cite journal |last=Livingstone |first=Randall M. |date=November 23, 2010 |title=Let's Leave the Bias to the Mainstream Media: A Wikipedia Community Fighting for Information Neutrality |url=https://www.journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/315 |url-status=live |journal=M/C Journal |volume=13 |issue=6 |doi=10.5204/mcj.315 |issn=1441-2616 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121135911/https://www.journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/315 |archive-date=November 21, 2022 |access-date=November 23, 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ntlha ya pono e e tsamaelanang (POV) e emetswe go feta selekanyo. <ref name="Hube2017">{{Cite book |last=Hube |first=Christoph |date=April 3, 2017 |title=Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion |publisher=International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee |isbn=978-1-4503-4914-7 |location=Republic and Canton of Geneva, CHE |pages=717–721 |chapter=Bias in Wikipedia |doi=10.1145/3041021.3053375 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3041021.3053375}}</ref> <ref name="Bjork-James-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Bjork-James |first=Carwil |date=July 3, 2021 |title=New maps for an inclusive Wikipedia: decolonial scholarship and strategies to counter systemic bias |journal=New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=207–228 |bibcode=2021NRvHM..27..207B |doi=10.1080/13614568.2020.1865463 |s2cid=234286415}}</ref> Go tlhoka tekatekano mo ga dipalopalo tsa bakwadi go felela go baka gore go nne le go tlhoka tekatekano mo setsong, mo go tseyeng letlhakore mo go tsa bong, le mo Wikipedia . <ref name="Ackerly-2022">{{Cite journal |last=Ackerly |first=Brooke A. |last2=Michelitch |first2=Kristin |date=2022 |title=Wikipedia and Political Science: Addressing Systematic Biases with Student Initiatives |journal=PS: Political Science & Politics |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=429–433 |doi=10.1017/S1049096521001463 |s2cid=247795102 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Beytía |first=Pablo |date=April 20, 2020 |title=Companion Proceedings of the Web Conference 2020 |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |isbn=978-1-4503-7024-0 |series=WWW '20 |location=New York |pages=806–810 |chapter=The Positioning Matters |doi=10.1145/3366424.3383569 |access-date=May 8, 2023 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3366424.3383569 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132221/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3366424.3383569 |archive-date=April 28, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Go na le mefuta e mebedi e e anameng ya go tsaya letlhakore, e e ''sa tlhamalalang'' (fa setlhogo se tlogetswe) le ''e e tlhamaletseng'' (fa POV e e rileng e emetswe go feta selekanyo mo lekwalong kgotsa ke dikgokedi tsa kitso). <ref name="Hube2017" /> Ditshekatsheko tsa barutegi tsa dikwalo tsa Wikipedia di fitlhetse gore le fa dikwalo di nna di le nnete bile di se na tshedimosetso e e fapogileng, ga di a felela e bile ga di tlhagise dipono tsotlhe ka tsela e e sa tseyeng letlhakore . <ref name="Ackerly-2022"/> Ka 2011, Wales o ne a bolela gore go sa lekalekane ga kakaretso ya ditlhogo ke sesupo sa palo ya bakwadi, a nopola ka sekai "dibuka tsa botshelo tsa basadi ba ba tumileng mo ditsong le dintlha tse di amanang le tlhokomelo ya bana ba ba sa ntseng ba le bannye". <ref name="wiki-women"/> Padi ya Phalane a le malatsi a masome a mabedi, 2013, e e kwadilweng ke Tom Simonite mo ''Tlhatlhobong ya Maranyane'' ya MIT ya setlhogo se se reng " Go wela tlase ga Wikipedia " e ne ya bua ka ditlamorago tsa go tsaya letlhakore ga thulaganyo le go fokotsega ga melawana mo [[Wikipedia|go fokotsegeng ga palo ya bakwadi]] . <ref name="Simonite-2013"/> Patlisiso e e dirilweng ke Mark Graham wa Lefelo la Inthanete la Oxford ka 2009 e bontshitse gore go anamisiwa ga ditlhogo tsa dikwalo go ya ka mafelo ga go lekalekane thata, mme Aforika ke yone e e sa emelwang sentle. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=Mark |date=November 12, 2009 |title=Mapping the Geographies of Wikipedia Content |url=https://zerogeography.net/post/144973716228/mapping-the-geographies-of-wikipedia-content |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002051150/https://zerogeography.net/post/144973716228/mapping-the-geographies-of-wikipedia-content |archive-date=October 2, 2016 |website=Zerogeography}}</ref> Mo dikgatisong di le masome a mararo tsa dipuo tsa Wikipedia, dikwalo le dikarolo tsa ditso ka kakaretso di ikaegile ka Yuropa mme di remeletse mo ditiragalong tsa bosheng. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Strohmaier |first=Markus |date=March 6, 2017 |title=Multilingual historical narratives on Wikipedia |url=https://search.gesis.org/research_data/SDN-10.7802-1411?doi=10.7802/1411 |publisher=[[GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences]] |chapter=KAT50 Society, Culture |doi=10.7802/1411 |quote=Wikipedia narratives about national histories (i) are skewed towards more recent events (recency bias) and (ii) are distributed unevenly across the continents with significant focus on the history of European countries (Eurocentric bias). |access-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131023846/https://search.gesis.org/research_data/SDN-10.7802-1411?doi=10.7802/1411 |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Diteng tse di masisi === Wikipedia e ile ya kgalwa ka ntlha ya go letlelela tshedimosetso ka ga diteng tse di botlha thata. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Maxton|first=Richard|date=September 9, 2008|title=Wikipedia attacked over porn pages|journal=Macquarie Network|url=http://livenews.com.au/Articles/2008/09/09/Wikipedia_attacked_over_porn_pages}}</ref> Ditlhogo tse di bontshang se batshwayadiphoso bangwe ba se biditseng diteng tse di sa siamang (tse di tshwanang le boloko jwa setho, setopo, serwe sa bonna sa motho, molomo wa serwe sa bosadi, le go nna maponapona) di na le ditshwantsho tse di botlha le tshedimosetso e e feletseng e e ka bonwang motlhofo ke mongwe le mongwe yo o nang le inthanete, go akaretsa le bana. Lefelo le gape le akaretsa diteng tsa tlhakanelodikobo tse di tshwanang le ditshwantsho le ditshwantsho tsa motshikinyego tsa go itshwaratshwara dirwe tsa tlhakanelodikobo le go rota, ditshwantsho tsa zoophilia, le dinepe tsa difilimi tsa tlhakanelodikobo mo dikwalong tsa lone. Gape le na le dinepe tse e seng tsa thobalano tsa bana ba ba sa aparang . Setlhogo sa Wikipedia se se buang ka ''Virgin Killer'' —alebamo ya 1976 ya setlhopha sa mmino wa rock sa Jeremane sa Scorpions —se na le setshwantsho sa khabara ya ntlhantlha ya alebamo eno, se se bontshang mosetsana yo o sa aparang sepe yo o sa ntseng a gola . Khabara ya ntlhantlha e e neng ya gololwa e ne ya baka dikganetsano mme ga bewa e sele mo mafatsheng a mangwe. Ka Sedimonthole 2008, go kgona go bona lekwaloa Wikipedia ''ya Virgin Killer'' go ne ga thibelwa malatsi a le mane ke bontsi jwa batlamedi ba ditirelo tsa Inthanete kwa United Kingdom morago ga gore Mokgatlho wa Internet Watch (IWF) o dire tshwetso ya gore khabara ya alebamo e ne e le setshwantsho se se sa siamang se se seng kafa molaong mme wa tsenya URL ya lekwalo le mo "lenaneong la dikwalo tse di tlositsweng" la tlamela ba ditirelo tsa inthanete kwa Borithane ka lone. <ref name="Register ISP censorship">{{Cite news|title=Brit ISPs censor Wikipedia over 'child porn' album cover|first=Cade|last=Metz|newspaper=[[The Register]]|date=December 7, 2008|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/12/07/brit_isps_censor_wikipedia|access-date=May 10, 2009}}</ref> Ka Moranang 2010, Sanger o ne a kwalela Biro ya Dipatlisiso ya Bosetšhaba lekwalo, a tlhalosa matshwenyego a gagwe a gore ditlhopha tse pedi tsa ditshwantsho tse di mo Wikimedia Commons di ne di na le ditshwantsho tsa thobalano tsa bana, mme di ne di tlola molao wa puso wa Amerika wa ditshwantsho tse di leswe . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/wikipedia-rejects-child-porn-accusation-20100428-tsvh|title=Wikipedia rejects child porn accusation|date=April 29, 2010|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=May 14, 2017}}</ref> <ref name="Inquirer child abuse allegations">{{Cite news|date=April 29, 2010|title=Wikipedia denies child abuse allegations: Co-founder grassed the outfit to the FBI|work=The Inquirer|url=https://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1603521/wikipedia-denies-child-abuse-allegations|access-date=October 9, 2010|archivedate=May 1, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501174521/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1603521/wikipedia-denies-child-abuse-allegations}}</ref> Moragonyana Sanger o ne a tlhalosa gore ditshwantsho tse, tse di neng di amana le go tlhakanela dikobo le bana le tse dingwe tse di neng di amana le go tlhakanela dikobo le bana, e ne e se tsa bana ba mmatota, mme o ne a re e ne e le " ditshwantsho tse di leswe tsa go sotlaka bana ka thobalano ", ka fa tlase ga Molao wa PROTECT wa 2003 . Molao oo o thibela ditshwantsho tsa thobalano tsa bana le dinepe tsa dipopae le ditshwantsho tsa bana tse di fatlhang go ya ka molao wa Amerika . Sanger o ne a tlhagisa gape matshwenyego a gagwe ka go kgona go bona ditshwantsho tse di mo Wikipedia tse kwa dikolong. <ref name="TET child porn accusations">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia blasts co-founder's accusations of child porn on website|date=April 29, 2010|journal=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infotech/internet/Wikipedia-blasts-co-founders-accusations-of-child-porn-on-website/articleshow/5871943.cms|access-date=April 29, 2010}}</ref> Mmueledi wa [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] Jay Walsh o ile a gana kgang ya ga Sanger ka maatla, a re Wikipedia e ne e se na "dilo tse di ka bonwang di se ka fa molaong. Fa re ne re na le tsone, re ne re tla di tlosa." Morago ga ngongorego ya ga Sanger, Wales elne ya phimola ditshwantsho tsa tlhakanelodikobo kwa ntle ga go buisana le morafe wa badirisi. Fa bakwadi ba baithaopi ba sena go nganga gore tshwetso e e dirilwe ka bonako, Wales o ne a ithaopela go tlogela dithata dingwe tse a neng a di tshwere jaaka karolo ya maemo a gagwe a go nna motlhami-mmogo. O ne a kwala mo molaetseng o o yang kwa lenaneong la go romela melaetsa la Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia gore kgato e ne e le "mo kgatlhegong ya go rotloetsa dipuisano ka ga dikgang tsa mmatota tsa filosofi/diteng, go na le go nna ka ga me le ka fa ke tsereng kgato ka bonako ka teng". <ref name="BBC News Wales cedes rights">{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/10104946.stm|title=Wikimedia pornography row deepens as Wales cedes rights|work=BBC News|date=May 10, 2010|access-date=May 19, 2010}}</ref> Batshwayadiphoso, ba akaretsa le Wikipediocracy, ba ne ba lemoga gore bontsi jwa ditshwantsho tse di fatlhang tse di phimotsweng mo Wikipedia fa e sale ka 2010 di tlhagile gape. <ref name="XBIZ">{{Cite news|date=September 17, 2013|title=Wikipedia Gives Porn a Break|work=XBIZ.com|url=https://newswire.xbiz.com/view.php?id=169017|access-date=November 10, 2013}}</ref> === Sephiri === Matshwenyego mangwe a sephiri mo kgannyeng ya Wikipedia a amana le tshwanelo ya motho ya go nna moagi yo o ikemetseng go na le go nna motho wa setšhaba mo matlhong a molao. <ref>{{Cite book |last=McStay |first=Andrew |date=2014 |title=Privacy and Philosophy: New Media and Affective Protocol |publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]] |isbn=978-1-4541-9163-6 |series=Digital Formation |volume=86 |doi=10.3726/978-1-4539-1336-9}}</ref>{{efn|See [https://web.archive.org/web/20101130081035/https://texaspress.com/index.php/publications/law-media/731-law-a-the-media-in-texas--libel-cases "Libel"] by David McHam for the legal distinction.}} Ke ntwa fa gare ga tshwanelo ya go sa itsiwe mo inthaneteng le tshwanelo ya go sa itsiwe mo botshelong jwa mmatota . Melao ya sephiri ya Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia e bolela gore, "re dumela gore ga o a tshwanela go tlhoka go tlamela ka tshedimosetso ya gore o mang gore o nne le seabe mo mokgatlhong wa kitso ya mahala", mme e bolela gore "tshedimosetso ya gago" e ka nna ya abelanwa "Ka mabaka a semolao", "Go Go Sireletsa, Rona le Ba bangwe", kgotsa "Go Tlhaloganya le go Lekeletsa". <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Privacy policy |url=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131204008/https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Ka Ferikgong 2006, kgotlatshekelo ya Jeremane e ne ya laela gore Wikipedia ya Jeremane e tswalwe mo teng ga Jeremane ka gonne e ne e bolela leina ka botlalo la ga Boris Floric, aka "Tron", yo o neng a tlhasela mo maranyaneng yo o tlhokafetseng. Ka Tlhakole a le malatsi a le boferabongwe, ngwaga wa 2006, taelo e e neng e le kgatlhanong le Wikimedia Deutschland e ne ya menolwa, mme kgotlatshekelo ya gana kgopolo ya gore tshwanelo ya ga Tron ya go nna le sephiri kgotsa ya batsadi ba gagwe e ne e gatakiwa. <ref name="heise Tron public issue 1">{{Cite news|last1=Kleinz|first1=Torsten|title=Gericht weist einstweilige Verfügung gegen Wikimedia Deutschland ab [Update]|url=https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Gericht-weist-einstweilige-Verfuegung-gegen-Wikimedia-Deutschland-ab-Update-173587.html|work=Heise Online|publisher=[[Heinz Heise]]|date=September 2, 2006|language=de}}</ref> Wikipedia e na le " " se se dirisang Znuny, e leng lefelo la sofotewere ya mahala ya motswedi o o bulegileng sa OTRS <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Volunteer Response Team |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_Response_Team |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202072211/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_response_team |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> go emelana le dipotso ntle le tlhoka go senola maina a batho ba ba amegang. Se se dirisiwa, ka sekai, mo go netefatseng tetla ya go dirisa ditshwantsho le metswedi e mengwe ya dikgang mo lenaneong. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=OTRS – A flexible Help Desk and IT-Service Management Software |url=https://www.otrs.com/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030215341/https://www.otrs.com/en/ |archive-date=October 30, 2013 |access-date=June 9, 2012 |website=Open Technology Real Services |publisher=OTRS.com}}</ref> Mo bokhutlong jwa Moranang 2023, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o itsisitse gore Wikipedia ga e kitla e ineela mo ditlhomamisong dipe tsa dingwaga tse di ka tlhokwang ke molao wa UK wa Molao wa Pabalesego ya Inthanete . Rebecca MacKinnon wa Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o ne a bolela gore go tlholwa mo go ntseng jalo go tlaa lhulana le boineelo jwa webosaete jwa go kokoanya tshedimosetso e nnye ka batho ba ba tsenyang letsogo le babadi ba yone. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65388255|title=Wikipedia will not perform Online Safety Bill age checks|work=BBC|date=April 28, 2023|access-date=May 1, 2023}}</ref> === Kgethololo ya bong === Wikipedia e ne ya tlhalosiwa ka 2015 e le lefelo le e nang le setso sa ntwa sa [[Go Tlhaola Batho ka Bong|go tlhaola batho ka bong]] le go tshwenya . <ref name="Paling">{{Cite web |last=Paling |first=Emma |date=October 21, 2015 |title=Wikipedia's Hostility to Women |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/how-wikipedia-is-hostile-to-women/411619/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231105811/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/how-wikipedia-is-hostile-to-women/411619/ |archive-date=December 31, 2022 |access-date=October 24, 2015 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Auerbach |first=David |date=December 11, 2014 |title=Encyclopedia Frown |url=https://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2014/12/wikipedia_editing_disputes_the_crowdsourced_encyclopedia_has_become_a_rancorous.html |url-status=live |journal=Slate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023233133/http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2014/12/wikipedia_editing_disputes_the_crowdsourced_encyclopedia_has_become_a_rancorous.html |archive-date=October 23, 2015 |access-date=October 24, 2015}}</ref> Go lemogiwa ga tiriso ya puo e e sotlang gone ga buiwa fa e le lebaka le le neng la tlhagisiwa ka 2013 la go tlhoka tekatekano ya bong jwa bakwadi Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Murphy|first=Dan|date=August 1, 2013|title=In UK, rising chorus of outrage over online misogyny|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Security-Watch/Backchannels/2013/0801/In-UK-rising-chorus-of-outrage-over-online-misogyny|access-date=February 1, 2023}}</ref> Go nnile le di-Edit-a-thon go rotloetsa bakwadi ba basadi le go oketsa go akaretsa dikgang tsa basadi. <ref>{{Cite news|title=High Museum to host virtual Wikipedia edit-a-thon to boost entries about women|url=https://www.ajc.com/lifestyles/high-museum-host-virtual-wikipedia-edit-thon-boost-entries-about-women/TxxMEMGWHqFfaNMpV8y9DN/|access-date=October 24, 2020}}</ref> Ka Motsheganong 2018, mokwadi wa Wikipedia o ne a gana lekwalo le le neng le rometswe ka Donna Strickland ka ntlha ya go tlhoka go begwa mo metsweding ya dikgang. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Draft:Donna Strickland |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Donna_Strickland&oldid=842614385 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114656/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Donna_Strickland&oldid=842614385 |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> <ref name="Schlanger-2018">{{Cite web |last=Schlanger |first=Zoë |last2=Purtill |first2=Corinne |date=October 2, 2018 |title=Wikipedia rejected an entry on a Nobel Prize winner because she wasn't famous enough |url=https://qz.com/1410909/wikipedia-had-rejected-nobel-prize-winner-donna-strickland-because-she-wasnt-famous-enough/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025085329/https://qz.com/1410909/wikipedia-had-rejected-nobel-prize-winner-donna-strickland-because-she-wasnt-famous-enough/ |archive-date=October 25, 2018 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]}}</ref> Dikgwedi di le tlhano morago ga tiragalo e, Strickland o ne a gapa Seetsele sa Nobel mo dithutong tsa Maranyane gore o na "le ditlhamo tse di tona mo lephateng la Maranyane a laser", mme a nna mosadi wa boraro go amogela seetsele se. <ref name="Schlanger-2018" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2, 2018 |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/press-release/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002141926/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/press-release/ |archive-date=October 2, 2018 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=The Nobel Prize}}</ref> Pele ga a fenya seetsele se, Strickland o ne a umakiwa fela mo Wikipedia mo lekwalong le le neng le bua ka mmereki ka ene le mofenyi-mmogo wa seetsele e bong Gérard Mourou . <ref name="Schlanger-2018" /> Go kgaphelwa thoko ga gagwe mo Wikipedia go ne ga dira gore Wikipedia e bonwe molato wa go tlhaola batho ka bong, mme Corinne Purtill yo o neng a kwalela ''Quartz'' o ne a bolela gore "gape ke thuto e e tlhamaletseng ka dikotsi tsa go kgetholola ka bong mo metsweding ya dikgang, le ditlamorago tse di anameng tsa go sa emelwe sentle." <ref name="Purtill-2018">{{Cite web |last=Purtill |first=Corinne |date=October 3, 2018 |title=Sexism at Wikipedia feeds off the sexism in the media |url=https://qz.com/1412718/wikipedia-has-a-problem-with-sexism-so-does-the-media/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201022552/https://qz.com/1412718/wikipedia-has-a-problem-with-sexism-so-does-the-media |archive-date=February 1, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]}}</ref> Purtill o amanya kgang e le go tlhoka tekatekano ga bong mo go begeng ga bobegakgang. <ref name="Purtill-2018" /> Patlisiso e e tseneletseng ya 2008, e e gatisitsweng ka 2016, ke Julia B. Bear wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse di kgolwane tsa Kgwebo ya sa Stony Brook le Benjamin Collier wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse di kgolwane sa Carnegie Mellon ba fitlhetse dipharologano tse di tona tsa bong mo go tshepeng boitseanape, go sa phuthologa ga bakwadi, le go tsibogela ditshwaelo tse di botlhokwa. "Basadi ba begile gore ga ba tshepe boitseanape jwa bone, ba tlhagisitse go sa phuthologa mo go tona mo bokwading(se gantsi se akaretsang kgotlhang), mme ba begile maikutlo a a seng molemo thata mo ditshwaelong tse di botlhokwa fa ba bapisiwa le banna." <ref>{{Cite journal |date=January 4, 2016 |title=Where are the Women in Wikipedia ? – Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Wikipedia |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |url-status=live |journal=Sex Roles |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Science]] |volume=74 |issue=5–6 |pages=254–265 |doi=10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |s2cid=146452625 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027122538/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |archive-date=October 27, 2021 |access-date=June 27, 2021}}</ref> === ''Dikwalo tse di tseneletseng tse di boferabongwe '' === ''"Dithesis di le boferabongwe"'' di kaya mogopolo wa diphetogo o o gatisitsweng ke Larry Sanger ka Phalane 2025. ''Dithesis tse di boferabongwe'' tsa ga Sanger mo Wikipedia di tlhagisa lenaneo la tshekatsheko e e botlhokwa la diphetogo la Wikipedia. Mogopolo o ke karolo ya maiteko a gagwe a a anameng a go lebagana le se Sanger a se tsayang e le dikgang tsa thulaganyo mo teng ga Wikipedia, tse di akaretsang, go tsaya letlhakore ga megopolo, go tlhoka go nna mo pepeneneng mo maemong a bakwadi, le tsamaiso e e sa direng sentle ya go dira ditshwetso e e theilweng morago ga ditumalano. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-04 |title=Wikipedia Co-Founder Unveils Plan To Fix Website's Biased 'Engine of Defamation' |url=https://www.nysun.com/article/wikipedia-co-founder-unveils-plan-to-fix-websites-biased-engine-of-defamation |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=The New York Sun |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-11 |title=Nine Theses on Wikipedia |url=https://larrysanger.org/nine-theses/ |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=LarrySanger.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tsamaiso == === Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia le mekgatlho e e amanang le one === [[File:Sue_Gardner_during_her_presentation_at_Wikimania_2013.jpg|thumb|Sue Gardner, mookamedi mogolo wa ntlha, ka 2013 kwa Wikimania]] Wikipedia e tshwarwa le go tlamelwa ka madi ke [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]], e leng mokgatlho o o sa direng dipoelo gape o tsamaisang mananeo a a amanang le Wikipedia tse di tshwanang le Wiktionary le Dibuka tsa Wikipedia . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |date=May 30, 2018 |title=Wikimedia Projects |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/our-work/wikimedia-projects/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011065720/https://wikimediafoundation.org/our-work/wikimedia-projects/ |archive-date=October 11, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Mokgatlho o o ikaegile ka meneelo ya setšhaba le dithuso tsa madi go duelela ditiro tsa one. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Wikimedia's approach to coronavirus: Staffers can work 20 hours a week, get paid for full time|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/03/17/wikimedias-approach-coronavirus-staffers-can-work-20-hours-week-get-paid-full-time/|access-date=February 25, 2021|date=March 17, 2020}}</ref> <ref name="financialstatements" group="W">{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2022 |title=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. – Consolidated Financial Statements – June 30, 2022 and 2021 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/2/26/Wikimedia_Foundation_FY2021-2022_Audit_Report.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/2/26/Wikimedia_Foundation_FY2021-2022_Audit_Report.pdf |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2016 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Pampiri ya 990 ya Tirelo ya Lotseno ya 2020 e bontsha lotseno lwa $124,60.&nbsp;milione le ditshenyegelo tse e ka nnang tsa $112,200 &nbsp;milione, ka dithoto tse di ka nnang $1 200,20 milione le tse di duelelwang di ka nna $11&nbsp;milione. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Wikimedia Foundation 2020 Form 990 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/e/e4/Wikimedia_Foundation_2020_Form_990.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524102009/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/e/e4/Wikimedia_Foundation_2020_Form_990.pdf |archive-date=May 24, 2022 |access-date=October 14, 2014 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Ka Motsheganong 2014, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o ne wa bitsa Lila Tretikov jaaka Mookamedi-mogolo wa one wa bobedi wa khuduthamaga, a tsaya marapo a ga Sue Gardner. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2014 |title=Press releases/WMF announces new ED Lila Tretikov |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Press_releases/WMF_announces_new_ED_Lila_Tretikov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503035438/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Press_releases/WMF_announces_new_ED_Lila_Tretikov |archive-date=May 3, 2014 |access-date=June 14, 2014 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> ''The Wall Street Journal'' e ne ya bega ka Motsheganong a le bongwe, 2014, gore dikitso tsa ga Tretikov tsa maranyane, go tswa mo dingwageng tsa gagwe kwa Sekolong sa dithuto tse di kgolwane sa California di naya Wikipedia tshono ya go tlhabologa ka tsela e e tsepameng thata e e kaelwang ke polelo ya gagwe e e boelediwang gantsi ya gore, "Tshedimosetso, fela jaaka phefo, e tlhoka go nna mahala." <ref name="Jeff Elder 2014">{{Cite news|date=May 1, 2014|title=Wikipedia's New Chief: From Soviet Union to World's Sixth-Largest Site|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-34824|access-date=February 1, 2023}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114542/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/02/business/media/open-source-software-specialist-selected-as-executive-director-of-wikipedia.html?_r=0|date=May 1, 2014|title=Media: Open-Source Software Specialist Selected as Executive Director of Wikipedia|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/02/business/media/open-source-software-specialist-selected-as-executive-director-of-wikipedia.html?_r=0|access-date=February 1, 2023|archivedate=February 10, 2023}}</ref> Setlhogo sone se sa ''Wall Street Journal'' se ne sa bega ka dikaelo tse tsa tlhabololo go ya ka potsolotso le mmueledi Jay Walsh wa Wikimedia, yo o neng a " re Tretikov o tla rarabolola kgang eo ya ( go duela batho go go buelelela ) e le selo se se tlang pele. 'Tota re kgaratlhela go dira dilo mo pepeneneng .&nbsp;... Re gatelela gore go duela bakwadi go go buelelela ga go amogelesege.' Maiteko a go akaretsa batho ba ba farologaneng ba ba nang le seabe, tshegetso e e botoka ya dipuisano tsa Wikipedia, didirisiwa tse disha tsa lefatshe, go bona diteng tsa selegae bonolo, le didirisiwa tse dintsi tsa badirisi mo lefatsheng la bobedi le la boraro le tsone ke ditlapele", Walsh o ne a bolela jalo. <ref name="Jeff Elder 2014" /> Morago ga go tsamaya ga ga Tretikov mo Wikipedia ka ntlha ya mathata a a amanang le tiriso ya karolo ya "tshireletso e e feteletseng" e mefuta mengwe ya puo ya Wikipedia e e amogetseng, <ref group="W">{{Cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125043521/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2014-08-13/News_and_notes|date=August 13, 2014|title=Media Viewer controversy spreads to German Wikipedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2014-08-13/News_and_notes|access-date=February 1, 2023|archivedate=January 25, 2023}}</ref> Katherine Maher o ne a nna Mookamedi-mogolo wa boraro wa Mokgatlho wa Wikipedia ka Seetebosigo 2016. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Lorente |first=Patricio |date=March 16, 2016 |title=Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees welcomes Katherine Maher as interim Executive Director |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2016/03/16/board-welcomes-katherine-maher/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114634/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2016/03/16/board-welcomes-katherine-maher/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Maher o ne a bolela gore nngwe ya ditlapele tsa gagwe e tla nna kgang ya go tshwenngwa ga bakwadi e e tlwaelesegileng mo Wikipedia jaaka go supilwe ke lekgotlana la Wikipedia ka Sedimonthole. O boleletse ''Bloomberg Businessweek'' mabapi le kgang ya go tshwenngwa a re: "Go dira gore batho ba akanye gore se ke selo se se tlang pele mo morafeng wa badirisi.&nbsp;... [mme paakanyo eo e tlhoka gore] e tshwanetse go nna go feta go bua fela." <ref name="Bloomberg 2016"/> Maher o ne a nna mokaedi wa khuduthamaga go fitlha ka Moranang 2021. <ref name="axios">{{Cite web |last=Salmon |first=Felix |date=February 4, 2021 |title=Exclusive: End of the Maher era at Wikipedia |url=https://www.axios.com/exclusive-the-end-of-the-maher-era-at-wikipedia-c1ed1408-bab7-4308-9407-db093e24c80d.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204180613/https://www.axios.com/exclusive-the-end-of-the-maher-era-at-wikipedia-c1ed1408-bab7-4308-9407-db093e24c80d.html |archive-date=February 4, 2021 |access-date=April 16, 2021 |website=Axios}}</ref> Maryana Iskander o ne a tlhomiwa go nna Mookamedimogolo yo o tsenang ka Lwetse 2021, mme a tsaya maemo a ka Firikgong 2022. O ne a bolela gore nngwe ya dilo tse a tla remelelang mo go tsone e tla nna go oketsa kabakanyo mo morafeng wa badirisi ba Wikimedia. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Lima|first=Cristiano|date=September 14, 2021|title=Wikimedia taps leader of South African nonprofit as its next CEO|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/09/14/wikipedia-maryana-iskander-ceo/|access-date=September 14, 2021|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Iskander o ne a dira go fitlha ka Firikgong 2026, fa Bernadette Meehan a ne a tsaya marapo a go nna Mookamedimogolo. Wikipedia gape e engwe nokeng ke mekgatlho le ditlhopha di le dintsi tse di dirisanang le Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia mme di tsamaisiwa ka bonosi, tse di bidiwang [[Wikimedia Foundation|ditlhopha tse di dirisanang le mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] . Tse di akaretsa dikgaolo tsa Wikimedia (tse e leng mekgatlho ya setšhaba kgotsa e e kwa tlase ga ya setšhaba, jaaka Wikimedia Deutschland le Wikimedia Fora), mekgatlho ya ditlhogo (e e tshwanang le Amical Wikimedia ya setšhaba sa puo ya Se-Catalan ), le ditlhopha tsa badirisi. Ditlhopha tse di tsaya karolo mo go rotloetseng, go tlhabololeng, le go thusa Wikipedia ka madi. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikimedia chapters |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_chapters |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051112001834/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_chapters |archive-date=November 12, 2005 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> === Ditiro tsa sofotewere le tshegetso/kemo nokeng === Go dira ga Wikipedia go ikaegile ka MediaWiki, e leng sofotewere ya wiki e e itiretsweng, e le ya mahala gape e bulegile se se kwadilweng ka PHP mme se agilwe mo thulaganyong ya polokelo ya tshedimosetso ya MySQL . <ref name="nedworks database system" group="W">{{Cite web |last=Bergsma |first=Mark |title=Wikimedia Architecture |url=https://www.nedworks.org/~mark/presentations/san/Wikimedia%20architecture.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204708/https://www.nedworks.org/~mark/presentations/san/Wikimedia%20architecture.pdf |archive-date=March 3, 2009 |access-date=June 27, 2008 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Sofotewere e e akaretsa ditiriso tsa go dira mananeo a tshwana le puo e kgolo, dilo tse di farologaneng, thulaganyo ya go fetoladithempoleite, le go kaela gape URL . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=MediaWiki Features |url=https://www.wikimatrix.org/show/mediawiki |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202020544/https://www.wikimatrix.org/show/mediawiki |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=WikiMatrix}}</ref> MediaWiki e na le teseletso ka fa tlase ga Teseletso ya Botlhe ya GNU (GPL) mme e dirisiwa ke mananeo otlhe a Wikimedia, ga mmogo le mananeo a mangwe a mantsi a wiki. <ref name="nedworks database system" group="W" /> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Project:Copyrights |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Project:Copyrights&oldid=262877 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022061355/https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Project:Copyrights&oldid=262877 |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=MediaWiki |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Kwa tshimologong, Wikipedia e ne e tsamaisiwa mo UseModWiki e e kwadilweng ka Perl ke Clifford Adams (Kgato ya ntlha), e kwa tshimologong e neng e tlhoka CamelCase go dira dikgokagano tsa dikwalo; mofuta wa go dirisa masaka a mabedi se ne sa tsenngwa moragonyana. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=UseMod: UseModWiki |url=https://www.usemod.org/cgi-bin/wiki.pl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001017191620/http://www.usemod.com/cgi-bin/wiki.pl |archive-date=October 17, 2000 |website=UseModWiki}}</ref> Go simolola ka Firikgong 2002 (Kgato ya bobedi), Wikipedia e ne ya simolola go dira mo enjeneng ya wiki ya PHP e e nang le polokelo ya tshedimosetso ya MySQL; sofotewere e e ne e direlwa Wikipedia ke Magnus Manske . Sofotewere ya Kgato ya bobedi e ne ya fetolwa gangwe le gape go emelana le tlhokego e e neng e oketsega ka lobelo lo logolo . Ka Phukwi 2002 ( Kgato ya boraro ), Wikipedia e ne ya fetogela kwa sofotewereng ya kokomane ya boraro, e leng MediaWiki, e e neng e kwadilwe ke Lee Daniel Crocker . Dikatoloso di le mmalwa tsa MediaWiki di tsentswe go atolosa tiro ya sofotewere ya MediaWiki. Ka Moranang 2005, katoloso ya Lucene <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Snow |first=Michael |date=April 18, 2005 |title=Internal search function returns to service |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2005-04-18/Lucene_search |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731211712/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2005-04-18/Lucene_search |archive-date=July 31, 2012 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Vibber |first=Brion |title=[Wikitech-l&#93; Lucene search |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2005-April/016297.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330033506/http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2005-April/016297.html |archive-date=March 30, 2013 |access-date=February 26, 2009 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> e ne ya tsenngwa mo patlong e e diritsweng mo teng ya MediaWiki mme Wikipedia e ne ya fetoga go tswa go MySQL go ya go Lucene go dirisiwa mo patlong. Moragonyana Lucene e ne ya emisediwa ka Patlisiso ya Cirrus e e theilweng mo Patlong ya Elastic . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Extension:CirrusSearch |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:CirrusSearch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413230335/https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:CirrusSearch |archive-date=April 13, 2021 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=MediaWiki}}</ref> Ka Phukwi 2013, morago ga go dira diteko tse di tseneletseng tsa beta, katoloso ya WYSIWYG (Se o se Bonang ke se o se fiwang), VisualEditor, e ne ya bulwa gore e dirisiwe ke botlhe. <ref name="thenextwebve">{{Cite news|title=Wikimedia rolls out WYSIWYG visual editor for logged-in users accessing Wikipedia articles in English|url=https://thenextweb.com/insider/2013/07/02/wikimedia-rolls-out-its-wysiwyg-visual-editor-for-logged-in-users-accessing-wikipedia-articles-in-english/|access-date=February 2, 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/10196578/Wikipedia-introduces-new-features-to-entice-editors.html|title=Wikipedia introduces new features to entice editors|access-date=August 18, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="TheEconomistVE">{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/12/changes-wikipedia|title=Changes at Wikipedia: Seeing things|access-date=July 28, 2013}}</ref> E ne ya ganwa le go tshwaiwa diphoso thata, mme ya tlhalosiwa e le " bonya gape e na le diphoso". <ref name="Orlowski, Andrew">{{Cite web |last=Orlowski |first=Andrew |date=August 1, 2013 |title=Wikipedians say no to Jimmy's 'buggy' WYSIWYG editor |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/08/01/wikipedians_reject_wysiwyg_editor/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804115056/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/08/01/wikipedians_reject_wysiwyg_editor |archive-date=August 4, 2013 |access-date=August 18, 2013 |website=The Register}}</ref> Karolo e ne ya fetolwa go tswa mo go tlhopheng go tswa go ya kwa go tlhopheng go tsena morago ga moo. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Forrester |first=James |date=April 25, 2013 |title=The alpha version of the VisualEditor is now in 15 languages |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/04/25/visualeditor-alpha-in-15-languages/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114634/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/04/25/visualeditor-alpha-in-15-languages/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> === Go kwala mo go itirisang === Mananeo a dibalamakgolo(dikhompiutara) a a bidiwang di-bot gantsi di ile tsa dirisiwa go dira ditiro tse di motlhofo le tse di boelediwang, tse di tshwanang le go baakanya diphoso tse di tlwaelesegileng jaaka go peleta le mathata a mefuta ya tiriso, kgotsa go simolola dikwalo tse di tshwanang le go tsenya tsa dintlha tse digeographic ka mokgwa o o tlwaelegileng go tswa mo go wa tshedimosetso ya dipalopalo. <ref name="meetbots">{{Cite news|last=Nasaw|first=Daniel|date=July 24, 2012|title=Meet the 'bots' that edit Wikipedia|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18892510|access-date=February 2, 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Halliday|first=Josh|title=Boot up: The Wikipedia vandalism police, Apple analysts, and more|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2012/jul/26/boot-up-wikipedia-apple|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=July 26, 2012|access-date=September 5, 2012}}</ref> Mongwe wa bakwadi ba ba neng ba ntsha kganetsano, e bong Sverker Johansson, o ne a tlhama dikwalo ka bot ya gagwe ya Lsjbot, e go neng ga begwa gore e tlhama dikwalo di ka nna dikete di le lesome mo Wikipedia ya Se-Swedish ka malatsi a a rileng. <ref>{{Cite news|date=July 13, 2014|title=For This Author, 10,000 Wikipedia Articles Is a Good Day's Work|url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/for-this-author-10-000-wikipedia-articles-is-a-good-days-work-1405305001|access-date=August 18, 2014}}</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, go na le di-bot tse di diretsweng go itsise bakwadi ka go itirisa fa ba dira diphoso tse di tlwaelesegileng tsa bokwadi (tse di tshwanang le dinopolo tse di sa tsamaelaneng kgotsa masaka a a sa tshwaneng). <ref group="W">{{Cite news|last=Aude|date=March 23, 2009|title=Abuse Filter is enabled|publisher=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2009-03-23/Abuse_Filter|access-date=February 2, 2023}}</ref> Diphetolo tse di supilweng ka maaka ke di-bot e le tiro ya mokwadi yo o kobilweng di ka busediwa ke bakwadi ba bangwe. Bot e e lwantshanang le go senya e rulaganyeditswe go lemoga le go ntsha tshenyo ka bonako. <ref name="meetbots" /> Di-bot di kgona go supa diphetogo go tswa mo diakhaontong tse di rileng kgotsa mo ditlhopheng tsa diaterese tsa IP, jaaka go diragetse ka nako ya go thuntshiwa ga sefofane sa MH17 ka Phukwi 2014 fa go ne go begwa gore diphetogo di dirilwe ka di-IP tse di laolwang ke puso ya Russia. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 21, 2014 |title=MH17 Wikipedia entry edited from Russian government IP address |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/the-stream/2014/7/21/mh17-wikipedia-entry-edited-from-russian-government-ip-address |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116002928/https://stream.aljazeera.com/story/201407211855-0023944 |archive-date=November 16, 2016 |access-date=July 22, 2014 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> Di-bot mo Wikipedia di tshwanetse go amogelwa pele di tsenngwa mo tirisong. Go ya ka Andrew Lih, go ne go tla nna thata go akanya ka go atolosiwa ga Wikipedia mo go diragalang gompieno go dira dikadikadike tsa dikwalo fa go ne go sa dirisiwe di-bot tse di ntseng jalo. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Lih |first=Andrew |year=2009 |title=The Wikipedia Revolution |publisher=[[Hachette Books]] |isbn=978-1-4013-0371-6 |pages=99–106 |oclc=232977686}}</ref> Ka Mopitlo 2026, moemedi wa AI, Tom, o ne a dira diphetogo mo Wikipedia ka fa tlase ga akhaonto ya TomWikiAssist. Akhaonto e e ne ya thibelwa ka ntlha ya go nna bot e e sa amogelweng. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maiberg |first=Emmanuel |date=March 30, 2026 |title=An AI Agent Was Banned From Creating Wikipedia Articles, Then Wrote Angry Blogs About Being Banned |url=https://www.404media.co/an-ai-agent-was-banned-from-creating-wikipedia-articles-then-wrote-angry-blogs-about-being-banned/ |url-access=registration |access-date=April 12, 2026 |website=[[404 Media]]}}</ref> === Ditiro tsa hardwere le tshegetso/kemo nokeng === [[File:Wikipedia_webrequest_2022.png|alt=Diagram showing flow of data between Wikipedia's servers.|thumb|Setshwantsho sa lenaneo la thulaganyo go ema ka Phatwe 2022 [[Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2022]] [[Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements]]]] Wikipedia mo bogompienong e dira mo ditlhopheng tse di kgethegileng tsa disefara tsa Linux tse di dirisang tsamaiso ya tiriso ya Debian . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Debian |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Debian |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418084905/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Debian |archive-date=April 18, 2021 |access-date=April 9, 2021 |website=Wikitech |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le masome a mabedi, 2013, Wikipedia e ne e fuduseditse lefelo la yone la konokono la tshedimosetso kwa lefelong la Equinix kwa Ashburn, kwa Virginia . <ref group="W" name=":0"/> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2013/01/14/its-official-equinix-ashburn-is-wikimedias-home/|title=It's Official: Ashburn is Wikipedia's New Home|first=Jason|last=Verge|access-date=June 5, 2016|date=January 14, 2013}}</ref> Lefelo la bobedi la tshedimosetso ya tiriso le ne la tlhamiwa ka 2014 kwa Carrollton, Texas, go tokafatsa go ikanyega ga Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Data centers - Wikitech |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129081929/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers |archive-date=January 29, 2023 |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=wikitech.wikimedia.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bergsma |first=Mark |date=May 5, 2014 |title=Wikimedia Foundation selects CyrusOne in Dallas as new data center |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2014/05/05/wikimedia-foundation-selects-cyrusone-in-dallas-as-new-data-center/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715011353/https://blog.wikimedia.org/2014/05/05/wikimedia-foundation-selects-cyrusone-in-dallas-as-new-data-center/ |archive-date=July 15, 2018 |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=Diff}}</ref> Mafelo a a tshedimosetso ka bobedi a dira e le a konokono, mo dipakeng tse di farologaneng, mme e nngwe e dira jaaka ya bobedi ya tshedimosetso. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Switch Datacenter - Wikitech |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Switch_Datacenter |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=wikitech.wikimedia.org}}</ref> Ka 2017, Wikipedia e ne ya tsenya setlhopha sa go boloka tshedimosetso mo lefelong la Equinix kwa Singapore, e leng la ntlha la mofuta ono kwa Asia. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=⚓ T156028 Name Asia Cache DC site |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156028 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512040933/https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156028 |archive-date=May 12, 2019 |access-date=May 12, 2019 |website=Wikimedia Phabricator}}</ref> Ka 2022, go ne ga bulwa lefelo la go boloka tshedimosetso kwa Marseille, kwa Fora. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=⚓ T282787 Configure dns and puppet repositories for new drmrs datacenter |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282787 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282787 |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Phabricator}}</ref> Ka 2024, go ne ga bulwa lefelo la go boloka tshedimosetso kwa São Paulo, e leng la ntlha la mofuta o kwa Amerika Borwa. <ref group="W" name="Magru">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=July 26, 2024 |title=The journey to open our first data center in South America |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921054425/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/ |archive-date=September 21, 2024 |access-date=November 29, 2024 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Go ema ka Ngwanatseele 2024, ditlhopha tsa go boloka di-cache di kwa Amsterdam, kwa San Francisco, kwa Singapore, kwa Marseille le kwa São Paulo. <ref name=":13" group="W">{{Cite web |date=April 22, 2013 |title=Wikimedia servers |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_servers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120023847/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_servers |archive-date=November 20, 2021 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Data centers |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129081929/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers |archive-date=January 29, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikitech |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> === Dipatlisiso tsa mo teng le tlhabololo ya tsamaiso === Morago ga palo e e golang ya meneelo(madi) e e tsenang ka 2013 e e fetang dinomoro di le supa, <ref name="Simonite-2013"/> Mokgatlho o o fitlheletse selekanyo sa dithoto tse di bonwang di tshwanelega go akanyediwa ka fa tlase ga melaometheo ya itsholelo ya mokgatlho wa madirelo go supa tlhokego ya go beeletsa gape madi/meneelo mo dipatlisisong le mo tlhabololong ya Mokgatlho. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Scherer |first=Frederic M. |author-link=Frederic M. Scherer |date=2009 |title=Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance |url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=1496716 |publisher=Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship, [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]] |ssrn=1496716 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |orig-date=1970 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132257/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1496716 |archive-date=April 28, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mananeo a mabedi a dipatlisiso tse di ntseng jalo tsa mo teng le tlhabololo a nnile tlhamo ya Modiri wa Ditshwantsho le thebo ya "Ke a leboga" e e fitlhelwang mo ditsong tsa go kwala, tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa go tokafatsa mathata a go lapisega ga mokwadi. <ref name="Simonite-2013" /> <ref name="Orlowski, Andrew"/> Dipalo kakanyetso tsa go beeletsa gape ke mekgatlho ya madirelo mo dipatlisisong tsa mo teng le tlhabololo di ne tsa ithutiwa ke Adam Jaffe, yo o kwadileng gore go ne go tshwanetse go laolwa selekanyo sa 4% go ya go 25% ka ngwaga, ka maranyane a maemo a a kwa godimo se se tlhokang seelo se se kwa godimo sa tshegetso ka go beeletsa gape mo mokgatlhong. <ref name="Trajtenberg-2002">{{Cite book |last=Trajtenberg |first=Manuel |year=2002 |title=Patents, Citations, and Innovations: A Window on the Knowledge Economy |url=https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/2593/Patents-Citations-and-InnovationsA-Window-on-the |last2=Jaffe |first2=Adam B. |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=978-0-262-27623-8 |pages=89–153 |doi=10.7551/mitpress/5263.001.0001 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202174803/https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/2593/Patents-Citations-and-InnovationsA-Window-on-the |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ka maemong a 2013 a meneelo ya Wikimedia e kwadilwe jaaka e le didolara di le dikadikadike di le masome a mane ke botlhano, <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Peters |first=David |last2=Walsh |first2=Jay |year=2013 |title=Wikimedia Foundation 2012–13 Annual Report |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Wmf_AR12_v11_SHIP_2pp_hyper_14jan14.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114540/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Wmf_AR12_v11_SHIP_2pp_hyper_14jan14.pdf |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> selekanyo sa tekanyetso se se badilweng se se akantshitsweng ke Jaffe sa go beeletsa gape mo dipatlisisong le mo tlhabololong se fa gare ga didolara di le 1.8.&nbsp;dimilione le 11.3&nbsp; milione ka ngwaga. <ref name="Trajtenberg-2002" /> Ka 2019, selekanyo sa meneelo se ne sa begwa ke Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia gore ke didikadike tsa di dolara di le lekgolo le masome a mabedi ka ngwaga, <ref group="W">{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=2019 to 2020 Annual Report – Statement of Activities – Audited (July 1, 2019 – June 30, 2020) |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/about/annualreport/2020-annual-report/financials/#section-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202174803/https://wikimediafoundation.org/about/annualreport/2020-annual-report/financials/#section-2 |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> go tlhabolola dipalokakanyetso tsa ga Jaffe tsa maemo a a kwa godimo a tshegetso go nna magareng ga dimilione di le $3.08 le 19,2&nbsp;milione ka ngwaga. <ref name="Trajtenberg-2002" />[[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|alt=Wikipedia Library logo|thumb|Sekano sa motlobo wa dibuka wa Wikipedia]] === Dikgatiso tsa dikgang tse di mo teng === Mananeo a le mantsi a Wikimedia a na le dikgatiso tsa dikgang tsa mo teng. Lekwalodikgang la mo inthaneteng la [[Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia]] ''la The Signpost'' le ne la tlhongwa ka 2005 ke Michael Snow, motsamaisi wa Wikipedia yo o neng a tla nna leloko la khuduthamaga ya batlhokomedi ba Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia ka 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Caroline |date=July 18, 2008 |title=Wikimedia Foundation edits its board of trustees |url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/wikimedia-foundation-edits-its-board-of-trustees/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301224408/https://www.cnet.com/news/wikimedia-foundation-edits-its-board-of-trustees/ |archive-date=March 1, 2016 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[CNET]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|archiveurl=Noam Cohen}}</ref> Kgatiso e e akaretsa dikgang le ditiragalo go tswa kwa Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia, le [[Wikimedia Foundation|mananeo a mangwe a Wikipedia]] . === Motlobo wa dibuka wa Wikipedia === Bakwadi ba Wikipedia ka dinako tse dingwe ba sokola go fitlhelela metswedi e e duelwang e e tlhokegang go tokafatsa dikwalo. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=64}}Motlobo wa dibuka wa Wikipedia ke motswedi wa bakwadi ba Wikipedia o o nayang phitlhelelo ya mahala ya dikgatiso tse dintsi tsa mo maranyaneng, gore ba kgone go leba le go di nopola fa ba ntse ba kwala mo ensaetlolopedieng . <ref name="orlowitz">{{Cite journal |last=Orlowitz |first=Jake |date=January 2018 |title=The Wikipedia Library: the biggest encyclopedia needs a digital library and we are building it |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327963422 |url-status=live |journal=JLIS.it |volume=9 |issue=3 |doi=10.4403/jlis.it-12505 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132509/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327963422_The_wikipedia_library_The_biggest_encyclopedia_needs_a_digital_library_and_we_are_building_it |archive-date=April 28, 2024 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref> Bagatisi ba feta masome a marataro ba tlhophile go dirisana mmogo le motlobo wa dibuka wa Wikipedia go tlamela ka phitlhelelo ya didirisiwa tsa bone: fa ICE Publishing e ne ya kopana go dira le bone ka 2020, mmueledi o ne a re "Ka go kgontsha bakwadi ba Wikipedia go fitlhelela diteng tsa rona mahala, re solofela go tsweledisa pele didirisiwa tse morafe o wa batlisisi ba di didirisang- ba kwala le go baakanya dikwalo tsa ditlhogo tsa Civil Engineering tse di balwang ke babadi ba le diketekete kgwedi le kgwedi." <ref name="hall">{{Cite web |last=Hall |first=Sam |date=June 24, 2020 |title=ICE Publishing partners with The Wikipedia Library |url=https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/page/ice-news/106-wikipedia-library |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113161530/https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/page/ice-news/106-wikipedia-library |archive-date=November 13, 2022 |access-date=October 26, 2021 |website=ICE Virtual Library}}</ref> == Refferences == <references /> == Phitlhelelo ya diteng == === Teseletso ya diteng === Fa lenaneo le le l simololwa ka 2001, mafoko otlhe mo Wikipedia a ne a akarediwa ke GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), e leng teseletso ya Copyleft e e letlang go anamisiwa gape, go tlhamiwa ga dibuka tse di tswang mo go yone, le go dirisiwa ga diteng ga kgwebo fa bakwadi ba ntse ba na le tshwanelo ya tiro ya bone. GFDL e diretswe dibukana tsa tiriso tsa sofotewere tse di tlang le mananeo asofotewere ya mahala tse di nang le teseletso ka fa tlase ga GPL . Se se dirile gore e nne tshwetso e e bokoa ya bukana ya tshupiso ka kakaretso: ka sekai, GFDL e tlhoka gore dikgatiso gape tsa didirisiwa go tswa mo Wikipedia di tle le moriti o o feletseng ya mokwalo wa GFDL. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses |url=https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.en.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318014154/https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.en.html |archive-date=March 18, 2022 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=GNU Operating System |publisher=[[Free Software Foundation]]}}</ref> Ka Sedimonthole 2002, go ne ga gololwa teseletso ya Creative Commons ; e ne e diretswe ditiro tsa botlhami ka kakaretso, e seng fela dibukana tsa tiriso tsa sofotewere. Lenaneo la Wikipedia le ne la batla go fetogela kwa Creative Commons. <ref name="WPF switch to CC" group="W">{{Cite web |last=Vermeir |first=Walter |date=December 1, 2007 |title=Resolution:License update |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution:License_update |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903084619/http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution:License_update |archive-date=September 3, 2011 |access-date=December 4, 2007 |website=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Ka gore GFDL le Creative Commons di ne di sa tsamaisane, ka Ngwanatseele 2008, morago ga kopo ya lenaneo, Mokgatlho wa Sofotewere ya Mahala (FSF) o ne wa golola mofuta o mosha wa GFDL o o neng o diretswe ka tlhamalalo go letla Wikipedia go naya CC BY-SA teseletso ya diteng tsa yone ka Phatwe 1, 2009 Ka Moranang 2009, Wikipedia le mananeo a yone a dingwe di ne tsa tshwara referantamo ya baagi botlhe, e e neng ya dira tshwetso ya go fetola ka Seetebosigo 2009. <ref name="MW licensing QA" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Licensing update/Questions and Answers |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716170801/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers |archive-date=July 16, 2020 |access-date=February 15, 2009 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> <ref name="MW licensing timeline 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Licensing_update/Timeline |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Timeline |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817062932/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Timeline |archive-date=August 17, 2022 |access-date=April 5, 2009 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> <ref name="WP blog license migration" group="W">{{Cite web |last=Walsh |first=Jay |date=May 21, 2009 |title=Wikimedia community approves license migration |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2009/05/21/wikimedia-community-approves-license-migration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113042618/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2009/05/21/wikimedia-community-approves-license-migration/ |archive-date=January 13, 2021 |access-date=May 21, 2009 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Go tshwarwa ga dithoto tsa ditshwantsho (sekai, dithoto tsa dinepe) go a farologana go ralala dikgatiso tsa puo. Dikgatiso tse dingwe tsa puo, jaaka Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, di akaretsa dithoto tsa ditshwantsho tse e seng tsa mahala ka fa tlase ga thuto ya tiriso e e siameng, <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:Non-free content |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127162916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content |archive-date=January 27, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> fa tse dingwe di tlhophile go se dire jalo, bontlhabongwe jwa lebaka e le ka ntlha ya go tlhoka dithuto tsa tiriso e e siameng mo mafatsheng a bone (sekai, mo molaong wa ditshwanelo tsa botlhami wa Japane ). Dithoto tsa ditshwantsho/bobegadikgang tse di akareditsweng ke diteseletso tsa diteng tsa mahala (sekai, Creative Commons ' CC BY-SA ) di abelanwa go ralala dikgatiso tsa puo ka polokelo ya Wikimedia Commons, e leng lenaneo le le tsamaisiwang ke Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Commons:Fair use |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Fair_use |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131061136/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Fair_use |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Commons]]}}</ref> Go amogela ga Wikipedia ga melao e e farologaneng ya boditšhabatšhaba ya ditshwanelo tsa botlhami mabapi le ditshwantsho go dirile gore bangwe ba lemoge gore go akaretsa ga yone ga dikgang tsa dinepe go saletse kwa morago ga boleng jwa mokwalo wa ensaetlolopedia e. <ref name="NYT photos on WP">{{Cite news|archiveurl=Noam Cohen|title=Wikipedia May Be a Font of Facts, but It's a Desert for Photos|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/20/arts/20funny.html|access-date=March 9, 2013}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia ga se moabi wa diteseletso tsa diteng mo Wikipedia kgotsa mananeo a a amanang le one mme ke tirelo fela ya go amogela batho ba ba nang le seabe mo Wikipedia le ba ba o nayang diteseletso, e leng maemo a a neng a sirelediwa ka katlego ka 2004 kwa kgotlatshekelo kwa Fora. <ref name="reuters French defamation case">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia cleared in French defamation case|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/internetNews/idUSL0280486220071102|access-date=November 2, 2007}}</ref> <ref name="ars tech WP dumb suing case">{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Nate |date=May 2, 2008 |title=Dumb idea: suing Wikipedia for calling you "dumb" |url=https://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20080502-dumb-idea-suing-wikipedia-for-calling-you-dumb.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806121938/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2008/05/dumb-idea-suing-wikipedia-for-calling-you-dumb.ars |archive-date=August 6, 2011 |access-date=May 4, 2008 |website=[[Ars Technica]]}}</ref> === Mefuta ya phitlhelelo === Ka gore diteng tsa Wikipedia di anamisiwa ka fa tlase ga teseletso e e bulegileng, mongwe le mongwe o ka di dirisa gape kgotsa a di anamisa gape ntle le go duedisiwa. Diteng tsa Wikipedia di gatisitswe ka mefuta e le mentsi, mo inthaneteng le kwa ntle ga inthanete, kwa ntle ga webosaete ya Wikipedia. Go na le diketekete tsa " mafelo a a tshwanang " a a gatisang gape diteng go tswa mo Wikipedia; tse pedi tse di tlhageletseng tse gape di akaretsang diteng tse di tswang mo metsweding e mengwe ke Reference.com le Answers.com . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reference.com Expands Content by Adding Wikipedia Encyclopedia to Search Capabilities |url=http://www.lexico.com/about/pr20050915.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225094122/http://www.lexico.com/about/pr20050915.html |archive-date=February 25, 2009 |website=Lexico Publishing Group, LLC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Answers.com |url=https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/answerscom |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203151141/https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/answerscom |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[PCMag]]}}</ref> Sekai se sengwe ke Wapedia, e e neng ya simolola go bontsha diteng tsa Wikipedia ka mofuta o o siametseng tiriso ya mogala wa letheka pele ga Wikipedia ka boyone e dira jalo. <ref name=":16" group="W">{{Cite web |last=Seifi |first=Joe |date=August 27, 2007 |title=Wapedia review |url=https://appsafari.com/utilities/1144/wapedia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423185926/https://appsafari.com/utilities/1144/wapedia/ |archive-date=April 23, 2022 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=appSafari}}</ref> Dienjini dingwe tsa patlo tsa webo di dirisa diteng tsa Wikipedia ka tsela e e kgethegileng fa di bontsha maduo a patlo: dikai tsa tsone di akaretsa Microsoft Bing ( ka maranyane a a tserweng mo Powerset ) le DuckDuckGo . Dikokoanyo tsa dikwalo tsa Wikipedia di gatisitsee mo disking tsa pono . Mofuta wa Sekgoa o o neng wa gololwa ka 2006 o ne o na le dikwalo di ka nna dikete di le pedi. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia 0.5 available on a CD-ROM |url=http://www.wikipediaondvd.com/site.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602060411/http://www.wikipediaondvd.com/site.php |archive-date=June 2, 2013 |website=Wikipedia On DVD}}</ref> Mofuta wa puo ya Se-Polish go tloga ka 2006 o na le dikwalo di ka nna dikete di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a le mane, <ref name="WM polish WP on dvd" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Polish Wikipedia on DVD |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Polska_Wikipedia_na_DVD_%28z_Helionem%29/en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229040017/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Polska_Wikipedia_na_DVD_(z_Helionem)/en |archive-date=December 29, 2022 |access-date=December 26, 2008 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> mofuta wa puo ya Sejeremane go tloga ka 2007/2008 o na le dikwalo di feta dikete di le makgolo a le marataro le masome a mabedi, mme mofuta wa puo ya Sepanishe go tloga ka 2011 o na le dikwalo di le dikete di le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=¿Qué es la CDPedia? |url=http://python.org.ar/pyar/Proyectos/CDPedia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702023520/http://python.org.ar/pyar/Proyectos/CDPedia |archive-date=July 2, 2011 |website=Py Ar |language=es}}</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, "Wikipedia ya Dikolo", motseletsele wa di-CD / di-DVD tsa Wikipedia tse di dirilweng ke Wikipedia le SOS Children, ke di tlhophilweng mahala go tswa mo Wikipedia e e diretsweng thuto ya bana ba dingwaga di le boferabobedi go ya go di le lesome le bosupa. <ref group="W">{{Cite news|title=2008–09 Wikipedia for Schools goes online|url=https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/2008-09_Wikipedia_for_Schools_goes_online}}</ref> Go nnile le maiteko a go tsenya karolwana e e tlhophilweng ya dikwalo tsa Wikipedia mo sebopegong sa buka e e gatisitsweng. <ref name="WP into books 1">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia turned into book|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5549589/Wikipedia-turned-into-book.html|access-date=February 3, 2023}}</ref> <ref name="WP schools selection 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia Selection for Schools |url=https://schools-wikipedia.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804093730/https://schools-wikipedia.org/ |archive-date=August 4, 2012 |access-date=July 14, 2012 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Fa e sa le ka 2009, dibuka di le dikete di le masomesome tse di gatisitsweng fa di batliwa tse di thusitseng go dirwa ga dikwalo tsa Wikipedia tsa Sekgoa, Sejeremane, Se-Russia le Sefora di ile tsa gatisiwa ke kompone ya Amerika ya Books LLC le ke dikompone tse tharo tse di potlana tsa kwa Mauritius tsa mogatisi wa Jeremane VDM . Webosaete ya DBpedia, e e simolotsweng ka 2007, e ntsha tshedimosetso mo mabokosong a tshedimosetso le mo dipolelong tsa ditlhopha tsa Wikipedia ya puo ya Sekgoa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bizer |first=Christian |last2=Lehmann |first2=Jens |last3=Kobilarov |first3=Georgi |last4=Auer |first4=Sören |last5=Becker |first5=Christian |last6=Cyganiak |first6=Richard |last7=Hellmann |first7=Sebastian |date=September 2009 |title=DBpedia – A crystallization point for the Web of Data |journal=Journal of Web Semantics |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=154–165 |citeseerx=10.1.1.150.4898 |doi=10.1016/j.websem.2009.07.002 |s2cid=16081721}}</ref> Wikimedia e tlhamile lenaneo la Wikidata ka maikaelelo a a tshwanang a go boloka dintlha tsa motheo go tswa mo tsebeng nngwe le nngwe ya Wikipedia le mananeo a mangwe a Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia le go e dira gore e nne teng ka sebopego sa bokao jo bo ka bodiwang, jwa RDF . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikidata:Introduction |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Introduction |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Wikidata |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Go ema ka Tlhakole 2013, e na le diteng tse di fetang didikadike di le lesome. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikidata:Statistics |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Statistics |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Wikidata |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> WikiReader ke sediriswa se se kgethegileng se se balelang kwa godimo se se nang le moriti wa Wikipedia o o seng mo inthaneteng, e e neng ya simolodisawa ke OpenMoko mme ya gololwa la ntlha ka 2009. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Moeller |first=Erik |date=October 13, 2009 |title=OpenMoko Launches WikiReader |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2009/10/13/openmoko-launches-wikireader/ |access-date=January 19, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Go tsaya diteng tsotlhe tsa Wikipedia gore di dirisiwe gape go na le dikgwetlho, ka gore go dira ditshwantsho tse di tshwanang ka tlhamalalo ka Web crawler ga go rotloediwe. Wikipedia e gatisa " dithotobolo " tsa diteng tsa yone, mme tse ke tsa mafoko fela; go ema ka 2023 ga go na thotobolo e e leng teng ya ditshwantsho tsa Wikipedia. <ref name="WP image data dumps 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Data dumps/What's available for download |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_dumps/What%27s_available_for_download |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> [[Wikimedia Foundation|Kgwebo ya Wikimedia]] ke tharabololo ya go dira dipoelo ka se. Dipuo di le mmalwa tsa Wikipedia le tsone di na le tafole ya dikgang, e mo go yone baithaopi ba arabang dipotso tse di bodiwang ke setšhaba. Go ya ka patlisiso e e dirilweng ke Pnina Shachaf mo ''Journal of Documentation'', boleng jwa tafole ya dikgang ya Wikipedia bo ka bapisiwa le tafole ya dikgang ya motlobo wa dibuka e e tlwaelesegileng, ka bonnete jwa masome a matlhano le botlhano mo lekgolong. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shachaf |first=Pnina |date=October 16, 2009 |title=The paradox of expertise: is the Wikipedia Reference Desk as good as your library? |url=http://eprints.rclis.org/20329/1/Paradox%20of%20expertise-final.pdf |journal=Journal of Documentation |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=977–996 |doi=10.1108/00220410910998951}}</ref> ==== Phitlhelelo ka mogala wa letheka ==== [[File:Wikipedia_on_Mobile_screenshot_(2024)_(cropped).png|thumb|Mogala wa letheka o o bontshang Tsebekgolo ya Wikipedia ya Sekgoa ka Phalane malatsi a le mabedi, 2024]] [[File:Wikipedia_page_views_by_device_type.webp|thumb|Dipono tsa tsebe ya Wikipedia go ya ka lefelo]] Sedirisiwa sa ntlha sa Wikipedia e ne e le gore badirisi ba kgone go bala le go kwaditeng tsa yone ba dirisa sedirisiwa fela sa patlo se se tlwaelesegileng sa webo ka kgolagano e e tlhomameng ya inthanete . Le fa diteng tsa Wikipedia di ntse di fitlhelelwa ka webo ya mogala wa letheka fa e sale ka Phukwi 2013, ''The New York Times'' ka Tlhakole 9, 2014, e ne ya nopola Erik Möller, mothusa mookamedi wa Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia, e bolela gore phetogo ya pharakano ya inthanete go tswa mo dikhompiutareng go ya kwa megaleng ya letheka e ne e le tona e bile e le selo se se bakang matshwenyego. Setlhogo sa ''The New York Times'' se ne sa bega dipalopalo tsa tshwantshanyo tsa diphetogo tse di dirwang ka mogala wa letheka a bolela gore, "Ke palo ya masome a le mabedi mo lekgolong ya babadi ba Wikipedia ya puo ya Sekgoa ba ba balang dikwalo ka megala ya letheka, palo e e kwa tlase thata go na le palo ya pharakano megala ya letheka mo mafelong a mangwe a bobegakgang, a bontsi jwa one a tsamaelang palo ya sephatlo mo lekgolong. Mme go fetogela kwa megaleng ya letheka go ntse bonya le go feta." Ka 2014 ''The New York Times'' e begile gore Möller o abetse "setlhopha sa batlhami ba disofotewere ba le lesome ba ba remelelang mo tirisong ya megala ya letheka", mo palong yotlhe ya babereki ba ka nna makgolo a le mabedi ba ba berekang kwa Mokgatlhong wa Wikimedia. Nngwe ya matshwenyego a matona a a umakilweng ke ''The New York Times'' ka "go tlhabaela" ke gore Wikipedia e rarabolole ka katlego mathata le palo ya bakwadi ba ensaetlolopedia ya mo inthaneteng e ba gogelang go kwala le go tlhokomela diteng tsa yone ka mogala wa letheka. <ref name="small screen">{{Cite news|last=Cohen|first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen|date=February 9, 2014|title=Wikipedia vs. the Small Screen|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/10/technology/wikipedia-vs-the-small-screen.html?_r=0|access-date=January 22, 2023}}</ref> Ka 2023, babereki ba Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia ba ne ba godile go nna babereki ba ba fetang makgolo a le masupa. <ref name="WF10.23.23">{{Cite web |last=Seitz-Gruwell |first=Lisa |author-link=Lisa Seitz-Gruwell |date=October 23, 2023 |title=7 reasons you should donate to Wikipedia |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2022/11/03/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008212455/https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/10/23/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/ |archive-date=October 8, 2024 |access-date=December 27, 2023 |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Phitlhelelo ya Wikipedia ka mogala wa letheka e ne ya kgonega go tloga ka 2004, ka Porothokholo ya Wireless Application (WAP), ka tirelo ya Wapedia . <ref name=":16" group="W">{{Cite web |last=Seifi |first=Joe |date=August 27, 2007 |title=Wapedia review |url=https://appsafari.com/utilities/1144/wapedia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423185926/https://appsafari.com/utilities/1144/wapedia/ |archive-date=April 23, 2022 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=appSafari}}</ref> Ka Seetebosigo 2007, Wikipedia e ne ya simolola en.mobile.wikipedia.org, e leng webosaete ya semmuso ya didirisiwa tse di senang megala. Ka 2009, go ne ga gololwa semmuso tirelo e ntšha ya megala ya letheka, e e mo go en.m.wikipedia.org, e e direlang megala ya letheka e e gatetseng pele thata e tshwana le iPhone, didirisiwa tsa Android, kgotsa didiriswa tsa WebOS . <ref name="WM mobile added 1" group="W">{{Cite web |date=June 30, 2009 |title=Wikimedia Mobile is Officially Launched |url=https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2009/06/wikimedia-mobile-launch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111101614/http://techblog.wikimedia.org/2009/06/wikimedia-mobile-launch/ |archive-date=January 11, 2010 |access-date=July 22, 2009 |website=Wikimedia Technical Blog |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Mekgwa e mengwe e le mmalwa ya go fitlhelela Wikipedia ka mogala wa letheka e ile ya bonala fa e sa le ka nako eo. Didiriswa le ditiriso di le dintsi di tokafatsa go bontshiwa ga diteng tsa Wikipedia mo megaleng ya letheka, fa tse dingwe gape di akaretsa ditiriso tse dingwe di tshwana le tiriso ya tshedimosetso ya Wikipedia e e tshwanang le tshedimosetso ya lefatshe . <ref name="androgeoid.com LPOI WP 1">{{Cite web |date=May 15, 2011 |title=Local Points Of Interest In Wikipedia |url=https://androgeoid.com/2011/04/local-points-of-interest-in-wikipedia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110601092809/http://androgeoid.com/2011/04/local-points-of-interest-in-wikipedia/ |archive-date=June 1, 2011 |access-date=May 15, 2011 |website=AndroGeoid}}</ref> <ref name="ilounge iphone gems WP">{{Cite web |last=Hollington |first=Jesse David |date=November 30, 2008 |title=iPhone Gems: Wikipedia Apps |url=https://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/15802 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112235945/http://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/15802/ |archive-date=January 12, 2009 |access-date=July 22, 2008 |website=iLounge}}</ref> App ya Android ya Wikipedia e ne ya gololwa ka Firikgong 2012, e ne ya tsenngwa ke batho ba ba fetang dikete di le makgolo a le matlhano le gape e nae dikakgelo tsa ditshekatsheko tse di siameng, mme ya bona maduo a a fetang bone mo botlhanong mo patlisisong ya badirisi ba ka nna dikete di le makgolo a mabedi 200 000 ba ba neng ba e tsenya go tswa mo Google. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Finc |first=Tomasz |date=January 26, 2012 |title=Announcing the Official Wikipedia Android App |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2012/01/26/announcing-the-official-wikipedia-android-app/ |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.wikipedia&hl=en |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[Google Play]]}}</ref> Mofuta wa iOS o ne wa gololwa ka Moranang a le boraro, 2013, mme wa nna le tshekatsheko e e tshwanang. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |date=August 4, 2014 |title=Wikipedia Mobile on the App Store on iTunes |url=https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia-mobile/id324715238 |access-date=August 21, 2014 |website=[[App Store (iOS/iPadOS)]] |publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]}}</ref> [[Wikipedia Zero (Setswana)|Wikipedia Zero]] e ne e le maiteko a Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia a go atolosa phitlhelelo ya ensaetlolopedia e kwa mafatsheng a a santseng a tlhabologa ka go dirisana le badiredi ba ditirelo tsa megala ya letheka go letla phitlhelelo ya mahala. <ref name=":17" group="W" /> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Ellis|first=Justin|date=January 17, 2013|title=Wikipedia plans to expand mobile access around the globe with new funding|url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2013/01/wikipedia-plans-to-expand-mobile-access-around-the-globe-with-new-funding|access-date=April 22, 2013|work=Nieman Lab}}</ref> E ne ya emisiwa ka Tlhakole 2018 ka ntlha ya go tlhoka go tsaya karolo ga badiredi ba ditirelo tsa megala ya letheka. <ref name=":17" group="W">{{Cite web |date=February 16, 2018 |title=Building for the future of Wikimedia with a new approach to partnerships |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2018/02/16/partnerships-new-approach/ |access-date=May 12, 2019 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Andrew Lih le Andrew Brown ka bobedi ba dumela gore go kwala mo Wikipedia ka megala ya letheka go thata, mme se se kgoba marapo batho ba basha ba ba ka eletsang go tsenya letsogo. <ref name="Lih-2015" /> <ref name="Brown-2015" /> Lih o bolela gore palo ya bakwadi ba Wikipedia e ntse e a fokotsega morago ga dingwaga di le mmalwa, <ref name="Lih-2015" /> mme Tom Simonite wa ''MIT Technology Review'' o bolela gore popego le melao ke yone e e dirang se. Simonite a re bangwe badirisi [[Morafe wa Wikipedia|ba Wikipedia]] ba dirisa melao le dikaelo tsa go laola ba bangwe mme bakwadi bao ba na le kgatlhego e e tseneletseng ya go nna fela ka boitshwaro jo bo ntseng jalo. <ref name="Simonite-2013">{{Cite journal |last=Simonite |first=Tom |date=October 22, 2013 |title=The Decline of Wikipedia |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/ |url-status=live |journal=[[MIT Technology Review]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731083716/https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/ |archive-date=July 31, 2022 |access-date=November 30, 2013}}</ref> Lih o boletse gore go na le go sa dumalane magareng ga batsayakarolo ba ba leng teng gore se se ka rarabololwa jang. Lih o tshogela bokamoso jwa Wikipedia jwa nako e telele fa Brown ene a tshaba gore mathata a Wikipedia a tla nna a le teng, mme diensaetlolopedia tse di gaisanang le yone ga di kitla ka e ema pele. <ref name="Lih-2015">{{Cite news|last=Lih|first=Andrew|date=June 20, 2015|title=Can Wikipedia Survive?|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/21/opinion/can-wikipedia-survive.html|access-date=February 3, 2023}}</ref> <ref name="Brown-2015">{{Cite news|last=Brown|first=Andrew|date=June 25, 2015|title=Wikipedia editors are a dying breed. The reason? Mobile|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jun/25/wikipedia-editors-dying-breed-mobile-smartphone-technology-online-encyclopedia|access-date=February 3, 2023}}</ref> === Phitlhelelo kwa China === Phitlhelelo ya Wikipedia e thibetswe kwa boremelelong jwa China fa e sa le ka Motsheganong 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Henochowicz |first=Anne |date=May 20, 2015 |title=Chinese Wikipedia Blocked by Great Firewall |url=https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2015/05/chinese-wikipedia-blocked-by-great-firewall/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504212406/https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2015/05/chinese-wikipedia-blocked-by-great-firewall/ |archive-date=May 4, 2017 |access-date=May 4, 2017 |website=[[China Digital Times]]}}</ref> Se se ne sa dirwa morago ga gore Wikipedia e simolole go dirisa encryption ya HTTPS, e e neng ya dira gore go bipa dilo dingwe go nne thata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=June 12, 2015 |title=The Wikimedia Foundation Turns On HTTPS By Default Across All Sites, Including Wikipedia |url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/12/the-wikimedia-foundation-turns-on-https-by-default-across-all-sites-including-wikipedia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824001601/https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/12/the-wikimedia-foundation-turns-on-https-by-default-across-all-sites-including-wikipedia/ |archive-date=August 24, 2020 |access-date=June 3, 2020 |website=[[TechCrunch]]}}</ref> kq4e37rpducacdpjfhu69qd0en31c1s 53306 53305 2026-07-26T19:58:48Z Khumo Batolomi 11767 53306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website | name = Wikipedia | logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-tn.svg|250px]] | logo_caption = Sekano sa [[Wikipedia]] | screenshot = Wikipedia Portal Screenshot (2022).svg{{!}}border | screenshot_alt = Wikipedia portal showing the different languages sorted by article count | collapsible = yes | caption = Tebego ya tsebe ya konokono ya Wikipedia ka komputara | type = [[Maranyane a encyclopedia]] | language_count = {{NUMBEROF|languages|Wikipedia}} | country_of_origin = United States | owner = {{Unbulleted list|[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|}} | authors = {{Unbulleted list|[[Jimmy Wales]]|[[Larry Sanger]]}} | url = {{URL|https://www.wikipedia.org/|wikipedia.org}} | commercial = Nyaa | registration = Wa ithopela | num_users = [[List of Wikipedias#Statistics totals|>{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|totalactive.wikipedia}}}}}}]] active editors<ref> To be considered [[Special:ActiveUsers|active]], a user must make at least one edit or other action in a given month.</ref><br />[[list of Wikipedias#Statistics totals|>{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|USERS|totalactive.wikipedia}}}}}}]] registered users | launch_date = {{Start date and age|mf=yes|p=yes|br=yes|2001|1|15}} | current_status = Active | content_license = {{Nowrap|[[Creative Commons license|CC Attribution / Share-Alike]] 3.0}}<br />Most text is also dual-licensed under [[GNU Free Documentation License|GFDL]]; media licensing varies | programming_language = [[LAMP (software bundle)|LAMP]] platform<ref name="roadchap">{{cite web |url=https://rogchap.com/2011/09/06/top-40-website-programming-languages/ |title= Top 40 Website Programming Languages |website= rogchap.com |author= Chapman, Roger |date= September 6, 2011 |access-date= September 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922015103/https://rogchap.com/2011/09/06/top-40-website-programming-languages/ |archive-date= September 22, 2013}}</ref> | oclc = 52075003 }} Wikipedia [e] ke [[:en:Encyclopedia|ensaetlopedia]] ya mahala ya maranyane e e kwadilweng le go tlhokomelwa ke setšhaba sa baithaopi, ba ba itsiweng jaaka [[:en:Wikipedians|Bawikipedia]], ka [[:en:Open_collaboration|tirisanommogo e e bulegileng]] le serweboleta sa [[:en:Wiki|wiki]] sa [[:en:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]]. E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Jimmy_Wales|Jimmy Wales]] le [[:en:Larry_Sanger|Larry Sanger]] ka ngwaga wa 2001, Wikipedia e ntse e amogelwa fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 2003 ke [[:en:Wikimedia_Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]], [[:en:501(c)(3)_organization|mokgatlho wa Amerika o o sa direng dipoelo]] o o tshegediwang thata ke meneelo ya babadi.<ref>[[:en:Lisa_Seitz-Gruwell|Seitz-Gruwell, Lisa]] (October 23, 2023)[[foundationsite:news/2022/11/03/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/|. "7 reasons you should donate to Wikipedia"]]. [[:en:Wikimedia_Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241008212455/https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/10/23/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/ Archived] from the original on October 8, 2024. Retrieved December 27, 2023.</ref> Wikipedia ke buka e kgolo go tsotlhe ya [[:en:Reference_work|tshedimosetso e e dirisediwang go batla tshedimosetso,]] gape ke yone e e balwang thata mo ditsong.<ref>[https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher "Wikipedia is 20, and its reputation has never been higher]". ''[https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher The Economist]''. January 9, 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210107165356/https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher Archived] from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2021.</ref><ref>[[:en:Chris_Anderson_(writer)|Anderson, Chris]] (May 8, 2006). [https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975813_1975844_1976488,00.html "Jimmy Wales – The 2006 Time 100".] ''[https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975813_1975844_1976488,00.html Time]''. [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/500px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png Archived] from the original on October 12, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2017.</ref> Kwa tshimologong e ne e le teng ka Seesemane fela, Wikipedia e godile [[:en:List_of_Wikipedias|go fitlha dipuo di feta]] [[:en:List_of_Wikipedias|makgolo a mararo]] mme ke nngwe ya [[:en:List_of_most-visited_websites|lefelo la tshedimosetso mo maranyaneng tse di etelwang thata]] mo lefatsheng go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2026. [[:en:English_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Seesemane]], e e nang le [[:en:Article_(publishing)|dipego]] di feta didikadike di le supa, e sa ntse e le yone e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe mo dikgatisong, tse mmogo di nang le dipego di feta didikadike di le masome a a marataro le bosupa mme gape e amogela maeto a a fetang didikadike di le sekete le makgolo a matlhano tsa didirisiwa tse di farologaneng le diphetogo di ka nna didikadike di le lesome le boraro kgwedi le kgwedi, e leng palogare ya diphetogo di ka nna tlhano ka motsotswana. Go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ka ngwaga wa 2025, mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong ya batho ba ba etelang Wikipedia ba ne ba tswa kwa lefatsheng la United States, fa lefatshe la Japane le ne le emela mo e ka nnang karolo ya bosupa mo lekgolong, mme mafatshe a United Kingdom, Germany le Russia tsotlhe di ne di emela mo e ka nnang karolo ya botlhano mo lekgolong nngwe le nngwe.<ref>[https://www.similarweb.com/website/wikipedia.org/#geography "wikipedia.org]". ''Similarweb''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200605091241/https://www.similarweb.com/website/wikipedia.org#geography Archived] from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2026.</ref> Wikipedia e ile ya akgolwa ka ntlha ya popego ya yone ya ka fa gare le setso, e e [[:en:Democratization_of_knowledge|kgontshang go dira gore kitso e nne ya]] [[:en:Democratization_of_knowledge|puso ya batho ka batho]], le ka ntlha ya go akaretsa dilo tse dintsi ka dikgang tse di farologaneng, [[:en:Censorship_of_Wikipedia|Wikipedia e ile ya tlhotlhomisiwa]] ke dipuso dingwe tsa bosetšhaba, go simolola ka ditsebe tse di rileng go ya kwa saeteng yotlhe, ka dinako tse dingwe ka ntlha ya go kgala puso kgotsa ka ntlha ya diteng tse di tsewang di le bosula .<ref>Treisman, Rachel (April 1, 2022). [https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine "Russia threatens to fine Wikipedia if it doesn't remove some details about the war]". ''[[:en:NPR|NPR]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221202215844/https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine Archived] from the original on December 2, 2022. Retrieved January 22, 2023.</ref><ref>Skipper, Ben (December 7, 2015). [https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/chinas-government-has-blocked-wikipedia-its-entirety-again-1532138 "China's government has blocked Wikipedia in its entirety again"]. ''International Business Times UK''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180503111142/https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/chinas-government-has-blocked-wikipedia-its-entirety-again-1532138 Archived] from the original on May 3, 2018. Retrieved May 2, 2018.</ref> Ensaekolopedia eo e kile ya tshwaiwa diphoso ka ntlha ya go sekamela mo letlhakoreng le le lengwe mo mokgweng wa yone wa go tlhagisa tshedimosetso. Sekao ke go se neye basadi tshiamelo e e lekanang le ya banna (gender bias) le go sa emele dinaga tsa Borwa jwa Lefatshe (Global South) ka tekatekano. Gape, boikanyego jwa tshedimosetso ya Wikipedia bo ne bo belaelwa gantsi mo dingwageng tsa bo-2000, mme go simolola kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo-2010, e simolotse go amogelwa le go akgolwa thata. Ditlhogo tsa Wikipedia tse di buang ka ditiragalo tse di sa tswang go diragala di dirisiwa gantsi ke batho ba le bantsi e le metswedi ya tshedimosetso ya bosheng. [[Category:Wikipedia]] == Ditso == Go ne ga lekeletswa diensaetlolopedia tse di farologaneng tsa tirisanommogo tsa mo mafaratlhatlheng (inthanete) pele ga go simololwa ga Wikipedia, mme tsotlhe tsa atlega fela e seng mo go kalo kalo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Garber |first=Megan |date=October 12, 2011 |title=The contribution conundrum: Why did Wikipedia succeed while other encyclopedias failed? |url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2011/10/the-contribution-conundrum-why-did-wikipedia-succeed-while-other-encyclopedias-failed/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114540/https://www.niemanlab.org/2011/10/the-contribution-conundrum-why-did-wikipedia-succeed-while-other-encyclopedias-failed/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2016 |website=Nieman Lab}}</ref> Wikipedia e simolotse e le lenaneo le le tlaleletsang Nupedia, e leng thulaganyo ya mahala ya mafaratlhatlha a inthanete ya ensaetlolopedia ya puo ya Sekgoa e makwalo a yone a neng a kwalwa ke baitseanape le go sekasekwa ka fa tlase ga thulaganyo e e tlhomameng. <ref name="KockJungSyn2016">{{Cite journal |last=Kock |first=Ned |author-link=Ned Kock |last2=Jung |first2=Yusun |last3=Syn |first3=Thant |date=2016 |title=Wikipedia and e-Collaboration Research: Opportunities and Challenges |url=https://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[International Journal of e-Collaboration]] |publisher=IGI Global |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.4018/IJeC.2016040101 |issn=1548-3681 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927001627/https://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2016}}</ref> E tlhomilwe ka Mopitlo a le malatsi a le boferabongwe, ngwaga wa 2000, e le ya Bomis, e leng kompone ya web portal . Batho ba bagolo ba yone e ne e le Mookamedi-mogolo wa Bomis e bong Jimmy Wales le Larry Sanger, morulaganyi-mogolo wa Nupedia mme moragonyana wa Wikipedia. Nupedia e neilwe teseletso lantlha ka fa tlase ga teseletso ya yone ya Diteng tse di Buletsweng tsa Nupedia. Pele ga Wikipedia e tlhongwa, Nupedia e ne ya fetogela kwa Teseletso ya Dikwalo ya Mahala ya GNU se se rotloediwa ke Richard Stallman . Gantsi Wales o fiwa tlotla gore o ne a kgona go tlhalosa ka botlalo maikano a go dira ensaetlolopedia e makwalo a yone a kgonang go kwalwa le go baakangwa ke setshaba , fa Sanger ene a bokelwa go tswa ka leano la go dirisa wiki go fitlhelela maikano ao. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-15 |title=Tech Rewind: How Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia came to be |url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/health-and-fitness/article/tech-rewind--how-wikipedia--the-free-encyclopedia-came-to-be-15915177 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le lesome, ngwaga wa 2001, Sanger o ne a ntsha mogopolo mo dithomelong tsa Nupedia go tlhama wiki gore e bereke go "thusa" lenaneo la Nupedia. <ref name="nupedia feeder from WP 1" group="W">{{Cite news|last=Sanger|first=Larry|date=January 10, 2001|title=Let's Make a Wiki|url=https://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html|access-date=December 26, 2008|publisher=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> === Tshimololo le kgolo === Wikipedia e simolodisitswe ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le lesome le botlhano ka ngwaga wa 2001, (ka dinako tse dingwe le bidiwa "Letsatsi la Wikipedia"), {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=7}} e le kgatiso e le nngwe ya puo ya Sekgoa e e nang le leina la kgolagano ya ''www.wikipedia.com'', mme le ne la bolelwa ke Sanger mo dithomelong tsa Nupedia. Leina le, le le duleng ka Sanger go thibela tshenyo epe e e ka nnang teng mo leineng la Nupedia, <ref>{{Cite news|last=Larry Sanger|author-link=Larry Sanger|date=11 January 2001|title=Re: [Advisory-l] The wiki...|publisher=Nupedia mailing list|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000680.html|access-date=10 July 2026|archivedate=14 April 2003|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030414021138/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000680.html}}</ref> le simolotse mo motswakong wa mafoko ''wiki'' le ''encyclopedia'' . Wales o boletse gore kgopolo ya Wikipedia e ne ya tlhotlhelediwa ke dikgopolo tsa thulaganyo e e sa rulaganngwang e e neng e amana le Friedrich Hayek le [[Austrian School|Sekolo sa tsa itsholelo sa kwa Austria]] morago ga gore moitseanape wa tsa itsholelo yo o ratang kgololesego e bong Mark Thornton a supe megopolo ye . <ref>{{Cite news|date=2009-04-15|title=Wikipedia's Model Follows Hayek - WSJ|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123976347774119699}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mangu-Ward |first=Katherine |date=2007-05-30 |title=Wikipedia and Beyond |url=https://reason.com/2007/05/30/wikipedia-and-beyond/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725210204/https://reason.com/2007/05/30/wikipedia-and-beyond/ |archive-date=July 25, 2021 |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=Reason.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Segolobogolo, Wales o ne ya tlhotlhelediwa ke polelo ya ga Hayek ya Tiriso ya Kitso mo Setšhabeng e e neng e bolela gore e ne e le "konokono" mo mogopolong wa gagwe ka ga "kafa a ka laolang lenaneo la Wikipedia ka teng". <ref name=":0" /> Molao wa tsamaiso ya yone o o botlhokwa wa " pono e e sa tseyeng letlhakore " o ne wa simolola mo ngwageng wa yone wa ntlha . {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=29}}Mme fela, go ne go na le melao e mmalwa, mme e ne e bereka e sa laolwe ke Nupedia. Bomis kwa tshimologong e ne e ikaeletse gore e nne kgwebo e e dirang dipoelo. <ref name="Seth-Finkelstein">{{Cite news|date=September 25, 2008|title=Read me first: Wikipedia isn't about human potential, whatever Wales says|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/sep/25/wikipedia.internet|access-date=January 23, 2023}}</ref> Wikipedia e ne ya bona bakwadi/batlatsi ba ntlha go tswa mo Nupedia, dipego tsa ''Slashdot'', le go dira dikgolagano tsa enjene ya patlo ya webo. Dikgatiso tsa puo di ne tsa tlhamiwa go simolola ka Mopitlo 2001, mme palo yotlhe ya tse di ne di dirisiwang di le lekgolo le masome a le marataro le bongwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa 2004. Nupedia le Wikipedia di ne tsa nna mmogo go fitlhela disefara tsa Nupedia di emisetswa ruri ka 2003, mme dikwalo tsa yone di ne tsa tsenngwa mo Wikipedia. Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e fetile letshwao la dikwalo tse di didikadike di le pedi (2 million) ka Lwetse a le malatsi a le boferabongwe, ngwaga wa 2007, mme se se ne sa e dira gore e nne ensaetlolopedia e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe tse di kileng tsa kokoanngwa, e feta ''Ensaetlolopedia ya Yongle'' e e neng ya dirwa kwa China ka nako ya puso ya ga Ming ka 1408, e e neng e tshwere rekoto ya teng dingwaga di ka nna makgolo a le marataro. Ka ntlha ya go tshaba papatso ya dikgwebo le go tlhoka taolo, badirisi ba Wikipedia ya Sepanishe ba ne ba tswa mo Wikipedia go tlhama {{Lang|es|[[Enciclopedia Libre]]}} ka Tlhakole 2002. <ref name="EL fears and start 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=[long] Enciclopedia Libre: msg#00008 |url=https://osdir.com/ml/science.linguistics.wikipedia.international/2003-03/msg00008.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006065927/https://osdir.com/ml/science.linguistics.wikipedia.international/2003-03/msg00008.html |archive-date=October 6, 2008 |access-date=December 26, 2008 |website=Osdir}}</ref> Morago ga moo Wales o ne a ntsha kitsiso ya gore Wikipedia ga e kitla e bontsha dikgang tsa ipapatso mme ya fetola kgolagano ya dikhomphiutha go tswa go ''wikipedia.com'' go ya go ''wikipedia.org'' . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Vibber |first=Brion |date=August 16, 2002 |title=Brion VIBBER at pobox.com |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-August/003982.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620071550/https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-August/003982.html |archive-date=June 20, 2014 |access-date=December 8, 2020 |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref> Morago ga paka ya ntlha ya kgolo e e kwa godimo, <ref name="wikisym slowing growth 1" /> go lebega selekanyo sa kgolo ya Wikipedia ya Sekgoa go ya ka dipalo tsa dikwalo tse disha le tsa bakwadi e ne ya tsholetsega thata go bapa le ngwaga wa 2007 o simolola. <ref name="guardian WP user peak 1">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia approaches its limits|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/aug/12/wikipedia-deletionist-inclusionist|access-date=March 31, 2010}}</ref> Kgatiso e e ne ya fitlhelela dikwalo di le didikadike di le tharo ka Phatwe 2009. Dikwalo di ka nna sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi di ne di tsenngwa mo ensaetlolopedia ye ka letsatsi ka ngwaga wa 2006; ka 2013 palogare eo e ne e tsamaela makgolo a le boferabobedi. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=((Editors of Wikipedia)) |author-link=Special:History/Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia extended growth |title=Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia extended growth |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia_extended_growth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826234512/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia%27s_growth |archive-date=August 26, 2011 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Setlhopha kwa Lekalaneng la Dipatlisiso la Palo Alto se ne sa amanya go fokotsega mo ga kgolo le "go oketsega ga kgokagano le ditshenyegelo tse di kwa godimo, go se akarediwe batho ba basha mo lenaneong, le go gana diphetogo tse disha". Ba bangwe ba ne ba akantsha gore kgolo e ne ya fokotsega ka gonne dikwalo tse di ka bidiwang " [[wiktionary:low-hanging fruit|tse di motlhofo thata]] "— tsa ditlhogo tse di tshwanelwang ke go nna dikwalo—di ne di setse di tlhamilwe le go agiwa thata. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Cohen|author-link=Noam Cohen|title=Wikipedia&nbsp;– Exploring Fact City|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/weekinreview/29cohen.html}}</ref> Ka Ngwanatsele 2009, mmatlisisi mongwe kwa Sekolong sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Rey Juan Carlos kwa Madrid, kwa Spain, o ne a fitlhela gore Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e ne e latlhegetswe ke bakwadi/batlatsi ba le dikete di le masome a mane le boferabongwe mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse tharo tsa 2009; fa e bapisiwa, e ne e latlhegetswe ke bakwadi ba le dikete di le nne le makgolo a le boferabongwe fela mo pakeng e e tshwanang ka 2008. <ref name="guardian editors leaving 1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/nov/26/wikipedia-losing-disgruntled-editors|title=Wikipedia falling victim to a war of words|work=The Guardian|location=London|first=Jenny|last=Kleeman|date=November 26, 2009|access-date=December 13, 2016}}</ref> ''Pego ya The Wall Street'' e ne ya umaka melao e e farologaneng e e dirisiwang mo go direng dikwalo le dikganetsano tse di amanang le diteng tsa one gareng ga mabaka a a dirang gore go nne le tlwaelo ya kgang ye. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fowler |first=Geoffrey A. |last2=Angwin |first2=Julia |date=November 27, 2009 |title=Volunteers Log Off as Wikipedia Ages |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125893981183759969 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204041034/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125893981183759969 |archive-date=December 4, 2022 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> Wales o ne a ganetsa dikgang tse ka 2009, a ganela dikgang tsa phokotsego le go belaela mokgwa wa patlisiso eo. <ref name="telegraph Wales WP not losing editors 1">{{Cite news|last=Barnett|first=Emma|date=November 26, 2009|title=Wikipedia's Jimmy Wales denies site is 'losing' thousands of volunteer editors|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|location=London|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/6660646/Wikipedias-Jimmy-Wales-denies-site-is-losing-thousands-of-volunteer-editors.html|access-date=March 31, 2010}}</ref> Morago ga dingwaga di le pedi, ka 2011, o ne a amogela gore go nnile le phokotsego e nnye, a lemoga phokotsego go tswa go "bakwadi ba ba fetang dikete di le masome a mararo le borataro go le sekae" ka Seetebosigo 2010 go ya go ba le dikete di le masome a mararo le botlhano le makgolo a le boferabobedi ka Seetebosigo 2011. Mo go yone potsolotso eo, o ne a bolela gape gore palo ya bakwadi e ne e "tlhomame e bile e tswelelela pele". <ref name="wiki-women">{{Cite news|last=Rawlinson|first=Kevin|date=August 8, 2011|title=Wikipedia seeks women to balance its 'geeky' editors|newspaper=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/wikipedia-seeks-women-to-balance-its-geeky-editors-2333605.html|access-date=April 5, 2012}}</ref> Setlhogo sa lekwalo la 2013 la ''MIT Technology Review'', "Go wela tlase ga Wikipedia", se ne sa belaela polelo e, sa bega gore fa e sale ka 2007 Wikipedia e ne e latlhegetswe ke nngwetharong ya bakwadi ba yone ba ba ithaopileng, mme sa akantsha gore ba ba setseng ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo thata mo dintlheng tse dinnye. <ref name="Simonite-2013">{{Cite journal |last=Simonite |first=Tom |date=October 22, 2013 |title=The Decline of Wikipedia |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/ |url-status=live |journal=[[MIT Technology Review]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731083716/https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/ |archive-date=July 31, 2022 |access-date=November 30, 2013}}</ref> Ka Phukwi 2012, ''The Atlantic'' e ne ya bega gore palo ya batsamaisi le yone e ne e fokotsega. <ref name="Meyer-2012">{{Cite news|last=Meyer|first=Robinson|date=July 16, 2012|title=3 Charts That Show How Wikipedia Is Running Out of Admins|work=The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/3-charts-that-show-how-wikipedia-is-running-out-of-admins/259829|access-date=January 23, 2023}}</ref> Ka Ngwanatseele 2013, bukana ya ditshwantsho ya ''New York'' e ne ya bolela jaana, "Wikipedia, webosaete ya borataro e e dirisiwang thata, e lebagane le mathata a tsamaiso ya one." Palo ya bakwadi ba esaentlolopedia ya Sekgoa ba ba e dirisang gangwe le gape fa e sa le ka nako eo e ntse e tlhomame morago ga nako e telele ya go wela tlase. <ref>{{Cite news|last=F.|first=G.|date=May 5, 2013|title=Who really runs Wikipedia?|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2013/05/05/who-really-runs-wikipedia|access-date=November 26, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mandiberg |first=Michael |date=February 23, 2020 |title=Mapping Wikipedia |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/02/where-wikipedias-editors-are-where-they-arent-and-why/605023/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115131524/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/02/where-wikipedias-editors-are-where-they-arent-and-why/605023 |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |access-date=November 26, 2021 |website=The Atlantic}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le masome a mabedi, ngwaga wa 2014, Subodh Varma yo o neng a begela ''The Economic Times'' o ne a supa gore ga se fela gore kgolo ya Wikipedia e ne e eme, e ne e "latlhegetswe ke palo ya dipono tsa dikwalo di ka nna lesome mo lekgolong ngogola. Go nnile le phokotsego ye e ka nnang dikadikadike di le dikete tse pedi (2 billion) fa gare ga Sedimonthole 2012 le Sedimonthole 2013. Diphetolelo tsa yone tse di ratiwang thata ke tsone tse di eteletseng pele mo tsebeng: dipono tsa dikwalo tsa Wikipedia ya Sekgoa di fokotsegile ka lesome le bobedi mo lekgolong (12%), tsa mofuta wa Sejeremane di fokotsegile ka lesome le bosupa mo lekgolong (17%) mme tsa mofuta wa Sejapane di fokotsegile ka boferabongwe mo lekgolong (9%)." <ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news|last=Varma|first=Subodh|date=January 20, 2014|title=Google eating into Wikipedia page views?|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/29094246.cms|access-date=February 10, 2014}}</ref> Varma o ne a tlatsa a re, "Le fa baokamedi ba Wikipedia ba akanya gore se se ka tswa se bakilwe ke diphoso tsa go tsaa dipalo, baitseanape ba bangwe ba akanya gore lenaneo la Google la Knowledge Graphs le le simolotsweng ngogola le ka tswa le ne le tsaya badirisi ba Wikipedia." <ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com" /> Fa go ikgolagangwa le ene, Clay Shirky, morutintshi-mmogo kwa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa New York le modiri ka ene kwa Lekalana la Setšhaba le mafaratlhatlha a Inthanete la Berkman Klein la Harvard o ne a bolela gore o belaela gore bontsi jwa go fokotsega ga go lebelewa ga ditsebe go bakilwe ke Dikerafo tsa Kitso, a bolela jaana, "Fa o ka kgona go bona karabo ya potso ya gago mo tsebeng ya patlo, ga o tlhoke go [tobetsa] go ya pele." <ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com" /> Kwa bokhutlong jwa Sedimonthole 2016, Wikipedia e ne ya fiwa maemo a botlhano mo webosaeteng e e itseweng thata mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka bophara. <ref name="Alexa">{{Cite web |title=Alexa Top 500 Global Sites |url=https://www.alexa.com/topsites |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203120227/https://www.alexa.com/topsites |archive-date=February 3, 2021 |access-date=December 28, 2016 |website=[[Alexa Internet]]}}</ref> Go ema ka Firikgong 2023, go setse go nopotswe dikwalo di le dikete di le masome a matlhano le botlhano le makgolo a le bosupa le masome a le boferabongwe le bongwe (55 791) tsa Wikipedia ya Sekgoa makgetho a le dikete di le masome a le boferabongwe le bobedi le makgolo a le mararo (92 300 ) mo dibukaneng tsa barutegi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Citations of Wikipedia as an Online Resource |url=https://exaly.com/online-resource/146983/en.wikipedia.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104134042/https://exaly.com/online-resource/146983/en.wikipedia.org |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |access-date=November 4, 2022 |publisher=exaly}}</ref> tse go tswa mo go tsone tiriso ya dikitso tsa dikhomphiutha e neng e le tsebe e e nopotsweng thata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Citations of Cloud Computing |url=https://exaly.com/online-document/8348259/articles/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104134042/https://exaly.com/online-document/8348259/articles/ |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |access-date=November 4, 2022 |publisher=exaly}}</ref> === Dithulaganyo tse di berekang le yone === Wikipedia e tlhamile mananeo a le mmalwa a a berekang le ensaetlolopedia, tse gape e leng diwiki tse di tsamaisiwang ke [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] . [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mananeo a mangwe a Wikimedia]] a a akaretsa Wiktionary, lenaneo la bukana ya ithunthuntso mafoko e e neng ya simololwa ka Sedimonthole 2002, Wikiquote, kokoanyo ya dinopolo tse di tlhamilweng beke morago ga gore Wikimedia e simololwe, <ref>{{Cite book |last=Woods |first=Dan |year=2007 |title=Wikis for dummies |last2=Theony |first2=Peter |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1-118-05066-8 |edition=1st |location=Hoboken, NJ |page=58 |chapter=3: The Thousand Problem-Solving Faces of Wikis |oclc=1300481129 |ol=5741003W}}</ref> Wikibooks, kokoanyo ya dibukathuto tsa mahala tse di kwadilweng ka tirisanommogo, <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=((Editors of Meta-Wiki)) |author-link=m:Special:History/Talk:Science Hypertextbook project |title=Talk:Science Hypertextbook project |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=153077 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319183224/http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=153077 |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> [[Wikimedia Commons]] . e e neng e diretswe metswedi ya dikgang ya kitso e e gololesegileng, Wikinews, ya bobegadikgang jo bo dirisanang mmogo, le Wikiversity, lenaneo la go tlhama didirisiwa tsa go ithuta tsa mahala le go tlamela ka ditiro tsa go ithuta ka inthanete. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=((Editors of Wikiversity)) |author-link=v:Special:History/Wikiversity:History of Wikiversity |title=Wikiversity:History of Wikiversity |url=https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:History_of_Wikiversity |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724204635/https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:History_of_Wikiversity |archive-date=July 24, 2015 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Wikiversity |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Lenaneo le lengwe la Wikipedia, Wikispecies, le nankolola mefuta ya ditshedi tsotlhe, mme ga e a bulegela go ka tlaletswa ke setšhaba. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=February 18, 2005 |title=NET News: Calling All Taxonomists |journal=Science |volume=307 |issue=5712 |page=1021 |doi=10.1126/science.307.5712.1021a |s2cid=220095354 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ka 2012, Wikivoyage, e leng kaedi ya mesepele e e ka tlaleletswang, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Luyt |first=Brendan |date=January 1, 2020 |title=A new kind of travel guide or more of the same? Wikivoyage and Cambodia |journal=Online Information Review |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=356–371 |doi=10.1108/OIR-03-2020-0104}}</ref> le Wikidata, e leng motheo wa kitso o o ka tlaleletswang le one, di ne tsa simololwa. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Matthew |date=March 30, 2012 |title=The Wikipedia data revolution |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2012/03/30/the-wikipedia-data-revolution/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114634/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2012/03/30/the-wikipedia-data-revolution/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> === Diphitlhelelo === [[File:List_of_Wikipedia_articles_by_language_-_March_2024.svg|thumb|[[Cartogram]] showing number of articles in the top 88 Wikipedias ({{as of|2024|3|lc=y|post=).}} The size of the circles for Wikipedias that have less than a million articles is fixed and not proportional to the size of the Wikipedia. The smallest Wikipedia that made the cutoff is the [[Haitian Creole]] Wikipedia with 69K articles.{{efn|As of April 2026, the [[Haitian Creole]] Wikipedia, with 72K articles, is in 91st place when ranked by number of articles.}}<br /> The languages are roughly grouped by region: <br />{{hlist|{{legend0|#4C0099|[[Northern Europe]]}}|{{legend0|#CC0000|[[Southern Europe]]}}|{{legend0|#CCCC00|[[Eastern Europe]]}}|{{legend0|#CC6600|[[Middle East]]}}|{{legend0|#4C9900|[[East Asia]]}}|{{legend0|#00CDFF|[[Indian subcontinent]]}}|{{legend0|#660000|[[Sub-Saharan Africa]]}}|{{legend0|#808080|[[Central Asia]]}}|{{legend0|#6600CC|[[Caribbean]]}}}} ]] Ka Firikgong 2007, Wikipedia e ne ya nna nngwe ya diwebosaete tse di lesome tse di tumileng thata kwa Amerika, go ya ka Comscore Networks. <ref name="Comscore-2007">{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2007 |title=New Year's Resolutions Reflected in January U.S. Web Traffic |url=https://ir.comscore.com/static-files/45b068e1-1cee-412a-b48f-21ec34e7b59d |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819190445/https://ir.comscore.com/static-files/45b068e1-1cee-412a-b48f-21ec34e7b59d |archive-date=August 19, 2021 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[Comscore]] |page=3 |format=PDF}}</ref> Ka badirisi ba yone ba ba kgethegileng ba le didikadike di le masome a mane le bobedi le dikete di le makgolo a le boferabongwe (42.9), e ne ya nna mo maemong a boferabongwe, e feta ''The New York Times'' (maemo a lesome) le Apple (maemo a lesome le bongwe). <ref name="Comscore-2007" /> Se se ne sa tshwaya koketsego e e bonalang go feta Firikgong 2006, fa Wikipedia e ne e le mo maemong a bomasome a le mararo le boraro, ka badirisi ba kgethegileng ba le didikadike di le lesome le boferabobedi le dikete di le makgolo a le mararo ka (18.3 million). Ka 2014, e ne ya amogela dipono tsa ditsebe di le didikadike di le dikete tse di boferabobedi (8 billion) kgwedi le kgwedi. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report&nbsp;– Wikipedia Page Views Per Country |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020212633/http://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm |archive-date=October 20, 2011 |access-date=March 8, 2015 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Ka Tlhakole a le malatsi ae boferabongwe, 2014, ''The New York Times'' e ne ya bega gore Wikipedia e ne e na le &nbsp;dipono tsa ditsebe di le dikadikadike di le dikete tse dilesome le boferabobedi (18 billion) le badirisi ba ba kgethegileng ba le didikadike di le makgolo a le matlhano (500 million) ka kgwedi, "go ya ka ditekanyetso tsa comScore". <ref name="small screen">{{Cite news|last=Cohen|first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen|date=February 9, 2014|title=Wikipedia vs. the Small Screen|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/10/technology/wikipedia-vs-the-small-screen.html?_r=0|access-date=January 22, 2023}}</ref> Go ema ka Mopitlo 2023, e ne le mo maemong a borataro ka go tuma go ya kaSimilarweb.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Similarweb |title=Top Websites Ranking – Most Visited Websites In The World |url=https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210041116/https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/ |archive-date=February 10, 2022 |access-date=March 4, 2023 |website=[[Similarweb]]}}</ref> Jeff Loveland le Joseph Reagle ba nganga gore, mo tsamaisong, Wikipedia e latela mokgwa wa tsela e e telele wa diensaetlolopedia tsa ditso tse di kokoantseng ditokafatso ka bonya ka bonya ka " go kokoanya ga stigmergy ". <ref name="sagepub WP and encyclopedic production 1">{{Cite journal |last=Loveland |first=Jeff |last2=Reagle |first2=Joseph |date=January 15, 2013 |title=Wikipedia and encyclopedic production |journal=New Media & Society |volume=15 |issue=8 |page=1294 |doi=10.1177/1461444812470428 |issn=1461-4448 |s2cid=27886998}}</ref> <ref name="theatlantic WP actually a reversion 1">{{Cite web |last=Rosen |first=Rebecca J. |date=January 30, 2013 |title=What If the Great Wikipedia 'Revolution' Was Actually a Reversion? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/what-if-the-great-wikipedia-revolution-was-actually-a-reversion/272697 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229051117/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/what-if-the-great-wikipedia-revolution-was-actually-a-reversion/272697/ |archive-date=December 29, 2022 |access-date=February 9, 2013 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le lesome le boferabobedi, ngwaga wa 2012, Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e ne ya nna le seabe mo motseletseleng wa ditshupetso tse di rulagantsweng kgatlhanong le melao e mebedi e e neng e tshitshintswe kwa Lekgotlaneng la United States — Molao wa go Emisa go Utswa bodiratsi/dikwalo mo mafaratlhatlheng (SOPA) le Molao wa PROTECT IP (PIPA)—ka go fifatsa ditsebe tsa yone dioura di le masome a mabedi le bone . <ref name="LA Times Jan 19">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia: SOPA protest led eight million to look up reps in Congress|url=https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2012/01/wikipedia-sopa-blackout-congressional-representatives.html|access-date=March 6, 2012}}</ref> Batho ba feta didikadike di le lekgolo le le lengwe le masome a mabedi ba bone tsebe e e neng e tlhalosa go fifafatsa moo e e neng e tsere maemo a diteng tsa ensaetlolopedia nakwana e e seng ya sennela ruri. <ref name="BBC WP blackout protest 1">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia joins blackout protest at US anti-piracy moves|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-16590585|access-date=January 19, 2012}}</ref> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=SOPA/Blackoutpage |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/SOPA/Blackoutpage |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622185443/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/SOPA/Blackoutpage |archive-date=June 22, 2018 |access-date=January 19, 2012 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Ka Firikgong 2013, 274301 Wikipedia, e leng asteroid, e ne ya bidiwa ka Wikipedia; <ref>{{Cite news|last=Workman|first=Robert|date=January 5, 2013|title=Asteroid Re-Named 'Wikipedia'|work=[[Space.com]]|url=https://www.space.com/19643-asteroid-named-wikipedia.html|access-date=January 23, 2023}}</ref> ka Phalane 2014, Wikipedia e ne ya tlotlomatswa ka ''Sefikantswe sa Wikipedia'' ; <ref>{{Cite news|last=Katz|first=Leslie|date=October 27, 2014|title=A Wikipedia monument? It's true (we're pretty sure)|work=[[CNET]]|url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/a-wikipedia-monument-its-true-were-pretty-sure/|access-date=January 23, 2023}}</ref> mme, ka Phukwi 2015, ditshutiso tsa Wikipedia di le lekgolo le le lengwe le borataro (106) mo go tse di dikete di le bosupa le makgolo a le mane le masome a le bosupa le boraro (7 473) tse di nang le ditsebe di le makgolo a le masupa 700 di ne tsa nna teng e le Wikipedia e e Gatisitsweng . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sawers |first=Paul |date=June 18, 2015 |title=You can soon buy a 7,471-volume printed version of Wikipedia for $500,000 |url=https://venturebeat.com/business/you-can-soon-buy-a-7471-volume-printed-version-of-wikipedia-for-500000/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017154940/https://venturebeat.com/business/you-can-soon-buy-a-7471-volume-printed-version-of-wikipedia-for-500000/ |archive-date=October 17, 2022 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=VentureBeat}}</ref> Ka Moranang 2019, sefofane sa Iseraele se se fologang mo ngweding, Beresheet, se ne sa wela mo godimo ga [[Ngwedi]] se tshotse dikhophi tsa dikwalo tsa Wikipedia ya sekgoa tsotlhe di gateletswe mo dipoleiting tse ditshesane tsa nikele; baitseanape ba re go ka direga gore dipoleiti tse di ne tsa seka tsa amega fa tiragalo e ya go wa ga sefofane e diragala. <ref name="WRD-20190805">{{Cite news|last=Oberhaus|first=Daniel|date=August 5, 2019|title=A Crashed Israeli Lunar Lander Spilled Tardigrades On The Moon|work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|url=https://www.wired.com/story/a-crashed-israeli-lunar-lander-spilled-tardigrades-on-the-moon/|access-date=August 6, 2019}}</ref> <ref name="VOX-20190806">{{Cite news|last=Resnick|first=Brian|title=Tardigrades, the toughest animals on Earth, have crash-landed on the moon&nbsp;– The tardigrade conquest of the solar system has begun.|url=https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2019/8/6/20756844/tardigrade-moon-beresheet-arch-mission|date=August 6, 2019|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|access-date=August 6, 2019}}</ref> Ka Seetebosigo 2019, baitseanape ba maranyane ba ne ba bega gore 16 GB otlhe wa dikwalo tse di tswang mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa o tsentswe mo DNA ya maitirelo . <ref name="CNET-20190629">{{Cite news|last=Shankland|first=Stephen|date=June 29, 2019|title=Startup packs all 16&nbsp;GB of Wikipedia onto DNA strands to demonstrate new storage tech&nbsp;– Biological molecules will last a lot longer than the latest computer storage technology, Catalog believes.|work=[[CNET]]|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/startup-packs-all-16gb-wikipedia-onto-dna-strands-demonstrate-new-storage-tech/|access-date=August 15, 2023}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le lesome le boferabobedi, 2023, Wikipedia e ne ya simolodisa webosaete e ntšha e e baakantsweng , e e bidiwang " Vector 2022 ". <ref name="Pearl-2023">{{Cite web |last=Pearl |first=Mike |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Yes, Wikipedia looks weird. Don't freak out. |url=https://mashable.com/article/new-wikipedia-redesign |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120012235/https://mashable.com/article/new-wikipedia-redesign |archive-date=January 20, 2023 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[Mashable]]}}</ref> <ref name="Tech Desk-2023">{{Cite web |last=Tech Desk |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Wikipedia gets a facelift after 10 years: A look at new interface and features |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/wikipedia-gets-a-facelift-after-10-years-a-look-at-new-interface-and-features/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119054103/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/wikipedia-gets-a-facelift-after-10-years-a-look-at-new-interface-and-features/ |archive-date=January 19, 2023 |access-date=January 22, 2023 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> E ne e na le tsebe ya lenaneo e e tlhamilweng sesha, e sutisetsa tafole ya diteng kafa molemeng go e dira baara e e kafa thoko, le diphetogo di le dintsi fa go tobediwang teng go tlhopha tse o batlang go di dirisa jaaka sedirisiwa sa go tlhopha puo. <ref name="Tech Desk-2023" /> <ref group="W">{{Cite news|date=January 18, 2023|title=Wikipedia Gets a Fresh New Look: First Desktop Update in a Decade Puts Usability at the Forefront|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/01/18/wikipedia-gets-a-fresh-new-look-first-desktop-update-in-a-decade-puts-usability-at-the-forefront/|access-date=January 22, 2023}}</ref> Ntšhafatso e e ne ya amogela tsibogo e e sa siamang kwa tshimologong, segolobogolo fa bakwadi botlhe ba Wikipedia ya Seswahili ba ne ba tlhopha go busetsa diphetogo morago. <ref name="Pearl-2023" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rauwerda |first=Annie |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Wikipedia's Redesign Is Barely Noticeable. That's the Point. |url=https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120005241/https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html |archive-date=January 20, 2023 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=Slate Magazine}}</ref> Bobedi jo, Sanger le Wales ba ne tsenelela dipotsolotso tse di phatlalatsa kwa bokhutlong jwa 2025 ka ga dikakanyo tsa bone ka ga maemo le seemo sa Wikipedia, go fitlha go felela fa dingwageng tsa one tse di masome a mabedi le botlhano e ntse e le mo tirisong ka Firikgong a le lesome le botlhano, ngwaga wa 2026; Wales o ne a tlhagelela mo thulaganyong ya dikgang tsa PBS mo lenaneong la GZERO World e e neng e botsolodiwa ke Ian Bremmer mme Sanger o ne a tlhagelela mo Dikgannyeng tsa Fox, e e neng e botsolodiwa ke Ashley Rindsberg . Buka ya ga Wales ya ''Melao e e Supa ya go Ikanyega'' e ne ya gatisiwa ke Penguin Random House ka Phalane 2025 . E ne ya tlhalosiwa ke mogatisi jaaka "kakanyo e e tseneletseng ka ga mathata a lefatshe a go ikanyega le kitso" e le buka e e kanokang "melao ya go tshepana" e e letleletseng kgolo le katlego ya Wikipedia. <ref name="Penguin">{{Cite web |title=The Seven Rules of Trust |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/734278/the-seven-rules-of-trust-by-jimmy-wales-with-dan-gardner/ |access-date=22 October 2025 |website=[[Penguin Random House]] |language=en}}</ref> === Ditlamorago tsa maranyane a botlhale jwa maiterelo (generative AI ) mo dipalong tsa dipono tsa ditsebe tsa Wikipedia === Fa e sa le ka Firikgong 2024, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o begile koketsego ya sephatlo mo lekgolong ya tiriso tsa dibandwith go tswa mo go bapaleng diteng tsa bobegakgang mo mananeong a one otlhe. Go ya ka mokgatlho yo, kgolo e e amana le mananeo a a iperekisang ka boone, kgotsa di-bot tsa " scraper ", tse di kokoanyang ditshutiso tsa kitso mo ditsebeng tsa Wikimedia gore di dirisiwe mo go katiseng didirisiwa tse ditona tsa puo le ditiro tse di amanang le tsone. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weaver |first=Tanya |date=2025-04-04 |title=AI scraper bots putting costly strain on Wikimedia infrastructure |url=https://eandt.theiet.org/2025/04/04/ai-scraper-bots-are-putting-costly-strain-wikimedias-infrastructure |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=eandt.theiet.org}}</ref> Ka Phalane 2025, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o ne wa bega palo kakanyetso e le boferabobedi mo lekgolong ya phokotsego ya pharakano fa go bapisiwa le kgwedi e e tshwanang ka 2024 mo diponong tse di dirilweng ke batho. Ba bua gore se se bontsha tiriso ya Maranyane a botlhale jwa maitirelo le metswedi ya dikgang di sedimosa ka fa batho ba ratang go batla kitso/dikgang ka teng. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ha |first=Anthony |date=2025-10-18 |title=Wikipedia says traffic is falling due to AI search summaries and social video |url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/10/18/wikipedia-says-traffic-is-falling-due-to-ai-search-summaries-and-social-video/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221202413/https://techcrunch.com/2025/10/18/wikipedia-says-traffic-is-falling-due-to-ai-search-summaries-and-social-video/ |archive-date=December 21, 2025 |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=TechCrunch}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Marshall |date=2025-10-17 |title=New User Trends on Wikipedia |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/10/17/new-user-trends-on-wikipedia/ |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Diff}}</ref> == Tirisanommogo ya bakwadi == [[File:History_Comparison_Example_(Vector).png|thumb|Dipharologano tse di gateletsweng mo dikwalong tsa setlhogo se le sengwe]] === Melawana === Ka ntlha ya go tuma ga Wikipedia mo go ntseng go oketsega, dikgatiso dingwe, di akaretsa le tsa Sekgoa, di simolodisitse melawana e e laolang go tlaleletsa dikwalo fa gongwe. Ka sekai, mo Wikipedia ya sekgoa le dikgatiso dingwe tsa dipuo, badirisi ba ba nang le diphetogo di le lesome tsa dikwalo mme gape ba na le malatsi a le mane e le badirisi ke bone fela ba ba ka dirang dikwalo tse disha. Mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, gareng ga tse dingwe, ditsebe tse di bakang dikganetsano thata, tse di masisi, kgotsa tse di nang le kgonagalo ya go senngwa di ile tsa sirelediwa ka selekanyo se se farologaneng. <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Hafner|first1=Katie|date=June 17, 2006|title=Growing Wikipedia Refines Its 'Anyone Can Edit' Policy|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/17/technology/17wiki.html|access-date=December 5, 2016}}</ref> Tsebe e e senngwang gantsi e ka nna "e e sireleditsweng bontlhabongwe" kgotsa "e e sireleditsweng e netefaditswe gape e atolositswe", se se rayang gore ke fela bakwadi ba ba "tlhomamisitsweng" kgotsa ba ba "netefaditsweng mo go atolositsweng" ba ka e fetolang. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=12–13}}Setlhogo se se bakang dikganetsano thata se ka nna sa lotlelwa gore e nne batsamaisi fela ba ba ka dirang diphetogo. Lekwalo la 2021 mo ''Columbia Journalism Review'' le ne la supa melawana ya Wikipedia ya go sireletsa ditsebe jaaka "gongwe tsela e e botlhokwa thata" e e nang le yone ya go "laola mmaraka wa yone wa megopolo". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrison |first=Stephen |last2=Benjakob |first2=Omer |date=January 14, 2021 |title=Wikipedia is twenty. It's time to start covering it better. |url=https://www.cjr.org/opinion/wikipedia-is-twenty-its-time-to-start-covering-it-better.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117150508/https://www.cjr.org/opinion/wikipedia-is-twenty-its-time-to-start-covering-it-better.php |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |access-date=January 15, 2021 |website=[[Columbia Journalism Review]]}}</ref> Wikipedia e abetse di- bot ditiro dingwe . tsamaiso ya algorithm ya mofuta yoo e bonolo go tsenngwa mo tirisong le go lekanyediwa, mme go gana go amogela diphetogo mo go itirisang (automated rejection ) go ka tswa go nnile le seabe mo go fokotsegeng ga bakwadi ba ba matlhagatlhaga ba Wikipedia. <ref name="Ren-2024">{{Cite journal |last=Ren |first=Yuqing |last2=Zhang |first2=Haifeng |last3=Kraut |first3=Robert E. |date=February 29, 2024 |title=How Did They Build the Free Encyclopedia? A Literature Review of Collaboration and Coordination among Wikipedia Editors |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3617369 |url-status=live |journal=ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=1–48 |doi=10.1145/3617369 |issn=1073-0516 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912194101/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3617369 |archive-date=September 12, 2024 |access-date=September 12, 2024}}</ref> Di-bot di tshwanetse go amogelwa ke badirisi pele ga ditiro tsa tsone di tsenngwa mo tirisong. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=36}} Mo dikgannyeng tse dingwe, bakwadi botlhe ba letlelelwa go romela diphetogo, fela go tlhokega tshekatsheko mo bakwading bangwe, go lebilwe diemo dingwe. Ka sekai, Wikipedia ya Sejeremane e boloka "diphetolo tse di tlhomameng" tsa dikwalo tse di fentseng go tlhatlhobiwa mo go rileng. Morago ga diteko tse di tsereng nako e telele le dipuisano tsa badirisi, Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e ne ya tlhagisa thulaganyo ya "diphetogo tse di santseng di letilwe" ka Sedimonthole ngwaga wa 2012. <ref name="BInsider pending changes intro 1">{{Cite news|last=Henderson|first=William|date=December 10, 2012|title=Wikipedia Has Figured Out A New Way To Stop Vandals In Their Tracks|work=[[Insider Inc.|Business Insider]]|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/pending-changes-safeguard-on-wikipedia-2012-12|access-date=January 22, 2023}}</ref> Ka fa tlase ga thulaganyo ye, diphetogo tsa badirisi ba basha le ba ba sa kwadisiwang mo dikwalong dingwe tse di bakang dikganetsano kgotsa tse di nnang di senngwa di sekasekwa ke badirisi ba ba tlhomameng pele ga di gatisiwa. <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Frewin|first1=Jonathan|date=June 15, 2010|title=Wikipedia unlocks divisive pages for editing|journal=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10312095|access-date=August 21, 2014}}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, melawana ya go tlaleletsa dikwalo e fokotsa go nna le seabe ga bakwadi ga mmogo le maiteko a go kabakanya morafe wa badirisi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ajmani |first=Leah |last2=Vincent |first2=Nicholas |last3=Chancellor |first3=Stevie |date=September 28, 2023 |title=Peer Produced Friction: How Page Protection on Wikipedia Affects Editor Engagement and Concentration |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3610198 |url-status=live |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |volume=7 |issue=CSCW2 |pages=1–33 |doi=10.1145/3610198 |issn=2573-0142 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915061444/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3610198 |archive-date=September 15, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> Dikwalo tse di amanang le kgotlhang ya Iseraele le Palestina di bewa ka fa tlase ga tshireletso e e atolositsweng e e netefaditsweng. <ref name="Harrison-2023">{{Cite news|last=Harrison|first=Stephen|date=October 26, 2023|title=Wikipedia Is Covering the War in Israel and Gaza Better Than X|url=https://slate.com/technology/2023/10/wikipedia-elon-musk-gaza-hamas-israel-x-twitter-dispute.html|access-date=December 20, 2023|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|issn=1091-2339}}</ref> Bakwadi gape ba ka dira phetogo ya go boela morago mafoko a bone gangwe fela ka letsatsi go ralala ensaetlolopedia yotlhe mme ba ka thibelwa ruri go tlaleletsa dikwalo tse di amanang le yone. Melawana e e simolotswe ka 2008. <ref name="Benjakob-2020a">{{Cite news|last=Benjakob|first=Omer|date=October 4, 2020|title=The Second Intifada Still Rages on Wikipedia|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2020-10-04/ty-article/.highlight/the-second-intifada-still-rages-on-wikipedia/0000017f-e7fb-da9b-a1ff-efff2c230000|access-date=March 6, 2024|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref> Ka Firikgong 2025, Komiti ya Katlholo e ne ya simolodisa "melawana e e lekalekanang ya go tlaleletsa dikwalo", e e tlhokang gore badirisi ba ba nang le dithibelo ba neele fela nngwetharong ya diphetolo tsa bone mo dikwalong tse di amanang le kgotlhang ya Iseraele le Palestina le fa go se na melao epe ya boitshwaro jo bo sa siamang e e robilweng. <ref name="Elia-Shalev-2025">{{Cite web |last=Elia-Shalev |first=Asaf |date=January 24, 2025 |title=Edit wars over Israel spur rare ban of 8 Wikipedia editors — from both sides |url=https://www.jta.org/2025/01/23/israel/edit-wars-over-israel-spur-rare-ban-of-8-wikipedia-editors-from-both-sides |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250610091420/https://www.jta.org/2025/01/23/israel/edit-wars-over-israel-spur-rare-ban-of-8-wikipedia-editors-from-both-sides |archive-date=June 10, 2025 |access-date=May 27, 2025 |website=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]}}</ref> === Tshekatsheko ya diphetogo === [[File:Wikipedia_editing_interface.png|thumb|tsebe ya diphetolo ya Wikipedia]] Le fa diphetogo di sa sekasekwe ka thulaganyo, sofotewere ya Wikipedia e tlamela ka didirisiwa tse di letlelelang mongwe le mongwe go sekaseka diphetogo tse di dirilweng ke ba bangwe. Tsebe ya Ditso ya lekwalo lengwe le sengwe e golagana le diphetolo dingwe le dingwe tsa yone.{{efn|Revisions with libelous content, criminal threats, or copyright infringements may be removed completely.}} Mo dikwalong ka bontsi, mongwe le mongwe o ka lebelela diphetogo tse disha mme gape a baakanya diphetolo tsa ba bangwe ka go tobetsa kgokagano e e mo tsebeng ya Ditso tsa lekwalo la teng. Badirisi ba ba kwadisitsweng ba ka nna ba tlhokometse dikwalo tse di ba kgatlhang ka go nna le "lenaneo la ditebelelo" gore ba kgone go itsisiwe ka diphetogo. "Kanoko ya ditsebe tse disha" ke thulaganyo e mo go yone dikwalo tse di sa tswang go tlhamiwa di tlholwang go bona gore a di na le mathata a a bonalang. Ka 2003, moithuti wa setlankana sa PhD sa dithuto tsa itsholelo Andrea Ciffolilli o ne a bolela gore ditshenyegelo tse di kwa tlase tsa go nna le seabe mo wiki di ne tsa dira gore go nne le tlhabololo ya tirisanommogo, le gore dikarolo tsa mofuta yoo di ne di letlelela gore go nne motlhofo go bona diphetolo tse di fetileng tsa tsebe, mme go ne go thusa ka "dikatlholo tse di agang" go na le "dikatlholo tse di senyang". <ref name="FMonday collaborative effort 1">{{Cite journal |last=Ciffolilli |first=Andrea |date=December 2003 |title=Phantom authority, self-selective recruitment and retention of members in virtual communities: The case of Wikipedia |journal=First Monday |volume=8 |issue=12 |doi=10.5210/fm.v8i12.1108 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Tshenyo === Phetogo epe e e tshosetsang go thokgama ga Wikipedia ka bomo e tsewa e le go senya. Mefuta e e tlwaelegileng thata e e bonalang ya go senya e akaretsa go oketsa ka dilo tse di fatlhang le metlae e e sa siamang; gape e ka akaretsa ipapatso le mefuta e mengwe ya spam. Ka dinako tse dingwe bakwadi ba senya dikwalo ka go tlosa diteng kgotsa go tsenya tsebe e e senang sepe gotlhelele. Mefuta e e sa tlwaelegang thata ya tshenyo, jaaka go tlaletsa dikwalo ka dikgang tse di utlwalang mme di se boammaaruri ka bomo, di ka nna dingalo thata go lemosega. Batho ba ba senyang dikwalo ba ka tsenya fomate e e sa amaneng le sepe, ba fetola motheo wa tsebe jaaka setlhogo sa tsebe kgotsa go aroganngwa ga yone ka ditlhopha, ba dirisa khoutu e e ka fa tlase ga lekwalo ka boferefere, kgotsa ba dirisa ditshwantsho ka tsela e e kgoreletsang. [[File:John_Seigenthaler_Sr._speaking.jpg|alt=White-haired elderly gentleman in suit and tie speaks at a podium.|left|thumb|Mmegadikgang wa MoAmerika John Seigenthaler (1927–2014), setlhogo sa tiragalo ya buka ya botshelo jwa ga Seigenthaler]] Tshenyo e e bonalang ka kakaretso e motlhofo go ka ntshiwa mo dikwalong tsa Wikipedia; nako ya bogare ya go e lemoga le go e baakanya ke metsotso e le mmalwa. Le fa go ntse jalo, tshenyo ye nngwe e tsaya lobaka thata go ka lemogwa le go baakanngwa. Mo tiragalong ya buka ya botshelo jwa ga Seigenthaler, mokwadi mongwe yo o neng a ipipile leina a sa itsiwe o ne a tsenya kgang ye e e seng boammaaruri mo lekwalong la botshelo jwa moeteledipele wa sepolotiki wa Amerika e bong John Seigenthaler ka Motsheganong 2005, a mo kaya mo go maaka jaaka mmelaelwa wa polao ya ga John F. Kennedy . E ne ya nna e sa baakanngwa dikgwedi di le nne. Seigenthaler, mookamedi yo o simolotseng ''USA Today'' le motlhami wa lekgotlana la kgololesego ya Lekalana la Phetolo ya Ntlha kwa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Vanderbilt, o ne a leletsa motlhami-mmogo wa Wikipedia e bong Jimmy Wales mme a mmotsa gore a o na le tsela epe ya go itse gore ke mang yo o tsentseng kgang ye e senang boammaaruri yeo. Wales o ne a re ga itse, le fa mong wa molato a ne a feleletsa a latedisiwa. <ref name="book The World is Flat 1">{{Cite book |last=Friedman |first=Thomas L. |year=2007 |title=The World is Flat |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus & Giroux]] |isbn=978-0-374-29278-2 |page=124}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Buchanan |first=Brian |date=November 17, 2006 |title=Founder shares cautionary tale of libel in cyberspace |url=https://archive.firstamendmentcenter.org/news.aspx?id=17798 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221140311/https://archive.firstamendmentcenter.org/news.aspx?id=17798 |archive-date=December 21, 2012 |access-date=November 17, 2012 |publisher=[[First Amendment Center]]}}</ref> Morago ga tiragalo e, Seigenthaler o ne a tlhalosa Wikipedia e le "sedirisiwa sa patlisiso se se nang le diphoso gape se sena maikarabelo". Tiragalo e e ne ya dira gore go dirwe diphetogo tsa melawana kwa Wikipedia tsa go gagamatsa go netefadiwa ga dikwalo tse di buang ka matshelo a batho ba ba tshelang. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Helm|first=Burt|title=Wikipedia: "A Work in Progress"|url=https://www.businessweek.com/stories/2005-12-13/wikipedia-a-work-in-progress|date=December 13, 2005|access-date=July 26, 2012}}</ref> === Dikganetsano le dintwa tsa go tlaleletsa dikwalo === Bakwadi ba Wikipedia gantsi ba na le go sa dumalane mabapi le diteng, tse di ka tlotliwang mo ditsebeng tsa Puisano tsa dikwalo. Dikganetsano di ka felela ka diphetogo tse di gaisanang gangwe le gape mo dikwalong, tse di bidiwang "ntwa ya go tlaleletsa". <ref name="NBC WP editorial warzone 12">{{Cite news|last=Coldewey|first=Devin|date=June 21, 2012|title=Wikipedia is editorial warzone, says study|department=Technology|work=[[NBC News]]|url=https://sys03-public.nbcnews.com/technology/wikipedia-editorial-warzone-says-study-838793|access-date=March 26, 2021|archivedate=August 26, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826113318/http://sys03-public.nbcnews.com/technology/wikipedia-editorial-warzone-says-study-838793}}</ref> E bonwa ke botlhe jaaka seemo se se senyang didirisiwa mme go sena kitso epe e e mosola e e tsengwang, <ref>{{Cite book |last=Kalyanasundaram |first=Arun |date=December 2015 |title=2015 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC) |last2=Wei |first2=Wei |last3=Carley |first3=Kathleen M. |last4=Herbsleb |first4=James D. |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-1-4673-9743-8 |location=Huntington Beach, CA |pages=276–287 |chapter=An agent-based model of edit wars in Wikipedia: How and when is consensus reached |citeseerx=10.1.1.715.2758 |doi=10.1109/WSC.2015.7408171}}</ref> gape e a kgalwa ka e tsewa e dira ngwao ya gore bakwadi ba nne le kgaisano e nang le kgotlhang <ref>{{Cite book |last=Suh |first=Bongwon |date=2009 |title=Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration |last2=Convertino |first2=Gregorio |last3=Chi |first3=Ed H. |last4=Pirolli |first4=Peter |publisher=ACM Press |isbn=978-1-60558-730-1 |location=Orlando, FL |pages=1–10 |chapter=The singularity is not near |doi=10.1145/1641309.1641322 |doi-access=free}}</ref> se se amangwang le dikarolo tsa bong tsa banna tsa setso . <ref>{{Cite news|last=Torres|first=Nicole|date=June 2, 2016|title=Why Do So Few Women Edit Wikipedia?|url=https://hbr.org/2016/06/why-do-so-few-women-edit-wikipedia|access-date=August 20, 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bear |first=Julia B. |last2=Collier |first2=Benjamin |date=March 2016 |title=Where are the Women in Wikipedia? Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Wikipedia |journal=Sex Roles |volume=74 |issue=5–6 |pages=254–265 |doi=10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |s2cid=146452625}}</ref> Dipatlisiso di itebagantse thata le, sekai, go tlhoka botho ka dikganetsano, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khazraie |first=Marzieh |last2=Talebzadeh |first2=Hossein |date=February 7, 2020 |title="Wikipedia does NOT tolerate your babbling!": Impoliteness-induced conflict (resolution) in a polylogal collaborative online community of practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378216620300771 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Pragmatics |volume=163 |pages=46–65 |doi=10.1016/j.pragma.2020.03.009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914115833/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378216620300771 |archive-date=September 14, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smirnov |first=Ivan |last2=Oprea |first2=Camelia |last3=Strohmaier |first3=Markus |date=December 1, 2023 |editor-last=Ognyanova |editor-first=Katherine |title=Toxic comments are associated with reduced activity of volunteer editors on Wikipedia |url=https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/doi/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385/7457939 |url-status=live |journal=PNAS Nexus |volume=2 |issue=12 |doi=10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385 |issn=2752-6542 |pmc=10697426 |pmid=38059265 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007101400/https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/doi/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385/7457939 |archive-date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024 |doi-access=free |article-number=pgad385}}</ref> tlhotlheletso ya dikampa tsa bakwadi tse di gaisanang, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lerner |first=Jürgen |last2=Lomi |first2=Alessandro |date=December 21, 2020 |title=The free encyclopedia that anyone can dispute: An analysis of the micro-structural dynamics of positive and negative relations in the production of contentious Wikipedia articles |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378873318300467 |url-status=live |journal=Social Networks |volume=60 |pages=11–25 |doi=10.1016/j.socnet.2018.12.003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126001010/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378873318300467 |archive-date=November 26, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morris-O'Connor |first=Danielle A. |last2=Strotmann |first2=Andreas |last3=Zhao |first3=Dangzhi |date=April 4, 2023 |title=The colonization of Wikipedia: evidence from characteristic editing behaviors of warring camps |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090/full/html |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Documentation |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=784–810 |doi=10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090 |issn=0022-0418 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020151300/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090/full/html |archive-date=October 20, 2023 |access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref> popego ya dipuisano, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ziembowicz |first=Karolina |last2=Roszczyńska-Kurasińska |first2=Magdalena |last3=Rychwalska |first3=Agnieszka |last4=Nowak |first4=Andrzej |date=October 3, 2022 |title=Predicting conflict-prone disputes using the structure of turn-taking: the case of Wikipedia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224 |url-status=live |journal=Information, Communication & Society |volume=25 |issue=13 |pages=1987–2005 |doi=10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224 |issn=1369-118X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091334/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224 |archive-date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> le phetogo ya dikgotlhang go tlhoma mogopolo mo metsweding. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Chhabra |first=Anamika |date=August 25, 2020 |title=Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Open Collaboration |last2=Kaur |first2=Rishemjit |last3=Iyengar |first3=S. R.S. |publisher=ACM |isbn=978-1-4503-8779-8 |pages=1–10 |chapter=Dynamics of Edit War Sequences in Wikipedia |doi=10.1145/3412569.3412585 |access-date=September 15, 2024 |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3412569.3412585 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915052238/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3412569.3412585 |archive-date=September 15, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="Ruprechter">{{Cite journal |last=Ruprechter |first=Thorsten |last2=Santos |first2=Tiago |last3=Helic |first3=Denis |date=September 9, 2020 |title=Relating Wikipedia article quality to edit behavior and link structure |journal=Applied Network Science |volume=5 |issue=1 |doi=10.1007/s41109-020-00305-y |issn=2364-8228 |doi-access=free |article-number=61}}</ref> Taha Yasseri wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Oxford o ne a sekaseka dikgotlhang tsa go tlaleletsa/kwala dikwalo le go rarabololwa ga tsone mo patlisisong ya 2013. <ref name="Yasseri-2014">{{Cite book |last=Yasseri |first=Taha |author-link=Taha Yasseri |year=2014 |title=The Most Controversial Topics in Wikipedia: A Multilingual and Geographical Analysis |last2=Spoerri |first2=Anselm |last3=Graham |first3=Mark |last4=Kertész |first4=János |author-link4=János Kertész |publisher=Scarecrow Press |editor-last=Fichman, P. |doi=10.2139/SSRN.2269392 |ssrn=2269392 |editor-last2=Hara, N.}}</ref> Yasseri o ne a nganga gore go boela morago mo go bonolo fela kgotsa ditiro tsa "go dirolola" e ne e se selekanyo se se botlhokwa thata sa boitshwaro jo bo sa siamang jwa tiro kwa Wikipedia. O ne a ikaegile boemong jwa seo ka leano la "bakwadi ba le babedi ba bereka mmogo go boela ditlaleletso morago", le e leng gore mokwadi a le mongwe o tlaabo a busetsa morago go tlaleletsa ga mokwadi yo mongwe yo morago ga moo, ka tatelano, a boelang go busetsa tlaleletso ya mokwadi wa ntlha morago. Maduo a ne a tsenngwa mo lenaneong la diphetolelo di le mmalwa tsa dipuo tsa Wikipedia. Dikgotlhang tsa dipalo tse tharo tse di tona mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e ne e le tsa dikwalo tsa ga George W. Bush, botlhokapuso, le Muhammad . <ref name="Yasseri-2014" /> Fa go bapisiwa, mo Wikipedia ya Jeremane, dikgotlhang tsa dipalo tse tharo tse di tona ka nako ya patlisiso e ne e le tsa dikwalo tse di neng di bua ka Croatia, Scientology, le megopolo ka tiragalo ya 9/11 . <ref name="Yasseri-2014" /> Ka 2020, babatlisisi ba ne ba supa dikgato tse dingwe ka maitsholo a bakwadi, go feta go boela morago ditlaleletso ka bobedi, go supa dikgotlhang tsa go tlaleletsa dikwalo go ralala Wikipedia. <ref name="Ruprechter"/> Bakwadi gape ba ngangisana ka go phimolwa ga dikwalo mo Wikipedia, ka dingangisano tse di ntseng jalo di ka nna dikete di le makgolo a le matlhano fa e sa le Wikipedia e simololwa go tloga ka 2019. Fa lekwalo le sena go tlhophiwa go phimolwa, kganetsano gantsi e laolwa ke ditlhopo tsa ntlha (gore a le bolokwe kgotsa le phimolwe) le ka go umaka melawana ya tse di rileng tsa setlhogo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mayfield |first=Elijah |last2=Black |first2=Alan W. |date=November 7, 2019 |title=Analyzing Wikipedia Deletion Debates with a Group Decision-Making Forecast Model |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3359308 |url-status=live |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |volume=3 |issue=CSCW |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1145/3359308 |issn=2573-0142 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915025504/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3359308 |archive-date=September 15, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> == Melao le diteng == Wikipedia e na le mafelo a maina a a farologaneng a le lesome le bongwe mme dikwalo tsa yone di teng mo ''lefelong la maremelelo'' . Mafelo a mangwe a maina a na le ketapele pele ga setlhogo sa tsebe ya one mme a diragatsa maikaelelo a a farologaneng. Sekai, lefelo la maina a lenaneo le o a dirisa ketapele ''ya Wikipedia'' mme gape le dirisediwa dipuisano tse di amanang le go ipusa. Bontsi jwa babadi ga ba itse ka mafelo a a mangwe a maina. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=3}} Melaometheo ya morafe wa badirisi ba Wikipedia e akareditswe mo "Dipilara tse Tlhano", fa melaometheo e e tseneletseng ya go tlaleletsa dikwalo e tlhagisiwa mo melaong le dikaedi tse dintsi tse di diretsweng go bopa diteng mo go tshwanetseng. Dipilara tse tlhano tseo ke: * Wikipedia ke ensaetlolopedia * Wikipedia e kwadilwe ka tsela e e sa tseyeng letlhakore * Diteng tsa Wikipedia ke tsa mahala tse mongwe le mongwe a ka di dirisang, a di tlaleletsa, le go di anamisa * Bakwadi ba Wikipedia ba tshwanetse go tshwarana ka tlotlo le maitseo * Wikipedia ga e na melao e e kgopo Melao e e tlhamilweng ke badirisi e bolokwa mo lefelong la maina la Wikipedia, mme bakwai ba Wikipedia ba kwala le go tlhabolola melao le dikaelo tsa webosaete go ya ka tumalano ya badirisi. <ref name="pcworld who's behind WP">{{Cite web |date=February 6, 2008 |title=Who's behind Wikipedia? |url=https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/index.php/id;1866322157;fp;2;fpid;2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209110303/https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/index.php/id%3B1866322157%3Bfp%3B2%3Bfpid%3B2 |archive-date=February 9, 2008 |access-date=February 7, 2008 |website=PC World |page=2}}</ref> Kwa tshimologong, melao ya dikgatiso tse e seng tsa Sekgoa tsa Wikipedia e ne e beilwe mo thanolong ya melao ya Wikipedia ya Sekgoa. Fa e sa le ka nako eo e ile ya fapoga golo gongwe. === Melao ya diteng le dikaelo === Go ya ka melao ya morafe wa badirisi ba Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, lekwalo lengwe le lengwe mo Wikipedia le tshwanetse go nna le setlhogo se se maleba go nna mo [[wiktionary:encyclopedic|ensaetlolopedia]] mme e se lekwalo le le kwadilweng kana le utlwalega jaaka buka ya tlhaloso ya mafoko. Setlhogo gape se tshwanetse go fitlhelela maemo a Wikipedia a "notability", se se rayang gore setlhogo se tshwanetse gore a bo se kile sa akarediwa thata mo metsweding e e ikanyegang e e ikemetseng ka nosi mo setlhogong sa lekwalo leo. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=53–54}}Wikipedia e ikaeletse go fetisa fela kitso e e setseng e tlhomilwe gape e lemogwa ka jalo ga e a tshwanela go tlhagisa dipatlisiso tsa ntlha tsa setlhogo sa palo. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=32}}Ditlhogo tsa dipalo tse dingwe, jaaka tsa mapolotiki le barutegi, di na le melwana e e kgethegileng. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=53–54}}La bofelo, Wikipedia e tshwanetse go supa karolo e e sa tseyeng letlhakore. Se se fitlhelelwa ka go soboka metswedi e e ikanyegang, go dirisa puo e e sa tseyeng letlhakore, le go tlhomamisa gore go tlhagisiwa dintlha tse dintsintsi go ikaegile ka gore di tlhagelela go le kana kang. Dikgang/kitso gape e tshwanetse gore a bo e ka netefadiwa. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=5–7}}Lekwalo le le senang dinopolo le ka nna la tshwaiwa kgotsa la phimolwa gotlhelele. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=33}}Se ka dinako tse dingwe se ka dira gore go phimolwe lekwalo(tshedimosetso) , le fa e le boammaaruri, e le gore ga e na metswedi sentle. <ref name="IHT WP valid info wrong removable 1">{{Cite news|last=Cohen|first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen|date=August 9, 2011|title=For inclusive mission, Wikipedia is told that written word goes only so far|page=18|newspaper=[[International Herald Tribune]]}}</ref> Jaaka fa melao ya Wikipedia e ntse e fetoga mo tsamaong ya nako, gape e nna dingalo, palo ya yone e ile ya gola. Ka 2008, go ne go na le ditsebe tsa melao di le masome a mane le bone le ditsebe tsa dikaelo di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a le mane le boferabobedi (248); ka 2013, barutegi ba ne ba bala ditsebe tsa melao di le makgolo a le mararo le masome a le boferabobedi le boraro (383) le ditsebe tsa dikaelo di le makgolo a le mane le masome a le mane le boferabongwe (449). <ref name="Ren-2024"/> == Tsamaiso/Puso == Puso ya ntlha ya Wikipedia e ne ya kopanya dikarolo tsa puso ya batho ka batho le tsa tatelano ya maemo fa nako e ntse e tsamaya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanger |first=Larry |author-link=Larry Sanger |date=April 18, 2005 |title=The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir |url=https://features.slashdot.org/story/05/04/18/164213/the-early-history-of-nupedia-and-wikipedia-a-memoir |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525051304/http://features.slashdot.org/features/05/04/18/164213.shtml |archive-date=May 25, 2009 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=[[Slashdot]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kostakis |first=Vasilis |date=March 2010 |title=Identifying and understanding the problems of Wikipedia's peer governance: The case of inclusionists versus deletionists |url=https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2613/2479 |url-status=live |journal=First Monday |volume=15 |issue=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310125049/https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2613/2479 |archive-date=March 10, 2021 |access-date=March 26, 2021}}</ref> Lekwalo ga le tsewe e le la motlhami wa lone kgotsa mokwadi ope yo mongwe, le fa e le yo go buiwang ka ene (setlhogo) mo go lone. Bakwadi ba ba mo maemong a a siameng mo morafeng ww badirisi ba ka kopa ditshwanelo tse dingwe tsa bodirisi, se se ka ba nayang bokgoni jwa setegeniki jwa go dira ditiro dingwe tse di kgethegileng. Ditshwanelo dingwe tsa bodirisi di neelwa ka go itirisa (automatically), jaaka ditlhopha tse ''di netefaditsweng ka go itirisa'' le ''tse di netefaditsweng tse di atolositsweng'', fa dingwaga tsa akhaonte le diphetogo tsa dikwalo tse di batliwang di fitlhelelwa. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=12–13}} === Batsamaisi === Bakwadi ba ba nang le kitso ya bodirisi ba ka tlhopha go tsenelela ditlhopho tsa " botsamaisi ", jo bo akaretsang bokgoni jwa go phimola ditsebe kgotsa go di thibela gore di se ka tsa fetolwa mo dikgetseng tsa tshenyo e e masisi kgotsa dikgotlhang tsa dikwalo. Batsamaisi ga ba a tshwanela go nna le dithata dipe tse di kgethegileng tsa go dira ditshwetso; go na le seo, dithata tsa bone di lekanyeditswe thata mo go direng diphetogo tse di botlhokwa thata tsa mananeo mme ka jalo ga di letlelelwe bakwadi ba ba tlwaelesegileng, le go diragatsa dithibelo tse di ikaeletseng go thibela bakwadi ba ba kgoreletsang go dira diphetogo tse di senang mosola. <ref name=":6" group="W" /> Ka 2012, bakwadi ba le mmalwa ba ne ba nna batsamaisi fa ba bapisiwa le dingwaga tsa pele tsa Wikipedia, bontlhabongwe jwa lobaka la kgang e e le gore thulaganyo ya go tlhatlhoba batsamaisi ba ba ka nnang teng e ne e setse e gagametse thata. <ref name="Meyer-2012"/> Ka 2022, go ne ga nna le kopo e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata ya botsamaisi ka ga maikutlo a ntlhopheng yo o neng a le kgatlhanong le Trump; kwa bofelong, ba ne ba newa botsamaisi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrison |first=Stephen |date=June 16, 2022 |title=Inside Wikipedia's Historic, Fiercely Contested "Election" |url=https://slate.com/technology/2022/06/wikipedia-administrator-election-tamzin.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824123521/https://slate.com/technology/2022/06/wikipedia-administrator-election-tamzin.html |archive-date=August 24, 2022 |access-date=July 22, 2022 |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}</ref> === Tharabololo ya dikgotlhang === Mo tsamaong ya nako, Wikipedia e tlhamile thulaganyo ya go rarabolola dikgotlhang e e sa tlhomamang tota-tota. Go tlhomamisa tumalano gareng ga morafe wa badirisi, bakwadi ba ka tlhagisa dikgang kwa makgotlaneng a badirisi a a maleba, ba batla dikakgelo kwa ntle ka dikopo tsa maikutlo a boraro, kgotsa ba simolola dipuisano tsa morafe wa badirisi ka kakaretso, yo o bidiwang "kopo ya kakgelo", e mo go yone di-bot di tsenyang puisano eo mo lenaneong le le kopantsweng la dipuisano, mme bakwadi a bo ba lalediwa go tsaya karolo, mme morago ba sutlhe puisano eo mo lenaneong morago ga malatsi a le masome a boraro. Le fa go ntse jalo, bakwadi ba na le tshwanelo ya go tswala (le go sutlha) puisano eo pele kgotsa morago ga nako. Fa maduo a puisano a sa bonale sentle, mokwadi yo o gaufi yo o sa amegeng yo gantsi a leng mo maemong a a siameng a ka ntsha katlholo go ya ka maatla a mabaka a a ntshiwang le palo ya batho ba ba ngangisanang mo matlhakoreng otlhe. <ref name="Bandler-2024">{{Citation|last=Bandler|first=Aaron|date=June 21, 2024|title=Wikipedia Editors Label ADL Only Reliable for Antisemitism When 'Israel and Zionism Are Not Concerned'|url=https://jewishjournal.com/news/united-states/372532/wikipedia-editors-label-adl-only-reliable-for-antisemitism-when-israel-and-zionism-are-not-concerned/|access-date=May 3, 2025}}</ref> Badirisi ba Wikipedia ba gatelela gore thulaganyo e ga se go tlhopha ka go umaka dipego tsa maikutlo mo dipuisanong tseo jaaka "!vote", e mo go lone letshwao la kgakgamatso e leng letshwao la go ganetsa ka tsela e e utlwalang mme le bidiwa "nnyaa". <ref>{{Citation|last=Harrison|first=Stephen|title=Wikipedia's War on the Daily Mail|date=July 1, 2021|work=Slate|url=https://slate.com/technology/2021/07/wikipedia-daily-mail-generally-unreliable.html|access-date=May 13, 2025|issn=1091-2339}}</ref> Wikipedia e rotloetsa ditharabololo tsa dikgotlhang, tse Jemielniak a reng di kgethegile thata mo dithutong tsa mokgatlho, le fa go nnile le kgatlhego ya bosheng jaana mo go ageng tumalano mo lephateng le. <ref name="Jemielniak">{{Cite book |last=Jemielniak |first=Dariusz |year=2014 |title=Common Knowledge?: An Ethnography of Wikipedia |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8047-9120-5 |location=Stanford, CA |doi=10.2307/j.ctvqsdrf9 |jstor=j.ctvqsdrf9}}</ref> Reagle le Sue Gardner ba nganga gore mekgwa ya go aga tumalano e tshwana le e e dirisiwang ke ba-Quakers . <ref name="Jemielniak" />{{Rp|page=62}}Pharologanyo le diphuthego tsa ba-Quaker ke go tlhoka motsamaisi fa go na le go sa dumalana, e leng seabe se se tshamekiwang ke mokwaledi mo diphuthegong tsa Ba-Quaker. <ref name="Jemielniak" />{{Rp|page=83}} ==== Komiti ya Katlholo ==== Komiti ya Katlholo e okametse thulaganyo ya bofelo ya tharabololo ya dikgotlhang. Le fa gantsi dikgotlhang di tsoga ka ntlha ya go sa dumalane ka megopolo e mebedi e e ganetsanang ka lekwalo le tshwanetseng go balega ka teng, Komiti ya Katlholo e gana tota ka go dira tshwetso ka tlhamalalo ka mogopolo yo o tshwanetseng go amogelwa. <ref name="Hoffman-2009">{{Cite journal |last=Hoffman |first=David A. |last2=Mehra |first2=Salil K. |date=March 5, 2009 |title=Wikitruth Through Wikiorder |url=https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/elj/vol59/iss1/3/ |url-status=live |journal=Emory Law Journal |volume=59 |issue=1 |ssrn=1354424 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613214656/https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/elj/vol59/iss1/3/ |archive-date=June 13, 2021 |access-date=November 15, 2024}}</ref> Ditshekatsheko tsa dipalopalo di supa gore komiti ya Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e itlhokomolosa diteng tsa dikgotlhang mme go na le moo e remelela thata mo goreng dikgotlhang di tsamaisiwe jang, e sa dire thata go rarabolola dikgotlhang le go dira kagiso fa gare ga bakwadi ba ba ganetsenang, mme e ntsha bakwadi ba ba dingalo e ntse e letla bakwadi ba tlhaga go boela go tsaya karolo gape. <ref name="Hoffman-2009"/> Ka jalo, komiti ga e laole diteng tsa dikwalo, le fa ka dinako tse dingwe e kgala diphetogo tsa diteng fa e tsaya gore diteng tse disha di tlola melao ya Wikipedia (sekai, fa diteng tse disha di tsewa di tsaya letlhakore).{{efn|The committee may directly rule that a content change is inappropriate, but may not directly rule that certain content is inappropriate.}} Ditharabololo tse di dirisiwang gantsi di akaretsa dikgalemo le go beewa leitlho thata( di dirisiwa mo dikgetseng di le masome a le marataro le boraro mo lekgolong (63%)) le go kobela ruri bakwadi mo dikwalong (masome a le mane le boraro mo lekgolong (43%)), dikgang tsa setlhogo (masome a le mabedi le boraro mo lekgolong (23%)), kgotsa mo Wikipedia (lesome le borataro mo lekgolong(16%)). <ref name="Hoffman-2009" /> Go kobelwa ruri mo go feletseng mo Wikipedia gantsi go beetswe fela dikgetse di tshwana le go ipaya o le motho yo mongwe le boitshwaro jwa go sa dirisana le batho ba bangwe sentle . Fa boitshwaro e se go ipaya o le motho yo mongwe kgotsa go nna kgatlhanong le go tshela sentle le batho ba bangwe, mme e le jwa dintwa tsa dikwalo le go roba melao e mengwe ya go tlaleletsa/kwala dikwalo, ditharabololo di na le go ema ka dikgalemo fela. <ref name="Hoffman-2009" /> == Morafe wa badirisi == [[File:Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm|start=00:04|thumbtime=00:16|thumb|Setshwantsho sa motshikinyego saWikimania 2005{{snd}}bokopano jwa ngwaga le ngwaga jwa badirisi ba Wikipedia le mananeo a mangwe a a tsamaisiwang ke [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]], o ne o tshwaretswe kwa Frankfurt am Main, kwa Jeremane, ka Phatwe a le malatsi a le mane go fitlhela a le boferabobedi.]] Lekwalo lengwe le lengwe le modirisi mongwe le mongwe wa Wikipedia o na le tsebe e a amanang le yone gape e e kgethegileng ya "puo". Dilo tse di bopa tsela ya konokono ya dipuisano gore bakwadi ba kgone go abelana megopolo, go rulaganya le go ngangisana. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Viégas |first=Fernanda B. |author-link=Fernanda B. Viégas |last2=Wattenberg |first2=Martin M. |author-link2=Martin M. Wattenberg |last3=Kriss |first3=Jesse |last4=van Ham |first4=Frank |date=January 3, 2007 |title=Talk Before You Type: Coordination in Wikipedia |url=https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/wikipedia_coordination_final.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205111038/https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/wikipedia_coordination_final.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2007 |access-date=June 27, 2008 |publisher=Visual Communication Lab, [[IBM Research]]}}</ref> Morafe wa Wikipedia o tlhalositswe fa o tswana le setlhopha sa bodumedi, <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/dec/15/wikipedia.web20|title=Log on and join in, but beware the web cults|first1=Charles|last1=Arthur|date=December 15, 2005|access-date=December 26, 2008}}</ref> le fa go sa tewe ka mekgwa e e sa lolamang fela ka dinako tsotlhe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/internet/08/03/wikipedia/index.html|title=Wikipedia: The know-it-all Web site|first1=Kristie|last1=Lu Stout|publisher=CNN|date=August 4, 2003|access-date=December 26, 2008}}</ref> Go rata go nna seoposengwe ga one, le fa go tlhoka go mpampetsa mo go akaretsang go tlhokomologa dintlha tsa go itshupa, go biditswe " go nna kgatlhanong le go itseela kwa maemong a a kwa godimo " . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Sanger |first=Larry |author-link=Larry Sanger |date=December 31, 2004 |title=Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism |url=https://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101011352/http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25 |archive-date=November 1, 2021 |access-date=March 26, 2021 |website=[[Kuro5hin]], Op–Ed |quote=There is a certain mindset associated with unmoderated Usenet groups [...] that infects the collectively-managed Wikipedia project: if you react strongly to trolling, that reflects poorly on you, not (necessarily) on the troll. If you [...] demand that something be done about constant disruption by trollish behavior, the other listmembers will cry "censorship", attack you, and even come to the defense of the troll. [...] The root problem: anti-elitism, or lack of respect for expertise. There is a deeper problem [...] which explains both of the above-elaborated problems. Namely, as a community, Wikipedia lacks the habit or tradition of respect for expertise. As a community, far from being elitist, it is anti-elitist (which, in this context, means that expertise is not accorded any special respect, and snubs and disrespect of expertise are tolerated). This is one of my failures: a policy that I attempted to institute in Wikipedia's first year, but for which I did not muster adequate support, was the policy of respecting and deferring politely to experts. (Those who were there will, I hope, remember that I tried very hard.)}}</ref> [[File:Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv|right|thumb|Badiri ba Wikipedia le batlhokomedi ba [[Motlobo wa ditso wa Borithane]] ba dirisana mmogo mo lekwalong la Hoxne Hoard ka Seetebosigo 2010.]] Wikipedia ga e tlhoke gore bakwadi ba yone le ba na le seabe ba itshupe gore ke bomang. Fa Wikipedia e ntse e gola, potso ya "Ke mang yo o kwalang Wikipedia?" e ne ya nna nngwe ya dipotso tse di neng di botswa thata teng.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kittur |first=Aniket |year=2007 |title=CHI '07: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |publisher=Viktoria Institute |chapter=Power of the Few vs. Wisdom of the Crowd: Wikipedia and the Rise of the Bourgeoisie |citeseerx=10.1.1.212.8218}}</ref> Jimmy Wales o kile a bolela gore ke fela "morafe&nbsp;... setlhopha se se ineetseng sa baithaopi ba le makgolo a le mmalwa" se se dirang bontsi jwa ditshwaelo mo Wikipedia le gore ka jalo lenaneo le "le tshwana fela le mokgatlho mongwe le mongwe yo o tlwaelesegileng". <ref name="blodget">{{Cite news|last=Blodget|first=Henry|date=January 3, 2009|title=Who The Hell Writes Wikipedia, Anyway?|work=[[Insider Inc.|Business Insider]]|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/2009/1/who-the-hell-writes-wikipedia-anyway|access-date=January 26, 2023}}</ref> Ka Wikipedia e ikaegile ka tiro ya boithaopo, bakwadi gantsi ba remelela mo dikgannyeng tse di ba kgatlhang. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=61–62}} Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e na le dikwalo di le didikadile di le bosupa le dikete di le makgolo a mabedi le boferabongwe le masome a le matlhano le bone ({{self-reference link|Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}}}), bakwadi ba ba kwadisitsweng ba le didikadike di le masome a matlhano le boraro le dikete di le makgolo a marataro le masome a le bosupa le botlhano le makgolo a le mararo le masome a le mane le bongwe ({{self-reference link|Special:ListUsers|{{NUMBEROFUSERS}}}}), le bakwadi ba ba ba tlhaga ba dinako tsotlhe ba le dikete di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a le mane le boferabongwe le makgolo a le mararo le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa( {{self-reference link|Special:ActiveUsers|{{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}}}} ). Mokwadi o tsewa a le tlhaga fa a dirile phetogo/tlaleletso e le nngwe kgotsa go feta mo malatsing a le masome a mararo a a fetileng. Bakwadi ba ba palelwang ke go sela morago mekgwa ya Wikipedia, e e tshwanang le go saena ditshwaelo tsa tsebe ya puisano, ba ka supa ka tlhamalalo gore ke batho ba ba tswang kwa ntle ga Wikipedia, mme se sa oketsa kgonagalo ya gore badirisi ba ba mo teng ga Wikipedia ba ka nna ba lebisa kgotsa ba fokotsa ditshwaelo tsa bone. Go nna modirisi yo o mo teng ga Wikipedia go akaretsa ditshenyegelo tse di sa reng sepe: motsaakarolo o solofetswe go ithuta dikhoutu tsa maranyane tse di rileng tsa Wikipedia, go ineela mo thulaganyong e ka dinako dingwe e leng dingalo ya go rarabolola dikgotlhang, le go ithuta "ngwao e e makatsang e e humileng metlae le dikakgelo tsa mo teng". <ref name="labor squeeze on WP 1" /> Bakwadi ba ba sa tseneng mo teng ga ensaetlolopedia ke " badirisi ba maemo a bobedi " mo Wikipedia ka tsela nngwe, <ref name="labor squeeze on WP 1">{{Cite journal |year=2010 |title=Wikipedia's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences |url=https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/facpubs/5/ |url-status=live |journal=Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law |volume=8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126220032/https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/facpubs/5/ |archive-date=January 26, 2023 |access-date=January 26, 2023 |via=Santa Clara Law Digital Commons}}</ref> ka gonne "batsayakarolo ba amogetswe semmuso ke maloko a morafe wa wiki, ba ba nang le kgatlhego e e tseneletseng mo go somareleng boleng jwa tiro e e ntshiwang, go lebilwe go nna le seabe ga bone mo go tswelelang", <ref name="legal edu and WP 1">{{Cite journal |date=March 2007 |title=Wikipedia and the Future of Legal Education |journal=Journal of Legal Education |publisher=[[Association of American Law Schools]] |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=3–9 |jstor=42894005}}</ref> mme ditso tsa go nna le seabe tsa bakwadi ba ba sa itsiweng ba sa ikwadisa mme ba lemogwa ka . diaterese tsa bone fela ga di amane le mokwadi ope ka tlhomamo. <ref name="legal edu and WP 1" /> Bakwadi ba basha gantsi ba sokola go tlhaloganya marara a Wikipedia. Bakwadi ba ba nang le maitemogelo/kitso ba rotloediwa gore ba seka ba "tlhasela" badirisi ba ba sha gore ba kgone go dira mowa wa go amogela batho. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=10–11}} === Dipatlisiso === Patlisiso ya 2007 e e dirilweng ke babatlisisi go tswa kwa Dartmouth College e bone gore "badirisi ba ba sa itsiweng le ba ba sa tseyeng karolo thata mo Wikipedia&nbsp;... ke motswedi o o ikanyegang wa kitso fela jaaka badirisi ba ba ikwadisang mo saeteng e". <ref name="sciam good samaritans 1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=good-samaritans-are-on-the-money|title=Wikipedia "Good Samaritans" Are on the Money|work=Scientific American|date=October 19, 2007|access-date=December 26, 2008}}</ref> Jimmy Wales o boletse ka 2009 gore "[Go] bonala gore go feta sephatlo mo lekgolong (50%) ya diphetogo tsotlhe di dirwa ke 0.7% fela ya badirisi&nbsp;... Batho ba le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mabedi le bone&nbsp;... Mme tota, bobedi mo lekgolong (2%) e etlhaga thata, e leng batho ba le sekete le makgolo a mane , ba dirile 73.4% ya diphetogo tsotlhe." <ref name="blodget"/> Le fa go ntse jalo, morulaganyi wa ''Business Insider'' gape e le mmegadikgang Henry Blodget o bontshitse ka 2009 gore mo bontlhengbongwe jwa dikwalo tse di tlhophilweng fela go sena lenaneo, bontsi jwa diteng tsa Wikipedia (tse di lekanngwang ka selekanyo sa mokwalo o o tsentsweng o o sa ntseng o le teng go fitlha ka sampole ya bosheng) di tlhamilwe ke "batho ba ba tswang kwa ntle", fa bontsi jwa go kwala le go fomata go dirwa ke "badirisi ba ba mo teng". <ref name="blodget" /> Ka 2008, setlhogo sa bukana ya ditshwantsho le dikgang y''a Slate'' e ne ya bega gore "bongwe fela mo lekgolong la badirisi ba Wikipedia ke bone ba ba dirang mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa diphetogo tsa saete e." <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.slate.com/id/2184487|title=The Wisdom of the Chaperones|date=February 22, 2008|first=Chris|last=Wilson|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|access-date=August 13, 2014}}</ref> Mokgwa o wa go sekaseka go tsaa karolo o ne wa ganetswa morago ke Aaron Swartz, yo o neng a lemotsha gore dikwalo di le mmalwa tse a neng a di tsaya disampole di ne di na le dikarolo tse ditona tsa diteng tsa tsone (tse di lekanngwang ka palo ya ditlhaka) tse di neng di dirilwe ke badirisi ba ba nang le dipalo tse di kwa tlase tsa bokwadi/go tlaleletsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swartz |first=Aaron |date=September 4, 2006 |title=Raw Thought: Who Writes Wikipedia? |url=https://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/whowriteswikipedia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803134036/https://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/whowriteswikipedia |archive-date=August 3, 2014 |access-date=February 23, 2008}}</ref> Thutopatlisiso ya 2008 e fitlhetse gore batho ba Wikipedia ba ne ba sa dumalane thata, ba sa bulegela megopolo, e bile ba se kelo-tlhoko go feta ba bangwe, <ref name="liebertonline view on WP users 1">{{Cite journal |last=Amichai-Hamburger |first=Yair |last2=Lamdan |first2=Naama |last3=Madiel |first3=Rinat |last4=Hayat |first4=Tsahi |year=2008 |title=Personality Characteristics of Wikipedia Members |journal=CyberPsychology & Behavior |publisher=Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=679–681 |doi=10.1089/cpb.2007.0225 |pmid=18954273}}</ref> le fa kakgelo morago e ne ya supa diphoso tse di masisi, di akaretsa gore phatliso e ne e supa go bulegela megopolo mo go kwa godimo le gore dipharologano tsa setlhopha sa taolo le disampole di ne di le dinnye. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McGreal |first=Scott A. |date=March 11, 2013 |title=The Misunderstood Personality Profile of Wikipedia Members |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/unique-everybody-else/201303/the-misunderstood-personality-profile-wikipedia-members |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716155007/https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/unique-everybody-else/201303/the-misunderstood-personality-profile-wikipedia-members |archive-date=July 16, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2016 |website=[[Psychology Today]]}}</ref> Go ya ka patlisiso ya 2009, go na le "bosupi jwa kganetso e e golang go tswa mo morafeng wa badirisi ba Wikipedia mabapi le diteng tse disha". <ref name="newscientist WP boom to bust 1">{{Cite web |last=Giles |first=Jim |date=August 4, 2009 |title=After the boom, is Wikipedia heading for bust? |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17554-after-the-boom-is-wikipedia-heading-for-bust.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421215605/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17554-after-the-boom-is-wikipedia-heading-for-bust.html |archive-date=April 21, 2015 |access-date=September 18, 2017 |website=New Scientist}}</ref> === Kabakanyo ya badirisi === Dipatlisiso di le mmalwa di supile gore bontsi jwa batsaakarolo ba ba ithaopileng mo Wikipedia ke banna. Maduo a patlisiso ya [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] ka 2008 a supile gore bakwadi ba Wikipedia ba le lesome le boraro mo lekgolong(13%) fela e ne e le basadi. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Cohen|first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen|title=Define Gender Gap? Look Up Wikipedia's Contributor List|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/31/business/media/31link.html?_r=0|work=The New York Times|date=January 31, 2011|access-date=October 28, 2013}}</ref> Ka ntlha ya se, dikolo tsa dithuto tse di kgolwane go ralala United States di ne tsa leka go kgothatsa basadi go nna batsaakarolo ba Wikipedia. <ref name="CBC News-2013" /> Ka tsela e e tshwanang, bontsi jwa dikolo tse di kgolwane tse, di akaretsa Yale le Brown, di ne di akgola baithuti ba ba tlhamang kgotsa ba ba tlaleletsa lekwalo le le amanang le basadi mo go tsa maranyane kgotsa mafaratlhatlha.<ref name="CBC News-2013">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ocad-to-storm-wikipedia-this-fall-1.1412807|title=OCAD to 'Storm Wikipedia' this fall|work=CBC News|date=August 27, 2013|access-date=August 21, 2014}}</ref> Andrew Lih, morutintshi-mogolo gape e le mankge wa maranyane, o ne a re lebaka la go bo a ne a akanya gore palo ya banna ba ba nang le seabe e feta palo ya basadi thata ke ka gore go itshupa o le mosadi go ka nna ga dira gore motho a ipeye mo kotsing ya "boitshwaro jo bo maswe, jo bo tshosang". <ref name="Bloomberg 2016">{{Cite news|date=December 22, 2016|title=Is Wikipedia Woke?|work=Bloomberg Businessweek|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2016-12-22/how-woke-is-wikipedia-s-editorial-pool?|access-date=September 21, 2022}}</ref> Dipego di supile gore MaAforika a emetswe ke dipalo tse di kwa tlase tsa bakwadi mo Wikipedia. <ref name="memeb">{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Andy |date=June 21, 2018 |title=The startling numbers behind Africa's Wikipedia knowledge gaps |url=https://memeburn.com/2018/06/wikipedia-wikimania-africa-numbers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319170357/http://memeburn.com/2018/06/wikipedia-wikimania-africa-numbers/ |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |access-date=January 26, 2023 |website=memeburn}}</ref> == Dikgatiso tsa dipuo == Mo bogompienong, go na le dikgatiso tsa dipuo di le makgolo a mararo le masome a mane le bosupa ({{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}}) tsa Wikipedia (tse gape di bidiwang ''diphetolelo tsa puo'', kgotsa fela ''Wikipedias'' ). Go tloga ka {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}, di-Wikipedia tse thataro tse dikgolo, ka tatelano ya palo ya dikwalo, ke tsa Sekgoa ({{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|1}}), {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|2}}, Sejeremane {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|3}}, Sefora {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|4}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|5}}, le {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|6}} . <ref name="WP list of WPs by article 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:List of Wikipedias |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224190350/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles |archive-date=December 24, 2018 |access-date={{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> DiWikipedia tsa bobedi le ya botlhano ka botona di beilwe mo maemong ao ke bot e e tlhamang dikwalo ya Lsjbot, e ka go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2013 e neng e tlhamile dikwalo di tsamaela sephatlo mo Wikipedia ya Se-Swedish, le bontsi jwa dikwalo mo Wikipedia ya Se-Cebuano le ya Se-Waray . Dipuo tse ka bobedi ke tsa Philippines . Mo godimo ga tse thataro tse di kwa godimo, di-Wikipedia tse dingwe di le lesome le bobedi di na le dikwalo tse di fetang sedikadike nngwe le nngwe ya tsone ( Se{{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|7}}, Se{{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|8}}, Se{{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|9}}, Se{{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|10}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|11}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|12}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|13}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|14}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|15}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|20}} {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|16}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|21}} {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|17}}, le {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|18}} ), tse dingwe di le bosupa go feta di na le dikwalo tse di fetang dikete di le makgolo a matlhano {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|22}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|23}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|24}}, le {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|25}} ), tse dingwe tse di masome a mane le bone ba di na le tse di fetang dikete di le lekgolo , mme di le masome a boferabobedi le bobedi di na le tse di fetang dikete di le lesome. <ref name="WP list of WPs by article 1" group="W"/> E e tona go gaisa, Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, e na le dikwalo di feta didikadike di le bosupa le dikete di le makgolo a mabedi (7.2 million). Go tloga go ema ka Firikgong 2021, Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e amogela masome a le mane le boferabobedi mo lekgolong (48%) ya pharakano e e kokoantsweng ya Wikipedia, mme palo e e setseng e kgaogantswe mo gareng ga dipuo tse dingwe. Dikgatiso tse di kwa godimo di le lesome di emela mo e ka nnang masome a le boferabobedi le botlhano mo lekgolong (85%) ya pharakano yotlhe. Ka Wikipedia e beilwe mo Webo ka jalo e le ya lefatshe ka bophara, batsaakarolo mo kgatisong e le nngwe ya puo ba ka nna ba dirisa diteme (tsa puo e le nngwe) tse di farologaneng kgotsa ba ka tswa ba tswa kwa mafatsheng a a farologaneng (jaaka go ntse ka kgatiso ya Sekgoa).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2026)">citation needed</span>'' &#x5D;</sup> Dipharologano tse di ka baka dikgotlhang dingwe ka ga dipharologano tsa go peleta (sekao, colour kgatlhanong ''le color'' ) <ref name="WP spelling MOS 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104005104/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling |archive-date=January 4, 2021 |access-date=November 6, 2023 |website=Wikipedia}}</ref> kgotsa matlhakore. <ref name="WP countering bias 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104005153/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias |archive-date=January 4, 2021 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=Wikipedia}}</ref> Le fa dikgatiso tse di farologaneng tsa dipuo di tshegetswa ka melao ya lefatshe lotlhe jaaka " pono e e sa tseyeng letlhakore ", di farologana mo dintlheng dingwe tsa melao le tiriso, segolobogolo mo go reng a ditshwantsho tse di sa newang teseletso ka kgololesego di ka dirisiwa ka maikaelelo a tiriso e e siameng . <ref name="WP meta fair use 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Non-free content |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Non-free_content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116024114/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Non-free_content |archive-date=January 16, 2023 |access-date=January 27, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> <ref name="IBM visual WP 1">{{Cite journal |last=Viégas |first=Fernanda B. |date=January 3, 2007 |title=The Visual Side of Wikipedia |url=https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/viegas_hicss_visual_wikipedia.pdf |journal=Visual Communication Lab, IBM Research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061024012919/https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/viegas_hicss_visual_wikipedia.pdf |archive-date=October 24, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2007}}</ref> Diteng tsa dikwalo tse di buang ka setlhogo se le sengwe di ka farologana thata magareng ga dipuo, go ikaegile ka gore bakwadi ba dirisa metswedi efe le mabaka a mangwe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fians |first=Guilherme |date=September 16, 2025 |title=Wikipedia: Editing the narrative |url=https://www.ciol.org.uk/wikipedia-editing-narrative |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250924020710/https://www.ciol.org.uk/wikipedia-editing-narrative |archive-date=September 24, 2025 |access-date=September 27, 2025 |publisher=[[Chartered Institute of Linguists]]}}</ref> Jimmy Wales o tlhalositse Wikipedia jaaka "maiteko a go tlhama le go anamisa ensaetlolopedia ya mahala ya boleng jo bo kwa godimo jo kgonegang mo mothong mongwe le mongwe mo lefatsheng ka puo ya gagwe". Le fa kgatiso nngwe le nngwe ya puo e dira e ikemetse ilka nosi, go dirwa maiteko mangwe a go di okamela tsotlhe. Di golagantswe ka bontlhabongwe ke Meta-Wiki, le wiki ya Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia e e neetsweng go tlhokomela mananeo otlhe a yone (Wikipedia le a mangwe). <ref name="WP metawiki maintenance 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Meta-Wiki |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714061722/https://meta.wikimedia.org/ |archive-date=July 14, 2013 |access-date=March 24, 2009 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Sekai, Meta-Wiki e fa dipalopalo tse di botlhokwa mo dikgatisong tsotlhe tsa puo tsa Wikipedia, <ref name="WP meta stats 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Meta-Wiki Statistics |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Statistics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080326192946/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Statistics |archive-date=March 26, 2008 |access-date=March 24, 2008 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> gape e tlhokomela lenaneo la dikwalo tse Wikipedia nngwe le nngwe e tshwanetseng go nna le tsone. <ref name="WP meta articles on all sites 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=List of articles every Wikipedia should have |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_articles_every_Wikipedia_should_have |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321020418/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_articles_every_Wikipedia_should_have |archive-date=March 21, 2008 |access-date=March 24, 2008 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Lenaneo le le amana le diteng tsa kwa tshimologong tsa dithuto: bayokerafi, ditso, dithuto tsa dipopego tsa lefatshe, tsa setšhaba, setso, maranyane, mafaratlhatlha, le dipalo. <ref name="WP meta articles on all sites 1" group="W" /> Ga go thona gore dikwalo tse di amanang thata le puo e e rileng di se ka tsa nna le tse di tshwanang le tsone mo kgatisong e nngwe. Sekai, dikwalo tse di buang ka ditoropo tse dinnye kwa United States di ka nna tsa nna teng fela ka Sekgoa, le fa di fitlhelela ditlhokego tse di kgethegileng tsa mananeo a Wikipedia tsa dipuo tse dingwe. [[File:User_-_demography.svg|thumb|Palo kakanyetso ya botsaakarolo go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di farologaneng mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka bophara go ya kwa dikgatisong tse di farologaneng tsa Wikipedia <ref name="PLoS One 2012" />]] Dikwalo tse di ranotsweng di emela fela karolo e nnye ya dikwalo mo dikgatisong di le dintsi, ka gore dikgatiso tseo ga di letlelele gore dikwalo di ranolwe ka botlalo mo go itirisang (automated). Dikwalo tse di leng teng ka dipuo tse di fetang bongwe di ka fa "dikgokagano tsa interwiki", tse di golaganyang le dikwalo tse di tshwanang le tsone mo dikgatisong tse dingwe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Massa |first=Paolo |last2=Scrinzi |first2=Federico |date=January 4, 2013 |title=Manypedia: Comparing language points of view of Wikipedia communities |journal=[[First Monday (journal)|First Monday]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |doi=10.5210/fm.v18i1.3939 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Manual:Interwiki |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Interwiki |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203112631/https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Interwiki |archive-date=December 3, 2010 |access-date=January 27, 2023 |website=MediaWiki |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Thuto-patlisiso e e gatisitsweng ke ''PLOS One'' ka 2012 le yone e ne ya nna le palo kakanyetso ya dikarolo tsa go nna le seabe mo dikgatisong tse di farologaneng tsa Wikipedia go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di farologaneng tsa lefatshe. E ne ya bega gore selekanyo sa diphetogo tse di dirilweng go tswa kwa Amerika Bokone e ne e le masome a le matlhano le bongwe mo lekgolong (51%) mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, le masome a le mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong (25%) mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e e motlhofo . <ref name="PLoS One 2012">{{Cite journal |last=Yasseri |first=Taha |last2=Sumi |first2=Robert |last3=Kertész |first3=János |author-link3=János Kertész |date=January 17, 2012 |title=Circadian Patterns of Wikipedia Editorial Activity: A Demographic Analysis |journal=[[PLOS One]] |volume=7 |issue=1 |arxiv=1109.1746 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...730091Y |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0030091 |pmc=3260192 |pmid=22272279 |doi-access=free |article-number=e30091}}</ref> === Dipalo tsa bakwadi ba Wikipedia ya Sekgoa === Ka Mopitlo a rogwa, 2014, ''The Economist'', mo lekwalong la setlhogo sa "Isago ya Wikipedia", e ne ya umaka tshekatsheko e e amanang le tshedimosetso e e gatisitsweng ke Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia e e bolelang gore "palo ya bakwadi ba mofuta wa puo ya Sekgoa e wetse tlase ka nngwetharong mo dingwageng di le bosupa." <ref name="economist1">{{Cite news|date=March 1, 2014|title=The future of Wikipedia: WikiPeaks?|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21597959-popular-online-encyclopedia-must-work-out-what-next-wikipeaks|access-date=March 11, 2014}}</ref> Seelo sa go tlhokafala ga bakwadi ba ba tlhaga mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa se ne sa umakiwa ke ''The Economist'' jaaka se se farologaneng thata le dipalopalo tsa Wikipedia e e mo dipuong tse dingwe (Wikipedia e e seng ya Sekgoa). ''The Economist'' e ne ya bega gore palo ya ba na le seabe ba ba nang le palogare ya diphetogo di le tlhano kgotsa go feta ka kgwedi e ne e eme golo go le gongwe fa e sale ka 2008 mo Wikipedia ya dipuo tse dingwe, e le bakwadi ba ka nna dikete di masome a mane le bobedi (42 000) mo gare ga dipharologano tse e seng tsa sepe tsa dipaka tsa bakwadi ba ka nna dikete di le pedi go ya kwa godimo kgotsa kwa tlase. Palo ya bakwadi ba ba tlhaga mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, fa e bapisiwa mo go tsepameng, e ne ya umakiwa e le kwa setlhoeng ka 2007 e tsamaela dikete di le masome a matlhano (50,000) mme ya wela kwa tlase go nna dikete di le masome a mararo (30,000) kwa tshimologong ya 2014. <ref name="economist1" /> Go farologana le seo, tshekatsheko ya Wikipedia ka dipuo tse dingwe (Wikipedia e e seng ya Sekgoa) e supa katlego mo go tshwareng bakwadi ba ba tlhaga ka tsela e e kgonang go ntšhwafadiwa le e e tswelelang, ka dipalo tsa bone di nna di sa fetoge di nna fela fa diketeng di le masome mane le bobedi. Ga gona kakgelo epe e e dirilweng mabapi le maemo a a farologaneng a melao ya bokwadi mo Wikipedia ka dipuo tse dingwe (Wikipedia e e seng ya Sekgoa) e ka ntshang tsela e nngwe e e kgonegang mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa go tokafatsa sentle dielo tsa go tlhokafala ga bakwadi mo Wikipedia ya puo ya Sekgoa. <ref name="economist1"/> == Kamogelo == <sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&action=edit &#x5B; tlhabolola &#x5D;]</sup> [[Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014]] [[Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements]] <ref name="Jemielniak"/> Ba ba neng ba e sekaseka ba boletse gore Wikipedia e bontsha go tsaya letlhakore ka tsela e e sa siamang .Ka 2010, mokwadi wa ditlhogo le mmegadikgang Edwin Black o ne a tlhalosa Wikipedia e le motswako wa "boammaaruri, bonnete jo bo sa felelang, le maaka mangwe". <ref name="EdwinBlack">{{Cite news|first=Edwin|last=Black|author-link=Edwin Black|date=April 19, 2010|work=[[History News Network]]|publisher=[[Columbian College of Arts and Sciences]]|title=Wikipedia – The Dumbing Down of World Knowledge|url=https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/125437|access-date=October 21, 2014}}</ref> Metswedi e le mmalwa ya dikgang le baitseanape ba beile Wikipedia molato wa go tsaya letlhakore mo megopolong . Motlhami-mmogo wa Wikipedia Larry Sanger, yo o tlogetseng Wikipedia ka 2002 go tlhoma diwebosaete tse di gaisanang, o boletse gore Wikipedia e fetogile "maaka" e phatlalatsa dikgang tsa molema mo sepolotiking mme a tlhagisa gore lefelo le (Wikipedia) ga le sa tlhole le ikanyega.Ka 2022, molwela-kgololesego John Stossel o ne a ntsha mogopolo wa gore Wikipedia, lenaneo le a neng a le tshegetsa ka madi nako nngwe, go ne go lebega le fetogile thata mo tsamaong ya nako mo go tseyeng letlhakore la molema, segolobogolo mo dikgannyeng tsa sepolotiki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2022 |title=Wikipedia Bias |url=https://www.johnstossel.com/wikipedia-bias/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209214140/https://www.johnstossel.com/wikipedia-bias/ |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |access-date=January 29, 2023 |website=StosselTV}}</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, beke e le nngwe morago ga go kobiwa ga ga Vibber, WMF e ne ya koba babereki ba le barataro fa e ntse e tswala [[Wikimedia Foundation|setlhopha sa yone sa Community Tech]], mme se sa gakatsa maiteko a go ithola marapo ga bakwadi le go feta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Greis |first=Friedhelm |date=28 May 2026 |title=Nach Entlassung von Entwicklern: Wikipedia-Autoren drohen mit Streik |trans-title=After dismissal of developers Wikipedia writers threaten strike |url=https://www.golem.de/news/nach-entlassung-von-entwicklern-wikipedia-autoren-drohen-mit-streik-2605-209132.html |url-status=live |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Golem.de |language=de}}</ref> Baokamedi ba WMF ba ne ba bolela gore babereki ba Community Tech ba ka dira dikopo tsa maemo a a farologaneng mo mokgatlhong, le gore thulaganyo ya lenaneo la dikeletso e tla rulaganngwa sesha, gape gore WMF e tla amogela lekgotlana le le bonang tshegetso e bontsi go tswa mo babereking. Ba bangwe ba ne ba tshwaya diphoso ka tsela e e tshwanang. <ref name="Orlowski2005">{{Cite news|last=Orlowski|first=Andrew|date=December 16, 2005|title=Wikipedia science 31% more cronky than Britannica's Excellent for Klingon science, though|url=https://www.theregister.com/2005/12/16/wikipedia_britannica_science_comparison/|access-date=February 25, 2019}}</ref> Moitseanape wa tsa Itsholelo Tyler Cowen o ne a kwala jaana: "Fa ke ne ke ka tshwanelwa ke go akanyetsa gore a Wikipedia kgotsa setlhogo sa lekwalodikgang se se buang ka itsholelo se ka tswa se le boammaaruri morago ga go akanya ka lobaka lo loleele, ke ne ke tla tlhopha Wikipedia." O akgela ka gore metswedi mengwe ya setso ya dibuka tse e seng tsa dipolelo di na le go tlhoka tekatekano ga thulaganyo, mme maduo a padi tse, go ya ka kakanyo ya gagwe, di begwa go feta selekanyo mo dikwalong tsa dibukana tsa ditshwantsho mmogo le tshedimosetso e botlhokwa e e sa feleletsweng mo dipegong tsa dikgang. Amy Bruckman o nganga gore, ka ntlha ya palo ya basekaseki, "diteng tsa tsebe e e tlwaelesegileng ya Wikipedia tota ke mofuta o o ikanyegang go gaisa wa tshedimosetso o o kileng wa tlhamiwa". <ref name="PC 2021">{{Cite news|last=Stuart|first=S.C.|title=Wikipedia: The Most Reliable Source on the Internet?|url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/wikipedia-the-most-reliable-source-on-the-internet}}</ref> Ka Lwetse 2022, mmegadikgang wa ''The Sydney Morning Herald'' e bong Liam Mannix o ne a bolela gore: "Ga go na lebaka la go solofela gore Wikipedia e nnete .&nbsp;... Mme le fa go ntse jalo e nnete [go ntse jalo]." Batshwayadiphoso ba bolela gore go bo Wikipedia e bulegile le go tlhoka metswedi e e siameng ya bontsi jwa tshedimosetso/kitso go dira gore e se ka ya ikanyega. <ref name="TNY reliability issues 1">{{Cite news|last=Schiff|first=Stacy|author-link=Stacy Schiff|date=July 23, 2006|title=Know It All|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/07/31/know-it-all|access-date=January 29, 2023}}</ref> Go tsibogela kgang ya bakwadi ba ba duelwang go bua ka dikgang dingwe le dikgang tsa go bokwadi tse di sa senolwang, Wikipedia e ne ya bega mo lekwalong mo ''The Wall Street Journal'' gore e ne ya nonotsha melao ya yone kgatlhanong le go kwalwa/tlaleletsa mo go sa senolwang. <ref name="Elder-2014">{{Cite news|date=June 16, 2014|title=Wikipedia Strengthens Rules Against Undisclosed Editing|magazine=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-35861|access-date=January 29, 2023}}</ref> Wales o gatelela gore diensaetlolopedia tsa mofuta ope fela gantsi ga di a tshwanela go dirisiwa jaaka metswedi e e ka umakiwang, mme ga go a tshwanela go ikaegiwa ka tsone. Setlhopha sa tekeletso se ne sa laelwa go ithuta pele ga ba tla mo ntlwaneng ya borutelo le go bona ditshwaelo ka bonako pele ga ba tsena (mofuta wa ntlwana ya borutelo e e fetotsweng), fa setlhopha sa taolo se ne sa newa ditaelo tse di tlhamaletseng mo ntlwaneng ya borutelo (mofuta o o tlwaelegileng wa mo ntlwaneng ya borutelo). Morago ga moo ditlhopha tse di ne tsa laelwa go dirisana mmogo go tlhama dikwalo tsa Wikipedia, tse di neng di tla bewa matshwao go ya ka boleng morago ga dithutopatlisiso. Ka Mopitlo a le malatsi a le matlhano, 2014, Julie Beck, fa a ne a kwalela bukana ya ditshwantsho ya ''The Atlantic'' mo lekwalong le le bidiwang "Motswedi wa #1 wa Dingaka wa Tshedimosetso ya Tlhokomelo le Botsogo: Wikipedia", o ne a bolela gore "sephatlo mo lekgolong sa dingaka di batla tlhaloso ya malwetsi mo saeteng ya (Wikipedia), mme bangwe ba kwala dikwalo tse ka bobone go tokafatsa boleng jwa tshedimosetso e e leng teng." Mo lekwalong le le latelang mo ''The Atlantic'' la Motsheganong a le malatsi a bosupa, ka ngwaga wa 2014, setlhogo se ne se re "A Wikipedia e ka Tsamaya e Nna Mokwalo o o Tlhomameng wa Kalafi?", Julie Beck o ne a nopola mafoko a ga James Heilman wa WikiProject Medicine a re: "Gore fela dikgokedi tsa kitso di sekasekilwe ke balekane ga go reye gore ke tsa boleng jo bo kwa godimo." Beck o ne a oketsa a re: "Wikipedia e na le thulaganyo ya yone ya go sekaseka ga balekane pele ga dikwalo di ka tlhaolwa jaaka tse di 'siameng' kgotsa tse di 'tlhagisiwang'. Heilman, yo o kileng a nna le seabe mo thulaganyong eo pele, a re kwa tlase ga 'bongwe mo lekgolong' jwa dikwalo tsa kalafi tsa Wikipedia di ne tsa atlega." <ref name="theatlantic.com" /> === Go akaretsa ditlhogo le go tsaya letlhakore === Wikipedia e batla go tlhama tshoboko ya kitso yotlhe ya batho ka sebopego sa ensaetlolopedia ya mo inthaneteng, ka setlhogo sengwe le sengwe se akareditswe ka ensaetlolipedia mo lekwalong le le lengwe. E re ka e na le di-terabyte tsa mafelo a go baya mo disiking, e ka nna le ditlhogo tse dintsi thata go feta tse di ka akarediwang ke ensaetlolopedia epe e e gatisitsweng . Selekanyo se se tlhomameng le mokgwa wa go akaretsa ditlhogo mo Wikipedia o nna o sekasekwa ke bakwadii ba yone, mme go sa dumalane ga go tlwaelesega (bona go phimola le go akaretsa ). <ref name="Economist disagreements not uncommon">{{Cite news|date=March 6, 2008|title=The battle for Wikipedia's soul|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/printedition/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10789354|access-date=March 7, 2008|issn=0013-0613}}</ref> <ref name="telegraph WP torn apart 1">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia: an online encyclopedia torn apart|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=November 10, 2007|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/3354752/Wikipedia-an-online-encyclopedia-torn-apart.html|access-date=November 23, 2010}}</ref> Wikipedia e na le dilo tse batho bangwe ba ka nnang ba di fitlhela di sa amogelesege, di kgopisa kgotsa di na le ditshwantsho tse di fatlhang tsa tlhakanelo dikobo. Molao wa gore "Wikipedia ga e bipe" ka dinako tse dingwe e itshupile e tsosa dikganetsano: ka 2008, Wikipedia e ne ya gana boikuelo jwa mo inthaneteng kgatlhanong le go akarediwa ga ditshwantsho tsa ga Muhammad mo kgatisong ya Sekgoa ya lekwalo la yone la ga Muhammad, go nopotswe molao o. <ref>{{Cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130231600/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/05/books/05wiki.html|date=February 5, 2008|title=Wikipedia Islam Entry Is Criticized|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/05/books/05wiki.html|access-date=January 30, 2023|issn=0362-4331|archivedate=January 30, 2023}}</ref> Go nna teng ga ditshwantsho tse di fatlhang tsa tlhakanelo dikobo, ga mmogo le dilo tse di masisi tsa sepolotiki le bodumedi mo Wikipedia go dirile gore di bipiwe ke balaodi ba bosetšhaba kwa China le Pakistan, gareng ga mafatshe a mangwe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moon |first=Mariella |date=March 12, 2022 |title=Prominent editor of Russian Wikipedia pages detained in Belarus |url=https://www.yahoo.com/now/mark-bernstein-russian-wikipedia-pages-detained-in-belarus-104102452.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313173559/https://www.yahoo.com/now/mark-bernstein-russian-wikipedia-pages-detained-in-belarus-104102452.html |archive-date=March 13, 2022 |access-date=January 30, 2023 |website=[[Yahoo! Inc. (2017–present)|Yahoo!]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Arthur |first=Charles |date=December 8, 2008 |title=Wikipedia row escalates as internet watchdog considers censoring Amazon US over Scorpions image |url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/dec/08/amazon-internet-censorship-iwf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/dec/08/amazon-internet-censorship-iwf |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=January 30, 2023 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Ka thulaganyo ya yone ya "Wikipedia e Rata Metlobo ya dibuka", Wikipedia e dirisane mmogo le metlobo ya dibuka e metona ya setšhaba di tshwana le Motlobo wa dibuka wa Setšhaba wa New York wa dithuto tsa bodiragatsi go atolosa go akaretsa ga yone ditlhogo le dikwalo tse di sa emelwang sentle. <ref name="NYT subjects and articles">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/21/theater/editing-wikipedia-at-the-new-york-public-library-for-the-performing-arts.html|title=Wikipedia's Deep Dive Into a Library Collection|last=Petrusich|first=Amanda|work=The New York Times|date=October 20, 2011|access-date=October 28, 2011}}</ref> Patlisiso nngwe ya 2011 e e dirilweng ke babatlisisi kwa Sekolo sa dithuto tse di kgolwane sa Minnesota e bontshitse gore bakwadi ba banna le ba basadi ba remelela mo dikgannyeng tse di farologaneng tsa bokwadi. Go ne go na le basadi ba le bantsi mo setlhopheng sa "batho le dithuto ysa bodiragatsi", fa banna ba ne ba remelela thata mo tsa "lefatshe le maranyane". Mokwadi mongwe wa ''The Guardian'' ka 2014 o ne a bolela gore go dirilwe maiteko a mantsi go tlamela ka dikgokedi tsa kitso tsa lenaneo la badiragatsi ba basadi ba ditshwantsho tsa tlhakanelo dikobo go na le lenaneo la bakwadi ba basadi . <ref name="GuardianAugust2014">{{Cite news|date=August 7, 2018|title=The Guardian view on Wikipedia: evolving truth|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/aug/07/guardian-view-wikipedia-evolving-truth|access-date=January 31, 2023}}</ref> ==== Go tsaya letlhakore ga thulaganyo ==== Melao ya Wikipedia e ka nna ya lekanyetsa "bokgoni jwa yone jwa go emela kitso ya lefatshe lotlhe ka boammaaruri". Ka sekai, Wikipedia e tsaya fela metswedi e e gatisitsweng e le e e ka ikanngwang. Kitso ya molomo ya ditso tsa Setso ga se ka metlha e bonalang mo dikgatisong. Ditlhogo tse di kgaphetsweng kwa thoko le tsone di ka tlhoka go akarediwa thata mo metsweding e e ikanyegang. Ka jalo diteng tsa Wikipedia di lekanyeditswe ka ntlha ya go tlhoka tekatekano mo go tona ga thulaganyo. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=37, 38, 47}} Dithuto tsa thuto tsa Wikipedia di bontshitse gore palogare ya motsaakarolo mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa ke monna yo mosweu wa Lekgoa yo o rutegileng, yo o nang le tshekamelo ya gore ke lekgoa la monna, wa dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano go ya kwa go di masome a mane le boferabongwe (15–49), go tswa kwa lefatsheng le le tlhabologileng, le bontsi jwa yone e leng la Bokeresete. <ref name="Livingstone2010">{{Cite journal |last=Livingstone |first=Randall M. |date=November 23, 2010 |title=Let's Leave the Bias to the Mainstream Media: A Wikipedia Community Fighting for Information Neutrality |url=https://www.journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/315 |url-status=live |journal=M/C Journal |volume=13 |issue=6 |doi=10.5204/mcj.315 |issn=1441-2616 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121135911/https://www.journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/315 |archive-date=November 21, 2022 |access-date=November 23, 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ntlha ya pono e e tsamaelanang (POV) e emetswe go feta selekanyo. <ref name="Hube2017">{{Cite book |last=Hube |first=Christoph |date=April 3, 2017 |title=Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion |publisher=International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee |isbn=978-1-4503-4914-7 |location=Republic and Canton of Geneva, CHE |pages=717–721 |chapter=Bias in Wikipedia |doi=10.1145/3041021.3053375 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3041021.3053375}}</ref> <ref name="Bjork-James-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Bjork-James |first=Carwil |date=July 3, 2021 |title=New maps for an inclusive Wikipedia: decolonial scholarship and strategies to counter systemic bias |journal=New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=207–228 |bibcode=2021NRvHM..27..207B |doi=10.1080/13614568.2020.1865463 |s2cid=234286415}}</ref> Go tlhoka tekatekano mo ga dipalopalo tsa bakwadi go felela go baka gore go nne le go tlhoka tekatekano mo setsong, mo go tseyeng letlhakore mo go tsa bong, le mo Wikipedia . <ref name="Ackerly-2022">{{Cite journal |last=Ackerly |first=Brooke A. |last2=Michelitch |first2=Kristin |date=2022 |title=Wikipedia and Political Science: Addressing Systematic Biases with Student Initiatives |journal=PS: Political Science & Politics |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=429–433 |doi=10.1017/S1049096521001463 |s2cid=247795102 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Beytía |first=Pablo |date=April 20, 2020 |title=Companion Proceedings of the Web Conference 2020 |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |isbn=978-1-4503-7024-0 |series=WWW '20 |location=New York |pages=806–810 |chapter=The Positioning Matters |doi=10.1145/3366424.3383569 |access-date=May 8, 2023 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3366424.3383569 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132221/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3366424.3383569 |archive-date=April 28, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Go na le mefuta e mebedi e e anameng ya go tsaya letlhakore, e e ''sa tlhamalalang'' (fa setlhogo se tlogetswe) le ''e e tlhamaletseng'' (fa POV e e rileng e emetswe go feta selekanyo mo lekwalong kgotsa ke dikgokedi tsa kitso). <ref name="Hube2017" /> Ditshekatsheko tsa barutegi tsa dikwalo tsa Wikipedia di fitlhetse gore le fa dikwalo di nna di le nnete bile di se na tshedimosetso e e fapogileng, ga di a felela e bile ga di tlhagise dipono tsotlhe ka tsela e e sa tseyeng letlhakore . <ref name="Ackerly-2022"/> Ka 2011, Wales o ne a bolela gore go sa lekalekane ga kakaretso ya ditlhogo ke sesupo sa palo ya bakwadi, a nopola ka sekai "dibuka tsa botshelo tsa basadi ba ba tumileng mo ditsong le dintlha tse di amanang le tlhokomelo ya bana ba ba sa ntseng ba le bannye". <ref name="wiki-women"/> Padi ya Phalane a le malatsi a masome a mabedi, 2013, e e kwadilweng ke Tom Simonite mo ''Tlhatlhobong ya Maranyane'' ya MIT ya setlhogo se se reng " Go wela tlase ga Wikipedia " e ne ya bua ka ditlamorago tsa go tsaya letlhakore ga thulaganyo le go fokotsega ga melawana mo [[Wikipedia|go fokotsegeng ga palo ya bakwadi]] . <ref name="Simonite-2013"/> Patlisiso e e dirilweng ke Mark Graham wa Lefelo la Inthanete la Oxford ka 2009 e bontshitse gore go anamisiwa ga ditlhogo tsa dikwalo go ya ka mafelo ga go lekalekane thata, mme Aforika ke yone e e sa emelwang sentle. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=Mark |date=November 12, 2009 |title=Mapping the Geographies of Wikipedia Content |url=https://zerogeography.net/post/144973716228/mapping-the-geographies-of-wikipedia-content |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002051150/https://zerogeography.net/post/144973716228/mapping-the-geographies-of-wikipedia-content |archive-date=October 2, 2016 |website=Zerogeography}}</ref> Mo dikgatisong di le masome a mararo tsa dipuo tsa Wikipedia, dikwalo le dikarolo tsa ditso ka kakaretso di ikaegile ka Yuropa mme di remeletse mo ditiragalong tsa bosheng. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Strohmaier |first=Markus |date=March 6, 2017 |title=Multilingual historical narratives on Wikipedia |url=https://search.gesis.org/research_data/SDN-10.7802-1411?doi=10.7802/1411 |publisher=[[GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences]] |chapter=KAT50 Society, Culture |doi=10.7802/1411 |quote=Wikipedia narratives about national histories (i) are skewed towards more recent events (recency bias) and (ii) are distributed unevenly across the continents with significant focus on the history of European countries (Eurocentric bias). |access-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131023846/https://search.gesis.org/research_data/SDN-10.7802-1411?doi=10.7802/1411 |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Diteng tse di masisi === Wikipedia e ile ya kgalwa ka ntlha ya go letlelela tshedimosetso ka ga diteng tse di botlha thata. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Maxton|first=Richard|date=September 9, 2008|title=Wikipedia attacked over porn pages|journal=Macquarie Network|url=http://livenews.com.au/Articles/2008/09/09/Wikipedia_attacked_over_porn_pages}}</ref> Ditlhogo tse di bontshang se batshwayadiphoso bangwe ba se biditseng diteng tse di sa siamang (tse di tshwanang le boloko jwa setho, setopo, serwe sa bonna sa motho, molomo wa serwe sa bosadi, le go nna maponapona) di na le ditshwantsho tse di botlha le tshedimosetso e e feletseng e e ka bonwang motlhofo ke mongwe le mongwe yo o nang le inthanete, go akaretsa le bana. Lefelo le gape le akaretsa diteng tsa tlhakanelodikobo tse di tshwanang le ditshwantsho le ditshwantsho tsa motshikinyego tsa go itshwaratshwara dirwe tsa tlhakanelodikobo le go rota, ditshwantsho tsa zoophilia, le dinepe tsa difilimi tsa tlhakanelodikobo mo dikwalong tsa lone. Gape le na le dinepe tse e seng tsa thobalano tsa bana ba ba sa aparang . Setlhogo sa Wikipedia se se buang ka ''Virgin Killer'' —alebamo ya 1976 ya setlhopha sa mmino wa rock sa Jeremane sa Scorpions —se na le setshwantsho sa khabara ya ntlhantlha ya alebamo eno, se se bontshang mosetsana yo o sa aparang sepe yo o sa ntseng a gola . Khabara ya ntlhantlha e e neng ya gololwa e ne ya baka dikganetsano mme ga bewa e sele mo mafatsheng a mangwe. Ka Sedimonthole 2008, go kgona go bona lekwaloa Wikipedia ''ya Virgin Killer'' go ne ga thibelwa malatsi a le mane ke bontsi jwa batlamedi ba ditirelo tsa Inthanete kwa United Kingdom morago ga gore Mokgatlho wa Internet Watch (IWF) o dire tshwetso ya gore khabara ya alebamo e ne e le setshwantsho se se sa siamang se se seng kafa molaong mme wa tsenya URL ya lekwalo le mo "lenaneong la dikwalo tse di tlositsweng" la tlamela ba ditirelo tsa inthanete kwa Borithane ka lone. <ref name="Register ISP censorship">{{Cite news|title=Brit ISPs censor Wikipedia over 'child porn' album cover|first=Cade|last=Metz|newspaper=[[The Register]]|date=December 7, 2008|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/12/07/brit_isps_censor_wikipedia|access-date=May 10, 2009}}</ref> Ka Moranang 2010, Sanger o ne a kwalela Biro ya Dipatlisiso ya Bosetšhaba lekwalo, a tlhalosa matshwenyego a gagwe a gore ditlhopha tse pedi tsa ditshwantsho tse di mo Wikimedia Commons di ne di na le ditshwantsho tsa thobalano tsa bana, mme di ne di tlola molao wa puso wa Amerika wa ditshwantsho tse di leswe . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/wikipedia-rejects-child-porn-accusation-20100428-tsvh|title=Wikipedia rejects child porn accusation|date=April 29, 2010|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=May 14, 2017}}</ref> <ref name="Inquirer child abuse allegations">{{Cite news|date=April 29, 2010|title=Wikipedia denies child abuse allegations: Co-founder grassed the outfit to the FBI|work=The Inquirer|url=https://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1603521/wikipedia-denies-child-abuse-allegations|access-date=October 9, 2010|archivedate=May 1, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501174521/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1603521/wikipedia-denies-child-abuse-allegations}}</ref> Moragonyana Sanger o ne a tlhalosa gore ditshwantsho tse, tse di neng di amana le go tlhakanela dikobo le bana le tse dingwe tse di neng di amana le go tlhakanela dikobo le bana, e ne e se tsa bana ba mmatota, mme o ne a re e ne e le " ditshwantsho tse di leswe tsa go sotlaka bana ka thobalano ", ka fa tlase ga Molao wa PROTECT wa 2003 . Molao oo o thibela ditshwantsho tsa thobalano tsa bana le dinepe tsa dipopae le ditshwantsho tsa bana tse di fatlhang go ya ka molao wa Amerika . Sanger o ne a tlhagisa gape matshwenyego a gagwe ka go kgona go bona ditshwantsho tse di mo Wikipedia tse kwa dikolong. <ref name="TET child porn accusations">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia blasts co-founder's accusations of child porn on website|date=April 29, 2010|journal=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infotech/internet/Wikipedia-blasts-co-founders-accusations-of-child-porn-on-website/articleshow/5871943.cms|access-date=April 29, 2010}}</ref> Mmueledi wa [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] Jay Walsh o ile a gana kgang ya ga Sanger ka maatla, a re Wikipedia e ne e se na "dilo tse di ka bonwang di se ka fa molaong. Fa re ne re na le tsone, re ne re tla di tlosa." Morago ga ngongorego ya ga Sanger, Wales elne ya phimola ditshwantsho tsa tlhakanelodikobo kwa ntle ga go buisana le morafe wa badirisi. Fa bakwadi ba baithaopi ba sena go nganga gore tshwetso e e dirilwe ka bonako, Wales o ne a ithaopela go tlogela dithata dingwe tse a neng a di tshwere jaaka karolo ya maemo a gagwe a go nna motlhami-mmogo. O ne a kwala mo molaetseng o o yang kwa lenaneong la go romela melaetsa la Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia gore kgato e ne e le "mo kgatlhegong ya go rotloetsa dipuisano ka ga dikgang tsa mmatota tsa filosofi/diteng, go na le go nna ka ga me le ka fa ke tsereng kgato ka bonako ka teng". <ref name="BBC News Wales cedes rights">{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/10104946.stm|title=Wikimedia pornography row deepens as Wales cedes rights|work=BBC News|date=May 10, 2010|access-date=May 19, 2010}}</ref> Batshwayadiphoso, ba akaretsa le Wikipediocracy, ba ne ba lemoga gore bontsi jwa ditshwantsho tse di fatlhang tse di phimotsweng mo Wikipedia fa e sale ka 2010 di tlhagile gape. <ref name="XBIZ">{{Cite news|date=September 17, 2013|title=Wikipedia Gives Porn a Break|work=XBIZ.com|url=https://newswire.xbiz.com/view.php?id=169017|access-date=November 10, 2013}}</ref> === Sephiri === Matshwenyego mangwe a sephiri mo kgannyeng ya Wikipedia a amana le tshwanelo ya motho ya go nna moagi yo o ikemetseng go na le go nna motho wa setšhaba mo matlhong a molao. <ref>{{Cite book |last=McStay |first=Andrew |date=2014 |title=Privacy and Philosophy: New Media and Affective Protocol |publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]] |isbn=978-1-4541-9163-6 |series=Digital Formation |volume=86 |doi=10.3726/978-1-4539-1336-9}}</ref>{{efn|See [https://web.archive.org/web/20101130081035/https://texaspress.com/index.php/publications/law-media/731-law-a-the-media-in-texas--libel-cases "Libel"] by David McHam for the legal distinction.}} Ke ntwa fa gare ga tshwanelo ya go sa itsiwe mo inthaneteng le tshwanelo ya go sa itsiwe mo botshelong jwa mmatota . Melao ya sephiri ya Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia e bolela gore, "re dumela gore ga o a tshwanela go tlhoka go tlamela ka tshedimosetso ya gore o mang gore o nne le seabe mo mokgatlhong wa kitso ya mahala", mme e bolela gore "tshedimosetso ya gago" e ka nna ya abelanwa "Ka mabaka a semolao", "Go Go Sireletsa, Rona le Ba bangwe", kgotsa "Go Tlhaloganya le go Lekeletsa". <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Privacy policy |url=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131204008/https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Ka Ferikgong 2006, kgotlatshekelo ya Jeremane e ne ya laela gore Wikipedia ya Jeremane e tswalwe mo teng ga Jeremane ka gonne e ne e bolela leina ka botlalo la ga Boris Floric, aka "Tron", yo o neng a tlhasela mo maranyaneng yo o tlhokafetseng. Ka Tlhakole a le malatsi a le boferabongwe, ngwaga wa 2006, taelo e e neng e le kgatlhanong le Wikimedia Deutschland e ne ya menolwa, mme kgotlatshekelo ya gana kgopolo ya gore tshwanelo ya ga Tron ya go nna le sephiri kgotsa ya batsadi ba gagwe e ne e gatakiwa. <ref name="heise Tron public issue 1">{{Cite news|last1=Kleinz|first1=Torsten|title=Gericht weist einstweilige Verfügung gegen Wikimedia Deutschland ab [Update]|url=https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Gericht-weist-einstweilige-Verfuegung-gegen-Wikimedia-Deutschland-ab-Update-173587.html|work=Heise Online|publisher=[[Heinz Heise]]|date=September 2, 2006|language=de}}</ref> Wikipedia e na le " " se se dirisang Znuny, e leng lefelo la sofotewere ya mahala ya motswedi o o bulegileng sa OTRS <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Volunteer Response Team |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_Response_Team |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202072211/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_response_team |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> go emelana le dipotso ntle le tlhoka go senola maina a batho ba ba amegang. Se se dirisiwa, ka sekai, mo go netefatseng tetla ya go dirisa ditshwantsho le metswedi e mengwe ya dikgang mo lenaneong. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=OTRS – A flexible Help Desk and IT-Service Management Software |url=https://www.otrs.com/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030215341/https://www.otrs.com/en/ |archive-date=October 30, 2013 |access-date=June 9, 2012 |website=Open Technology Real Services |publisher=OTRS.com}}</ref> Mo bokhutlong jwa Moranang 2023, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o itsisitse gore Wikipedia ga e kitla e ineela mo ditlhomamisong dipe tsa dingwaga tse di ka tlhokwang ke molao wa UK wa Molao wa Pabalesego ya Inthanete . Rebecca MacKinnon wa Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o ne a bolela gore go tlholwa mo go ntseng jalo go tlaa lhulana le boineelo jwa webosaete jwa go kokoanya tshedimosetso e nnye ka batho ba ba tsenyang letsogo le babadi ba yone. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65388255|title=Wikipedia will not perform Online Safety Bill age checks|work=BBC|date=April 28, 2023|access-date=May 1, 2023}}</ref> === Kgethololo ya bong === Wikipedia e ne ya tlhalosiwa ka 2015 e le lefelo le e nang le setso sa ntwa sa [[Go Tlhaola Batho ka Bong|go tlhaola batho ka bong]] le go tshwenya . <ref name="Paling">{{Cite web |last=Paling |first=Emma |date=October 21, 2015 |title=Wikipedia's Hostility to Women |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/how-wikipedia-is-hostile-to-women/411619/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231105811/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/how-wikipedia-is-hostile-to-women/411619/ |archive-date=December 31, 2022 |access-date=October 24, 2015 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Auerbach |first=David |date=December 11, 2014 |title=Encyclopedia Frown |url=https://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2014/12/wikipedia_editing_disputes_the_crowdsourced_encyclopedia_has_become_a_rancorous.html |url-status=live |journal=Slate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023233133/http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2014/12/wikipedia_editing_disputes_the_crowdsourced_encyclopedia_has_become_a_rancorous.html |archive-date=October 23, 2015 |access-date=October 24, 2015}}</ref> Go lemogiwa ga tiriso ya puo e e sotlang gone ga buiwa fa e le lebaka le le neng la tlhagisiwa ka 2013 la go tlhoka tekatekano ya bong jwa bakwadi Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Murphy|first=Dan|date=August 1, 2013|title=In UK, rising chorus of outrage over online misogyny|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Security-Watch/Backchannels/2013/0801/In-UK-rising-chorus-of-outrage-over-online-misogyny|access-date=February 1, 2023}}</ref> Go nnile le di-Edit-a-thon go rotloetsa bakwadi ba basadi le go oketsa go akaretsa dikgang tsa basadi. <ref>{{Cite news|title=High Museum to host virtual Wikipedia edit-a-thon to boost entries about women|url=https://www.ajc.com/lifestyles/high-museum-host-virtual-wikipedia-edit-thon-boost-entries-about-women/TxxMEMGWHqFfaNMpV8y9DN/|access-date=October 24, 2020}}</ref> Ka Motsheganong 2018, mokwadi wa Wikipedia o ne a gana lekwalo le le neng le rometswe ka Donna Strickland ka ntlha ya go tlhoka go begwa mo metsweding ya dikgang. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Draft:Donna Strickland |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Donna_Strickland&oldid=842614385 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114656/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Donna_Strickland&oldid=842614385 |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> <ref name="Schlanger-2018">{{Cite web |last=Schlanger |first=Zoë |last2=Purtill |first2=Corinne |date=October 2, 2018 |title=Wikipedia rejected an entry on a Nobel Prize winner because she wasn't famous enough |url=https://qz.com/1410909/wikipedia-had-rejected-nobel-prize-winner-donna-strickland-because-she-wasnt-famous-enough/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025085329/https://qz.com/1410909/wikipedia-had-rejected-nobel-prize-winner-donna-strickland-because-she-wasnt-famous-enough/ |archive-date=October 25, 2018 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]}}</ref> Dikgwedi di le tlhano morago ga tiragalo e, Strickland o ne a gapa Seetsele sa Nobel mo dithutong tsa Maranyane gore o na "le ditlhamo tse di tona mo lephateng la Maranyane a laser", mme a nna mosadi wa boraro go amogela seetsele se. <ref name="Schlanger-2018" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2, 2018 |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/press-release/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002141926/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/press-release/ |archive-date=October 2, 2018 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=The Nobel Prize}}</ref> Pele ga a fenya seetsele se, Strickland o ne a umakiwa fela mo Wikipedia mo lekwalong le le neng le bua ka mmereki ka ene le mofenyi-mmogo wa seetsele e bong Gérard Mourou . <ref name="Schlanger-2018" /> Go kgaphelwa thoko ga gagwe mo Wikipedia go ne ga dira gore Wikipedia e bonwe molato wa go tlhaola batho ka bong, mme Corinne Purtill yo o neng a kwalela ''Quartz'' o ne a bolela gore "gape ke thuto e e tlhamaletseng ka dikotsi tsa go kgetholola ka bong mo metsweding ya dikgang, le ditlamorago tse di anameng tsa go sa emelwe sentle." <ref name="Purtill-2018">{{Cite web |last=Purtill |first=Corinne |date=October 3, 2018 |title=Sexism at Wikipedia feeds off the sexism in the media |url=https://qz.com/1412718/wikipedia-has-a-problem-with-sexism-so-does-the-media/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201022552/https://qz.com/1412718/wikipedia-has-a-problem-with-sexism-so-does-the-media |archive-date=February 1, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]}}</ref> Purtill o amanya kgang e le go tlhoka tekatekano ga bong mo go begeng ga bobegakgang. <ref name="Purtill-2018" /> Patlisiso e e tseneletseng ya 2008, e e gatisitsweng ka 2016, ke Julia B. Bear wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse di kgolwane tsa Kgwebo ya sa Stony Brook le Benjamin Collier wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse di kgolwane sa Carnegie Mellon ba fitlhetse dipharologano tse di tona tsa bong mo go tshepeng boitseanape, go sa phuthologa ga bakwadi, le go tsibogela ditshwaelo tse di botlhokwa. "Basadi ba begile gore ga ba tshepe boitseanape jwa bone, ba tlhagisitse go sa phuthologa mo go tona mo bokwading(se gantsi se akaretsang kgotlhang), mme ba begile maikutlo a a seng molemo thata mo ditshwaelong tse di botlhokwa fa ba bapisiwa le banna." <ref>{{Cite journal |date=January 4, 2016 |title=Where are the Women in Wikipedia ? – Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Wikipedia |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |url-status=live |journal=Sex Roles |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Science]] |volume=74 |issue=5–6 |pages=254–265 |doi=10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |s2cid=146452625 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027122538/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |archive-date=October 27, 2021 |access-date=June 27, 2021}}</ref> === ''Dikwalo tse di tseneletseng tse di boferabongwe '' === ''"Dithesis di le boferabongwe"'' di kaya mogopolo wa diphetogo o o gatisitsweng ke Larry Sanger ka Phalane 2025. ''Dithesis tse di boferabongwe'' tsa ga Sanger mo Wikipedia di tlhagisa lenaneo la tshekatsheko e e botlhokwa la diphetogo la Wikipedia. Mogopolo o ke karolo ya maiteko a gagwe a a anameng a go lebagana le se Sanger a se tsayang e le dikgang tsa thulaganyo mo teng ga Wikipedia, tse di akaretsang, go tsaya letlhakore ga megopolo, go tlhoka go nna mo pepeneneng mo maemong a bakwadi, le tsamaiso e e sa direng sentle ya go dira ditshwetso e e theilweng morago ga ditumalano. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-04 |title=Wikipedia Co-Founder Unveils Plan To Fix Website's Biased 'Engine of Defamation' |url=https://www.nysun.com/article/wikipedia-co-founder-unveils-plan-to-fix-websites-biased-engine-of-defamation |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=The New York Sun |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-11 |title=Nine Theses on Wikipedia |url=https://larrysanger.org/nine-theses/ |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=LarrySanger.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tsamaiso == === Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia le mekgatlho e e amanang le one === [[File:Sue_Gardner_during_her_presentation_at_Wikimania_2013.jpg|thumb|Sue Gardner, mookamedi mogolo wa ntlha, ka 2013 kwa Wikimania]] Wikipedia e tshwarwa le go tlamelwa ka madi ke [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]], e leng mokgatlho o o sa direng dipoelo gape o tsamaisang mananeo a a amanang le Wikipedia tse di tshwanang le Wiktionary le Dibuka tsa Wikipedia . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |date=May 30, 2018 |title=Wikimedia Projects |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/our-work/wikimedia-projects/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011065720/https://wikimediafoundation.org/our-work/wikimedia-projects/ |archive-date=October 11, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Mokgatlho o o ikaegile ka meneelo ya setšhaba le dithuso tsa madi go duelela ditiro tsa one. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Wikimedia's approach to coronavirus: Staffers can work 20 hours a week, get paid for full time|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/03/17/wikimedias-approach-coronavirus-staffers-can-work-20-hours-week-get-paid-full-time/|access-date=February 25, 2021|date=March 17, 2020}}</ref> <ref name="financialstatements" group="W">{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2022 |title=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. – Consolidated Financial Statements – June 30, 2022 and 2021 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/2/26/Wikimedia_Foundation_FY2021-2022_Audit_Report.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/2/26/Wikimedia_Foundation_FY2021-2022_Audit_Report.pdf |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2016 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Pampiri ya 990 ya Tirelo ya Lotseno ya 2020 e bontsha lotseno lwa $124,60.&nbsp;milione le ditshenyegelo tse e ka nnang tsa $112,200 &nbsp;milione, ka dithoto tse di ka nnang $1 200,20 milione le tse di duelelwang di ka nna $11&nbsp;milione. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Wikimedia Foundation 2020 Form 990 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/e/e4/Wikimedia_Foundation_2020_Form_990.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524102009/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/e/e4/Wikimedia_Foundation_2020_Form_990.pdf |archive-date=May 24, 2022 |access-date=October 14, 2014 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Ka Motsheganong 2014, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o ne wa bitsa Lila Tretikov jaaka Mookamedi-mogolo wa one wa bobedi wa khuduthamaga, a tsaya marapo a ga Sue Gardner. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2014 |title=Press releases/WMF announces new ED Lila Tretikov |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Press_releases/WMF_announces_new_ED_Lila_Tretikov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503035438/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Press_releases/WMF_announces_new_ED_Lila_Tretikov |archive-date=May 3, 2014 |access-date=June 14, 2014 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> ''The Wall Street Journal'' e ne ya bega ka Motsheganong a le bongwe, 2014, gore dikitso tsa ga Tretikov tsa maranyane, go tswa mo dingwageng tsa gagwe kwa Sekolong sa dithuto tse di kgolwane sa California di naya Wikipedia tshono ya go tlhabologa ka tsela e e tsepameng thata e e kaelwang ke polelo ya gagwe e e boelediwang gantsi ya gore, "Tshedimosetso, fela jaaka phefo, e tlhoka go nna mahala." <ref name="Jeff Elder 2014">{{Cite news|date=May 1, 2014|title=Wikipedia's New Chief: From Soviet Union to World's Sixth-Largest Site|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-34824|access-date=February 1, 2023}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114542/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/02/business/media/open-source-software-specialist-selected-as-executive-director-of-wikipedia.html?_r=0|date=May 1, 2014|title=Media: Open-Source Software Specialist Selected as Executive Director of Wikipedia|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/02/business/media/open-source-software-specialist-selected-as-executive-director-of-wikipedia.html?_r=0|access-date=February 1, 2023|archivedate=February 10, 2023}}</ref> Setlhogo sone se sa ''Wall Street Journal'' se ne sa bega ka dikaelo tse tsa tlhabololo go ya ka potsolotso le mmueledi Jay Walsh wa Wikimedia, yo o neng a " re Tretikov o tla rarabolola kgang eo ya ( go duela batho go go buelelela ) e le selo se se tlang pele. 'Tota re kgaratlhela go dira dilo mo pepeneneng .&nbsp;... Re gatelela gore go duela bakwadi go go buelelela ga go amogelesege.' Maiteko a go akaretsa batho ba ba farologaneng ba ba nang le seabe, tshegetso e e botoka ya dipuisano tsa Wikipedia, didirisiwa tse disha tsa lefatshe, go bona diteng tsa selegae bonolo, le didirisiwa tse dintsi tsa badirisi mo lefatsheng la bobedi le la boraro le tsone ke ditlapele", Walsh o ne a bolela jalo. <ref name="Jeff Elder 2014" /> Morago ga go tsamaya ga ga Tretikov mo Wikipedia ka ntlha ya mathata a a amanang le tiriso ya karolo ya "tshireletso e e feteletseng" e mefuta mengwe ya puo ya Wikipedia e e amogetseng, <ref group="W">{{Cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125043521/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2014-08-13/News_and_notes|date=August 13, 2014|title=Media Viewer controversy spreads to German Wikipedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2014-08-13/News_and_notes|access-date=February 1, 2023|archivedate=January 25, 2023}}</ref> Katherine Maher o ne a nna Mookamedi-mogolo wa boraro wa Mokgatlho wa Wikipedia ka Seetebosigo 2016. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Lorente |first=Patricio |date=March 16, 2016 |title=Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees welcomes Katherine Maher as interim Executive Director |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2016/03/16/board-welcomes-katherine-maher/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114634/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2016/03/16/board-welcomes-katherine-maher/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Maher o ne a bolela gore nngwe ya ditlapele tsa gagwe e tla nna kgang ya go tshwenngwa ga bakwadi e e tlwaelesegileng mo Wikipedia jaaka go supilwe ke lekgotlana la Wikipedia ka Sedimonthole. O boleletse ''Bloomberg Businessweek'' mabapi le kgang ya go tshwenngwa a re: "Go dira gore batho ba akanye gore se ke selo se se tlang pele mo morafeng wa badirisi.&nbsp;... [mme paakanyo eo e tlhoka gore] e tshwanetse go nna go feta go bua fela." <ref name="Bloomberg 2016"/> Maher o ne a nna mokaedi wa khuduthamaga go fitlha ka Moranang 2021. <ref name="axios">{{Cite web |last=Salmon |first=Felix |date=February 4, 2021 |title=Exclusive: End of the Maher era at Wikipedia |url=https://www.axios.com/exclusive-the-end-of-the-maher-era-at-wikipedia-c1ed1408-bab7-4308-9407-db093e24c80d.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204180613/https://www.axios.com/exclusive-the-end-of-the-maher-era-at-wikipedia-c1ed1408-bab7-4308-9407-db093e24c80d.html |archive-date=February 4, 2021 |access-date=April 16, 2021 |website=Axios}}</ref> Maryana Iskander o ne a tlhomiwa go nna Mookamedimogolo yo o tsenang ka Lwetse 2021, mme a tsaya maemo a ka Firikgong 2022. O ne a bolela gore nngwe ya dilo tse a tla remelelang mo go tsone e tla nna go oketsa kabakanyo mo morafeng wa badirisi ba Wikimedia. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Lima|first=Cristiano|date=September 14, 2021|title=Wikimedia taps leader of South African nonprofit as its next CEO|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/09/14/wikipedia-maryana-iskander-ceo/|access-date=September 14, 2021|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Iskander o ne a dira go fitlha ka Firikgong 2026, fa Bernadette Meehan a ne a tsaya marapo a go nna Mookamedimogolo. Wikipedia gape e engwe nokeng ke mekgatlho le ditlhopha di le dintsi tse di dirisanang le Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia mme di tsamaisiwa ka bonosi, tse di bidiwang [[Wikimedia Foundation|ditlhopha tse di dirisanang le mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] . Tse di akaretsa dikgaolo tsa Wikimedia (tse e leng mekgatlho ya setšhaba kgotsa e e kwa tlase ga ya setšhaba, jaaka Wikimedia Deutschland le Wikimedia Fora), mekgatlho ya ditlhogo (e e tshwanang le Amical Wikimedia ya setšhaba sa puo ya Se-Catalan ), le ditlhopha tsa badirisi. Ditlhopha tse di tsaya karolo mo go rotloetseng, go tlhabololeng, le go thusa Wikipedia ka madi. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikimedia chapters |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_chapters |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051112001834/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_chapters |archive-date=November 12, 2005 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> === Ditiro tsa sofotewere le tshegetso/kemo nokeng === Go dira ga Wikipedia go ikaegile ka MediaWiki, e leng sofotewere ya wiki e e itiretsweng, e le ya mahala gape e bulegile se se kwadilweng ka PHP mme se agilwe mo thulaganyong ya polokelo ya tshedimosetso ya MySQL . <ref name="nedworks database system" group="W">{{Cite web |last=Bergsma |first=Mark |title=Wikimedia Architecture |url=https://www.nedworks.org/~mark/presentations/san/Wikimedia%20architecture.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204708/https://www.nedworks.org/~mark/presentations/san/Wikimedia%20architecture.pdf |archive-date=March 3, 2009 |access-date=June 27, 2008 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Sofotewere e e akaretsa ditiriso tsa go dira mananeo a tshwana le puo e kgolo, dilo tse di farologaneng, thulaganyo ya go fetoladithempoleite, le go kaela gape URL . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=MediaWiki Features |url=https://www.wikimatrix.org/show/mediawiki |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202020544/https://www.wikimatrix.org/show/mediawiki |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=WikiMatrix}}</ref> MediaWiki e na le teseletso ka fa tlase ga Teseletso ya Botlhe ya GNU (GPL) mme e dirisiwa ke mananeo otlhe a Wikimedia, ga mmogo le mananeo a mangwe a mantsi a wiki. <ref name="nedworks database system" group="W" /> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Project:Copyrights |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Project:Copyrights&oldid=262877 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022061355/https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Project:Copyrights&oldid=262877 |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=MediaWiki |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Kwa tshimologong, Wikipedia e ne e tsamaisiwa mo UseModWiki e e kwadilweng ka Perl ke Clifford Adams (Kgato ya ntlha), e kwa tshimologong e neng e tlhoka CamelCase go dira dikgokagano tsa dikwalo; mofuta wa go dirisa masaka a mabedi se ne sa tsenngwa moragonyana. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=UseMod: UseModWiki |url=https://www.usemod.org/cgi-bin/wiki.pl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001017191620/http://www.usemod.com/cgi-bin/wiki.pl |archive-date=October 17, 2000 |website=UseModWiki}}</ref> Go simolola ka Firikgong 2002 (Kgato ya bobedi), Wikipedia e ne ya simolola go dira mo enjeneng ya wiki ya PHP e e nang le polokelo ya tshedimosetso ya MySQL; sofotewere e e ne e direlwa Wikipedia ke Magnus Manske . Sofotewere ya Kgato ya bobedi e ne ya fetolwa gangwe le gape go emelana le tlhokego e e neng e oketsega ka lobelo lo logolo . Ka Phukwi 2002 ( Kgato ya boraro ), Wikipedia e ne ya fetogela kwa sofotewereng ya kokomane ya boraro, e leng MediaWiki, e e neng e kwadilwe ke Lee Daniel Crocker . Dikatoloso di le mmalwa tsa MediaWiki di tsentswe go atolosa tiro ya sofotewere ya MediaWiki. Ka Moranang 2005, katoloso ya Lucene <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Snow |first=Michael |date=April 18, 2005 |title=Internal search function returns to service |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2005-04-18/Lucene_search |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731211712/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2005-04-18/Lucene_search |archive-date=July 31, 2012 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Vibber |first=Brion |title=[Wikitech-l&#93; Lucene search |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2005-April/016297.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330033506/http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2005-April/016297.html |archive-date=March 30, 2013 |access-date=February 26, 2009 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> e ne ya tsenngwa mo patlong e e diritsweng mo teng ya MediaWiki mme Wikipedia e ne ya fetoga go tswa go MySQL go ya go Lucene go dirisiwa mo patlong. Moragonyana Lucene e ne ya emisediwa ka Patlisiso ya Cirrus e e theilweng mo Patlong ya Elastic . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Extension:CirrusSearch |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:CirrusSearch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413230335/https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:CirrusSearch |archive-date=April 13, 2021 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=MediaWiki}}</ref> Ka Phukwi 2013, morago ga go dira diteko tse di tseneletseng tsa beta, katoloso ya WYSIWYG (Se o se Bonang ke se o se fiwang), VisualEditor, e ne ya bulwa gore e dirisiwe ke botlhe. <ref name="thenextwebve">{{Cite news|title=Wikimedia rolls out WYSIWYG visual editor for logged-in users accessing Wikipedia articles in English|url=https://thenextweb.com/insider/2013/07/02/wikimedia-rolls-out-its-wysiwyg-visual-editor-for-logged-in-users-accessing-wikipedia-articles-in-english/|access-date=February 2, 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/10196578/Wikipedia-introduces-new-features-to-entice-editors.html|title=Wikipedia introduces new features to entice editors|access-date=August 18, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="TheEconomistVE">{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/12/changes-wikipedia|title=Changes at Wikipedia: Seeing things|access-date=July 28, 2013}}</ref> E ne ya ganwa le go tshwaiwa diphoso thata, mme ya tlhalosiwa e le " bonya gape e na le diphoso". <ref name="Orlowski, Andrew">{{Cite web |last=Orlowski |first=Andrew |date=August 1, 2013 |title=Wikipedians say no to Jimmy's 'buggy' WYSIWYG editor |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/08/01/wikipedians_reject_wysiwyg_editor/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804115056/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/08/01/wikipedians_reject_wysiwyg_editor |archive-date=August 4, 2013 |access-date=August 18, 2013 |website=The Register}}</ref> Karolo e ne ya fetolwa go tswa mo go tlhopheng go tswa go ya kwa go tlhopheng go tsena morago ga moo. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Forrester |first=James |date=April 25, 2013 |title=The alpha version of the VisualEditor is now in 15 languages |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/04/25/visualeditor-alpha-in-15-languages/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114634/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/04/25/visualeditor-alpha-in-15-languages/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> === Go kwala mo go itirisang === Mananeo a dibalamakgolo(dikhompiutara) a a bidiwang di-bot gantsi di ile tsa dirisiwa go dira ditiro tse di motlhofo le tse di boelediwang, tse di tshwanang le go baakanya diphoso tse di tlwaelesegileng jaaka go peleta le mathata a mefuta ya tiriso, kgotsa go simolola dikwalo tse di tshwanang le go tsenya tsa dintlha tse digeographic ka mokgwa o o tlwaelegileng go tswa mo go wa tshedimosetso ya dipalopalo. <ref name="meetbots">{{Cite news|last=Nasaw|first=Daniel|date=July 24, 2012|title=Meet the 'bots' that edit Wikipedia|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18892510|access-date=February 2, 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Halliday|first=Josh|title=Boot up: The Wikipedia vandalism police, Apple analysts, and more|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2012/jul/26/boot-up-wikipedia-apple|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=July 26, 2012|access-date=September 5, 2012}}</ref> Mongwe wa bakwadi ba ba neng ba ntsha kganetsano, e bong Sverker Johansson, o ne a tlhama dikwalo ka bot ya gagwe ya Lsjbot, e go neng ga begwa gore e tlhama dikwalo di ka nna dikete di le lesome mo Wikipedia ya Se-Swedish ka malatsi a a rileng. <ref>{{Cite news|date=July 13, 2014|title=For This Author, 10,000 Wikipedia Articles Is a Good Day's Work|url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/for-this-author-10-000-wikipedia-articles-is-a-good-days-work-1405305001|access-date=August 18, 2014}}</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, go na le di-bot tse di diretsweng go itsise bakwadi ka go itirisa fa ba dira diphoso tse di tlwaelesegileng tsa bokwadi (tse di tshwanang le dinopolo tse di sa tsamaelaneng kgotsa masaka a a sa tshwaneng). <ref group="W">{{Cite news|last=Aude|date=March 23, 2009|title=Abuse Filter is enabled|publisher=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2009-03-23/Abuse_Filter|access-date=February 2, 2023}}</ref> Diphetolo tse di supilweng ka maaka ke di-bot e le tiro ya mokwadi yo o kobilweng di ka busediwa ke bakwadi ba bangwe. Bot e e lwantshanang le go senya e rulaganyeditswe go lemoga le go ntsha tshenyo ka bonako. <ref name="meetbots" /> Di-bot di kgona go supa diphetogo go tswa mo diakhaontong tse di rileng kgotsa mo ditlhopheng tsa diaterese tsa IP, jaaka go diragetse ka nako ya go thuntshiwa ga sefofane sa MH17 ka Phukwi 2014 fa go ne go begwa gore diphetogo di dirilwe ka di-IP tse di laolwang ke puso ya Russia. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 21, 2014 |title=MH17 Wikipedia entry edited from Russian government IP address |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/the-stream/2014/7/21/mh17-wikipedia-entry-edited-from-russian-government-ip-address |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116002928/https://stream.aljazeera.com/story/201407211855-0023944 |archive-date=November 16, 2016 |access-date=July 22, 2014 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> Di-bot mo Wikipedia di tshwanetse go amogelwa pele di tsenngwa mo tirisong. Go ya ka Andrew Lih, go ne go tla nna thata go akanya ka go atolosiwa ga Wikipedia mo go diragalang gompieno go dira dikadikadike tsa dikwalo fa go ne go sa dirisiwe di-bot tse di ntseng jalo. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Lih |first=Andrew |year=2009 |title=The Wikipedia Revolution |publisher=[[Hachette Books]] |isbn=978-1-4013-0371-6 |pages=99–106 |oclc=232977686}}</ref> Ka Mopitlo 2026, moemedi wa AI, Tom, o ne a dira diphetogo mo Wikipedia ka fa tlase ga akhaonto ya TomWikiAssist. Akhaonto e e ne ya thibelwa ka ntlha ya go nna bot e e sa amogelweng. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maiberg |first=Emmanuel |date=March 30, 2026 |title=An AI Agent Was Banned From Creating Wikipedia Articles, Then Wrote Angry Blogs About Being Banned |url=https://www.404media.co/an-ai-agent-was-banned-from-creating-wikipedia-articles-then-wrote-angry-blogs-about-being-banned/ |url-access=registration |access-date=April 12, 2026 |website=[[404 Media]]}}</ref> === Ditiro tsa hardwere le tshegetso/kemo nokeng === [[File:Wikipedia_webrequest_2022.png|alt=Diagram showing flow of data between Wikipedia's servers.|thumb|Setshwantsho sa lenaneo la thulaganyo go ema ka Phatwe 2022 [[Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2022]] [[Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements]]]] Wikipedia mo bogompienong e dira mo ditlhopheng tse di kgethegileng tsa disefara tsa Linux tse di dirisang tsamaiso ya tiriso ya Debian . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Debian |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Debian |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418084905/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Debian |archive-date=April 18, 2021 |access-date=April 9, 2021 |website=Wikitech |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le masome a mabedi, 2013, Wikipedia e ne e fuduseditse lefelo la yone la konokono la tshedimosetso kwa lefelong la Equinix kwa Ashburn, kwa Virginia . <ref group="W" name=":0"/> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2013/01/14/its-official-equinix-ashburn-is-wikimedias-home/|title=It's Official: Ashburn is Wikipedia's New Home|first=Jason|last=Verge|access-date=June 5, 2016|date=January 14, 2013}}</ref> Lefelo la bobedi la tshedimosetso ya tiriso le ne la tlhamiwa ka 2014 kwa Carrollton, Texas, go tokafatsa go ikanyega ga Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Data centers - Wikitech |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129081929/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers |archive-date=January 29, 2023 |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=wikitech.wikimedia.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bergsma |first=Mark |date=May 5, 2014 |title=Wikimedia Foundation selects CyrusOne in Dallas as new data center |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2014/05/05/wikimedia-foundation-selects-cyrusone-in-dallas-as-new-data-center/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715011353/https://blog.wikimedia.org/2014/05/05/wikimedia-foundation-selects-cyrusone-in-dallas-as-new-data-center/ |archive-date=July 15, 2018 |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=Diff}}</ref> Mafelo a a tshedimosetso ka bobedi a dira e le a konokono, mo dipakeng tse di farologaneng, mme e nngwe e dira jaaka ya bobedi ya tshedimosetso. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Switch Datacenter - Wikitech |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Switch_Datacenter |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=wikitech.wikimedia.org}}</ref> Ka 2017, Wikipedia e ne ya tsenya setlhopha sa go boloka tshedimosetso mo lefelong la Equinix kwa Singapore, e leng la ntlha la mofuta ono kwa Asia. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=⚓ T156028 Name Asia Cache DC site |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156028 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512040933/https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156028 |archive-date=May 12, 2019 |access-date=May 12, 2019 |website=Wikimedia Phabricator}}</ref> Ka 2022, go ne ga bulwa lefelo la go boloka tshedimosetso kwa Marseille, kwa Fora. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=⚓ T282787 Configure dns and puppet repositories for new drmrs datacenter |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282787 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282787 |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Phabricator}}</ref> Ka 2024, go ne ga bulwa lefelo la go boloka tshedimosetso kwa São Paulo, e leng la ntlha la mofuta o kwa Amerika Borwa. <ref group="W" name="Magru">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=July 26, 2024 |title=The journey to open our first data center in South America |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921054425/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/ |archive-date=September 21, 2024 |access-date=November 29, 2024 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Go ema ka Ngwanatseele 2024, ditlhopha tsa go boloka di-cache di kwa Amsterdam, kwa San Francisco, kwa Singapore, kwa Marseille le kwa São Paulo. <ref name=":13" group="W">{{Cite web |date=April 22, 2013 |title=Wikimedia servers |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_servers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120023847/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_servers |archive-date=November 20, 2021 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Data centers |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129081929/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers |archive-date=January 29, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikitech |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> === Dipatlisiso tsa mo teng le tlhabololo ya tsamaiso === Morago ga palo e e golang ya meneelo(madi) e e tsenang ka 2013 e e fetang dinomoro di le supa, <ref name="Simonite-2013"/> Mokgatlho o o fitlheletse selekanyo sa dithoto tse di bonwang di tshwanelega go akanyediwa ka fa tlase ga melaometheo ya itsholelo ya mokgatlho wa madirelo go supa tlhokego ya go beeletsa gape madi/meneelo mo dipatlisisong le mo tlhabololong ya Mokgatlho. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Scherer |first=Frederic M. |author-link=Frederic M. Scherer |date=2009 |title=Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance |url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=1496716 |publisher=Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship, [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]] |ssrn=1496716 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |orig-date=1970 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132257/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1496716 |archive-date=April 28, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mananeo a mabedi a dipatlisiso tse di ntseng jalo tsa mo teng le tlhabololo a nnile tlhamo ya Modiri wa Ditshwantsho le thebo ya "Ke a leboga" e e fitlhelwang mo ditsong tsa go kwala, tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa go tokafatsa mathata a go lapisega ga mokwadi. <ref name="Simonite-2013" /> <ref name="Orlowski, Andrew"/> Dipalo kakanyetso tsa go beeletsa gape ke mekgatlho ya madirelo mo dipatlisisong tsa mo teng le tlhabololo di ne tsa ithutiwa ke Adam Jaffe, yo o kwadileng gore go ne go tshwanetse go laolwa selekanyo sa 4% go ya go 25% ka ngwaga, ka maranyane a maemo a a kwa godimo se se tlhokang seelo se se kwa godimo sa tshegetso ka go beeletsa gape mo mokgatlhong. <ref name="Trajtenberg-2002">{{Cite book |last=Trajtenberg |first=Manuel |year=2002 |title=Patents, Citations, and Innovations: A Window on the Knowledge Economy |url=https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/2593/Patents-Citations-and-InnovationsA-Window-on-the |last2=Jaffe |first2=Adam B. |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=978-0-262-27623-8 |pages=89–153 |doi=10.7551/mitpress/5263.001.0001 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202174803/https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/2593/Patents-Citations-and-InnovationsA-Window-on-the |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ka maemong a 2013 a meneelo ya Wikimedia e kwadilwe jaaka e le didolara di le dikadikadike di le masome a mane ke botlhano, <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Peters |first=David |last2=Walsh |first2=Jay |year=2013 |title=Wikimedia Foundation 2012–13 Annual Report |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Wmf_AR12_v11_SHIP_2pp_hyper_14jan14.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114540/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Wmf_AR12_v11_SHIP_2pp_hyper_14jan14.pdf |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> selekanyo sa tekanyetso se se badilweng se se akantshitsweng ke Jaffe sa go beeletsa gape mo dipatlisisong le mo tlhabololong se fa gare ga didolara di le 1.8.&nbsp;dimilione le 11.3&nbsp; milione ka ngwaga. <ref name="Trajtenberg-2002" /> Ka 2019, selekanyo sa meneelo se ne sa begwa ke Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia gore ke didikadike tsa di dolara di le lekgolo le masome a mabedi ka ngwaga, <ref group="W">{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=2019 to 2020 Annual Report – Statement of Activities – Audited (July 1, 2019 – June 30, 2020) |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/about/annualreport/2020-annual-report/financials/#section-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202174803/https://wikimediafoundation.org/about/annualreport/2020-annual-report/financials/#section-2 |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> go tlhabolola dipalokakanyetso tsa ga Jaffe tsa maemo a a kwa godimo a tshegetso go nna magareng ga dimilione di le $3.08 le 19,2&nbsp;milione ka ngwaga. <ref name="Trajtenberg-2002" />[[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|alt=Wikipedia Library logo|thumb|Sekano sa motlobo wa dibuka wa Wikipedia]] === Dikgatiso tsa dikgang tse di mo teng === Mananeo a le mantsi a Wikimedia a na le dikgatiso tsa dikgang tsa mo teng. Lekwalodikgang la mo inthaneteng la [[Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia]] ''la The Signpost'' le ne la tlhongwa ka 2005 ke Michael Snow, motsamaisi wa Wikipedia yo o neng a tla nna leloko la khuduthamaga ya batlhokomedi ba Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia ka 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Caroline |date=July 18, 2008 |title=Wikimedia Foundation edits its board of trustees |url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/wikimedia-foundation-edits-its-board-of-trustees/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301224408/https://www.cnet.com/news/wikimedia-foundation-edits-its-board-of-trustees/ |archive-date=March 1, 2016 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[CNET]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|archiveurl=Noam Cohen}}</ref> Kgatiso e e akaretsa dikgang le ditiragalo go tswa kwa Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia, le [[Wikimedia Foundation|mananeo a mangwe a Wikipedia]] . === Motlobo wa dibuka wa Wikipedia === Bakwadi ba Wikipedia ka dinako tse dingwe ba sokola go fitlhelela metswedi e e duelwang e e tlhokegang go tokafatsa dikwalo. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=64}}Motlobo wa dibuka wa Wikipedia ke motswedi wa bakwadi ba Wikipedia o o nayang phitlhelelo ya mahala ya dikgatiso tse dintsi tsa mo maranyaneng, gore ba kgone go leba le go di nopola fa ba ntse ba kwala mo ensaetlolopedieng . <ref name="orlowitz">{{Cite journal |last=Orlowitz |first=Jake |date=January 2018 |title=The Wikipedia Library: the biggest encyclopedia needs a digital library and we are building it |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327963422 |url-status=live |journal=JLIS.it |volume=9 |issue=3 |doi=10.4403/jlis.it-12505 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132509/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327963422_The_wikipedia_library_The_biggest_encyclopedia_needs_a_digital_library_and_we_are_building_it |archive-date=April 28, 2024 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref> Bagatisi ba feta masome a marataro ba tlhophile go dirisana mmogo le motlobo wa dibuka wa Wikipedia go tlamela ka phitlhelelo ya didirisiwa tsa bone: fa ICE Publishing e ne ya kopana go dira le bone ka 2020, mmueledi o ne a re "Ka go kgontsha bakwadi ba Wikipedia go fitlhelela diteng tsa rona mahala, re solofela go tsweledisa pele didirisiwa tse morafe o wa batlisisi ba di didirisang- ba kwala le go baakanya dikwalo tsa ditlhogo tsa Civil Engineering tse di balwang ke babadi ba le diketekete kgwedi le kgwedi." <ref name="hall">{{Cite web |last=Hall |first=Sam |date=June 24, 2020 |title=ICE Publishing partners with The Wikipedia Library |url=https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/page/ice-news/106-wikipedia-library |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113161530/https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/page/ice-news/106-wikipedia-library |archive-date=November 13, 2022 |access-date=October 26, 2021 |website=ICE Virtual Library}}</ref> == Refferences == <references /> == Phitlhelelo ya diteng == === Teseletso ya diteng === Fa lenaneo le le simololwa ka 2001, mafoko otlhe mo Wikipedia a ne a akarediwa ke GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), e leng teseletso ya Copyleft e e letlang go anamisiwa gape, go tlhamiwa ga dibuka tse di tswang mo go yone, le go dirisiwa ga diteng ga kgwebo fa bakwadi ba ntse ba na le tshwanelo ya tiro ya bone. GFDL e diretswe dibukana tsa tiriso tsa sofotewere tse di tlang le mananeo asofotewere ya mahala tse di nang le teseletso ka fa tlase ga GPL . Se se dirile gore e nne tshwetso e e bokoa ya bukana ya tshupiso ka kakaretso: ka sekai, GFDL e tlhoka gore dikgatiso gape tsa didirisiwa go tswa mo Wikipedia di tle le moriti o o feletseng ya mokwalo wa GFDL. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses |url=https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.en.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318014154/https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.en.html |archive-date=March 18, 2022 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=GNU Operating System |publisher=[[Free Software Foundation]]}}</ref> Ka Sedimonthole 2002, go ne ga gololwa teseletso ya Creative Commons ; e ne e diretswe ditiro tsa botlhami ka kakaretso, e seng fela dibukana tsa tiriso tsa sofotewere. Lenaneo la Wikipedia le ne la batla go fetogela kwa Creative Commons. <ref name="WPF switch to CC" group="W">{{Cite web |last=Vermeir |first=Walter |date=December 1, 2007 |title=Resolution:License update |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution:License_update |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903084619/http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution:License_update |archive-date=September 3, 2011 |access-date=December 4, 2007 |website=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Ka gore GFDL le Creative Commons di ne di sa tsamaisane, ka Ngwanatseele 2008, morago ga kopo ya lenaneo, Mokgatlho wa Sofotewere ya Mahala (FSF) o ne wa golola mofuta o mosha wa GFDL o o neng o diretswe ka tlhamalalo go letla Wikipedia go naya CC BY-SA teseletso ya diteng tsa yone ka Phatwe 1, 2009 Ka Moranang 2009, Wikipedia le mananeo a yone a dingwe di ne tsa tshwara referantamo ya baagi botlhe, e e neng ya dira tshwetso ya go fetola ka Seetebosigo 2009. <ref name="MW licensing QA" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Licensing update/Questions and Answers |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716170801/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers |archive-date=July 16, 2020 |access-date=February 15, 2009 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> <ref name="MW licensing timeline 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Licensing_update/Timeline |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Timeline |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817062932/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Timeline |archive-date=August 17, 2022 |access-date=April 5, 2009 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> <ref name="WP blog license migration" group="W">{{Cite web |last=Walsh |first=Jay |date=May 21, 2009 |title=Wikimedia community approves license migration |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2009/05/21/wikimedia-community-approves-license-migration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113042618/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2009/05/21/wikimedia-community-approves-license-migration/ |archive-date=January 13, 2021 |access-date=May 21, 2009 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Go tshwarwa ga dithoto tsa ditshwantsho (sekai, dithoto tsa dinepe) go a farologana go ralala dikgatiso tsa puo. Dikgatiso tse dingwe tsa puo, jaaka Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, di akaretsa dithoto tsa ditshwantsho tse e seng tsa mahala ka fa tlase ga thuto ya tiriso e e siameng, <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:Non-free content |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127162916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content |archive-date=January 27, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> fa tse dingwe di tlhophile go se dire jalo, bontlhabongwe jwa lebaka e le ka ntlha ya go tlhoka dithuto tsa tiriso e e siameng mo mafatsheng a bone (sekai, mo molaong wa ditshwanelo tsa botlhami wa Japane ). Dithoto tsa ditshwantsho/bobegadikgang tse di akareditsweng ke diteseletso tsa diteng tsa mahala (sekai, Creative Commons ' CC BY-SA ) di abelanwa go ralala dikgatiso tsa puo ka polokelo ya Wikimedia Commons, e leng lenaneo le le tsamaisiwang ke Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Commons:Fair use |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Fair_use |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131061136/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Fair_use |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Commons]]}}</ref> Go amogela ga Wikipedia ga melao e e farologaneng ya boditšhabatšhaba ya ditshwanelo tsa botlhami mabapi le ditshwantsho go dirile gore bangwe ba lemoge gore go akaretsa ga yone ga dikgang tsa dinepe go saletse kwa morago ga boleng jwa mokwalo wa ensaetlolopedia e. <ref name="NYT photos on WP">{{Cite news|archiveurl=Noam Cohen|title=Wikipedia May Be a Font of Facts, but It's a Desert for Photos|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/20/arts/20funny.html|access-date=March 9, 2013}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia ga se moabi wa diteseletso tsa diteng mo Wikipedia kgotsa mananeo a a amanang le one mme ke tirelo fela ya go amogela batho ba ba nang le seabe mo Wikipedia le ba ba o nayang diteseletso, e leng maemo a a neng a sirelediwa ka katlego ka 2004 kwa kgotlatshekelo kwa Fora. <ref name="reuters French defamation case">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia cleared in French defamation case|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/internetNews/idUSL0280486220071102|access-date=November 2, 2007}}</ref> <ref name="ars tech WP dumb suing case">{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Nate |date=May 2, 2008 |title=Dumb idea: suing Wikipedia for calling you "dumb" |url=https://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20080502-dumb-idea-suing-wikipedia-for-calling-you-dumb.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806121938/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2008/05/dumb-idea-suing-wikipedia-for-calling-you-dumb.ars |archive-date=August 6, 2011 |access-date=May 4, 2008 |website=[[Ars Technica]]}}</ref> === Mefuta ya phitlhelelo === Ka gore diteng tsa Wikipedia di anamisiwa ka fa tlase ga teseletso e e bulegileng, mongwe le mongwe o ka di dirisa gape kgotsa a di anamisa gape ntle le go duedisiwa. Diteng tsa Wikipedia di gatisitswe ka mefuta e le mentsi, mo inthaneteng le kwa ntle ga inthanete, kwa ntle ga webosaete ya Wikipedia. Go na le diketekete tsa " mafelo a a tshwanang " a a gatisang gape diteng go tswa mo Wikipedia; tse pedi tse di tlhageletseng tse gape di akaretsang diteng tse di tswang mo metsweding e mengwe ke Reference.com le Answers.com . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reference.com Expands Content by Adding Wikipedia Encyclopedia to Search Capabilities |url=http://www.lexico.com/about/pr20050915.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225094122/http://www.lexico.com/about/pr20050915.html |archive-date=February 25, 2009 |website=Lexico Publishing Group, LLC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Answers.com |url=https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/answerscom |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203151141/https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/answerscom |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[PCMag]]}}</ref> Sekai se sengwe ke Wapedia, e e neng ya simolola go bontsha diteng tsa Wikipedia ka mofuta o o siametseng tiriso ya mogala wa letheka pele ga Wikipedia ka boyone e dira jalo. <ref name=":16" group="W">{{Cite web |last=Seifi |first=Joe |date=August 27, 2007 |title=Wapedia review |url=https://appsafari.com/utilities/1144/wapedia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423185926/https://appsafari.com/utilities/1144/wapedia/ |archive-date=April 23, 2022 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=appSafari}}</ref> Dienjini dingwe tsa patlo tsa webo di dirisa diteng tsa Wikipedia ka tsela e e kgethegileng fa di bontsha maduo a patlo: dikai tsa tsone di akaretsa Microsoft Bing ( ka maranyane a a tserweng mo Powerset ) le DuckDuckGo . Dikokoanyo tsa dikwalo tsa Wikipedia di gatisitsee mo disking tsa pono . Mofuta wa Sekgoa o o neng wa gololwa ka 2006 o ne o na le dikwalo di ka nna dikete di le pedi. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia 0.5 available on a CD-ROM |url=http://www.wikipediaondvd.com/site.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602060411/http://www.wikipediaondvd.com/site.php |archive-date=June 2, 2013 |website=Wikipedia On DVD}}</ref> Mofuta wa puo ya Se-Polish go tloga ka 2006 o na le dikwalo di ka nna dikete di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a le mane, <ref name="WM polish WP on dvd" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Polish Wikipedia on DVD |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Polska_Wikipedia_na_DVD_%28z_Helionem%29/en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229040017/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Polska_Wikipedia_na_DVD_(z_Helionem)/en |archive-date=December 29, 2022 |access-date=December 26, 2008 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> mofuta wa puo ya Sejeremane go tloga ka 2007/2008 o na le dikwalo di feta dikete di le makgolo a le marataro le masome a mabedi, mme mofuta wa puo ya Sepanishe go tloga ka 2011 o na le dikwalo di le dikete di le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=¿Qué es la CDPedia? |url=http://python.org.ar/pyar/Proyectos/CDPedia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702023520/http://python.org.ar/pyar/Proyectos/CDPedia |archive-date=July 2, 2011 |website=Py Ar |language=es}}</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, "Wikipedia ya Dikolo", motseletsele wa di-CD / di-DVD tsa Wikipedia tse di dirilweng ke Wikipedia le SOS Children, ke di tlhophilweng mahala go tswa mo Wikipedia e e diretsweng thuto ya bana ba dingwaga di le boferabobedi go ya go di le lesome le bosupa. <ref group="W">{{Cite news|title=2008–09 Wikipedia for Schools goes online|url=https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/2008-09_Wikipedia_for_Schools_goes_online}}</ref> Go nnile le maiteko a go tsenya karolwana e e tlhophilweng ya dikwalo tsa Wikipedia mo sebopegong sa buka e e gatisitsweng. <ref name="WP into books 1">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia turned into book|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5549589/Wikipedia-turned-into-book.html|access-date=February 3, 2023}}</ref> <ref name="WP schools selection 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia Selection for Schools |url=https://schools-wikipedia.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804093730/https://schools-wikipedia.org/ |archive-date=August 4, 2012 |access-date=July 14, 2012 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Fa e sa le ka 2009, dibuka di le dikete di le masomesome tse di gatisitsweng fa di batliwa tse di thusitseng go dirwa ga dikwalo tsa Wikipedia tsa Sekgoa, Sejeremane, Se-Russia le Sefora di ile tsa gatisiwa ke kompone ya Amerika ya Books LLC le ke dikompone tse tharo tse di potlana tsa kwa Mauritius tsa mogatisi wa Jeremane VDM . Webosaete ya DBpedia, e e simolotsweng ka 2007, e ntsha tshedimosetso mo mabokosong a tshedimosetso le mo dipolelong tsa ditlhopha tsa Wikipedia ya puo ya Sekgoa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bizer |first=Christian |last2=Lehmann |first2=Jens |last3=Kobilarov |first3=Georgi |last4=Auer |first4=Sören |last5=Becker |first5=Christian |last6=Cyganiak |first6=Richard |last7=Hellmann |first7=Sebastian |date=September 2009 |title=DBpedia – A crystallization point for the Web of Data |journal=Journal of Web Semantics |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=154–165 |citeseerx=10.1.1.150.4898 |doi=10.1016/j.websem.2009.07.002 |s2cid=16081721}}</ref> Wikimedia e tlhamile lenaneo la Wikidata ka maikaelelo a a tshwanang a go boloka dintlha tsa motheo go tswa mo tsebeng nngwe le nngwe ya Wikipedia le mananeo a mangwe a Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia le go e dira gore e nne teng ka sebopego sa bokao jo bo ka bodiwang, jwa RDF . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikidata:Introduction |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Introduction |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Wikidata |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Go ema ka Tlhakole 2013, e na le diteng tse di fetang didikadike di le lesome. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikidata:Statistics |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Statistics |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Wikidata |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> WikiReader ke sediriswa se se kgethegileng se se balelang kwa godimo se se nang le moriti wa Wikipedia o o seng mo inthaneteng, e e neng ya simolodisawa ke OpenMoko mme ya gololwa la ntlha ka 2009. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Moeller |first=Erik |date=October 13, 2009 |title=OpenMoko Launches WikiReader |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2009/10/13/openmoko-launches-wikireader/ |access-date=January 19, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Go tsaya diteng tsotlhe tsa Wikipedia gore di dirisiwe gape go na le dikgwetlho, ka gore go dira ditshwantsho tse di tshwanang ka tlhamalalo ka Web crawler ga go rotloediwe. Wikipedia e gatisa " dithotobolo " tsa diteng tsa yone, mme tse ke tsa mafoko fela; go ema ka 2023 ga go na thotobolo e e leng teng ya ditshwantsho tsa Wikipedia. <ref name="WP image data dumps 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Data dumps/What's available for download |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_dumps/What%27s_available_for_download |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> [[Wikimedia Foundation|Kgwebo ya Wikimedia]] ke tharabololo ya go dira dipoelo ka se. Dipuo di le mmalwa tsa Wikipedia le tsone di na le tafole ya dikgang, e mo go yone baithaopi ba arabang dipotso tse di bodiwang ke setšhaba. Go ya ka patlisiso e e dirilweng ke Pnina Shachaf mo ''Journal of Documentation'', boleng jwa tafole ya dikgang ya Wikipedia bo ka bapisiwa le tafole ya dikgang ya motlobo wa dibuka e e tlwaelesegileng, ka bonnete jwa masome a matlhano le botlhano mo lekgolong. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shachaf |first=Pnina |date=October 16, 2009 |title=The paradox of expertise: is the Wikipedia Reference Desk as good as your library? |url=http://eprints.rclis.org/20329/1/Paradox%20of%20expertise-final.pdf |journal=Journal of Documentation |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=977–996 |doi=10.1108/00220410910998951}}</ref> ==== Phitlhelelo ka mogala wa letheka ==== [[File:Wikipedia_on_Mobile_screenshot_(2024)_(cropped).png|thumb|Mogala wa letheka o o bontshang Tsebekgolo ya Wikipedia ya Sekgoa ka Phalane malatsi a le mabedi, 2024]] [[File:Wikipedia_page_views_by_device_type.webp|thumb|Dipono tsa tsebe ya Wikipedia go ya ka lefelo]] Sedirisiwa sa ntlha sa Wikipedia e ne e le gore badirisi ba kgone go bala le go kwaditeng tsa yone ba dirisa sedirisiwa fela sa patlo se se tlwaelesegileng sa webo ka kgolagano e e tlhomameng ya inthanete . Le fa diteng tsa Wikipedia di ntse di fitlhelelwa ka webo ya mogala wa letheka fa e sale ka Phukwi 2013, ''The New York Times'' ka Tlhakole 9, 2014, e ne ya nopola Erik Möller, mothusa mookamedi wa Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia, e bolela gore phetogo ya pharakano ya inthanete go tswa mo dikhompiutareng go ya kwa megaleng ya letheka e ne e le tona e bile e le selo se se bakang matshwenyego. Setlhogo sa ''The New York Times'' se ne sa bega dipalopalo tsa tshwantshanyo tsa diphetogo tse di dirwang ka mogala wa letheka a bolela gore, "Ke palo ya masome a le mabedi mo lekgolong ya babadi ba Wikipedia ya puo ya Sekgoa ba ba balang dikwalo ka megala ya letheka, palo e e kwa tlase thata go na le palo ya pharakano megala ya letheka mo mafelong a mangwe a bobegakgang, a bontsi jwa one a tsamaelang palo ya sephatlo mo lekgolong. Mme go fetogela kwa megaleng ya letheka go ntse bonya le go feta." Ka 2014 ''The New York Times'' e begile gore Möller o abetse "setlhopha sa batlhami ba disofotewere ba le lesome ba ba remelelang mo tirisong ya megala ya letheka", mo palong yotlhe ya babereki ba ka nna makgolo a le mabedi ba ba berekang kwa Mokgatlhong wa Wikimedia. Nngwe ya matshwenyego a matona a a umakilweng ke ''The New York Times'' ka "go tlhabaela" ke gore Wikipedia e rarabolole ka katlego mathata le palo ya bakwadi ba ensaetlolopedia ya mo inthaneteng e ba gogelang go kwala le go tlhokomela diteng tsa yone ka mogala wa letheka. <ref name="small screen">{{Cite news|last=Cohen|first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen|date=February 9, 2014|title=Wikipedia vs. the Small Screen|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/10/technology/wikipedia-vs-the-small-screen.html?_r=0|access-date=January 22, 2023}}</ref> Ka 2023, babereki ba Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia ba ne ba godile go nna babereki ba ba fetang makgolo a le masupa. <ref name="WF10.23.23">{{Cite web |last=Seitz-Gruwell |first=Lisa |author-link=Lisa Seitz-Gruwell |date=October 23, 2023 |title=7 reasons you should donate to Wikipedia |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2022/11/03/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008212455/https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/10/23/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/ |archive-date=October 8, 2024 |access-date=December 27, 2023 |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Phitlhelelo ya Wikipedia ka mogala wa letheka e ne ya kgonega go tloga ka 2004, ka Porothokholo ya Wireless Application (WAP), ka tirelo ya Wapedia . <ref name=":16" group="W">{{Cite web |last=Seifi |first=Joe |date=August 27, 2007 |title=Wapedia review |url=https://appsafari.com/utilities/1144/wapedia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423185926/https://appsafari.com/utilities/1144/wapedia/ |archive-date=April 23, 2022 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=appSafari}}</ref> Ka Seetebosigo 2007, Wikipedia e ne ya simolola en.mobile.wikipedia.org, e leng webosaete ya semmuso ya didirisiwa tse di senang megala. Ka 2009, go ne ga gololwa semmuso tirelo e ntšha ya megala ya letheka, e e mo go en.m.wikipedia.org, e e direlang megala ya letheka e e gatetseng pele thata e tshwana le iPhone, didirisiwa tsa Android, kgotsa didiriswa tsa WebOS . <ref name="WM mobile added 1" group="W">{{Cite web |date=June 30, 2009 |title=Wikimedia Mobile is Officially Launched |url=https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2009/06/wikimedia-mobile-launch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111101614/http://techblog.wikimedia.org/2009/06/wikimedia-mobile-launch/ |archive-date=January 11, 2010 |access-date=July 22, 2009 |website=Wikimedia Technical Blog |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Mekgwa e mengwe e le mmalwa ya go fitlhelela Wikipedia ka mogala wa letheka e ile ya bonala fa e sa le ka nako eo. Didiriswa le ditiriso di le dintsi di tokafatsa go bontshiwa ga diteng tsa Wikipedia mo megaleng ya letheka, fa tse dingwe gape di akaretsa ditiriso tse dingwe di tshwana le tiriso ya tshedimosetso ya Wikipedia e e tshwanang le tshedimosetso ya lefatshe . <ref name="androgeoid.com LPOI WP 1">{{Cite web |date=May 15, 2011 |title=Local Points Of Interest In Wikipedia |url=https://androgeoid.com/2011/04/local-points-of-interest-in-wikipedia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110601092809/http://androgeoid.com/2011/04/local-points-of-interest-in-wikipedia/ |archive-date=June 1, 2011 |access-date=May 15, 2011 |website=AndroGeoid}}</ref> <ref name="ilounge iphone gems WP">{{Cite web |last=Hollington |first=Jesse David |date=November 30, 2008 |title=iPhone Gems: Wikipedia Apps |url=https://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/15802 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112235945/http://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/15802/ |archive-date=January 12, 2009 |access-date=July 22, 2008 |website=iLounge}}</ref> App ya Android ya Wikipedia e ne ya gololwa ka Firikgong 2012, e ne ya tsenngwa ke batho ba ba fetang dikete di le makgolo a le matlhano le gape e nae dikakgelo tsa ditshekatsheko tse di siameng, mme ya bona maduo a a fetang bone mo botlhanong mo patlisisong ya badirisi ba ka nna dikete di le makgolo a mabedi 200 000 ba ba neng ba e tsenya go tswa mo Google. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Finc |first=Tomasz |date=January 26, 2012 |title=Announcing the Official Wikipedia Android App |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2012/01/26/announcing-the-official-wikipedia-android-app/ |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.wikipedia&hl=en |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[Google Play]]}}</ref> Mofuta wa iOS o ne wa gololwa ka Moranang a le boraro, 2013, mme wa nna le tshekatsheko e e tshwanang. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |date=August 4, 2014 |title=Wikipedia Mobile on the App Store on iTunes |url=https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia-mobile/id324715238 |access-date=August 21, 2014 |website=[[App Store (iOS/iPadOS)]] |publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]}}</ref> [[Wikipedia Zero (Setswana)|Wikipedia Zero]] e ne e le maiteko a Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia a go atolosa phitlhelelo ya ensaetlolopedia e kwa mafatsheng a a santseng a tlhabologa ka go dirisana le badiredi ba ditirelo tsa megala ya letheka go letla phitlhelelo ya mahala. <ref name=":17" group="W" /> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Ellis|first=Justin|date=January 17, 2013|title=Wikipedia plans to expand mobile access around the globe with new funding|url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2013/01/wikipedia-plans-to-expand-mobile-access-around-the-globe-with-new-funding|access-date=April 22, 2013|work=Nieman Lab}}</ref> E ne ya emisiwa ka Tlhakole 2018 ka ntlha ya go tlhoka go tsaya karolo ga badiredi ba ditirelo tsa megala ya letheka. <ref name=":17" group="W">{{Cite web |date=February 16, 2018 |title=Building for the future of Wikimedia with a new approach to partnerships |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2018/02/16/partnerships-new-approach/ |access-date=May 12, 2019 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Andrew Lih le Andrew Brown ka bobedi ba dumela gore go kwala mo Wikipedia ka megala ya letheka go thata, mme se se kgoba marapo batho ba basha ba ba ka eletsang go tsenya letsogo. <ref name="Lih-2015" /> <ref name="Brown-2015" /> Lih o bolela gore palo ya bakwadi ba Wikipedia e ntse e a fokotsega morago ga dingwaga di le mmalwa, <ref name="Lih-2015" /> mme Tom Simonite wa ''MIT Technology Review'' o bolela gore popego le melao ke yone e e dirang se. Simonite a re bangwe badirisi [[Morafe wa Wikipedia|ba Wikipedia]] ba dirisa melao le dikaelo tsa go laola ba bangwe mme bakwadi bao ba na le kgatlhego e e tseneletseng ya go nna fela ka boitshwaro jo bo ntseng jalo. <ref name="Simonite-2013">{{Cite journal |last=Simonite |first=Tom |date=October 22, 2013 |title=The Decline of Wikipedia |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/ |url-status=live |journal=[[MIT Technology Review]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731083716/https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/ |archive-date=July 31, 2022 |access-date=November 30, 2013}}</ref> Lih o boletse gore go na le go sa dumalane magareng ga batsayakarolo ba ba leng teng gore se se ka rarabololwa jang. Lih o tshogela bokamoso jwa Wikipedia jwa nako e telele fa Brown ene a tshaba gore mathata a Wikipedia a tla nna a le teng, mme diensaetlolopedia tse di gaisanang le yone ga di kitla ka e ema pele. <ref name="Lih-2015">{{Cite news|last=Lih|first=Andrew|date=June 20, 2015|title=Can Wikipedia Survive?|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/21/opinion/can-wikipedia-survive.html|access-date=February 3, 2023}}</ref> <ref name="Brown-2015">{{Cite news|last=Brown|first=Andrew|date=June 25, 2015|title=Wikipedia editors are a dying breed. The reason? Mobile|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jun/25/wikipedia-editors-dying-breed-mobile-smartphone-technology-online-encyclopedia|access-date=February 3, 2023}}</ref> === Phitlhelelo kwa China === Phitlhelelo ya Wikipedia e thibetswe kwa boremelelong jwa China fa e sa le ka Motsheganong 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Henochowicz |first=Anne |date=May 20, 2015 |title=Chinese Wikipedia Blocked by Great Firewall |url=https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2015/05/chinese-wikipedia-blocked-by-great-firewall/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504212406/https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2015/05/chinese-wikipedia-blocked-by-great-firewall/ |archive-date=May 4, 2017 |access-date=May 4, 2017 |website=[[China Digital Times]]}}</ref> Se se ne sa dirwa morago ga gore Wikipedia e simolole go dirisa encryption ya HTTPS, e e neng ya dira gore go bipa dilo dingwe go nne thata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=June 12, 2015 |title=The Wikimedia Foundation Turns On HTTPS By Default Across All Sites, Including Wikipedia |url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/12/the-wikimedia-foundation-turns-on-https-by-default-across-all-sites-including-wikipedia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824001601/https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/12/the-wikimedia-foundation-turns-on-https-by-default-across-all-sites-including-wikipedia/ |archive-date=August 24, 2020 |access-date=June 3, 2020 |website=[[TechCrunch]]}}</ref> 56wy35o0qmvgy6ddnj4xy2ich0z69uq 53312 53306 2026-07-27T00:24:13Z Khumo Batolomi 11767 Created by translating the section "Cultural influence" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365868094|Wikipedia]]" 53312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website | name = Wikipedia | logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-tn.svg|250px]] | logo_caption = Sekano sa [[Wikipedia]] | screenshot = Wikipedia Portal Screenshot (2022).svg{{!}}border | screenshot_alt = Wikipedia portal showing the different languages sorted by article count | collapsible = yes | caption = Tebego ya tsebe ya konokono ya Wikipedia ka komputara | type = [[Maranyane a encyclopedia]] | language_count = {{NUMBEROF|languages|Wikipedia}} | country_of_origin = United States | owner = {{Unbulleted list|[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|}} | authors = {{Unbulleted list|[[Jimmy Wales]]|[[Larry Sanger]]}} | url = {{URL|https://www.wikipedia.org/|wikipedia.org}} | commercial = Nyaa | registration = Wa ithopela | num_users = [[List of Wikipedias#Statistics totals|>{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|totalactive.wikipedia}}}}}}]] active editors<ref> To be considered [[Special:ActiveUsers|active]], a user must make at least one edit or other action in a given month.</ref><br />[[list of Wikipedias#Statistics totals|>{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|USERS|totalactive.wikipedia}}}}}}]] registered users | launch_date = {{Start date and age|mf=yes|p=yes|br=yes|2001|1|15}} | current_status = Active | content_license = {{Nowrap|[[Creative Commons license|CC Attribution / Share-Alike]] 3.0}}<br />Most text is also dual-licensed under [[GNU Free Documentation License|GFDL]]; media licensing varies | programming_language = [[LAMP (software bundle)|LAMP]] platform<ref name="roadchap">{{cite web |url=https://rogchap.com/2011/09/06/top-40-website-programming-languages/ |title= Top 40 Website Programming Languages |website= rogchap.com |author= Chapman, Roger |date= September 6, 2011 |access-date= September 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922015103/https://rogchap.com/2011/09/06/top-40-website-programming-languages/ |archive-date= September 22, 2013}}</ref> | oclc = 52075003 }} Wikipedia [e] ke [[:en:Encyclopedia|ensaetlopedia]] ya mahala ya maranyane e e kwadilweng le go tlhokomelwa ke setšhaba sa baithaopi, ba ba itsiweng jaaka [[:en:Wikipedians|Bawikipedia]], ka [[:en:Open_collaboration|tirisanommogo e e bulegileng]] le serweboleta sa [[:en:Wiki|wiki]] sa [[:en:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]]. E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Jimmy_Wales|Jimmy Wales]] le [[:en:Larry_Sanger|Larry Sanger]] ka ngwaga wa 2001, Wikipedia e ntse e amogelwa fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 2003 ke [[:en:Wikimedia_Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]], [[:en:501(c)(3)_organization|mokgatlho wa Amerika o o sa direng dipoelo]] o o tshegediwang thata ke meneelo ya babadi.<ref>[[:en:Lisa_Seitz-Gruwell|Seitz-Gruwell, Lisa]] (October 23, 2023)[[foundationsite:news/2022/11/03/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/|. "7 reasons you should donate to Wikipedia"]]. [[:en:Wikimedia_Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241008212455/https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/10/23/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/ Archived] from the original on October 8, 2024. Retrieved December 27, 2023.</ref> Wikipedia ke buka e kgolo go tsotlhe ya [[:en:Reference_work|tshedimosetso e e dirisediwang go batla tshedimosetso,]] gape ke yone e e balwang thata mo ditsong.<ref>[https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher "Wikipedia is 20, and its reputation has never been higher]". ''[https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher The Economist]''. January 9, 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210107165356/https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher Archived] from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2021.</ref><ref>[[:en:Chris_Anderson_(writer)|Anderson, Chris]] (May 8, 2006). [https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975813_1975844_1976488,00.html "Jimmy Wales – The 2006 Time 100".] ''[https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975813_1975844_1976488,00.html Time]''. [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/500px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png Archived] from the original on October 12, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2017.</ref> Kwa tshimologong e ne e le teng ka Seesemane fela, Wikipedia e godile [[:en:List_of_Wikipedias|go fitlha dipuo di feta]] [[:en:List_of_Wikipedias|makgolo a mararo]] mme ke nngwe ya [[:en:List_of_most-visited_websites|lefelo la tshedimosetso mo maranyaneng tse di etelwang thata]] mo lefatsheng go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2026. [[:en:English_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Seesemane]], e e nang le [[:en:Article_(publishing)|dipego]] di feta didikadike di le supa, e sa ntse e le yone e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe mo dikgatisong, tse mmogo di nang le dipego di feta didikadike di le masome a a marataro le bosupa mme gape e amogela maeto a a fetang didikadike di le sekete le makgolo a matlhano tsa didirisiwa tse di farologaneng le diphetogo di ka nna didikadike di le lesome le boraro kgwedi le kgwedi, e leng palogare ya diphetogo di ka nna tlhano ka motsotswana. Go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ka ngwaga wa 2025, mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong ya batho ba ba etelang Wikipedia ba ne ba tswa kwa lefatsheng la United States, fa lefatshe la Japane le ne le emela mo e ka nnang karolo ya bosupa mo lekgolong, mme mafatshe a United Kingdom, Germany le Russia tsotlhe di ne di emela mo e ka nnang karolo ya botlhano mo lekgolong nngwe le nngwe.<ref>[https://www.similarweb.com/website/wikipedia.org/#geography "wikipedia.org]". ''Similarweb''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200605091241/https://www.similarweb.com/website/wikipedia.org#geography Archived] from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2026.</ref> Wikipedia e ile ya akgolwa ka ntlha ya popego ya yone ya ka fa gare le setso, e e [[:en:Democratization_of_knowledge|kgontshang go dira gore kitso e nne ya]] [[:en:Democratization_of_knowledge|puso ya batho ka batho]], le ka ntlha ya go akaretsa dilo tse dintsi ka dikgang tse di farologaneng, [[:en:Censorship_of_Wikipedia|Wikipedia e ile ya tlhotlhomisiwa]] ke dipuso dingwe tsa bosetšhaba, go simolola ka ditsebe tse di rileng go ya kwa saeteng yotlhe, ka dinako tse dingwe ka ntlha ya go kgala puso kgotsa ka ntlha ya diteng tse di tsewang di le bosula .<ref>Treisman, Rachel (April 1, 2022). [https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine "Russia threatens to fine Wikipedia if it doesn't remove some details about the war]". ''[[:en:NPR|NPR]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221202215844/https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine Archived] from the original on December 2, 2022. Retrieved January 22, 2023.</ref><ref>Skipper, Ben (December 7, 2015). [https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/chinas-government-has-blocked-wikipedia-its-entirety-again-1532138 "China's government has blocked Wikipedia in its entirety again"]. ''International Business Times UK''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180503111142/https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/chinas-government-has-blocked-wikipedia-its-entirety-again-1532138 Archived] from the original on May 3, 2018. Retrieved May 2, 2018.</ref> Ensaekolopedia eo e kile ya tshwaiwa diphoso ka ntlha ya go sekamela mo letlhakoreng le le lengwe mo mokgweng wa yone wa go tlhagisa tshedimosetso. Sekao ke go se neye basadi tshiamelo e e lekanang le ya banna (gender bias) le go sa emele dinaga tsa Borwa jwa Lefatshe (Global South) ka tekatekano. Gape, boikanyego jwa tshedimosetso ya Wikipedia bo ne bo belaelwa gantsi mo dingwageng tsa bo-2000, mme go simolola kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo-2010, e simolotse go amogelwa le go akgolwa thata. Ditlhogo tsa Wikipedia tse di buang ka ditiragalo tse di sa tswang go diragala di dirisiwa gantsi ke batho ba le bantsi e le metswedi ya tshedimosetso ya bosheng. [[Category:Wikipedia]] == Ditso == Go ne ga lekeletswa diensaetlolopedia tse di farologaneng tsa tirisanommogo tsa mo mafaratlhatlheng (inthanete) pele ga go simololwa ga Wikipedia, mme tsotlhe tsa atlega fela e seng mo go kalo kalo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Garber |first=Megan |date=October 12, 2011 |title=The contribution conundrum: Why did Wikipedia succeed while other encyclopedias failed? |url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2011/10/the-contribution-conundrum-why-did-wikipedia-succeed-while-other-encyclopedias-failed/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114540/https://www.niemanlab.org/2011/10/the-contribution-conundrum-why-did-wikipedia-succeed-while-other-encyclopedias-failed/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2016 |website=Nieman Lab}}</ref> Wikipedia e simolotse e le lenaneo le le tlaleletsang Nupedia, e leng thulaganyo ya mahala ya mafaratlhatlha a inthanete ya ensaetlolopedia ya puo ya Sekgoa e makwalo a yone a neng a kwalwa ke baitseanape le go sekasekwa ka fa tlase ga thulaganyo e e tlhomameng. <ref name="KockJungSyn2016">{{Cite journal |last=Kock |first=Ned |author-link=Ned Kock |last2=Jung |first2=Yusun |last3=Syn |first3=Thant |date=2016 |title=Wikipedia and e-Collaboration Research: Opportunities and Challenges |url=https://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[International Journal of e-Collaboration]] |publisher=IGI Global |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.4018/IJeC.2016040101 |issn=1548-3681 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927001627/https://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2016}}</ref> E tlhomilwe ka Mopitlo a le malatsi a le boferabongwe, ngwaga wa 2000, e le ya Bomis, e leng kompone ya web portal . Batho ba bagolo ba yone e ne e le Mookamedi-mogolo wa Bomis e bong Jimmy Wales le Larry Sanger, morulaganyi-mogolo wa Nupedia mme moragonyana wa Wikipedia. Nupedia e neilwe teseletso lantlha ka fa tlase ga teseletso ya yone ya Diteng tse di Buletsweng tsa Nupedia. Pele ga Wikipedia e tlhongwa, Nupedia e ne ya fetogela kwa Teseletso ya Dikwalo ya Mahala ya GNU se se rotloediwa ke Richard Stallman . Gantsi Wales o fiwa tlotla gore o ne a kgona go tlhalosa ka botlalo maikano a go dira ensaetlolopedia e makwalo a yone a kgonang go kwalwa le go baakangwa ke setshaba , fa Sanger ene a bokelwa go tswa ka leano la go dirisa wiki go fitlhelela maikano ao. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-15 |title=Tech Rewind: How Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia came to be |url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/health-and-fitness/article/tech-rewind--how-wikipedia--the-free-encyclopedia-came-to-be-15915177 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le lesome, ngwaga wa 2001, Sanger o ne a ntsha mogopolo mo dithomelong tsa Nupedia go tlhama wiki gore e bereke go "thusa" lenaneo la Nupedia. <ref name="nupedia feeder from WP 1" group="W">{{Cite news|last=Sanger|first=Larry|date=January 10, 2001|title=Let's Make a Wiki|url=https://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html|access-date=December 26, 2008|publisher=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> === Tshimololo le kgolo === Wikipedia e simolodisitswe ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le lesome le botlhano ka ngwaga wa 2001, (ka dinako tse dingwe le bidiwa "Letsatsi la Wikipedia"), {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=7}} e le kgatiso e le nngwe ya puo ya Sekgoa e e nang le leina la kgolagano ya ''www.wikipedia.com'', mme le ne la bolelwa ke Sanger mo dithomelong tsa Nupedia. Leina le, le le duleng ka Sanger go thibela tshenyo epe e e ka nnang teng mo leineng la Nupedia, <ref>{{Cite news|last=Larry Sanger|author-link=Larry Sanger|date=11 January 2001|title=Re: [Advisory-l] The wiki...|publisher=Nupedia mailing list|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000680.html|access-date=10 July 2026|archivedate=14 April 2003|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030414021138/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000680.html}}</ref> le simolotse mo motswakong wa mafoko ''wiki'' le ''encyclopedia'' . Wales o boletse gore kgopolo ya Wikipedia e ne ya tlhotlhelediwa ke dikgopolo tsa thulaganyo e e sa rulaganngwang e e neng e amana le Friedrich Hayek le [[Austrian School|Sekolo sa tsa itsholelo sa kwa Austria]] morago ga gore moitseanape wa tsa itsholelo yo o ratang kgololesego e bong Mark Thornton a supe megopolo ye . <ref>{{Cite news|date=2009-04-15|title=Wikipedia's Model Follows Hayek - WSJ|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123976347774119699}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mangu-Ward |first=Katherine |date=2007-05-30 |title=Wikipedia and Beyond |url=https://reason.com/2007/05/30/wikipedia-and-beyond/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725210204/https://reason.com/2007/05/30/wikipedia-and-beyond/ |archive-date=July 25, 2021 |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=Reason.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Segolobogolo, Wales o ne ya tlhotlhelediwa ke polelo ya ga Hayek ya Tiriso ya Kitso mo Setšhabeng e e neng e bolela gore e ne e le "konokono" mo mogopolong wa gagwe ka ga "kafa a ka laolang lenaneo la Wikipedia ka teng". <ref name=":0" /> Molao wa tsamaiso ya yone o o botlhokwa wa " pono e e sa tseyeng letlhakore " o ne wa simolola mo ngwageng wa yone wa ntlha . {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=29}}Mme fela, go ne go na le melao e mmalwa, mme e ne e bereka e sa laolwe ke Nupedia. Bomis kwa tshimologong e ne e ikaeletse gore e nne kgwebo e e dirang dipoelo. <ref name="Seth-Finkelstein">{{Cite news|date=September 25, 2008|title=Read me first: Wikipedia isn't about human potential, whatever Wales says|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/sep/25/wikipedia.internet|access-date=January 23, 2023}}</ref> Wikipedia e ne ya bona bakwadi/batlatsi ba ntlha go tswa mo Nupedia, dipego tsa ''Slashdot'', le go dira dikgolagano tsa enjene ya patlo ya webo. Dikgatiso tsa puo di ne tsa tlhamiwa go simolola ka Mopitlo 2001, mme palo yotlhe ya tse di ne di dirisiwang di le lekgolo le masome a le marataro le bongwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa 2004. Nupedia le Wikipedia di ne tsa nna mmogo go fitlhela disefara tsa Nupedia di emisetswa ruri ka 2003, mme dikwalo tsa yone di ne tsa tsenngwa mo Wikipedia. Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e fetile letshwao la dikwalo tse di didikadike di le pedi (2 million) ka Lwetse a le malatsi a le boferabongwe, ngwaga wa 2007, mme se se ne sa e dira gore e nne ensaetlolopedia e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe tse di kileng tsa kokoanngwa, e feta ''Ensaetlolopedia ya Yongle'' e e neng ya dirwa kwa China ka nako ya puso ya ga Ming ka 1408, e e neng e tshwere rekoto ya teng dingwaga di ka nna makgolo a le marataro. Ka ntlha ya go tshaba papatso ya dikgwebo le go tlhoka taolo, badirisi ba Wikipedia ya Sepanishe ba ne ba tswa mo Wikipedia go tlhama {{Lang|es|[[Enciclopedia Libre]]}} ka Tlhakole 2002. <ref name="EL fears and start 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=[long] Enciclopedia Libre: msg#00008 |url=https://osdir.com/ml/science.linguistics.wikipedia.international/2003-03/msg00008.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006065927/https://osdir.com/ml/science.linguistics.wikipedia.international/2003-03/msg00008.html |archive-date=October 6, 2008 |access-date=December 26, 2008 |website=Osdir}}</ref> Morago ga moo Wales o ne a ntsha kitsiso ya gore Wikipedia ga e kitla e bontsha dikgang tsa ipapatso mme ya fetola kgolagano ya dikhomphiutha go tswa go ''wikipedia.com'' go ya go ''wikipedia.org'' . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Vibber |first=Brion |date=August 16, 2002 |title=Brion VIBBER at pobox.com |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-August/003982.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620071550/https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-August/003982.html |archive-date=June 20, 2014 |access-date=December 8, 2020 |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref> Morago ga paka ya ntlha ya kgolo e e kwa godimo, <ref name="wikisym slowing growth 1" /> go lebega selekanyo sa kgolo ya Wikipedia ya Sekgoa go ya ka dipalo tsa dikwalo tse disha le tsa bakwadi e ne ya tsholetsega thata go bapa le ngwaga wa 2007 o simolola. <ref name="guardian WP user peak 1">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia approaches its limits|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/aug/12/wikipedia-deletionist-inclusionist|access-date=March 31, 2010}}</ref> Kgatiso e e ne ya fitlhelela dikwalo di le didikadike di le tharo ka Phatwe 2009. Dikwalo di ka nna sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi di ne di tsenngwa mo ensaetlolopedia ye ka letsatsi ka ngwaga wa 2006; ka 2013 palogare eo e ne e tsamaela makgolo a le boferabobedi. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=((Editors of Wikipedia)) |author-link=Special:History/Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia extended growth |title=Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia extended growth |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia_extended_growth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826234512/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia%27s_growth |archive-date=August 26, 2011 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Setlhopha kwa Lekalaneng la Dipatlisiso la Palo Alto se ne sa amanya go fokotsega mo ga kgolo le "go oketsega ga kgokagano le ditshenyegelo tse di kwa godimo, go se akarediwe batho ba basha mo lenaneong, le go gana diphetogo tse disha". Ba bangwe ba ne ba akantsha gore kgolo e ne ya fokotsega ka gonne dikwalo tse di ka bidiwang " [[wiktionary:low-hanging fruit|tse di motlhofo thata]] "— tsa ditlhogo tse di tshwanelwang ke go nna dikwalo—di ne di setse di tlhamilwe le go agiwa thata. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Cohen|author-link=Noam Cohen|title=Wikipedia&nbsp;– Exploring Fact City|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/weekinreview/29cohen.html}}</ref> Ka Ngwanatsele 2009, mmatlisisi mongwe kwa Sekolong sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Rey Juan Carlos kwa Madrid, kwa Spain, o ne a fitlhela gore Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e ne e latlhegetswe ke bakwadi/batlatsi ba le dikete di le masome a mane le boferabongwe mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse tharo tsa 2009; fa e bapisiwa, e ne e latlhegetswe ke bakwadi ba le dikete di le nne le makgolo a le boferabongwe fela mo pakeng e e tshwanang ka 2008. <ref name="guardian editors leaving 1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/nov/26/wikipedia-losing-disgruntled-editors|title=Wikipedia falling victim to a war of words|work=The Guardian|location=London|first=Jenny|last=Kleeman|date=November 26, 2009|access-date=December 13, 2016}}</ref> ''Pego ya The Wall Street'' e ne ya umaka melao e e farologaneng e e dirisiwang mo go direng dikwalo le dikganetsano tse di amanang le diteng tsa one gareng ga mabaka a a dirang gore go nne le tlwaelo ya kgang ye. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fowler |first=Geoffrey A. |last2=Angwin |first2=Julia |date=November 27, 2009 |title=Volunteers Log Off as Wikipedia Ages |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125893981183759969 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204041034/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125893981183759969 |archive-date=December 4, 2022 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> Wales o ne a ganetsa dikgang tse ka 2009, a ganela dikgang tsa phokotsego le go belaela mokgwa wa patlisiso eo. <ref name="telegraph Wales WP not losing editors 1">{{Cite news|last=Barnett|first=Emma|date=November 26, 2009|title=Wikipedia's Jimmy Wales denies site is 'losing' thousands of volunteer editors|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|location=London|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/6660646/Wikipedias-Jimmy-Wales-denies-site-is-losing-thousands-of-volunteer-editors.html|access-date=March 31, 2010}}</ref> Morago ga dingwaga di le pedi, ka 2011, o ne a amogela gore go nnile le phokotsego e nnye, a lemoga phokotsego go tswa go "bakwadi ba ba fetang dikete di le masome a mararo le borataro go le sekae" ka Seetebosigo 2010 go ya go ba le dikete di le masome a mararo le botlhano le makgolo a le boferabobedi ka Seetebosigo 2011. Mo go yone potsolotso eo, o ne a bolela gape gore palo ya bakwadi e ne e "tlhomame e bile e tswelelela pele". <ref name="wiki-women">{{Cite news|last=Rawlinson|first=Kevin|date=August 8, 2011|title=Wikipedia seeks women to balance its 'geeky' editors|newspaper=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/wikipedia-seeks-women-to-balance-its-geeky-editors-2333605.html|access-date=April 5, 2012}}</ref> Setlhogo sa lekwalo la 2013 la ''MIT Technology Review'', "Go wela tlase ga Wikipedia", se ne sa belaela polelo e, sa bega gore fa e sale ka 2007 Wikipedia e ne e latlhegetswe ke nngwetharong ya bakwadi ba yone ba ba ithaopileng, mme sa akantsha gore ba ba setseng ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo thata mo dintlheng tse dinnye. <ref name="Simonite-2013">{{Cite journal |last=Simonite |first=Tom |date=October 22, 2013 |title=The Decline of Wikipedia |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/ |url-status=live |journal=[[MIT Technology Review]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731083716/https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/ |archive-date=July 31, 2022 |access-date=November 30, 2013}}</ref> Ka Phukwi 2012, ''The Atlantic'' e ne ya bega gore palo ya batsamaisi le yone e ne e fokotsega. <ref name="Meyer-2012">{{Cite news|last=Meyer|first=Robinson|date=July 16, 2012|title=3 Charts That Show How Wikipedia Is Running Out of Admins|work=The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/3-charts-that-show-how-wikipedia-is-running-out-of-admins/259829|access-date=January 23, 2023}}</ref> Ka Ngwanatseele 2013, bukana ya ditshwantsho ya ''New York'' e ne ya bolela jaana, "Wikipedia, webosaete ya borataro e e dirisiwang thata, e lebagane le mathata a tsamaiso ya one." Palo ya bakwadi ba esaentlolopedia ya Sekgoa ba ba e dirisang gangwe le gape fa e sa le ka nako eo e ntse e tlhomame morago ga nako e telele ya go wela tlase. <ref>{{Cite news|last=F.|first=G.|date=May 5, 2013|title=Who really runs Wikipedia?|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2013/05/05/who-really-runs-wikipedia|access-date=November 26, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mandiberg |first=Michael |date=February 23, 2020 |title=Mapping Wikipedia |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/02/where-wikipedias-editors-are-where-they-arent-and-why/605023/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115131524/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/02/where-wikipedias-editors-are-where-they-arent-and-why/605023 |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |access-date=November 26, 2021 |website=The Atlantic}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le masome a mabedi, ngwaga wa 2014, Subodh Varma yo o neng a begela ''The Economic Times'' o ne a supa gore ga se fela gore kgolo ya Wikipedia e ne e eme, e ne e "latlhegetswe ke palo ya dipono tsa dikwalo di ka nna lesome mo lekgolong ngogola. Go nnile le phokotsego ye e ka nnang dikadikadike di le dikete tse pedi (2 billion) fa gare ga Sedimonthole 2012 le Sedimonthole 2013. Diphetolelo tsa yone tse di ratiwang thata ke tsone tse di eteletseng pele mo tsebeng: dipono tsa dikwalo tsa Wikipedia ya Sekgoa di fokotsegile ka lesome le bobedi mo lekgolong (12%), tsa mofuta wa Sejeremane di fokotsegile ka lesome le bosupa mo lekgolong (17%) mme tsa mofuta wa Sejapane di fokotsegile ka boferabongwe mo lekgolong (9%)." <ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news|last=Varma|first=Subodh|date=January 20, 2014|title=Google eating into Wikipedia page views?|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/29094246.cms|access-date=February 10, 2014}}</ref> Varma o ne a tlatsa a re, "Le fa baokamedi ba Wikipedia ba akanya gore se se ka tswa se bakilwe ke diphoso tsa go tsaa dipalo, baitseanape ba bangwe ba akanya gore lenaneo la Google la Knowledge Graphs le le simolotsweng ngogola le ka tswa le ne le tsaya badirisi ba Wikipedia." <ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com" /> Fa go ikgolagangwa le ene, Clay Shirky, morutintshi-mmogo kwa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa New York le modiri ka ene kwa Lekalana la Setšhaba le mafaratlhatlha a Inthanete la Berkman Klein la Harvard o ne a bolela gore o belaela gore bontsi jwa go fokotsega ga go lebelewa ga ditsebe go bakilwe ke Dikerafo tsa Kitso, a bolela jaana, "Fa o ka kgona go bona karabo ya potso ya gago mo tsebeng ya patlo, ga o tlhoke go [tobetsa] go ya pele." <ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com" /> Kwa bokhutlong jwa Sedimonthole 2016, Wikipedia e ne ya fiwa maemo a botlhano mo webosaeteng e e itseweng thata mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka bophara. <ref name="Alexa">{{Cite web |title=Alexa Top 500 Global Sites |url=https://www.alexa.com/topsites |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203120227/https://www.alexa.com/topsites |archive-date=February 3, 2021 |access-date=December 28, 2016 |website=[[Alexa Internet]]}}</ref> Go ema ka Firikgong 2023, go setse go nopotswe dikwalo di le dikete di le masome a matlhano le botlhano le makgolo a le bosupa le masome a le boferabongwe le bongwe (55 791) tsa Wikipedia ya Sekgoa makgetho a le dikete di le masome a le boferabongwe le bobedi le makgolo a le mararo (92 300 ) mo dibukaneng tsa barutegi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Citations of Wikipedia as an Online Resource |url=https://exaly.com/online-resource/146983/en.wikipedia.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104134042/https://exaly.com/online-resource/146983/en.wikipedia.org |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |access-date=November 4, 2022 |publisher=exaly}}</ref> tse go tswa mo go tsone tiriso ya dikitso tsa dikhomphiutha e neng e le tsebe e e nopotsweng thata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Citations of Cloud Computing |url=https://exaly.com/online-document/8348259/articles/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104134042/https://exaly.com/online-document/8348259/articles/ |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |access-date=November 4, 2022 |publisher=exaly}}</ref> === Dithulaganyo tse di berekang le yone === Wikipedia e tlhamile mananeo a le mmalwa a a berekang le ensaetlolopedia, tse gape e leng diwiki tse di tsamaisiwang ke [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] . [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mananeo a mangwe a Wikimedia]] a a akaretsa Wiktionary, lenaneo la bukana ya ithunthuntso mafoko e e neng ya simololwa ka Sedimonthole 2002, Wikiquote, kokoanyo ya dinopolo tse di tlhamilweng beke morago ga gore Wikimedia e simololwe, <ref>{{Cite book |last=Woods |first=Dan |year=2007 |title=Wikis for dummies |last2=Theony |first2=Peter |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1-118-05066-8 |edition=1st |location=Hoboken, NJ |page=58 |chapter=3: The Thousand Problem-Solving Faces of Wikis |oclc=1300481129 |ol=5741003W}}</ref> Wikibooks, kokoanyo ya dibukathuto tsa mahala tse di kwadilweng ka tirisanommogo, <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=((Editors of Meta-Wiki)) |author-link=m:Special:History/Talk:Science Hypertextbook project |title=Talk:Science Hypertextbook project |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=153077 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319183224/http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=153077 |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> [[Wikimedia Commons]] . e e neng e diretswe metswedi ya dikgang ya kitso e e gololesegileng, Wikinews, ya bobegadikgang jo bo dirisanang mmogo, le Wikiversity, lenaneo la go tlhama didirisiwa tsa go ithuta tsa mahala le go tlamela ka ditiro tsa go ithuta ka inthanete. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=((Editors of Wikiversity)) |author-link=v:Special:History/Wikiversity:History of Wikiversity |title=Wikiversity:History of Wikiversity |url=https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:History_of_Wikiversity |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724204635/https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:History_of_Wikiversity |archive-date=July 24, 2015 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Wikiversity |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Lenaneo le lengwe la Wikipedia, Wikispecies, le nankolola mefuta ya ditshedi tsotlhe, mme ga e a bulegela go ka tlaletswa ke setšhaba. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=February 18, 2005 |title=NET News: Calling All Taxonomists |journal=Science |volume=307 |issue=5712 |page=1021 |doi=10.1126/science.307.5712.1021a |s2cid=220095354 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ka 2012, Wikivoyage, e leng kaedi ya mesepele e e ka tlaleletswang, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Luyt |first=Brendan |date=January 1, 2020 |title=A new kind of travel guide or more of the same? Wikivoyage and Cambodia |journal=Online Information Review |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=356–371 |doi=10.1108/OIR-03-2020-0104}}</ref> le Wikidata, e leng motheo wa kitso o o ka tlaleletswang le one, di ne tsa simololwa. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Matthew |date=March 30, 2012 |title=The Wikipedia data revolution |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2012/03/30/the-wikipedia-data-revolution/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114634/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2012/03/30/the-wikipedia-data-revolution/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> === Diphitlhelelo === [[File:List_of_Wikipedia_articles_by_language_-_March_2024.svg|thumb|[[Cartogram]] showing number of articles in the top 88 Wikipedias ({{as of|2024|3|lc=y|post=).}} The size of the circles for Wikipedias that have less than a million articles is fixed and not proportional to the size of the Wikipedia. The smallest Wikipedia that made the cutoff is the [[Haitian Creole]] Wikipedia with 69K articles.{{efn|As of April 2026, the [[Haitian Creole]] Wikipedia, with 72K articles, is in 91st place when ranked by number of articles.}}<br /> The languages are roughly grouped by region: <br />{{hlist|{{legend0|#4C0099|[[Northern Europe]]}}|{{legend0|#CC0000|[[Southern Europe]]}}|{{legend0|#CCCC00|[[Eastern Europe]]}}|{{legend0|#CC6600|[[Middle East]]}}|{{legend0|#4C9900|[[East Asia]]}}|{{legend0|#00CDFF|[[Indian subcontinent]]}}|{{legend0|#660000|[[Sub-Saharan Africa]]}}|{{legend0|#808080|[[Central Asia]]}}|{{legend0|#6600CC|[[Caribbean]]}}}} ]] Ka Firikgong 2007, Wikipedia e ne ya nna nngwe ya diwebosaete tse di lesome tse di tumileng thata kwa Amerika, go ya ka Comscore Networks. <ref name="Comscore-2007">{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2007 |title=New Year's Resolutions Reflected in January U.S. Web Traffic |url=https://ir.comscore.com/static-files/45b068e1-1cee-412a-b48f-21ec34e7b59d |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819190445/https://ir.comscore.com/static-files/45b068e1-1cee-412a-b48f-21ec34e7b59d |archive-date=August 19, 2021 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[Comscore]] |page=3 |format=PDF}}</ref> Ka badirisi ba yone ba ba kgethegileng ba le didikadike di le masome a mane le bobedi le dikete di le makgolo a le boferabongwe (42.9), e ne ya nna mo maemong a boferabongwe, e feta ''The New York Times'' (maemo a lesome) le Apple (maemo a lesome le bongwe). <ref name="Comscore-2007" /> Se se ne sa tshwaya koketsego e e bonalang go feta Firikgong 2006, fa Wikipedia e ne e le mo maemong a bomasome a le mararo le boraro, ka badirisi ba kgethegileng ba le didikadike di le lesome le boferabobedi le dikete di le makgolo a le mararo ka (18.3 million). Ka 2014, e ne ya amogela dipono tsa ditsebe di le didikadike di le dikete tse di boferabobedi (8 billion) kgwedi le kgwedi. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report&nbsp;– Wikipedia Page Views Per Country |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020212633/http://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm |archive-date=October 20, 2011 |access-date=March 8, 2015 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Ka Tlhakole a le malatsi ae boferabongwe, 2014, ''The New York Times'' e ne ya bega gore Wikipedia e ne e na le &nbsp;dipono tsa ditsebe di le dikadikadike di le dikete tse dilesome le boferabobedi (18 billion) le badirisi ba ba kgethegileng ba le didikadike di le makgolo a le matlhano (500 million) ka kgwedi, "go ya ka ditekanyetso tsa comScore". <ref name="small screen">{{Cite news|last=Cohen|first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen|date=February 9, 2014|title=Wikipedia vs. the Small Screen|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/10/technology/wikipedia-vs-the-small-screen.html?_r=0|access-date=January 22, 2023}}</ref> Go ema ka Mopitlo 2023, e ne le mo maemong a borataro ka go tuma go ya kaSimilarweb.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Similarweb |title=Top Websites Ranking – Most Visited Websites In The World |url=https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210041116/https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/ |archive-date=February 10, 2022 |access-date=March 4, 2023 |website=[[Similarweb]]}}</ref> Jeff Loveland le Joseph Reagle ba nganga gore, mo tsamaisong, Wikipedia e latela mokgwa wa tsela e e telele wa diensaetlolopedia tsa ditso tse di kokoantseng ditokafatso ka bonya ka bonya ka " go kokoanya ga stigmergy ". <ref name="sagepub WP and encyclopedic production 1">{{Cite journal |last=Loveland |first=Jeff |last2=Reagle |first2=Joseph |date=January 15, 2013 |title=Wikipedia and encyclopedic production |journal=New Media & Society |volume=15 |issue=8 |page=1294 |doi=10.1177/1461444812470428 |issn=1461-4448 |s2cid=27886998}}</ref> <ref name="theatlantic WP actually a reversion 1">{{Cite web |last=Rosen |first=Rebecca J. |date=January 30, 2013 |title=What If the Great Wikipedia 'Revolution' Was Actually a Reversion? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/what-if-the-great-wikipedia-revolution-was-actually-a-reversion/272697 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229051117/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/what-if-the-great-wikipedia-revolution-was-actually-a-reversion/272697/ |archive-date=December 29, 2022 |access-date=February 9, 2013 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le lesome le boferabobedi, ngwaga wa 2012, Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e ne ya nna le seabe mo motseletseleng wa ditshupetso tse di rulagantsweng kgatlhanong le melao e mebedi e e neng e tshitshintswe kwa Lekgotlaneng la United States — Molao wa go Emisa go Utswa bodiratsi/dikwalo mo mafaratlhatlheng (SOPA) le Molao wa PROTECT IP (PIPA)—ka go fifatsa ditsebe tsa yone dioura di le masome a mabedi le bone . <ref name="LA Times Jan 19">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia: SOPA protest led eight million to look up reps in Congress|url=https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2012/01/wikipedia-sopa-blackout-congressional-representatives.html|access-date=March 6, 2012}}</ref> Batho ba feta didikadike di le lekgolo le le lengwe le masome a mabedi ba bone tsebe e e neng e tlhalosa go fifafatsa moo e e neng e tsere maemo a diteng tsa ensaetlolopedia nakwana e e seng ya sennela ruri. <ref name="BBC WP blackout protest 1">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia joins blackout protest at US anti-piracy moves|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-16590585|access-date=January 19, 2012}}</ref> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=SOPA/Blackoutpage |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/SOPA/Blackoutpage |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622185443/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/SOPA/Blackoutpage |archive-date=June 22, 2018 |access-date=January 19, 2012 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Ka Firikgong 2013, 274301 Wikipedia, e leng asteroid, e ne ya bidiwa ka Wikipedia; <ref>{{Cite news|last=Workman|first=Robert|date=January 5, 2013|title=Asteroid Re-Named 'Wikipedia'|work=[[Space.com]]|url=https://www.space.com/19643-asteroid-named-wikipedia.html|access-date=January 23, 2023}}</ref> ka Phalane 2014, Wikipedia e ne ya tlotlomatswa ka ''Sefikantswe sa Wikipedia'' ; <ref>{{Cite news|last=Katz|first=Leslie|date=October 27, 2014|title=A Wikipedia monument? It's true (we're pretty sure)|work=[[CNET]]|url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/a-wikipedia-monument-its-true-were-pretty-sure/|access-date=January 23, 2023}}</ref> mme, ka Phukwi 2015, ditshutiso tsa Wikipedia di le lekgolo le le lengwe le borataro (106) mo go tse di dikete di le bosupa le makgolo a le mane le masome a le bosupa le boraro (7 473) tse di nang le ditsebe di le makgolo a le masupa 700 di ne tsa nna teng e le Wikipedia e e Gatisitsweng . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sawers |first=Paul |date=June 18, 2015 |title=You can soon buy a 7,471-volume printed version of Wikipedia for $500,000 |url=https://venturebeat.com/business/you-can-soon-buy-a-7471-volume-printed-version-of-wikipedia-for-500000/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017154940/https://venturebeat.com/business/you-can-soon-buy-a-7471-volume-printed-version-of-wikipedia-for-500000/ |archive-date=October 17, 2022 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=VentureBeat}}</ref> Ka Moranang 2019, sefofane sa Iseraele se se fologang mo ngweding, Beresheet, se ne sa wela mo godimo ga [[Ngwedi]] se tshotse dikhophi tsa dikwalo tsa Wikipedia ya sekgoa tsotlhe di gateletswe mo dipoleiting tse ditshesane tsa nikele; baitseanape ba re go ka direga gore dipoleiti tse di ne tsa seka tsa amega fa tiragalo e ya go wa ga sefofane e diragala. <ref name="WRD-20190805">{{Cite news|last=Oberhaus|first=Daniel|date=August 5, 2019|title=A Crashed Israeli Lunar Lander Spilled Tardigrades On The Moon|work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|url=https://www.wired.com/story/a-crashed-israeli-lunar-lander-spilled-tardigrades-on-the-moon/|access-date=August 6, 2019}}</ref> <ref name="VOX-20190806">{{Cite news|last=Resnick|first=Brian|title=Tardigrades, the toughest animals on Earth, have crash-landed on the moon&nbsp;– The tardigrade conquest of the solar system has begun.|url=https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2019/8/6/20756844/tardigrade-moon-beresheet-arch-mission|date=August 6, 2019|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|access-date=August 6, 2019}}</ref> Ka Seetebosigo 2019, baitseanape ba maranyane ba ne ba bega gore 16 GB otlhe wa dikwalo tse di tswang mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa o tsentswe mo DNA ya maitirelo . <ref name="CNET-20190629">{{Cite news|last=Shankland|first=Stephen|date=June 29, 2019|title=Startup packs all 16&nbsp;GB of Wikipedia onto DNA strands to demonstrate new storage tech&nbsp;– Biological molecules will last a lot longer than the latest computer storage technology, Catalog believes.|work=[[CNET]]|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/startup-packs-all-16gb-wikipedia-onto-dna-strands-demonstrate-new-storage-tech/|access-date=August 15, 2023}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le lesome le boferabobedi, 2023, Wikipedia e ne ya simolodisa webosaete e ntšha e e baakantsweng , e e bidiwang " Vector 2022 ". <ref name="Pearl-2023">{{Cite web |last=Pearl |first=Mike |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Yes, Wikipedia looks weird. Don't freak out. |url=https://mashable.com/article/new-wikipedia-redesign |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120012235/https://mashable.com/article/new-wikipedia-redesign |archive-date=January 20, 2023 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[Mashable]]}}</ref> <ref name="Tech Desk-2023">{{Cite web |last=Tech Desk |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Wikipedia gets a facelift after 10 years: A look at new interface and features |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/wikipedia-gets-a-facelift-after-10-years-a-look-at-new-interface-and-features/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119054103/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/wikipedia-gets-a-facelift-after-10-years-a-look-at-new-interface-and-features/ |archive-date=January 19, 2023 |access-date=January 22, 2023 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> E ne e na le tsebe ya lenaneo e e tlhamilweng sesha, e sutisetsa tafole ya diteng kafa molemeng go e dira baara e e kafa thoko, le diphetogo di le dintsi fa go tobediwang teng go tlhopha tse o batlang go di dirisa jaaka sedirisiwa sa go tlhopha puo. <ref name="Tech Desk-2023" /> <ref group="W">{{Cite news|date=January 18, 2023|title=Wikipedia Gets a Fresh New Look: First Desktop Update in a Decade Puts Usability at the Forefront|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/01/18/wikipedia-gets-a-fresh-new-look-first-desktop-update-in-a-decade-puts-usability-at-the-forefront/|access-date=January 22, 2023}}</ref> Ntšhafatso e e ne ya amogela tsibogo e e sa siamang kwa tshimologong, segolobogolo fa bakwadi botlhe ba Wikipedia ya Seswahili ba ne ba tlhopha go busetsa diphetogo morago. <ref name="Pearl-2023" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rauwerda |first=Annie |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Wikipedia's Redesign Is Barely Noticeable. That's the Point. |url=https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120005241/https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html |archive-date=January 20, 2023 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=Slate Magazine}}</ref> Bobedi jo, Sanger le Wales ba ne tsenelela dipotsolotso tse di phatlalatsa kwa bokhutlong jwa 2025 ka ga dikakanyo tsa bone ka ga maemo le seemo sa Wikipedia, go fitlha go felela fa dingwageng tsa one tse di masome a mabedi le botlhano e ntse e le mo tirisong ka Firikgong a le lesome le botlhano, ngwaga wa 2026; Wales o ne a tlhagelela mo thulaganyong ya dikgang tsa PBS mo lenaneong la GZERO World e e neng e botsolodiwa ke Ian Bremmer mme Sanger o ne a tlhagelela mo Dikgannyeng tsa Fox, e e neng e botsolodiwa ke Ashley Rindsberg . Buka ya ga Wales ya ''Melao e e Supa ya go Ikanyega'' e ne ya gatisiwa ke Penguin Random House ka Phalane 2025 . E ne ya tlhalosiwa ke mogatisi jaaka "kakanyo e e tseneletseng ka ga mathata a lefatshe a go ikanyega le kitso" e le buka e e kanokang "melao ya go tshepana" e e letleletseng kgolo le katlego ya Wikipedia. <ref name="Penguin">{{Cite web |title=The Seven Rules of Trust |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/734278/the-seven-rules-of-trust-by-jimmy-wales-with-dan-gardner/ |access-date=22 October 2025 |website=[[Penguin Random House]] |language=en}}</ref> === Ditlamorago tsa maranyane a botlhale jwa maiterelo (generative AI ) mo dipalong tsa dipono tsa ditsebe tsa Wikipedia === Fa e sa le ka Firikgong 2024, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o begile koketsego ya sephatlo mo lekgolong ya tiriso tsa dibandwith go tswa mo go bapaleng diteng tsa bobegakgang mo mananeong a one otlhe. Go ya ka mokgatlho yo, kgolo e e amana le mananeo a a iperekisang ka boone, kgotsa di-bot tsa " scraper ", tse di kokoanyang ditshutiso tsa kitso mo ditsebeng tsa Wikimedia gore di dirisiwe mo go katiseng didirisiwa tse ditona tsa puo le ditiro tse di amanang le tsone. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weaver |first=Tanya |date=2025-04-04 |title=AI scraper bots putting costly strain on Wikimedia infrastructure |url=https://eandt.theiet.org/2025/04/04/ai-scraper-bots-are-putting-costly-strain-wikimedias-infrastructure |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=eandt.theiet.org}}</ref> Ka Phalane 2025, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o ne wa bega palo kakanyetso e le boferabobedi mo lekgolong ya phokotsego ya pharakano fa go bapisiwa le kgwedi e e tshwanang ka 2024 mo diponong tse di dirilweng ke batho. Ba bua gore se se bontsha tiriso ya Maranyane a botlhale jwa maitirelo le metswedi ya dikgang di sedimosa ka fa batho ba ratang go batla kitso/dikgang ka teng. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ha |first=Anthony |date=2025-10-18 |title=Wikipedia says traffic is falling due to AI search summaries and social video |url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/10/18/wikipedia-says-traffic-is-falling-due-to-ai-search-summaries-and-social-video/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221202413/https://techcrunch.com/2025/10/18/wikipedia-says-traffic-is-falling-due-to-ai-search-summaries-and-social-video/ |archive-date=December 21, 2025 |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=TechCrunch}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Marshall |date=2025-10-17 |title=New User Trends on Wikipedia |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/10/17/new-user-trends-on-wikipedia/ |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Diff}}</ref> == Tirisanommogo ya bakwadi == [[File:History_Comparison_Example_(Vector).png|thumb|Dipharologano tse di gateletsweng mo dikwalong tsa setlhogo se le sengwe]] === Melawana === Ka ntlha ya go tuma ga Wikipedia mo go ntseng go oketsega, dikgatiso dingwe, di akaretsa le tsa Sekgoa, di simolodisitse melawana e e laolang go tlaleletsa dikwalo fa gongwe. Ka sekai, mo Wikipedia ya sekgoa le dikgatiso dingwe tsa dipuo, badirisi ba ba nang le diphetogo di le lesome tsa dikwalo mme gape ba na le malatsi a le mane e le badirisi ke bone fela ba ba ka dirang dikwalo tse disha. Mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, gareng ga tse dingwe, ditsebe tse di bakang dikganetsano thata, tse di masisi, kgotsa tse di nang le kgonagalo ya go senngwa di ile tsa sirelediwa ka selekanyo se se farologaneng. <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Hafner|first1=Katie|date=June 17, 2006|title=Growing Wikipedia Refines Its 'Anyone Can Edit' Policy|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/17/technology/17wiki.html|access-date=December 5, 2016}}</ref> Tsebe e e senngwang gantsi e ka nna "e e sireleditsweng bontlhabongwe" kgotsa "e e sireleditsweng e netefaditswe gape e atolositswe", se se rayang gore ke fela bakwadi ba ba "tlhomamisitsweng" kgotsa ba ba "netefaditsweng mo go atolositsweng" ba ka e fetolang. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=12–13}}Setlhogo se se bakang dikganetsano thata se ka nna sa lotlelwa gore e nne batsamaisi fela ba ba ka dirang diphetogo. Lekwalo la 2021 mo ''Columbia Journalism Review'' le ne la supa melawana ya Wikipedia ya go sireletsa ditsebe jaaka "gongwe tsela e e botlhokwa thata" e e nang le yone ya go "laola mmaraka wa yone wa megopolo". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrison |first=Stephen |last2=Benjakob |first2=Omer |date=January 14, 2021 |title=Wikipedia is twenty. It's time to start covering it better. |url=https://www.cjr.org/opinion/wikipedia-is-twenty-its-time-to-start-covering-it-better.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117150508/https://www.cjr.org/opinion/wikipedia-is-twenty-its-time-to-start-covering-it-better.php |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |access-date=January 15, 2021 |website=[[Columbia Journalism Review]]}}</ref> Wikipedia e abetse di- bot ditiro dingwe . tsamaiso ya algorithm ya mofuta yoo e bonolo go tsenngwa mo tirisong le go lekanyediwa, mme go gana go amogela diphetogo mo go itirisang (automated rejection ) go ka tswa go nnile le seabe mo go fokotsegeng ga bakwadi ba ba matlhagatlhaga ba Wikipedia. <ref name="Ren-2024">{{Cite journal |last=Ren |first=Yuqing |last2=Zhang |first2=Haifeng |last3=Kraut |first3=Robert E. |date=February 29, 2024 |title=How Did They Build the Free Encyclopedia? A Literature Review of Collaboration and Coordination among Wikipedia Editors |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3617369 |url-status=live |journal=ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=1–48 |doi=10.1145/3617369 |issn=1073-0516 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912194101/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3617369 |archive-date=September 12, 2024 |access-date=September 12, 2024}}</ref> Di-bot di tshwanetse go amogelwa ke badirisi pele ga ditiro tsa tsone di tsenngwa mo tirisong. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=36}} Mo dikgannyeng tse dingwe, bakwadi botlhe ba letlelelwa go romela diphetogo, fela go tlhokega tshekatsheko mo bakwading bangwe, go lebilwe diemo dingwe. Ka sekai, Wikipedia ya Sejeremane e boloka "diphetolo tse di tlhomameng" tsa dikwalo tse di fentseng go tlhatlhobiwa mo go rileng. Morago ga diteko tse di tsereng nako e telele le dipuisano tsa badirisi, Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e ne ya tlhagisa thulaganyo ya "diphetogo tse di santseng di letilwe" ka Sedimonthole ngwaga wa 2012. <ref name="BInsider pending changes intro 1">{{Cite news|last=Henderson|first=William|date=December 10, 2012|title=Wikipedia Has Figured Out A New Way To Stop Vandals In Their Tracks|work=[[Insider Inc.|Business Insider]]|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/pending-changes-safeguard-on-wikipedia-2012-12|access-date=January 22, 2023}}</ref> Ka fa tlase ga thulaganyo ye, diphetogo tsa badirisi ba basha le ba ba sa kwadisiwang mo dikwalong dingwe tse di bakang dikganetsano kgotsa tse di nnang di senngwa di sekasekwa ke badirisi ba ba tlhomameng pele ga di gatisiwa. <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Frewin|first1=Jonathan|date=June 15, 2010|title=Wikipedia unlocks divisive pages for editing|journal=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10312095|access-date=August 21, 2014}}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, melawana ya go tlaleletsa dikwalo e fokotsa go nna le seabe ga bakwadi ga mmogo le maiteko a go kabakanya morafe wa badirisi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ajmani |first=Leah |last2=Vincent |first2=Nicholas |last3=Chancellor |first3=Stevie |date=September 28, 2023 |title=Peer Produced Friction: How Page Protection on Wikipedia Affects Editor Engagement and Concentration |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3610198 |url-status=live |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |volume=7 |issue=CSCW2 |pages=1–33 |doi=10.1145/3610198 |issn=2573-0142 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915061444/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3610198 |archive-date=September 15, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> Dikwalo tse di amanang le kgotlhang ya Iseraele le Palestina di bewa ka fa tlase ga tshireletso e e atolositsweng e e netefaditsweng. <ref name="Harrison-2023">{{Cite news|last=Harrison|first=Stephen|date=October 26, 2023|title=Wikipedia Is Covering the War in Israel and Gaza Better Than X|url=https://slate.com/technology/2023/10/wikipedia-elon-musk-gaza-hamas-israel-x-twitter-dispute.html|access-date=December 20, 2023|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|issn=1091-2339}}</ref> Bakwadi gape ba ka dira phetogo ya go boela morago mafoko a bone gangwe fela ka letsatsi go ralala ensaetlolopedia yotlhe mme ba ka thibelwa ruri go tlaleletsa dikwalo tse di amanang le yone. Melawana e e simolotswe ka 2008. <ref name="Benjakob-2020a">{{Cite news|last=Benjakob|first=Omer|date=October 4, 2020|title=The Second Intifada Still Rages on Wikipedia|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2020-10-04/ty-article/.highlight/the-second-intifada-still-rages-on-wikipedia/0000017f-e7fb-da9b-a1ff-efff2c230000|access-date=March 6, 2024|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref> Ka Firikgong 2025, Komiti ya Katlholo e ne ya simolodisa "melawana e e lekalekanang ya go tlaleletsa dikwalo", e e tlhokang gore badirisi ba ba nang le dithibelo ba neele fela nngwetharong ya diphetolo tsa bone mo dikwalong tse di amanang le kgotlhang ya Iseraele le Palestina le fa go se na melao epe ya boitshwaro jo bo sa siamang e e robilweng. <ref name="Elia-Shalev-2025">{{Cite web |last=Elia-Shalev |first=Asaf |date=January 24, 2025 |title=Edit wars over Israel spur rare ban of 8 Wikipedia editors — from both sides |url=https://www.jta.org/2025/01/23/israel/edit-wars-over-israel-spur-rare-ban-of-8-wikipedia-editors-from-both-sides |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250610091420/https://www.jta.org/2025/01/23/israel/edit-wars-over-israel-spur-rare-ban-of-8-wikipedia-editors-from-both-sides |archive-date=June 10, 2025 |access-date=May 27, 2025 |website=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]}}</ref> === Tshekatsheko ya diphetogo === [[File:Wikipedia_editing_interface.png|thumb|tsebe ya diphetolo ya Wikipedia]] Le fa diphetogo di sa sekasekwe ka thulaganyo, sofotewere ya Wikipedia e tlamela ka didirisiwa tse di letlelelang mongwe le mongwe go sekaseka diphetogo tse di dirilweng ke ba bangwe. Tsebe ya Ditso ya lekwalo lengwe le sengwe e golagana le diphetolo dingwe le dingwe tsa yone.{{efn|Revisions with libelous content, criminal threats, or copyright infringements may be removed completely.}} Mo dikwalong ka bontsi, mongwe le mongwe o ka lebelela diphetogo tse disha mme gape a baakanya diphetolo tsa ba bangwe ka go tobetsa kgokagano e e mo tsebeng ya Ditso tsa lekwalo la teng. Badirisi ba ba kwadisitsweng ba ka nna ba tlhokometse dikwalo tse di ba kgatlhang ka go nna le "lenaneo la ditebelelo" gore ba kgone go itsisiwe ka diphetogo. "Kanoko ya ditsebe tse disha" ke thulaganyo e mo go yone dikwalo tse di sa tswang go tlhamiwa di tlholwang go bona gore a di na le mathata a a bonalang. Ka 2003, moithuti wa setlankana sa PhD sa dithuto tsa itsholelo Andrea Ciffolilli o ne a bolela gore ditshenyegelo tse di kwa tlase tsa go nna le seabe mo wiki di ne tsa dira gore go nne le tlhabololo ya tirisanommogo, le gore dikarolo tsa mofuta yoo di ne di letlelela gore go nne motlhofo go bona diphetolo tse di fetileng tsa tsebe, mme go ne go thusa ka "dikatlholo tse di agang" go na le "dikatlholo tse di senyang". <ref name="FMonday collaborative effort 1">{{Cite journal |last=Ciffolilli |first=Andrea |date=December 2003 |title=Phantom authority, self-selective recruitment and retention of members in virtual communities: The case of Wikipedia |journal=First Monday |volume=8 |issue=12 |doi=10.5210/fm.v8i12.1108 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Tshenyo === Phetogo epe e e tshosetsang go thokgama ga Wikipedia ka bomo e tsewa e le go senya. Mefuta e e tlwaelegileng thata e e bonalang ya go senya e akaretsa go oketsa ka dilo tse di fatlhang le metlae e e sa siamang; gape e ka akaretsa ipapatso le mefuta e mengwe ya spam. Ka dinako tse dingwe bakwadi ba senya dikwalo ka go tlosa diteng kgotsa go tsenya tsebe e e senang sepe gotlhelele. Mefuta e e sa tlwaelegang thata ya tshenyo, jaaka go tlaletsa dikwalo ka dikgang tse di utlwalang mme di se boammaaruri ka bomo, di ka nna dingalo thata go lemosega. Batho ba ba senyang dikwalo ba ka tsenya fomate e e sa amaneng le sepe, ba fetola motheo wa tsebe jaaka setlhogo sa tsebe kgotsa go aroganngwa ga yone ka ditlhopha, ba dirisa khoutu e e ka fa tlase ga lekwalo ka boferefere, kgotsa ba dirisa ditshwantsho ka tsela e e kgoreletsang. [[File:John_Seigenthaler_Sr._speaking.jpg|alt=White-haired elderly gentleman in suit and tie speaks at a podium.|left|thumb|Mmegadikgang wa MoAmerika John Seigenthaler (1927–2014), setlhogo sa tiragalo ya buka ya botshelo jwa ga Seigenthaler]] Tshenyo e e bonalang ka kakaretso e motlhofo go ka ntshiwa mo dikwalong tsa Wikipedia; nako ya bogare ya go e lemoga le go e baakanya ke metsotso e le mmalwa. Le fa go ntse jalo, tshenyo ye nngwe e tsaya lobaka thata go ka lemogwa le go baakanngwa. Mo tiragalong ya buka ya botshelo jwa ga Seigenthaler, mokwadi mongwe yo o neng a ipipile leina a sa itsiwe o ne a tsenya kgang ye e e seng boammaaruri mo lekwalong la botshelo jwa moeteledipele wa sepolotiki wa Amerika e bong John Seigenthaler ka Motsheganong 2005, a mo kaya mo go maaka jaaka mmelaelwa wa polao ya ga John F. Kennedy . E ne ya nna e sa baakanngwa dikgwedi di le nne. Seigenthaler, mookamedi yo o simolotseng ''USA Today'' le motlhami wa lekgotlana la kgololesego ya Lekalana la Phetolo ya Ntlha kwa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Vanderbilt, o ne a leletsa motlhami-mmogo wa Wikipedia e bong Jimmy Wales mme a mmotsa gore a o na le tsela epe ya go itse gore ke mang yo o tsentseng kgang ye e senang boammaaruri yeo. Wales o ne a re ga itse, le fa mong wa molato a ne a feleletsa a latedisiwa. <ref name="book The World is Flat 1">{{Cite book |last=Friedman |first=Thomas L. |year=2007 |title=The World is Flat |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus & Giroux]] |isbn=978-0-374-29278-2 |page=124}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Buchanan |first=Brian |date=November 17, 2006 |title=Founder shares cautionary tale of libel in cyberspace |url=https://archive.firstamendmentcenter.org/news.aspx?id=17798 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221140311/https://archive.firstamendmentcenter.org/news.aspx?id=17798 |archive-date=December 21, 2012 |access-date=November 17, 2012 |publisher=[[First Amendment Center]]}}</ref> Morago ga tiragalo e, Seigenthaler o ne a tlhalosa Wikipedia e le "sedirisiwa sa patlisiso se se nang le diphoso gape se sena maikarabelo". Tiragalo e e ne ya dira gore go dirwe diphetogo tsa melawana kwa Wikipedia tsa go gagamatsa go netefadiwa ga dikwalo tse di buang ka matshelo a batho ba ba tshelang. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Helm|first=Burt|title=Wikipedia: "A Work in Progress"|url=https://www.businessweek.com/stories/2005-12-13/wikipedia-a-work-in-progress|date=December 13, 2005|access-date=July 26, 2012}}</ref> === Dikganetsano le dintwa tsa go tlaleletsa dikwalo === Bakwadi ba Wikipedia gantsi ba na le go sa dumalane mabapi le diteng, tse di ka tlotliwang mo ditsebeng tsa Puisano tsa dikwalo. Dikganetsano di ka felela ka diphetogo tse di gaisanang gangwe le gape mo dikwalong, tse di bidiwang "ntwa ya go tlaleletsa". <ref name="NBC WP editorial warzone 12">{{Cite news|last=Coldewey|first=Devin|date=June 21, 2012|title=Wikipedia is editorial warzone, says study|department=Technology|work=[[NBC News]]|url=https://sys03-public.nbcnews.com/technology/wikipedia-editorial-warzone-says-study-838793|access-date=March 26, 2021|archivedate=August 26, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826113318/http://sys03-public.nbcnews.com/technology/wikipedia-editorial-warzone-says-study-838793}}</ref> E bonwa ke botlhe jaaka seemo se se senyang didirisiwa mme go sena kitso epe e e mosola e e tsengwang, <ref>{{Cite book |last=Kalyanasundaram |first=Arun |date=December 2015 |title=2015 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC) |last2=Wei |first2=Wei |last3=Carley |first3=Kathleen M. |last4=Herbsleb |first4=James D. |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-1-4673-9743-8 |location=Huntington Beach, CA |pages=276–287 |chapter=An agent-based model of edit wars in Wikipedia: How and when is consensus reached |citeseerx=10.1.1.715.2758 |doi=10.1109/WSC.2015.7408171}}</ref> gape e a kgalwa ka e tsewa e dira ngwao ya gore bakwadi ba nne le kgaisano e nang le kgotlhang <ref>{{Cite book |last=Suh |first=Bongwon |date=2009 |title=Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration |last2=Convertino |first2=Gregorio |last3=Chi |first3=Ed H. |last4=Pirolli |first4=Peter |publisher=ACM Press |isbn=978-1-60558-730-1 |location=Orlando, FL |pages=1–10 |chapter=The singularity is not near |doi=10.1145/1641309.1641322 |doi-access=free}}</ref> se se amangwang le dikarolo tsa bong tsa banna tsa setso . <ref>{{Cite news|last=Torres|first=Nicole|date=June 2, 2016|title=Why Do So Few Women Edit Wikipedia?|url=https://hbr.org/2016/06/why-do-so-few-women-edit-wikipedia|access-date=August 20, 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bear |first=Julia B. |last2=Collier |first2=Benjamin |date=March 2016 |title=Where are the Women in Wikipedia? Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Wikipedia |journal=Sex Roles |volume=74 |issue=5–6 |pages=254–265 |doi=10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |s2cid=146452625}}</ref> Dipatlisiso di itebagantse thata le, sekai, go tlhoka botho ka dikganetsano, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khazraie |first=Marzieh |last2=Talebzadeh |first2=Hossein |date=February 7, 2020 |title="Wikipedia does NOT tolerate your babbling!": Impoliteness-induced conflict (resolution) in a polylogal collaborative online community of practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378216620300771 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Pragmatics |volume=163 |pages=46–65 |doi=10.1016/j.pragma.2020.03.009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914115833/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378216620300771 |archive-date=September 14, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smirnov |first=Ivan |last2=Oprea |first2=Camelia |last3=Strohmaier |first3=Markus |date=December 1, 2023 |editor-last=Ognyanova |editor-first=Katherine |title=Toxic comments are associated with reduced activity of volunteer editors on Wikipedia |url=https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/doi/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385/7457939 |url-status=live |journal=PNAS Nexus |volume=2 |issue=12 |doi=10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385 |issn=2752-6542 |pmc=10697426 |pmid=38059265 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007101400/https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/doi/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385/7457939 |archive-date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024 |doi-access=free |article-number=pgad385}}</ref> tlhotlheletso ya dikampa tsa bakwadi tse di gaisanang, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lerner |first=Jürgen |last2=Lomi |first2=Alessandro |date=December 21, 2020 |title=The free encyclopedia that anyone can dispute: An analysis of the micro-structural dynamics of positive and negative relations in the production of contentious Wikipedia articles |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378873318300467 |url-status=live |journal=Social Networks |volume=60 |pages=11–25 |doi=10.1016/j.socnet.2018.12.003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126001010/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378873318300467 |archive-date=November 26, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morris-O'Connor |first=Danielle A. |last2=Strotmann |first2=Andreas |last3=Zhao |first3=Dangzhi |date=April 4, 2023 |title=The colonization of Wikipedia: evidence from characteristic editing behaviors of warring camps |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090/full/html |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Documentation |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=784–810 |doi=10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090 |issn=0022-0418 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020151300/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090/full/html |archive-date=October 20, 2023 |access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref> popego ya dipuisano, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ziembowicz |first=Karolina |last2=Roszczyńska-Kurasińska |first2=Magdalena |last3=Rychwalska |first3=Agnieszka |last4=Nowak |first4=Andrzej |date=October 3, 2022 |title=Predicting conflict-prone disputes using the structure of turn-taking: the case of Wikipedia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224 |url-status=live |journal=Information, Communication & Society |volume=25 |issue=13 |pages=1987–2005 |doi=10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224 |issn=1369-118X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091334/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224 |archive-date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> le phetogo ya dikgotlhang go tlhoma mogopolo mo metsweding. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Chhabra |first=Anamika |date=August 25, 2020 |title=Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Open Collaboration |last2=Kaur |first2=Rishemjit |last3=Iyengar |first3=S. R.S. |publisher=ACM |isbn=978-1-4503-8779-8 |pages=1–10 |chapter=Dynamics of Edit War Sequences in Wikipedia |doi=10.1145/3412569.3412585 |access-date=September 15, 2024 |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3412569.3412585 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915052238/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3412569.3412585 |archive-date=September 15, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="Ruprechter">{{Cite journal |last=Ruprechter |first=Thorsten |last2=Santos |first2=Tiago |last3=Helic |first3=Denis |date=September 9, 2020 |title=Relating Wikipedia article quality to edit behavior and link structure |journal=Applied Network Science |volume=5 |issue=1 |doi=10.1007/s41109-020-00305-y |issn=2364-8228 |doi-access=free |article-number=61}}</ref> Taha Yasseri wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Oxford o ne a sekaseka dikgotlhang tsa go tlaleletsa/kwala dikwalo le go rarabololwa ga tsone mo patlisisong ya 2013. <ref name="Yasseri-2014">{{Cite book |last=Yasseri |first=Taha |author-link=Taha Yasseri |year=2014 |title=The Most Controversial Topics in Wikipedia: A Multilingual and Geographical Analysis |last2=Spoerri |first2=Anselm |last3=Graham |first3=Mark |last4=Kertész |first4=János |author-link4=János Kertész |publisher=Scarecrow Press |editor-last=Fichman, P. |doi=10.2139/SSRN.2269392 |ssrn=2269392 |editor-last2=Hara, N.}}</ref> Yasseri o ne a nganga gore go boela morago mo go bonolo fela kgotsa ditiro tsa "go dirolola" e ne e se selekanyo se se botlhokwa thata sa boitshwaro jo bo sa siamang jwa tiro kwa Wikipedia. O ne a ikaegile boemong jwa seo ka leano la "bakwadi ba le babedi ba bereka mmogo go boela ditlaleletso morago", le e leng gore mokwadi a le mongwe o tlaabo a busetsa morago go tlaleletsa ga mokwadi yo mongwe yo morago ga moo, ka tatelano, a boelang go busetsa tlaleletso ya mokwadi wa ntlha morago. Maduo a ne a tsenngwa mo lenaneong la diphetolelo di le mmalwa tsa dipuo tsa Wikipedia. Dikgotlhang tsa dipalo tse tharo tse di tona mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e ne e le tsa dikwalo tsa ga George W. Bush, botlhokapuso, le Muhammad . <ref name="Yasseri-2014" /> Fa go bapisiwa, mo Wikipedia ya Jeremane, dikgotlhang tsa dipalo tse tharo tse di tona ka nako ya patlisiso e ne e le tsa dikwalo tse di neng di bua ka Croatia, Scientology, le megopolo ka tiragalo ya 9/11 . <ref name="Yasseri-2014" /> Ka 2020, babatlisisi ba ne ba supa dikgato tse dingwe ka maitsholo a bakwadi, go feta go boela morago ditlaleletso ka bobedi, go supa dikgotlhang tsa go tlaleletsa dikwalo go ralala Wikipedia. <ref name="Ruprechter"/> Bakwadi gape ba ngangisana ka go phimolwa ga dikwalo mo Wikipedia, ka dingangisano tse di ntseng jalo di ka nna dikete di le makgolo a le matlhano fa e sa le Wikipedia e simololwa go tloga ka 2019. Fa lekwalo le sena go tlhophiwa go phimolwa, kganetsano gantsi e laolwa ke ditlhopo tsa ntlha (gore a le bolokwe kgotsa le phimolwe) le ka go umaka melawana ya tse di rileng tsa setlhogo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mayfield |first=Elijah |last2=Black |first2=Alan W. |date=November 7, 2019 |title=Analyzing Wikipedia Deletion Debates with a Group Decision-Making Forecast Model |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3359308 |url-status=live |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |volume=3 |issue=CSCW |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1145/3359308 |issn=2573-0142 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915025504/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3359308 |archive-date=September 15, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> == Melao le diteng == Wikipedia e na le mafelo a maina a a farologaneng a le lesome le bongwe mme dikwalo tsa yone di teng mo ''lefelong la maremelelo'' . Mafelo a mangwe a maina a na le ketapele pele ga setlhogo sa tsebe ya one mme a diragatsa maikaelelo a a farologaneng. Sekai, lefelo la maina a lenaneo le o a dirisa ketapele ''ya Wikipedia'' mme gape le dirisediwa dipuisano tse di amanang le go ipusa. Bontsi jwa babadi ga ba itse ka mafelo a a mangwe a maina. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=3}} Melaometheo ya morafe wa badirisi ba Wikipedia e akareditswe mo "Dipilara tse Tlhano", fa melaometheo e e tseneletseng ya go tlaleletsa dikwalo e tlhagisiwa mo melaong le dikaedi tse dintsi tse di diretsweng go bopa diteng mo go tshwanetseng. Dipilara tse tlhano tseo ke: * Wikipedia ke ensaetlolopedia * Wikipedia e kwadilwe ka tsela e e sa tseyeng letlhakore * Diteng tsa Wikipedia ke tsa mahala tse mongwe le mongwe a ka di dirisang, a di tlaleletsa, le go di anamisa * Bakwadi ba Wikipedia ba tshwanetse go tshwarana ka tlotlo le maitseo * Wikipedia ga e na melao e e kgopo Melao e e tlhamilweng ke badirisi e bolokwa mo lefelong la maina la Wikipedia, mme bakwai ba Wikipedia ba kwala le go tlhabolola melao le dikaelo tsa webosaete go ya ka tumalano ya badirisi. <ref name="pcworld who's behind WP">{{Cite web |date=February 6, 2008 |title=Who's behind Wikipedia? |url=https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/index.php/id;1866322157;fp;2;fpid;2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209110303/https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/index.php/id%3B1866322157%3Bfp%3B2%3Bfpid%3B2 |archive-date=February 9, 2008 |access-date=February 7, 2008 |website=PC World |page=2}}</ref> Kwa tshimologong, melao ya dikgatiso tse e seng tsa Sekgoa tsa Wikipedia e ne e beilwe mo thanolong ya melao ya Wikipedia ya Sekgoa. Fa e sa le ka nako eo e ile ya fapoga golo gongwe. === Melao ya diteng le dikaelo === Go ya ka melao ya morafe wa badirisi ba Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, lekwalo lengwe le lengwe mo Wikipedia le tshwanetse go nna le setlhogo se se maleba go nna mo [[wiktionary:encyclopedic|ensaetlolopedia]] mme e se lekwalo le le kwadilweng kana le utlwalega jaaka buka ya tlhaloso ya mafoko. Setlhogo gape se tshwanetse go fitlhelela maemo a Wikipedia a "notability", se se rayang gore setlhogo se tshwanetse gore a bo se kile sa akarediwa thata mo metsweding e e ikanyegang e e ikemetseng ka nosi mo setlhogong sa lekwalo leo. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=53–54}}Wikipedia e ikaeletse go fetisa fela kitso e e setseng e tlhomilwe gape e lemogwa ka jalo ga e a tshwanela go tlhagisa dipatlisiso tsa ntlha tsa setlhogo sa palo. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=32}}Ditlhogo tsa dipalo tse dingwe, jaaka tsa mapolotiki le barutegi, di na le melwana e e kgethegileng. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=53–54}}La bofelo, Wikipedia e tshwanetse go supa karolo e e sa tseyeng letlhakore. Se se fitlhelelwa ka go soboka metswedi e e ikanyegang, go dirisa puo e e sa tseyeng letlhakore, le go tlhomamisa gore go tlhagisiwa dintlha tse dintsintsi go ikaegile ka gore di tlhagelela go le kana kang. Dikgang/kitso gape e tshwanetse gore a bo e ka netefadiwa. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=5–7}}Lekwalo le le senang dinopolo le ka nna la tshwaiwa kgotsa la phimolwa gotlhelele. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=33}}Se ka dinako tse dingwe se ka dira gore go phimolwe lekwalo(tshedimosetso) , le fa e le boammaaruri, e le gore ga e na metswedi sentle. <ref name="IHT WP valid info wrong removable 1">{{Cite news|last=Cohen|first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen|date=August 9, 2011|title=For inclusive mission, Wikipedia is told that written word goes only so far|page=18|newspaper=[[International Herald Tribune]]}}</ref> Jaaka fa melao ya Wikipedia e ntse e fetoga mo tsamaong ya nako, gape e nna dingalo, palo ya yone e ile ya gola. Ka 2008, go ne go na le ditsebe tsa melao di le masome a mane le bone le ditsebe tsa dikaelo di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a le mane le boferabobedi (248); ka 2013, barutegi ba ne ba bala ditsebe tsa melao di le makgolo a le mararo le masome a le boferabobedi le boraro (383) le ditsebe tsa dikaelo di le makgolo a le mane le masome a le mane le boferabongwe (449). <ref name="Ren-2024"/> == Tsamaiso/Puso == Puso ya ntlha ya Wikipedia e ne ya kopanya dikarolo tsa puso ya batho ka batho le tsa tatelano ya maemo fa nako e ntse e tsamaya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanger |first=Larry |author-link=Larry Sanger |date=April 18, 2005 |title=The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir |url=https://features.slashdot.org/story/05/04/18/164213/the-early-history-of-nupedia-and-wikipedia-a-memoir |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525051304/http://features.slashdot.org/features/05/04/18/164213.shtml |archive-date=May 25, 2009 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=[[Slashdot]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kostakis |first=Vasilis |date=March 2010 |title=Identifying and understanding the problems of Wikipedia's peer governance: The case of inclusionists versus deletionists |url=https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2613/2479 |url-status=live |journal=First Monday |volume=15 |issue=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310125049/https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2613/2479 |archive-date=March 10, 2021 |access-date=March 26, 2021}}</ref> Lekwalo ga le tsewe e le la motlhami wa lone kgotsa mokwadi ope yo mongwe, le fa e le yo go buiwang ka ene (setlhogo) mo go lone. Bakwadi ba ba mo maemong a a siameng mo morafeng ww badirisi ba ka kopa ditshwanelo tse dingwe tsa bodirisi, se se ka ba nayang bokgoni jwa setegeniki jwa go dira ditiro dingwe tse di kgethegileng. Ditshwanelo dingwe tsa bodirisi di neelwa ka go itirisa (automatically), jaaka ditlhopha tse ''di netefaditsweng ka go itirisa'' le ''tse di netefaditsweng tse di atolositsweng'', fa dingwaga tsa akhaonte le diphetogo tsa dikwalo tse di batliwang di fitlhelelwa. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=12–13}} === Batsamaisi === Bakwadi ba ba nang le kitso ya bodirisi ba ka tlhopha go tsenelela ditlhopho tsa " botsamaisi ", jo bo akaretsang bokgoni jwa go phimola ditsebe kgotsa go di thibela gore di se ka tsa fetolwa mo dikgetseng tsa tshenyo e e masisi kgotsa dikgotlhang tsa dikwalo. Batsamaisi ga ba a tshwanela go nna le dithata dipe tse di kgethegileng tsa go dira ditshwetso; go na le seo, dithata tsa bone di lekanyeditswe thata mo go direng diphetogo tse di botlhokwa thata tsa mananeo mme ka jalo ga di letlelelwe bakwadi ba ba tlwaelesegileng, le go diragatsa dithibelo tse di ikaeletseng go thibela bakwadi ba ba kgoreletsang go dira diphetogo tse di senang mosola. <ref name=":6" group="W" /> Ka 2012, bakwadi ba le mmalwa ba ne ba nna batsamaisi fa ba bapisiwa le dingwaga tsa pele tsa Wikipedia, bontlhabongwe jwa lobaka la kgang e e le gore thulaganyo ya go tlhatlhoba batsamaisi ba ba ka nnang teng e ne e setse e gagametse thata. <ref name="Meyer-2012"/> Ka 2022, go ne ga nna le kopo e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata ya botsamaisi ka ga maikutlo a ntlhopheng yo o neng a le kgatlhanong le Trump; kwa bofelong, ba ne ba newa botsamaisi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrison |first=Stephen |date=June 16, 2022 |title=Inside Wikipedia's Historic, Fiercely Contested "Election" |url=https://slate.com/technology/2022/06/wikipedia-administrator-election-tamzin.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824123521/https://slate.com/technology/2022/06/wikipedia-administrator-election-tamzin.html |archive-date=August 24, 2022 |access-date=July 22, 2022 |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}</ref> === Tharabololo ya dikgotlhang === Mo tsamaong ya nako, Wikipedia e tlhamile thulaganyo ya go rarabolola dikgotlhang e e sa tlhomamang tota-tota. Go tlhomamisa tumalano gareng ga morafe wa badirisi, bakwadi ba ka tlhagisa dikgang kwa makgotlaneng a badirisi a a maleba, ba batla dikakgelo kwa ntle ka dikopo tsa maikutlo a boraro, kgotsa ba simolola dipuisano tsa morafe wa badirisi ka kakaretso, yo o bidiwang "kopo ya kakgelo", e mo go yone di-bot di tsenyang puisano eo mo lenaneong le le kopantsweng la dipuisano, mme bakwadi a bo ba lalediwa go tsaya karolo, mme morago ba sutlhe puisano eo mo lenaneong morago ga malatsi a le masome a boraro. Le fa go ntse jalo, bakwadi ba na le tshwanelo ya go tswala (le go sutlha) puisano eo pele kgotsa morago ga nako. Fa maduo a puisano a sa bonale sentle, mokwadi yo o gaufi yo o sa amegeng yo gantsi a leng mo maemong a a siameng a ka ntsha katlholo go ya ka maatla a mabaka a a ntshiwang le palo ya batho ba ba ngangisanang mo matlhakoreng otlhe. <ref name="Bandler-2024">{{Citation|last=Bandler|first=Aaron|date=June 21, 2024|title=Wikipedia Editors Label ADL Only Reliable for Antisemitism When 'Israel and Zionism Are Not Concerned'|url=https://jewishjournal.com/news/united-states/372532/wikipedia-editors-label-adl-only-reliable-for-antisemitism-when-israel-and-zionism-are-not-concerned/|access-date=May 3, 2025}}</ref> Badirisi ba Wikipedia ba gatelela gore thulaganyo e ga se go tlhopha ka go umaka dipego tsa maikutlo mo dipuisanong tseo jaaka "!vote", e mo go lone letshwao la kgakgamatso e leng letshwao la go ganetsa ka tsela e e utlwalang mme le bidiwa "nnyaa". <ref>{{Citation|last=Harrison|first=Stephen|title=Wikipedia's War on the Daily Mail|date=July 1, 2021|work=Slate|url=https://slate.com/technology/2021/07/wikipedia-daily-mail-generally-unreliable.html|access-date=May 13, 2025|issn=1091-2339}}</ref> Wikipedia e rotloetsa ditharabololo tsa dikgotlhang, tse Jemielniak a reng di kgethegile thata mo dithutong tsa mokgatlho, le fa go nnile le kgatlhego ya bosheng jaana mo go ageng tumalano mo lephateng le. <ref name="Jemielniak">{{Cite book |last=Jemielniak |first=Dariusz |year=2014 |title=Common Knowledge?: An Ethnography of Wikipedia |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8047-9120-5 |location=Stanford, CA |doi=10.2307/j.ctvqsdrf9 |jstor=j.ctvqsdrf9}}</ref> Reagle le Sue Gardner ba nganga gore mekgwa ya go aga tumalano e tshwana le e e dirisiwang ke ba-Quakers . <ref name="Jemielniak" />{{Rp|page=62}}Pharologanyo le diphuthego tsa ba-Quaker ke go tlhoka motsamaisi fa go na le go sa dumalana, e leng seabe se se tshamekiwang ke mokwaledi mo diphuthegong tsa Ba-Quaker. <ref name="Jemielniak" />{{Rp|page=83}} ==== Komiti ya Katlholo ==== Komiti ya Katlholo e okametse thulaganyo ya bofelo ya tharabololo ya dikgotlhang. Le fa gantsi dikgotlhang di tsoga ka ntlha ya go sa dumalane ka megopolo e mebedi e e ganetsanang ka lekwalo le tshwanetseng go balega ka teng, Komiti ya Katlholo e gana tota ka go dira tshwetso ka tlhamalalo ka mogopolo yo o tshwanetseng go amogelwa. <ref name="Hoffman-2009">{{Cite journal |last=Hoffman |first=David A. |last2=Mehra |first2=Salil K. |date=March 5, 2009 |title=Wikitruth Through Wikiorder |url=https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/elj/vol59/iss1/3/ |url-status=live |journal=Emory Law Journal |volume=59 |issue=1 |ssrn=1354424 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613214656/https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/elj/vol59/iss1/3/ |archive-date=June 13, 2021 |access-date=November 15, 2024}}</ref> Ditshekatsheko tsa dipalopalo di supa gore komiti ya Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e itlhokomolosa diteng tsa dikgotlhang mme go na le moo e remelela thata mo goreng dikgotlhang di tsamaisiwe jang, e sa dire thata go rarabolola dikgotlhang le go dira kagiso fa gare ga bakwadi ba ba ganetsenang, mme e ntsha bakwadi ba ba dingalo e ntse e letla bakwadi ba tlhaga go boela go tsaya karolo gape. <ref name="Hoffman-2009"/> Ka jalo, komiti ga e laole diteng tsa dikwalo, le fa ka dinako tse dingwe e kgala diphetogo tsa diteng fa e tsaya gore diteng tse disha di tlola melao ya Wikipedia (sekai, fa diteng tse disha di tsewa di tsaya letlhakore).{{efn|The committee may directly rule that a content change is inappropriate, but may not directly rule that certain content is inappropriate.}} Ditharabololo tse di dirisiwang gantsi di akaretsa dikgalemo le go beewa leitlho thata( di dirisiwa mo dikgetseng di le masome a le marataro le boraro mo lekgolong (63%)) le go kobela ruri bakwadi mo dikwalong (masome a le mane le boraro mo lekgolong (43%)), dikgang tsa setlhogo (masome a le mabedi le boraro mo lekgolong (23%)), kgotsa mo Wikipedia (lesome le borataro mo lekgolong(16%)). <ref name="Hoffman-2009" /> Go kobelwa ruri mo go feletseng mo Wikipedia gantsi go beetswe fela dikgetse di tshwana le go ipaya o le motho yo mongwe le boitshwaro jwa go sa dirisana le batho ba bangwe sentle . Fa boitshwaro e se go ipaya o le motho yo mongwe kgotsa go nna kgatlhanong le go tshela sentle le batho ba bangwe, mme e le jwa dintwa tsa dikwalo le go roba melao e mengwe ya go tlaleletsa/kwala dikwalo, ditharabololo di na le go ema ka dikgalemo fela. <ref name="Hoffman-2009" /> == Morafe wa badirisi == [[File:Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm|start=00:04|thumbtime=00:16|thumb|Setshwantsho sa motshikinyego saWikimania 2005{{snd}}bokopano jwa ngwaga le ngwaga jwa badirisi ba Wikipedia le mananeo a mangwe a a tsamaisiwang ke [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]], o ne o tshwaretswe kwa Frankfurt am Main, kwa Jeremane, ka Phatwe a le malatsi a le mane go fitlhela a le boferabobedi.]] Lekwalo lengwe le lengwe le modirisi mongwe le mongwe wa Wikipedia o na le tsebe e a amanang le yone gape e e kgethegileng ya "puo". Dilo tse di bopa tsela ya konokono ya dipuisano gore bakwadi ba kgone go abelana megopolo, go rulaganya le go ngangisana. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Viégas |first=Fernanda B. |author-link=Fernanda B. Viégas |last2=Wattenberg |first2=Martin M. |author-link2=Martin M. Wattenberg |last3=Kriss |first3=Jesse |last4=van Ham |first4=Frank |date=January 3, 2007 |title=Talk Before You Type: Coordination in Wikipedia |url=https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/wikipedia_coordination_final.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205111038/https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/wikipedia_coordination_final.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2007 |access-date=June 27, 2008 |publisher=Visual Communication Lab, [[IBM Research]]}}</ref> Morafe wa Wikipedia o tlhalositswe fa o tswana le setlhopha sa bodumedi, <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/dec/15/wikipedia.web20|title=Log on and join in, but beware the web cults|first1=Charles|last1=Arthur|date=December 15, 2005|access-date=December 26, 2008}}</ref> le fa go sa tewe ka mekgwa e e sa lolamang fela ka dinako tsotlhe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/internet/08/03/wikipedia/index.html|title=Wikipedia: The know-it-all Web site|first1=Kristie|last1=Lu Stout|publisher=CNN|date=August 4, 2003|access-date=December 26, 2008}}</ref> Go rata go nna seoposengwe ga one, le fa go tlhoka go mpampetsa mo go akaretsang go tlhokomologa dintlha tsa go itshupa, go biditswe " go nna kgatlhanong le go itseela kwa maemong a a kwa godimo " . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Sanger |first=Larry |author-link=Larry Sanger |date=December 31, 2004 |title=Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism |url=https://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101011352/http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25 |archive-date=November 1, 2021 |access-date=March 26, 2021 |website=[[Kuro5hin]], Op–Ed |quote=There is a certain mindset associated with unmoderated Usenet groups [...] that infects the collectively-managed Wikipedia project: if you react strongly to trolling, that reflects poorly on you, not (necessarily) on the troll. If you [...] demand that something be done about constant disruption by trollish behavior, the other listmembers will cry "censorship", attack you, and even come to the defense of the troll. [...] The root problem: anti-elitism, or lack of respect for expertise. There is a deeper problem [...] which explains both of the above-elaborated problems. Namely, as a community, Wikipedia lacks the habit or tradition of respect for expertise. As a community, far from being elitist, it is anti-elitist (which, in this context, means that expertise is not accorded any special respect, and snubs and disrespect of expertise are tolerated). This is one of my failures: a policy that I attempted to institute in Wikipedia's first year, but for which I did not muster adequate support, was the policy of respecting and deferring politely to experts. (Those who were there will, I hope, remember that I tried very hard.)}}</ref> [[File:Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv|right|thumb|Badiri ba Wikipedia le batlhokomedi ba [[Motlobo wa ditso wa Borithane]] ba dirisana mmogo mo lekwalong la Hoxne Hoard ka Seetebosigo 2010.]] Wikipedia ga e tlhoke gore bakwadi ba yone le ba na le seabe ba itshupe gore ke bomang. Fa Wikipedia e ntse e gola, potso ya "Ke mang yo o kwalang Wikipedia?" e ne ya nna nngwe ya dipotso tse di neng di botswa thata teng.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kittur |first=Aniket |year=2007 |title=CHI '07: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |publisher=Viktoria Institute |chapter=Power of the Few vs. Wisdom of the Crowd: Wikipedia and the Rise of the Bourgeoisie |citeseerx=10.1.1.212.8218}}</ref> Jimmy Wales o kile a bolela gore ke fela "morafe&nbsp;... setlhopha se se ineetseng sa baithaopi ba le makgolo a le mmalwa" se se dirang bontsi jwa ditshwaelo mo Wikipedia le gore ka jalo lenaneo le "le tshwana fela le mokgatlho mongwe le mongwe yo o tlwaelesegileng". <ref name="blodget">{{Cite news|last=Blodget|first=Henry|date=January 3, 2009|title=Who The Hell Writes Wikipedia, Anyway?|work=[[Insider Inc.|Business Insider]]|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/2009/1/who-the-hell-writes-wikipedia-anyway|access-date=January 26, 2023}}</ref> Ka Wikipedia e ikaegile ka tiro ya boithaopo, bakwadi gantsi ba remelela mo dikgannyeng tse di ba kgatlhang. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=61–62}} Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e na le dikwalo di le didikadile di le bosupa le dikete di le makgolo a mabedi le boferabongwe le masome a le matlhano le bone ({{self-reference link|Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}}}), bakwadi ba ba kwadisitsweng ba le didikadike di le masome a matlhano le boraro le dikete di le makgolo a marataro le masome a le bosupa le botlhano le makgolo a le mararo le masome a le mane le bongwe ({{self-reference link|Special:ListUsers|{{NUMBEROFUSERS}}}}), le bakwadi ba ba ba tlhaga ba dinako tsotlhe ba le dikete di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a le mane le boferabongwe le makgolo a le mararo le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa( {{self-reference link|Special:ActiveUsers|{{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}}}} ). Mokwadi o tsewa a le tlhaga fa a dirile phetogo/tlaleletso e le nngwe kgotsa go feta mo malatsing a le masome a mararo a a fetileng. Bakwadi ba ba palelwang ke go sela morago mekgwa ya Wikipedia, e e tshwanang le go saena ditshwaelo tsa tsebe ya puisano, ba ka supa ka tlhamalalo gore ke batho ba ba tswang kwa ntle ga Wikipedia, mme se sa oketsa kgonagalo ya gore badirisi ba ba mo teng ga Wikipedia ba ka nna ba lebisa kgotsa ba fokotsa ditshwaelo tsa bone. Go nna modirisi yo o mo teng ga Wikipedia go akaretsa ditshenyegelo tse di sa reng sepe: motsaakarolo o solofetswe go ithuta dikhoutu tsa maranyane tse di rileng tsa Wikipedia, go ineela mo thulaganyong e ka dinako dingwe e leng dingalo ya go rarabolola dikgotlhang, le go ithuta "ngwao e e makatsang e e humileng metlae le dikakgelo tsa mo teng". <ref name="labor squeeze on WP 1" /> Bakwadi ba ba sa tseneng mo teng ga ensaetlolopedia ke " badirisi ba maemo a bobedi " mo Wikipedia ka tsela nngwe, <ref name="labor squeeze on WP 1">{{Cite journal |year=2010 |title=Wikipedia's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences |url=https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/facpubs/5/ |url-status=live |journal=Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law |volume=8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126220032/https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/facpubs/5/ |archive-date=January 26, 2023 |access-date=January 26, 2023 |via=Santa Clara Law Digital Commons}}</ref> ka gonne "batsayakarolo ba amogetswe semmuso ke maloko a morafe wa wiki, ba ba nang le kgatlhego e e tseneletseng mo go somareleng boleng jwa tiro e e ntshiwang, go lebilwe go nna le seabe ga bone mo go tswelelang", <ref name="legal edu and WP 1">{{Cite journal |date=March 2007 |title=Wikipedia and the Future of Legal Education |journal=Journal of Legal Education |publisher=[[Association of American Law Schools]] |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=3–9 |jstor=42894005}}</ref> mme ditso tsa go nna le seabe tsa bakwadi ba ba sa itsiweng ba sa ikwadisa mme ba lemogwa ka . diaterese tsa bone fela ga di amane le mokwadi ope ka tlhomamo. <ref name="legal edu and WP 1" /> Bakwadi ba basha gantsi ba sokola go tlhaloganya marara a Wikipedia. Bakwadi ba ba nang le maitemogelo/kitso ba rotloediwa gore ba seka ba "tlhasela" badirisi ba ba sha gore ba kgone go dira mowa wa go amogela batho. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=10–11}} === Dipatlisiso === Patlisiso ya 2007 e e dirilweng ke babatlisisi go tswa kwa Dartmouth College e bone gore "badirisi ba ba sa itsiweng le ba ba sa tseyeng karolo thata mo Wikipedia&nbsp;... ke motswedi o o ikanyegang wa kitso fela jaaka badirisi ba ba ikwadisang mo saeteng e". <ref name="sciam good samaritans 1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=good-samaritans-are-on-the-money|title=Wikipedia "Good Samaritans" Are on the Money|work=Scientific American|date=October 19, 2007|access-date=December 26, 2008}}</ref> Jimmy Wales o boletse ka 2009 gore "[Go] bonala gore go feta sephatlo mo lekgolong (50%) ya diphetogo tsotlhe di dirwa ke 0.7% fela ya badirisi&nbsp;... Batho ba le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mabedi le bone&nbsp;... Mme tota, bobedi mo lekgolong (2%) e etlhaga thata, e leng batho ba le sekete le makgolo a mane , ba dirile 73.4% ya diphetogo tsotlhe." <ref name="blodget"/> Le fa go ntse jalo, morulaganyi wa ''Business Insider'' gape e le mmegadikgang Henry Blodget o bontshitse ka 2009 gore mo bontlhengbongwe jwa dikwalo tse di tlhophilweng fela go sena lenaneo, bontsi jwa diteng tsa Wikipedia (tse di lekanngwang ka selekanyo sa mokwalo o o tsentsweng o o sa ntseng o le teng go fitlha ka sampole ya bosheng) di tlhamilwe ke "batho ba ba tswang kwa ntle", fa bontsi jwa go kwala le go fomata go dirwa ke "badirisi ba ba mo teng". <ref name="blodget" /> Ka 2008, setlhogo sa bukana ya ditshwantsho le dikgang y''a Slate'' e ne ya bega gore "bongwe fela mo lekgolong la badirisi ba Wikipedia ke bone ba ba dirang mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa diphetogo tsa saete e." <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.slate.com/id/2184487|title=The Wisdom of the Chaperones|date=February 22, 2008|first=Chris|last=Wilson|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|access-date=August 13, 2014}}</ref> Mokgwa o wa go sekaseka go tsaa karolo o ne wa ganetswa morago ke Aaron Swartz, yo o neng a lemotsha gore dikwalo di le mmalwa tse a neng a di tsaya disampole di ne di na le dikarolo tse ditona tsa diteng tsa tsone (tse di lekanngwang ka palo ya ditlhaka) tse di neng di dirilwe ke badirisi ba ba nang le dipalo tse di kwa tlase tsa bokwadi/go tlaleletsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swartz |first=Aaron |date=September 4, 2006 |title=Raw Thought: Who Writes Wikipedia? |url=https://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/whowriteswikipedia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803134036/https://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/whowriteswikipedia |archive-date=August 3, 2014 |access-date=February 23, 2008}}</ref> Thutopatlisiso ya 2008 e fitlhetse gore batho ba Wikipedia ba ne ba sa dumalane thata, ba sa bulegela megopolo, e bile ba se kelo-tlhoko go feta ba bangwe, <ref name="liebertonline view on WP users 1">{{Cite journal |last=Amichai-Hamburger |first=Yair |last2=Lamdan |first2=Naama |last3=Madiel |first3=Rinat |last4=Hayat |first4=Tsahi |year=2008 |title=Personality Characteristics of Wikipedia Members |journal=CyberPsychology & Behavior |publisher=Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=679–681 |doi=10.1089/cpb.2007.0225 |pmid=18954273}}</ref> le fa kakgelo morago e ne ya supa diphoso tse di masisi, di akaretsa gore phatliso e ne e supa go bulegela megopolo mo go kwa godimo le gore dipharologano tsa setlhopha sa taolo le disampole di ne di le dinnye. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McGreal |first=Scott A. |date=March 11, 2013 |title=The Misunderstood Personality Profile of Wikipedia Members |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/unique-everybody-else/201303/the-misunderstood-personality-profile-wikipedia-members |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716155007/https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/unique-everybody-else/201303/the-misunderstood-personality-profile-wikipedia-members |archive-date=July 16, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2016 |website=[[Psychology Today]]}}</ref> Go ya ka patlisiso ya 2009, go na le "bosupi jwa kganetso e e golang go tswa mo morafeng wa badirisi ba Wikipedia mabapi le diteng tse disha". <ref name="newscientist WP boom to bust 1">{{Cite web |last=Giles |first=Jim |date=August 4, 2009 |title=After the boom, is Wikipedia heading for bust? |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17554-after-the-boom-is-wikipedia-heading-for-bust.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421215605/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17554-after-the-boom-is-wikipedia-heading-for-bust.html |archive-date=April 21, 2015 |access-date=September 18, 2017 |website=New Scientist}}</ref> === Kabakanyo ya badirisi === Dipatlisiso di le mmalwa di supile gore bontsi jwa batsaakarolo ba ba ithaopileng mo Wikipedia ke banna. Maduo a patlisiso ya [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] ka 2008 a supile gore bakwadi ba Wikipedia ba le lesome le boraro mo lekgolong(13%) fela e ne e le basadi. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Cohen|first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen|title=Define Gender Gap? Look Up Wikipedia's Contributor List|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/31/business/media/31link.html?_r=0|work=The New York Times|date=January 31, 2011|access-date=October 28, 2013}}</ref> Ka ntlha ya se, dikolo tsa dithuto tse di kgolwane go ralala United States di ne tsa leka go kgothatsa basadi go nna batsaakarolo ba Wikipedia. <ref name="CBC News-2013" /> Ka tsela e e tshwanang, bontsi jwa dikolo tse di kgolwane tse, di akaretsa Yale le Brown, di ne di akgola baithuti ba ba tlhamang kgotsa ba ba tlaleletsa lekwalo le le amanang le basadi mo go tsa maranyane kgotsa mafaratlhatlha.<ref name="CBC News-2013">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ocad-to-storm-wikipedia-this-fall-1.1412807|title=OCAD to 'Storm Wikipedia' this fall|work=CBC News|date=August 27, 2013|access-date=August 21, 2014}}</ref> Andrew Lih, morutintshi-mogolo gape e le mankge wa maranyane, o ne a re lebaka la go bo a ne a akanya gore palo ya banna ba ba nang le seabe e feta palo ya basadi thata ke ka gore go itshupa o le mosadi go ka nna ga dira gore motho a ipeye mo kotsing ya "boitshwaro jo bo maswe, jo bo tshosang". <ref name="Bloomberg 2016">{{Cite news|date=December 22, 2016|title=Is Wikipedia Woke?|work=Bloomberg Businessweek|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2016-12-22/how-woke-is-wikipedia-s-editorial-pool?|access-date=September 21, 2022}}</ref> Dipego di supile gore MaAforika a emetswe ke dipalo tse di kwa tlase tsa bakwadi mo Wikipedia. <ref name="memeb">{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Andy |date=June 21, 2018 |title=The startling numbers behind Africa's Wikipedia knowledge gaps |url=https://memeburn.com/2018/06/wikipedia-wikimania-africa-numbers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319170357/http://memeburn.com/2018/06/wikipedia-wikimania-africa-numbers/ |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |access-date=January 26, 2023 |website=memeburn}}</ref> == Dikgatiso tsa dipuo == Mo bogompienong, go na le dikgatiso tsa dipuo di le makgolo a mararo le masome a mane le bosupa ({{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}}) tsa Wikipedia (tse gape di bidiwang ''diphetolelo tsa puo'', kgotsa fela ''Wikipedias'' ). Go tloga ka {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}, di-Wikipedia tse thataro tse dikgolo, ka tatelano ya palo ya dikwalo, ke tsa Sekgoa ({{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|1}}), {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|2}}, Sejeremane {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|3}}, Sefora {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|4}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|5}}, le {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|6}} . <ref name="WP list of WPs by article 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:List of Wikipedias |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224190350/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles |archive-date=December 24, 2018 |access-date={{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> DiWikipedia tsa bobedi le ya botlhano ka botona di beilwe mo maemong ao ke bot e e tlhamang dikwalo ya Lsjbot, e ka go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2013 e neng e tlhamile dikwalo di tsamaela sephatlo mo Wikipedia ya Se-Swedish, le bontsi jwa dikwalo mo Wikipedia ya Se-Cebuano le ya Se-Waray . Dipuo tse ka bobedi ke tsa Philippines . Mo godimo ga tse thataro tse di kwa godimo, di-Wikipedia tse dingwe di le lesome le bobedi di na le dikwalo tse di fetang sedikadike nngwe le nngwe ya tsone ( Se{{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|7}}, Se{{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|8}}, Se{{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|9}}, Se{{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|10}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|11}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|12}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|13}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|14}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|15}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|20}} {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|16}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|21}} {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|17}}, le {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|18}} ), tse dingwe di le bosupa go feta di na le dikwalo tse di fetang dikete di le makgolo a matlhano {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|22}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|23}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|24}}, le {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|25}} ), tse dingwe tse di masome a mane le bone ba di na le tse di fetang dikete di le lekgolo , mme di le masome a boferabobedi le bobedi di na le tse di fetang dikete di le lesome. <ref name="WP list of WPs by article 1" group="W"/> E e tona go gaisa, Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, e na le dikwalo di feta didikadike di le bosupa le dikete di le makgolo a mabedi (7.2 million). Go tloga go ema ka Firikgong 2021, Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e amogela masome a le mane le boferabobedi mo lekgolong (48%) ya pharakano e e kokoantsweng ya Wikipedia, mme palo e e setseng e kgaogantswe mo gareng ga dipuo tse dingwe. Dikgatiso tse di kwa godimo di le lesome di emela mo e ka nnang masome a le boferabobedi le botlhano mo lekgolong (85%) ya pharakano yotlhe. Ka Wikipedia e beilwe mo Webo ka jalo e le ya lefatshe ka bophara, batsaakarolo mo kgatisong e le nngwe ya puo ba ka nna ba dirisa diteme (tsa puo e le nngwe) tse di farologaneng kgotsa ba ka tswa ba tswa kwa mafatsheng a a farologaneng (jaaka go ntse ka kgatiso ya Sekgoa).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2026)">citation needed</span>'' &#x5D;</sup> Dipharologano tse di ka baka dikgotlhang dingwe ka ga dipharologano tsa go peleta (sekao, colour kgatlhanong ''le color'' ) <ref name="WP spelling MOS 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104005104/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling |archive-date=January 4, 2021 |access-date=November 6, 2023 |website=Wikipedia}}</ref> kgotsa matlhakore. <ref name="WP countering bias 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104005153/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias |archive-date=January 4, 2021 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=Wikipedia}}</ref> Le fa dikgatiso tse di farologaneng tsa dipuo di tshegetswa ka melao ya lefatshe lotlhe jaaka " pono e e sa tseyeng letlhakore ", di farologana mo dintlheng dingwe tsa melao le tiriso, segolobogolo mo go reng a ditshwantsho tse di sa newang teseletso ka kgololesego di ka dirisiwa ka maikaelelo a tiriso e e siameng . <ref name="WP meta fair use 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Non-free content |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Non-free_content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116024114/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Non-free_content |archive-date=January 16, 2023 |access-date=January 27, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> <ref name="IBM visual WP 1">{{Cite journal |last=Viégas |first=Fernanda B. |date=January 3, 2007 |title=The Visual Side of Wikipedia |url=https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/viegas_hicss_visual_wikipedia.pdf |journal=Visual Communication Lab, IBM Research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061024012919/https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/viegas_hicss_visual_wikipedia.pdf |archive-date=October 24, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2007}}</ref> Diteng tsa dikwalo tse di buang ka setlhogo se le sengwe di ka farologana thata magareng ga dipuo, go ikaegile ka gore bakwadi ba dirisa metswedi efe le mabaka a mangwe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fians |first=Guilherme |date=September 16, 2025 |title=Wikipedia: Editing the narrative |url=https://www.ciol.org.uk/wikipedia-editing-narrative |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250924020710/https://www.ciol.org.uk/wikipedia-editing-narrative |archive-date=September 24, 2025 |access-date=September 27, 2025 |publisher=[[Chartered Institute of Linguists]]}}</ref> Jimmy Wales o tlhalositse Wikipedia jaaka "maiteko a go tlhama le go anamisa ensaetlolopedia ya mahala ya boleng jo bo kwa godimo jo kgonegang mo mothong mongwe le mongwe mo lefatsheng ka puo ya gagwe". Le fa kgatiso nngwe le nngwe ya puo e dira e ikemetse ilka nosi, go dirwa maiteko mangwe a go di okamela tsotlhe. Di golagantswe ka bontlhabongwe ke Meta-Wiki, le wiki ya Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia e e neetsweng go tlhokomela mananeo otlhe a yone (Wikipedia le a mangwe). <ref name="WP metawiki maintenance 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Meta-Wiki |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714061722/https://meta.wikimedia.org/ |archive-date=July 14, 2013 |access-date=March 24, 2009 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Sekai, Meta-Wiki e fa dipalopalo tse di botlhokwa mo dikgatisong tsotlhe tsa puo tsa Wikipedia, <ref name="WP meta stats 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Meta-Wiki Statistics |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Statistics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080326192946/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Statistics |archive-date=March 26, 2008 |access-date=March 24, 2008 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> gape e tlhokomela lenaneo la dikwalo tse Wikipedia nngwe le nngwe e tshwanetseng go nna le tsone. <ref name="WP meta articles on all sites 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=List of articles every Wikipedia should have |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_articles_every_Wikipedia_should_have |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321020418/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_articles_every_Wikipedia_should_have |archive-date=March 21, 2008 |access-date=March 24, 2008 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Lenaneo le le amana le diteng tsa kwa tshimologong tsa dithuto: bayokerafi, ditso, dithuto tsa dipopego tsa lefatshe, tsa setšhaba, setso, maranyane, mafaratlhatlha, le dipalo. <ref name="WP meta articles on all sites 1" group="W" /> Ga go thona gore dikwalo tse di amanang thata le puo e e rileng di se ka tsa nna le tse di tshwanang le tsone mo kgatisong e nngwe. Sekai, dikwalo tse di buang ka ditoropo tse dinnye kwa United States di ka nna tsa nna teng fela ka Sekgoa, le fa di fitlhelela ditlhokego tse di kgethegileng tsa mananeo a Wikipedia tsa dipuo tse dingwe. [[File:User_-_demography.svg|thumb|Palo kakanyetso ya botsaakarolo go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di farologaneng mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka bophara go ya kwa dikgatisong tse di farologaneng tsa Wikipedia <ref name="PLoS One 2012" />]] Dikwalo tse di ranotsweng di emela fela karolo e nnye ya dikwalo mo dikgatisong di le dintsi, ka gore dikgatiso tseo ga di letlelele gore dikwalo di ranolwe ka botlalo mo go itirisang (automated). Dikwalo tse di leng teng ka dipuo tse di fetang bongwe di ka fa "dikgokagano tsa interwiki", tse di golaganyang le dikwalo tse di tshwanang le tsone mo dikgatisong tse dingwe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Massa |first=Paolo |last2=Scrinzi |first2=Federico |date=January 4, 2013 |title=Manypedia: Comparing language points of view of Wikipedia communities |journal=[[First Monday (journal)|First Monday]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |doi=10.5210/fm.v18i1.3939 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Manual:Interwiki |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Interwiki |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203112631/https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Interwiki |archive-date=December 3, 2010 |access-date=January 27, 2023 |website=MediaWiki |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Thuto-patlisiso e e gatisitsweng ke ''PLOS One'' ka 2012 le yone e ne ya nna le palo kakanyetso ya dikarolo tsa go nna le seabe mo dikgatisong tse di farologaneng tsa Wikipedia go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di farologaneng tsa lefatshe. E ne ya bega gore selekanyo sa diphetogo tse di dirilweng go tswa kwa Amerika Bokone e ne e le masome a le matlhano le bongwe mo lekgolong (51%) mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, le masome a le mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong (25%) mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e e motlhofo . <ref name="PLoS One 2012">{{Cite journal |last=Yasseri |first=Taha |last2=Sumi |first2=Robert |last3=Kertész |first3=János |author-link3=János Kertész |date=January 17, 2012 |title=Circadian Patterns of Wikipedia Editorial Activity: A Demographic Analysis |journal=[[PLOS One]] |volume=7 |issue=1 |arxiv=1109.1746 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...730091Y |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0030091 |pmc=3260192 |pmid=22272279 |doi-access=free |article-number=e30091}}</ref> === Dipalo tsa bakwadi ba Wikipedia ya Sekgoa === Ka Mopitlo a rogwa, 2014, ''The Economist'', mo lekwalong la setlhogo sa "Isago ya Wikipedia", e ne ya umaka tshekatsheko e e amanang le tshedimosetso e e gatisitsweng ke Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia e e bolelang gore "palo ya bakwadi ba mofuta wa puo ya Sekgoa e wetse tlase ka nngwetharong mo dingwageng di le bosupa." <ref name="economist1">{{Cite news|date=March 1, 2014|title=The future of Wikipedia: WikiPeaks?|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21597959-popular-online-encyclopedia-must-work-out-what-next-wikipeaks|access-date=March 11, 2014}}</ref> Seelo sa go tlhokafala ga bakwadi ba ba tlhaga mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa se ne sa umakiwa ke ''The Economist'' jaaka se se farologaneng thata le dipalopalo tsa Wikipedia e e mo dipuong tse dingwe (Wikipedia e e seng ya Sekgoa). ''The Economist'' e ne ya bega gore palo ya ba na le seabe ba ba nang le palogare ya diphetogo di le tlhano kgotsa go feta ka kgwedi e ne e eme golo go le gongwe fa e sale ka 2008 mo Wikipedia ya dipuo tse dingwe, e le bakwadi ba ka nna dikete di masome a mane le bobedi (42 000) mo gare ga dipharologano tse e seng tsa sepe tsa dipaka tsa bakwadi ba ka nna dikete di le pedi go ya kwa godimo kgotsa kwa tlase. Palo ya bakwadi ba ba tlhaga mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, fa e bapisiwa mo go tsepameng, e ne ya umakiwa e le kwa setlhoeng ka 2007 e tsamaela dikete di le masome a matlhano (50,000) mme ya wela kwa tlase go nna dikete di le masome a mararo (30,000) kwa tshimologong ya 2014. <ref name="economist1" /> Go farologana le seo, tshekatsheko ya Wikipedia ka dipuo tse dingwe (Wikipedia e e seng ya Sekgoa) e supa katlego mo go tshwareng bakwadi ba ba tlhaga ka tsela e e kgonang go ntšhwafadiwa le e e tswelelang, ka dipalo tsa bone di nna di sa fetoge di nna fela fa diketeng di le masome mane le bobedi. Ga gona kakgelo epe e e dirilweng mabapi le maemo a a farologaneng a melao ya bokwadi mo Wikipedia ka dipuo tse dingwe (Wikipedia e e seng ya Sekgoa) e ka ntshang tsela e nngwe e e kgonegang mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa go tokafatsa sentle dielo tsa go tlhokafala ga bakwadi mo Wikipedia ya puo ya Sekgoa. <ref name="economist1"/> == Kamogelo == <sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&action=edit &#x5B; tlhabolola &#x5D;]</sup> [[Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014]] [[Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements]] <ref name="Jemielniak"/> Ba ba neng ba e sekaseka ba boletse gore Wikipedia e bontsha go tsaya letlhakore ka tsela e e sa siamang .Ka 2010, mokwadi wa ditlhogo le mmegadikgang Edwin Black o ne a tlhalosa Wikipedia e le motswako wa "boammaaruri, bonnete jo bo sa felelang, le maaka mangwe". <ref name="EdwinBlack">{{Cite news|first=Edwin|last=Black|author-link=Edwin Black|date=April 19, 2010|work=[[History News Network]]|publisher=[[Columbian College of Arts and Sciences]]|title=Wikipedia – The Dumbing Down of World Knowledge|url=https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/125437|access-date=October 21, 2014}}</ref> Metswedi e le mmalwa ya dikgang le baitseanape ba beile Wikipedia molato wa go tsaya letlhakore mo megopolong . Motlhami-mmogo wa Wikipedia Larry Sanger, yo o tlogetseng Wikipedia ka 2002 go tlhoma diwebosaete tse di gaisanang, o boletse gore Wikipedia e fetogile "maaka" e phatlalatsa dikgang tsa molema mo sepolotiking mme a tlhagisa gore lefelo le (Wikipedia) ga le sa tlhole le ikanyega.Ka 2022, molwela-kgololesego John Stossel o ne a ntsha mogopolo wa gore Wikipedia, lenaneo le a neng a le tshegetsa ka madi nako nngwe, go ne go lebega le fetogile thata mo tsamaong ya nako mo go tseyeng letlhakore la molema, segolobogolo mo dikgannyeng tsa sepolotiki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2022 |title=Wikipedia Bias |url=https://www.johnstossel.com/wikipedia-bias/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209214140/https://www.johnstossel.com/wikipedia-bias/ |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |access-date=January 29, 2023 |website=StosselTV}}</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, beke e le nngwe morago ga go kobiwa ga ga Vibber, WMF e ne ya koba babereki ba le barataro fa e ntse e tswala [[Wikimedia Foundation|setlhopha sa yone sa Community Tech]], mme se sa gakatsa maiteko a go ithola marapo ga bakwadi le go feta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Greis |first=Friedhelm |date=28 May 2026 |title=Nach Entlassung von Entwicklern: Wikipedia-Autoren drohen mit Streik |trans-title=After dismissal of developers Wikipedia writers threaten strike |url=https://www.golem.de/news/nach-entlassung-von-entwicklern-wikipedia-autoren-drohen-mit-streik-2605-209132.html |url-status=live |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Golem.de |language=de}}</ref> Baokamedi ba WMF ba ne ba bolela gore babereki ba Community Tech ba ka dira dikopo tsa maemo a a farologaneng mo mokgatlhong, le gore thulaganyo ya lenaneo la dikeletso e tla rulaganngwa sesha, gape gore WMF e tla amogela lekgotlana le le bonang tshegetso e bontsi go tswa mo babereking. Ba bangwe ba ne ba tshwaya diphoso ka tsela e e tshwanang. <ref name="Orlowski2005">{{Cite news|last=Orlowski|first=Andrew|date=December 16, 2005|title=Wikipedia science 31% more cronky than Britannica's Excellent for Klingon science, though|url=https://www.theregister.com/2005/12/16/wikipedia_britannica_science_comparison/|access-date=February 25, 2019}}</ref> Moitseanape wa tsa Itsholelo Tyler Cowen o ne a kwala jaana: "Fa ke ne ke ka tshwanelwa ke go akanyetsa gore a Wikipedia kgotsa setlhogo sa lekwalodikgang se se buang ka itsholelo se ka tswa se le boammaaruri morago ga go akanya ka lobaka lo loleele, ke ne ke tla tlhopha Wikipedia." O akgela ka gore metswedi mengwe ya setso ya dibuka tse e seng tsa dipolelo di na le go tlhoka tekatekano ga thulaganyo, mme maduo a padi tse, go ya ka kakanyo ya gagwe, di begwa go feta selekanyo mo dikwalong tsa dibukana tsa ditshwantsho mmogo le tshedimosetso e botlhokwa e e sa feleletsweng mo dipegong tsa dikgang. Amy Bruckman o nganga gore, ka ntlha ya palo ya basekaseki, "diteng tsa tsebe e e tlwaelesegileng ya Wikipedia tota ke mofuta o o ikanyegang go gaisa wa tshedimosetso o o kileng wa tlhamiwa". <ref name="PC 2021">{{Cite news|last=Stuart|first=S.C.|title=Wikipedia: The Most Reliable Source on the Internet?|url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/wikipedia-the-most-reliable-source-on-the-internet}}</ref> Ka Lwetse 2022, mmegadikgang wa ''The Sydney Morning Herald'' e bong Liam Mannix o ne a bolela gore: "Ga go na lebaka la go solofela gore Wikipedia e nnete .&nbsp;... Mme le fa go ntse jalo e nnete [go ntse jalo]." Batshwayadiphoso ba bolela gore go bo Wikipedia e bulegile le go tlhoka metswedi e e siameng ya bontsi jwa tshedimosetso/kitso go dira gore e se ka ya ikanyega. <ref name="TNY reliability issues 1">{{Cite news|last=Schiff|first=Stacy|author-link=Stacy Schiff|date=July 23, 2006|title=Know It All|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/07/31/know-it-all|access-date=January 29, 2023}}</ref> Go tsibogela kgang ya bakwadi ba ba duelwang go bua ka dikgang dingwe le dikgang tsa go bokwadi tse di sa senolwang, Wikipedia e ne ya bega mo lekwalong mo ''The Wall Street Journal'' gore e ne ya nonotsha melao ya yone kgatlhanong le go kwalwa/tlaleletsa mo go sa senolwang. <ref name="Elder-2014">{{Cite news|date=June 16, 2014|title=Wikipedia Strengthens Rules Against Undisclosed Editing|magazine=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-35861|access-date=January 29, 2023}}</ref> Wales o gatelela gore diensaetlolopedia tsa mofuta ope fela gantsi ga di a tshwanela go dirisiwa jaaka metswedi e e ka umakiwang, mme ga go a tshwanela go ikaegiwa ka tsone. Setlhopha sa tekeletso se ne sa laelwa go ithuta pele ga ba tla mo ntlwaneng ya borutelo le go bona ditshwaelo ka bonako pele ga ba tsena (mofuta wa ntlwana ya borutelo e e fetotsweng), fa setlhopha sa taolo se ne sa newa ditaelo tse di tlhamaletseng mo ntlwaneng ya borutelo (mofuta o o tlwaelegileng wa mo ntlwaneng ya borutelo). Morago ga moo ditlhopha tse di ne tsa laelwa go dirisana mmogo go tlhama dikwalo tsa Wikipedia, tse di neng di tla bewa matshwao go ya ka boleng morago ga dithutopatlisiso. Ka Mopitlo a le malatsi a le matlhano, 2014, Julie Beck, fa a ne a kwalela bukana ya ditshwantsho ya ''The Atlantic'' mo lekwalong le le bidiwang "Motswedi wa #1 wa Dingaka wa Tshedimosetso ya Tlhokomelo le Botsogo: Wikipedia", o ne a bolela gore "sephatlo mo lekgolong sa dingaka di batla tlhaloso ya malwetsi mo saeteng ya (Wikipedia), mme bangwe ba kwala dikwalo tse ka bobone go tokafatsa boleng jwa tshedimosetso e e leng teng." Mo lekwalong le le latelang mo ''The Atlantic'' la Motsheganong a le malatsi a bosupa, ka ngwaga wa 2014, setlhogo se ne se re "A Wikipedia e ka Tsamaya e Nna Mokwalo o o Tlhomameng wa Kalafi?", Julie Beck o ne a nopola mafoko a ga James Heilman wa WikiProject Medicine a re: "Gore fela dikgokedi tsa kitso di sekasekilwe ke balekane ga go reye gore ke tsa boleng jo bo kwa godimo." Beck o ne a oketsa a re: "Wikipedia e na le thulaganyo ya yone ya go sekaseka ga balekane pele ga dikwalo di ka tlhaolwa jaaka tse di 'siameng' kgotsa tse di 'tlhagisiwang'. Heilman, yo o kileng a nna le seabe mo thulaganyong eo pele, a re kwa tlase ga 'bongwe mo lekgolong' jwa dikwalo tsa kalafi tsa Wikipedia di ne tsa atlega." <ref name="theatlantic.com" /> === Go akaretsa ditlhogo le go tsaya letlhakore === Wikipedia e batla go tlhama tshoboko ya kitso yotlhe ya batho ka sebopego sa ensaetlolopedia ya mo inthaneteng, ka setlhogo sengwe le sengwe se akareditswe ka ensaetlolipedia mo lekwalong le le lengwe. E re ka e na le di-terabyte tsa mafelo a go baya mo disiking, e ka nna le ditlhogo tse dintsi thata go feta tse di ka akarediwang ke ensaetlolopedia epe e e gatisitsweng . Selekanyo se se tlhomameng le mokgwa wa go akaretsa ditlhogo mo Wikipedia o nna o sekasekwa ke bakwadii ba yone, mme go sa dumalane ga go tlwaelesega (bona go phimola le go akaretsa ). <ref name="Economist disagreements not uncommon">{{Cite news|date=March 6, 2008|title=The battle for Wikipedia's soul|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/printedition/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10789354|access-date=March 7, 2008|issn=0013-0613}}</ref> <ref name="telegraph WP torn apart 1">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia: an online encyclopedia torn apart|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=November 10, 2007|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/3354752/Wikipedia-an-online-encyclopedia-torn-apart.html|access-date=November 23, 2010}}</ref> Wikipedia e na le dilo tse batho bangwe ba ka nnang ba di fitlhela di sa amogelesege, di kgopisa kgotsa di na le ditshwantsho tse di fatlhang tsa tlhakanelo dikobo. Molao wa gore "Wikipedia ga e bipe" ka dinako tse dingwe e itshupile e tsosa dikganetsano: ka 2008, Wikipedia e ne ya gana boikuelo jwa mo inthaneteng kgatlhanong le go akarediwa ga ditshwantsho tsa ga Muhammad mo kgatisong ya Sekgoa ya lekwalo la yone la ga Muhammad, go nopotswe molao o. <ref>{{Cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130231600/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/05/books/05wiki.html|date=February 5, 2008|title=Wikipedia Islam Entry Is Criticized|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/05/books/05wiki.html|access-date=January 30, 2023|issn=0362-4331|archivedate=January 30, 2023}}</ref> Go nna teng ga ditshwantsho tse di fatlhang tsa tlhakanelo dikobo, ga mmogo le dilo tse di masisi tsa sepolotiki le bodumedi mo Wikipedia go dirile gore di bipiwe ke balaodi ba bosetšhaba kwa China le Pakistan, gareng ga mafatshe a mangwe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moon |first=Mariella |date=March 12, 2022 |title=Prominent editor of Russian Wikipedia pages detained in Belarus |url=https://www.yahoo.com/now/mark-bernstein-russian-wikipedia-pages-detained-in-belarus-104102452.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313173559/https://www.yahoo.com/now/mark-bernstein-russian-wikipedia-pages-detained-in-belarus-104102452.html |archive-date=March 13, 2022 |access-date=January 30, 2023 |website=[[Yahoo! Inc. (2017–present)|Yahoo!]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Arthur |first=Charles |date=December 8, 2008 |title=Wikipedia row escalates as internet watchdog considers censoring Amazon US over Scorpions image |url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/dec/08/amazon-internet-censorship-iwf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/dec/08/amazon-internet-censorship-iwf |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=January 30, 2023 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Ka thulaganyo ya yone ya "Wikipedia e Rata Metlobo ya dibuka", Wikipedia e dirisane mmogo le metlobo ya dibuka e metona ya setšhaba di tshwana le Motlobo wa dibuka wa Setšhaba wa New York wa dithuto tsa bodiragatsi go atolosa go akaretsa ga yone ditlhogo le dikwalo tse di sa emelwang sentle. <ref name="NYT subjects and articles">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/21/theater/editing-wikipedia-at-the-new-york-public-library-for-the-performing-arts.html|title=Wikipedia's Deep Dive Into a Library Collection|last=Petrusich|first=Amanda|work=The New York Times|date=October 20, 2011|access-date=October 28, 2011}}</ref> Patlisiso nngwe ya 2011 e e dirilweng ke babatlisisi kwa Sekolo sa dithuto tse di kgolwane sa Minnesota e bontshitse gore bakwadi ba banna le ba basadi ba remelela mo dikgannyeng tse di farologaneng tsa bokwadi. Go ne go na le basadi ba le bantsi mo setlhopheng sa "batho le dithuto ysa bodiragatsi", fa banna ba ne ba remelela thata mo tsa "lefatshe le maranyane". Mokwadi mongwe wa ''The Guardian'' ka 2014 o ne a bolela gore go dirilwe maiteko a mantsi go tlamela ka dikgokedi tsa kitso tsa lenaneo la badiragatsi ba basadi ba ditshwantsho tsa tlhakanelo dikobo go na le lenaneo la bakwadi ba basadi . <ref name="GuardianAugust2014">{{Cite news|date=August 7, 2018|title=The Guardian view on Wikipedia: evolving truth|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/aug/07/guardian-view-wikipedia-evolving-truth|access-date=January 31, 2023}}</ref> ==== Go tsaya letlhakore ga thulaganyo ==== Melao ya Wikipedia e ka nna ya lekanyetsa "bokgoni jwa yone jwa go emela kitso ya lefatshe lotlhe ka boammaaruri". Ka sekai, Wikipedia e tsaya fela metswedi e e gatisitsweng e le e e ka ikanngwang. Kitso ya molomo ya ditso tsa Setso ga se ka metlha e bonalang mo dikgatisong. Ditlhogo tse di kgaphetsweng kwa thoko le tsone di ka tlhoka go akarediwa thata mo metsweding e e ikanyegang. Ka jalo diteng tsa Wikipedia di lekanyeditswe ka ntlha ya go tlhoka tekatekano mo go tona ga thulaganyo. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=37, 38, 47}} Dithuto tsa thuto tsa Wikipedia di bontshitse gore palogare ya motsaakarolo mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa ke monna yo mosweu wa Lekgoa yo o rutegileng, yo o nang le tshekamelo ya gore ke lekgoa la monna, wa dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano go ya kwa go di masome a mane le boferabongwe (15–49), go tswa kwa lefatsheng le le tlhabologileng, le bontsi jwa yone e leng la Bokeresete. <ref name="Livingstone2010">{{Cite journal |last=Livingstone |first=Randall M. |date=November 23, 2010 |title=Let's Leave the Bias to the Mainstream Media: A Wikipedia Community Fighting for Information Neutrality |url=https://www.journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/315 |url-status=live |journal=M/C Journal |volume=13 |issue=6 |doi=10.5204/mcj.315 |issn=1441-2616 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121135911/https://www.journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/315 |archive-date=November 21, 2022 |access-date=November 23, 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ntlha ya pono e e tsamaelanang (POV) e emetswe go feta selekanyo. <ref name="Hube2017">{{Cite book |last=Hube |first=Christoph |date=April 3, 2017 |title=Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion |publisher=International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee |isbn=978-1-4503-4914-7 |location=Republic and Canton of Geneva, CHE |pages=717–721 |chapter=Bias in Wikipedia |doi=10.1145/3041021.3053375 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3041021.3053375}}</ref> <ref name="Bjork-James-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Bjork-James |first=Carwil |date=July 3, 2021 |title=New maps for an inclusive Wikipedia: decolonial scholarship and strategies to counter systemic bias |journal=New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=207–228 |bibcode=2021NRvHM..27..207B |doi=10.1080/13614568.2020.1865463 |s2cid=234286415}}</ref> Go tlhoka tekatekano mo ga dipalopalo tsa bakwadi go felela go baka gore go nne le go tlhoka tekatekano mo setsong, mo go tseyeng letlhakore mo go tsa bong, le mo Wikipedia . <ref name="Ackerly-2022">{{Cite journal |last=Ackerly |first=Brooke A. |last2=Michelitch |first2=Kristin |date=2022 |title=Wikipedia and Political Science: Addressing Systematic Biases with Student Initiatives |journal=PS: Political Science & Politics |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=429–433 |doi=10.1017/S1049096521001463 |s2cid=247795102 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Beytía |first=Pablo |date=April 20, 2020 |title=Companion Proceedings of the Web Conference 2020 |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |isbn=978-1-4503-7024-0 |series=WWW '20 |location=New York |pages=806–810 |chapter=The Positioning Matters |doi=10.1145/3366424.3383569 |access-date=May 8, 2023 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3366424.3383569 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132221/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3366424.3383569 |archive-date=April 28, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Go na le mefuta e mebedi e e anameng ya go tsaya letlhakore, e e ''sa tlhamalalang'' (fa setlhogo se tlogetswe) le ''e e tlhamaletseng'' (fa POV e e rileng e emetswe go feta selekanyo mo lekwalong kgotsa ke dikgokedi tsa kitso). <ref name="Hube2017" /> Ditshekatsheko tsa barutegi tsa dikwalo tsa Wikipedia di fitlhetse gore le fa dikwalo di nna di le nnete bile di se na tshedimosetso e e fapogileng, ga di a felela e bile ga di tlhagise dipono tsotlhe ka tsela e e sa tseyeng letlhakore . <ref name="Ackerly-2022"/> Ka 2011, Wales o ne a bolela gore go sa lekalekane ga kakaretso ya ditlhogo ke sesupo sa palo ya bakwadi, a nopola ka sekai "dibuka tsa botshelo tsa basadi ba ba tumileng mo ditsong le dintlha tse di amanang le tlhokomelo ya bana ba ba sa ntseng ba le bannye". <ref name="wiki-women"/> Padi ya Phalane a le malatsi a masome a mabedi, 2013, e e kwadilweng ke Tom Simonite mo ''Tlhatlhobong ya Maranyane'' ya MIT ya setlhogo se se reng " Go wela tlase ga Wikipedia " e ne ya bua ka ditlamorago tsa go tsaya letlhakore ga thulaganyo le go fokotsega ga melawana mo [[Wikipedia|go fokotsegeng ga palo ya bakwadi]] . <ref name="Simonite-2013"/> Patlisiso e e dirilweng ke Mark Graham wa Lefelo la Inthanete la Oxford ka 2009 e bontshitse gore go anamisiwa ga ditlhogo tsa dikwalo go ya ka mafelo ga go lekalekane thata, mme Aforika ke yone e e sa emelwang sentle. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=Mark |date=November 12, 2009 |title=Mapping the Geographies of Wikipedia Content |url=https://zerogeography.net/post/144973716228/mapping-the-geographies-of-wikipedia-content |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002051150/https://zerogeography.net/post/144973716228/mapping-the-geographies-of-wikipedia-content |archive-date=October 2, 2016 |website=Zerogeography}}</ref> Mo dikgatisong di le masome a mararo tsa dipuo tsa Wikipedia, dikwalo le dikarolo tsa ditso ka kakaretso di ikaegile ka Yuropa mme di remeletse mo ditiragalong tsa bosheng. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Strohmaier |first=Markus |date=March 6, 2017 |title=Multilingual historical narratives on Wikipedia |url=https://search.gesis.org/research_data/SDN-10.7802-1411?doi=10.7802/1411 |publisher=[[GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences]] |chapter=KAT50 Society, Culture |doi=10.7802/1411 |quote=Wikipedia narratives about national histories (i) are skewed towards more recent events (recency bias) and (ii) are distributed unevenly across the continents with significant focus on the history of European countries (Eurocentric bias). |access-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131023846/https://search.gesis.org/research_data/SDN-10.7802-1411?doi=10.7802/1411 |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Diteng tse di masisi === Wikipedia e ile ya kgalwa ka ntlha ya go letlelela tshedimosetso ka ga diteng tse di botlha thata. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Maxton|first=Richard|date=September 9, 2008|title=Wikipedia attacked over porn pages|journal=Macquarie Network|url=http://livenews.com.au/Articles/2008/09/09/Wikipedia_attacked_over_porn_pages}}</ref> Ditlhogo tse di bontshang se batshwayadiphoso bangwe ba se biditseng diteng tse di sa siamang (tse di tshwanang le boloko jwa setho, setopo, serwe sa bonna sa motho, molomo wa serwe sa bosadi, le go nna maponapona) di na le ditshwantsho tse di botlha le tshedimosetso e e feletseng e e ka bonwang motlhofo ke mongwe le mongwe yo o nang le inthanete, go akaretsa le bana. Lefelo le gape le akaretsa diteng tsa tlhakanelodikobo tse di tshwanang le ditshwantsho le ditshwantsho tsa motshikinyego tsa go itshwaratshwara dirwe tsa tlhakanelodikobo le go rota, ditshwantsho tsa zoophilia, le dinepe tsa difilimi tsa tlhakanelodikobo mo dikwalong tsa lone. Gape le na le dinepe tse e seng tsa thobalano tsa bana ba ba sa aparang . Setlhogo sa Wikipedia se se buang ka ''Virgin Killer'' —alebamo ya 1976 ya setlhopha sa mmino wa rock sa Jeremane sa Scorpions —se na le setshwantsho sa khabara ya ntlhantlha ya alebamo eno, se se bontshang mosetsana yo o sa aparang sepe yo o sa ntseng a gola . Khabara ya ntlhantlha e e neng ya gololwa e ne ya baka dikganetsano mme ga bewa e sele mo mafatsheng a mangwe. Ka Sedimonthole 2008, go kgona go bona lekwaloa Wikipedia ''ya Virgin Killer'' go ne ga thibelwa malatsi a le mane ke bontsi jwa batlamedi ba ditirelo tsa Inthanete kwa United Kingdom morago ga gore Mokgatlho wa Internet Watch (IWF) o dire tshwetso ya gore khabara ya alebamo e ne e le setshwantsho se se sa siamang se se seng kafa molaong mme wa tsenya URL ya lekwalo le mo "lenaneong la dikwalo tse di tlositsweng" la tlamela ba ditirelo tsa inthanete kwa Borithane ka lone. <ref name="Register ISP censorship">{{Cite news|title=Brit ISPs censor Wikipedia over 'child porn' album cover|first=Cade|last=Metz|newspaper=[[The Register]]|date=December 7, 2008|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/12/07/brit_isps_censor_wikipedia|access-date=May 10, 2009}}</ref> Ka Moranang 2010, Sanger o ne a kwalela Biro ya Dipatlisiso ya Bosetšhaba lekwalo, a tlhalosa matshwenyego a gagwe a gore ditlhopha tse pedi tsa ditshwantsho tse di mo Wikimedia Commons di ne di na le ditshwantsho tsa thobalano tsa bana, mme di ne di tlola molao wa puso wa Amerika wa ditshwantsho tse di leswe . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/wikipedia-rejects-child-porn-accusation-20100428-tsvh|title=Wikipedia rejects child porn accusation|date=April 29, 2010|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=May 14, 2017}}</ref> <ref name="Inquirer child abuse allegations">{{Cite news|date=April 29, 2010|title=Wikipedia denies child abuse allegations: Co-founder grassed the outfit to the FBI|work=The Inquirer|url=https://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1603521/wikipedia-denies-child-abuse-allegations|access-date=October 9, 2010|archivedate=May 1, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501174521/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1603521/wikipedia-denies-child-abuse-allegations}}</ref> Moragonyana Sanger o ne a tlhalosa gore ditshwantsho tse, tse di neng di amana le go tlhakanela dikobo le bana le tse dingwe tse di neng di amana le go tlhakanela dikobo le bana, e ne e se tsa bana ba mmatota, mme o ne a re e ne e le " ditshwantsho tse di leswe tsa go sotlaka bana ka thobalano ", ka fa tlase ga Molao wa PROTECT wa 2003 . Molao oo o thibela ditshwantsho tsa thobalano tsa bana le dinepe tsa dipopae le ditshwantsho tsa bana tse di fatlhang go ya ka molao wa Amerika . Sanger o ne a tlhagisa gape matshwenyego a gagwe ka go kgona go bona ditshwantsho tse di mo Wikipedia tse kwa dikolong. <ref name="TET child porn accusations">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia blasts co-founder's accusations of child porn on website|date=April 29, 2010|journal=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infotech/internet/Wikipedia-blasts-co-founders-accusations-of-child-porn-on-website/articleshow/5871943.cms|access-date=April 29, 2010}}</ref> Mmueledi wa [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] Jay Walsh o ile a gana kgang ya ga Sanger ka maatla, a re Wikipedia e ne e se na "dilo tse di ka bonwang di se ka fa molaong. Fa re ne re na le tsone, re ne re tla di tlosa." Morago ga ngongorego ya ga Sanger, Wales elne ya phimola ditshwantsho tsa tlhakanelodikobo kwa ntle ga go buisana le morafe wa badirisi. Fa bakwadi ba baithaopi ba sena go nganga gore tshwetso e e dirilwe ka bonako, Wales o ne a ithaopela go tlogela dithata dingwe tse a neng a di tshwere jaaka karolo ya maemo a gagwe a go nna motlhami-mmogo. O ne a kwala mo molaetseng o o yang kwa lenaneong la go romela melaetsa la Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia gore kgato e ne e le "mo kgatlhegong ya go rotloetsa dipuisano ka ga dikgang tsa mmatota tsa filosofi/diteng, go na le go nna ka ga me le ka fa ke tsereng kgato ka bonako ka teng". <ref name="BBC News Wales cedes rights">{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/10104946.stm|title=Wikimedia pornography row deepens as Wales cedes rights|work=BBC News|date=May 10, 2010|access-date=May 19, 2010}}</ref> Batshwayadiphoso, ba akaretsa le Wikipediocracy, ba ne ba lemoga gore bontsi jwa ditshwantsho tse di fatlhang tse di phimotsweng mo Wikipedia fa e sale ka 2010 di tlhagile gape. <ref name="XBIZ">{{Cite news|date=September 17, 2013|title=Wikipedia Gives Porn a Break|work=XBIZ.com|url=https://newswire.xbiz.com/view.php?id=169017|access-date=November 10, 2013}}</ref> === Sephiri === Matshwenyego mangwe a sephiri mo kgannyeng ya Wikipedia a amana le tshwanelo ya motho ya go nna moagi yo o ikemetseng go na le go nna motho wa setšhaba mo matlhong a molao. <ref>{{Cite book |last=McStay |first=Andrew |date=2014 |title=Privacy and Philosophy: New Media and Affective Protocol |publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]] |isbn=978-1-4541-9163-6 |series=Digital Formation |volume=86 |doi=10.3726/978-1-4539-1336-9}}</ref>{{efn|See [https://web.archive.org/web/20101130081035/https://texaspress.com/index.php/publications/law-media/731-law-a-the-media-in-texas--libel-cases "Libel"] by David McHam for the legal distinction.}} Ke ntwa fa gare ga tshwanelo ya go sa itsiwe mo inthaneteng le tshwanelo ya go sa itsiwe mo botshelong jwa mmatota . Melao ya sephiri ya Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia e bolela gore, "re dumela gore ga o a tshwanela go tlhoka go tlamela ka tshedimosetso ya gore o mang gore o nne le seabe mo mokgatlhong wa kitso ya mahala", mme e bolela gore "tshedimosetso ya gago" e ka nna ya abelanwa "Ka mabaka a semolao", "Go Go Sireletsa, Rona le Ba bangwe", kgotsa "Go Tlhaloganya le go Lekeletsa". <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Privacy policy |url=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131204008/https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Ka Ferikgong 2006, kgotlatshekelo ya Jeremane e ne ya laela gore Wikipedia ya Jeremane e tswalwe mo teng ga Jeremane ka gonne e ne e bolela leina ka botlalo la ga Boris Floric, aka "Tron", yo o neng a tlhasela mo maranyaneng yo o tlhokafetseng. Ka Tlhakole a le malatsi a le boferabongwe, ngwaga wa 2006, taelo e e neng e le kgatlhanong le Wikimedia Deutschland e ne ya menolwa, mme kgotlatshekelo ya gana kgopolo ya gore tshwanelo ya ga Tron ya go nna le sephiri kgotsa ya batsadi ba gagwe e ne e gatakiwa. <ref name="heise Tron public issue 1">{{Cite news|last1=Kleinz|first1=Torsten|title=Gericht weist einstweilige Verfügung gegen Wikimedia Deutschland ab [Update]|url=https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Gericht-weist-einstweilige-Verfuegung-gegen-Wikimedia-Deutschland-ab-Update-173587.html|work=Heise Online|publisher=[[Heinz Heise]]|date=September 2, 2006|language=de}}</ref> Wikipedia e na le " " se se dirisang Znuny, e leng lefelo la sofotewere ya mahala ya motswedi o o bulegileng sa OTRS <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Volunteer Response Team |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_Response_Team |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202072211/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_response_team |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> go emelana le dipotso ntle le tlhoka go senola maina a batho ba ba amegang. Se se dirisiwa, ka sekai, mo go netefatseng tetla ya go dirisa ditshwantsho le metswedi e mengwe ya dikgang mo lenaneong. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=OTRS – A flexible Help Desk and IT-Service Management Software |url=https://www.otrs.com/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030215341/https://www.otrs.com/en/ |archive-date=October 30, 2013 |access-date=June 9, 2012 |website=Open Technology Real Services |publisher=OTRS.com}}</ref> Mo bokhutlong jwa Moranang 2023, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o itsisitse gore Wikipedia ga e kitla e ineela mo ditlhomamisong dipe tsa dingwaga tse di ka tlhokwang ke molao wa UK wa Molao wa Pabalesego ya Inthanete . Rebecca MacKinnon wa Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o ne a bolela gore go tlholwa mo go ntseng jalo go tlaa lhulana le boineelo jwa webosaete jwa go kokoanya tshedimosetso e nnye ka batho ba ba tsenyang letsogo le babadi ba yone. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65388255|title=Wikipedia will not perform Online Safety Bill age checks|work=BBC|date=April 28, 2023|access-date=May 1, 2023}}</ref> === Kgethololo ya bong === Wikipedia e ne ya tlhalosiwa ka 2015 e le lefelo le e nang le setso sa ntwa sa [[Go Tlhaola Batho ka Bong|go tlhaola batho ka bong]] le go tshwenya . <ref name="Paling">{{Cite web |last=Paling |first=Emma |date=October 21, 2015 |title=Wikipedia's Hostility to Women |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/how-wikipedia-is-hostile-to-women/411619/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231105811/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/how-wikipedia-is-hostile-to-women/411619/ |archive-date=December 31, 2022 |access-date=October 24, 2015 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Auerbach |first=David |date=December 11, 2014 |title=Encyclopedia Frown |url=https://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2014/12/wikipedia_editing_disputes_the_crowdsourced_encyclopedia_has_become_a_rancorous.html |url-status=live |journal=Slate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023233133/http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2014/12/wikipedia_editing_disputes_the_crowdsourced_encyclopedia_has_become_a_rancorous.html |archive-date=October 23, 2015 |access-date=October 24, 2015}}</ref> Go lemogiwa ga tiriso ya puo e e sotlang gone ga buiwa fa e le lebaka le le neng la tlhagisiwa ka 2013 la go tlhoka tekatekano ya bong jwa bakwadi Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Murphy|first=Dan|date=August 1, 2013|title=In UK, rising chorus of outrage over online misogyny|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Security-Watch/Backchannels/2013/0801/In-UK-rising-chorus-of-outrage-over-online-misogyny|access-date=February 1, 2023}}</ref> Go nnile le di-Edit-a-thon go rotloetsa bakwadi ba basadi le go oketsa go akaretsa dikgang tsa basadi. <ref>{{Cite news|title=High Museum to host virtual Wikipedia edit-a-thon to boost entries about women|url=https://www.ajc.com/lifestyles/high-museum-host-virtual-wikipedia-edit-thon-boost-entries-about-women/TxxMEMGWHqFfaNMpV8y9DN/|access-date=October 24, 2020}}</ref> Ka Motsheganong 2018, mokwadi wa Wikipedia o ne a gana lekwalo le le neng le rometswe ka Donna Strickland ka ntlha ya go tlhoka go begwa mo metsweding ya dikgang. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Draft:Donna Strickland |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Donna_Strickland&oldid=842614385 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114656/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Donna_Strickland&oldid=842614385 |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> <ref name="Schlanger-2018">{{Cite web |last=Schlanger |first=Zoë |last2=Purtill |first2=Corinne |date=October 2, 2018 |title=Wikipedia rejected an entry on a Nobel Prize winner because she wasn't famous enough |url=https://qz.com/1410909/wikipedia-had-rejected-nobel-prize-winner-donna-strickland-because-she-wasnt-famous-enough/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025085329/https://qz.com/1410909/wikipedia-had-rejected-nobel-prize-winner-donna-strickland-because-she-wasnt-famous-enough/ |archive-date=October 25, 2018 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]}}</ref> Dikgwedi di le tlhano morago ga tiragalo e, Strickland o ne a gapa Seetsele sa Nobel mo dithutong tsa Maranyane gore o na "le ditlhamo tse di tona mo lephateng la Maranyane a laser", mme a nna mosadi wa boraro go amogela seetsele se. <ref name="Schlanger-2018" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2, 2018 |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/press-release/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002141926/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/press-release/ |archive-date=October 2, 2018 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=The Nobel Prize}}</ref> Pele ga a fenya seetsele se, Strickland o ne a umakiwa fela mo Wikipedia mo lekwalong le le neng le bua ka mmereki ka ene le mofenyi-mmogo wa seetsele e bong Gérard Mourou . <ref name="Schlanger-2018" /> Go kgaphelwa thoko ga gagwe mo Wikipedia go ne ga dira gore Wikipedia e bonwe molato wa go tlhaola batho ka bong, mme Corinne Purtill yo o neng a kwalela ''Quartz'' o ne a bolela gore "gape ke thuto e e tlhamaletseng ka dikotsi tsa go kgetholola ka bong mo metsweding ya dikgang, le ditlamorago tse di anameng tsa go sa emelwe sentle." <ref name="Purtill-2018">{{Cite web |last=Purtill |first=Corinne |date=October 3, 2018 |title=Sexism at Wikipedia feeds off the sexism in the media |url=https://qz.com/1412718/wikipedia-has-a-problem-with-sexism-so-does-the-media/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201022552/https://qz.com/1412718/wikipedia-has-a-problem-with-sexism-so-does-the-media |archive-date=February 1, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]}}</ref> Purtill o amanya kgang e le go tlhoka tekatekano ga bong mo go begeng ga bobegakgang. <ref name="Purtill-2018" /> Patlisiso e e tseneletseng ya 2008, e e gatisitsweng ka 2016, ke Julia B. Bear wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse di kgolwane tsa Kgwebo ya sa Stony Brook le Benjamin Collier wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse di kgolwane sa Carnegie Mellon ba fitlhetse dipharologano tse di tona tsa bong mo go tshepeng boitseanape, go sa phuthologa ga bakwadi, le go tsibogela ditshwaelo tse di botlhokwa. "Basadi ba begile gore ga ba tshepe boitseanape jwa bone, ba tlhagisitse go sa phuthologa mo go tona mo bokwading(se gantsi se akaretsang kgotlhang), mme ba begile maikutlo a a seng molemo thata mo ditshwaelong tse di botlhokwa fa ba bapisiwa le banna." <ref>{{Cite journal |date=January 4, 2016 |title=Where are the Women in Wikipedia ? – Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Wikipedia |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |url-status=live |journal=Sex Roles |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Science]] |volume=74 |issue=5–6 |pages=254–265 |doi=10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |s2cid=146452625 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027122538/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |archive-date=October 27, 2021 |access-date=June 27, 2021}}</ref> === ''Dikwalo tse di tseneletseng tse di boferabongwe '' === ''"Dithesis di le boferabongwe"'' di kaya mogopolo wa diphetogo o o gatisitsweng ke Larry Sanger ka Phalane 2025. ''Dithesis tse di boferabongwe'' tsa ga Sanger mo Wikipedia di tlhagisa lenaneo la tshekatsheko e e botlhokwa la diphetogo la Wikipedia. Mogopolo o ke karolo ya maiteko a gagwe a a anameng a go lebagana le se Sanger a se tsayang e le dikgang tsa thulaganyo mo teng ga Wikipedia, tse di akaretsang, go tsaya letlhakore ga megopolo, go tlhoka go nna mo pepeneneng mo maemong a bakwadi, le tsamaiso e e sa direng sentle ya go dira ditshwetso e e theilweng morago ga ditumalano. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-04 |title=Wikipedia Co-Founder Unveils Plan To Fix Website's Biased 'Engine of Defamation' |url=https://www.nysun.com/article/wikipedia-co-founder-unveils-plan-to-fix-websites-biased-engine-of-defamation |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=The New York Sun |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-11 |title=Nine Theses on Wikipedia |url=https://larrysanger.org/nine-theses/ |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=LarrySanger.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tsamaiso == === Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia le mekgatlho e e amanang le one === [[File:Sue_Gardner_during_her_presentation_at_Wikimania_2013.jpg|thumb|Sue Gardner, mookamedi mogolo wa ntlha, ka 2013 kwa Wikimania]] Wikipedia e tshwarwa le go tlamelwa ka madi ke [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]], e leng mokgatlho o o sa direng dipoelo gape o tsamaisang mananeo a a amanang le Wikipedia tse di tshwanang le Wiktionary le Dibuka tsa Wikipedia . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |date=May 30, 2018 |title=Wikimedia Projects |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/our-work/wikimedia-projects/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011065720/https://wikimediafoundation.org/our-work/wikimedia-projects/ |archive-date=October 11, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Mokgatlho o o ikaegile ka meneelo ya setšhaba le dithuso tsa madi go duelela ditiro tsa one. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Wikimedia's approach to coronavirus: Staffers can work 20 hours a week, get paid for full time|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/03/17/wikimedias-approach-coronavirus-staffers-can-work-20-hours-week-get-paid-full-time/|access-date=February 25, 2021|date=March 17, 2020}}</ref> <ref name="financialstatements" group="W">{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2022 |title=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. – Consolidated Financial Statements – June 30, 2022 and 2021 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/2/26/Wikimedia_Foundation_FY2021-2022_Audit_Report.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/2/26/Wikimedia_Foundation_FY2021-2022_Audit_Report.pdf |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2016 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Pampiri ya 990 ya Tirelo ya Lotseno ya 2020 e bontsha lotseno lwa $124,60.&nbsp;milione le ditshenyegelo tse e ka nnang tsa $112,200 &nbsp;milione, ka dithoto tse di ka nnang $1 200,20 milione le tse di duelelwang di ka nna $11&nbsp;milione. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Wikimedia Foundation 2020 Form 990 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/e/e4/Wikimedia_Foundation_2020_Form_990.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524102009/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/e/e4/Wikimedia_Foundation_2020_Form_990.pdf |archive-date=May 24, 2022 |access-date=October 14, 2014 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Ka Motsheganong 2014, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o ne wa bitsa Lila Tretikov jaaka Mookamedi-mogolo wa one wa bobedi wa khuduthamaga, a tsaya marapo a ga Sue Gardner. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2014 |title=Press releases/WMF announces new ED Lila Tretikov |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Press_releases/WMF_announces_new_ED_Lila_Tretikov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503035438/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Press_releases/WMF_announces_new_ED_Lila_Tretikov |archive-date=May 3, 2014 |access-date=June 14, 2014 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> ''The Wall Street Journal'' e ne ya bega ka Motsheganong a le bongwe, 2014, gore dikitso tsa ga Tretikov tsa maranyane, go tswa mo dingwageng tsa gagwe kwa Sekolong sa dithuto tse di kgolwane sa California di naya Wikipedia tshono ya go tlhabologa ka tsela e e tsepameng thata e e kaelwang ke polelo ya gagwe e e boelediwang gantsi ya gore, "Tshedimosetso, fela jaaka phefo, e tlhoka go nna mahala." <ref name="Jeff Elder 2014">{{Cite news|date=May 1, 2014|title=Wikipedia's New Chief: From Soviet Union to World's Sixth-Largest Site|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-34824|access-date=February 1, 2023}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114542/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/02/business/media/open-source-software-specialist-selected-as-executive-director-of-wikipedia.html?_r=0|date=May 1, 2014|title=Media: Open-Source Software Specialist Selected as Executive Director of Wikipedia|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/02/business/media/open-source-software-specialist-selected-as-executive-director-of-wikipedia.html?_r=0|access-date=February 1, 2023|archivedate=February 10, 2023}}</ref> Setlhogo sone se sa ''Wall Street Journal'' se ne sa bega ka dikaelo tse tsa tlhabololo go ya ka potsolotso le mmueledi Jay Walsh wa Wikimedia, yo o neng a " re Tretikov o tla rarabolola kgang eo ya ( go duela batho go go buelelela ) e le selo se se tlang pele. 'Tota re kgaratlhela go dira dilo mo pepeneneng .&nbsp;... Re gatelela gore go duela bakwadi go go buelelela ga go amogelesege.' Maiteko a go akaretsa batho ba ba farologaneng ba ba nang le seabe, tshegetso e e botoka ya dipuisano tsa Wikipedia, didirisiwa tse disha tsa lefatshe, go bona diteng tsa selegae bonolo, le didirisiwa tse dintsi tsa badirisi mo lefatsheng la bobedi le la boraro le tsone ke ditlapele", Walsh o ne a bolela jalo. <ref name="Jeff Elder 2014" /> Morago ga go tsamaya ga ga Tretikov mo Wikipedia ka ntlha ya mathata a a amanang le tiriso ya karolo ya "tshireletso e e feteletseng" e mefuta mengwe ya puo ya Wikipedia e e amogetseng, <ref group="W">{{Cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125043521/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2014-08-13/News_and_notes|date=August 13, 2014|title=Media Viewer controversy spreads to German Wikipedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2014-08-13/News_and_notes|access-date=February 1, 2023|archivedate=January 25, 2023}}</ref> Katherine Maher o ne a nna Mookamedi-mogolo wa boraro wa Mokgatlho wa Wikipedia ka Seetebosigo 2016. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Lorente |first=Patricio |date=March 16, 2016 |title=Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees welcomes Katherine Maher as interim Executive Director |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2016/03/16/board-welcomes-katherine-maher/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114634/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2016/03/16/board-welcomes-katherine-maher/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Maher o ne a bolela gore nngwe ya ditlapele tsa gagwe e tla nna kgang ya go tshwenngwa ga bakwadi e e tlwaelesegileng mo Wikipedia jaaka go supilwe ke lekgotlana la Wikipedia ka Sedimonthole. O boleletse ''Bloomberg Businessweek'' mabapi le kgang ya go tshwenngwa a re: "Go dira gore batho ba akanye gore se ke selo se se tlang pele mo morafeng wa badirisi.&nbsp;... [mme paakanyo eo e tlhoka gore] e tshwanetse go nna go feta go bua fela." <ref name="Bloomberg 2016"/> Maher o ne a nna mokaedi wa khuduthamaga go fitlha ka Moranang 2021. <ref name="axios">{{Cite web |last=Salmon |first=Felix |date=February 4, 2021 |title=Exclusive: End of the Maher era at Wikipedia |url=https://www.axios.com/exclusive-the-end-of-the-maher-era-at-wikipedia-c1ed1408-bab7-4308-9407-db093e24c80d.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204180613/https://www.axios.com/exclusive-the-end-of-the-maher-era-at-wikipedia-c1ed1408-bab7-4308-9407-db093e24c80d.html |archive-date=February 4, 2021 |access-date=April 16, 2021 |website=Axios}}</ref> Maryana Iskander o ne a tlhomiwa go nna Mookamedimogolo yo o tsenang ka Lwetse 2021, mme a tsaya maemo a ka Firikgong 2022. O ne a bolela gore nngwe ya dilo tse a tla remelelang mo go tsone e tla nna go oketsa kabakanyo mo morafeng wa badirisi ba Wikimedia. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Lima|first=Cristiano|date=September 14, 2021|title=Wikimedia taps leader of South African nonprofit as its next CEO|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/09/14/wikipedia-maryana-iskander-ceo/|access-date=September 14, 2021|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Iskander o ne a dira go fitlha ka Firikgong 2026, fa Bernadette Meehan a ne a tsaya marapo a go nna Mookamedimogolo. Wikipedia gape e engwe nokeng ke mekgatlho le ditlhopha di le dintsi tse di dirisanang le Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia mme di tsamaisiwa ka bonosi, tse di bidiwang [[Wikimedia Foundation|ditlhopha tse di dirisanang le mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] . Tse di akaretsa dikgaolo tsa Wikimedia (tse e leng mekgatlho ya setšhaba kgotsa e e kwa tlase ga ya setšhaba, jaaka Wikimedia Deutschland le Wikimedia Fora), mekgatlho ya ditlhogo (e e tshwanang le Amical Wikimedia ya setšhaba sa puo ya Se-Catalan ), le ditlhopha tsa badirisi. Ditlhopha tse di tsaya karolo mo go rotloetseng, go tlhabololeng, le go thusa Wikipedia ka madi. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikimedia chapters |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_chapters |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051112001834/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_chapters |archive-date=November 12, 2005 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> === Ditiro tsa sofotewere le tshegetso/kemo nokeng === Go dira ga Wikipedia go ikaegile ka MediaWiki, e leng sofotewere ya wiki e e itiretsweng, e le ya mahala gape e bulegile se se kwadilweng ka PHP mme se agilwe mo thulaganyong ya polokelo ya tshedimosetso ya MySQL . <ref name="nedworks database system" group="W">{{Cite web |last=Bergsma |first=Mark |title=Wikimedia Architecture |url=https://www.nedworks.org/~mark/presentations/san/Wikimedia%20architecture.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204708/https://www.nedworks.org/~mark/presentations/san/Wikimedia%20architecture.pdf |archive-date=March 3, 2009 |access-date=June 27, 2008 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Sofotewere e e akaretsa ditiriso tsa go dira mananeo a tshwana le puo e kgolo, dilo tse di farologaneng, thulaganyo ya go fetoladithempoleite, le go kaela gape URL . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=MediaWiki Features |url=https://www.wikimatrix.org/show/mediawiki |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202020544/https://www.wikimatrix.org/show/mediawiki |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=WikiMatrix}}</ref> MediaWiki e na le teseletso ka fa tlase ga Teseletso ya Botlhe ya GNU (GPL) mme e dirisiwa ke mananeo otlhe a Wikimedia, ga mmogo le mananeo a mangwe a mantsi a wiki. <ref name="nedworks database system" group="W" /> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Project:Copyrights |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Project:Copyrights&oldid=262877 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022061355/https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Project:Copyrights&oldid=262877 |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=MediaWiki |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Kwa tshimologong, Wikipedia e ne e tsamaisiwa mo UseModWiki e e kwadilweng ka Perl ke Clifford Adams (Kgato ya ntlha), e kwa tshimologong e neng e tlhoka CamelCase go dira dikgokagano tsa dikwalo; mofuta wa go dirisa masaka a mabedi se ne sa tsenngwa moragonyana. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=UseMod: UseModWiki |url=https://www.usemod.org/cgi-bin/wiki.pl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001017191620/http://www.usemod.com/cgi-bin/wiki.pl |archive-date=October 17, 2000 |website=UseModWiki}}</ref> Go simolola ka Firikgong 2002 (Kgato ya bobedi), Wikipedia e ne ya simolola go dira mo enjeneng ya wiki ya PHP e e nang le polokelo ya tshedimosetso ya MySQL; sofotewere e e ne e direlwa Wikipedia ke Magnus Manske . Sofotewere ya Kgato ya bobedi e ne ya fetolwa gangwe le gape go emelana le tlhokego e e neng e oketsega ka lobelo lo logolo . Ka Phukwi 2002 ( Kgato ya boraro ), Wikipedia e ne ya fetogela kwa sofotewereng ya kokomane ya boraro, e leng MediaWiki, e e neng e kwadilwe ke Lee Daniel Crocker . Dikatoloso di le mmalwa tsa MediaWiki di tsentswe go atolosa tiro ya sofotewere ya MediaWiki. Ka Moranang 2005, katoloso ya Lucene <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Snow |first=Michael |date=April 18, 2005 |title=Internal search function returns to service |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2005-04-18/Lucene_search |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731211712/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2005-04-18/Lucene_search |archive-date=July 31, 2012 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Vibber |first=Brion |title=[Wikitech-l&#93; Lucene search |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2005-April/016297.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330033506/http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2005-April/016297.html |archive-date=March 30, 2013 |access-date=February 26, 2009 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> e ne ya tsenngwa mo patlong e e diritsweng mo teng ya MediaWiki mme Wikipedia e ne ya fetoga go tswa go MySQL go ya go Lucene go dirisiwa mo patlong. Moragonyana Lucene e ne ya emisediwa ka Patlisiso ya Cirrus e e theilweng mo Patlong ya Elastic . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Extension:CirrusSearch |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:CirrusSearch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413230335/https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:CirrusSearch |archive-date=April 13, 2021 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=MediaWiki}}</ref> Ka Phukwi 2013, morago ga go dira diteko tse di tseneletseng tsa beta, katoloso ya WYSIWYG (Se o se Bonang ke se o se fiwang), VisualEditor, e ne ya bulwa gore e dirisiwe ke botlhe. <ref name="thenextwebve">{{Cite news|title=Wikimedia rolls out WYSIWYG visual editor for logged-in users accessing Wikipedia articles in English|url=https://thenextweb.com/insider/2013/07/02/wikimedia-rolls-out-its-wysiwyg-visual-editor-for-logged-in-users-accessing-wikipedia-articles-in-english/|access-date=February 2, 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/10196578/Wikipedia-introduces-new-features-to-entice-editors.html|title=Wikipedia introduces new features to entice editors|access-date=August 18, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="TheEconomistVE">{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/12/changes-wikipedia|title=Changes at Wikipedia: Seeing things|access-date=July 28, 2013}}</ref> E ne ya ganwa le go tshwaiwa diphoso thata, mme ya tlhalosiwa e le " bonya gape e na le diphoso". <ref name="Orlowski, Andrew">{{Cite web |last=Orlowski |first=Andrew |date=August 1, 2013 |title=Wikipedians say no to Jimmy's 'buggy' WYSIWYG editor |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/08/01/wikipedians_reject_wysiwyg_editor/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804115056/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/08/01/wikipedians_reject_wysiwyg_editor |archive-date=August 4, 2013 |access-date=August 18, 2013 |website=The Register}}</ref> Karolo e ne ya fetolwa go tswa mo go tlhopheng go tswa go ya kwa go tlhopheng go tsena morago ga moo. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Forrester |first=James |date=April 25, 2013 |title=The alpha version of the VisualEditor is now in 15 languages |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/04/25/visualeditor-alpha-in-15-languages/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114634/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/04/25/visualeditor-alpha-in-15-languages/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> === Go kwala mo go itirisang === Mananeo a dibalamakgolo(dikhompiutara) a a bidiwang di-bot gantsi di ile tsa dirisiwa go dira ditiro tse di motlhofo le tse di boelediwang, tse di tshwanang le go baakanya diphoso tse di tlwaelesegileng jaaka go peleta le mathata a mefuta ya tiriso, kgotsa go simolola dikwalo tse di tshwanang le go tsenya tsa dintlha tse digeographic ka mokgwa o o tlwaelegileng go tswa mo go wa tshedimosetso ya dipalopalo. <ref name="meetbots">{{Cite news|last=Nasaw|first=Daniel|date=July 24, 2012|title=Meet the 'bots' that edit Wikipedia|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18892510|access-date=February 2, 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Halliday|first=Josh|title=Boot up: The Wikipedia vandalism police, Apple analysts, and more|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2012/jul/26/boot-up-wikipedia-apple|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=July 26, 2012|access-date=September 5, 2012}}</ref> Mongwe wa bakwadi ba ba neng ba ntsha kganetsano, e bong Sverker Johansson, o ne a tlhama dikwalo ka bot ya gagwe ya Lsjbot, e go neng ga begwa gore e tlhama dikwalo di ka nna dikete di le lesome mo Wikipedia ya Se-Swedish ka malatsi a a rileng. <ref>{{Cite news|date=July 13, 2014|title=For This Author, 10,000 Wikipedia Articles Is a Good Day's Work|url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/for-this-author-10-000-wikipedia-articles-is-a-good-days-work-1405305001|access-date=August 18, 2014}}</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, go na le di-bot tse di diretsweng go itsise bakwadi ka go itirisa fa ba dira diphoso tse di tlwaelesegileng tsa bokwadi (tse di tshwanang le dinopolo tse di sa tsamaelaneng kgotsa masaka a a sa tshwaneng). <ref group="W">{{Cite news|last=Aude|date=March 23, 2009|title=Abuse Filter is enabled|publisher=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2009-03-23/Abuse_Filter|access-date=February 2, 2023}}</ref> Diphetolo tse di supilweng ka maaka ke di-bot e le tiro ya mokwadi yo o kobilweng di ka busediwa ke bakwadi ba bangwe. Bot e e lwantshanang le go senya e rulaganyeditswe go lemoga le go ntsha tshenyo ka bonako. <ref name="meetbots" /> Di-bot di kgona go supa diphetogo go tswa mo diakhaontong tse di rileng kgotsa mo ditlhopheng tsa diaterese tsa IP, jaaka go diragetse ka nako ya go thuntshiwa ga sefofane sa MH17 ka Phukwi 2014 fa go ne go begwa gore diphetogo di dirilwe ka di-IP tse di laolwang ke puso ya Russia. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 21, 2014 |title=MH17 Wikipedia entry edited from Russian government IP address |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/the-stream/2014/7/21/mh17-wikipedia-entry-edited-from-russian-government-ip-address |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116002928/https://stream.aljazeera.com/story/201407211855-0023944 |archive-date=November 16, 2016 |access-date=July 22, 2014 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> Di-bot mo Wikipedia di tshwanetse go amogelwa pele di tsenngwa mo tirisong. Go ya ka Andrew Lih, go ne go tla nna thata go akanya ka go atolosiwa ga Wikipedia mo go diragalang gompieno go dira dikadikadike tsa dikwalo fa go ne go sa dirisiwe di-bot tse di ntseng jalo. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Lih |first=Andrew |year=2009 |title=The Wikipedia Revolution |publisher=[[Hachette Books]] |isbn=978-1-4013-0371-6 |pages=99–106 |oclc=232977686}}</ref> Ka Mopitlo 2026, moemedi wa AI, Tom, o ne a dira diphetogo mo Wikipedia ka fa tlase ga akhaonto ya TomWikiAssist. Akhaonto e e ne ya thibelwa ka ntlha ya go nna bot e e sa amogelweng. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maiberg |first=Emmanuel |date=March 30, 2026 |title=An AI Agent Was Banned From Creating Wikipedia Articles, Then Wrote Angry Blogs About Being Banned |url=https://www.404media.co/an-ai-agent-was-banned-from-creating-wikipedia-articles-then-wrote-angry-blogs-about-being-banned/ |url-access=registration |access-date=April 12, 2026 |website=[[404 Media]]}}</ref> === Ditiro tsa hardwere le tshegetso/kemo nokeng === [[File:Wikipedia_webrequest_2022.png|alt=Diagram showing flow of data between Wikipedia's servers.|thumb|Setshwantsho sa lenaneo la thulaganyo go ema ka Phatwe 2022 [[Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2022]] [[Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements]]]] Wikipedia mo bogompienong e dira mo ditlhopheng tse di kgethegileng tsa disefara tsa Linux tse di dirisang tsamaiso ya tiriso ya Debian . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Debian |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Debian |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418084905/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Debian |archive-date=April 18, 2021 |access-date=April 9, 2021 |website=Wikitech |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le masome a mabedi, 2013, Wikipedia e ne e fuduseditse lefelo la yone la konokono la tshedimosetso kwa lefelong la Equinix kwa Ashburn, kwa Virginia . <ref group="W" name=":0"/> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2013/01/14/its-official-equinix-ashburn-is-wikimedias-home/|title=It's Official: Ashburn is Wikipedia's New Home|first=Jason|last=Verge|access-date=June 5, 2016|date=January 14, 2013}}</ref> Lefelo la bobedi la tshedimosetso ya tiriso le ne la tlhamiwa ka 2014 kwa Carrollton, Texas, go tokafatsa go ikanyega ga Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Data centers - Wikitech |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129081929/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers |archive-date=January 29, 2023 |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=wikitech.wikimedia.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bergsma |first=Mark |date=May 5, 2014 |title=Wikimedia Foundation selects CyrusOne in Dallas as new data center |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2014/05/05/wikimedia-foundation-selects-cyrusone-in-dallas-as-new-data-center/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715011353/https://blog.wikimedia.org/2014/05/05/wikimedia-foundation-selects-cyrusone-in-dallas-as-new-data-center/ |archive-date=July 15, 2018 |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=Diff}}</ref> Mafelo a a tshedimosetso ka bobedi a dira e le a konokono, mo dipakeng tse di farologaneng, mme e nngwe e dira jaaka ya bobedi ya tshedimosetso. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Switch Datacenter - Wikitech |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Switch_Datacenter |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=wikitech.wikimedia.org}}</ref> Ka 2017, Wikipedia e ne ya tsenya setlhopha sa go boloka tshedimosetso mo lefelong la Equinix kwa Singapore, e leng la ntlha la mofuta ono kwa Asia. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=⚓ T156028 Name Asia Cache DC site |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156028 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512040933/https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156028 |archive-date=May 12, 2019 |access-date=May 12, 2019 |website=Wikimedia Phabricator}}</ref> Ka 2022, go ne ga bulwa lefelo la go boloka tshedimosetso kwa Marseille, kwa Fora. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=⚓ T282787 Configure dns and puppet repositories for new drmrs datacenter |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282787 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282787 |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Phabricator}}</ref> Ka 2024, go ne ga bulwa lefelo la go boloka tshedimosetso kwa São Paulo, e leng la ntlha la mofuta o kwa Amerika Borwa. <ref group="W" name="Magru">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=July 26, 2024 |title=The journey to open our first data center in South America |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921054425/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/ |archive-date=September 21, 2024 |access-date=November 29, 2024 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Go ema ka Ngwanatseele 2024, ditlhopha tsa go boloka di-cache di kwa Amsterdam, kwa San Francisco, kwa Singapore, kwa Marseille le kwa São Paulo. <ref name=":13" group="W">{{Cite web |date=April 22, 2013 |title=Wikimedia servers |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_servers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120023847/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_servers |archive-date=November 20, 2021 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Data centers |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129081929/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers |archive-date=January 29, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikitech |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> === Dipatlisiso tsa mo teng le tlhabololo ya tsamaiso === Morago ga palo e e golang ya meneelo(madi) e e tsenang ka 2013 e e fetang dinomoro di le supa, <ref name="Simonite-2013"/> Mokgatlho o o fitlheletse selekanyo sa dithoto tse di bonwang di tshwanelega go akanyediwa ka fa tlase ga melaometheo ya itsholelo ya mokgatlho wa madirelo go supa tlhokego ya go beeletsa gape madi/meneelo mo dipatlisisong le mo tlhabololong ya Mokgatlho. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Scherer |first=Frederic M. |author-link=Frederic M. Scherer |date=2009 |title=Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance |url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=1496716 |publisher=Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship, [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]] |ssrn=1496716 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |orig-date=1970 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132257/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1496716 |archive-date=April 28, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mananeo a mabedi a dipatlisiso tse di ntseng jalo tsa mo teng le tlhabololo a nnile tlhamo ya Modiri wa Ditshwantsho le thebo ya "Ke a leboga" e e fitlhelwang mo ditsong tsa go kwala, tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa go tokafatsa mathata a go lapisega ga mokwadi. <ref name="Simonite-2013" /> <ref name="Orlowski, Andrew"/> Dipalo kakanyetso tsa go beeletsa gape ke mekgatlho ya madirelo mo dipatlisisong tsa mo teng le tlhabololo di ne tsa ithutiwa ke Adam Jaffe, yo o kwadileng gore go ne go tshwanetse go laolwa selekanyo sa 4% go ya go 25% ka ngwaga, ka maranyane a maemo a a kwa godimo se se tlhokang seelo se se kwa godimo sa tshegetso ka go beeletsa gape mo mokgatlhong. <ref name="Trajtenberg-2002">{{Cite book |last=Trajtenberg |first=Manuel |year=2002 |title=Patents, Citations, and Innovations: A Window on the Knowledge Economy |url=https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/2593/Patents-Citations-and-InnovationsA-Window-on-the |last2=Jaffe |first2=Adam B. |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=978-0-262-27623-8 |pages=89–153 |doi=10.7551/mitpress/5263.001.0001 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202174803/https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/2593/Patents-Citations-and-InnovationsA-Window-on-the |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ka maemong a 2013 a meneelo ya Wikimedia e kwadilwe jaaka e le didolara di le dikadikadike di le masome a mane ke botlhano, <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Peters |first=David |last2=Walsh |first2=Jay |year=2013 |title=Wikimedia Foundation 2012–13 Annual Report |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Wmf_AR12_v11_SHIP_2pp_hyper_14jan14.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114540/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Wmf_AR12_v11_SHIP_2pp_hyper_14jan14.pdf |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> selekanyo sa tekanyetso se se badilweng se se akantshitsweng ke Jaffe sa go beeletsa gape mo dipatlisisong le mo tlhabololong se fa gare ga didolara di le 1.8.&nbsp;dimilione le 11.3&nbsp; milione ka ngwaga. <ref name="Trajtenberg-2002" /> Ka 2019, selekanyo sa meneelo se ne sa begwa ke Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia gore ke didikadike tsa di dolara di le lekgolo le masome a mabedi ka ngwaga, <ref group="W">{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=2019 to 2020 Annual Report – Statement of Activities – Audited (July 1, 2019 – June 30, 2020) |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/about/annualreport/2020-annual-report/financials/#section-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202174803/https://wikimediafoundation.org/about/annualreport/2020-annual-report/financials/#section-2 |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> go tlhabolola dipalokakanyetso tsa ga Jaffe tsa maemo a a kwa godimo a tshegetso go nna magareng ga dimilione di le $3.08 le 19,2&nbsp;milione ka ngwaga. <ref name="Trajtenberg-2002" />[[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|alt=Wikipedia Library logo|thumb|Sekano sa motlobo wa dibuka wa Wikipedia]] === Dikgatiso tsa dikgang tse di mo teng === Mananeo a le mantsi a Wikimedia a na le dikgatiso tsa dikgang tsa mo teng. Lekwalodikgang la mo inthaneteng la [[Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia]] ''la The Signpost'' le ne la tlhongwa ka 2005 ke Michael Snow, motsamaisi wa Wikipedia yo o neng a tla nna leloko la khuduthamaga ya batlhokomedi ba Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia ka 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Caroline |date=July 18, 2008 |title=Wikimedia Foundation edits its board of trustees |url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/wikimedia-foundation-edits-its-board-of-trustees/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301224408/https://www.cnet.com/news/wikimedia-foundation-edits-its-board-of-trustees/ |archive-date=March 1, 2016 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[CNET]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|archiveurl=Noam Cohen}}</ref> Kgatiso e e akaretsa dikgang le ditiragalo go tswa kwa Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia, le [[Wikimedia Foundation|mananeo a mangwe a Wikipedia]] . === Motlobo wa dibuka wa Wikipedia === Bakwadi ba Wikipedia ka dinako tse dingwe ba sokola go fitlhelela metswedi e e duelwang e e tlhokegang go tokafatsa dikwalo. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=64}}Motlobo wa dibuka wa Wikipedia ke motswedi wa bakwadi ba Wikipedia o o nayang phitlhelelo ya mahala ya dikgatiso tse dintsi tsa mo maranyaneng, gore ba kgone go leba le go di nopola fa ba ntse ba kwala mo ensaetlolopedieng . <ref name="orlowitz">{{Cite journal |last=Orlowitz |first=Jake |date=January 2018 |title=The Wikipedia Library: the biggest encyclopedia needs a digital library and we are building it |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327963422 |url-status=live |journal=JLIS.it |volume=9 |issue=3 |doi=10.4403/jlis.it-12505 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132509/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327963422_The_wikipedia_library_The_biggest_encyclopedia_needs_a_digital_library_and_we_are_building_it |archive-date=April 28, 2024 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref> Bagatisi ba feta masome a marataro ba tlhophile go dirisana mmogo le motlobo wa dibuka wa Wikipedia go tlamela ka phitlhelelo ya didirisiwa tsa bone: fa ICE Publishing e ne ya kopana go dira le bone ka 2020, mmueledi o ne a re "Ka go kgontsha bakwadi ba Wikipedia go fitlhelela diteng tsa rona mahala, re solofela go tsweledisa pele didirisiwa tse morafe o wa batlisisi ba di didirisang- ba kwala le go baakanya dikwalo tsa ditlhogo tsa Civil Engineering tse di balwang ke babadi ba le diketekete kgwedi le kgwedi." <ref name="hall">{{Cite web |last=Hall |first=Sam |date=June 24, 2020 |title=ICE Publishing partners with The Wikipedia Library |url=https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/page/ice-news/106-wikipedia-library |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113161530/https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/page/ice-news/106-wikipedia-library |archive-date=November 13, 2022 |access-date=October 26, 2021 |website=ICE Virtual Library}}</ref> == Refferences == <references /> == Phitlhelelo ya diteng == === Teseletso ya diteng === Fa lenaneo le le simololwa ka 2001, mafoko otlhe mo Wikipedia a ne a akarediwa ke GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), e leng teseletso ya Copyleft e e letlang go anamisiwa gape, go tlhamiwa ga dibuka tse di tswang mo go yone, le go dirisiwa ga diteng ga kgwebo fa bakwadi ba ntse ba na le tshwanelo ya tiro ya bone. GFDL e diretswe dibukana tsa tiriso tsa sofotewere tse di tlang le mananeo asofotewere ya mahala tse di nang le teseletso ka fa tlase ga GPL . Se se dirile gore e nne tshwetso e e bokoa ya bukana ya tshupiso ka kakaretso: ka sekai, GFDL e tlhoka gore dikgatiso gape tsa didirisiwa go tswa mo Wikipedia di tle le moriti o o feletseng ya mokwalo wa GFDL. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses |url=https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.en.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318014154/https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.en.html |archive-date=March 18, 2022 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=GNU Operating System |publisher=[[Free Software Foundation]]}}</ref> Ka Sedimonthole 2002, go ne ga gololwa teseletso ya Creative Commons ; e ne e diretswe ditiro tsa botlhami ka kakaretso, e seng fela dibukana tsa tiriso tsa sofotewere. Lenaneo la Wikipedia le ne la batla go fetogela kwa Creative Commons. <ref name="WPF switch to CC" group="W">{{Cite web |last=Vermeir |first=Walter |date=December 1, 2007 |title=Resolution:License update |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution:License_update |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903084619/http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution:License_update |archive-date=September 3, 2011 |access-date=December 4, 2007 |website=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Ka gore GFDL le Creative Commons di ne di sa tsamaisane, ka Ngwanatseele 2008, morago ga kopo ya lenaneo, Mokgatlho wa Sofotewere ya Mahala (FSF) o ne wa golola mofuta o mosha wa GFDL o o neng o diretswe ka tlhamalalo go letla Wikipedia go naya CC BY-SA teseletso ya diteng tsa yone ka Phatwe 1, 2009 Ka Moranang 2009, Wikipedia le mananeo a yone a dingwe di ne tsa tshwara referantamo ya baagi botlhe, e e neng ya dira tshwetso ya go fetola ka Seetebosigo 2009. <ref name="MW licensing QA" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Licensing update/Questions and Answers |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716170801/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers |archive-date=July 16, 2020 |access-date=February 15, 2009 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> <ref name="MW licensing timeline 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Licensing_update/Timeline |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Timeline |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817062932/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Timeline |archive-date=August 17, 2022 |access-date=April 5, 2009 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> <ref name="WP blog license migration" group="W">{{Cite web |last=Walsh |first=Jay |date=May 21, 2009 |title=Wikimedia community approves license migration |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2009/05/21/wikimedia-community-approves-license-migration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113042618/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2009/05/21/wikimedia-community-approves-license-migration/ |archive-date=January 13, 2021 |access-date=May 21, 2009 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Go tshwarwa ga dithoto tsa ditshwantsho (sekai, dithoto tsa dinepe) go a farologana go ralala dikgatiso tsa puo. Dikgatiso tse dingwe tsa puo, jaaka Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, di akaretsa dithoto tsa ditshwantsho tse e seng tsa mahala ka fa tlase ga thuto ya tiriso e e siameng, <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:Non-free content |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127162916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content |archive-date=January 27, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> fa tse dingwe di tlhophile go se dire jalo, bontlhabongwe jwa lebaka e le ka ntlha ya go tlhoka dithuto tsa tiriso e e siameng mo mafatsheng a bone (sekai, mo molaong wa ditshwanelo tsa botlhami wa Japane ). Dithoto tsa ditshwantsho/bobegadikgang tse di akareditsweng ke diteseletso tsa diteng tsa mahala (sekai, Creative Commons ' CC BY-SA ) di abelanwa go ralala dikgatiso tsa puo ka polokelo ya Wikimedia Commons, e leng lenaneo le le tsamaisiwang ke Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Commons:Fair use |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Fair_use |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131061136/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Fair_use |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Commons]]}}</ref> Go amogela ga Wikipedia ga melao e e farologaneng ya boditšhabatšhaba ya ditshwanelo tsa botlhami mabapi le ditshwantsho go dirile gore bangwe ba lemoge gore go akaretsa ga yone ga dikgang tsa dinepe go saletse kwa morago ga boleng jwa mokwalo wa ensaetlolopedia e. <ref name="NYT photos on WP">{{Cite news|archiveurl=Noam Cohen|title=Wikipedia May Be a Font of Facts, but It's a Desert for Photos|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/20/arts/20funny.html|access-date=March 9, 2013}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia ga se moabi wa diteseletso tsa diteng mo Wikipedia kgotsa mananeo a a amanang le one mme ke tirelo fela ya go amogela batho ba ba nang le seabe mo Wikipedia le ba ba o nayang diteseletso, e leng maemo a a neng a sirelediwa ka katlego ka 2004 kwa kgotlatshekelo kwa Fora. <ref name="reuters French defamation case">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia cleared in French defamation case|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/internetNews/idUSL0280486220071102|access-date=November 2, 2007}}</ref> <ref name="ars tech WP dumb suing case">{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Nate |date=May 2, 2008 |title=Dumb idea: suing Wikipedia for calling you "dumb" |url=https://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20080502-dumb-idea-suing-wikipedia-for-calling-you-dumb.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806121938/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2008/05/dumb-idea-suing-wikipedia-for-calling-you-dumb.ars |archive-date=August 6, 2011 |access-date=May 4, 2008 |website=[[Ars Technica]]}}</ref> === Mefuta ya phitlhelelo === Ka gore diteng tsa Wikipedia di anamisiwa ka fa tlase ga teseletso e e bulegileng, mongwe le mongwe o ka di dirisa gape kgotsa a di anamisa gape ntle le go duedisiwa. Diteng tsa Wikipedia di gatisitswe ka mefuta e le mentsi, mo inthaneteng le kwa ntle ga inthanete, kwa ntle ga webosaete ya Wikipedia. Go na le diketekete tsa " mafelo a a tshwanang " a a gatisang gape diteng go tswa mo Wikipedia; tse pedi tse di tlhageletseng tse gape di akaretsang diteng tse di tswang mo metsweding e mengwe ke Reference.com le Answers.com . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reference.com Expands Content by Adding Wikipedia Encyclopedia to Search Capabilities |url=http://www.lexico.com/about/pr20050915.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225094122/http://www.lexico.com/about/pr20050915.html |archive-date=February 25, 2009 |website=Lexico Publishing Group, LLC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Answers.com |url=https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/answerscom |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203151141/https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/answerscom |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[PCMag]]}}</ref> Sekai se sengwe ke Wapedia, e e neng ya simolola go bontsha diteng tsa Wikipedia ka mofuta o o siametseng tiriso ya mogala wa letheka pele ga Wikipedia ka boyone e dira jalo. <ref name=":16" group="W">{{Cite web |last=Seifi |first=Joe |date=August 27, 2007 |title=Wapedia review |url=https://appsafari.com/utilities/1144/wapedia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423185926/https://appsafari.com/utilities/1144/wapedia/ |archive-date=April 23, 2022 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=appSafari}}</ref> Dienjini dingwe tsa patlo tsa webo di dirisa diteng tsa Wikipedia ka tsela e e kgethegileng fa di bontsha maduo a patlo: dikai tsa tsone di akaretsa Microsoft Bing ( ka maranyane a a tserweng mo Powerset ) le DuckDuckGo . Dikokoanyo tsa dikwalo tsa Wikipedia di gatisitsee mo disking tsa pono . Mofuta wa Sekgoa o o neng wa gololwa ka 2006 o ne o na le dikwalo di ka nna dikete di le pedi. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia 0.5 available on a CD-ROM |url=http://www.wikipediaondvd.com/site.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602060411/http://www.wikipediaondvd.com/site.php |archive-date=June 2, 2013 |website=Wikipedia On DVD}}</ref> Mofuta wa puo ya Se-Polish go tloga ka 2006 o na le dikwalo di ka nna dikete di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a le mane, <ref name="WM polish WP on dvd" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Polish Wikipedia on DVD |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Polska_Wikipedia_na_DVD_%28z_Helionem%29/en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229040017/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Polska_Wikipedia_na_DVD_(z_Helionem)/en |archive-date=December 29, 2022 |access-date=December 26, 2008 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> mofuta wa puo ya Sejeremane go tloga ka 2007/2008 o na le dikwalo di feta dikete di le makgolo a le marataro le masome a mabedi, mme mofuta wa puo ya Sepanishe go tloga ka 2011 o na le dikwalo di le dikete di le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=¿Qué es la CDPedia? |url=http://python.org.ar/pyar/Proyectos/CDPedia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702023520/http://python.org.ar/pyar/Proyectos/CDPedia |archive-date=July 2, 2011 |website=Py Ar |language=es}}</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, "Wikipedia ya Dikolo", motseletsele wa di-CD / di-DVD tsa Wikipedia tse di dirilweng ke Wikipedia le SOS Children, ke di tlhophilweng mahala go tswa mo Wikipedia e e diretsweng thuto ya bana ba dingwaga di le boferabobedi go ya go di le lesome le bosupa. <ref group="W">{{Cite news|title=2008–09 Wikipedia for Schools goes online|url=https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/2008-09_Wikipedia_for_Schools_goes_online}}</ref> Go nnile le maiteko a go tsenya karolwana e e tlhophilweng ya dikwalo tsa Wikipedia mo sebopegong sa buka e e gatisitsweng. <ref name="WP into books 1">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia turned into book|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5549589/Wikipedia-turned-into-book.html|access-date=February 3, 2023}}</ref> <ref name="WP schools selection 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia Selection for Schools |url=https://schools-wikipedia.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804093730/https://schools-wikipedia.org/ |archive-date=August 4, 2012 |access-date=July 14, 2012 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Fa e sa le ka 2009, dibuka di le dikete di le masomesome tse di gatisitsweng fa di batliwa tse di thusitseng go dirwa ga dikwalo tsa Wikipedia tsa Sekgoa, Sejeremane, Se-Russia le Sefora di ile tsa gatisiwa ke kompone ya Amerika ya Books LLC le ke dikompone tse tharo tse di potlana tsa kwa Mauritius tsa mogatisi wa Jeremane VDM . Webosaete ya DBpedia, e e simolotsweng ka 2007, e ntsha tshedimosetso mo mabokosong a tshedimosetso le mo dipolelong tsa ditlhopha tsa Wikipedia ya puo ya Sekgoa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bizer |first=Christian |last2=Lehmann |first2=Jens |last3=Kobilarov |first3=Georgi |last4=Auer |first4=Sören |last5=Becker |first5=Christian |last6=Cyganiak |first6=Richard |last7=Hellmann |first7=Sebastian |date=September 2009 |title=DBpedia – A crystallization point for the Web of Data |journal=Journal of Web Semantics |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=154–165 |citeseerx=10.1.1.150.4898 |doi=10.1016/j.websem.2009.07.002 |s2cid=16081721}}</ref> Wikimedia e tlhamile lenaneo la Wikidata ka maikaelelo a a tshwanang a go boloka dintlha tsa motheo go tswa mo tsebeng nngwe le nngwe ya Wikipedia le mananeo a mangwe a Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia le go e dira gore e nne teng ka sebopego sa bokao jo bo ka bodiwang, jwa RDF . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikidata:Introduction |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Introduction |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Wikidata |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Go ema ka Tlhakole 2013, e na le diteng tse di fetang didikadike di le lesome. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikidata:Statistics |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Statistics |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Wikidata |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> WikiReader ke sediriswa se se kgethegileng se se balelang kwa godimo se se nang le moriti wa Wikipedia o o seng mo inthaneteng, e e neng ya simolodisawa ke OpenMoko mme ya gololwa la ntlha ka 2009. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Moeller |first=Erik |date=October 13, 2009 |title=OpenMoko Launches WikiReader |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2009/10/13/openmoko-launches-wikireader/ |access-date=January 19, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Go tsaya diteng tsotlhe tsa Wikipedia gore di dirisiwe gape go na le dikgwetlho, ka gore go dira ditshwantsho tse di tshwanang ka tlhamalalo ka Web crawler ga go rotloediwe. Wikipedia e gatisa " dithotobolo " tsa diteng tsa yone, mme tse ke tsa mafoko fela; go ema ka 2023 ga go na thotobolo e e leng teng ya ditshwantsho tsa Wikipedia. <ref name="WP image data dumps 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Data dumps/What's available for download |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_dumps/What%27s_available_for_download |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> [[Wikimedia Foundation|Kgwebo ya Wikimedia]] ke tharabololo ya go dira dipoelo ka se. Dipuo di le mmalwa tsa Wikipedia le tsone di na le tafole ya dikgang, e mo go yone baithaopi ba arabang dipotso tse di bodiwang ke setšhaba. Go ya ka patlisiso e e dirilweng ke Pnina Shachaf mo ''Journal of Documentation'', boleng jwa tafole ya dikgang ya Wikipedia bo ka bapisiwa le tafole ya dikgang ya motlobo wa dibuka e e tlwaelesegileng, ka bonnete jwa masome a matlhano le botlhano mo lekgolong. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shachaf |first=Pnina |date=October 16, 2009 |title=The paradox of expertise: is the Wikipedia Reference Desk as good as your library? |url=http://eprints.rclis.org/20329/1/Paradox%20of%20expertise-final.pdf |journal=Journal of Documentation |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=977–996 |doi=10.1108/00220410910998951}}</ref> ==== Phitlhelelo ka mogala wa letheka ==== [[File:Wikipedia_on_Mobile_screenshot_(2024)_(cropped).png|thumb|Mogala wa letheka o o bontshang Tsebekgolo ya Wikipedia ya Sekgoa ka Phalane malatsi a le mabedi, 2024]] [[File:Wikipedia_page_views_by_device_type.webp|thumb|Dipono tsa tsebe ya Wikipedia go ya ka lefelo]] Sedirisiwa sa ntlha sa Wikipedia e ne e le gore badirisi ba kgone go bala le go kwaditeng tsa yone ba dirisa sedirisiwa fela sa patlo se se tlwaelesegileng sa webo ka kgolagano e e tlhomameng ya inthanete . Le fa diteng tsa Wikipedia di ntse di fitlhelelwa ka webo ya mogala wa letheka fa e sale ka Phukwi 2013, ''The New York Times'' ka Tlhakole 9, 2014, e ne ya nopola Erik Möller, mothusa mookamedi wa Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia, e bolela gore phetogo ya pharakano ya inthanete go tswa mo dikhompiutareng go ya kwa megaleng ya letheka e ne e le tona e bile e le selo se se bakang matshwenyego. Setlhogo sa ''The New York Times'' se ne sa bega dipalopalo tsa tshwantshanyo tsa diphetogo tse di dirwang ka mogala wa letheka a bolela gore, "Ke palo ya masome a le mabedi mo lekgolong ya babadi ba Wikipedia ya puo ya Sekgoa ba ba balang dikwalo ka megala ya letheka, palo e e kwa tlase thata go na le palo ya pharakano megala ya letheka mo mafelong a mangwe a bobegakgang, a bontsi jwa one a tsamaelang palo ya sephatlo mo lekgolong. Mme go fetogela kwa megaleng ya letheka go ntse bonya le go feta." Ka 2014 ''The New York Times'' e begile gore Möller o abetse "setlhopha sa batlhami ba disofotewere ba le lesome ba ba remelelang mo tirisong ya megala ya letheka", mo palong yotlhe ya babereki ba ka nna makgolo a le mabedi ba ba berekang kwa Mokgatlhong wa Wikimedia. Nngwe ya matshwenyego a matona a a umakilweng ke ''The New York Times'' ka "go tlhabaela" ke gore Wikipedia e rarabolole ka katlego mathata le palo ya bakwadi ba ensaetlolopedia ya mo inthaneteng e ba gogelang go kwala le go tlhokomela diteng tsa yone ka mogala wa letheka. <ref name="small screen">{{Cite news|last=Cohen|first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen|date=February 9, 2014|title=Wikipedia vs. the Small Screen|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/10/technology/wikipedia-vs-the-small-screen.html?_r=0|access-date=January 22, 2023}}</ref> Ka 2023, babereki ba Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia ba ne ba godile go nna babereki ba ba fetang makgolo a le masupa. <ref name="WF10.23.23">{{Cite web |last=Seitz-Gruwell |first=Lisa |author-link=Lisa Seitz-Gruwell |date=October 23, 2023 |title=7 reasons you should donate to Wikipedia |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2022/11/03/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008212455/https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/10/23/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/ |archive-date=October 8, 2024 |access-date=December 27, 2023 |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Phitlhelelo ya Wikipedia ka mogala wa letheka e ne ya kgonega go tloga ka 2004, ka Porothokholo ya Wireless Application (WAP), ka tirelo ya Wapedia . <ref name=":16" group="W">{{Cite web |last=Seifi |first=Joe |date=August 27, 2007 |title=Wapedia review |url=https://appsafari.com/utilities/1144/wapedia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423185926/https://appsafari.com/utilities/1144/wapedia/ |archive-date=April 23, 2022 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=appSafari}}</ref> Ka Seetebosigo 2007, Wikipedia e ne ya simolola en.mobile.wikipedia.org, e leng webosaete ya semmuso ya didirisiwa tse di senang megala. Ka 2009, go ne ga gololwa semmuso tirelo e ntšha ya megala ya letheka, e e mo go en.m.wikipedia.org, e e direlang megala ya letheka e e gatetseng pele thata e tshwana le iPhone, didirisiwa tsa Android, kgotsa didiriswa tsa WebOS . <ref name="WM mobile added 1" group="W">{{Cite web |date=June 30, 2009 |title=Wikimedia Mobile is Officially Launched |url=https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2009/06/wikimedia-mobile-launch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111101614/http://techblog.wikimedia.org/2009/06/wikimedia-mobile-launch/ |archive-date=January 11, 2010 |access-date=July 22, 2009 |website=Wikimedia Technical Blog |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Mekgwa e mengwe e le mmalwa ya go fitlhelela Wikipedia ka mogala wa letheka e ile ya bonala fa e sa le ka nako eo. Didiriswa le ditiriso di le dintsi di tokafatsa go bontshiwa ga diteng tsa Wikipedia mo megaleng ya letheka, fa tse dingwe gape di akaretsa ditiriso tse dingwe di tshwana le tiriso ya tshedimosetso ya Wikipedia e e tshwanang le tshedimosetso ya lefatshe . <ref name="androgeoid.com LPOI WP 1">{{Cite web |date=May 15, 2011 |title=Local Points Of Interest In Wikipedia |url=https://androgeoid.com/2011/04/local-points-of-interest-in-wikipedia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110601092809/http://androgeoid.com/2011/04/local-points-of-interest-in-wikipedia/ |archive-date=June 1, 2011 |access-date=May 15, 2011 |website=AndroGeoid}}</ref> <ref name="ilounge iphone gems WP">{{Cite web |last=Hollington |first=Jesse David |date=November 30, 2008 |title=iPhone Gems: Wikipedia Apps |url=https://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/15802 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112235945/http://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/15802/ |archive-date=January 12, 2009 |access-date=July 22, 2008 |website=iLounge}}</ref> App ya Android ya Wikipedia e ne ya gololwa ka Firikgong 2012, e ne ya tsenngwa ke batho ba ba fetang dikete di le makgolo a le matlhano le gape e nae dikakgelo tsa ditshekatsheko tse di siameng, mme ya bona maduo a a fetang bone mo botlhanong mo patlisisong ya badirisi ba ka nna dikete di le makgolo a mabedi 200 000 ba ba neng ba e tsenya go tswa mo Google. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Finc |first=Tomasz |date=January 26, 2012 |title=Announcing the Official Wikipedia Android App |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2012/01/26/announcing-the-official-wikipedia-android-app/ |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.wikipedia&hl=en |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[Google Play]]}}</ref> Mofuta wa iOS o ne wa gololwa ka Moranang a le boraro, 2013, mme wa nna le tshekatsheko e e tshwanang. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |date=August 4, 2014 |title=Wikipedia Mobile on the App Store on iTunes |url=https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia-mobile/id324715238 |access-date=August 21, 2014 |website=[[App Store (iOS/iPadOS)]] |publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]}}</ref> [[Wikipedia Zero (Setswana)|Wikipedia Zero]] e ne e le maiteko a Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia a go atolosa phitlhelelo ya ensaetlolopedia e kwa mafatsheng a a santseng a tlhabologa ka go dirisana le badiredi ba ditirelo tsa megala ya letheka go letla phitlhelelo ya mahala. <ref name=":17" group="W" /> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Ellis|first=Justin|date=January 17, 2013|title=Wikipedia plans to expand mobile access around the globe with new funding|url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2013/01/wikipedia-plans-to-expand-mobile-access-around-the-globe-with-new-funding|access-date=April 22, 2013|work=Nieman Lab}}</ref> E ne ya emisiwa ka Tlhakole 2018 ka ntlha ya go tlhoka go tsaya karolo ga badiredi ba ditirelo tsa megala ya letheka. <ref name=":17" group="W">{{Cite web |date=February 16, 2018 |title=Building for the future of Wikimedia with a new approach to partnerships |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2018/02/16/partnerships-new-approach/ |access-date=May 12, 2019 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Andrew Lih le Andrew Brown ka bobedi ba dumela gore go kwala mo Wikipedia ka megala ya letheka go thata, mme se se kgoba marapo batho ba basha ba ba ka eletsang go tsenya letsogo. <ref name="Lih-2015" /> <ref name="Brown-2015" /> Lih o bolela gore palo ya bakwadi ba Wikipedia e ntse e a fokotsega morago ga dingwaga di le mmalwa, <ref name="Lih-2015" /> mme Tom Simonite wa ''MIT Technology Review'' o bolela gore popego le melao ke yone e e dirang se. Simonite a re bangwe badirisi [[Morafe wa Wikipedia|ba Wikipedia]] ba dirisa melao le dikaelo tsa go laola ba bangwe mme bakwadi bao ba na le kgatlhego e e tseneletseng ya go nna fela ka boitshwaro jo bo ntseng jalo. <ref name="Simonite-2013">{{Cite journal |last=Simonite |first=Tom |date=October 22, 2013 |title=The Decline of Wikipedia |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/ |url-status=live |journal=[[MIT Technology Review]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731083716/https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/ |archive-date=July 31, 2022 |access-date=November 30, 2013}}</ref> Lih o boletse gore go na le go sa dumalane magareng ga batsayakarolo ba ba leng teng gore se se ka rarabololwa jang. Lih o tshogela bokamoso jwa Wikipedia jwa nako e telele fa Brown ene a tshaba gore mathata a Wikipedia a tla nna a le teng, mme diensaetlolopedia tse di gaisanang le yone ga di kitla ka e ema pele. <ref name="Lih-2015">{{Cite news|last=Lih|first=Andrew|date=June 20, 2015|title=Can Wikipedia Survive?|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/21/opinion/can-wikipedia-survive.html|access-date=February 3, 2023}}</ref> <ref name="Brown-2015">{{Cite news|last=Brown|first=Andrew|date=June 25, 2015|title=Wikipedia editors are a dying breed. The reason? Mobile|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jun/25/wikipedia-editors-dying-breed-mobile-smartphone-technology-online-encyclopedia|access-date=February 3, 2023}}</ref> === Phitlhelelo kwa China === Phitlhelelo ya Wikipedia e thibetswe kwa boremelelong jwa China fa e sa le ka Motsheganong 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Henochowicz |first=Anne |date=May 20, 2015 |title=Chinese Wikipedia Blocked by Great Firewall |url=https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2015/05/chinese-wikipedia-blocked-by-great-firewall/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504212406/https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2015/05/chinese-wikipedia-blocked-by-great-firewall/ |archive-date=May 4, 2017 |access-date=May 4, 2017 |website=[[China Digital Times]]}}</ref> Se se ne sa dirwa morago ga gore Wikipedia e simolole go dirisa encryption ya HTTPS, e e neng ya dira gore go bipa dilo dingwe go nne thata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=June 12, 2015 |title=The Wikimedia Foundation Turns On HTTPS By Default Across All Sites, Including Wikipedia |url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/12/the-wikimedia-foundation-turns-on-https-by-default-across-all-sites-including-wikipedia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824001601/https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/12/the-wikimedia-foundation-turns-on-https-by-default-across-all-sites-including-wikipedia/ |archive-date=August 24, 2020 |access-date=June 3, 2020 |website=[[TechCrunch]]}}</ref> == Tlhotlheletso ya yone == === Motswedi o o ikanyegang wa go lwantsha dikgang tse di seng boammaaruri === Ka 2017–18, morago ga go tlhatloga ga dipeo tsa maaka, Facebook le YouTube ka bobedi di ne tsa itsise gore di tla ikaega ka Wikipedia go thusa badirisi ba tsone go sekaseka dipego le go gana dikgang tsa maaka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hughes |first=Taylor |last2=Smith |first2=Jeff |last3=Leavitt |first3=Alex |date=April 3, 2018 |title=Helping People Better Assess the Stories They See in News Feed with the Context Button |url=https://about.fb.com/news/2018/04/news-feed-fyi-more-context/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111152311/https://about.fb.com/news/2018/04/news-feed-fyi-more-context/ |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[Meta Platforms|Meta]]}}</ref> <ref name="Cohen-2018" /> Noam Cohen, fa a kwala mo go ''The Washington Post'' o ne a re, "Go ikaega ga YouTube ka Wikipedia go baakanya seemo go akantsha ka lefelo le lengwe le le tlhokang dikgang tse di boammaaruri, e leng neteweke ya botsalano ya Facebook, e e neng ya itsise ngogola gore Wikipedia e tla thusa badirisi ba yone go tlosa ' dikgang tse di seng boammaaruri '." <ref name="Cohen-2018">{{Cite news|archiveurl=Noam Cohen}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Constine |first=Josh |date=April 3, 2018 |title=Facebook fights fake news with author info, rolls out publisher context |url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/03/facebook-author-info/ |access-date=July 15, 2021 |website=[[TechCrunch]]}}</ref> === Babadi === Ka Tlhakole 2014, ''The New York Times'' e ne ya bega gore Wikipedia e ne e le mo maemong a botlhano mo lefatsheng lotlhe mo diwebosaeteng tsotlhe, e bolela gore "Ka dipono tsa ditsebe di le didikadike di le lesome le boferabobedi le palo e e ka nnang dikadikadike di le makgolo a le matlhano ya baeng ba ba kgethegileng ka kgwedi,&nbsp;... Wikipedia e latela fela Yahoo, Facebook, Microsoft, le Google, e leng yone e tona go di feta tsotlhe e na le &nbsp;baeng ba ba kgethegileng ba le didikadike di le 1.2." <ref name="small screen">{{Cite news|last=Cohen|first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen|date=February 9, 2014|title=Wikipedia vs. the Small Screen|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/10/technology/wikipedia-vs-the-small-screen.html?_r=0|access-date=January 22, 2023}}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, maemo a yone a ne a wela kwa tlase go ya kwa maemong a bolesome le boraro lefatshe ka bophara ka Seetebosigo 2020 ka ntlha ya go tlhatloga ga go tuma ga diwebosaete tsa China tsa go reka dithoto mo inthaneteng. <ref name="Alexa">{{Cite web |title=Alexa Top 500 Global Sites |url=https://www.alexa.com/topsites |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203120227/https://www.alexa.com/topsites |archive-date=February 3, 2021 |access-date=December 28, 2016 |website=[[Alexa Internet]]}}</ref> Webosaete e e ne ya boela mo maemong a yone go tloga ka Moranang 2022. <ref name="Alexa" /> Mo godimo ga kgolo ya palo ya dikwalo tsa yone, Wikipedia e kgonne go ipaya mo maemong a go nna webosaete ya metswedi ka kakaretso fa e sa le e tlhongwa ka 2001. Palo ya babadi ba Wikipedia lefatshe ka bophara e fitlheletse didikadike di le makgolo a mararo le masome a marataro le botlhano kwa bokhutlong jwa 2009. <ref name="365M" group="W">{{Cite web |last=West |first=Stuart |date=2010 |title=Wikipedia's Evolving Impact: slideshow presentation at TED2010 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/TED2010%2C_Stuart_West_full_presentation_updated_with_January_data.pdf |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Lenaneo la Inthanete Pew le Botshelo jwa Amerika le ne ya fitlhela gore bongwetharo jwa badirisi ba Inthanete ba kwa United States ba ne ba etela Wikipedia. Ka 2011, ''Business Insider'' e ne ya fa Wikipedia tlhwatlhwa ya didikadike tsa didolara di le nne fa e ne e letlelela di-ipapatso. <ref>{{Cite web |last=SAI |date=October 7, 2011 |title=The World's Most Valuable Startups |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/2011-digital-100#7-wikimedia-foundation-wikipedia-7 |access-date=June 14, 2014 |website=Business Insider}}</ref> Go ya ka "Patlisiso ya Babadi ba Wikipedia ya 2011", palogare ya dingwaga tsa babadi ba Wikipedia masome a mararo le borataro , ka tekatekano e e ka nnang teng fa gare ga bong. Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa babadi ba Wikipedia ba etela lefelo le makgetho a a fetang botlhano ka kgwedi, mme palo e e tshwanang ya babadi ba batla Wikipedia ka tlhamalalo mo maduong a bone mo dienjeneng tsa tshenko. Mo e ka nnang palo ya masome a le mane le bosupa mo lekgolong (47%) ya babadi ba Wikipedia ga ba lemoge gore Wikipedia ke mokgatlho o o sa direng dipoelo. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |date=February 6, 2012 |title=Research: Wikipedia Readership Survey 2011/Results – Meta |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Wikipedia_Readership_Survey_2011/Results |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209125719/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Wikipedia_Readership_Survey_2011/Results |archive-date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=April 16, 2014 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> Go ema ka Tlhakole 2023, Wikipedia e ngoka didirisiwa tse di kgethegileng di le didikadike di le pedi kgwedi le kgwedi, mme Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e amogela&nbsp;dipono tsa ditsebe di le didikadike di le lesome kgwedi le kgwedi. <ref name="Wikimedia_Stats" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikistats – Statistics For Wikimedia Projects |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/all-wikipedia-projects |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711051858/https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/all-wikipedia-projects |archive-date=July 11, 2020 |access-date=August 8, 2023 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> ==== Bolwetsi jwa Covid-19 ==== Ka nako ya [[Bolwetse jwa Mogare wa Khorona 2019|bolwetsi jwa lefatshe lotlhe jwa Covid-19]], go bega ga leroborobo le ga Wikipedia le ntwa kgatlhanong le tshedimosetso e e seng boammaaruri go ne ga elwa tlhoko ke babegadikgang ba ditšhabatšhaba, mme ga tlisa koketsego ya babadi ba Wikipedia ka kakaretso. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Dodds|first=Laurence|date=April 3, 2020|title=Why Wikipedia is winning against the coronavirus 'infodemic'-GB|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2020/04/03/wikipedia-winning-against-coronavirus-infodemic/|access-date=February 3, 2023|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> Noam Cohen o ne a kwala mo ''Wired'' gore maiteko a Wikipedia a go lwantsha tshedimosetso e e seng nnete e e amanang le leroborobo le a ne a farologana le a diwebosaete tse dingwe tse ditona, a re, "Ntle le fa Twitter, Facebook le tse dingwe di ka ithuta go rarabolola tshedimosetso e e semg boammaaruri ka tsela e e botoka thata, Wikipedia e tla nna lefelo la bofelo le le gaisang mo Inthaneteng." <ref name="Cohen-2020" /> Ka Phalane 2020, [[World Health Organisation|Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe Lotlhe wa Botsogo]] o wa dira kitsiso ya gore o ntsha ka kgololesego teseletso ya ditshwantsho tsa ithunthuntso tsa one le dilo tse dingwe go dirisiwa mo mananeong a Wikimedia. <ref>{{Cite news|date=October 22, 2020|title=Wikipedia and W.H.O. Join to Combat Covid-19 Misinformation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/22/health/wikipedia-who-coronavirus-health.html|access-date=February 3, 2023}}</ref> Go ne go na le dikwalo tsa Wikipedia tse di amanang le COVID-19 di ka nna dikete di le bosupa mo diWikipedia go ralala DiWikipedia tse di lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le boferabobedi tse di farologaneng, go ema ka Ngwanatseele 2021. <sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&action=edit &#x5B; tlhabolola &#x5D;]</sup> [[Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2021]] [[Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kenton |first=Amanda |last2=Humborg |first2=Christian |date=November 29, 2021 |title=Digital regulation must empower people to make the internet better |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/28/digital-regulation-must-empower-people-to-make-the-internet-better/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530140630/https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/28/digital-regulation-must-empower-people-to-make-the-internet-better/ |archive-date=May 30, 2022 |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[TechCrunch]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKentonHumborg2021">Kenton, Amanda; Humborg, Christian (November 29, 2021). [https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/28/digital-regulation-must-empower-people-to-make-the-internet-better/ "Digital regulation must empower people to make the internet better"]. ''[[TechCrunch]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220530140630/https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/28/digital-regulation-must-empower-people-to-make-the-internet-better/ Archived] from the original on May 30, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wales |first=Jimmy |date=August 26, 2021 |title=Learning to trust the internet again |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/8/26/learning-to-trust-the-internet-again |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827002411/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/8/26/learning-to-trust-the-internet-again |archive-date=August 27, 2021 |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWales2021">Wales, Jimmy (August 26, 2021). [https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/8/26/learning-to-trust-the-internet-again "Learning to trust the internet again"]. ''[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210827002411/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/8/26/learning-to-trust-the-internet-again Archived] from the original on August 27, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Bokao jwa Tlhotlheletso === [[File:Wikipedia_Monument_2.JPG|thumb|''Sefikantswe sa Wikipedia'' kwa Słubice, kwa Poland, se se dirilweng ke Mihran Hakobyan (2014)]] Diteng tsa Wikipedia gape di ile tsa dirisiwa mo dithutong, mo dibukeng, mo diphuthegong, le mo dikgetsing tsa kgotlatshekelo. <ref name="ssrn.com Wikipedian Justice 1">{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Raghav |date=February 19, 2009 |title=Wikipedian Justice |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1346311 |s2cid=233749371 |ssrn=1346311}}</ref> Webosaete ya Palamente ya Canada e bua ka lekwalo la Wikipedia le le buang ka lenyalo la batho ba bong jo bo tshwanang mo karolong ya " dikgokagano tse di amanang le se" mo lenaneong la yone la "dipadi tse dingwe" tsa ''Molao wa Lenyalo la Semmuso'' . <ref name="parl.gc.ca same-sex marriage">{{Cite web |title=An Act respecting certain aspects of legal capacity for marriage for civil purposes |url=https://www.parl.ca/LegisInfo/en/bill/38-1/C-38?view=about |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=LEGISinfo |publisher=[[Parliament of Canada]]}}</ref> Dipolelo tsa ensaetlolopedia e di ntse di dirisiwa thata jaaka motswedi ke mekgatlho e tshwana le dikgotlatshekelo tsa puso ya United States le Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe Lotlhe wa Dithoto Tsa Botlhale jwa tlhaloganyo —le mororo bogolo jang e le go tshegetsa tshedimosetso fela go na le gore tshedimosetso e e dirisiwe go tsaya tshwetso mo kgetsing. Diteng tse di tlhagelelang mo Wikipedia le tsone di ile tsa umakiwa jaaka motswedi le go umakiwa mo dipegong dingwe tsa Mokgatlho wa go tsaya ditlholwa wa United States . Ka Sedimonthole 2008, lekwalodikgang la maranyane ''la RNA Biology'' le ne la simolola karolo e ntšha ya go tlhalosa malapa a dimolekhule tsa RNA mme le tlhoka gore bakwadi ba ba neng ba na le seabe mo karolong e le bone ba romele lekwalo le le kwadilweng ka lelapa la RNA gore se gatisiwe mo Wikipedia. Wikipedia gape e dirisitswe jaaka motswedi mo bobegadikgannyeng, <ref name="ajr.org WP in the newsroom">{{Cite news|last1=Shaw|first1=Donna|date=February–March 2008|title=Wikipedia in the Newsroom|url=https://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=4461|access-date=February 11, 2008}}</ref> gantsi kwantle ga go tlhalosiwa, mme babegadikgang ba le mmalwa ba ile ba kobiwa mo ditirong ka ntlha ya go utswa diteng mo Wikipedia . <ref name="shizuoka plagiarized WP 1">{{Cite news|title=Shizuoka newspaper plagiarized Wikipedia article|date=July 5, 2007|url=https://www.japannewsreview.com/society/chubu/20070705page_id=364}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Richter|first1=Bob|date=January 9, 2007|title=Express-News staffer resigns after plagiarism in column is discovered|url=https://www.mysanantonio.com/news/metro/stories/MYSA010307.02A.richter.132c153.html}}</ref> <ref name="starbulletin.com Inquiry prompts dismissal">{{Cite web |last=Bridgewater |first=Frank |title=Inquiry prompts reporter's dismissal |url=https://archives.starbulletin.com/2006/01/13/news/story03.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128202726/https://archives.starbulletin.com/2006/01/13/news/story03.html |archive-date=January 28, 2023 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Coscarelli |first=Joe |date=July 29, 2014 |title=Plagiarizing Wikipedia Is Still Plagiarism, at BuzzFeed or the New York Times |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2014/07/new-york-times-buzzfeed-wikipedia-plagiarism.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818021218/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2014/07/new-york-times-buzzfeed-wikipedia-plagiarism.html |archive-date=August 18, 2022 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Intelligencer |publisher=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]}}</ref> Ka 2006, bukana ya ''Time'' e ne ya lemoga go nna le seabe ga Wikipedia (mmogo le YouTube, Reddit, MySpace, le Facebook) mo kgolong e e bonako ya tirisanommogo mo inthaneteng le dipuisano tsa didikadike tsa batho lefatshe ka bophara. Ka Lwetse 16, 2007, ''The Washington Post'' e ne ya bega gore Wikipedia e ne e le selo se se botlhokwa thata mo letsholong la ditlhopho la 2008 kwa United States, e bua e re: "Go kwala leina la ntlhopheng mo Google, mme magareng ga maduo a ntlha go na le tsebe ya Wikipedia, go dira gore se se nne botlhokwa fela jaaka ipapatso epe fela e e tlhalosang ntlhopheng. Go setse go kwalwa le baakangwa dikwalo ka bontlhopheng ba maemo a botautona go ngangisanwa ka tsone makgetho a le mantsi letsatsi le letsatsi." <ref name="WP.com WP election usage">{{Cite news|date=September 17, 2007|title=On Wikipedia, Debating 2008 Hopefuls' Every Facet|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/16/AR2007091601699_pf.html|access-date=December 26, 2008}}</ref> Lekwlo la Reuters la Phalane 2007, la setlhogo sa "Tsebe ya Wikipedia letshwao la bosheng la maemo", le ne la bega gore mo bosheng go nna le lekwalo la Wikipedia le le buang ka wena go netefatsa go itsege ga motho. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Ablan|first=Jennifer|date=October 22, 2007|title=Wikipedia page the latest status symbol|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSN2232893820071022?sp=true|access-date=October 24, 2007}}</ref> Lengwe la makgetho a ntlha a Wikipedia e neng ya nna le seabe mo kgannyeng ya puso e ne e le ka Lwetse 28, 2007, fa Mopolotiki wa Moitaly e bong Franco Grillini a ne a botsa tona wa metswedi le ditiro tsa setso ka ga tlhokego ya kgololesego ya go bona dilo tsotlhe . O boletse gore go tlhoka kgololesego e e ntseng jalo go ne ga pateletsa Wikipedia, "webosaete ya bosupa e e batliwang thata", go thibela ditshwantsho tsotlhe tsa dikago le botaki jwa segompieno jwa Italy, mme a bolela gore se se senya thata lotseno lwa bajanala. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grillini |first=Franco |author-link=Franco Grillini |date=March 30, 2009 |title=Comunicato Stampa. On. Franco Grillini. Wikipedia. Interrogazione a Rutelli. Con "diritto di panorama" promuovere arte e architettura contemporanea italiana. Rivedere con urgenza legge copyright |trans-title=Press release. Honorable Franco Grillini. Wikipedia. Interview with Rutelli about the "right to view" promoting contemporary art and architecture of Italy. Review with urgency copyright law |url=https://www.grillini.it/show.php?4885 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330141810/https://www.grillini.it/show.php?4885 |archive-date=March 30, 2009 |access-date=December 26, 2008 |language=it}}</ref> [[File:Wikipedia,_an_introduction_-_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm|thumbtime=00:36.00|thumb|Wikipedia, matseno – Seetsele sa Erasmus sa 2015]] [[File:Quadriga-verleihung-rr-02.jpg|thumb|Jimmy Wales o amogela seetsele sa 2008 sa Quadriga sa ''Letsholo la Tshedimosetso'' mo boemong jwa Wikipedia.]] Setlhopha sa tiro se se neng se eteletswe pele ke Peter Stone ( se se neng se tlhamilwe jaaka karolo ya lenaneo kwa Stanford la Thutopatlisiso ya Dingwaga di le Lekgolo ka Botlhale jwa Maitirelo ) mo pegong ya sone se ne sa bitsa Wikipedia "sekai se se itsegeng thata sa go batla batho ba le bantsi .{{nbsp}}... se se fetang thata metswedi ya tshedimosetso e e kokoantsweng ka fa go tlwaelesegileng ka teng, e tshwana le diensaetlolopedia le dithanolo, ka selekanyo le boteng". <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |date=September 2016 |title=Artificial Intelligence and Life in 2030 |url=https://ai100.stanford.edu/2016-report/section-i-what-artificial-intelligence/ai-research-trends |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208003001/https://ai100.stanford.edu/2016-report/section-i-what-artificial-intelligence/ai-research-trends |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |access-date=September 3, 2016 |website=One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence (AI100) |publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> Mo setlhogong sa kakanyo sa 2017 sa ''Wired'', Hossein Derakhshan o tlhalosa Wikipedia jaaka " nngwe ya dipilara tsa bofelo tse di setseng tsa webo e e bulegileng le e e sa tlhomamang " mme a bapisa go nna teng ga yone jaaka motswedi wa kitso e e theilweng mo dikwalong le ditirelo tsa dikgang le tsa neteweke ya botsalano, mme tsone di dirisiwa thata jaaka thelebishene. Mo go Derakhshan, maikaelelo a Wikipedia jaaka ensaetlolopedia a emela ngwao ya Motlha wa Tshedimoso wa go dirisa tlhaloganyo go fenya maikutlo, selo se a se tsayang se le "mo kotsing" ka ntlha ya "go fetoga ka iketlo go tswa mo setsong sa go kwala go ya kwa go sa go tsaya dinepe, se se rayang go fetoga go tswa mo tirisong ya tlhaloganyo go ya kwa maikutlong, go tsamaelana le bodiragatsi". Go na le " {{Lang|la|[[sapere aude]]}} " ( {{literal translation|dare to know|lk=on}} go batla go itse), dineteweke tsa botsalano di dirile gore go nne le setso sa "go se go nne le sebete sa go batla go itse". Se se diragala gape fa Wikipedia e lebagane le "bothata jo bo tshwenyang thata" go feta go tlamelwa ka madi, e leng "seelo se se fokotsegang sa kgolo ya palo ya ba ba tsenyang letsogo mo webosaeteng". Ka ntlha ya mo, kgwetlho ya Wikipedia le ba ba e dirisang ke go "boloka Wikipedia le tsholofetso ya yone ya kokoanyo ya mahala le e e bulegileng ya kitso yotlhe ya batho mo gare ga phenyo ya thelebishene e ntšha le ya bogologolo—kafa go ka kokoanngwang le go bolokwa kitso ka teng fa go sena ope yo o kgathalang ka go itse." <ref>{{Cite news|last=Derakhshan|first=Hossein|author-link=Hossein Derakhshan|date=October 19, 2017|title=How Social Media Endangers Knowledge|url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedias-fate-shows-how-the-web-endangers-knowledge/|department=Business|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|publisher=Condé Nast|issn=1059-1028|access-date=October 22, 2018}}</ref> ==== Dietsele ==== [[File:Wikipedia_team_visiting_to_Parliament_of_Oviedo_Spain_2015.JPG|thumb|Setlhopha sa Wikipedia se etetse Palamente ya Asturias]] [[File:Spanish_Wikipedians_meetup.jpg|thumb|Kopano ya badirisi ba Wikipedia morago ga moletlo wa kabo dietsele wa Asturias wa 2015]] Wikipedia e fentse dietsele di le dintsi, e amogetse dietsele tsa yone tsa ntlha tse pedi tse di tona ka Motsheganong 2004. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Trophy shelf |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Trophy_shelf |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> Sa ntlha e ne e le Nica ya Gauta ya Merafe ya Dijithale ya kgaisano ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya Prix Ars Electronica ; se se ne sa tla ka thuso ya madi a a kana ka €10 000 (£6 588; $12 700) le taletso ya go diragatsa go ipolela kwa Moletlong wa PAE Cyberarts kwa Austria moragonyana mo ngwageng oo. Sa bobedi e ne e le Sekgele sa Webby sa Baatlhodi sa setlhogo sa "morafe". <ref name="webbyawards WP awards 1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/winners-2004.php|title=Webby Awards 2004|publisher=The International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences|year=2004}}</ref> Ka Lwetse 2008, Wikipedia e ne ya amogela seetsele sa Quadriga sa ''Letsholo la Tshedimosetso'' sa lephata la Jeremane mmogo le Boris Tadić, Eckart Höfling, le Peter Gabriel . Seetsele se se ne sa abelwa Wales ke David Weinberger . <ref name="loomarea.com WP award 1">{{Cite web |title=Die Quadriga – Award 2008 |url=https://loomarea.com/die_quadriga/e/index.php?title=Award_2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915140714/https://loomarea.com/die_quadriga/e/index.php?title=Award_2008 |archive-date=September 15, 2008 |access-date=December 26, 2008}}</ref> Ka 2015, Wikipedia e ne ya abelwa gotlhe Seetsele sa ngwaga le ngwaga sa Erasmus,se se akgolang ditshwaelo tse di kgethegileng mo setsong, mo setšhabeng kgotsa mo dithutong tsa batho, <ref name="EP2015">{{Cite web |title=Erasmus Prize – Praemium Erasmianum |url=https://www.erasmusprijs.org/?lang=en&page=Erasmusprijs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115214241/https://www.erasmusprijs.org/?lang=en&page=Erasmusprijs |archive-date=January 15, 2015 |access-date=January 15, 2015 |website=Praemium Erasmianum Foundation}}</ref> le Seetsele sa Kgosigadi ya Asturias sa Tirisanommogo ya Boditšhabatšhaba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Premio Princesa de Asturias de Cooperación Internacional 2015 |trans-title=Princess of Asturias Award of International Cooperation 2015 |url=https://www.fpa.es/es/premios-princesa-de-asturias/premiados/2015-wikipedia.html?especifica=0&idCategoria=0&anio=2015&especifica=0 |access-date=June 17, 2015 |website=Fundación Princesa de Asturias |language=es}}</ref> Fa a bua kwa Palamenteng ya Asturia kwa Oviedo, toropo e e tshwarang moletlo wa dietsele, Jimmy Wales o ne a akgola tiro ya badirisi ba Wikipedia ya Asturia . <ref>{{Cite news|date=October 22, 2015|title=Los fundadores de Wikipedia destacan la versión en asturiano|language=es|newspaper=La Nueva España|url=https://www.lne.es/sociedad-cultura/2015/10/22/fundadores-wikipedia-destacan-version-asturiano/1830529.html|access-date=October 20, 2015}}</ref> ==== Metlae ==== Rrametlae Stephen Colbert o tshwantshitse kgotsa o umakile Wikipedia mo dikarolong di le mmalwa mo pontshong ya gagwe ya ''The Colbert Report'' mme a tlhama lefoko le le amanang le lone la ''wikiality'', le le rayang gore "mmogo re ka tlhama boammaaruri jo rotlhe re dumalanang ka jone—boammaaruri jo re sa tswang go dumalana ka jone". Sekai se sengwe se ka bonwa mo go "Wikipedia e Keteka Dingwaga di le makgolo a le masupa le masome a le matlhano tsa Boipuso jwa Amerika", lekwalo la tsebe ya ntlha ya Phukwi 2006 mo ''The Onion'', <ref name="onion WP 750 years 1">{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2006 |title=Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years Of American Independence |url=https://www.theonion.com/articles/wikipedia-celebrates-750-years-of-american-indepen,2007/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325234026/http://www.theonion.com/articles/wikipedia-celebrates-750-years-of-american-indepen,2007/ |archive-date=March 25, 2010 |access-date=October 15, 2006 |website=[[The Onion]]}}</ref> mmogo le lekwalo mo ''The Onion la'' 2010 la "Molao wa LA' Tsebe ya Wikipedia e Lebilweng Makgetho a le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le bosupa le bone Gompieno". <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 24, 2010 |title='L.A. Law' Wikipedia Page Viewed 874 Times Today |url=https://www.theonion.com/articles/la-law-wikipedia-page-viewed-874-times-today,18521/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405113731/http://www.theonion.com/articles/la-law-wikipedia-page-viewed-874-times-today,18521/ |archive-date=April 5, 2015 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[The Onion]]}}</ref> Mo tiragalong ya metlae ya thelebišene ya Amerika ya Moranang 2007 ya ''The Office'', motsamaisi wa ofisi ( Michael Scott ) o bontshiwa a ikaegile ka lekwalo la kakanyetso laWikipedia go bona tshedimosetso ka maano a dipuisano go mo thusa go buisana ka tuelo e e kwa tlase ya mmereki. Babogedi ba lenaneo le ba ne ba leka go oketsa go umakiwa ga tsebe e mo tiragalong e jaaka karolo ya setlhogo sa mmatota sa Wikipedia se se buang ka dipuisano, mme maiteko a a ne a thibelwa ke badirisi ba bangwe mo tsebeng ya puisano ya setlhogo se. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Jesdanun|first=Anick|date=April 12, 2007|title='Office' fans, inspired by Michael Scott, flock to edit Wikipedia|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/webguide/internetlife/2007-04-12-office-wikipedia_N.htm|access-date=December 12, 2014}}</ref> " My Number One Doctor ", e leng karolo ya 2007 ya lenaneo la thelebišene ''la Scrubs'', e ne e tshameka ka kgopolo ya gore Wikipedia ke sedirisiwa se se sa ikanyegeng sa motswedi, go na le tiragalo e mo go yone Perry Cox a tsibogelang molwetse mongwe yo o reng lekwalo la Wikipedia le mmontsha gore go ja dijo tse di sa butswang go busetsa morago ditlamorago tsa kankere ya marapo mme a tlatsa gore mokwadi wa lekwalo leo ke yo o kwadileng la Kaedi ya dipontsho tsa lenaneo la Battlestar Galactica gape. Ka 2008, webosaete ya metlae ''ya CollegeHumor'' e ne ya tlhagisa motshameko wa ditshwantsho o o bidiwang "Morutuntshi Wikipedia", se mo go sone Morutuntshi Wikipedia wa maitirelo a laelang baithuti ka motswako wa dipolelo tse di sa netefadiweng le tse di sa utlwaleng sentle fale le fale.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Frucci |first=Adam |date=September 16, 2008 |title=If Wikipedia Was a Professor, College Would Be Awesome [Citation Needed] |url=https://gizmodo.com/if-wikipedia-was-a-professor-college-would-be-awesome-5050507 |access-date=May 28, 2026 |website=Gizmodo}}</ref> Motshameko wa metlae ''wa ga Dilbert'' wa Motsheganong a le boferabobedi, 2009, o bontsha moanelwa yo o tshegetsang polelo e e sa kgonegeng ka go re, "Mphe metsotso e le lesome mme o bo o tlhola Wikipedia." Ka Phukwi 2009, BBC Radio 4 e ne ya gasa motseletsele wa metlae e e bidiwang ''Bigipedia'', e e neng e beilwe mo webosaeteng e e neng e le setshwantsho sa Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wolf |first=Ian |date=June 4, 2010 |title=Bigipedia given second series |url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/radio/news/319/bigipedia_given_second_series/ |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[British Comedy Guide]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWolf2010">Wolf, Ian (June 4, 2010). [https://www.comedy.co.uk/radio/news/319/bigipedia_given_second_series/ "Bigipedia given second series"]. ''[[British Comedy Guide]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Mengwe ya metshameko e e ne e tlhotlheleditswe ka tlhamalalo ke Wikipedia le dikwalo tsa yone. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview With Nick Doody and Matt Kirshen |url=https://www.comedy.org.uk/guide/radio/bigipedia/interview/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731150008/http://www.comedy.org.uk/guide/radio/bigipedia/interview |archive-date=July 31, 2009 |access-date=July 31, 2009 |website=[[British Comedy Guide]]}}</ref> Ka Phatwe 23, 2013, webosaete ya ''New Yorker'' e ne ya gatisa dipopae tse di nang le mafoko a : "Hee, Manning, a o akanyeditse ntwa ya maemedi e se se tsileng go e simolola mo tsebeng ya gago ya Wikipedia?" <ref>{{Cite web |last=Flake |first=Emily |author-link=Emily Flake |date=August 23, 2013 |title=Manning/Wikipedia cartoon |url=https://www.condenaststore.com/-sp/Dammit-Manning-have-you-considered-the-pronoun-war-that-this-is-going-t-Cartoon-Prints_i9813981_.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012052730/https://www.condenaststore.com/-sp/Dammit-Manning-have-you-considered-the-pronoun-war-that-this-is-going-t-Cartoon-Prints_i9813981_.htm |archive-date=October 12, 2014 |access-date=August 26, 2013 |website=Conde Nast Collection}}</ref> Dipopae tse di ne di bua ka Chelsea Elizabeth Manning (yo o tshotsweng e le Bradley Edward Manning), molweladitshwanelo wa Moamerika, mopolotiki, le lesole la nako e e fetileng la Sesole sa United States yo o neng a sa tswa go tswa e le mosadi yo o fetogileng bong . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 22, 2013 |title='I am Chelsea': Read Manning's full statement |url=http://www.today.com/news/i-am-chelsea-read-mannings-full-statement-6C10974052 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[Today (American TV program)|Today]]}}</ref> Ka Seetebosigo 2024, ''Nature'' e ne ya gatisa tsebe ya puisano ya Wikipedia e e itlhametsweng ka fa tlase ga setlhogo se se reng "Fankase e e jang polasetiki e bakile letsatsi la katlholo" ka Emma Burnett. Tsebe e ya puisano e ne e amana le setlhogo se se itlhametsweng se se tlhalosang ditlamorago tse di sa ikaelelwang tsa go gololwa ga fankase e e jang polasetiki go phepafatsa mahura a a tsholotsweng. Lekwalo le le ne le na le ditlhogo tsa tsebe ya puisano tse di fitlhelwang mo Wikipedia, jaaka dipuisano tsa diphetogo mo tshekatshekong ya lekwalo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burnett |first=Emma |date=June 12, 2024 |title=Plastic-eating fungus caused doomsday[2] [3] |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-01723-z |journal=Nature |doi=10.1038/d41586-024-01723-z |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=38867010 |access-date=May 28, 2026 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Kgatiso === [[File:WikiMedia_DC_2013_Annual_Meeting_08.JPG|right|thumb|Setlhopha sa Badiri ba Wikimedia ba kgaolo ya Wikimedia DC kwa phuthegong ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya Wikimedia ya DC ya 2013 ba eme fa pele ga ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' ''(kwa morago ka fa molemeng)'' kwa Bobolokelong jwa setšhaba jwa Amerika]] Ditlamorago tsa itsholelo tsa Wikipedia tse di bonalang thata e nnile loso lwa diensaetlolopedia tsa kgwebo, segolobogolo diphetolelo tse di gatisitsweng jaaka ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', tse di neng di sa kgone go gaisana le tse dingwe tsa mahala. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bosman |first=Julie |date=March 13, 2012 |title=After 244 Years, Encyclopaedia Britannica Stops the Presses |url=https://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com//2012/03/13/after-244-years-encyclopaedia-britannica-stops-the-presses/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103001340/https://archive.nytimes.com/mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/13/after-244-years-encyclopaedia-britannica-stops-the-presses/ |archive-date=January 3, 2023 |access-date=January 26, 2015 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 20, 2012 |title=Encyclopedia Britannica Dies At The Hands Of Wikipedia [Infographic] |url=https://www.gizmocrazed.com/2012/03/encyclopedia-britannica-dies-at-the-hands-of-wikipedia-infographic/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629152825/http://www.gizmocrazed.com/2012/03/encyclopedia-britannica-dies-at-the-hands-of-wikipedia-infographic/ |archive-date=June 29, 2014 |access-date=June 14, 2014 |website=GizmoCrazed}}</ref> <ref name="FT effect on traditional media">{{Cite news|archiveurl=Christopher Caldwell (journalist)}}</ref> Padi ya ga Nicholas Carr ya 2005 ya "The amorality of Web 2.0 " e kgala diwebosaete tse di nang le diteng tse di tlhamilweng ke badirisi (jaaka Wikipedia) ka ntlha ya go dira gore batlhagisi ba diteng ba baitseanape (le, go ya ka pono ya gagwe, ba ba kwa godimo) ba tswe mo kgwebong, ka gonne "mahala a feta boleng ka dinako tsotlhe". Carr o ne a kwala gore "Se se tlhagelelang mo diponong tse di itumedisang tsa Web 2.0 ke taolo ya batho ba ba senang maitemogelo thata. Nna ga ke kgone go akanya ka sepe se se tshosang go feta se." <ref name="RType WP traditional media effect 1">{{Cite web |last=Carr |first=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas G. Carr |date=October 3, 2005 |title=The amorality of Web 2.0 |url=https://www.roughtype.com/archives/2005/10/the_amorality_o.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804031256/https://www.roughtype.com/?p=110 |archive-date=August 4, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2006 |website=Rough Type}}</ref> Ba bangwe ba ganetsa mogopolo wa gore Wikipedia, kana maiteko a a tshwanang le yone, a tla tlosa dikgatiso tse di tlwaelesegileng gotlhe gotlhe. Chris Anderson, yo e kileng ya bo e le morulaganyi-mogolo wa ''Wired'', o ne a kwala mo go ''Nature'' gore mokgwa wa Wikipedia wa " botlhale jwa matshwititswiti " ga o kitla o tsaya maemo a dibukana tse di kwa godimo tsa Maranyane tse di nang le dithulaganyo tse di gagametseng tsa go sekasekwa . Tlhotlheletso ya Wikipedia mo kgwebong ya go gatisa dibuka tsa matshelo a batho e nnile selo se se tshwenyang bangwe. Molatedi wa tshedimosetso ya go gatisa dibuka Nielsen BookScan o boletse ka 2013 gore thekiso ya dibuka tsa matshelo a batho e ne ya wela tlase "ka mashetla tota". <ref name="Flood-2013" /> Kathryn Hughes, motlhatlheledi wa go kwala botshelo kwa Sekolong sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa East Anglia le mokwadi wa dibuka tse pedi tsa botshelo jwa motho o ne a kwala jaana, "Se se tshwenyang ke gore, fa o ka kgona go bona tshedimosetso eo yotlhe go tswa mo Wikipedia, go setse eng sa botshelo jwa motho?" <ref name="Flood-2013">{{Cite news|last=Flood|first=Alison|date=February 7, 2013|title=Alison Flood: ''Should traditional biography be buried alongside Shakespeare's breakfast?''|journal=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2013/feb/07/traditional-biography-shakespeare-breakfast|access-date=June 14, 2014}}</ref> === Tiriso mo patlisisong === Wikipedia e dirisitswe thata jaaka khophase ya patlisiso ya dipuo mo thutapuong ya dikhompiutara, go batla tshedimosetso le go dirisa puo ya tlholego . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mayo |first=Matthew |date=November 23, 2017 |title=Building a Wikipedia Text Corpus for Natural Language Processing |url=https://www.kdnuggets.com/building-a-wikipedia-text-corpus-for-natural-language-processing.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528034621/https://www.kdnuggets.com/2017/11/building-wikipedia-text-corpus-nlp.html |archive-date=May 28, 2023 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=KDnuggets}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lindemann |first=Luke |date=February 19, 2021 |title=Wikipedia Corpus |url=https://lukelindemann.com/wiki_corpus.html |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=lukelindemann.com}}</ref> Segolobogolo, gantsi e dira jaaka motheo wa kitso o o ikaeletseng bothata jwa go golaganya dilo, jo morago ga moo bo bidiwang "wikification", le bothata jo bo amanang le jone jwa go tlhalosa bokao jwa mafoko . Mekgwa e e tshwanang le wikification e ka dirisiwa gape go batla dikgokagano tse di "tlhaelang" mo Wikipedia. Ka 2015, babatlisisi ba Fora e bong José Lages wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Franche-Comté kwa Besançon le Dima Shepelyansky wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Paul Sabatier kwa Toulouse ba ne ba gatisa maemo a dikolo tse dikgolwane tsa ithutelo ditiro tsa lefatshe lotlhe go ya ka dinopolo tsa barutegi tsa Wikipedia. <ref name="mitmining">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia-Mining Algorithm Reveals World's Most Influential Universities: An algorithm's list of the most influential universities contains some surprising entries|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/view/544266/wikipedia-mining-algorithm-reveals-worlds-most-influential-universities/|access-date=December 27, 2015|work=[[MIT Technology Review]]|date=December 7, 2015}}</ref> <ref name="harvardisonlymarmow">{{Cite news|title=Harvard is only the 3rd most influential university in the world, according to this list|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/two-universities-beat-harvard-in-this-surprising-school-ranking-2015-12-09|access-date=December 27, 2015|work=[[MarketWatch]]|date=December 10, 2015}}</ref> <ref name="wikipediarankingtimesworldunifranche">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia Ranking of World Universities: the top 100. List ranks institutions by search engine results and Wikipedia appearances|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/wikipedia-ranking-world-universities-top-100|access-date=December 27, 2015|work=[[Times Higher Education]]|date=December 15, 2015}}</ref> Ba dirisitse PageRank, CheiRank le dithulaganyo tse di tshwanang " di latelwa ke palo ya go tlhagelela mo dikgatisong di le masome a mabedi le bone tsa dipuo tse di farologaneng tsa Wikipedia (tatelano e e fologang) le lekgolo la dingwaga le di tlhomilweng mo go lone (tatelano e e tlhatlogang)". <ref name="wikipediarankingtimesworldunifranche" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lages, J. |last2=Patt, A. |last3=Shepelyansky, D. |year=2016 |title=Wikipedia ranking of world universities |journal=[[European Physical Journal B|Eur. Phys. J. B]] |volume=89 |page=69 |arxiv=1511.09021 |bibcode=2016EPJB...89...69L |doi=10.1140/epjb/e2016-60922-0 |s2cid=1965378}}</ref> Patlisiso e e ne ya tlhabololwa ka 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coquidé, C. |last2=Lages, J. |last3=Shepelyansky, D.L. |year=2019 |title=World influence and interactions of universities from Wikipedia networks. |journal=[[European Physical Journal B|Eur. Phys. J. B]] |volume=92 |page=3 |arxiv=1809.00332 |bibcode=2019EPJB...92....3C |doi=10.1140/epjb/e2018-90532-7 |s2cid=52154548}}</ref> Ka Sedimonthole 2015, John Julius Norwich o boletse, mo lekwalong le le gatisitsweng mo pampiring ya dikgang ya ''The Times'', gore jaaka rraditso o ne a dirisa Wikipedia "makgetho a ka nna lesome le bobedi ka letsatsi", mme "ga ise e mo lapise". O ne a e tlhalosa e le "motswedi o o mosola jaaka ope fela o o leng teng", o o nang le mefuta e e anameng mo e leng gore ga go kgonege go bona motho, lefelo, kgotsa selo se e se tlogetseng go sa buiwa ka sone le gore o ne a ka se ka a kwala dibuka tsa gagwe tse pedi tsa bofelo kwa ntle ga yone. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 13, 2015 |title=All hail Wikipedia |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/all-hail-wikipedia-l6t9cnhkl5m |access-date=October 1, 2024 |website=The Times}}</ref> Thutopatlisiso ya MIT ya 2017 e supa gore mafoko a a dirisiwang mo dikwalong tsa Wikipedia a feleletsa a le mo dikgatisong tsa maranyane. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thompson |first=Neil |last2=Hanley |first2=Douglas |date=February 13, 2018 |title=Science Is Shaped by Wikipedia: Evidence From a Randomized Control Trial |journal=MIT Sloan Research Paper No. 5238-17 |location=Rochester, NY |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3039505 |s2cid=30918097 |ssrn=3039505 |via=[[SSRN]]}}</ref> Dithuto tse di amanang le Wikipedia di ntse di dirisa go ithuta ka motšhini le botlhale jwa maitirelo <ref name="NYT-20230718">{{Cite news|last=Gertner|first=Jon|title=Wikipedia's Moment of Truth – Can the online encyclopedia help teach A.I. chatbots to get their facts right — without destroying itself in the process? + comment|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/18/magazine/wikipedia-ai-chatgpt.html#permid=126389255|date=July 18, 2023|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=July 19, 2023}}</ref> go tshegetsa ditiro tse di farologaneng. Nngwe ya dikarolo tse di botlhokwa thata ke go lemoga ka go itirisa ga go senngwa ga dikwalo le go sekaseka boleng jwa tshedimosetso mo Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Asthana |first=Sumit |last2=Halfaker |first2=Aaron |author-link2=Aaron Halfaker |date=November 2018 |editor-last=Lampe |editor-first=Cliff |title=With Few Eyes, All Hoaxes are Deep |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |location=New York City |publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]] |volume=2 |issue=CSCW |at=21 |doi=10.1145/3274290 |issn=2573-0142 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Petroni |first=Fabio |last2=Broscheit |first2=Samuel |last3=Piktus |first3=Aleksandra |last4=Lewis |first4=Patrick |last5=Izacard |first5=Gautier |last6=Hosseini |first6=Lucas |last7=Dwivedi-Yu |first7=Jane |last8=Lomeli |first8=Maria |last9=Schick |first9=Timo |last10=Bevilacqua |first10=Michele |last11=Mazaré |first11=Pierre-Emmanuel |last12=Joulin |first12=Armand |last13=Grave |first13=Edouard |last14=Riedel |first14=Sebastian |date=2023 |title=Improving Wikipedia verifiability with AI |journal=[[Nature Machine Intelligence]] |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=1142–1148 |arxiv=2207.06220 |doi=10.1038/s42256-023-00726-1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ge97ghum67zv15ra62avqtuamob3tyy 53313 53312 2026-07-27T01:21:06Z Khumo Batolomi 11767 Created by translating the section "Related projects" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365868094|Wikipedia]]" 53313 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website | name = Wikipedia | logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-tn.svg|250px]] | logo_caption = Sekano sa [[Wikipedia]] | screenshot = Wikipedia Portal Screenshot (2022).svg{{!}}border | screenshot_alt = Wikipedia portal showing the different languages sorted by article count | collapsible = yes | caption = Tebego ya tsebe ya konokono ya Wikipedia ka komputara | type = [[Maranyane a encyclopedia]] | language_count = {{NUMBEROF|languages|Wikipedia}} | country_of_origin = United States | owner = {{Unbulleted list|[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|}} | authors = {{Unbulleted list|[[Jimmy Wales]]|[[Larry Sanger]]}} | url = {{URL|https://www.wikipedia.org/|wikipedia.org}} | commercial = Nyaa | registration = Wa ithopela | num_users = [[List of Wikipedias#Statistics totals|>{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|totalactive.wikipedia}}}}}}]] active editors<ref> To be considered [[Special:ActiveUsers|active]], a user must make at least one edit or other action in a given month.</ref><br />[[list of Wikipedias#Statistics totals|>{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|USERS|totalactive.wikipedia}}}}}}]] registered users | launch_date = {{Start date and age|mf=yes|p=yes|br=yes|2001|1|15}} | current_status = Active | content_license = {{Nowrap|[[Creative Commons license|CC Attribution / Share-Alike]] 3.0}}<br />Most text is also dual-licensed under [[GNU Free Documentation License|GFDL]]; media licensing varies | programming_language = [[LAMP (software bundle)|LAMP]] platform<ref name="roadchap">{{cite web |url=https://rogchap.com/2011/09/06/top-40-website-programming-languages/ |title= Top 40 Website Programming Languages |website= rogchap.com |author= Chapman, Roger |date= September 6, 2011 |access-date= September 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922015103/https://rogchap.com/2011/09/06/top-40-website-programming-languages/ |archive-date= September 22, 2013}}</ref> | oclc = 52075003 }} Wikipedia [e] ke [[:en:Encyclopedia|ensaetlopedia]] ya mahala ya maranyane e e kwadilweng le go tlhokomelwa ke setšhaba sa baithaopi, ba ba itsiweng jaaka [[:en:Wikipedians|Bawikipedia]], ka [[:en:Open_collaboration|tirisanommogo e e bulegileng]] le serweboleta sa [[:en:Wiki|wiki]] sa [[:en:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]]. E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Jimmy_Wales|Jimmy Wales]] le [[:en:Larry_Sanger|Larry Sanger]] ka ngwaga wa 2001, Wikipedia e ntse e amogelwa fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 2003 ke [[:en:Wikimedia_Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]], [[:en:501(c)(3)_organization|mokgatlho wa Amerika o o sa direng dipoelo]] o o tshegediwang thata ke meneelo ya babadi.<ref>[[:en:Lisa_Seitz-Gruwell|Seitz-Gruwell, Lisa]] (October 23, 2023)[[foundationsite:news/2022/11/03/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/|. "7 reasons you should donate to Wikipedia"]]. [[:en:Wikimedia_Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20241008212455/https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/10/23/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/ Archived] from the original on October 8, 2024. Retrieved December 27, 2023.</ref> Wikipedia ke buka e kgolo go tsotlhe ya [[:en:Reference_work|tshedimosetso e e dirisediwang go batla tshedimosetso,]] gape ke yone e e balwang thata mo ditsong.<ref>[https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher "Wikipedia is 20, and its reputation has never been higher]". ''[https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher The Economist]''. January 9, 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210107165356/https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher Archived] from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2021.</ref><ref>[[:en:Chris_Anderson_(writer)|Anderson, Chris]] (May 8, 2006). [https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975813_1975844_1976488,00.html "Jimmy Wales – The 2006 Time 100".] ''[https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975813_1975844_1976488,00.html Time]''. [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/500px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png Archived] from the original on October 12, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2017.</ref> Kwa tshimologong e ne e le teng ka Seesemane fela, Wikipedia e godile [[:en:List_of_Wikipedias|go fitlha dipuo di feta]] [[:en:List_of_Wikipedias|makgolo a mararo]] mme ke nngwe ya [[:en:List_of_most-visited_websites|lefelo la tshedimosetso mo maranyaneng tse di etelwang thata]] mo lefatsheng go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2026. [[:en:English_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Seesemane]], e e nang le [[:en:Article_(publishing)|dipego]] di feta didikadike di le supa, e sa ntse e le yone e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe mo dikgatisong, tse mmogo di nang le dipego di feta didikadike di le masome a a marataro le bosupa mme gape e amogela maeto a a fetang didikadike di le sekete le makgolo a matlhano tsa didirisiwa tse di farologaneng le diphetogo di ka nna didikadike di le lesome le boraro kgwedi le kgwedi, e leng palogare ya diphetogo di ka nna tlhano ka motsotswana. Go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ka ngwaga wa 2025, mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong ya batho ba ba etelang Wikipedia ba ne ba tswa kwa lefatsheng la United States, fa lefatshe la Japane le ne le emela mo e ka nnang karolo ya bosupa mo lekgolong, mme mafatshe a United Kingdom, Germany le Russia tsotlhe di ne di emela mo e ka nnang karolo ya botlhano mo lekgolong nngwe le nngwe.<ref>[https://www.similarweb.com/website/wikipedia.org/#geography "wikipedia.org]". ''Similarweb''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200605091241/https://www.similarweb.com/website/wikipedia.org#geography Archived] from the original on June 5, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2026.</ref> Wikipedia e ile ya akgolwa ka ntlha ya popego ya yone ya ka fa gare le setso, e e [[:en:Democratization_of_knowledge|kgontshang go dira gore kitso e nne ya]] [[:en:Democratization_of_knowledge|puso ya batho ka batho]], le ka ntlha ya go akaretsa dilo tse dintsi ka dikgang tse di farologaneng, [[:en:Censorship_of_Wikipedia|Wikipedia e ile ya tlhotlhomisiwa]] ke dipuso dingwe tsa bosetšhaba, go simolola ka ditsebe tse di rileng go ya kwa saeteng yotlhe, ka dinako tse dingwe ka ntlha ya go kgala puso kgotsa ka ntlha ya diteng tse di tsewang di le bosula .<ref>Treisman, Rachel (April 1, 2022). [https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine "Russia threatens to fine Wikipedia if it doesn't remove some details about the war]". ''[[:en:NPR|NPR]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221202215844/https://www.npr.org/2022/04/01/1090279187/russia-wikipedia-fine Archived] from the original on December 2, 2022. Retrieved January 22, 2023.</ref><ref>Skipper, Ben (December 7, 2015). [https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/chinas-government-has-blocked-wikipedia-its-entirety-again-1532138 "China's government has blocked Wikipedia in its entirety again"]. ''International Business Times UK''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180503111142/https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/chinas-government-has-blocked-wikipedia-its-entirety-again-1532138 Archived] from the original on May 3, 2018. Retrieved May 2, 2018.</ref> Ensaekolopedia eo e kile ya tshwaiwa diphoso ka ntlha ya go sekamela mo letlhakoreng le le lengwe mo mokgweng wa yone wa go tlhagisa tshedimosetso. Sekao ke go se neye basadi tshiamelo e e lekanang le ya banna (gender bias) le go sa emele dinaga tsa Borwa jwa Lefatshe (Global South) ka tekatekano. Gape, boikanyego jwa tshedimosetso ya Wikipedia bo ne bo belaelwa gantsi mo dingwageng tsa bo-2000, mme go simolola kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo-2010, e simolotse go amogelwa le go akgolwa thata. Ditlhogo tsa Wikipedia tse di buang ka ditiragalo tse di sa tswang go diragala di dirisiwa gantsi ke batho ba le bantsi e le metswedi ya tshedimosetso ya bosheng. [[Category:Wikipedia]] == Ditso == Go ne ga lekeletswa diensaetlolopedia tse di farologaneng tsa tirisanommogo tsa mo mafaratlhatlheng (inthanete) pele ga go simololwa ga Wikipedia, mme tsotlhe tsa atlega fela e seng mo go kalo kalo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Garber |first=Megan |date=October 12, 2011 |title=The contribution conundrum: Why did Wikipedia succeed while other encyclopedias failed? |url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2011/10/the-contribution-conundrum-why-did-wikipedia-succeed-while-other-encyclopedias-failed/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114540/https://www.niemanlab.org/2011/10/the-contribution-conundrum-why-did-wikipedia-succeed-while-other-encyclopedias-failed/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2016 |website=Nieman Lab}}</ref> Wikipedia e simolotse e le lenaneo le le tlaleletsang Nupedia, e leng thulaganyo ya mahala ya mafaratlhatlha a inthanete ya ensaetlolopedia ya puo ya Sekgoa e makwalo a yone a neng a kwalwa ke baitseanape le go sekasekwa ka fa tlase ga thulaganyo e e tlhomameng. <ref name="KockJungSyn2016">{{Cite journal |last=Kock |first=Ned |author-link=Ned Kock |last2=Jung |first2=Yusun |last3=Syn |first3=Thant |date=2016 |title=Wikipedia and e-Collaboration Research: Opportunities and Challenges |url=https://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[International Journal of e-Collaboration]] |publisher=IGI Global |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=1–8 |doi=10.4018/IJeC.2016040101 |issn=1548-3681 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927001627/https://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf |archive-date=September 27, 2016}}</ref> E tlhomilwe ka Mopitlo a le malatsi a le boferabongwe, ngwaga wa 2000, e le ya Bomis, e leng kompone ya web portal . Batho ba bagolo ba yone e ne e le Mookamedi-mogolo wa Bomis e bong Jimmy Wales le Larry Sanger, morulaganyi-mogolo wa Nupedia mme moragonyana wa Wikipedia. Nupedia e neilwe teseletso lantlha ka fa tlase ga teseletso ya yone ya Diteng tse di Buletsweng tsa Nupedia. Pele ga Wikipedia e tlhongwa, Nupedia e ne ya fetogela kwa Teseletso ya Dikwalo ya Mahala ya GNU se se rotloediwa ke Richard Stallman . Gantsi Wales o fiwa tlotla gore o ne a kgona go tlhalosa ka botlalo maikano a go dira ensaetlolopedia e makwalo a yone a kgonang go kwalwa le go baakangwa ke setshaba , fa Sanger ene a bokelwa go tswa ka leano la go dirisa wiki go fitlhelela maikano ao. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-15 |title=Tech Rewind: How Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia came to be |url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/health-and-fitness/article/tech-rewind--how-wikipedia--the-free-encyclopedia-came-to-be-15915177 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le lesome, ngwaga wa 2001, Sanger o ne a ntsha mogopolo mo dithomelong tsa Nupedia go tlhama wiki gore e bereke go "thusa" lenaneo la Nupedia. <ref name="nupedia feeder from WP 1" group="W">{{Cite news|last=Sanger|first=Larry|date=January 10, 2001|title=Let's Make a Wiki|url=https://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html|access-date=December 26, 2008|publisher=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> === Tshimololo le kgolo === Wikipedia e simolodisitswe ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le lesome le botlhano ka ngwaga wa 2001, (ka dinako tse dingwe le bidiwa "Letsatsi la Wikipedia"), {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=7}} e le kgatiso e le nngwe ya puo ya Sekgoa e e nang le leina la kgolagano ya ''www.wikipedia.com'', mme le ne la bolelwa ke Sanger mo dithomelong tsa Nupedia. Leina le, le le duleng ka Sanger go thibela tshenyo epe e e ka nnang teng mo leineng la Nupedia, <ref>{{Cite news|last=Larry Sanger|author-link=Larry Sanger|date=11 January 2001|title=Re: [Advisory-l] The wiki...|publisher=Nupedia mailing list|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000680.html|access-date=10 July 2026|archivedate=14 April 2003|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030414021138/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000680.html}}</ref> le simolotse mo motswakong wa mafoko ''wiki'' le ''encyclopedia'' . Wales o boletse gore kgopolo ya Wikipedia e ne ya tlhotlhelediwa ke dikgopolo tsa thulaganyo e e sa rulaganngwang e e neng e amana le Friedrich Hayek le [[Austrian School|Sekolo sa tsa itsholelo sa kwa Austria]] morago ga gore moitseanape wa tsa itsholelo yo o ratang kgololesego e bong Mark Thornton a supe megopolo ye . <ref>{{Cite news|date=2009-04-15|title=Wikipedia's Model Follows Hayek - WSJ|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123976347774119699}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mangu-Ward |first=Katherine |date=2007-05-30 |title=Wikipedia and Beyond |url=https://reason.com/2007/05/30/wikipedia-and-beyond/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725210204/https://reason.com/2007/05/30/wikipedia-and-beyond/ |archive-date=July 25, 2021 |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=Reason.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Segolobogolo, Wales o ne ya tlhotlhelediwa ke polelo ya ga Hayek ya Tiriso ya Kitso mo Setšhabeng e e neng e bolela gore e ne e le "konokono" mo mogopolong wa gagwe ka ga "kafa a ka laolang lenaneo la Wikipedia ka teng". <ref name=":0" /> Molao wa tsamaiso ya yone o o botlhokwa wa " pono e e sa tseyeng letlhakore " o ne wa simolola mo ngwageng wa yone wa ntlha . {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=29}}Mme fela, go ne go na le melao e mmalwa, mme e ne e bereka e sa laolwe ke Nupedia. Bomis kwa tshimologong e ne e ikaeletse gore e nne kgwebo e e dirang dipoelo. <ref name="Seth-Finkelstein">{{Cite news|date=September 25, 2008|title=Read me first: Wikipedia isn't about human potential, whatever Wales says|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/sep/25/wikipedia.internet|access-date=January 23, 2023}}</ref> Wikipedia e ne ya bona bakwadi/batlatsi ba ntlha go tswa mo Nupedia, dipego tsa ''Slashdot'', le go dira dikgolagano tsa enjene ya patlo ya webo. Dikgatiso tsa puo di ne tsa tlhamiwa go simolola ka Mopitlo 2001, mme palo yotlhe ya tse di ne di dirisiwang di le lekgolo le masome a le marataro le bongwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa 2004. Nupedia le Wikipedia di ne tsa nna mmogo go fitlhela disefara tsa Nupedia di emisetswa ruri ka 2003, mme dikwalo tsa yone di ne tsa tsenngwa mo Wikipedia. Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e fetile letshwao la dikwalo tse di didikadike di le pedi (2 million) ka Lwetse a le malatsi a le boferabongwe, ngwaga wa 2007, mme se se ne sa e dira gore e nne ensaetlolopedia e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe tse di kileng tsa kokoanngwa, e feta ''Ensaetlolopedia ya Yongle'' e e neng ya dirwa kwa China ka nako ya puso ya ga Ming ka 1408, e e neng e tshwere rekoto ya teng dingwaga di ka nna makgolo a le marataro. Ka ntlha ya go tshaba papatso ya dikgwebo le go tlhoka taolo, badirisi ba Wikipedia ya Sepanishe ba ne ba tswa mo Wikipedia go tlhama {{Lang|es|[[Enciclopedia Libre]]}} ka Tlhakole 2002. <ref name="EL fears and start 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=[long] Enciclopedia Libre: msg#00008 |url=https://osdir.com/ml/science.linguistics.wikipedia.international/2003-03/msg00008.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006065927/https://osdir.com/ml/science.linguistics.wikipedia.international/2003-03/msg00008.html |archive-date=October 6, 2008 |access-date=December 26, 2008 |website=Osdir}}</ref> Morago ga moo Wales o ne a ntsha kitsiso ya gore Wikipedia ga e kitla e bontsha dikgang tsa ipapatso mme ya fetola kgolagano ya dikhomphiutha go tswa go ''wikipedia.com'' go ya go ''wikipedia.org'' . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Vibber |first=Brion |date=August 16, 2002 |title=Brion VIBBER at pobox.com |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-August/003982.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620071550/https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-August/003982.html |archive-date=June 20, 2014 |access-date=December 8, 2020 |website=[[Wikimedia]]}}</ref> Morago ga paka ya ntlha ya kgolo e e kwa godimo, <ref name="wikisym slowing growth 1" /> go lebega selekanyo sa kgolo ya Wikipedia ya Sekgoa go ya ka dipalo tsa dikwalo tse disha le tsa bakwadi e ne ya tsholetsega thata go bapa le ngwaga wa 2007 o simolola. <ref name="guardian WP user peak 1">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia approaches its limits|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/aug/12/wikipedia-deletionist-inclusionist|access-date=March 31, 2010}}</ref> Kgatiso e e ne ya fitlhelela dikwalo di le didikadike di le tharo ka Phatwe 2009. Dikwalo di ka nna sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi di ne di tsenngwa mo ensaetlolopedia ye ka letsatsi ka ngwaga wa 2006; ka 2013 palogare eo e ne e tsamaela makgolo a le boferabobedi. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=((Editors of Wikipedia)) |author-link=Special:History/Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia extended growth |title=Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia extended growth |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia_extended_growth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826234512/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia%27s_growth |archive-date=August 26, 2011 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Setlhopha kwa Lekalaneng la Dipatlisiso la Palo Alto se ne sa amanya go fokotsega mo ga kgolo le "go oketsega ga kgokagano le ditshenyegelo tse di kwa godimo, go se akarediwe batho ba basha mo lenaneong, le go gana diphetogo tse disha". Ba bangwe ba ne ba akantsha gore kgolo e ne ya fokotsega ka gonne dikwalo tse di ka bidiwang " [[wiktionary:low-hanging fruit|tse di motlhofo thata]] "— tsa ditlhogo tse di tshwanelwang ke go nna dikwalo—di ne di setse di tlhamilwe le go agiwa thata. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Cohen|author-link=Noam Cohen|title=Wikipedia&nbsp;– Exploring Fact City|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/weekinreview/29cohen.html}}</ref> Ka Ngwanatsele 2009, mmatlisisi mongwe kwa Sekolong sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Rey Juan Carlos kwa Madrid, kwa Spain, o ne a fitlhela gore Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e ne e latlhegetswe ke bakwadi/batlatsi ba le dikete di le masome a mane le boferabongwe mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse tharo tsa 2009; fa e bapisiwa, e ne e latlhegetswe ke bakwadi ba le dikete di le nne le makgolo a le boferabongwe fela mo pakeng e e tshwanang ka 2008. <ref name="guardian editors leaving 1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/nov/26/wikipedia-losing-disgruntled-editors|title=Wikipedia falling victim to a war of words|work=The Guardian|location=London|first=Jenny|last=Kleeman|date=November 26, 2009|access-date=December 13, 2016}}</ref> ''Pego ya The Wall Street'' e ne ya umaka melao e e farologaneng e e dirisiwang mo go direng dikwalo le dikganetsano tse di amanang le diteng tsa one gareng ga mabaka a a dirang gore go nne le tlwaelo ya kgang ye. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fowler |first=Geoffrey A. |last2=Angwin |first2=Julia |date=November 27, 2009 |title=Volunteers Log Off as Wikipedia Ages |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125893981183759969 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204041034/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125893981183759969 |archive-date=December 4, 2022 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> Wales o ne a ganetsa dikgang tse ka 2009, a ganela dikgang tsa phokotsego le go belaela mokgwa wa patlisiso eo. <ref name="telegraph Wales WP not losing editors 1">{{Cite news|last=Barnett|first=Emma|date=November 26, 2009|title=Wikipedia's Jimmy Wales denies site is 'losing' thousands of volunteer editors|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|location=London|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/6660646/Wikipedias-Jimmy-Wales-denies-site-is-losing-thousands-of-volunteer-editors.html|access-date=March 31, 2010}}</ref> Morago ga dingwaga di le pedi, ka 2011, o ne a amogela gore go nnile le phokotsego e nnye, a lemoga phokotsego go tswa go "bakwadi ba ba fetang dikete di le masome a mararo le borataro go le sekae" ka Seetebosigo 2010 go ya go ba le dikete di le masome a mararo le botlhano le makgolo a le boferabobedi ka Seetebosigo 2011. Mo go yone potsolotso eo, o ne a bolela gape gore palo ya bakwadi e ne e "tlhomame e bile e tswelelela pele". <ref name="wiki-women">{{Cite news|last=Rawlinson|first=Kevin|date=August 8, 2011|title=Wikipedia seeks women to balance its 'geeky' editors|newspaper=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/wikipedia-seeks-women-to-balance-its-geeky-editors-2333605.html|access-date=April 5, 2012}}</ref> Setlhogo sa lekwalo la 2013 la ''MIT Technology Review'', "Go wela tlase ga Wikipedia", se ne sa belaela polelo e, sa bega gore fa e sale ka 2007 Wikipedia e ne e latlhegetswe ke nngwetharong ya bakwadi ba yone ba ba ithaopileng, mme sa akantsha gore ba ba setseng ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo thata mo dintlheng tse dinnye. <ref name="Simonite-2013">{{Cite journal |last=Simonite |first=Tom |date=October 22, 2013 |title=The Decline of Wikipedia |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/ |url-status=live |journal=[[MIT Technology Review]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731083716/https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/ |archive-date=July 31, 2022 |access-date=November 30, 2013}}</ref> Ka Phukwi 2012, ''The Atlantic'' e ne ya bega gore palo ya batsamaisi le yone e ne e fokotsega. <ref name="Meyer-2012">{{Cite news|last=Meyer|first=Robinson|date=July 16, 2012|title=3 Charts That Show How Wikipedia Is Running Out of Admins|work=The Atlantic|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/3-charts-that-show-how-wikipedia-is-running-out-of-admins/259829|access-date=January 23, 2023}}</ref> Ka Ngwanatseele 2013, bukana ya ditshwantsho ya ''New York'' e ne ya bolela jaana, "Wikipedia, webosaete ya borataro e e dirisiwang thata, e lebagane le mathata a tsamaiso ya one." Palo ya bakwadi ba esaentlolopedia ya Sekgoa ba ba e dirisang gangwe le gape fa e sa le ka nako eo e ntse e tlhomame morago ga nako e telele ya go wela tlase. <ref>{{Cite news|last=F.|first=G.|date=May 5, 2013|title=Who really runs Wikipedia?|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2013/05/05/who-really-runs-wikipedia|access-date=November 26, 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mandiberg |first=Michael |date=February 23, 2020 |title=Mapping Wikipedia |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/02/where-wikipedias-editors-are-where-they-arent-and-why/605023/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115131524/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/02/where-wikipedias-editors-are-where-they-arent-and-why/605023 |archive-date=November 15, 2021 |access-date=November 26, 2021 |website=The Atlantic}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le masome a mabedi, ngwaga wa 2014, Subodh Varma yo o neng a begela ''The Economic Times'' o ne a supa gore ga se fela gore kgolo ya Wikipedia e ne e eme, e ne e "latlhegetswe ke palo ya dipono tsa dikwalo di ka nna lesome mo lekgolong ngogola. Go nnile le phokotsego ye e ka nnang dikadikadike di le dikete tse pedi (2 billion) fa gare ga Sedimonthole 2012 le Sedimonthole 2013. Diphetolelo tsa yone tse di ratiwang thata ke tsone tse di eteletseng pele mo tsebeng: dipono tsa dikwalo tsa Wikipedia ya Sekgoa di fokotsegile ka lesome le bobedi mo lekgolong (12%), tsa mofuta wa Sejeremane di fokotsegile ka lesome le bosupa mo lekgolong (17%) mme tsa mofuta wa Sejapane di fokotsegile ka boferabongwe mo lekgolong (9%)." <ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news|last=Varma|first=Subodh|date=January 20, 2014|title=Google eating into Wikipedia page views?|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/29094246.cms|access-date=February 10, 2014}}</ref> Varma o ne a tlatsa a re, "Le fa baokamedi ba Wikipedia ba akanya gore se se ka tswa se bakilwe ke diphoso tsa go tsaa dipalo, baitseanape ba bangwe ba akanya gore lenaneo la Google la Knowledge Graphs le le simolotsweng ngogola le ka tswa le ne le tsaya badirisi ba Wikipedia." <ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com" /> Fa go ikgolagangwa le ene, Clay Shirky, morutintshi-mmogo kwa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa New York le modiri ka ene kwa Lekalana la Setšhaba le mafaratlhatlha a Inthanete la Berkman Klein la Harvard o ne a bolela gore o belaela gore bontsi jwa go fokotsega ga go lebelewa ga ditsebe go bakilwe ke Dikerafo tsa Kitso, a bolela jaana, "Fa o ka kgona go bona karabo ya potso ya gago mo tsebeng ya patlo, ga o tlhoke go [tobetsa] go ya pele." <ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com" /> Kwa bokhutlong jwa Sedimonthole 2016, Wikipedia e ne ya fiwa maemo a botlhano mo webosaeteng e e itseweng thata mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka bophara. <ref name="Alexa">{{Cite web |title=Alexa Top 500 Global Sites |url=https://www.alexa.com/topsites |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203120227/https://www.alexa.com/topsites |archive-date=February 3, 2021 |access-date=December 28, 2016 |website=[[Alexa Internet]]}}</ref> Go ema ka Firikgong 2023, go setse go nopotswe dikwalo di le dikete di le masome a matlhano le botlhano le makgolo a le bosupa le masome a le boferabongwe le bongwe (55 791) tsa Wikipedia ya Sekgoa makgetho a le dikete di le masome a le boferabongwe le bobedi le makgolo a le mararo (92 300 ) mo dibukaneng tsa barutegi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Citations of Wikipedia as an Online Resource |url=https://exaly.com/online-resource/146983/en.wikipedia.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104134042/https://exaly.com/online-resource/146983/en.wikipedia.org |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |access-date=November 4, 2022 |publisher=exaly}}</ref> tse go tswa mo go tsone tiriso ya dikitso tsa dikhomphiutha e neng e le tsebe e e nopotsweng thata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Citations of Cloud Computing |url=https://exaly.com/online-document/8348259/articles/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104134042/https://exaly.com/online-document/8348259/articles/ |archive-date=November 4, 2022 |access-date=November 4, 2022 |publisher=exaly}}</ref> === Dithulaganyo tse di berekang le yone === Wikipedia e tlhamile mananeo a le mmalwa a a berekang le ensaetlolopedia, tse gape e leng diwiki tse di tsamaisiwang ke [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] . [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mananeo a mangwe a Wikimedia]] a a akaretsa Wiktionary, lenaneo la bukana ya ithunthuntso mafoko e e neng ya simololwa ka Sedimonthole 2002, Wikiquote, kokoanyo ya dinopolo tse di tlhamilweng beke morago ga gore Wikimedia e simololwe, <ref>{{Cite book |last=Woods |first=Dan |year=2007 |title=Wikis for dummies |last2=Theony |first2=Peter |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1-118-05066-8 |edition=1st |location=Hoboken, NJ |page=58 |chapter=3: The Thousand Problem-Solving Faces of Wikis |oclc=1300481129 |ol=5741003W}}</ref> Wikibooks, kokoanyo ya dibukathuto tsa mahala tse di kwadilweng ka tirisanommogo, <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=((Editors of Meta-Wiki)) |author-link=m:Special:History/Talk:Science Hypertextbook project |title=Talk:Science Hypertextbook project |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=153077 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319183224/http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=153077 |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> [[Wikimedia Commons]] . e e neng e diretswe metswedi ya dikgang ya kitso e e gololesegileng, Wikinews, ya bobegadikgang jo bo dirisanang mmogo, le Wikiversity, lenaneo la go tlhama didirisiwa tsa go ithuta tsa mahala le go tlamela ka ditiro tsa go ithuta ka inthanete. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=((Editors of Wikiversity)) |author-link=v:Special:History/Wikiversity:History of Wikiversity |title=Wikiversity:History of Wikiversity |url=https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:History_of_Wikiversity |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724204635/https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:History_of_Wikiversity |archive-date=July 24, 2015 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Wikiversity |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Lenaneo le lengwe la Wikipedia, Wikispecies, le nankolola mefuta ya ditshedi tsotlhe, mme ga e a bulegela go ka tlaletswa ke setšhaba. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=February 18, 2005 |title=NET News: Calling All Taxonomists |journal=Science |volume=307 |issue=5712 |page=1021 |doi=10.1126/science.307.5712.1021a |s2cid=220095354 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ka 2012, Wikivoyage, e leng kaedi ya mesepele e e ka tlaleletswang, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Luyt |first=Brendan |date=January 1, 2020 |title=A new kind of travel guide or more of the same? Wikivoyage and Cambodia |journal=Online Information Review |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=356–371 |doi=10.1108/OIR-03-2020-0104}}</ref> le Wikidata, e leng motheo wa kitso o o ka tlaleletswang le one, di ne tsa simololwa. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Roth |first=Matthew |date=March 30, 2012 |title=The Wikipedia data revolution |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2012/03/30/the-wikipedia-data-revolution/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114634/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2012/03/30/the-wikipedia-data-revolution/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> === Diphitlhelelo === [[File:List_of_Wikipedia_articles_by_language_-_March_2024.svg|thumb|[[Cartogram]] showing number of articles in the top 88 Wikipedias ({{as of|2024|3|lc=y|post=).}} The size of the circles for Wikipedias that have less than a million articles is fixed and not proportional to the size of the Wikipedia. The smallest Wikipedia that made the cutoff is the [[Haitian Creole]] Wikipedia with 69K articles.{{efn|As of April 2026, the [[Haitian Creole]] Wikipedia, with 72K articles, is in 91st place when ranked by number of articles.}}<br /> The languages are roughly grouped by region: <br />{{hlist|{{legend0|#4C0099|[[Northern Europe]]}}|{{legend0|#CC0000|[[Southern Europe]]}}|{{legend0|#CCCC00|[[Eastern Europe]]}}|{{legend0|#CC6600|[[Middle East]]}}|{{legend0|#4C9900|[[East Asia]]}}|{{legend0|#00CDFF|[[Indian subcontinent]]}}|{{legend0|#660000|[[Sub-Saharan Africa]]}}|{{legend0|#808080|[[Central Asia]]}}|{{legend0|#6600CC|[[Caribbean]]}}}} ]] Ka Firikgong 2007, Wikipedia e ne ya nna nngwe ya diwebosaete tse di lesome tse di tumileng thata kwa Amerika, go ya ka Comscore Networks. <ref name="Comscore-2007">{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2007 |title=New Year's Resolutions Reflected in January U.S. Web Traffic |url=https://ir.comscore.com/static-files/45b068e1-1cee-412a-b48f-21ec34e7b59d |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819190445/https://ir.comscore.com/static-files/45b068e1-1cee-412a-b48f-21ec34e7b59d |archive-date=August 19, 2021 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[Comscore]] |page=3 |format=PDF}}</ref> Ka badirisi ba yone ba ba kgethegileng ba le didikadike di le masome a mane le bobedi le dikete di le makgolo a le boferabongwe (42.9), e ne ya nna mo maemong a boferabongwe, e feta ''The New York Times'' (maemo a lesome) le Apple (maemo a lesome le bongwe). <ref name="Comscore-2007" /> Se se ne sa tshwaya koketsego e e bonalang go feta Firikgong 2006, fa Wikipedia e ne e le mo maemong a bomasome a le mararo le boraro, ka badirisi ba kgethegileng ba le didikadike di le lesome le boferabobedi le dikete di le makgolo a le mararo ka (18.3 million). Ka 2014, e ne ya amogela dipono tsa ditsebe di le didikadike di le dikete tse di boferabobedi (8 billion) kgwedi le kgwedi. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report&nbsp;– Wikipedia Page Views Per Country |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020212633/http://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm |archive-date=October 20, 2011 |access-date=March 8, 2015 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Ka Tlhakole a le malatsi ae boferabongwe, 2014, ''The New York Times'' e ne ya bega gore Wikipedia e ne e na le &nbsp;dipono tsa ditsebe di le dikadikadike di le dikete tse dilesome le boferabobedi (18 billion) le badirisi ba ba kgethegileng ba le didikadike di le makgolo a le matlhano (500 million) ka kgwedi, "go ya ka ditekanyetso tsa comScore". <ref name="small screen">{{Cite news|last=Cohen|first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen|date=February 9, 2014|title=Wikipedia vs. the Small Screen|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/10/technology/wikipedia-vs-the-small-screen.html?_r=0|access-date=January 22, 2023}}</ref> Go ema ka Mopitlo 2023, e ne le mo maemong a borataro ka go tuma go ya kaSimilarweb.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Similarweb |title=Top Websites Ranking – Most Visited Websites In The World |url=https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210041116/https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/ |archive-date=February 10, 2022 |access-date=March 4, 2023 |website=[[Similarweb]]}}</ref> Jeff Loveland le Joseph Reagle ba nganga gore, mo tsamaisong, Wikipedia e latela mokgwa wa tsela e e telele wa diensaetlolopedia tsa ditso tse di kokoantseng ditokafatso ka bonya ka bonya ka " go kokoanya ga stigmergy ". <ref name="sagepub WP and encyclopedic production 1">{{Cite journal |last=Loveland |first=Jeff |last2=Reagle |first2=Joseph |date=January 15, 2013 |title=Wikipedia and encyclopedic production |journal=New Media & Society |volume=15 |issue=8 |page=1294 |doi=10.1177/1461444812470428 |issn=1461-4448 |s2cid=27886998}}</ref> <ref name="theatlantic WP actually a reversion 1">{{Cite web |last=Rosen |first=Rebecca J. |date=January 30, 2013 |title=What If the Great Wikipedia 'Revolution' Was Actually a Reversion? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/what-if-the-great-wikipedia-revolution-was-actually-a-reversion/272697 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229051117/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/what-if-the-great-wikipedia-revolution-was-actually-a-reversion/272697/ |archive-date=December 29, 2022 |access-date=February 9, 2013 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le malatsi a le lesome le boferabobedi, ngwaga wa 2012, Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e ne ya nna le seabe mo motseletseleng wa ditshupetso tse di rulagantsweng kgatlhanong le melao e mebedi e e neng e tshitshintswe kwa Lekgotlaneng la United States — Molao wa go Emisa go Utswa bodiratsi/dikwalo mo mafaratlhatlheng (SOPA) le Molao wa PROTECT IP (PIPA)—ka go fifatsa ditsebe tsa yone dioura di le masome a mabedi le bone . <ref name="LA Times Jan 19">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia: SOPA protest led eight million to look up reps in Congress|url=https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2012/01/wikipedia-sopa-blackout-congressional-representatives.html|access-date=March 6, 2012}}</ref> Batho ba feta didikadike di le lekgolo le le lengwe le masome a mabedi ba bone tsebe e e neng e tlhalosa go fifafatsa moo e e neng e tsere maemo a diteng tsa ensaetlolopedia nakwana e e seng ya sennela ruri. <ref name="BBC WP blackout protest 1">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia joins blackout protest at US anti-piracy moves|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-16590585|access-date=January 19, 2012}}</ref> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=SOPA/Blackoutpage |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/SOPA/Blackoutpage |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622185443/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/SOPA/Blackoutpage |archive-date=June 22, 2018 |access-date=January 19, 2012 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Ka Firikgong 2013, 274301 Wikipedia, e leng asteroid, e ne ya bidiwa ka Wikipedia; <ref>{{Cite news|last=Workman|first=Robert|date=January 5, 2013|title=Asteroid Re-Named 'Wikipedia'|work=[[Space.com]]|url=https://www.space.com/19643-asteroid-named-wikipedia.html|access-date=January 23, 2023}}</ref> ka Phalane 2014, Wikipedia e ne ya tlotlomatswa ka ''Sefikantswe sa Wikipedia'' ; <ref>{{Cite news|last=Katz|first=Leslie|date=October 27, 2014|title=A Wikipedia monument? It's true (we're pretty sure)|work=[[CNET]]|url=https://www.cnet.com/tech/services-and-software/a-wikipedia-monument-its-true-were-pretty-sure/|access-date=January 23, 2023}}</ref> mme, ka Phukwi 2015, ditshutiso tsa Wikipedia di le lekgolo le le lengwe le borataro (106) mo go tse di dikete di le bosupa le makgolo a le mane le masome a le bosupa le boraro (7 473) tse di nang le ditsebe di le makgolo a le masupa 700 di ne tsa nna teng e le Wikipedia e e Gatisitsweng . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sawers |first=Paul |date=June 18, 2015 |title=You can soon buy a 7,471-volume printed version of Wikipedia for $500,000 |url=https://venturebeat.com/business/you-can-soon-buy-a-7471-volume-printed-version-of-wikipedia-for-500000/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017154940/https://venturebeat.com/business/you-can-soon-buy-a-7471-volume-printed-version-of-wikipedia-for-500000/ |archive-date=October 17, 2022 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=VentureBeat}}</ref> Ka Moranang 2019, sefofane sa Iseraele se se fologang mo ngweding, Beresheet, se ne sa wela mo godimo ga [[Ngwedi]] se tshotse dikhophi tsa dikwalo tsa Wikipedia ya sekgoa tsotlhe di gateletswe mo dipoleiting tse ditshesane tsa nikele; baitseanape ba re go ka direga gore dipoleiti tse di ne tsa seka tsa amega fa tiragalo e ya go wa ga sefofane e diragala. <ref name="WRD-20190805">{{Cite news|last=Oberhaus|first=Daniel|date=August 5, 2019|title=A Crashed Israeli Lunar Lander Spilled Tardigrades On The Moon|work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|url=https://www.wired.com/story/a-crashed-israeli-lunar-lander-spilled-tardigrades-on-the-moon/|access-date=August 6, 2019}}</ref> <ref name="VOX-20190806">{{Cite news|last=Resnick|first=Brian|title=Tardigrades, the toughest animals on Earth, have crash-landed on the moon&nbsp;– The tardigrade conquest of the solar system has begun.|url=https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2019/8/6/20756844/tardigrade-moon-beresheet-arch-mission|date=August 6, 2019|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|access-date=August 6, 2019}}</ref> Ka Seetebosigo 2019, baitseanape ba maranyane ba ne ba bega gore 16 GB otlhe wa dikwalo tse di tswang mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa o tsentswe mo DNA ya maitirelo . <ref name="CNET-20190629">{{Cite news|last=Shankland|first=Stephen|date=June 29, 2019|title=Startup packs all 16&nbsp;GB of Wikipedia onto DNA strands to demonstrate new storage tech&nbsp;– Biological molecules will last a lot longer than the latest computer storage technology, Catalog believes.|work=[[CNET]]|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/startup-packs-all-16gb-wikipedia-onto-dna-strands-demonstrate-new-storage-tech/|access-date=August 15, 2023}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le lesome le boferabobedi, 2023, Wikipedia e ne ya simolodisa webosaete e ntšha e e baakantsweng , e e bidiwang " Vector 2022 ". <ref name="Pearl-2023">{{Cite web |last=Pearl |first=Mike |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Yes, Wikipedia looks weird. Don't freak out. |url=https://mashable.com/article/new-wikipedia-redesign |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120012235/https://mashable.com/article/new-wikipedia-redesign |archive-date=January 20, 2023 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[Mashable]]}}</ref> <ref name="Tech Desk-2023">{{Cite web |last=Tech Desk |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Wikipedia gets a facelift after 10 years: A look at new interface and features |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/wikipedia-gets-a-facelift-after-10-years-a-look-at-new-interface-and-features/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119054103/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/wikipedia-gets-a-facelift-after-10-years-a-look-at-new-interface-and-features/ |archive-date=January 19, 2023 |access-date=January 22, 2023 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> E ne e na le tsebe ya lenaneo e e tlhamilweng sesha, e sutisetsa tafole ya diteng kafa molemeng go e dira baara e e kafa thoko, le diphetogo di le dintsi fa go tobediwang teng go tlhopha tse o batlang go di dirisa jaaka sedirisiwa sa go tlhopha puo. <ref name="Tech Desk-2023" /> <ref group="W">{{Cite news|date=January 18, 2023|title=Wikipedia Gets a Fresh New Look: First Desktop Update in a Decade Puts Usability at the Forefront|work=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/01/18/wikipedia-gets-a-fresh-new-look-first-desktop-update-in-a-decade-puts-usability-at-the-forefront/|access-date=January 22, 2023}}</ref> Ntšhafatso e e ne ya amogela tsibogo e e sa siamang kwa tshimologong, segolobogolo fa bakwadi botlhe ba Wikipedia ya Seswahili ba ne ba tlhopha go busetsa diphetogo morago. <ref name="Pearl-2023" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rauwerda |first=Annie |date=January 18, 2023 |title=Wikipedia's Redesign Is Barely Noticeable. That's the Point. |url=https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120005241/https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html |archive-date=January 20, 2023 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=Slate Magazine}}</ref> Bobedi jo, Sanger le Wales ba ne tsenelela dipotsolotso tse di phatlalatsa kwa bokhutlong jwa 2025 ka ga dikakanyo tsa bone ka ga maemo le seemo sa Wikipedia, go fitlha go felela fa dingwageng tsa one tse di masome a mabedi le botlhano e ntse e le mo tirisong ka Firikgong a le lesome le botlhano, ngwaga wa 2026; Wales o ne a tlhagelela mo thulaganyong ya dikgang tsa PBS mo lenaneong la GZERO World e e neng e botsolodiwa ke Ian Bremmer mme Sanger o ne a tlhagelela mo Dikgannyeng tsa Fox, e e neng e botsolodiwa ke Ashley Rindsberg . Buka ya ga Wales ya ''Melao e e Supa ya go Ikanyega'' e ne ya gatisiwa ke Penguin Random House ka Phalane 2025 . E ne ya tlhalosiwa ke mogatisi jaaka "kakanyo e e tseneletseng ka ga mathata a lefatshe a go ikanyega le kitso" e le buka e e kanokang "melao ya go tshepana" e e letleletseng kgolo le katlego ya Wikipedia. <ref name="Penguin">{{Cite web |title=The Seven Rules of Trust |url=https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/734278/the-seven-rules-of-trust-by-jimmy-wales-with-dan-gardner/ |access-date=22 October 2025 |website=[[Penguin Random House]] |language=en}}</ref> === Ditlamorago tsa maranyane a botlhale jwa maiterelo (generative AI ) mo dipalong tsa dipono tsa ditsebe tsa Wikipedia === Fa e sa le ka Firikgong 2024, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o begile koketsego ya sephatlo mo lekgolong ya tiriso tsa dibandwith go tswa mo go bapaleng diteng tsa bobegakgang mo mananeong a one otlhe. Go ya ka mokgatlho yo, kgolo e e amana le mananeo a a iperekisang ka boone, kgotsa di-bot tsa " scraper ", tse di kokoanyang ditshutiso tsa kitso mo ditsebeng tsa Wikimedia gore di dirisiwe mo go katiseng didirisiwa tse ditona tsa puo le ditiro tse di amanang le tsone. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Weaver |first=Tanya |date=2025-04-04 |title=AI scraper bots putting costly strain on Wikimedia infrastructure |url=https://eandt.theiet.org/2025/04/04/ai-scraper-bots-are-putting-costly-strain-wikimedias-infrastructure |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=eandt.theiet.org}}</ref> Ka Phalane 2025, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o ne wa bega palo kakanyetso e le boferabobedi mo lekgolong ya phokotsego ya pharakano fa go bapisiwa le kgwedi e e tshwanang ka 2024 mo diponong tse di dirilweng ke batho. Ba bua gore se se bontsha tiriso ya Maranyane a botlhale jwa maitirelo le metswedi ya dikgang di sedimosa ka fa batho ba ratang go batla kitso/dikgang ka teng. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ha |first=Anthony |date=2025-10-18 |title=Wikipedia says traffic is falling due to AI search summaries and social video |url=https://techcrunch.com/2025/10/18/wikipedia-says-traffic-is-falling-due-to-ai-search-summaries-and-social-video/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221202413/https://techcrunch.com/2025/10/18/wikipedia-says-traffic-is-falling-due-to-ai-search-summaries-and-social-video/ |archive-date=December 21, 2025 |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=TechCrunch}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Marshall |date=2025-10-17 |title=New User Trends on Wikipedia |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/10/17/new-user-trends-on-wikipedia/ |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=Diff}}</ref> == Tirisanommogo ya bakwadi == [[File:History_Comparison_Example_(Vector).png|thumb|Dipharologano tse di gateletsweng mo dikwalong tsa setlhogo se le sengwe]] === Melawana === Ka ntlha ya go tuma ga Wikipedia mo go ntseng go oketsega, dikgatiso dingwe, di akaretsa le tsa Sekgoa, di simolodisitse melawana e e laolang go tlaleletsa dikwalo fa gongwe. Ka sekai, mo Wikipedia ya sekgoa le dikgatiso dingwe tsa dipuo, badirisi ba ba nang le diphetogo di le lesome tsa dikwalo mme gape ba na le malatsi a le mane e le badirisi ke bone fela ba ba ka dirang dikwalo tse disha. Mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, gareng ga tse dingwe, ditsebe tse di bakang dikganetsano thata, tse di masisi, kgotsa tse di nang le kgonagalo ya go senngwa di ile tsa sirelediwa ka selekanyo se se farologaneng. <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Hafner|first1=Katie|date=June 17, 2006|title=Growing Wikipedia Refines Its 'Anyone Can Edit' Policy|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/17/technology/17wiki.html|access-date=December 5, 2016}}</ref> Tsebe e e senngwang gantsi e ka nna "e e sireleditsweng bontlhabongwe" kgotsa "e e sireleditsweng e netefaditswe gape e atolositswe", se se rayang gore ke fela bakwadi ba ba "tlhomamisitsweng" kgotsa ba ba "netefaditsweng mo go atolositsweng" ba ka e fetolang. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=12–13}}Setlhogo se se bakang dikganetsano thata se ka nna sa lotlelwa gore e nne batsamaisi fela ba ba ka dirang diphetogo. Lekwalo la 2021 mo ''Columbia Journalism Review'' le ne la supa melawana ya Wikipedia ya go sireletsa ditsebe jaaka "gongwe tsela e e botlhokwa thata" e e nang le yone ya go "laola mmaraka wa yone wa megopolo". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrison |first=Stephen |last2=Benjakob |first2=Omer |date=January 14, 2021 |title=Wikipedia is twenty. It's time to start covering it better. |url=https://www.cjr.org/opinion/wikipedia-is-twenty-its-time-to-start-covering-it-better.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117150508/https://www.cjr.org/opinion/wikipedia-is-twenty-its-time-to-start-covering-it-better.php |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |access-date=January 15, 2021 |website=[[Columbia Journalism Review]]}}</ref> Wikipedia e abetse di- bot ditiro dingwe . tsamaiso ya algorithm ya mofuta yoo e bonolo go tsenngwa mo tirisong le go lekanyediwa, mme go gana go amogela diphetogo mo go itirisang (automated rejection ) go ka tswa go nnile le seabe mo go fokotsegeng ga bakwadi ba ba matlhagatlhaga ba Wikipedia. <ref name="Ren-2024">{{Cite journal |last=Ren |first=Yuqing |last2=Zhang |first2=Haifeng |last3=Kraut |first3=Robert E. |date=February 29, 2024 |title=How Did They Build the Free Encyclopedia? A Literature Review of Collaboration and Coordination among Wikipedia Editors |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3617369 |url-status=live |journal=ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=1–48 |doi=10.1145/3617369 |issn=1073-0516 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912194101/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3617369 |archive-date=September 12, 2024 |access-date=September 12, 2024}}</ref> Di-bot di tshwanetse go amogelwa ke badirisi pele ga ditiro tsa tsone di tsenngwa mo tirisong. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=36}} Mo dikgannyeng tse dingwe, bakwadi botlhe ba letlelelwa go romela diphetogo, fela go tlhokega tshekatsheko mo bakwading bangwe, go lebilwe diemo dingwe. Ka sekai, Wikipedia ya Sejeremane e boloka "diphetolo tse di tlhomameng" tsa dikwalo tse di fentseng go tlhatlhobiwa mo go rileng. Morago ga diteko tse di tsereng nako e telele le dipuisano tsa badirisi, Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e ne ya tlhagisa thulaganyo ya "diphetogo tse di santseng di letilwe" ka Sedimonthole ngwaga wa 2012. <ref name="BInsider pending changes intro 1">{{Cite news|last=Henderson|first=William|date=December 10, 2012|title=Wikipedia Has Figured Out A New Way To Stop Vandals In Their Tracks|work=[[Insider Inc.|Business Insider]]|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/pending-changes-safeguard-on-wikipedia-2012-12|access-date=January 22, 2023}}</ref> Ka fa tlase ga thulaganyo ye, diphetogo tsa badirisi ba basha le ba ba sa kwadisiwang mo dikwalong dingwe tse di bakang dikganetsano kgotsa tse di nnang di senngwa di sekasekwa ke badirisi ba ba tlhomameng pele ga di gatisiwa. <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Frewin|first1=Jonathan|date=June 15, 2010|title=Wikipedia unlocks divisive pages for editing|journal=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/10312095|access-date=August 21, 2014}}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, melawana ya go tlaleletsa dikwalo e fokotsa go nna le seabe ga bakwadi ga mmogo le maiteko a go kabakanya morafe wa badirisi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ajmani |first=Leah |last2=Vincent |first2=Nicholas |last3=Chancellor |first3=Stevie |date=September 28, 2023 |title=Peer Produced Friction: How Page Protection on Wikipedia Affects Editor Engagement and Concentration |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3610198 |url-status=live |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |volume=7 |issue=CSCW2 |pages=1–33 |doi=10.1145/3610198 |issn=2573-0142 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915061444/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3610198 |archive-date=September 15, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> Dikwalo tse di amanang le kgotlhang ya Iseraele le Palestina di bewa ka fa tlase ga tshireletso e e atolositsweng e e netefaditsweng. <ref name="Harrison-2023">{{Cite news|last=Harrison|first=Stephen|date=October 26, 2023|title=Wikipedia Is Covering the War in Israel and Gaza Better Than X|url=https://slate.com/technology/2023/10/wikipedia-elon-musk-gaza-hamas-israel-x-twitter-dispute.html|access-date=December 20, 2023|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|issn=1091-2339}}</ref> Bakwadi gape ba ka dira phetogo ya go boela morago mafoko a bone gangwe fela ka letsatsi go ralala ensaetlolopedia yotlhe mme ba ka thibelwa ruri go tlaleletsa dikwalo tse di amanang le yone. Melawana e e simolotswe ka 2008. <ref name="Benjakob-2020a">{{Cite news|last=Benjakob|first=Omer|date=October 4, 2020|title=The Second Intifada Still Rages on Wikipedia|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2020-10-04/ty-article/.highlight/the-second-intifada-still-rages-on-wikipedia/0000017f-e7fb-da9b-a1ff-efff2c230000|access-date=March 6, 2024|newspaper=[[Haaretz]]}}</ref> Ka Firikgong 2025, Komiti ya Katlholo e ne ya simolodisa "melawana e e lekalekanang ya go tlaleletsa dikwalo", e e tlhokang gore badirisi ba ba nang le dithibelo ba neele fela nngwetharong ya diphetolo tsa bone mo dikwalong tse di amanang le kgotlhang ya Iseraele le Palestina le fa go se na melao epe ya boitshwaro jo bo sa siamang e e robilweng. <ref name="Elia-Shalev-2025">{{Cite web |last=Elia-Shalev |first=Asaf |date=January 24, 2025 |title=Edit wars over Israel spur rare ban of 8 Wikipedia editors — from both sides |url=https://www.jta.org/2025/01/23/israel/edit-wars-over-israel-spur-rare-ban-of-8-wikipedia-editors-from-both-sides |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250610091420/https://www.jta.org/2025/01/23/israel/edit-wars-over-israel-spur-rare-ban-of-8-wikipedia-editors-from-both-sides |archive-date=June 10, 2025 |access-date=May 27, 2025 |website=[[Jewish Telegraphic Agency]]}}</ref> === Tshekatsheko ya diphetogo === [[File:Wikipedia_editing_interface.png|thumb|tsebe ya diphetolo ya Wikipedia]] Le fa diphetogo di sa sekasekwe ka thulaganyo, sofotewere ya Wikipedia e tlamela ka didirisiwa tse di letlelelang mongwe le mongwe go sekaseka diphetogo tse di dirilweng ke ba bangwe. Tsebe ya Ditso ya lekwalo lengwe le sengwe e golagana le diphetolo dingwe le dingwe tsa yone.{{efn|Revisions with libelous content, criminal threats, or copyright infringements may be removed completely.}} Mo dikwalong ka bontsi, mongwe le mongwe o ka lebelela diphetogo tse disha mme gape a baakanya diphetolo tsa ba bangwe ka go tobetsa kgokagano e e mo tsebeng ya Ditso tsa lekwalo la teng. Badirisi ba ba kwadisitsweng ba ka nna ba tlhokometse dikwalo tse di ba kgatlhang ka go nna le "lenaneo la ditebelelo" gore ba kgone go itsisiwe ka diphetogo. "Kanoko ya ditsebe tse disha" ke thulaganyo e mo go yone dikwalo tse di sa tswang go tlhamiwa di tlholwang go bona gore a di na le mathata a a bonalang. Ka 2003, moithuti wa setlankana sa PhD sa dithuto tsa itsholelo Andrea Ciffolilli o ne a bolela gore ditshenyegelo tse di kwa tlase tsa go nna le seabe mo wiki di ne tsa dira gore go nne le tlhabololo ya tirisanommogo, le gore dikarolo tsa mofuta yoo di ne di letlelela gore go nne motlhofo go bona diphetolo tse di fetileng tsa tsebe, mme go ne go thusa ka "dikatlholo tse di agang" go na le "dikatlholo tse di senyang". <ref name="FMonday collaborative effort 1">{{Cite journal |last=Ciffolilli |first=Andrea |date=December 2003 |title=Phantom authority, self-selective recruitment and retention of members in virtual communities: The case of Wikipedia |journal=First Monday |volume=8 |issue=12 |doi=10.5210/fm.v8i12.1108 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Tshenyo === Phetogo epe e e tshosetsang go thokgama ga Wikipedia ka bomo e tsewa e le go senya. Mefuta e e tlwaelegileng thata e e bonalang ya go senya e akaretsa go oketsa ka dilo tse di fatlhang le metlae e e sa siamang; gape e ka akaretsa ipapatso le mefuta e mengwe ya spam. Ka dinako tse dingwe bakwadi ba senya dikwalo ka go tlosa diteng kgotsa go tsenya tsebe e e senang sepe gotlhelele. Mefuta e e sa tlwaelegang thata ya tshenyo, jaaka go tlaletsa dikwalo ka dikgang tse di utlwalang mme di se boammaaruri ka bomo, di ka nna dingalo thata go lemosega. Batho ba ba senyang dikwalo ba ka tsenya fomate e e sa amaneng le sepe, ba fetola motheo wa tsebe jaaka setlhogo sa tsebe kgotsa go aroganngwa ga yone ka ditlhopha, ba dirisa khoutu e e ka fa tlase ga lekwalo ka boferefere, kgotsa ba dirisa ditshwantsho ka tsela e e kgoreletsang. [[File:John_Seigenthaler_Sr._speaking.jpg|alt=White-haired elderly gentleman in suit and tie speaks at a podium.|left|thumb|Mmegadikgang wa MoAmerika John Seigenthaler (1927–2014), setlhogo sa tiragalo ya buka ya botshelo jwa ga Seigenthaler]] Tshenyo e e bonalang ka kakaretso e motlhofo go ka ntshiwa mo dikwalong tsa Wikipedia; nako ya bogare ya go e lemoga le go e baakanya ke metsotso e le mmalwa. Le fa go ntse jalo, tshenyo ye nngwe e tsaya lobaka thata go ka lemogwa le go baakanngwa. Mo tiragalong ya buka ya botshelo jwa ga Seigenthaler, mokwadi mongwe yo o neng a ipipile leina a sa itsiwe o ne a tsenya kgang ye e e seng boammaaruri mo lekwalong la botshelo jwa moeteledipele wa sepolotiki wa Amerika e bong John Seigenthaler ka Motsheganong 2005, a mo kaya mo go maaka jaaka mmelaelwa wa polao ya ga John F. Kennedy . E ne ya nna e sa baakanngwa dikgwedi di le nne. Seigenthaler, mookamedi yo o simolotseng ''USA Today'' le motlhami wa lekgotlana la kgololesego ya Lekalana la Phetolo ya Ntlha kwa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Vanderbilt, o ne a leletsa motlhami-mmogo wa Wikipedia e bong Jimmy Wales mme a mmotsa gore a o na le tsela epe ya go itse gore ke mang yo o tsentseng kgang ye e senang boammaaruri yeo. Wales o ne a re ga itse, le fa mong wa molato a ne a feleletsa a latedisiwa. <ref name="book The World is Flat 1">{{Cite book |last=Friedman |first=Thomas L. |year=2007 |title=The World is Flat |publisher=[[Farrar, Straus & Giroux]] |isbn=978-0-374-29278-2 |page=124}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Buchanan |first=Brian |date=November 17, 2006 |title=Founder shares cautionary tale of libel in cyberspace |url=https://archive.firstamendmentcenter.org/news.aspx?id=17798 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221140311/https://archive.firstamendmentcenter.org/news.aspx?id=17798 |archive-date=December 21, 2012 |access-date=November 17, 2012 |publisher=[[First Amendment Center]]}}</ref> Morago ga tiragalo e, Seigenthaler o ne a tlhalosa Wikipedia e le "sedirisiwa sa patlisiso se se nang le diphoso gape se sena maikarabelo". Tiragalo e e ne ya dira gore go dirwe diphetogo tsa melawana kwa Wikipedia tsa go gagamatsa go netefadiwa ga dikwalo tse di buang ka matshelo a batho ba ba tshelang. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Helm|first=Burt|title=Wikipedia: "A Work in Progress"|url=https://www.businessweek.com/stories/2005-12-13/wikipedia-a-work-in-progress|date=December 13, 2005|access-date=July 26, 2012}}</ref> === Dikganetsano le dintwa tsa go tlaleletsa dikwalo === Bakwadi ba Wikipedia gantsi ba na le go sa dumalane mabapi le diteng, tse di ka tlotliwang mo ditsebeng tsa Puisano tsa dikwalo. Dikganetsano di ka felela ka diphetogo tse di gaisanang gangwe le gape mo dikwalong, tse di bidiwang "ntwa ya go tlaleletsa". <ref name="NBC WP editorial warzone 12">{{Cite news|last=Coldewey|first=Devin|date=June 21, 2012|title=Wikipedia is editorial warzone, says study|department=Technology|work=[[NBC News]]|url=https://sys03-public.nbcnews.com/technology/wikipedia-editorial-warzone-says-study-838793|access-date=March 26, 2021|archivedate=August 26, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826113318/http://sys03-public.nbcnews.com/technology/wikipedia-editorial-warzone-says-study-838793}}</ref> E bonwa ke botlhe jaaka seemo se se senyang didirisiwa mme go sena kitso epe e e mosola e e tsengwang, <ref>{{Cite book |last=Kalyanasundaram |first=Arun |date=December 2015 |title=2015 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC) |last2=Wei |first2=Wei |last3=Carley |first3=Kathleen M. |last4=Herbsleb |first4=James D. |publisher=IEEE |isbn=978-1-4673-9743-8 |location=Huntington Beach, CA |pages=276–287 |chapter=An agent-based model of edit wars in Wikipedia: How and when is consensus reached |citeseerx=10.1.1.715.2758 |doi=10.1109/WSC.2015.7408171}}</ref> gape e a kgalwa ka e tsewa e dira ngwao ya gore bakwadi ba nne le kgaisano e nang le kgotlhang <ref>{{Cite book |last=Suh |first=Bongwon |date=2009 |title=Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration |last2=Convertino |first2=Gregorio |last3=Chi |first3=Ed H. |last4=Pirolli |first4=Peter |publisher=ACM Press |isbn=978-1-60558-730-1 |location=Orlando, FL |pages=1–10 |chapter=The singularity is not near |doi=10.1145/1641309.1641322 |doi-access=free}}</ref> se se amangwang le dikarolo tsa bong tsa banna tsa setso . <ref>{{Cite news|last=Torres|first=Nicole|date=June 2, 2016|title=Why Do So Few Women Edit Wikipedia?|url=https://hbr.org/2016/06/why-do-so-few-women-edit-wikipedia|access-date=August 20, 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bear |first=Julia B. |last2=Collier |first2=Benjamin |date=March 2016 |title=Where are the Women in Wikipedia? Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Wikipedia |journal=Sex Roles |volume=74 |issue=5–6 |pages=254–265 |doi=10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |s2cid=146452625}}</ref> Dipatlisiso di itebagantse thata le, sekai, go tlhoka botho ka dikganetsano, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khazraie |first=Marzieh |last2=Talebzadeh |first2=Hossein |date=February 7, 2020 |title="Wikipedia does NOT tolerate your babbling!": Impoliteness-induced conflict (resolution) in a polylogal collaborative online community of practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378216620300771 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Pragmatics |volume=163 |pages=46–65 |doi=10.1016/j.pragma.2020.03.009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914115833/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378216620300771 |archive-date=September 14, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smirnov |first=Ivan |last2=Oprea |first2=Camelia |last3=Strohmaier |first3=Markus |date=December 1, 2023 |editor-last=Ognyanova |editor-first=Katherine |title=Toxic comments are associated with reduced activity of volunteer editors on Wikipedia |url=https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/doi/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385/7457939 |url-status=live |journal=PNAS Nexus |volume=2 |issue=12 |doi=10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385 |issn=2752-6542 |pmc=10697426 |pmid=38059265 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007101400/https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/doi/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad385/7457939 |archive-date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024 |doi-access=free |article-number=pgad385}}</ref> tlhotlheletso ya dikampa tsa bakwadi tse di gaisanang, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lerner |first=Jürgen |last2=Lomi |first2=Alessandro |date=December 21, 2020 |title=The free encyclopedia that anyone can dispute: An analysis of the micro-structural dynamics of positive and negative relations in the production of contentious Wikipedia articles |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378873318300467 |url-status=live |journal=Social Networks |volume=60 |pages=11–25 |doi=10.1016/j.socnet.2018.12.003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126001010/https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378873318300467 |archive-date=November 26, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morris-O'Connor |first=Danielle A. |last2=Strotmann |first2=Andreas |last3=Zhao |first3=Dangzhi |date=April 4, 2023 |title=The colonization of Wikipedia: evidence from characteristic editing behaviors of warring camps |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090/full/html |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Documentation |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=784–810 |doi=10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090 |issn=0022-0418 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020151300/https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JD-04-2022-0090/full/html |archive-date=October 20, 2023 |access-date=November 14, 2023}}</ref> popego ya dipuisano, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ziembowicz |first=Karolina |last2=Roszczyńska-Kurasińska |first2=Magdalena |last3=Rychwalska |first3=Agnieszka |last4=Nowak |first4=Andrzej |date=October 3, 2022 |title=Predicting conflict-prone disputes using the structure of turn-taking: the case of Wikipedia |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224 |url-status=live |journal=Information, Communication & Society |volume=25 |issue=13 |pages=1987–2005 |doi=10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224 |issn=1369-118X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007091334/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1369118X.2021.1924224 |archive-date=October 7, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> le phetogo ya dikgotlhang go tlhoma mogopolo mo metsweding. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Chhabra |first=Anamika |date=August 25, 2020 |title=Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Open Collaboration |last2=Kaur |first2=Rishemjit |last3=Iyengar |first3=S. R.S. |publisher=ACM |isbn=978-1-4503-8779-8 |pages=1–10 |chapter=Dynamics of Edit War Sequences in Wikipedia |doi=10.1145/3412569.3412585 |access-date=September 15, 2024 |chapter-url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3412569.3412585 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915052238/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3412569.3412585 |archive-date=September 15, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name="Ruprechter">{{Cite journal |last=Ruprechter |first=Thorsten |last2=Santos |first2=Tiago |last3=Helic |first3=Denis |date=September 9, 2020 |title=Relating Wikipedia article quality to edit behavior and link structure |journal=Applied Network Science |volume=5 |issue=1 |doi=10.1007/s41109-020-00305-y |issn=2364-8228 |doi-access=free |article-number=61}}</ref> Taha Yasseri wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Oxford o ne a sekaseka dikgotlhang tsa go tlaleletsa/kwala dikwalo le go rarabololwa ga tsone mo patlisisong ya 2013. <ref name="Yasseri-2014">{{Cite book |last=Yasseri |first=Taha |author-link=Taha Yasseri |year=2014 |title=The Most Controversial Topics in Wikipedia: A Multilingual and Geographical Analysis |last2=Spoerri |first2=Anselm |last3=Graham |first3=Mark |last4=Kertész |first4=János |author-link4=János Kertész |publisher=Scarecrow Press |editor-last=Fichman, P. |doi=10.2139/SSRN.2269392 |ssrn=2269392 |editor-last2=Hara, N.}}</ref> Yasseri o ne a nganga gore go boela morago mo go bonolo fela kgotsa ditiro tsa "go dirolola" e ne e se selekanyo se se botlhokwa thata sa boitshwaro jo bo sa siamang jwa tiro kwa Wikipedia. O ne a ikaegile boemong jwa seo ka leano la "bakwadi ba le babedi ba bereka mmogo go boela ditlaleletso morago", le e leng gore mokwadi a le mongwe o tlaabo a busetsa morago go tlaleletsa ga mokwadi yo mongwe yo morago ga moo, ka tatelano, a boelang go busetsa tlaleletso ya mokwadi wa ntlha morago. Maduo a ne a tsenngwa mo lenaneong la diphetolelo di le mmalwa tsa dipuo tsa Wikipedia. Dikgotlhang tsa dipalo tse tharo tse di tona mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e ne e le tsa dikwalo tsa ga George W. Bush, botlhokapuso, le Muhammad . <ref name="Yasseri-2014" /> Fa go bapisiwa, mo Wikipedia ya Jeremane, dikgotlhang tsa dipalo tse tharo tse di tona ka nako ya patlisiso e ne e le tsa dikwalo tse di neng di bua ka Croatia, Scientology, le megopolo ka tiragalo ya 9/11 . <ref name="Yasseri-2014" /> Ka 2020, babatlisisi ba ne ba supa dikgato tse dingwe ka maitsholo a bakwadi, go feta go boela morago ditlaleletso ka bobedi, go supa dikgotlhang tsa go tlaleletsa dikwalo go ralala Wikipedia. <ref name="Ruprechter"/> Bakwadi gape ba ngangisana ka go phimolwa ga dikwalo mo Wikipedia, ka dingangisano tse di ntseng jalo di ka nna dikete di le makgolo a le matlhano fa e sa le Wikipedia e simololwa go tloga ka 2019. Fa lekwalo le sena go tlhophiwa go phimolwa, kganetsano gantsi e laolwa ke ditlhopo tsa ntlha (gore a le bolokwe kgotsa le phimolwe) le ka go umaka melawana ya tse di rileng tsa setlhogo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mayfield |first=Elijah |last2=Black |first2=Alan W. |date=November 7, 2019 |title=Analyzing Wikipedia Deletion Debates with a Group Decision-Making Forecast Model |url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3359308 |url-status=live |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |volume=3 |issue=CSCW |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1145/3359308 |issn=2573-0142 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240915025504/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3359308 |archive-date=September 15, 2024 |access-date=September 15, 2024}}</ref> == Melao le diteng == Wikipedia e na le mafelo a maina a a farologaneng a le lesome le bongwe mme dikwalo tsa yone di teng mo ''lefelong la maremelelo'' . Mafelo a mangwe a maina a na le ketapele pele ga setlhogo sa tsebe ya one mme a diragatsa maikaelelo a a farologaneng. Sekai, lefelo la maina a lenaneo le o a dirisa ketapele ''ya Wikipedia'' mme gape le dirisediwa dipuisano tse di amanang le go ipusa. Bontsi jwa babadi ga ba itse ka mafelo a a mangwe a maina. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=3}} Melaometheo ya morafe wa badirisi ba Wikipedia e akareditswe mo "Dipilara tse Tlhano", fa melaometheo e e tseneletseng ya go tlaleletsa dikwalo e tlhagisiwa mo melaong le dikaedi tse dintsi tse di diretsweng go bopa diteng mo go tshwanetseng. Dipilara tse tlhano tseo ke: * Wikipedia ke ensaetlolopedia * Wikipedia e kwadilwe ka tsela e e sa tseyeng letlhakore * Diteng tsa Wikipedia ke tsa mahala tse mongwe le mongwe a ka di dirisang, a di tlaleletsa, le go di anamisa * Bakwadi ba Wikipedia ba tshwanetse go tshwarana ka tlotlo le maitseo * Wikipedia ga e na melao e e kgopo Melao e e tlhamilweng ke badirisi e bolokwa mo lefelong la maina la Wikipedia, mme bakwai ba Wikipedia ba kwala le go tlhabolola melao le dikaelo tsa webosaete go ya ka tumalano ya badirisi. <ref name="pcworld who's behind WP">{{Cite web |date=February 6, 2008 |title=Who's behind Wikipedia? |url=https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/index.php/id;1866322157;fp;2;fpid;2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209110303/https://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/index.php/id%3B1866322157%3Bfp%3B2%3Bfpid%3B2 |archive-date=February 9, 2008 |access-date=February 7, 2008 |website=PC World |page=2}}</ref> Kwa tshimologong, melao ya dikgatiso tse e seng tsa Sekgoa tsa Wikipedia e ne e beilwe mo thanolong ya melao ya Wikipedia ya Sekgoa. Fa e sa le ka nako eo e ile ya fapoga golo gongwe. === Melao ya diteng le dikaelo === Go ya ka melao ya morafe wa badirisi ba Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, lekwalo lengwe le lengwe mo Wikipedia le tshwanetse go nna le setlhogo se se maleba go nna mo [[wiktionary:encyclopedic|ensaetlolopedia]] mme e se lekwalo le le kwadilweng kana le utlwalega jaaka buka ya tlhaloso ya mafoko. Setlhogo gape se tshwanetse go fitlhelela maemo a Wikipedia a "notability", se se rayang gore setlhogo se tshwanetse gore a bo se kile sa akarediwa thata mo metsweding e e ikanyegang e e ikemetseng ka nosi mo setlhogong sa lekwalo leo. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=53–54}}Wikipedia e ikaeletse go fetisa fela kitso e e setseng e tlhomilwe gape e lemogwa ka jalo ga e a tshwanela go tlhagisa dipatlisiso tsa ntlha tsa setlhogo sa palo. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=32}}Ditlhogo tsa dipalo tse dingwe, jaaka tsa mapolotiki le barutegi, di na le melwana e e kgethegileng. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=53–54}}La bofelo, Wikipedia e tshwanetse go supa karolo e e sa tseyeng letlhakore. Se se fitlhelelwa ka go soboka metswedi e e ikanyegang, go dirisa puo e e sa tseyeng letlhakore, le go tlhomamisa gore go tlhagisiwa dintlha tse dintsintsi go ikaegile ka gore di tlhagelela go le kana kang. Dikgang/kitso gape e tshwanetse gore a bo e ka netefadiwa. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=5–7}}Lekwalo le le senang dinopolo le ka nna la tshwaiwa kgotsa la phimolwa gotlhelele. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=33}}Se ka dinako tse dingwe se ka dira gore go phimolwe lekwalo(tshedimosetso) , le fa e le boammaaruri, e le gore ga e na metswedi sentle. <ref name="IHT WP valid info wrong removable 1">{{Cite news|last=Cohen|first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen|date=August 9, 2011|title=For inclusive mission, Wikipedia is told that written word goes only so far|page=18|newspaper=[[International Herald Tribune]]}}</ref> Jaaka fa melao ya Wikipedia e ntse e fetoga mo tsamaong ya nako, gape e nna dingalo, palo ya yone e ile ya gola. Ka 2008, go ne go na le ditsebe tsa melao di le masome a mane le bone le ditsebe tsa dikaelo di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a le mane le boferabobedi (248); ka 2013, barutegi ba ne ba bala ditsebe tsa melao di le makgolo a le mararo le masome a le boferabobedi le boraro (383) le ditsebe tsa dikaelo di le makgolo a le mane le masome a le mane le boferabongwe (449). <ref name="Ren-2024"/> == Tsamaiso/Puso == Puso ya ntlha ya Wikipedia e ne ya kopanya dikarolo tsa puso ya batho ka batho le tsa tatelano ya maemo fa nako e ntse e tsamaya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanger |first=Larry |author-link=Larry Sanger |date=April 18, 2005 |title=The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir |url=https://features.slashdot.org/story/05/04/18/164213/the-early-history-of-nupedia-and-wikipedia-a-memoir |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525051304/http://features.slashdot.org/features/05/04/18/164213.shtml |archive-date=May 25, 2009 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=[[Slashdot]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kostakis |first=Vasilis |date=March 2010 |title=Identifying and understanding the problems of Wikipedia's peer governance: The case of inclusionists versus deletionists |url=https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2613/2479 |url-status=live |journal=First Monday |volume=15 |issue=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310125049/https://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2613/2479 |archive-date=March 10, 2021 |access-date=March 26, 2021}}</ref> Lekwalo ga le tsewe e le la motlhami wa lone kgotsa mokwadi ope yo mongwe, le fa e le yo go buiwang ka ene (setlhogo) mo go lone. Bakwadi ba ba mo maemong a a siameng mo morafeng ww badirisi ba ka kopa ditshwanelo tse dingwe tsa bodirisi, se se ka ba nayang bokgoni jwa setegeniki jwa go dira ditiro dingwe tse di kgethegileng. Ditshwanelo dingwe tsa bodirisi di neelwa ka go itirisa (automatically), jaaka ditlhopha tse ''di netefaditsweng ka go itirisa'' le ''tse di netefaditsweng tse di atolositsweng'', fa dingwaga tsa akhaonte le diphetogo tsa dikwalo tse di batliwang di fitlhelelwa. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=12–13}} === Batsamaisi === Bakwadi ba ba nang le kitso ya bodirisi ba ka tlhopha go tsenelela ditlhopho tsa " botsamaisi ", jo bo akaretsang bokgoni jwa go phimola ditsebe kgotsa go di thibela gore di se ka tsa fetolwa mo dikgetseng tsa tshenyo e e masisi kgotsa dikgotlhang tsa dikwalo. Batsamaisi ga ba a tshwanela go nna le dithata dipe tse di kgethegileng tsa go dira ditshwetso; go na le seo, dithata tsa bone di lekanyeditswe thata mo go direng diphetogo tse di botlhokwa thata tsa mananeo mme ka jalo ga di letlelelwe bakwadi ba ba tlwaelesegileng, le go diragatsa dithibelo tse di ikaeletseng go thibela bakwadi ba ba kgoreletsang go dira diphetogo tse di senang mosola. <ref name=":6" group="W" /> Ka 2012, bakwadi ba le mmalwa ba ne ba nna batsamaisi fa ba bapisiwa le dingwaga tsa pele tsa Wikipedia, bontlhabongwe jwa lobaka la kgang e e le gore thulaganyo ya go tlhatlhoba batsamaisi ba ba ka nnang teng e ne e setse e gagametse thata. <ref name="Meyer-2012"/> Ka 2022, go ne ga nna le kopo e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata ya botsamaisi ka ga maikutlo a ntlhopheng yo o neng a le kgatlhanong le Trump; kwa bofelong, ba ne ba newa botsamaisi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harrison |first=Stephen |date=June 16, 2022 |title=Inside Wikipedia's Historic, Fiercely Contested "Election" |url=https://slate.com/technology/2022/06/wikipedia-administrator-election-tamzin.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824123521/https://slate.com/technology/2022/06/wikipedia-administrator-election-tamzin.html |archive-date=August 24, 2022 |access-date=July 22, 2022 |website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}</ref> === Tharabololo ya dikgotlhang === Mo tsamaong ya nako, Wikipedia e tlhamile thulaganyo ya go rarabolola dikgotlhang e e sa tlhomamang tota-tota. Go tlhomamisa tumalano gareng ga morafe wa badirisi, bakwadi ba ka tlhagisa dikgang kwa makgotlaneng a badirisi a a maleba, ba batla dikakgelo kwa ntle ka dikopo tsa maikutlo a boraro, kgotsa ba simolola dipuisano tsa morafe wa badirisi ka kakaretso, yo o bidiwang "kopo ya kakgelo", e mo go yone di-bot di tsenyang puisano eo mo lenaneong le le kopantsweng la dipuisano, mme bakwadi a bo ba lalediwa go tsaya karolo, mme morago ba sutlhe puisano eo mo lenaneong morago ga malatsi a le masome a boraro. Le fa go ntse jalo, bakwadi ba na le tshwanelo ya go tswala (le go sutlha) puisano eo pele kgotsa morago ga nako. Fa maduo a puisano a sa bonale sentle, mokwadi yo o gaufi yo o sa amegeng yo gantsi a leng mo maemong a a siameng a ka ntsha katlholo go ya ka maatla a mabaka a a ntshiwang le palo ya batho ba ba ngangisanang mo matlhakoreng otlhe. <ref name="Bandler-2024">{{Citation|last=Bandler|first=Aaron|date=June 21, 2024|title=Wikipedia Editors Label ADL Only Reliable for Antisemitism When 'Israel and Zionism Are Not Concerned'|url=https://jewishjournal.com/news/united-states/372532/wikipedia-editors-label-adl-only-reliable-for-antisemitism-when-israel-and-zionism-are-not-concerned/|access-date=May 3, 2025}}</ref> Badirisi ba Wikipedia ba gatelela gore thulaganyo e ga se go tlhopha ka go umaka dipego tsa maikutlo mo dipuisanong tseo jaaka "!vote", e mo go lone letshwao la kgakgamatso e leng letshwao la go ganetsa ka tsela e e utlwalang mme le bidiwa "nnyaa". <ref>{{Citation|last=Harrison|first=Stephen|title=Wikipedia's War on the Daily Mail|date=July 1, 2021|work=Slate|url=https://slate.com/technology/2021/07/wikipedia-daily-mail-generally-unreliable.html|access-date=May 13, 2025|issn=1091-2339}}</ref> Wikipedia e rotloetsa ditharabololo tsa dikgotlhang, tse Jemielniak a reng di kgethegile thata mo dithutong tsa mokgatlho, le fa go nnile le kgatlhego ya bosheng jaana mo go ageng tumalano mo lephateng le. <ref name="Jemielniak">{{Cite book |last=Jemielniak |first=Dariusz |year=2014 |title=Common Knowledge?: An Ethnography of Wikipedia |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8047-9120-5 |location=Stanford, CA |doi=10.2307/j.ctvqsdrf9 |jstor=j.ctvqsdrf9}}</ref> Reagle le Sue Gardner ba nganga gore mekgwa ya go aga tumalano e tshwana le e e dirisiwang ke ba-Quakers . <ref name="Jemielniak" />{{Rp|page=62}}Pharologanyo le diphuthego tsa ba-Quaker ke go tlhoka motsamaisi fa go na le go sa dumalana, e leng seabe se se tshamekiwang ke mokwaledi mo diphuthegong tsa Ba-Quaker. <ref name="Jemielniak" />{{Rp|page=83}} ==== Komiti ya Katlholo ==== Komiti ya Katlholo e okametse thulaganyo ya bofelo ya tharabololo ya dikgotlhang. Le fa gantsi dikgotlhang di tsoga ka ntlha ya go sa dumalane ka megopolo e mebedi e e ganetsanang ka lekwalo le tshwanetseng go balega ka teng, Komiti ya Katlholo e gana tota ka go dira tshwetso ka tlhamalalo ka mogopolo yo o tshwanetseng go amogelwa. <ref name="Hoffman-2009">{{Cite journal |last=Hoffman |first=David A. |last2=Mehra |first2=Salil K. |date=March 5, 2009 |title=Wikitruth Through Wikiorder |url=https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/elj/vol59/iss1/3/ |url-status=live |journal=Emory Law Journal |volume=59 |issue=1 |ssrn=1354424 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613214656/https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/elj/vol59/iss1/3/ |archive-date=June 13, 2021 |access-date=November 15, 2024}}</ref> Ditshekatsheko tsa dipalopalo di supa gore komiti ya Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e itlhokomolosa diteng tsa dikgotlhang mme go na le moo e remelela thata mo goreng dikgotlhang di tsamaisiwe jang, e sa dire thata go rarabolola dikgotlhang le go dira kagiso fa gare ga bakwadi ba ba ganetsenang, mme e ntsha bakwadi ba ba dingalo e ntse e letla bakwadi ba tlhaga go boela go tsaya karolo gape. <ref name="Hoffman-2009"/> Ka jalo, komiti ga e laole diteng tsa dikwalo, le fa ka dinako tse dingwe e kgala diphetogo tsa diteng fa e tsaya gore diteng tse disha di tlola melao ya Wikipedia (sekai, fa diteng tse disha di tsewa di tsaya letlhakore).{{efn|The committee may directly rule that a content change is inappropriate, but may not directly rule that certain content is inappropriate.}} Ditharabololo tse di dirisiwang gantsi di akaretsa dikgalemo le go beewa leitlho thata( di dirisiwa mo dikgetseng di le masome a le marataro le boraro mo lekgolong (63%)) le go kobela ruri bakwadi mo dikwalong (masome a le mane le boraro mo lekgolong (43%)), dikgang tsa setlhogo (masome a le mabedi le boraro mo lekgolong (23%)), kgotsa mo Wikipedia (lesome le borataro mo lekgolong(16%)). <ref name="Hoffman-2009" /> Go kobelwa ruri mo go feletseng mo Wikipedia gantsi go beetswe fela dikgetse di tshwana le go ipaya o le motho yo mongwe le boitshwaro jwa go sa dirisana le batho ba bangwe sentle . Fa boitshwaro e se go ipaya o le motho yo mongwe kgotsa go nna kgatlhanong le go tshela sentle le batho ba bangwe, mme e le jwa dintwa tsa dikwalo le go roba melao e mengwe ya go tlaleletsa/kwala dikwalo, ditharabololo di na le go ema ka dikgalemo fela. <ref name="Hoffman-2009" /> == Morafe wa badirisi == [[File:Wikimania_-_the_Wikimentary.webm|start=00:04|thumbtime=00:16|thumb|Setshwantsho sa motshikinyego saWikimania 2005{{snd}}bokopano jwa ngwaga le ngwaga jwa badirisi ba Wikipedia le mananeo a mangwe a a tsamaisiwang ke [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]], o ne o tshwaretswe kwa Frankfurt am Main, kwa Jeremane, ka Phatwe a le malatsi a le mane go fitlhela a le boferabobedi.]] Lekwalo lengwe le lengwe le modirisi mongwe le mongwe wa Wikipedia o na le tsebe e a amanang le yone gape e e kgethegileng ya "puo". Dilo tse di bopa tsela ya konokono ya dipuisano gore bakwadi ba kgone go abelana megopolo, go rulaganya le go ngangisana. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Viégas |first=Fernanda B. |author-link=Fernanda B. Viégas |last2=Wattenberg |first2=Martin M. |author-link2=Martin M. Wattenberg |last3=Kriss |first3=Jesse |last4=van Ham |first4=Frank |date=January 3, 2007 |title=Talk Before You Type: Coordination in Wikipedia |url=https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/wikipedia_coordination_final.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205111038/https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/wikipedia_coordination_final.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2007 |access-date=June 27, 2008 |publisher=Visual Communication Lab, [[IBM Research]]}}</ref> Morafe wa Wikipedia o tlhalositswe fa o tswana le setlhopha sa bodumedi, <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/dec/15/wikipedia.web20|title=Log on and join in, but beware the web cults|first1=Charles|last1=Arthur|date=December 15, 2005|access-date=December 26, 2008}}</ref> le fa go sa tewe ka mekgwa e e sa lolamang fela ka dinako tsotlhe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/internet/08/03/wikipedia/index.html|title=Wikipedia: The know-it-all Web site|first1=Kristie|last1=Lu Stout|publisher=CNN|date=August 4, 2003|access-date=December 26, 2008}}</ref> Go rata go nna seoposengwe ga one, le fa go tlhoka go mpampetsa mo go akaretsang go tlhokomologa dintlha tsa go itshupa, go biditswe " go nna kgatlhanong le go itseela kwa maemong a a kwa godimo " . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Sanger |first=Larry |author-link=Larry Sanger |date=December 31, 2004 |title=Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism |url=https://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101011352/http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25 |archive-date=November 1, 2021 |access-date=March 26, 2021 |website=[[Kuro5hin]], Op–Ed |quote=There is a certain mindset associated with unmoderated Usenet groups [...] that infects the collectively-managed Wikipedia project: if you react strongly to trolling, that reflects poorly on you, not (necessarily) on the troll. If you [...] demand that something be done about constant disruption by trollish behavior, the other listmembers will cry "censorship", attack you, and even come to the defense of the troll. [...] The root problem: anti-elitism, or lack of respect for expertise. There is a deeper problem [...] which explains both of the above-elaborated problems. Namely, as a community, Wikipedia lacks the habit or tradition of respect for expertise. As a community, far from being elitist, it is anti-elitist (which, in this context, means that expertise is not accorded any special respect, and snubs and disrespect of expertise are tolerated). This is one of my failures: a policy that I attempted to institute in Wikipedia's first year, but for which I did not muster adequate support, was the policy of respecting and deferring politely to experts. (Those who were there will, I hope, remember that I tried very hard.)}}</ref> [[File:Editing_Hoxne_Hoard_at_the_British_Museum.ogv|right|thumb|Badiri ba Wikipedia le batlhokomedi ba [[Motlobo wa ditso wa Borithane]] ba dirisana mmogo mo lekwalong la Hoxne Hoard ka Seetebosigo 2010.]] Wikipedia ga e tlhoke gore bakwadi ba yone le ba na le seabe ba itshupe gore ke bomang. Fa Wikipedia e ntse e gola, potso ya "Ke mang yo o kwalang Wikipedia?" e ne ya nna nngwe ya dipotso tse di neng di botswa thata teng.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kittur |first=Aniket |year=2007 |title=CHI '07: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |publisher=Viktoria Institute |chapter=Power of the Few vs. Wisdom of the Crowd: Wikipedia and the Rise of the Bourgeoisie |citeseerx=10.1.1.212.8218}}</ref> Jimmy Wales o kile a bolela gore ke fela "morafe&nbsp;... setlhopha se se ineetseng sa baithaopi ba le makgolo a le mmalwa" se se dirang bontsi jwa ditshwaelo mo Wikipedia le gore ka jalo lenaneo le "le tshwana fela le mokgatlho mongwe le mongwe yo o tlwaelesegileng". <ref name="blodget">{{Cite news|last=Blodget|first=Henry|date=January 3, 2009|title=Who The Hell Writes Wikipedia, Anyway?|work=[[Insider Inc.|Business Insider]]|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/2009/1/who-the-hell-writes-wikipedia-anyway|access-date=January 26, 2023}}</ref> Ka Wikipedia e ikaegile ka tiro ya boithaopo, bakwadi gantsi ba remelela mo dikgannyeng tse di ba kgatlhang. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=61–62}} Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e na le dikwalo di le didikadile di le bosupa le dikete di le makgolo a mabedi le boferabongwe le masome a le matlhano le bone ({{self-reference link|Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}}}), bakwadi ba ba kwadisitsweng ba le didikadike di le masome a matlhano le boraro le dikete di le makgolo a marataro le masome a le bosupa le botlhano le makgolo a le mararo le masome a le mane le bongwe ({{self-reference link|Special:ListUsers|{{NUMBEROFUSERS}}}}), le bakwadi ba ba ba tlhaga ba dinako tsotlhe ba le dikete di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a le mane le boferabongwe le makgolo a le mararo le masome a le boferabobedi le bosupa( {{self-reference link|Special:ActiveUsers|{{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}}}} ). Mokwadi o tsewa a le tlhaga fa a dirile phetogo/tlaleletso e le nngwe kgotsa go feta mo malatsing a le masome a mararo a a fetileng. Bakwadi ba ba palelwang ke go sela morago mekgwa ya Wikipedia, e e tshwanang le go saena ditshwaelo tsa tsebe ya puisano, ba ka supa ka tlhamalalo gore ke batho ba ba tswang kwa ntle ga Wikipedia, mme se sa oketsa kgonagalo ya gore badirisi ba ba mo teng ga Wikipedia ba ka nna ba lebisa kgotsa ba fokotsa ditshwaelo tsa bone. Go nna modirisi yo o mo teng ga Wikipedia go akaretsa ditshenyegelo tse di sa reng sepe: motsaakarolo o solofetswe go ithuta dikhoutu tsa maranyane tse di rileng tsa Wikipedia, go ineela mo thulaganyong e ka dinako dingwe e leng dingalo ya go rarabolola dikgotlhang, le go ithuta "ngwao e e makatsang e e humileng metlae le dikakgelo tsa mo teng". <ref name="labor squeeze on WP 1" /> Bakwadi ba ba sa tseneng mo teng ga ensaetlolopedia ke " badirisi ba maemo a bobedi " mo Wikipedia ka tsela nngwe, <ref name="labor squeeze on WP 1">{{Cite journal |year=2010 |title=Wikipedia's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences |url=https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/facpubs/5/ |url-status=live |journal=Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law |volume=8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126220032/https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/facpubs/5/ |archive-date=January 26, 2023 |access-date=January 26, 2023 |via=Santa Clara Law Digital Commons}}</ref> ka gonne "batsayakarolo ba amogetswe semmuso ke maloko a morafe wa wiki, ba ba nang le kgatlhego e e tseneletseng mo go somareleng boleng jwa tiro e e ntshiwang, go lebilwe go nna le seabe ga bone mo go tswelelang", <ref name="legal edu and WP 1">{{Cite journal |date=March 2007 |title=Wikipedia and the Future of Legal Education |journal=Journal of Legal Education |publisher=[[Association of American Law Schools]] |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=3–9 |jstor=42894005}}</ref> mme ditso tsa go nna le seabe tsa bakwadi ba ba sa itsiweng ba sa ikwadisa mme ba lemogwa ka . diaterese tsa bone fela ga di amane le mokwadi ope ka tlhomamo. <ref name="legal edu and WP 1" /> Bakwadi ba basha gantsi ba sokola go tlhaloganya marara a Wikipedia. Bakwadi ba ba nang le maitemogelo/kitso ba rotloediwa gore ba seka ba "tlhasela" badirisi ba ba sha gore ba kgone go dira mowa wa go amogela batho. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=10–11}} === Dipatlisiso === Patlisiso ya 2007 e e dirilweng ke babatlisisi go tswa kwa Dartmouth College e bone gore "badirisi ba ba sa itsiweng le ba ba sa tseyeng karolo thata mo Wikipedia&nbsp;... ke motswedi o o ikanyegang wa kitso fela jaaka badirisi ba ba ikwadisang mo saeteng e". <ref name="sciam good samaritans 1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=good-samaritans-are-on-the-money|title=Wikipedia "Good Samaritans" Are on the Money|work=Scientific American|date=October 19, 2007|access-date=December 26, 2008}}</ref> Jimmy Wales o boletse ka 2009 gore "[Go] bonala gore go feta sephatlo mo lekgolong (50%) ya diphetogo tsotlhe di dirwa ke 0.7% fela ya badirisi&nbsp;... Batho ba le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mabedi le bone&nbsp;... Mme tota, bobedi mo lekgolong (2%) e etlhaga thata, e leng batho ba le sekete le makgolo a mane , ba dirile 73.4% ya diphetogo tsotlhe." <ref name="blodget"/> Le fa go ntse jalo, morulaganyi wa ''Business Insider'' gape e le mmegadikgang Henry Blodget o bontshitse ka 2009 gore mo bontlhengbongwe jwa dikwalo tse di tlhophilweng fela go sena lenaneo, bontsi jwa diteng tsa Wikipedia (tse di lekanngwang ka selekanyo sa mokwalo o o tsentsweng o o sa ntseng o le teng go fitlha ka sampole ya bosheng) di tlhamilwe ke "batho ba ba tswang kwa ntle", fa bontsi jwa go kwala le go fomata go dirwa ke "badirisi ba ba mo teng". <ref name="blodget" /> Ka 2008, setlhogo sa bukana ya ditshwantsho le dikgang y''a Slate'' e ne ya bega gore "bongwe fela mo lekgolong la badirisi ba Wikipedia ke bone ba ba dirang mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa diphetogo tsa saete e." <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.slate.com/id/2184487|title=The Wisdom of the Chaperones|date=February 22, 2008|first=Chris|last=Wilson|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|access-date=August 13, 2014}}</ref> Mokgwa o wa go sekaseka go tsaa karolo o ne wa ganetswa morago ke Aaron Swartz, yo o neng a lemotsha gore dikwalo di le mmalwa tse a neng a di tsaya disampole di ne di na le dikarolo tse ditona tsa diteng tsa tsone (tse di lekanngwang ka palo ya ditlhaka) tse di neng di dirilwe ke badirisi ba ba nang le dipalo tse di kwa tlase tsa bokwadi/go tlaleletsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swartz |first=Aaron |date=September 4, 2006 |title=Raw Thought: Who Writes Wikipedia? |url=https://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/whowriteswikipedia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803134036/https://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/whowriteswikipedia |archive-date=August 3, 2014 |access-date=February 23, 2008}}</ref> Thutopatlisiso ya 2008 e fitlhetse gore batho ba Wikipedia ba ne ba sa dumalane thata, ba sa bulegela megopolo, e bile ba se kelo-tlhoko go feta ba bangwe, <ref name="liebertonline view on WP users 1">{{Cite journal |last=Amichai-Hamburger |first=Yair |last2=Lamdan |first2=Naama |last3=Madiel |first3=Rinat |last4=Hayat |first4=Tsahi |year=2008 |title=Personality Characteristics of Wikipedia Members |journal=CyberPsychology & Behavior |publisher=Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=679–681 |doi=10.1089/cpb.2007.0225 |pmid=18954273}}</ref> le fa kakgelo morago e ne ya supa diphoso tse di masisi, di akaretsa gore phatliso e ne e supa go bulegela megopolo mo go kwa godimo le gore dipharologano tsa setlhopha sa taolo le disampole di ne di le dinnye. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McGreal |first=Scott A. |date=March 11, 2013 |title=The Misunderstood Personality Profile of Wikipedia Members |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/unique-everybody-else/201303/the-misunderstood-personality-profile-wikipedia-members |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716155007/https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/unique-everybody-else/201303/the-misunderstood-personality-profile-wikipedia-members |archive-date=July 16, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2016 |website=[[Psychology Today]]}}</ref> Go ya ka patlisiso ya 2009, go na le "bosupi jwa kganetso e e golang go tswa mo morafeng wa badirisi ba Wikipedia mabapi le diteng tse disha". <ref name="newscientist WP boom to bust 1">{{Cite web |last=Giles |first=Jim |date=August 4, 2009 |title=After the boom, is Wikipedia heading for bust? |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17554-after-the-boom-is-wikipedia-heading-for-bust.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421215605/http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17554-after-the-boom-is-wikipedia-heading-for-bust.html |archive-date=April 21, 2015 |access-date=September 18, 2017 |website=New Scientist}}</ref> === Kabakanyo ya badirisi === Dipatlisiso di le mmalwa di supile gore bontsi jwa batsaakarolo ba ba ithaopileng mo Wikipedia ke banna. Maduo a patlisiso ya [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] ka 2008 a supile gore bakwadi ba Wikipedia ba le lesome le boraro mo lekgolong(13%) fela e ne e le basadi. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Cohen|first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen|title=Define Gender Gap? Look Up Wikipedia's Contributor List|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/31/business/media/31link.html?_r=0|work=The New York Times|date=January 31, 2011|access-date=October 28, 2013}}</ref> Ka ntlha ya se, dikolo tsa dithuto tse di kgolwane go ralala United States di ne tsa leka go kgothatsa basadi go nna batsaakarolo ba Wikipedia. <ref name="CBC News-2013" /> Ka tsela e e tshwanang, bontsi jwa dikolo tse di kgolwane tse, di akaretsa Yale le Brown, di ne di akgola baithuti ba ba tlhamang kgotsa ba ba tlaleletsa lekwalo le le amanang le basadi mo go tsa maranyane kgotsa mafaratlhatlha.<ref name="CBC News-2013">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ocad-to-storm-wikipedia-this-fall-1.1412807|title=OCAD to 'Storm Wikipedia' this fall|work=CBC News|date=August 27, 2013|access-date=August 21, 2014}}</ref> Andrew Lih, morutintshi-mogolo gape e le mankge wa maranyane, o ne a re lebaka la go bo a ne a akanya gore palo ya banna ba ba nang le seabe e feta palo ya basadi thata ke ka gore go itshupa o le mosadi go ka nna ga dira gore motho a ipeye mo kotsing ya "boitshwaro jo bo maswe, jo bo tshosang". <ref name="Bloomberg 2016">{{Cite news|date=December 22, 2016|title=Is Wikipedia Woke?|work=Bloomberg Businessweek|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2016-12-22/how-woke-is-wikipedia-s-editorial-pool?|access-date=September 21, 2022}}</ref> Dipego di supile gore MaAforika a emetswe ke dipalo tse di kwa tlase tsa bakwadi mo Wikipedia. <ref name="memeb">{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Andy |date=June 21, 2018 |title=The startling numbers behind Africa's Wikipedia knowledge gaps |url=https://memeburn.com/2018/06/wikipedia-wikimania-africa-numbers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319170357/http://memeburn.com/2018/06/wikipedia-wikimania-africa-numbers/ |archive-date=March 19, 2023 |access-date=January 26, 2023 |website=memeburn}}</ref> == Dikgatiso tsa dipuo == Mo bogompienong, go na le dikgatiso tsa dipuo di le makgolo a mararo le masome a mane le bosupa ({{NUMBEROF|active|Wikipedia}}) tsa Wikipedia (tse gape di bidiwang ''diphetolelo tsa puo'', kgotsa fela ''Wikipedias'' ). Go tloga ka {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}, di-Wikipedia tse thataro tse dikgolo, ka tatelano ya palo ya dikwalo, ke tsa Sekgoa ({{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|1}}), {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|2}}, Sejeremane {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|3}}, Sefora {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|4}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|5}}, le {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|6}} . <ref name="WP list of WPs by article 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:List of Wikipedias |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224190350/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles |archive-date=December 24, 2018 |access-date={{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> DiWikipedia tsa bobedi le ya botlhano ka botona di beilwe mo maemong ao ke bot e e tlhamang dikwalo ya Lsjbot, e ka go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2013 e neng e tlhamile dikwalo di tsamaela sephatlo mo Wikipedia ya Se-Swedish, le bontsi jwa dikwalo mo Wikipedia ya Se-Cebuano le ya Se-Waray . Dipuo tse ka bobedi ke tsa Philippines . Mo godimo ga tse thataro tse di kwa godimo, di-Wikipedia tse dingwe di le lesome le bobedi di na le dikwalo tse di fetang sedikadike nngwe le nngwe ya tsone ( Se{{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|7}}, Se{{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|8}}, Se{{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|9}}, Se{{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|10}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|11}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|12}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|13}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|14}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|15}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|20}} {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|16}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|21}} {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|17}}, le {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|18}} ), tse dingwe di le bosupa go feta di na le dikwalo tse di fetang dikete di le makgolo a matlhano {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|22}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|23}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|24}}, le {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|25}} ), tse dingwe tse di masome a mane le bone ba di na le tse di fetang dikete di le lekgolo , mme di le masome a boferabobedi le bobedi di na le tse di fetang dikete di le lesome. <ref name="WP list of WPs by article 1" group="W"/> E e tona go gaisa, Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, e na le dikwalo di feta didikadike di le bosupa le dikete di le makgolo a mabedi (7.2 million). Go tloga go ema ka Firikgong 2021, Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e amogela masome a le mane le boferabobedi mo lekgolong (48%) ya pharakano e e kokoantsweng ya Wikipedia, mme palo e e setseng e kgaogantswe mo gareng ga dipuo tse dingwe. Dikgatiso tse di kwa godimo di le lesome di emela mo e ka nnang masome a le boferabobedi le botlhano mo lekgolong (85%) ya pharakano yotlhe. Ka Wikipedia e beilwe mo Webo ka jalo e le ya lefatshe ka bophara, batsaakarolo mo kgatisong e le nngwe ya puo ba ka nna ba dirisa diteme (tsa puo e le nngwe) tse di farologaneng kgotsa ba ka tswa ba tswa kwa mafatsheng a a farologaneng (jaaka go ntse ka kgatiso ya Sekgoa).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2026)">citation needed</span>'' &#x5D;</sup> Dipharologano tse di ka baka dikgotlhang dingwe ka ga dipharologano tsa go peleta (sekao, colour kgatlhanong ''le color'' ) <ref name="WP spelling MOS 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Spelling |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104005104/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling |archive-date=January 4, 2021 |access-date=November 6, 2023 |website=Wikipedia}}</ref> kgotsa matlhakore. <ref name="WP countering bias 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104005153/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias |archive-date=January 4, 2021 |access-date=December 11, 2023 |website=Wikipedia}}</ref> Le fa dikgatiso tse di farologaneng tsa dipuo di tshegetswa ka melao ya lefatshe lotlhe jaaka " pono e e sa tseyeng letlhakore ", di farologana mo dintlheng dingwe tsa melao le tiriso, segolobogolo mo go reng a ditshwantsho tse di sa newang teseletso ka kgololesego di ka dirisiwa ka maikaelelo a tiriso e e siameng . <ref name="WP meta fair use 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Non-free content |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Non-free_content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116024114/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Non-free_content |archive-date=January 16, 2023 |access-date=January 27, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> <ref name="IBM visual WP 1">{{Cite journal |last=Viégas |first=Fernanda B. |date=January 3, 2007 |title=The Visual Side of Wikipedia |url=https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/viegas_hicss_visual_wikipedia.pdf |journal=Visual Communication Lab, IBM Research |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061024012919/https://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/viegas_hicss_visual_wikipedia.pdf |archive-date=October 24, 2006 |access-date=October 30, 2007}}</ref> Diteng tsa dikwalo tse di buang ka setlhogo se le sengwe di ka farologana thata magareng ga dipuo, go ikaegile ka gore bakwadi ba dirisa metswedi efe le mabaka a mangwe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fians |first=Guilherme |date=September 16, 2025 |title=Wikipedia: Editing the narrative |url=https://www.ciol.org.uk/wikipedia-editing-narrative |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250924020710/https://www.ciol.org.uk/wikipedia-editing-narrative |archive-date=September 24, 2025 |access-date=September 27, 2025 |publisher=[[Chartered Institute of Linguists]]}}</ref> Jimmy Wales o tlhalositse Wikipedia jaaka "maiteko a go tlhama le go anamisa ensaetlolopedia ya mahala ya boleng jo bo kwa godimo jo kgonegang mo mothong mongwe le mongwe mo lefatsheng ka puo ya gagwe". Le fa kgatiso nngwe le nngwe ya puo e dira e ikemetse ilka nosi, go dirwa maiteko mangwe a go di okamela tsotlhe. Di golagantswe ka bontlhabongwe ke Meta-Wiki, le wiki ya Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia e e neetsweng go tlhokomela mananeo otlhe a yone (Wikipedia le a mangwe). <ref name="WP metawiki maintenance 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Meta-Wiki |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130714061722/https://meta.wikimedia.org/ |archive-date=July 14, 2013 |access-date=March 24, 2009 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Sekai, Meta-Wiki e fa dipalopalo tse di botlhokwa mo dikgatisong tsotlhe tsa puo tsa Wikipedia, <ref name="WP meta stats 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Meta-Wiki Statistics |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Statistics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080326192946/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Statistics |archive-date=March 26, 2008 |access-date=March 24, 2008 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> gape e tlhokomela lenaneo la dikwalo tse Wikipedia nngwe le nngwe e tshwanetseng go nna le tsone. <ref name="WP meta articles on all sites 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=List of articles every Wikipedia should have |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_articles_every_Wikipedia_should_have |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080321020418/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_articles_every_Wikipedia_should_have |archive-date=March 21, 2008 |access-date=March 24, 2008 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Lenaneo le le amana le diteng tsa kwa tshimologong tsa dithuto: bayokerafi, ditso, dithuto tsa dipopego tsa lefatshe, tsa setšhaba, setso, maranyane, mafaratlhatlha, le dipalo. <ref name="WP meta articles on all sites 1" group="W" /> Ga go thona gore dikwalo tse di amanang thata le puo e e rileng di se ka tsa nna le tse di tshwanang le tsone mo kgatisong e nngwe. Sekai, dikwalo tse di buang ka ditoropo tse dinnye kwa United States di ka nna tsa nna teng fela ka Sekgoa, le fa di fitlhelela ditlhokego tse di kgethegileng tsa mananeo a Wikipedia tsa dipuo tse dingwe. [[File:User_-_demography.svg|thumb|Palo kakanyetso ya botsaakarolo go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di farologaneng mo lefatsheng lotlhe ka bophara go ya kwa dikgatisong tse di farologaneng tsa Wikipedia <ref name="PLoS One 2012" />]] Dikwalo tse di ranotsweng di emela fela karolo e nnye ya dikwalo mo dikgatisong di le dintsi, ka gore dikgatiso tseo ga di letlelele gore dikwalo di ranolwe ka botlalo mo go itirisang (automated). Dikwalo tse di leng teng ka dipuo tse di fetang bongwe di ka fa "dikgokagano tsa interwiki", tse di golaganyang le dikwalo tse di tshwanang le tsone mo dikgatisong tse dingwe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Massa |first=Paolo |last2=Scrinzi |first2=Federico |date=January 4, 2013 |title=Manypedia: Comparing language points of view of Wikipedia communities |journal=[[First Monday (journal)|First Monday]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |doi=10.5210/fm.v18i1.3939 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Manual:Interwiki |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Interwiki |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203112631/https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Manual:Interwiki |archive-date=December 3, 2010 |access-date=January 27, 2023 |website=MediaWiki |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Thuto-patlisiso e e gatisitsweng ke ''PLOS One'' ka 2012 le yone e ne ya nna le palo kakanyetso ya dikarolo tsa go nna le seabe mo dikgatisong tse di farologaneng tsa Wikipedia go tswa kwa dikgaolong tse di farologaneng tsa lefatshe. E ne ya bega gore selekanyo sa diphetogo tse di dirilweng go tswa kwa Amerika Bokone e ne e le masome a le matlhano le bongwe mo lekgolong (51%) mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, le masome a le mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong (25%) mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e e motlhofo . <ref name="PLoS One 2012">{{Cite journal |last=Yasseri |first=Taha |last2=Sumi |first2=Robert |last3=Kertész |first3=János |author-link3=János Kertész |date=January 17, 2012 |title=Circadian Patterns of Wikipedia Editorial Activity: A Demographic Analysis |journal=[[PLOS One]] |volume=7 |issue=1 |arxiv=1109.1746 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...730091Y |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0030091 |pmc=3260192 |pmid=22272279 |doi-access=free |article-number=e30091}}</ref> === Dipalo tsa bakwadi ba Wikipedia ya Sekgoa === Ka Mopitlo a rogwa, 2014, ''The Economist'', mo lekwalong la setlhogo sa "Isago ya Wikipedia", e ne ya umaka tshekatsheko e e amanang le tshedimosetso e e gatisitsweng ke Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia e e bolelang gore "palo ya bakwadi ba mofuta wa puo ya Sekgoa e wetse tlase ka nngwetharong mo dingwageng di le bosupa." <ref name="economist1">{{Cite news|date=March 1, 2014|title=The future of Wikipedia: WikiPeaks?|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/news/international/21597959-popular-online-encyclopedia-must-work-out-what-next-wikipeaks|access-date=March 11, 2014}}</ref> Seelo sa go tlhokafala ga bakwadi ba ba tlhaga mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa se ne sa umakiwa ke ''The Economist'' jaaka se se farologaneng thata le dipalopalo tsa Wikipedia e e mo dipuong tse dingwe (Wikipedia e e seng ya Sekgoa). ''The Economist'' e ne ya bega gore palo ya ba na le seabe ba ba nang le palogare ya diphetogo di le tlhano kgotsa go feta ka kgwedi e ne e eme golo go le gongwe fa e sale ka 2008 mo Wikipedia ya dipuo tse dingwe, e le bakwadi ba ka nna dikete di masome a mane le bobedi (42 000) mo gare ga dipharologano tse e seng tsa sepe tsa dipaka tsa bakwadi ba ka nna dikete di le pedi go ya kwa godimo kgotsa kwa tlase. Palo ya bakwadi ba ba tlhaga mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, fa e bapisiwa mo go tsepameng, e ne ya umakiwa e le kwa setlhoeng ka 2007 e tsamaela dikete di le masome a matlhano (50,000) mme ya wela kwa tlase go nna dikete di le masome a mararo (30,000) kwa tshimologong ya 2014. <ref name="economist1" /> Go farologana le seo, tshekatsheko ya Wikipedia ka dipuo tse dingwe (Wikipedia e e seng ya Sekgoa) e supa katlego mo go tshwareng bakwadi ba ba tlhaga ka tsela e e kgonang go ntšhwafadiwa le e e tswelelang, ka dipalo tsa bone di nna di sa fetoge di nna fela fa diketeng di le masome mane le bobedi. Ga gona kakgelo epe e e dirilweng mabapi le maemo a a farologaneng a melao ya bokwadi mo Wikipedia ka dipuo tse dingwe (Wikipedia e e seng ya Sekgoa) e ka ntshang tsela e nngwe e e kgonegang mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa go tokafatsa sentle dielo tsa go tlhokafala ga bakwadi mo Wikipedia ya puo ya Sekgoa. <ref name="economist1"/> == Kamogelo == <sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&action=edit &#x5B; tlhabolola &#x5D;]</sup> [[Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014]] [[Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements]] <ref name="Jemielniak"/> Ba ba neng ba e sekaseka ba boletse gore Wikipedia e bontsha go tsaya letlhakore ka tsela e e sa siamang .Ka 2010, mokwadi wa ditlhogo le mmegadikgang Edwin Black o ne a tlhalosa Wikipedia e le motswako wa "boammaaruri, bonnete jo bo sa felelang, le maaka mangwe". <ref name="EdwinBlack">{{Cite news|first=Edwin|last=Black|author-link=Edwin Black|date=April 19, 2010|work=[[History News Network]]|publisher=[[Columbian College of Arts and Sciences]]|title=Wikipedia – The Dumbing Down of World Knowledge|url=https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/125437|access-date=October 21, 2014}}</ref> Metswedi e le mmalwa ya dikgang le baitseanape ba beile Wikipedia molato wa go tsaya letlhakore mo megopolong . Motlhami-mmogo wa Wikipedia Larry Sanger, yo o tlogetseng Wikipedia ka 2002 go tlhoma diwebosaete tse di gaisanang, o boletse gore Wikipedia e fetogile "maaka" e phatlalatsa dikgang tsa molema mo sepolotiking mme a tlhagisa gore lefelo le (Wikipedia) ga le sa tlhole le ikanyega.Ka 2022, molwela-kgololesego John Stossel o ne a ntsha mogopolo wa gore Wikipedia, lenaneo le a neng a le tshegetsa ka madi nako nngwe, go ne go lebega le fetogile thata mo tsamaong ya nako mo go tseyeng letlhakore la molema, segolobogolo mo dikgannyeng tsa sepolotiki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 27, 2022 |title=Wikipedia Bias |url=https://www.johnstossel.com/wikipedia-bias/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209214140/https://www.johnstossel.com/wikipedia-bias/ |archive-date=December 9, 2022 |access-date=January 29, 2023 |website=StosselTV}}</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, beke e le nngwe morago ga go kobiwa ga ga Vibber, WMF e ne ya koba babereki ba le barataro fa e ntse e tswala [[Wikimedia Foundation|setlhopha sa yone sa Community Tech]], mme se sa gakatsa maiteko a go ithola marapo ga bakwadi le go feta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Greis |first=Friedhelm |date=28 May 2026 |title=Nach Entlassung von Entwicklern: Wikipedia-Autoren drohen mit Streik |trans-title=After dismissal of developers Wikipedia writers threaten strike |url=https://www.golem.de/news/nach-entlassung-von-entwicklern-wikipedia-autoren-drohen-mit-streik-2605-209132.html |url-status=live |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Golem.de |language=de}}</ref> Baokamedi ba WMF ba ne ba bolela gore babereki ba Community Tech ba ka dira dikopo tsa maemo a a farologaneng mo mokgatlhong, le gore thulaganyo ya lenaneo la dikeletso e tla rulaganngwa sesha, gape gore WMF e tla amogela lekgotlana le le bonang tshegetso e bontsi go tswa mo babereking. Ba bangwe ba ne ba tshwaya diphoso ka tsela e e tshwanang. <ref name="Orlowski2005">{{Cite news|last=Orlowski|first=Andrew|date=December 16, 2005|title=Wikipedia science 31% more cronky than Britannica's Excellent for Klingon science, though|url=https://www.theregister.com/2005/12/16/wikipedia_britannica_science_comparison/|access-date=February 25, 2019}}</ref> Moitseanape wa tsa Itsholelo Tyler Cowen o ne a kwala jaana: "Fa ke ne ke ka tshwanelwa ke go akanyetsa gore a Wikipedia kgotsa setlhogo sa lekwalodikgang se se buang ka itsholelo se ka tswa se le boammaaruri morago ga go akanya ka lobaka lo loleele, ke ne ke tla tlhopha Wikipedia." O akgela ka gore metswedi mengwe ya setso ya dibuka tse e seng tsa dipolelo di na le go tlhoka tekatekano ga thulaganyo, mme maduo a padi tse, go ya ka kakanyo ya gagwe, di begwa go feta selekanyo mo dikwalong tsa dibukana tsa ditshwantsho mmogo le tshedimosetso e botlhokwa e e sa feleletsweng mo dipegong tsa dikgang. Amy Bruckman o nganga gore, ka ntlha ya palo ya basekaseki, "diteng tsa tsebe e e tlwaelesegileng ya Wikipedia tota ke mofuta o o ikanyegang go gaisa wa tshedimosetso o o kileng wa tlhamiwa". <ref name="PC 2021">{{Cite news|last=Stuart|first=S.C.|title=Wikipedia: The Most Reliable Source on the Internet?|url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/wikipedia-the-most-reliable-source-on-the-internet}}</ref> Ka Lwetse 2022, mmegadikgang wa ''The Sydney Morning Herald'' e bong Liam Mannix o ne a bolela gore: "Ga go na lebaka la go solofela gore Wikipedia e nnete .&nbsp;... Mme le fa go ntse jalo e nnete [go ntse jalo]." Batshwayadiphoso ba bolela gore go bo Wikipedia e bulegile le go tlhoka metswedi e e siameng ya bontsi jwa tshedimosetso/kitso go dira gore e se ka ya ikanyega. <ref name="TNY reliability issues 1">{{Cite news|last=Schiff|first=Stacy|author-link=Stacy Schiff|date=July 23, 2006|title=Know It All|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/07/31/know-it-all|access-date=January 29, 2023}}</ref> Go tsibogela kgang ya bakwadi ba ba duelwang go bua ka dikgang dingwe le dikgang tsa go bokwadi tse di sa senolwang, Wikipedia e ne ya bega mo lekwalong mo ''The Wall Street Journal'' gore e ne ya nonotsha melao ya yone kgatlhanong le go kwalwa/tlaleletsa mo go sa senolwang. <ref name="Elder-2014">{{Cite news|date=June 16, 2014|title=Wikipedia Strengthens Rules Against Undisclosed Editing|magazine=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-35861|access-date=January 29, 2023}}</ref> Wales o gatelela gore diensaetlolopedia tsa mofuta ope fela gantsi ga di a tshwanela go dirisiwa jaaka metswedi e e ka umakiwang, mme ga go a tshwanela go ikaegiwa ka tsone. Setlhopha sa tekeletso se ne sa laelwa go ithuta pele ga ba tla mo ntlwaneng ya borutelo le go bona ditshwaelo ka bonako pele ga ba tsena (mofuta wa ntlwana ya borutelo e e fetotsweng), fa setlhopha sa taolo se ne sa newa ditaelo tse di tlhamaletseng mo ntlwaneng ya borutelo (mofuta o o tlwaelegileng wa mo ntlwaneng ya borutelo). Morago ga moo ditlhopha tse di ne tsa laelwa go dirisana mmogo go tlhama dikwalo tsa Wikipedia, tse di neng di tla bewa matshwao go ya ka boleng morago ga dithutopatlisiso. Ka Mopitlo a le malatsi a le matlhano, 2014, Julie Beck, fa a ne a kwalela bukana ya ditshwantsho ya ''The Atlantic'' mo lekwalong le le bidiwang "Motswedi wa #1 wa Dingaka wa Tshedimosetso ya Tlhokomelo le Botsogo: Wikipedia", o ne a bolela gore "sephatlo mo lekgolong sa dingaka di batla tlhaloso ya malwetsi mo saeteng ya (Wikipedia), mme bangwe ba kwala dikwalo tse ka bobone go tokafatsa boleng jwa tshedimosetso e e leng teng." Mo lekwalong le le latelang mo ''The Atlantic'' la Motsheganong a le malatsi a bosupa, ka ngwaga wa 2014, setlhogo se ne se re "A Wikipedia e ka Tsamaya e Nna Mokwalo o o Tlhomameng wa Kalafi?", Julie Beck o ne a nopola mafoko a ga James Heilman wa WikiProject Medicine a re: "Gore fela dikgokedi tsa kitso di sekasekilwe ke balekane ga go reye gore ke tsa boleng jo bo kwa godimo." Beck o ne a oketsa a re: "Wikipedia e na le thulaganyo ya yone ya go sekaseka ga balekane pele ga dikwalo di ka tlhaolwa jaaka tse di 'siameng' kgotsa tse di 'tlhagisiwang'. Heilman, yo o kileng a nna le seabe mo thulaganyong eo pele, a re kwa tlase ga 'bongwe mo lekgolong' jwa dikwalo tsa kalafi tsa Wikipedia di ne tsa atlega." <ref name="theatlantic.com" /> === Go akaretsa ditlhogo le go tsaya letlhakore === Wikipedia e batla go tlhama tshoboko ya kitso yotlhe ya batho ka sebopego sa ensaetlolopedia ya mo inthaneteng, ka setlhogo sengwe le sengwe se akareditswe ka ensaetlolipedia mo lekwalong le le lengwe. E re ka e na le di-terabyte tsa mafelo a go baya mo disiking, e ka nna le ditlhogo tse dintsi thata go feta tse di ka akarediwang ke ensaetlolopedia epe e e gatisitsweng . Selekanyo se se tlhomameng le mokgwa wa go akaretsa ditlhogo mo Wikipedia o nna o sekasekwa ke bakwadii ba yone, mme go sa dumalane ga go tlwaelesega (bona go phimola le go akaretsa ). <ref name="Economist disagreements not uncommon">{{Cite news|date=March 6, 2008|title=The battle for Wikipedia's soul|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/printedition/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10789354|access-date=March 7, 2008|issn=0013-0613}}</ref> <ref name="telegraph WP torn apart 1">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia: an online encyclopedia torn apart|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=November 10, 2007|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/3354752/Wikipedia-an-online-encyclopedia-torn-apart.html|access-date=November 23, 2010}}</ref> Wikipedia e na le dilo tse batho bangwe ba ka nnang ba di fitlhela di sa amogelesege, di kgopisa kgotsa di na le ditshwantsho tse di fatlhang tsa tlhakanelo dikobo. Molao wa gore "Wikipedia ga e bipe" ka dinako tse dingwe e itshupile e tsosa dikganetsano: ka 2008, Wikipedia e ne ya gana boikuelo jwa mo inthaneteng kgatlhanong le go akarediwa ga ditshwantsho tsa ga Muhammad mo kgatisong ya Sekgoa ya lekwalo la yone la ga Muhammad, go nopotswe molao o. <ref>{{Cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130231600/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/05/books/05wiki.html|date=February 5, 2008|title=Wikipedia Islam Entry Is Criticized|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/05/books/05wiki.html|access-date=January 30, 2023|issn=0362-4331|archivedate=January 30, 2023}}</ref> Go nna teng ga ditshwantsho tse di fatlhang tsa tlhakanelo dikobo, ga mmogo le dilo tse di masisi tsa sepolotiki le bodumedi mo Wikipedia go dirile gore di bipiwe ke balaodi ba bosetšhaba kwa China le Pakistan, gareng ga mafatshe a mangwe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Moon |first=Mariella |date=March 12, 2022 |title=Prominent editor of Russian Wikipedia pages detained in Belarus |url=https://www.yahoo.com/now/mark-bernstein-russian-wikipedia-pages-detained-in-belarus-104102452.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313173559/https://www.yahoo.com/now/mark-bernstein-russian-wikipedia-pages-detained-in-belarus-104102452.html |archive-date=March 13, 2022 |access-date=January 30, 2023 |website=[[Yahoo! Inc. (2017–present)|Yahoo!]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Arthur |first=Charles |date=December 8, 2008 |title=Wikipedia row escalates as internet watchdog considers censoring Amazon US over Scorpions image |url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/dec/08/amazon-internet-censorship-iwf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/dec/08/amazon-internet-censorship-iwf |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=January 30, 2023 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Ka thulaganyo ya yone ya "Wikipedia e Rata Metlobo ya dibuka", Wikipedia e dirisane mmogo le metlobo ya dibuka e metona ya setšhaba di tshwana le Motlobo wa dibuka wa Setšhaba wa New York wa dithuto tsa bodiragatsi go atolosa go akaretsa ga yone ditlhogo le dikwalo tse di sa emelwang sentle. <ref name="NYT subjects and articles">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/21/theater/editing-wikipedia-at-the-new-york-public-library-for-the-performing-arts.html|title=Wikipedia's Deep Dive Into a Library Collection|last=Petrusich|first=Amanda|work=The New York Times|date=October 20, 2011|access-date=October 28, 2011}}</ref> Patlisiso nngwe ya 2011 e e dirilweng ke babatlisisi kwa Sekolo sa dithuto tse di kgolwane sa Minnesota e bontshitse gore bakwadi ba banna le ba basadi ba remelela mo dikgannyeng tse di farologaneng tsa bokwadi. Go ne go na le basadi ba le bantsi mo setlhopheng sa "batho le dithuto ysa bodiragatsi", fa banna ba ne ba remelela thata mo tsa "lefatshe le maranyane". Mokwadi mongwe wa ''The Guardian'' ka 2014 o ne a bolela gore go dirilwe maiteko a mantsi go tlamela ka dikgokedi tsa kitso tsa lenaneo la badiragatsi ba basadi ba ditshwantsho tsa tlhakanelo dikobo go na le lenaneo la bakwadi ba basadi . <ref name="GuardianAugust2014">{{Cite news|date=August 7, 2018|title=The Guardian view on Wikipedia: evolving truth|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/aug/07/guardian-view-wikipedia-evolving-truth|access-date=January 31, 2023}}</ref> ==== Go tsaya letlhakore ga thulaganyo ==== Melao ya Wikipedia e ka nna ya lekanyetsa "bokgoni jwa yone jwa go emela kitso ya lefatshe lotlhe ka boammaaruri". Ka sekai, Wikipedia e tsaya fela metswedi e e gatisitsweng e le e e ka ikanngwang. Kitso ya molomo ya ditso tsa Setso ga se ka metlha e bonalang mo dikgatisong. Ditlhogo tse di kgaphetsweng kwa thoko le tsone di ka tlhoka go akarediwa thata mo metsweding e e ikanyegang. Ka jalo diteng tsa Wikipedia di lekanyeditswe ka ntlha ya go tlhoka tekatekano mo go tona ga thulaganyo. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|pages=37, 38, 47}} Dithuto tsa thuto tsa Wikipedia di bontshitse gore palogare ya motsaakarolo mo Wikipedia ya Sekgoa ke monna yo mosweu wa Lekgoa yo o rutegileng, yo o nang le tshekamelo ya gore ke lekgoa la monna, wa dingwaga di le lesome le botlhano go ya kwa go di masome a mane le boferabongwe (15–49), go tswa kwa lefatsheng le le tlhabologileng, le bontsi jwa yone e leng la Bokeresete. <ref name="Livingstone2010">{{Cite journal |last=Livingstone |first=Randall M. |date=November 23, 2010 |title=Let's Leave the Bias to the Mainstream Media: A Wikipedia Community Fighting for Information Neutrality |url=https://www.journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/315 |url-status=live |journal=M/C Journal |volume=13 |issue=6 |doi=10.5204/mcj.315 |issn=1441-2616 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121135911/https://www.journal.media-culture.org.au/index.php/mcjournal/article/view/315 |archive-date=November 21, 2022 |access-date=November 23, 2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ntlha ya pono e e tsamaelanang (POV) e emetswe go feta selekanyo. <ref name="Hube2017">{{Cite book |last=Hube |first=Christoph |date=April 3, 2017 |title=Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion – WWW '17 Companion |publisher=International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee |isbn=978-1-4503-4914-7 |location=Republic and Canton of Geneva, CHE |pages=717–721 |chapter=Bias in Wikipedia |doi=10.1145/3041021.3053375 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3041021.3053375}}</ref> <ref name="Bjork-James-2021">{{Cite journal |last=Bjork-James |first=Carwil |date=July 3, 2021 |title=New maps for an inclusive Wikipedia: decolonial scholarship and strategies to counter systemic bias |journal=New Review of Hypermedia and Multimedia |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=207–228 |bibcode=2021NRvHM..27..207B |doi=10.1080/13614568.2020.1865463 |s2cid=234286415}}</ref> Go tlhoka tekatekano mo ga dipalopalo tsa bakwadi go felela go baka gore go nne le go tlhoka tekatekano mo setsong, mo go tseyeng letlhakore mo go tsa bong, le mo Wikipedia . <ref name="Ackerly-2022">{{Cite journal |last=Ackerly |first=Brooke A. |last2=Michelitch |first2=Kristin |date=2022 |title=Wikipedia and Political Science: Addressing Systematic Biases with Student Initiatives |journal=PS: Political Science & Politics |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=429–433 |doi=10.1017/S1049096521001463 |s2cid=247795102 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Beytía |first=Pablo |date=April 20, 2020 |title=Companion Proceedings of the Web Conference 2020 |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |isbn=978-1-4503-7024-0 |series=WWW '20 |location=New York |pages=806–810 |chapter=The Positioning Matters |doi=10.1145/3366424.3383569 |access-date=May 8, 2023 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1145/3366424.3383569 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132221/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3366424.3383569 |archive-date=April 28, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Go na le mefuta e mebedi e e anameng ya go tsaya letlhakore, e e ''sa tlhamalalang'' (fa setlhogo se tlogetswe) le ''e e tlhamaletseng'' (fa POV e e rileng e emetswe go feta selekanyo mo lekwalong kgotsa ke dikgokedi tsa kitso). <ref name="Hube2017" /> Ditshekatsheko tsa barutegi tsa dikwalo tsa Wikipedia di fitlhetse gore le fa dikwalo di nna di le nnete bile di se na tshedimosetso e e fapogileng, ga di a felela e bile ga di tlhagise dipono tsotlhe ka tsela e e sa tseyeng letlhakore . <ref name="Ackerly-2022"/> Ka 2011, Wales o ne a bolela gore go sa lekalekane ga kakaretso ya ditlhogo ke sesupo sa palo ya bakwadi, a nopola ka sekai "dibuka tsa botshelo tsa basadi ba ba tumileng mo ditsong le dintlha tse di amanang le tlhokomelo ya bana ba ba sa ntseng ba le bannye". <ref name="wiki-women"/> Padi ya Phalane a le malatsi a masome a mabedi, 2013, e e kwadilweng ke Tom Simonite mo ''Tlhatlhobong ya Maranyane'' ya MIT ya setlhogo se se reng " Go wela tlase ga Wikipedia " e ne ya bua ka ditlamorago tsa go tsaya letlhakore ga thulaganyo le go fokotsega ga melawana mo [[Wikipedia|go fokotsegeng ga palo ya bakwadi]] . <ref name="Simonite-2013"/> Patlisiso e e dirilweng ke Mark Graham wa Lefelo la Inthanete la Oxford ka 2009 e bontshitse gore go anamisiwa ga ditlhogo tsa dikwalo go ya ka mafelo ga go lekalekane thata, mme Aforika ke yone e e sa emelwang sentle. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Graham |first=Mark |date=November 12, 2009 |title=Mapping the Geographies of Wikipedia Content |url=https://zerogeography.net/post/144973716228/mapping-the-geographies-of-wikipedia-content |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002051150/https://zerogeography.net/post/144973716228/mapping-the-geographies-of-wikipedia-content |archive-date=October 2, 2016 |website=Zerogeography}}</ref> Mo dikgatisong di le masome a mararo tsa dipuo tsa Wikipedia, dikwalo le dikarolo tsa ditso ka kakaretso di ikaegile ka Yuropa mme di remeletse mo ditiragalong tsa bosheng. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Strohmaier |first=Markus |date=March 6, 2017 |title=Multilingual historical narratives on Wikipedia |url=https://search.gesis.org/research_data/SDN-10.7802-1411?doi=10.7802/1411 |publisher=[[GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences]] |chapter=KAT50 Society, Culture |doi=10.7802/1411 |quote=Wikipedia narratives about national histories (i) are skewed towards more recent events (recency bias) and (ii) are distributed unevenly across the continents with significant focus on the history of European countries (Eurocentric bias). |access-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131023846/https://search.gesis.org/research_data/SDN-10.7802-1411?doi=10.7802/1411 |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Diteng tse di masisi === Wikipedia e ile ya kgalwa ka ntlha ya go letlelela tshedimosetso ka ga diteng tse di botlha thata. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Maxton|first=Richard|date=September 9, 2008|title=Wikipedia attacked over porn pages|journal=Macquarie Network|url=http://livenews.com.au/Articles/2008/09/09/Wikipedia_attacked_over_porn_pages}}</ref> Ditlhogo tse di bontshang se batshwayadiphoso bangwe ba se biditseng diteng tse di sa siamang (tse di tshwanang le boloko jwa setho, setopo, serwe sa bonna sa motho, molomo wa serwe sa bosadi, le go nna maponapona) di na le ditshwantsho tse di botlha le tshedimosetso e e feletseng e e ka bonwang motlhofo ke mongwe le mongwe yo o nang le inthanete, go akaretsa le bana. Lefelo le gape le akaretsa diteng tsa tlhakanelodikobo tse di tshwanang le ditshwantsho le ditshwantsho tsa motshikinyego tsa go itshwaratshwara dirwe tsa tlhakanelodikobo le go rota, ditshwantsho tsa zoophilia, le dinepe tsa difilimi tsa tlhakanelodikobo mo dikwalong tsa lone. Gape le na le dinepe tse e seng tsa thobalano tsa bana ba ba sa aparang . Setlhogo sa Wikipedia se se buang ka ''Virgin Killer'' —alebamo ya 1976 ya setlhopha sa mmino wa rock sa Jeremane sa Scorpions —se na le setshwantsho sa khabara ya ntlhantlha ya alebamo eno, se se bontshang mosetsana yo o sa aparang sepe yo o sa ntseng a gola . Khabara ya ntlhantlha e e neng ya gololwa e ne ya baka dikganetsano mme ga bewa e sele mo mafatsheng a mangwe. Ka Sedimonthole 2008, go kgona go bona lekwaloa Wikipedia ''ya Virgin Killer'' go ne ga thibelwa malatsi a le mane ke bontsi jwa batlamedi ba ditirelo tsa Inthanete kwa United Kingdom morago ga gore Mokgatlho wa Internet Watch (IWF) o dire tshwetso ya gore khabara ya alebamo e ne e le setshwantsho se se sa siamang se se seng kafa molaong mme wa tsenya URL ya lekwalo le mo "lenaneong la dikwalo tse di tlositsweng" la tlamela ba ditirelo tsa inthanete kwa Borithane ka lone. <ref name="Register ISP censorship">{{Cite news|title=Brit ISPs censor Wikipedia over 'child porn' album cover|first=Cade|last=Metz|newspaper=[[The Register]]|date=December 7, 2008|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/12/07/brit_isps_censor_wikipedia|access-date=May 10, 2009}}</ref> Ka Moranang 2010, Sanger o ne a kwalela Biro ya Dipatlisiso ya Bosetšhaba lekwalo, a tlhalosa matshwenyego a gagwe a gore ditlhopha tse pedi tsa ditshwantsho tse di mo Wikimedia Commons di ne di na le ditshwantsho tsa thobalano tsa bana, mme di ne di tlola molao wa puso wa Amerika wa ditshwantsho tse di leswe . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/wikipedia-rejects-child-porn-accusation-20100428-tsvh|title=Wikipedia rejects child porn accusation|date=April 29, 2010|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=May 14, 2017}}</ref> <ref name="Inquirer child abuse allegations">{{Cite news|date=April 29, 2010|title=Wikipedia denies child abuse allegations: Co-founder grassed the outfit to the FBI|work=The Inquirer|url=https://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1603521/wikipedia-denies-child-abuse-allegations|access-date=October 9, 2010|archivedate=May 1, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100501174521/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1603521/wikipedia-denies-child-abuse-allegations}}</ref> Moragonyana Sanger o ne a tlhalosa gore ditshwantsho tse, tse di neng di amana le go tlhakanela dikobo le bana le tse dingwe tse di neng di amana le go tlhakanela dikobo le bana, e ne e se tsa bana ba mmatota, mme o ne a re e ne e le " ditshwantsho tse di leswe tsa go sotlaka bana ka thobalano ", ka fa tlase ga Molao wa PROTECT wa 2003 . Molao oo o thibela ditshwantsho tsa thobalano tsa bana le dinepe tsa dipopae le ditshwantsho tsa bana tse di fatlhang go ya ka molao wa Amerika . Sanger o ne a tlhagisa gape matshwenyego a gagwe ka go kgona go bona ditshwantsho tse di mo Wikipedia tse kwa dikolong. <ref name="TET child porn accusations">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia blasts co-founder's accusations of child porn on website|date=April 29, 2010|journal=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infotech/internet/Wikipedia-blasts-co-founders-accusations-of-child-porn-on-website/articleshow/5871943.cms|access-date=April 29, 2010}}</ref> Mmueledi wa [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] Jay Walsh o ile a gana kgang ya ga Sanger ka maatla, a re Wikipedia e ne e se na "dilo tse di ka bonwang di se ka fa molaong. Fa re ne re na le tsone, re ne re tla di tlosa." Morago ga ngongorego ya ga Sanger, Wales elne ya phimola ditshwantsho tsa tlhakanelodikobo kwa ntle ga go buisana le morafe wa badirisi. Fa bakwadi ba baithaopi ba sena go nganga gore tshwetso e e dirilwe ka bonako, Wales o ne a ithaopela go tlogela dithata dingwe tse a neng a di tshwere jaaka karolo ya maemo a gagwe a go nna motlhami-mmogo. O ne a kwala mo molaetseng o o yang kwa lenaneong la go romela melaetsa la Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia gore kgato e ne e le "mo kgatlhegong ya go rotloetsa dipuisano ka ga dikgang tsa mmatota tsa filosofi/diteng, go na le go nna ka ga me le ka fa ke tsereng kgato ka bonako ka teng". <ref name="BBC News Wales cedes rights">{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/10104946.stm|title=Wikimedia pornography row deepens as Wales cedes rights|work=BBC News|date=May 10, 2010|access-date=May 19, 2010}}</ref> Batshwayadiphoso, ba akaretsa le Wikipediocracy, ba ne ba lemoga gore bontsi jwa ditshwantsho tse di fatlhang tse di phimotsweng mo Wikipedia fa e sale ka 2010 di tlhagile gape. <ref name="XBIZ">{{Cite news|date=September 17, 2013|title=Wikipedia Gives Porn a Break|work=XBIZ.com|url=https://newswire.xbiz.com/view.php?id=169017|access-date=November 10, 2013}}</ref> === Sephiri === Matshwenyego mangwe a sephiri mo kgannyeng ya Wikipedia a amana le tshwanelo ya motho ya go nna moagi yo o ikemetseng go na le go nna motho wa setšhaba mo matlhong a molao. <ref>{{Cite book |last=McStay |first=Andrew |date=2014 |title=Privacy and Philosophy: New Media and Affective Protocol |publisher=[[Peter Lang (publisher)|Peter Lang]] |isbn=978-1-4541-9163-6 |series=Digital Formation |volume=86 |doi=10.3726/978-1-4539-1336-9}}</ref>{{efn|See [https://web.archive.org/web/20101130081035/https://texaspress.com/index.php/publications/law-media/731-law-a-the-media-in-texas--libel-cases "Libel"] by David McHam for the legal distinction.}} Ke ntwa fa gare ga tshwanelo ya go sa itsiwe mo inthaneteng le tshwanelo ya go sa itsiwe mo botshelong jwa mmatota . Melao ya sephiri ya Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia e bolela gore, "re dumela gore ga o a tshwanela go tlhoka go tlamela ka tshedimosetso ya gore o mang gore o nne le seabe mo mokgatlhong wa kitso ya mahala", mme e bolela gore "tshedimosetso ya gago" e ka nna ya abelanwa "Ka mabaka a semolao", "Go Go Sireletsa, Rona le Ba bangwe", kgotsa "Go Tlhaloganya le go Lekeletsa". <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Privacy policy |url=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131204008/https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Privacy_policy |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Ka Ferikgong 2006, kgotlatshekelo ya Jeremane e ne ya laela gore Wikipedia ya Jeremane e tswalwe mo teng ga Jeremane ka gonne e ne e bolela leina ka botlalo la ga Boris Floric, aka "Tron", yo o neng a tlhasela mo maranyaneng yo o tlhokafetseng. Ka Tlhakole a le malatsi a le boferabongwe, ngwaga wa 2006, taelo e e neng e le kgatlhanong le Wikimedia Deutschland e ne ya menolwa, mme kgotlatshekelo ya gana kgopolo ya gore tshwanelo ya ga Tron ya go nna le sephiri kgotsa ya batsadi ba gagwe e ne e gatakiwa. <ref name="heise Tron public issue 1">{{Cite news|last1=Kleinz|first1=Torsten|title=Gericht weist einstweilige Verfügung gegen Wikimedia Deutschland ab [Update]|url=https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Gericht-weist-einstweilige-Verfuegung-gegen-Wikimedia-Deutschland-ab-Update-173587.html|work=Heise Online|publisher=[[Heinz Heise]]|date=September 2, 2006|language=de}}</ref> Wikipedia e na le " " se se dirisang Znuny, e leng lefelo la sofotewere ya mahala ya motswedi o o bulegileng sa OTRS <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Volunteer Response Team |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_Response_Team |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202072211/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Volunteer_response_team |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> go emelana le dipotso ntle le tlhoka go senola maina a batho ba ba amegang. Se se dirisiwa, ka sekai, mo go netefatseng tetla ya go dirisa ditshwantsho le metswedi e mengwe ya dikgang mo lenaneong. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=OTRS – A flexible Help Desk and IT-Service Management Software |url=https://www.otrs.com/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030215341/https://www.otrs.com/en/ |archive-date=October 30, 2013 |access-date=June 9, 2012 |website=Open Technology Real Services |publisher=OTRS.com}}</ref> Mo bokhutlong jwa Moranang 2023, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o itsisitse gore Wikipedia ga e kitla e ineela mo ditlhomamisong dipe tsa dingwaga tse di ka tlhokwang ke molao wa UK wa Molao wa Pabalesego ya Inthanete . Rebecca MacKinnon wa Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o ne a bolela gore go tlholwa mo go ntseng jalo go tlaa lhulana le boineelo jwa webosaete jwa go kokoanya tshedimosetso e nnye ka batho ba ba tsenyang letsogo le babadi ba yone. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65388255|title=Wikipedia will not perform Online Safety Bill age checks|work=BBC|date=April 28, 2023|access-date=May 1, 2023}}</ref> === Kgethololo ya bong === Wikipedia e ne ya tlhalosiwa ka 2015 e le lefelo le e nang le setso sa ntwa sa [[Go Tlhaola Batho ka Bong|go tlhaola batho ka bong]] le go tshwenya . <ref name="Paling">{{Cite web |last=Paling |first=Emma |date=October 21, 2015 |title=Wikipedia's Hostility to Women |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/how-wikipedia-is-hostile-to-women/411619/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231105811/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/how-wikipedia-is-hostile-to-women/411619/ |archive-date=December 31, 2022 |access-date=October 24, 2015 |website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Auerbach |first=David |date=December 11, 2014 |title=Encyclopedia Frown |url=https://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2014/12/wikipedia_editing_disputes_the_crowdsourced_encyclopedia_has_become_a_rancorous.html |url-status=live |journal=Slate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023233133/http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2014/12/wikipedia_editing_disputes_the_crowdsourced_encyclopedia_has_become_a_rancorous.html |archive-date=October 23, 2015 |access-date=October 24, 2015}}</ref> Go lemogiwa ga tiriso ya puo e e sotlang gone ga buiwa fa e le lebaka le le neng la tlhagisiwa ka 2013 la go tlhoka tekatekano ya bong jwa bakwadi Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Murphy|first=Dan|date=August 1, 2013|title=In UK, rising chorus of outrage over online misogyny|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Security-Watch/Backchannels/2013/0801/In-UK-rising-chorus-of-outrage-over-online-misogyny|access-date=February 1, 2023}}</ref> Go nnile le di-Edit-a-thon go rotloetsa bakwadi ba basadi le go oketsa go akaretsa dikgang tsa basadi. <ref>{{Cite news|title=High Museum to host virtual Wikipedia edit-a-thon to boost entries about women|url=https://www.ajc.com/lifestyles/high-museum-host-virtual-wikipedia-edit-thon-boost-entries-about-women/TxxMEMGWHqFfaNMpV8y9DN/|access-date=October 24, 2020}}</ref> Ka Motsheganong 2018, mokwadi wa Wikipedia o ne a gana lekwalo le le neng le rometswe ka Donna Strickland ka ntlha ya go tlhoka go begwa mo metsweding ya dikgang. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Draft:Donna Strickland |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Donna_Strickland&oldid=842614385 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114656/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft:Donna_Strickland&oldid=842614385 |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> <ref name="Schlanger-2018">{{Cite web |last=Schlanger |first=Zoë |last2=Purtill |first2=Corinne |date=October 2, 2018 |title=Wikipedia rejected an entry on a Nobel Prize winner because she wasn't famous enough |url=https://qz.com/1410909/wikipedia-had-rejected-nobel-prize-winner-donna-strickland-because-she-wasnt-famous-enough/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025085329/https://qz.com/1410909/wikipedia-had-rejected-nobel-prize-winner-donna-strickland-because-she-wasnt-famous-enough/ |archive-date=October 25, 2018 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]}}</ref> Dikgwedi di le tlhano morago ga tiragalo e, Strickland o ne a gapa Seetsele sa Nobel mo dithutong tsa Maranyane gore o na "le ditlhamo tse di tona mo lephateng la Maranyane a laser", mme a nna mosadi wa boraro go amogela seetsele se. <ref name="Schlanger-2018" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2, 2018 |title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/press-release/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002141926/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2018/press-release/ |archive-date=October 2, 2018 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=The Nobel Prize}}</ref> Pele ga a fenya seetsele se, Strickland o ne a umakiwa fela mo Wikipedia mo lekwalong le le neng le bua ka mmereki ka ene le mofenyi-mmogo wa seetsele e bong Gérard Mourou . <ref name="Schlanger-2018" /> Go kgaphelwa thoko ga gagwe mo Wikipedia go ne ga dira gore Wikipedia e bonwe molato wa go tlhaola batho ka bong, mme Corinne Purtill yo o neng a kwalela ''Quartz'' o ne a bolela gore "gape ke thuto e e tlhamaletseng ka dikotsi tsa go kgetholola ka bong mo metsweding ya dikgang, le ditlamorago tse di anameng tsa go sa emelwe sentle." <ref name="Purtill-2018">{{Cite web |last=Purtill |first=Corinne |date=October 3, 2018 |title=Sexism at Wikipedia feeds off the sexism in the media |url=https://qz.com/1412718/wikipedia-has-a-problem-with-sexism-so-does-the-media/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201022552/https://qz.com/1412718/wikipedia-has-a-problem-with-sexism-so-does-the-media |archive-date=February 1, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]}}</ref> Purtill o amanya kgang e le go tlhoka tekatekano ga bong mo go begeng ga bobegakgang. <ref name="Purtill-2018" /> Patlisiso e e tseneletseng ya 2008, e e gatisitsweng ka 2016, ke Julia B. Bear wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse di kgolwane tsa Kgwebo ya sa Stony Brook le Benjamin Collier wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse di kgolwane sa Carnegie Mellon ba fitlhetse dipharologano tse di tona tsa bong mo go tshepeng boitseanape, go sa phuthologa ga bakwadi, le go tsibogela ditshwaelo tse di botlhokwa. "Basadi ba begile gore ga ba tshepe boitseanape jwa bone, ba tlhagisitse go sa phuthologa mo go tona mo bokwading(se gantsi se akaretsang kgotlhang), mme ba begile maikutlo a a seng molemo thata mo ditshwaelong tse di botlhokwa fa ba bapisiwa le banna." <ref>{{Cite journal |date=January 4, 2016 |title=Where are the Women in Wikipedia ? – Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Wikipedia |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |url-status=live |journal=Sex Roles |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer Science]] |volume=74 |issue=5–6 |pages=254–265 |doi=10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |s2cid=146452625 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027122538/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |archive-date=October 27, 2021 |access-date=June 27, 2021}}</ref> === ''Dikwalo tse di tseneletseng tse di boferabongwe '' === ''"Dithesis di le boferabongwe"'' di kaya mogopolo wa diphetogo o o gatisitsweng ke Larry Sanger ka Phalane 2025. ''Dithesis tse di boferabongwe'' tsa ga Sanger mo Wikipedia di tlhagisa lenaneo la tshekatsheko e e botlhokwa la diphetogo la Wikipedia. Mogopolo o ke karolo ya maiteko a gagwe a a anameng a go lebagana le se Sanger a se tsayang e le dikgang tsa thulaganyo mo teng ga Wikipedia, tse di akaretsang, go tsaya letlhakore ga megopolo, go tlhoka go nna mo pepeneneng mo maemong a bakwadi, le tsamaiso e e sa direng sentle ya go dira ditshwetso e e theilweng morago ga ditumalano. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-04 |title=Wikipedia Co-Founder Unveils Plan To Fix Website's Biased 'Engine of Defamation' |url=https://www.nysun.com/article/wikipedia-co-founder-unveils-plan-to-fix-websites-biased-engine-of-defamation |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=The New York Sun |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-11 |title=Nine Theses on Wikipedia |url=https://larrysanger.org/nine-theses/ |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=LarrySanger.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tsamaiso == === Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia le mekgatlho e e amanang le one === [[File:Sue_Gardner_during_her_presentation_at_Wikimania_2013.jpg|thumb|Sue Gardner, mookamedi mogolo wa ntlha, ka 2013 kwa Wikimania]] Wikipedia e tshwarwa le go tlamelwa ka madi ke [[Wikimedia Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]], e leng mokgatlho o o sa direng dipoelo gape o tsamaisang mananeo a a amanang le Wikipedia tse di tshwanang le Wiktionary le Dibuka tsa Wikipedia . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |date=May 30, 2018 |title=Wikimedia Projects |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/our-work/wikimedia-projects/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011065720/https://wikimediafoundation.org/our-work/wikimedia-projects/ |archive-date=October 11, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Mokgatlho o o ikaegile ka meneelo ya setšhaba le dithuso tsa madi go duelela ditiro tsa one. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Wikimedia's approach to coronavirus: Staffers can work 20 hours a week, get paid for full time|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/03/17/wikimedias-approach-coronavirus-staffers-can-work-20-hours-week-get-paid-full-time/|access-date=February 25, 2021|date=March 17, 2020}}</ref> <ref name="financialstatements" group="W">{{Cite web |date=October 12, 2022 |title=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. – Consolidated Financial Statements – June 30, 2022 and 2021 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/2/26/Wikimedia_Foundation_FY2021-2022_Audit_Report.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/2/26/Wikimedia_Foundation_FY2021-2022_Audit_Report.pdf |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=June 5, 2016 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Pampiri ya 990 ya Tirelo ya Lotseno ya 2020 e bontsha lotseno lwa $124,60.&nbsp;milione le ditshenyegelo tse e ka nnang tsa $112,200 &nbsp;milione, ka dithoto tse di ka nnang $1 200,20 milione le tse di duelelwang di ka nna $11&nbsp;milione. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Wikimedia Foundation 2020 Form 990 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/e/e4/Wikimedia_Foundation_2020_Form_990.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524102009/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/e/e4/Wikimedia_Foundation_2020_Form_990.pdf |archive-date=May 24, 2022 |access-date=October 14, 2014 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Ka Motsheganong 2014, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o ne wa bitsa Lila Tretikov jaaka Mookamedi-mogolo wa one wa bobedi wa khuduthamaga, a tsaya marapo a ga Sue Gardner. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2014 |title=Press releases/WMF announces new ED Lila Tretikov |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Press_releases/WMF_announces_new_ED_Lila_Tretikov |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503035438/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Press_releases/WMF_announces_new_ED_Lila_Tretikov |archive-date=May 3, 2014 |access-date=June 14, 2014 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> ''The Wall Street Journal'' e ne ya bega ka Motsheganong a le bongwe, 2014, gore dikitso tsa ga Tretikov tsa maranyane, go tswa mo dingwageng tsa gagwe kwa Sekolong sa dithuto tse di kgolwane sa California di naya Wikipedia tshono ya go tlhabologa ka tsela e e tsepameng thata e e kaelwang ke polelo ya gagwe e e boelediwang gantsi ya gore, "Tshedimosetso, fela jaaka phefo, e tlhoka go nna mahala." <ref name="Jeff Elder 2014">{{Cite news|date=May 1, 2014|title=Wikipedia's New Chief: From Soviet Union to World's Sixth-Largest Site|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-DGB-34824|access-date=February 1, 2023}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114542/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/02/business/media/open-source-software-specialist-selected-as-executive-director-of-wikipedia.html?_r=0|date=May 1, 2014|title=Media: Open-Source Software Specialist Selected as Executive Director of Wikipedia|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/02/business/media/open-source-software-specialist-selected-as-executive-director-of-wikipedia.html?_r=0|access-date=February 1, 2023|archivedate=February 10, 2023}}</ref> Setlhogo sone se sa ''Wall Street Journal'' se ne sa bega ka dikaelo tse tsa tlhabololo go ya ka potsolotso le mmueledi Jay Walsh wa Wikimedia, yo o neng a " re Tretikov o tla rarabolola kgang eo ya ( go duela batho go go buelelela ) e le selo se se tlang pele. 'Tota re kgaratlhela go dira dilo mo pepeneneng .&nbsp;... Re gatelela gore go duela bakwadi go go buelelela ga go amogelesege.' Maiteko a go akaretsa batho ba ba farologaneng ba ba nang le seabe, tshegetso e e botoka ya dipuisano tsa Wikipedia, didirisiwa tse disha tsa lefatshe, go bona diteng tsa selegae bonolo, le didirisiwa tse dintsi tsa badirisi mo lefatsheng la bobedi le la boraro le tsone ke ditlapele", Walsh o ne a bolela jalo. <ref name="Jeff Elder 2014" /> Morago ga go tsamaya ga ga Tretikov mo Wikipedia ka ntlha ya mathata a a amanang le tiriso ya karolo ya "tshireletso e e feteletseng" e mefuta mengwe ya puo ya Wikipedia e e amogetseng, <ref group="W">{{Cite news|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125043521/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2014-08-13/News_and_notes|date=August 13, 2014|title=Media Viewer controversy spreads to German Wikipedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2014-08-13/News_and_notes|access-date=February 1, 2023|archivedate=January 25, 2023}}</ref> Katherine Maher o ne a nna Mookamedi-mogolo wa boraro wa Mokgatlho wa Wikipedia ka Seetebosigo 2016. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Lorente |first=Patricio |date=March 16, 2016 |title=Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees welcomes Katherine Maher as interim Executive Director |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2016/03/16/board-welcomes-katherine-maher/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114634/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2016/03/16/board-welcomes-katherine-maher/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Maher o ne a bolela gore nngwe ya ditlapele tsa gagwe e tla nna kgang ya go tshwenngwa ga bakwadi e e tlwaelesegileng mo Wikipedia jaaka go supilwe ke lekgotlana la Wikipedia ka Sedimonthole. O boleletse ''Bloomberg Businessweek'' mabapi le kgang ya go tshwenngwa a re: "Go dira gore batho ba akanye gore se ke selo se se tlang pele mo morafeng wa badirisi.&nbsp;... [mme paakanyo eo e tlhoka gore] e tshwanetse go nna go feta go bua fela." <ref name="Bloomberg 2016"/> Maher o ne a nna mokaedi wa khuduthamaga go fitlha ka Moranang 2021. <ref name="axios">{{Cite web |last=Salmon |first=Felix |date=February 4, 2021 |title=Exclusive: End of the Maher era at Wikipedia |url=https://www.axios.com/exclusive-the-end-of-the-maher-era-at-wikipedia-c1ed1408-bab7-4308-9407-db093e24c80d.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204180613/https://www.axios.com/exclusive-the-end-of-the-maher-era-at-wikipedia-c1ed1408-bab7-4308-9407-db093e24c80d.html |archive-date=February 4, 2021 |access-date=April 16, 2021 |website=Axios}}</ref> Maryana Iskander o ne a tlhomiwa go nna Mookamedimogolo yo o tsenang ka Lwetse 2021, mme a tsaya maemo a ka Firikgong 2022. O ne a bolela gore nngwe ya dilo tse a tla remelelang mo go tsone e tla nna go oketsa kabakanyo mo morafeng wa badirisi ba Wikimedia. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Lima|first=Cristiano|date=September 14, 2021|title=Wikimedia taps leader of South African nonprofit as its next CEO|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/09/14/wikipedia-maryana-iskander-ceo/|access-date=September 14, 2021|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Iskander o ne a dira go fitlha ka Firikgong 2026, fa Bernadette Meehan a ne a tsaya marapo a go nna Mookamedimogolo. Wikipedia gape e engwe nokeng ke mekgatlho le ditlhopha di le dintsi tse di dirisanang le Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia mme di tsamaisiwa ka bonosi, tse di bidiwang [[Wikimedia Foundation|ditlhopha tse di dirisanang le mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] . Tse di akaretsa dikgaolo tsa Wikimedia (tse e leng mekgatlho ya setšhaba kgotsa e e kwa tlase ga ya setšhaba, jaaka Wikimedia Deutschland le Wikimedia Fora), mekgatlho ya ditlhogo (e e tshwanang le Amical Wikimedia ya setšhaba sa puo ya Se-Catalan ), le ditlhopha tsa badirisi. Ditlhopha tse di tsaya karolo mo go rotloetseng, go tlhabololeng, le go thusa Wikipedia ka madi. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikimedia chapters |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_chapters |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051112001834/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_chapters |archive-date=November 12, 2005 |access-date=February 1, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> === Ditiro tsa sofotewere le tshegetso/kemo nokeng === Go dira ga Wikipedia go ikaegile ka MediaWiki, e leng sofotewere ya wiki e e itiretsweng, e le ya mahala gape e bulegile se se kwadilweng ka PHP mme se agilwe mo thulaganyong ya polokelo ya tshedimosetso ya MySQL . <ref name="nedworks database system" group="W">{{Cite web |last=Bergsma |first=Mark |title=Wikimedia Architecture |url=https://www.nedworks.org/~mark/presentations/san/Wikimedia%20architecture.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204708/https://www.nedworks.org/~mark/presentations/san/Wikimedia%20architecture.pdf |archive-date=March 3, 2009 |access-date=June 27, 2008 |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Sofotewere e e akaretsa ditiriso tsa go dira mananeo a tshwana le puo e kgolo, dilo tse di farologaneng, thulaganyo ya go fetoladithempoleite, le go kaela gape URL . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=MediaWiki Features |url=https://www.wikimatrix.org/show/mediawiki |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202020544/https://www.wikimatrix.org/show/mediawiki |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=WikiMatrix}}</ref> MediaWiki e na le teseletso ka fa tlase ga Teseletso ya Botlhe ya GNU (GPL) mme e dirisiwa ke mananeo otlhe a Wikimedia, ga mmogo le mananeo a mangwe a mantsi a wiki. <ref name="nedworks database system" group="W" /> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Project:Copyrights |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Project:Copyrights&oldid=262877 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022061355/https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Project:Copyrights&oldid=262877 |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=MediaWiki |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Kwa tshimologong, Wikipedia e ne e tsamaisiwa mo UseModWiki e e kwadilweng ka Perl ke Clifford Adams (Kgato ya ntlha), e kwa tshimologong e neng e tlhoka CamelCase go dira dikgokagano tsa dikwalo; mofuta wa go dirisa masaka a mabedi se ne sa tsenngwa moragonyana. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=UseMod: UseModWiki |url=https://www.usemod.org/cgi-bin/wiki.pl |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001017191620/http://www.usemod.com/cgi-bin/wiki.pl |archive-date=October 17, 2000 |website=UseModWiki}}</ref> Go simolola ka Firikgong 2002 (Kgato ya bobedi), Wikipedia e ne ya simolola go dira mo enjeneng ya wiki ya PHP e e nang le polokelo ya tshedimosetso ya MySQL; sofotewere e e ne e direlwa Wikipedia ke Magnus Manske . Sofotewere ya Kgato ya bobedi e ne ya fetolwa gangwe le gape go emelana le tlhokego e e neng e oketsega ka lobelo lo logolo . Ka Phukwi 2002 ( Kgato ya boraro ), Wikipedia e ne ya fetogela kwa sofotewereng ya kokomane ya boraro, e leng MediaWiki, e e neng e kwadilwe ke Lee Daniel Crocker . Dikatoloso di le mmalwa tsa MediaWiki di tsentswe go atolosa tiro ya sofotewere ya MediaWiki. Ka Moranang 2005, katoloso ya Lucene <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Snow |first=Michael |date=April 18, 2005 |title=Internal search function returns to service |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2005-04-18/Lucene_search |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731211712/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2005-04-18/Lucene_search |archive-date=July 31, 2012 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Vibber |first=Brion |title=[Wikitech-l&#93; Lucene search |url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2005-April/016297.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330033506/http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2005-April/016297.html |archive-date=March 30, 2013 |access-date=February 26, 2009 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> e ne ya tsenngwa mo patlong e e diritsweng mo teng ya MediaWiki mme Wikipedia e ne ya fetoga go tswa go MySQL go ya go Lucene go dirisiwa mo patlong. Moragonyana Lucene e ne ya emisediwa ka Patlisiso ya Cirrus e e theilweng mo Patlong ya Elastic . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Extension:CirrusSearch |url=https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:CirrusSearch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413230335/https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:CirrusSearch |archive-date=April 13, 2021 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=MediaWiki}}</ref> Ka Phukwi 2013, morago ga go dira diteko tse di tseneletseng tsa beta, katoloso ya WYSIWYG (Se o se Bonang ke se o se fiwang), VisualEditor, e ne ya bulwa gore e dirisiwe ke botlhe. <ref name="thenextwebve">{{Cite news|title=Wikimedia rolls out WYSIWYG visual editor for logged-in users accessing Wikipedia articles in English|url=https://thenextweb.com/insider/2013/07/02/wikimedia-rolls-out-its-wysiwyg-visual-editor-for-logged-in-users-accessing-wikipedia-articles-in-english/|access-date=February 2, 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/10196578/Wikipedia-introduces-new-features-to-entice-editors.html|title=Wikipedia introduces new features to entice editors|access-date=August 18, 2013}}</ref> <ref name="TheEconomistVE">{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/12/changes-wikipedia|title=Changes at Wikipedia: Seeing things|access-date=July 28, 2013}}</ref> E ne ya ganwa le go tshwaiwa diphoso thata, mme ya tlhalosiwa e le " bonya gape e na le diphoso". <ref name="Orlowski, Andrew">{{Cite web |last=Orlowski |first=Andrew |date=August 1, 2013 |title=Wikipedians say no to Jimmy's 'buggy' WYSIWYG editor |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/08/01/wikipedians_reject_wysiwyg_editor/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804115056/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/08/01/wikipedians_reject_wysiwyg_editor |archive-date=August 4, 2013 |access-date=August 18, 2013 |website=The Register}}</ref> Karolo e ne ya fetolwa go tswa mo go tlhopheng go tswa go ya kwa go tlhopheng go tsena morago ga moo. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Forrester |first=James |date=April 25, 2013 |title=The alpha version of the VisualEditor is now in 15 languages |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/04/25/visualeditor-alpha-in-15-languages/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114634/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/04/25/visualeditor-alpha-in-15-languages/ |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> === Go kwala mo go itirisang === Mananeo a dibalamakgolo(dikhompiutara) a a bidiwang di-bot gantsi di ile tsa dirisiwa go dira ditiro tse di motlhofo le tse di boelediwang, tse di tshwanang le go baakanya diphoso tse di tlwaelesegileng jaaka go peleta le mathata a mefuta ya tiriso, kgotsa go simolola dikwalo tse di tshwanang le go tsenya tsa dintlha tse digeographic ka mokgwa o o tlwaelegileng go tswa mo go wa tshedimosetso ya dipalopalo. <ref name="meetbots">{{Cite news|last=Nasaw|first=Daniel|date=July 24, 2012|title=Meet the 'bots' that edit Wikipedia|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18892510|access-date=February 2, 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Halliday|first=Josh|title=Boot up: The Wikipedia vandalism police, Apple analysts, and more|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2012/jul/26/boot-up-wikipedia-apple|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=July 26, 2012|access-date=September 5, 2012}}</ref> Mongwe wa bakwadi ba ba neng ba ntsha kganetsano, e bong Sverker Johansson, o ne a tlhama dikwalo ka bot ya gagwe ya Lsjbot, e go neng ga begwa gore e tlhama dikwalo di ka nna dikete di le lesome mo Wikipedia ya Se-Swedish ka malatsi a a rileng. <ref>{{Cite news|date=July 13, 2014|title=For This Author, 10,000 Wikipedia Articles Is a Good Day's Work|url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/for-this-author-10-000-wikipedia-articles-is-a-good-days-work-1405305001|access-date=August 18, 2014}}</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, go na le di-bot tse di diretsweng go itsise bakwadi ka go itirisa fa ba dira diphoso tse di tlwaelesegileng tsa bokwadi (tse di tshwanang le dinopolo tse di sa tsamaelaneng kgotsa masaka a a sa tshwaneng). <ref group="W">{{Cite news|last=Aude|date=March 23, 2009|title=Abuse Filter is enabled|publisher=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2009-03-23/Abuse_Filter|access-date=February 2, 2023}}</ref> Diphetolo tse di supilweng ka maaka ke di-bot e le tiro ya mokwadi yo o kobilweng di ka busediwa ke bakwadi ba bangwe. Bot e e lwantshanang le go senya e rulaganyeditswe go lemoga le go ntsha tshenyo ka bonako. <ref name="meetbots" /> Di-bot di kgona go supa diphetogo go tswa mo diakhaontong tse di rileng kgotsa mo ditlhopheng tsa diaterese tsa IP, jaaka go diragetse ka nako ya go thuntshiwa ga sefofane sa MH17 ka Phukwi 2014 fa go ne go begwa gore diphetogo di dirilwe ka di-IP tse di laolwang ke puso ya Russia. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 21, 2014 |title=MH17 Wikipedia entry edited from Russian government IP address |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/program/the-stream/2014/7/21/mh17-wikipedia-entry-edited-from-russian-government-ip-address |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116002928/https://stream.aljazeera.com/story/201407211855-0023944 |archive-date=November 16, 2016 |access-date=July 22, 2014 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> Di-bot mo Wikipedia di tshwanetse go amogelwa pele di tsenngwa mo tirisong. Go ya ka Andrew Lih, go ne go tla nna thata go akanya ka go atolosiwa ga Wikipedia mo go diragalang gompieno go dira dikadikadike tsa dikwalo fa go ne go sa dirisiwe di-bot tse di ntseng jalo. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Lih |first=Andrew |year=2009 |title=The Wikipedia Revolution |publisher=[[Hachette Books]] |isbn=978-1-4013-0371-6 |pages=99–106 |oclc=232977686}}</ref> Ka Mopitlo 2026, moemedi wa AI, Tom, o ne a dira diphetogo mo Wikipedia ka fa tlase ga akhaonto ya TomWikiAssist. Akhaonto e e ne ya thibelwa ka ntlha ya go nna bot e e sa amogelweng. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Maiberg |first=Emmanuel |date=March 30, 2026 |title=An AI Agent Was Banned From Creating Wikipedia Articles, Then Wrote Angry Blogs About Being Banned |url=https://www.404media.co/an-ai-agent-was-banned-from-creating-wikipedia-articles-then-wrote-angry-blogs-about-being-banned/ |url-access=registration |access-date=April 12, 2026 |website=[[404 Media]]}}</ref> === Ditiro tsa hardwere le tshegetso/kemo nokeng === [[File:Wikipedia_webrequest_2022.png|alt=Diagram showing flow of data between Wikipedia's servers.|thumb|Setshwantsho sa lenaneo la thulaganyo go ema ka Phatwe 2022 [[Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2022]] [[Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements]]]] Wikipedia mo bogompienong e dira mo ditlhopheng tse di kgethegileng tsa disefara tsa Linux tse di dirisang tsamaiso ya tiriso ya Debian . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Debian |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Debian |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418084905/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Debian |archive-date=April 18, 2021 |access-date=April 9, 2021 |website=Wikitech |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Ka Firikgong a le masome a mabedi, 2013, Wikipedia e ne e fuduseditse lefelo la yone la konokono la tshedimosetso kwa lefelong la Equinix kwa Ashburn, kwa Virginia . <ref group="W" name=":0"/> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2013/01/14/its-official-equinix-ashburn-is-wikimedias-home/|title=It's Official: Ashburn is Wikipedia's New Home|first=Jason|last=Verge|access-date=June 5, 2016|date=January 14, 2013}}</ref> Lefelo la bobedi la tshedimosetso ya tiriso le ne la tlhamiwa ka 2014 kwa Carrollton, Texas, go tokafatsa go ikanyega ga Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Data centers - Wikitech |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129081929/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers |archive-date=January 29, 2023 |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=wikitech.wikimedia.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bergsma |first=Mark |date=May 5, 2014 |title=Wikimedia Foundation selects CyrusOne in Dallas as new data center |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2014/05/05/wikimedia-foundation-selects-cyrusone-in-dallas-as-new-data-center/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715011353/https://blog.wikimedia.org/2014/05/05/wikimedia-foundation-selects-cyrusone-in-dallas-as-new-data-center/ |archive-date=July 15, 2018 |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=Diff}}</ref> Mafelo a a tshedimosetso ka bobedi a dira e le a konokono, mo dipakeng tse di farologaneng, mme e nngwe e dira jaaka ya bobedi ya tshedimosetso. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Switch Datacenter - Wikitech |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Switch_Datacenter |access-date=October 4, 2025 |website=wikitech.wikimedia.org}}</ref> Ka 2017, Wikipedia e ne ya tsenya setlhopha sa go boloka tshedimosetso mo lefelong la Equinix kwa Singapore, e leng la ntlha la mofuta ono kwa Asia. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=⚓ T156028 Name Asia Cache DC site |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156028 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512040933/https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156028 |archive-date=May 12, 2019 |access-date=May 12, 2019 |website=Wikimedia Phabricator}}</ref> Ka 2022, go ne ga bulwa lefelo la go boloka tshedimosetso kwa Marseille, kwa Fora. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=⚓ T282787 Configure dns and puppet repositories for new drmrs datacenter |url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282787 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114545/https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T282787 |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Phabricator}}</ref> Ka 2024, go ne ga bulwa lefelo la go boloka tshedimosetso kwa São Paulo, e leng la ntlha la mofuta o kwa Amerika Borwa. <ref group="W" name="Magru">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=July 26, 2024 |title=The journey to open our first data center in South America |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921054425/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/ |archive-date=September 21, 2024 |access-date=November 29, 2024 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Go ema ka Ngwanatseele 2024, ditlhopha tsa go boloka di-cache di kwa Amsterdam, kwa San Francisco, kwa Singapore, kwa Marseille le kwa São Paulo. <ref name=":13" group="W">{{Cite web |date=April 22, 2013 |title=Wikimedia servers |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_servers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120023847/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_servers |archive-date=November 20, 2021 |access-date=January 24, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Data centers |url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129081929/https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_centers |archive-date=January 29, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikitech |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> === Dipatlisiso tsa mo teng le tlhabololo ya tsamaiso === Morago ga palo e e golang ya meneelo(madi) e e tsenang ka 2013 e e fetang dinomoro di le supa, <ref name="Simonite-2013"/> Mokgatlho o o fitlheletse selekanyo sa dithoto tse di bonwang di tshwanelega go akanyediwa ka fa tlase ga melaometheo ya itsholelo ya mokgatlho wa madirelo go supa tlhokego ya go beeletsa gape madi/meneelo mo dipatlisisong le mo tlhabololong ya Mokgatlho. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Scherer |first=Frederic M. |author-link=Frederic M. Scherer |date=2009 |title=Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance |url=https://ssrn.com/abstract=1496716 |publisher=Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship, [[University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign]] |ssrn=1496716 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |orig-date=1970 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132257/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1496716 |archive-date=April 28, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mananeo a mabedi a dipatlisiso tse di ntseng jalo tsa mo teng le tlhabololo a nnile tlhamo ya Modiri wa Ditshwantsho le thebo ya "Ke a leboga" e e fitlhelwang mo ditsong tsa go kwala, tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa go tokafatsa mathata a go lapisega ga mokwadi. <ref name="Simonite-2013" /> <ref name="Orlowski, Andrew"/> Dipalo kakanyetso tsa go beeletsa gape ke mekgatlho ya madirelo mo dipatlisisong tsa mo teng le tlhabololo di ne tsa ithutiwa ke Adam Jaffe, yo o kwadileng gore go ne go tshwanetse go laolwa selekanyo sa 4% go ya go 25% ka ngwaga, ka maranyane a maemo a a kwa godimo se se tlhokang seelo se se kwa godimo sa tshegetso ka go beeletsa gape mo mokgatlhong. <ref name="Trajtenberg-2002">{{Cite book |last=Trajtenberg |first=Manuel |year=2002 |title=Patents, Citations, and Innovations: A Window on the Knowledge Economy |url=https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/2593/Patents-Citations-and-InnovationsA-Window-on-the |last2=Jaffe |first2=Adam B. |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=978-0-262-27623-8 |pages=89–153 |doi=10.7551/mitpress/5263.001.0001 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202174803/https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/2593/Patents-Citations-and-InnovationsA-Window-on-the |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ka maemong a 2013 a meneelo ya Wikimedia e kwadilwe jaaka e le didolara di le dikadikadike di le masome a mane ke botlhano, <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Peters |first=David |last2=Walsh |first2=Jay |year=2013 |title=Wikimedia Foundation 2012–13 Annual Report |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Wmf_AR12_v11_SHIP_2pp_hyper_14jan14.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210114540/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Wmf_AR12_v11_SHIP_2pp_hyper_14jan14.pdf |archive-date=February 10, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> selekanyo sa tekanyetso se se badilweng se se akantshitsweng ke Jaffe sa go beeletsa gape mo dipatlisisong le mo tlhabololong se fa gare ga didolara di le 1.8.&nbsp;dimilione le 11.3&nbsp; milione ka ngwaga. <ref name="Trajtenberg-2002" /> Ka 2019, selekanyo sa meneelo se ne sa begwa ke Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia gore ke didikadike tsa di dolara di le lekgolo le masome a mabedi ka ngwaga, <ref group="W">{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=2019 to 2020 Annual Report – Statement of Activities – Audited (July 1, 2019 – June 30, 2020) |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/about/annualreport/2020-annual-report/financials/#section-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202174803/https://wikimediafoundation.org/about/annualreport/2020-annual-report/financials/#section-2 |archive-date=February 2, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> go tlhabolola dipalokakanyetso tsa ga Jaffe tsa maemo a a kwa godimo a tshegetso go nna magareng ga dimilione di le $3.08 le 19,2&nbsp;milione ka ngwaga. <ref name="Trajtenberg-2002" />[[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|alt=Wikipedia Library logo|thumb|Sekano sa motlobo wa dibuka wa Wikipedia]] === Dikgatiso tsa dikgang tse di mo teng === Mananeo a le mantsi a Wikimedia a na le dikgatiso tsa dikgang tsa mo teng. Lekwalodikgang la mo inthaneteng la [[Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia]] ''la The Signpost'' le ne la tlhongwa ka 2005 ke Michael Snow, motsamaisi wa Wikipedia yo o neng a tla nna leloko la khuduthamaga ya batlhokomedi ba Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia ka 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Caroline |date=July 18, 2008 |title=Wikimedia Foundation edits its board of trustees |url=https://www.cnet.com/culture/wikimedia-foundation-edits-its-board-of-trustees/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301224408/https://www.cnet.com/news/wikimedia-foundation-edits-its-board-of-trustees/ |archive-date=March 1, 2016 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=[[CNET]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|archiveurl=Noam Cohen}}</ref> Kgatiso e e akaretsa dikgang le ditiragalo go tswa kwa Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia, le [[Wikimedia Foundation|mananeo a mangwe a Wikipedia]] . === Motlobo wa dibuka wa Wikipedia === Bakwadi ba Wikipedia ka dinako tse dingwe ba sokola go fitlhelela metswedi e e duelwang e e tlhokegang go tokafatsa dikwalo. {{sfn|McDowell|Vetter|2022|page=64}}Motlobo wa dibuka wa Wikipedia ke motswedi wa bakwadi ba Wikipedia o o nayang phitlhelelo ya mahala ya dikgatiso tse dintsi tsa mo maranyaneng, gore ba kgone go leba le go di nopola fa ba ntse ba kwala mo ensaetlolopedieng . <ref name="orlowitz">{{Cite journal |last=Orlowitz |first=Jake |date=January 2018 |title=The Wikipedia Library: the biggest encyclopedia needs a digital library and we are building it |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327963422 |url-status=live |journal=JLIS.it |volume=9 |issue=3 |doi=10.4403/jlis.it-12505 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428132509/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327963422_The_wikipedia_library_The_biggest_encyclopedia_needs_a_digital_library_and_we_are_building_it |archive-date=April 28, 2024 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref> Bagatisi ba feta masome a marataro ba tlhophile go dirisana mmogo le motlobo wa dibuka wa Wikipedia go tlamela ka phitlhelelo ya didirisiwa tsa bone: fa ICE Publishing e ne ya kopana go dira le bone ka 2020, mmueledi o ne a re "Ka go kgontsha bakwadi ba Wikipedia go fitlhelela diteng tsa rona mahala, re solofela go tsweledisa pele didirisiwa tse morafe o wa batlisisi ba di didirisang- ba kwala le go baakanya dikwalo tsa ditlhogo tsa Civil Engineering tse di balwang ke babadi ba le diketekete kgwedi le kgwedi." <ref name="hall">{{Cite web |last=Hall |first=Sam |date=June 24, 2020 |title=ICE Publishing partners with The Wikipedia Library |url=https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/page/ice-news/106-wikipedia-library |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113161530/https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/page/ice-news/106-wikipedia-library |archive-date=November 13, 2022 |access-date=October 26, 2021 |website=ICE Virtual Library}}</ref> == Refferences == <references /> == Phitlhelelo ya diteng == === Teseletso ya diteng === Fa lenaneo le le simololwa ka 2001, mafoko otlhe mo Wikipedia a ne a akarediwa ke GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), e leng teseletso ya Copyleft e e letlang go anamisiwa gape, go tlhamiwa ga dibuka tse di tswang mo go yone, le go dirisiwa ga diteng ga kgwebo fa bakwadi ba ntse ba na le tshwanelo ya tiro ya bone. GFDL e diretswe dibukana tsa tiriso tsa sofotewere tse di tlang le mananeo asofotewere ya mahala tse di nang le teseletso ka fa tlase ga GPL . Se se dirile gore e nne tshwetso e e bokoa ya bukana ya tshupiso ka kakaretso: ka sekai, GFDL e tlhoka gore dikgatiso gape tsa didirisiwa go tswa mo Wikipedia di tle le moriti o o feletseng ya mokwalo wa GFDL. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions about the GNU Licenses |url=https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.en.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220318014154/https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.en.html |archive-date=March 18, 2022 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=GNU Operating System |publisher=[[Free Software Foundation]]}}</ref> Ka Sedimonthole 2002, go ne ga gololwa teseletso ya Creative Commons ; e ne e diretswe ditiro tsa botlhami ka kakaretso, e seng fela dibukana tsa tiriso tsa sofotewere. Lenaneo la Wikipedia le ne la batla go fetogela kwa Creative Commons. <ref name="WPF switch to CC" group="W">{{Cite web |last=Vermeir |first=Walter |date=December 1, 2007 |title=Resolution:License update |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution:License_update |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903084619/http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution:License_update |archive-date=September 3, 2011 |access-date=December 4, 2007 |website=Wikimedia Foundation}}</ref> Ka gore GFDL le Creative Commons di ne di sa tsamaisane, ka Ngwanatseele 2008, morago ga kopo ya lenaneo, Mokgatlho wa Sofotewere ya Mahala (FSF) o ne wa golola mofuta o mosha wa GFDL o o neng o diretswe ka tlhamalalo go letla Wikipedia go naya CC BY-SA teseletso ya diteng tsa yone ka Phatwe 1, 2009 Ka Moranang 2009, Wikipedia le mananeo a yone a dingwe di ne tsa tshwara referantamo ya baagi botlhe, e e neng ya dira tshwetso ya go fetola ka Seetebosigo 2009. <ref name="MW licensing QA" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Licensing update/Questions and Answers |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716170801/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers |archive-date=July 16, 2020 |access-date=February 15, 2009 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> <ref name="MW licensing timeline 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Licensing_update/Timeline |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Timeline |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817062932/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Timeline |archive-date=August 17, 2022 |access-date=April 5, 2009 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> <ref name="WP blog license migration" group="W">{{Cite web |last=Walsh |first=Jay |date=May 21, 2009 |title=Wikimedia community approves license migration |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2009/05/21/wikimedia-community-approves-license-migration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113042618/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2009/05/21/wikimedia-community-approves-license-migration/ |archive-date=January 13, 2021 |access-date=May 21, 2009 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Go tshwarwa ga dithoto tsa ditshwantsho (sekai, dithoto tsa dinepe) go a farologana go ralala dikgatiso tsa puo. Dikgatiso tse dingwe tsa puo, jaaka Wikipedia ya Sekgoa, di akaretsa dithoto tsa ditshwantsho tse e seng tsa mahala ka fa tlase ga thuto ya tiriso e e siameng, <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia:Non-free content |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127162916/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content |archive-date=January 27, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> fa tse dingwe di tlhophile go se dire jalo, bontlhabongwe jwa lebaka e le ka ntlha ya go tlhoka dithuto tsa tiriso e e siameng mo mafatsheng a bone (sekai, mo molaong wa ditshwanelo tsa botlhami wa Japane ). Dithoto tsa ditshwantsho/bobegadikgang tse di akareditsweng ke diteseletso tsa diteng tsa mahala (sekai, Creative Commons ' CC BY-SA ) di abelanwa go ralala dikgatiso tsa puo ka polokelo ya Wikimedia Commons, e leng lenaneo le le tsamaisiwang ke Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Commons:Fair use |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Fair_use |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131061136/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Fair_use |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Commons]]}}</ref> Go amogela ga Wikipedia ga melao e e farologaneng ya boditšhabatšhaba ya ditshwanelo tsa botlhami mabapi le ditshwantsho go dirile gore bangwe ba lemoge gore go akaretsa ga yone ga dikgang tsa dinepe go saletse kwa morago ga boleng jwa mokwalo wa ensaetlolopedia e. <ref name="NYT photos on WP">{{Cite news|archiveurl=Noam Cohen|title=Wikipedia May Be a Font of Facts, but It's a Desert for Photos|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/20/arts/20funny.html|access-date=March 9, 2013}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia ga se moabi wa diteseletso tsa diteng mo Wikipedia kgotsa mananeo a a amanang le one mme ke tirelo fela ya go amogela batho ba ba nang le seabe mo Wikipedia le ba ba o nayang diteseletso, e leng maemo a a neng a sirelediwa ka katlego ka 2004 kwa kgotlatshekelo kwa Fora. <ref name="reuters French defamation case">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia cleared in French defamation case|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/internetNews/idUSL0280486220071102|access-date=November 2, 2007}}</ref> <ref name="ars tech WP dumb suing case">{{Cite web |last=Anderson |first=Nate |date=May 2, 2008 |title=Dumb idea: suing Wikipedia for calling you "dumb" |url=https://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20080502-dumb-idea-suing-wikipedia-for-calling-you-dumb.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806121938/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2008/05/dumb-idea-suing-wikipedia-for-calling-you-dumb.ars |archive-date=August 6, 2011 |access-date=May 4, 2008 |website=[[Ars Technica]]}}</ref> === Mefuta ya phitlhelelo === Ka gore diteng tsa Wikipedia di anamisiwa ka fa tlase ga teseletso e e bulegileng, mongwe le mongwe o ka di dirisa gape kgotsa a di anamisa gape ntle le go duedisiwa. Diteng tsa Wikipedia di gatisitswe ka mefuta e le mentsi, mo inthaneteng le kwa ntle ga inthanete, kwa ntle ga webosaete ya Wikipedia. Go na le diketekete tsa " mafelo a a tshwanang " a a gatisang gape diteng go tswa mo Wikipedia; tse pedi tse di tlhageletseng tse gape di akaretsang diteng tse di tswang mo metsweding e mengwe ke Reference.com le Answers.com . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Reference.com Expands Content by Adding Wikipedia Encyclopedia to Search Capabilities |url=http://www.lexico.com/about/pr20050915.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225094122/http://www.lexico.com/about/pr20050915.html |archive-date=February 25, 2009 |website=Lexico Publishing Group, LLC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of Answers.com |url=https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/answerscom |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203151141/https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/answerscom |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[PCMag]]}}</ref> Sekai se sengwe ke Wapedia, e e neng ya simolola go bontsha diteng tsa Wikipedia ka mofuta o o siametseng tiriso ya mogala wa letheka pele ga Wikipedia ka boyone e dira jalo. <ref name=":16" group="W">{{Cite web |last=Seifi |first=Joe |date=August 27, 2007 |title=Wapedia review |url=https://appsafari.com/utilities/1144/wapedia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423185926/https://appsafari.com/utilities/1144/wapedia/ |archive-date=April 23, 2022 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=appSafari}}</ref> Dienjini dingwe tsa patlo tsa webo di dirisa diteng tsa Wikipedia ka tsela e e kgethegileng fa di bontsha maduo a patlo: dikai tsa tsone di akaretsa Microsoft Bing ( ka maranyane a a tserweng mo Powerset ) le DuckDuckGo . Dikokoanyo tsa dikwalo tsa Wikipedia di gatisitsee mo disking tsa pono . Mofuta wa Sekgoa o o neng wa gololwa ka 2006 o ne o na le dikwalo di ka nna dikete di le pedi. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia 0.5 available on a CD-ROM |url=http://www.wikipediaondvd.com/site.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602060411/http://www.wikipediaondvd.com/site.php |archive-date=June 2, 2013 |website=Wikipedia On DVD}}</ref> Mofuta wa puo ya Se-Polish go tloga ka 2006 o na le dikwalo di ka nna dikete di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a le mane, <ref name="WM polish WP on dvd" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Polish Wikipedia on DVD |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Polska_Wikipedia_na_DVD_%28z_Helionem%29/en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229040017/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Polska_Wikipedia_na_DVD_(z_Helionem)/en |archive-date=December 29, 2022 |access-date=December 26, 2008 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> mofuta wa puo ya Sejeremane go tloga ka 2007/2008 o na le dikwalo di feta dikete di le makgolo a le marataro le masome a mabedi, mme mofuta wa puo ya Sepanishe go tloga ka 2011 o na le dikwalo di le dikete di le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=¿Qué es la CDPedia? |url=http://python.org.ar/pyar/Proyectos/CDPedia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702023520/http://python.org.ar/pyar/Proyectos/CDPedia |archive-date=July 2, 2011 |website=Py Ar |language=es}}</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, "Wikipedia ya Dikolo", motseletsele wa di-CD / di-DVD tsa Wikipedia tse di dirilweng ke Wikipedia le SOS Children, ke di tlhophilweng mahala go tswa mo Wikipedia e e diretsweng thuto ya bana ba dingwaga di le boferabobedi go ya go di le lesome le bosupa. <ref group="W">{{Cite news|title=2008–09 Wikipedia for Schools goes online|url=https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/2008-09_Wikipedia_for_Schools_goes_online}}</ref> Go nnile le maiteko a go tsenya karolwana e e tlhophilweng ya dikwalo tsa Wikipedia mo sebopegong sa buka e e gatisitsweng. <ref name="WP into books 1">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia turned into book|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5549589/Wikipedia-turned-into-book.html|access-date=February 3, 2023}}</ref> <ref name="WP schools selection 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia Selection for Schools |url=https://schools-wikipedia.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120804093730/https://schools-wikipedia.org/ |archive-date=August 4, 2012 |access-date=July 14, 2012 |website=Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Fa e sa le ka 2009, dibuka di le dikete di le masomesome tse di gatisitsweng fa di batliwa tse di thusitseng go dirwa ga dikwalo tsa Wikipedia tsa Sekgoa, Sejeremane, Se-Russia le Sefora di ile tsa gatisiwa ke kompone ya Amerika ya Books LLC le ke dikompone tse tharo tse di potlana tsa kwa Mauritius tsa mogatisi wa Jeremane VDM . Webosaete ya DBpedia, e e simolotsweng ka 2007, e ntsha tshedimosetso mo mabokosong a tshedimosetso le mo dipolelong tsa ditlhopha tsa Wikipedia ya puo ya Sekgoa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bizer |first=Christian |last2=Lehmann |first2=Jens |last3=Kobilarov |first3=Georgi |last4=Auer |first4=Sören |last5=Becker |first5=Christian |last6=Cyganiak |first6=Richard |last7=Hellmann |first7=Sebastian |date=September 2009 |title=DBpedia – A crystallization point for the Web of Data |journal=Journal of Web Semantics |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=154–165 |citeseerx=10.1.1.150.4898 |doi=10.1016/j.websem.2009.07.002 |s2cid=16081721}}</ref> Wikimedia e tlhamile lenaneo la Wikidata ka maikaelelo a a tshwanang a go boloka dintlha tsa motheo go tswa mo tsebeng nngwe le nngwe ya Wikipedia le mananeo a mangwe a Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia le go e dira gore e nne teng ka sebopego sa bokao jo bo ka bodiwang, jwa RDF . <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikidata:Introduction |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Introduction |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Wikidata |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Go ema ka Tlhakole 2013, e na le diteng tse di fetang didikadike di le lesome. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikidata:Statistics |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Statistics |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Wikidata |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> WikiReader ke sediriswa se se kgethegileng se se balelang kwa godimo se se nang le moriti wa Wikipedia o o seng mo inthaneteng, e e neng ya simolodisawa ke OpenMoko mme ya gololwa la ntlha ka 2009. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Moeller |first=Erik |date=October 13, 2009 |title=OpenMoko Launches WikiReader |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2009/10/13/openmoko-launches-wikireader/ |access-date=January 19, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Go tsaya diteng tsotlhe tsa Wikipedia gore di dirisiwe gape go na le dikgwetlho, ka gore go dira ditshwantsho tse di tshwanang ka tlhamalalo ka Web crawler ga go rotloediwe. Wikipedia e gatisa " dithotobolo " tsa diteng tsa yone, mme tse ke tsa mafoko fela; go ema ka 2023 ga go na thotobolo e e leng teng ya ditshwantsho tsa Wikipedia. <ref name="WP image data dumps 1" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Data dumps/What's available for download |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data_dumps/What%27s_available_for_download |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> [[Wikimedia Foundation|Kgwebo ya Wikimedia]] ke tharabololo ya go dira dipoelo ka se. Dipuo di le mmalwa tsa Wikipedia le tsone di na le tafole ya dikgang, e mo go yone baithaopi ba arabang dipotso tse di bodiwang ke setšhaba. Go ya ka patlisiso e e dirilweng ke Pnina Shachaf mo ''Journal of Documentation'', boleng jwa tafole ya dikgang ya Wikipedia bo ka bapisiwa le tafole ya dikgang ya motlobo wa dibuka e e tlwaelesegileng, ka bonnete jwa masome a matlhano le botlhano mo lekgolong. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shachaf |first=Pnina |date=October 16, 2009 |title=The paradox of expertise: is the Wikipedia Reference Desk as good as your library? |url=http://eprints.rclis.org/20329/1/Paradox%20of%20expertise-final.pdf |journal=Journal of Documentation |volume=65 |issue=6 |pages=977–996 |doi=10.1108/00220410910998951}}</ref> ==== Phitlhelelo ka mogala wa letheka ==== [[File:Wikipedia_on_Mobile_screenshot_(2024)_(cropped).png|thumb|Mogala wa letheka o o bontshang Tsebekgolo ya Wikipedia ya Sekgoa ka Phalane malatsi a le mabedi, 2024]] [[File:Wikipedia_page_views_by_device_type.webp|thumb|Dipono tsa tsebe ya Wikipedia go ya ka lefelo]] Sedirisiwa sa ntlha sa Wikipedia e ne e le gore badirisi ba kgone go bala le go kwaditeng tsa yone ba dirisa sedirisiwa fela sa patlo se se tlwaelesegileng sa webo ka kgolagano e e tlhomameng ya inthanete . Le fa diteng tsa Wikipedia di ntse di fitlhelelwa ka webo ya mogala wa letheka fa e sale ka Phukwi 2013, ''The New York Times'' ka Tlhakole 9, 2014, e ne ya nopola Erik Möller, mothusa mookamedi wa Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia, e bolela gore phetogo ya pharakano ya inthanete go tswa mo dikhompiutareng go ya kwa megaleng ya letheka e ne e le tona e bile e le selo se se bakang matshwenyego. Setlhogo sa ''The New York Times'' se ne sa bega dipalopalo tsa tshwantshanyo tsa diphetogo tse di dirwang ka mogala wa letheka a bolela gore, "Ke palo ya masome a le mabedi mo lekgolong ya babadi ba Wikipedia ya puo ya Sekgoa ba ba balang dikwalo ka megala ya letheka, palo e e kwa tlase thata go na le palo ya pharakano megala ya letheka mo mafelong a mangwe a bobegakgang, a bontsi jwa one a tsamaelang palo ya sephatlo mo lekgolong. Mme go fetogela kwa megaleng ya letheka go ntse bonya le go feta." Ka 2014 ''The New York Times'' e begile gore Möller o abetse "setlhopha sa batlhami ba disofotewere ba le lesome ba ba remelelang mo tirisong ya megala ya letheka", mo palong yotlhe ya babereki ba ka nna makgolo a le mabedi ba ba berekang kwa Mokgatlhong wa Wikimedia. Nngwe ya matshwenyego a matona a a umakilweng ke ''The New York Times'' ka "go tlhabaela" ke gore Wikipedia e rarabolole ka katlego mathata le palo ya bakwadi ba ensaetlolopedia ya mo inthaneteng e ba gogelang go kwala le go tlhokomela diteng tsa yone ka mogala wa letheka. <ref name="small screen">{{Cite news|last=Cohen|first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen|date=February 9, 2014|title=Wikipedia vs. the Small Screen|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/10/technology/wikipedia-vs-the-small-screen.html?_r=0|access-date=January 22, 2023}}</ref> Ka 2023, babereki ba Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia ba ne ba godile go nna babereki ba ba fetang makgolo a le masupa. <ref name="WF10.23.23">{{Cite web |last=Seitz-Gruwell |first=Lisa |author-link=Lisa Seitz-Gruwell |date=October 23, 2023 |title=7 reasons you should donate to Wikipedia |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2022/11/03/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008212455/https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/10/23/7-reasons-you-should-donate-to-wikipedia/ |archive-date=October 8, 2024 |access-date=December 27, 2023 |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Phitlhelelo ya Wikipedia ka mogala wa letheka e ne ya kgonega go tloga ka 2004, ka Porothokholo ya Wireless Application (WAP), ka tirelo ya Wapedia . <ref name=":16" group="W">{{Cite web |last=Seifi |first=Joe |date=August 27, 2007 |title=Wapedia review |url=https://appsafari.com/utilities/1144/wapedia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423185926/https://appsafari.com/utilities/1144/wapedia/ |archive-date=April 23, 2022 |access-date=February 2, 2023 |website=appSafari}}</ref> Ka Seetebosigo 2007, Wikipedia e ne ya simolola en.mobile.wikipedia.org, e leng webosaete ya semmuso ya didirisiwa tse di senang megala. Ka 2009, go ne ga gololwa semmuso tirelo e ntšha ya megala ya letheka, e e mo go en.m.wikipedia.org, e e direlang megala ya letheka e e gatetseng pele thata e tshwana le iPhone, didirisiwa tsa Android, kgotsa didiriswa tsa WebOS . <ref name="WM mobile added 1" group="W">{{Cite web |date=June 30, 2009 |title=Wikimedia Mobile is Officially Launched |url=https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2009/06/wikimedia-mobile-launch |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111101614/http://techblog.wikimedia.org/2009/06/wikimedia-mobile-launch/ |archive-date=January 11, 2010 |access-date=July 22, 2009 |website=Wikimedia Technical Blog |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Mekgwa e mengwe e le mmalwa ya go fitlhelela Wikipedia ka mogala wa letheka e ile ya bonala fa e sa le ka nako eo. Didiriswa le ditiriso di le dintsi di tokafatsa go bontshiwa ga diteng tsa Wikipedia mo megaleng ya letheka, fa tse dingwe gape di akaretsa ditiriso tse dingwe di tshwana le tiriso ya tshedimosetso ya Wikipedia e e tshwanang le tshedimosetso ya lefatshe . <ref name="androgeoid.com LPOI WP 1">{{Cite web |date=May 15, 2011 |title=Local Points Of Interest In Wikipedia |url=https://androgeoid.com/2011/04/local-points-of-interest-in-wikipedia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110601092809/http://androgeoid.com/2011/04/local-points-of-interest-in-wikipedia/ |archive-date=June 1, 2011 |access-date=May 15, 2011 |website=AndroGeoid}}</ref> <ref name="ilounge iphone gems WP">{{Cite web |last=Hollington |first=Jesse David |date=November 30, 2008 |title=iPhone Gems: Wikipedia Apps |url=https://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/15802 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112235945/http://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/15802/ |archive-date=January 12, 2009 |access-date=July 22, 2008 |website=iLounge}}</ref> App ya Android ya Wikipedia e ne ya gololwa ka Firikgong 2012, e ne ya tsenngwa ke batho ba ba fetang dikete di le makgolo a le matlhano le gape e nae dikakgelo tsa ditshekatsheko tse di siameng, mme ya bona maduo a a fetang bone mo botlhanong mo patlisisong ya badirisi ba ka nna dikete di le makgolo a mabedi 200 000 ba ba neng ba e tsenya go tswa mo Google. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |last=Finc |first=Tomasz |date=January 26, 2012 |title=Announcing the Official Wikipedia Android App |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2012/01/26/announcing-the-official-wikipedia-android-app/ |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikipedia |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.wikipedia&hl=en |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[Google Play]]}}</ref> Mofuta wa iOS o ne wa gololwa ka Moranang a le boraro, 2013, mme wa nna le tshekatsheko e e tshwanang. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |date=August 4, 2014 |title=Wikipedia Mobile on the App Store on iTunes |url=https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia-mobile/id324715238 |access-date=August 21, 2014 |website=[[App Store (iOS/iPadOS)]] |publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]}}</ref> [[Wikipedia Zero (Setswana)|Wikipedia Zero]] e ne e le maiteko a Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia a go atolosa phitlhelelo ya ensaetlolopedia e kwa mafatsheng a a santseng a tlhabologa ka go dirisana le badiredi ba ditirelo tsa megala ya letheka go letla phitlhelelo ya mahala. <ref name=":17" group="W" /> <ref>{{Cite news|last=Ellis|first=Justin|date=January 17, 2013|title=Wikipedia plans to expand mobile access around the globe with new funding|url=https://www.niemanlab.org/2013/01/wikipedia-plans-to-expand-mobile-access-around-the-globe-with-new-funding|access-date=April 22, 2013|work=Nieman Lab}}</ref> E ne ya emisiwa ka Tlhakole 2018 ka ntlha ya go tlhoka go tsaya karolo ga badiredi ba ditirelo tsa megala ya letheka. <ref name=":17" group="W">{{Cite web |date=February 16, 2018 |title=Building for the future of Wikimedia with a new approach to partnerships |url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2018/02/16/partnerships-new-approach/ |access-date=May 12, 2019 |website=Diff |publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Andrew Lih le Andrew Brown ka bobedi ba dumela gore go kwala mo Wikipedia ka megala ya letheka go thata, mme se se kgoba marapo batho ba basha ba ba ka eletsang go tsenya letsogo. <ref name="Lih-2015" /> <ref name="Brown-2015" /> Lih o bolela gore palo ya bakwadi ba Wikipedia e ntse e a fokotsega morago ga dingwaga di le mmalwa, <ref name="Lih-2015" /> mme Tom Simonite wa ''MIT Technology Review'' o bolela gore popego le melao ke yone e e dirang se. Simonite a re bangwe badirisi [[Morafe wa Wikipedia|ba Wikipedia]] ba dirisa melao le dikaelo tsa go laola ba bangwe mme bakwadi bao ba na le kgatlhego e e tseneletseng ya go nna fela ka boitshwaro jo bo ntseng jalo. <ref name="Simonite-2013">{{Cite journal |last=Simonite |first=Tom |date=October 22, 2013 |title=The Decline of Wikipedia |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/ |url-status=live |journal=[[MIT Technology Review]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731083716/https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/ |archive-date=July 31, 2022 |access-date=November 30, 2013}}</ref> Lih o boletse gore go na le go sa dumalane magareng ga batsayakarolo ba ba leng teng gore se se ka rarabololwa jang. Lih o tshogela bokamoso jwa Wikipedia jwa nako e telele fa Brown ene a tshaba gore mathata a Wikipedia a tla nna a le teng, mme diensaetlolopedia tse di gaisanang le yone ga di kitla ka e ema pele. <ref name="Lih-2015">{{Cite news|last=Lih|first=Andrew|date=June 20, 2015|title=Can Wikipedia Survive?|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/21/opinion/can-wikipedia-survive.html|access-date=February 3, 2023}}</ref> <ref name="Brown-2015">{{Cite news|last=Brown|first=Andrew|date=June 25, 2015|title=Wikipedia editors are a dying breed. The reason? Mobile|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jun/25/wikipedia-editors-dying-breed-mobile-smartphone-technology-online-encyclopedia|access-date=February 3, 2023}}</ref> === Phitlhelelo kwa China === Phitlhelelo ya Wikipedia e thibetswe kwa boremelelong jwa China fa e sa le ka Motsheganong 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Henochowicz |first=Anne |date=May 20, 2015 |title=Chinese Wikipedia Blocked by Great Firewall |url=https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2015/05/chinese-wikipedia-blocked-by-great-firewall/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504212406/https://chinadigitaltimes.net/2015/05/chinese-wikipedia-blocked-by-great-firewall/ |archive-date=May 4, 2017 |access-date=May 4, 2017 |website=[[China Digital Times]]}}</ref> Se se ne sa dirwa morago ga gore Wikipedia e simolole go dirisa encryption ya HTTPS, e e neng ya dira gore go bipa dilo dingwe go nne thata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Perez |first=Sarah |date=June 12, 2015 |title=The Wikimedia Foundation Turns On HTTPS By Default Across All Sites, Including Wikipedia |url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/12/the-wikimedia-foundation-turns-on-https-by-default-across-all-sites-including-wikipedia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824001601/https://techcrunch.com/2015/06/12/the-wikimedia-foundation-turns-on-https-by-default-across-all-sites-including-wikipedia/ |archive-date=August 24, 2020 |access-date=June 3, 2020 |website=[[TechCrunch]]}}</ref> == Tlhotlheletso ya yone == === Motswedi o o ikanyegang wa go lwantsha dikgang tse di seng boammaaruri === Ka 2017–18, morago ga go tlhatloga ga dipeo tsa maaka, Facebook le YouTube ka bobedi di ne tsa itsise gore di tla ikaega ka Wikipedia go thusa badirisi ba tsone go sekaseka dipego le go gana dikgang tsa maaka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hughes |first=Taylor |last2=Smith |first2=Jeff |last3=Leavitt |first3=Alex |date=April 3, 2018 |title=Helping People Better Assess the Stories They See in News Feed with the Context Button |url=https://about.fb.com/news/2018/04/news-feed-fyi-more-context/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111152311/https://about.fb.com/news/2018/04/news-feed-fyi-more-context/ |archive-date=January 11, 2023 |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=[[Meta Platforms|Meta]]}}</ref> <ref name="Cohen-2018" /> Noam Cohen, fa a kwala mo go ''The Washington Post'' o ne a re, "Go ikaega ga YouTube ka Wikipedia go baakanya seemo go akantsha ka lefelo le lengwe le le tlhokang dikgang tse di boammaaruri, e leng neteweke ya botsalano ya Facebook, e e neng ya itsise ngogola gore Wikipedia e tla thusa badirisi ba yone go tlosa ' dikgang tse di seng boammaaruri '." <ref name="Cohen-2018">{{Cite news|archiveurl=Noam Cohen}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Constine |first=Josh |date=April 3, 2018 |title=Facebook fights fake news with author info, rolls out publisher context |url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/03/facebook-author-info/ |access-date=July 15, 2021 |website=[[TechCrunch]]}}</ref> === Babadi === Ka Tlhakole 2014, ''The New York Times'' e ne ya bega gore Wikipedia e ne e le mo maemong a botlhano mo lefatsheng lotlhe mo diwebosaeteng tsotlhe, e bolela gore "Ka dipono tsa ditsebe di le didikadike di le lesome le boferabobedi le palo e e ka nnang dikadikadike di le makgolo a le matlhano ya baeng ba ba kgethegileng ka kgwedi,&nbsp;... Wikipedia e latela fela Yahoo, Facebook, Microsoft, le Google, e leng yone e tona go di feta tsotlhe e na le &nbsp;baeng ba ba kgethegileng ba le didikadike di le 1.2." <ref name="small screen">{{Cite news|last=Cohen|first=Noam|author-link=Noam Cohen|date=February 9, 2014|title=Wikipedia vs. the Small Screen|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/10/technology/wikipedia-vs-the-small-screen.html?_r=0|access-date=January 22, 2023}}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, maemo a yone a ne a wela kwa tlase go ya kwa maemong a bolesome le boraro lefatshe ka bophara ka Seetebosigo 2020 ka ntlha ya go tlhatloga ga go tuma ga diwebosaete tsa China tsa go reka dithoto mo inthaneteng. <ref name="Alexa">{{Cite web |title=Alexa Top 500 Global Sites |url=https://www.alexa.com/topsites |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203120227/https://www.alexa.com/topsites |archive-date=February 3, 2021 |access-date=December 28, 2016 |website=[[Alexa Internet]]}}</ref> Webosaete e e ne ya boela mo maemong a yone go tloga ka Moranang 2022. <ref name="Alexa" /> Mo godimo ga kgolo ya palo ya dikwalo tsa yone, Wikipedia e kgonne go ipaya mo maemong a go nna webosaete ya metswedi ka kakaretso fa e sa le e tlhongwa ka 2001. Palo ya babadi ba Wikipedia lefatshe ka bophara e fitlheletse didikadike di le makgolo a mararo le masome a marataro le botlhano kwa bokhutlong jwa 2009. <ref name="365M" group="W">{{Cite web |last=West |first=Stuart |date=2010 |title=Wikipedia's Evolving Impact: slideshow presentation at TED2010 |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/TED2010%2C_Stuart_West_full_presentation_updated_with_January_data.pdf |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> Lenaneo la Inthanete Pew le Botshelo jwa Amerika le ne ya fitlhela gore bongwetharo jwa badirisi ba Inthanete ba kwa United States ba ne ba etela Wikipedia. Ka 2011, ''Business Insider'' e ne ya fa Wikipedia tlhwatlhwa ya didikadike tsa didolara di le nne fa e ne e letlelela di-ipapatso. <ref>{{Cite web |last=SAI |date=October 7, 2011 |title=The World's Most Valuable Startups |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/2011-digital-100#7-wikimedia-foundation-wikipedia-7 |access-date=June 14, 2014 |website=Business Insider}}</ref> Go ya ka "Patlisiso ya Babadi ba Wikipedia ya 2011", palogare ya dingwaga tsa babadi ba Wikipedia masome a mararo le borataro , ka tekatekano e e ka nnang teng fa gare ga bong. Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa babadi ba Wikipedia ba etela lefelo le makgetho a a fetang botlhano ka kgwedi, mme palo e e tshwanang ya babadi ba batla Wikipedia ka tlhamalalo mo maduong a bone mo dienjeneng tsa tshenko. Mo e ka nnang palo ya masome a le mane le bosupa mo lekgolong (47%) ya babadi ba Wikipedia ga ba lemoge gore Wikipedia ke mokgatlho o o sa direng dipoelo. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |date=February 6, 2012 |title=Research: Wikipedia Readership Survey 2011/Results – Meta |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Wikipedia_Readership_Survey_2011/Results |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209125719/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Wikipedia_Readership_Survey_2011/Results |archive-date=December 9, 2013 |access-date=April 16, 2014 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> Go ema ka Tlhakole 2023, Wikipedia e ngoka didirisiwa tse di kgethegileng di le didikadike di le pedi kgwedi le kgwedi, mme Wikipedia ya Sekgoa e amogela&nbsp;dipono tsa ditsebe di le didikadike di le lesome kgwedi le kgwedi. <ref name="Wikimedia_Stats" group="W">{{Cite web |title=Wikistats – Statistics For Wikimedia Projects |url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/all-wikipedia-projects |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711051858/https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/all-wikipedia-projects |archive-date=July 11, 2020 |access-date=August 8, 2023 |website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]}}</ref> ==== Bolwetsi jwa Covid-19 ==== Ka nako ya [[Bolwetse jwa Mogare wa Khorona 2019|bolwetsi jwa lefatshe lotlhe jwa Covid-19]], go bega ga leroborobo le ga Wikipedia le ntwa kgatlhanong le tshedimosetso e e seng boammaaruri go ne ga elwa tlhoko ke babegadikgang ba ditšhabatšhaba, mme ga tlisa koketsego ya babadi ba Wikipedia ka kakaretso. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Dodds|first=Laurence|date=April 3, 2020|title=Why Wikipedia is winning against the coronavirus 'infodemic'-GB|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2020/04/03/wikipedia-winning-against-coronavirus-infodemic/|access-date=February 3, 2023|issn=0307-1235}}</ref> Noam Cohen o ne a kwala mo ''Wired'' gore maiteko a Wikipedia a go lwantsha tshedimosetso e e seng nnete e e amanang le leroborobo le a ne a farologana le a diwebosaete tse dingwe tse ditona, a re, "Ntle le fa Twitter, Facebook le tse dingwe di ka ithuta go rarabolola tshedimosetso e e semg boammaaruri ka tsela e e botoka thata, Wikipedia e tla nna lefelo la bofelo le le gaisang mo Inthaneteng." <ref name="Cohen-2020" /> Ka Phalane 2020, [[World Health Organisation|Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe Lotlhe wa Botsogo]] o wa dira kitsiso ya gore o ntsha ka kgololesego teseletso ya ditshwantsho tsa ithunthuntso tsa one le dilo tse dingwe go dirisiwa mo mananeong a Wikimedia. <ref>{{Cite news|date=October 22, 2020|title=Wikipedia and W.H.O. Join to Combat Covid-19 Misinformation|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/22/health/wikipedia-who-coronavirus-health.html|access-date=February 3, 2023}}</ref> Go ne go na le dikwalo tsa Wikipedia tse di amanang le COVID-19 di ka nna dikete di le bosupa mo diWikipedia go ralala DiWikipedia tse di lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le boferabobedi tse di farologaneng, go ema ka Ngwanatseele 2021. <sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;">[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia&action=edit &#x5B; tlhabolola &#x5D;]</sup> [[Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2021]] [[Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements]] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kenton |first=Amanda |last2=Humborg |first2=Christian |date=November 29, 2021 |title=Digital regulation must empower people to make the internet better |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/28/digital-regulation-must-empower-people-to-make-the-internet-better/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530140630/https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/28/digital-regulation-must-empower-people-to-make-the-internet-better/ |archive-date=May 30, 2022 |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[TechCrunch]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKentonHumborg2021">Kenton, Amanda; Humborg, Christian (November 29, 2021). [https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/28/digital-regulation-must-empower-people-to-make-the-internet-better/ "Digital regulation must empower people to make the internet better"]. ''[[TechCrunch]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220530140630/https://techcrunch.com/2021/11/28/digital-regulation-must-empower-people-to-make-the-internet-better/ Archived] from the original on May 30, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wales |first=Jimmy |date=August 26, 2021 |title=Learning to trust the internet again |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/8/26/learning-to-trust-the-internet-again |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827002411/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/8/26/learning-to-trust-the-internet-again |archive-date=August 27, 2021 |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWales2021">Wales, Jimmy (August 26, 2021). [https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/8/26/learning-to-trust-the-internet-again "Learning to trust the internet again"]. ''[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210827002411/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2021/8/26/learning-to-trust-the-internet-again Archived] from the original on August 27, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Bokao jwa Tlhotlheletso === [[File:Wikipedia_Monument_2.JPG|thumb|''Sefikantswe sa Wikipedia'' kwa Słubice, kwa Poland, se se dirilweng ke Mihran Hakobyan (2014)]] Diteng tsa Wikipedia gape di ile tsa dirisiwa mo dithutong, mo dibukeng, mo diphuthegong, le mo dikgetsing tsa kgotlatshekelo. <ref name="ssrn.com Wikipedian Justice 1">{{Cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Raghav |date=February 19, 2009 |title=Wikipedian Justice |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1346311 |s2cid=233749371 |ssrn=1346311}}</ref> Webosaete ya Palamente ya Canada e bua ka lekwalo la Wikipedia le le buang ka lenyalo la batho ba bong jo bo tshwanang mo karolong ya " dikgokagano tse di amanang le se" mo lenaneong la yone la "dipadi tse dingwe" tsa ''Molao wa Lenyalo la Semmuso'' . <ref name="parl.gc.ca same-sex marriage">{{Cite web |title=An Act respecting certain aspects of legal capacity for marriage for civil purposes |url=https://www.parl.ca/LegisInfo/en/bill/38-1/C-38?view=about |access-date=February 3, 2023 |website=LEGISinfo |publisher=[[Parliament of Canada]]}}</ref> Dipolelo tsa ensaetlolopedia e di ntse di dirisiwa thata jaaka motswedi ke mekgatlho e tshwana le dikgotlatshekelo tsa puso ya United States le Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe Lotlhe wa Dithoto Tsa Botlhale jwa tlhaloganyo —le mororo bogolo jang e le go tshegetsa tshedimosetso fela go na le gore tshedimosetso e e dirisiwe go tsaya tshwetso mo kgetsing. Diteng tse di tlhagelelang mo Wikipedia le tsone di ile tsa umakiwa jaaka motswedi le go umakiwa mo dipegong dingwe tsa Mokgatlho wa go tsaya ditlholwa wa United States . Ka Sedimonthole 2008, lekwalodikgang la maranyane ''la RNA Biology'' le ne la simolola karolo e ntšha ya go tlhalosa malapa a dimolekhule tsa RNA mme le tlhoka gore bakwadi ba ba neng ba na le seabe mo karolong e le bone ba romele lekwalo le le kwadilweng ka lelapa la RNA gore se gatisiwe mo Wikipedia. Wikipedia gape e dirisitswe jaaka motswedi mo bobegadikgannyeng, <ref name="ajr.org WP in the newsroom">{{Cite news|last1=Shaw|first1=Donna|date=February–March 2008|title=Wikipedia in the Newsroom|url=https://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=4461|access-date=February 11, 2008}}</ref> gantsi kwantle ga go tlhalosiwa, mme babegadikgang ba le mmalwa ba ile ba kobiwa mo ditirong ka ntlha ya go utswa diteng mo Wikipedia . <ref name="shizuoka plagiarized WP 1">{{Cite news|title=Shizuoka newspaper plagiarized Wikipedia article|date=July 5, 2007|url=https://www.japannewsreview.com/society/chubu/20070705page_id=364}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Richter|first1=Bob|date=January 9, 2007|title=Express-News staffer resigns after plagiarism in column is discovered|url=https://www.mysanantonio.com/news/metro/stories/MYSA010307.02A.richter.132c153.html}}</ref> <ref name="starbulletin.com Inquiry prompts dismissal">{{Cite web |last=Bridgewater |first=Frank |title=Inquiry prompts reporter's dismissal |url=https://archives.starbulletin.com/2006/01/13/news/story03.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128202726/https://archives.starbulletin.com/2006/01/13/news/story03.html |archive-date=January 28, 2023 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Coscarelli |first=Joe |date=July 29, 2014 |title=Plagiarizing Wikipedia Is Still Plagiarism, at BuzzFeed or the New York Times |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2014/07/new-york-times-buzzfeed-wikipedia-plagiarism.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818021218/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2014/07/new-york-times-buzzfeed-wikipedia-plagiarism.html |archive-date=August 18, 2022 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Intelligencer |publisher=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]}}</ref> Ka 2006, bukana ya ''Time'' e ne ya lemoga go nna le seabe ga Wikipedia (mmogo le YouTube, Reddit, MySpace, le Facebook) mo kgolong e e bonako ya tirisanommogo mo inthaneteng le dipuisano tsa didikadike tsa batho lefatshe ka bophara. Ka Lwetse 16, 2007, ''The Washington Post'' e ne ya bega gore Wikipedia e ne e le selo se se botlhokwa thata mo letsholong la ditlhopho la 2008 kwa United States, e bua e re: "Go kwala leina la ntlhopheng mo Google, mme magareng ga maduo a ntlha go na le tsebe ya Wikipedia, go dira gore se se nne botlhokwa fela jaaka ipapatso epe fela e e tlhalosang ntlhopheng. Go setse go kwalwa le baakangwa dikwalo ka bontlhopheng ba maemo a botautona go ngangisanwa ka tsone makgetho a le mantsi letsatsi le letsatsi." <ref name="WP.com WP election usage">{{Cite news|date=September 17, 2007|title=On Wikipedia, Debating 2008 Hopefuls' Every Facet|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/16/AR2007091601699_pf.html|access-date=December 26, 2008}}</ref> Lekwlo la Reuters la Phalane 2007, la setlhogo sa "Tsebe ya Wikipedia letshwao la bosheng la maemo", le ne la bega gore mo bosheng go nna le lekwalo la Wikipedia le le buang ka wena go netefatsa go itsege ga motho. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Ablan|first=Jennifer|date=October 22, 2007|title=Wikipedia page the latest status symbol|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSN2232893820071022?sp=true|access-date=October 24, 2007}}</ref> Lengwe la makgetho a ntlha a Wikipedia e neng ya nna le seabe mo kgannyeng ya puso e ne e le ka Lwetse 28, 2007, fa Mopolotiki wa Moitaly e bong Franco Grillini a ne a botsa tona wa metswedi le ditiro tsa setso ka ga tlhokego ya kgololesego ya go bona dilo tsotlhe . O boletse gore go tlhoka kgololesego e e ntseng jalo go ne ga pateletsa Wikipedia, "webosaete ya bosupa e e batliwang thata", go thibela ditshwantsho tsotlhe tsa dikago le botaki jwa segompieno jwa Italy, mme a bolela gore se se senya thata lotseno lwa bajanala. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grillini |first=Franco |author-link=Franco Grillini |date=March 30, 2009 |title=Comunicato Stampa. On. Franco Grillini. Wikipedia. Interrogazione a Rutelli. Con "diritto di panorama" promuovere arte e architettura contemporanea italiana. Rivedere con urgenza legge copyright |trans-title=Press release. Honorable Franco Grillini. Wikipedia. Interview with Rutelli about the "right to view" promoting contemporary art and architecture of Italy. Review with urgency copyright law |url=https://www.grillini.it/show.php?4885 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330141810/https://www.grillini.it/show.php?4885 |archive-date=March 30, 2009 |access-date=December 26, 2008 |language=it}}</ref> [[File:Wikipedia,_an_introduction_-_Erasmus_Prize_2015.webm|thumbtime=00:36.00|thumb|Wikipedia, matseno – Seetsele sa Erasmus sa 2015]] [[File:Quadriga-verleihung-rr-02.jpg|thumb|Jimmy Wales o amogela seetsele sa 2008 sa Quadriga sa ''Letsholo la Tshedimosetso'' mo boemong jwa Wikipedia.]] Setlhopha sa tiro se se neng se eteletswe pele ke Peter Stone ( se se neng se tlhamilwe jaaka karolo ya lenaneo kwa Stanford la Thutopatlisiso ya Dingwaga di le Lekgolo ka Botlhale jwa Maitirelo ) mo pegong ya sone se ne sa bitsa Wikipedia "sekai se se itsegeng thata sa go batla batho ba le bantsi .{{nbsp}}... se se fetang thata metswedi ya tshedimosetso e e kokoantsweng ka fa go tlwaelesegileng ka teng, e tshwana le diensaetlolopedia le dithanolo, ka selekanyo le boteng". <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --> |date=September 2016 |title=Artificial Intelligence and Life in 2030 |url=https://ai100.stanford.edu/2016-report/section-i-what-artificial-intelligence/ai-research-trends |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208003001/https://ai100.stanford.edu/2016-report/section-i-what-artificial-intelligence/ai-research-trends |archive-date=December 8, 2022 |access-date=September 3, 2016 |website=One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence (AI100) |publisher=[[Stanford University]]}}</ref> Mo setlhogong sa kakanyo sa 2017 sa ''Wired'', Hossein Derakhshan o tlhalosa Wikipedia jaaka " nngwe ya dipilara tsa bofelo tse di setseng tsa webo e e bulegileng le e e sa tlhomamang " mme a bapisa go nna teng ga yone jaaka motswedi wa kitso e e theilweng mo dikwalong le ditirelo tsa dikgang le tsa neteweke ya botsalano, mme tsone di dirisiwa thata jaaka thelebishene. Mo go Derakhshan, maikaelelo a Wikipedia jaaka ensaetlolopedia a emela ngwao ya Motlha wa Tshedimoso wa go dirisa tlhaloganyo go fenya maikutlo, selo se a se tsayang se le "mo kotsing" ka ntlha ya "go fetoga ka iketlo go tswa mo setsong sa go kwala go ya kwa go sa go tsaya dinepe, se se rayang go fetoga go tswa mo tirisong ya tlhaloganyo go ya kwa maikutlong, go tsamaelana le bodiragatsi". Go na le " {{Lang|la|[[sapere aude]]}} " ( {{literal translation|dare to know|lk=on}} go batla go itse), dineteweke tsa botsalano di dirile gore go nne le setso sa "go se go nne le sebete sa go batla go itse". Se se diragala gape fa Wikipedia e lebagane le "bothata jo bo tshwenyang thata" go feta go tlamelwa ka madi, e leng "seelo se se fokotsegang sa kgolo ya palo ya ba ba tsenyang letsogo mo webosaeteng". Ka ntlha ya mo, kgwetlho ya Wikipedia le ba ba e dirisang ke go "boloka Wikipedia le tsholofetso ya yone ya kokoanyo ya mahala le e e bulegileng ya kitso yotlhe ya batho mo gare ga phenyo ya thelebishene e ntšha le ya bogologolo—kafa go ka kokoanngwang le go bolokwa kitso ka teng fa go sena ope yo o kgathalang ka go itse." <ref>{{Cite news|last=Derakhshan|first=Hossein|author-link=Hossein Derakhshan|date=October 19, 2017|title=How Social Media Endangers Knowledge|url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedias-fate-shows-how-the-web-endangers-knowledge/|department=Business|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|publisher=Condé Nast|issn=1059-1028|access-date=October 22, 2018}}</ref> ==== Dietsele ==== [[File:Wikipedia_team_visiting_to_Parliament_of_Oviedo_Spain_2015.JPG|thumb|Setlhopha sa Wikipedia se etetse Palamente ya Asturias]] [[File:Spanish_Wikipedians_meetup.jpg|thumb|Kopano ya badirisi ba Wikipedia morago ga moletlo wa kabo dietsele wa Asturias wa 2015]] Wikipedia e fentse dietsele di le dintsi, e amogetse dietsele tsa yone tsa ntlha tse pedi tse di tona ka Motsheganong 2004. <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=Trophy shelf |url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Trophy_shelf |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=Wikimedia Meta-Wiki}}</ref> Sa ntlha e ne e le Nica ya Gauta ya Merafe ya Dijithale ya kgaisano ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya Prix Ars Electronica ; se se ne sa tla ka thuso ya madi a a kana ka €10 000 (£6 588; $12 700) le taletso ya go diragatsa go ipolela kwa Moletlong wa PAE Cyberarts kwa Austria moragonyana mo ngwageng oo. Sa bobedi e ne e le Sekgele sa Webby sa Baatlhodi sa setlhogo sa "morafe". <ref name="webbyawards WP awards 1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/winners-2004.php|title=Webby Awards 2004|publisher=The International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences|year=2004}}</ref> Ka Lwetse 2008, Wikipedia e ne ya amogela seetsele sa Quadriga sa ''Letsholo la Tshedimosetso'' sa lephata la Jeremane mmogo le Boris Tadić, Eckart Höfling, le Peter Gabriel . Seetsele se se ne sa abelwa Wales ke David Weinberger . <ref name="loomarea.com WP award 1">{{Cite web |title=Die Quadriga – Award 2008 |url=https://loomarea.com/die_quadriga/e/index.php?title=Award_2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915140714/https://loomarea.com/die_quadriga/e/index.php?title=Award_2008 |archive-date=September 15, 2008 |access-date=December 26, 2008}}</ref> Ka 2015, Wikipedia e ne ya abelwa gotlhe Seetsele sa ngwaga le ngwaga sa Erasmus,se se akgolang ditshwaelo tse di kgethegileng mo setsong, mo setšhabeng kgotsa mo dithutong tsa batho, <ref name="EP2015">{{Cite web |title=Erasmus Prize – Praemium Erasmianum |url=https://www.erasmusprijs.org/?lang=en&page=Erasmusprijs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150115214241/https://www.erasmusprijs.org/?lang=en&page=Erasmusprijs |archive-date=January 15, 2015 |access-date=January 15, 2015 |website=Praemium Erasmianum Foundation}}</ref> le Seetsele sa Kgosigadi ya Asturias sa Tirisanommogo ya Boditšhabatšhaba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Premio Princesa de Asturias de Cooperación Internacional 2015 |trans-title=Princess of Asturias Award of International Cooperation 2015 |url=https://www.fpa.es/es/premios-princesa-de-asturias/premiados/2015-wikipedia.html?especifica=0&idCategoria=0&anio=2015&especifica=0 |access-date=June 17, 2015 |website=Fundación Princesa de Asturias |language=es}}</ref> Fa a bua kwa Palamenteng ya Asturia kwa Oviedo, toropo e e tshwarang moletlo wa dietsele, Jimmy Wales o ne a akgola tiro ya badirisi ba Wikipedia ya Asturia . <ref>{{Cite news|date=October 22, 2015|title=Los fundadores de Wikipedia destacan la versión en asturiano|language=es|newspaper=La Nueva España|url=https://www.lne.es/sociedad-cultura/2015/10/22/fundadores-wikipedia-destacan-version-asturiano/1830529.html|access-date=October 20, 2015}}</ref> ==== Metlae ==== Rrametlae Stephen Colbert o tshwantshitse kgotsa o umakile Wikipedia mo dikarolong di le mmalwa mo pontshong ya gagwe ya ''The Colbert Report'' mme a tlhama lefoko le le amanang le lone la ''wikiality'', le le rayang gore "mmogo re ka tlhama boammaaruri jo rotlhe re dumalanang ka jone—boammaaruri jo re sa tswang go dumalana ka jone". Sekai se sengwe se ka bonwa mo go "Wikipedia e Keteka Dingwaga di le makgolo a le masupa le masome a le matlhano tsa Boipuso jwa Amerika", lekwalo la tsebe ya ntlha ya Phukwi 2006 mo ''The Onion'', <ref name="onion WP 750 years 1">{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2006 |title=Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years Of American Independence |url=https://www.theonion.com/articles/wikipedia-celebrates-750-years-of-american-indepen,2007/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325234026/http://www.theonion.com/articles/wikipedia-celebrates-750-years-of-american-indepen,2007/ |archive-date=March 25, 2010 |access-date=October 15, 2006 |website=[[The Onion]]}}</ref> mmogo le lekwalo mo ''The Onion la'' 2010 la "Molao wa LA' Tsebe ya Wikipedia e Lebilweng Makgetho a le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le bosupa le bone Gompieno". <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 24, 2010 |title='L.A. Law' Wikipedia Page Viewed 874 Times Today |url=https://www.theonion.com/articles/la-law-wikipedia-page-viewed-874-times-today,18521/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405113731/http://www.theonion.com/articles/la-law-wikipedia-page-viewed-874-times-today,18521/ |archive-date=April 5, 2015 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[The Onion]]}}</ref> Mo tiragalong ya metlae ya thelebišene ya Amerika ya Moranang 2007 ya ''The Office'', motsamaisi wa ofisi ( Michael Scott ) o bontshiwa a ikaegile ka lekwalo la kakanyetso laWikipedia go bona tshedimosetso ka maano a dipuisano go mo thusa go buisana ka tuelo e e kwa tlase ya mmereki. Babogedi ba lenaneo le ba ne ba leka go oketsa go umakiwa ga tsebe e mo tiragalong e jaaka karolo ya setlhogo sa mmatota sa Wikipedia se se buang ka dipuisano, mme maiteko a a ne a thibelwa ke badirisi ba bangwe mo tsebeng ya puisano ya setlhogo se. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Jesdanun|first=Anick|date=April 12, 2007|title='Office' fans, inspired by Michael Scott, flock to edit Wikipedia|newspaper=[[USA Today]]|url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/webguide/internetlife/2007-04-12-office-wikipedia_N.htm|access-date=December 12, 2014}}</ref> " My Number One Doctor ", e leng karolo ya 2007 ya lenaneo la thelebišene ''la Scrubs'', e ne e tshameka ka kgopolo ya gore Wikipedia ke sedirisiwa se se sa ikanyegeng sa motswedi, go na le tiragalo e mo go yone Perry Cox a tsibogelang molwetse mongwe yo o reng lekwalo la Wikipedia le mmontsha gore go ja dijo tse di sa butswang go busetsa morago ditlamorago tsa kankere ya marapo mme a tlatsa gore mokwadi wa lekwalo leo ke yo o kwadileng la Kaedi ya dipontsho tsa lenaneo la Battlestar Galactica gape. Ka 2008, webosaete ya metlae ''ya CollegeHumor'' e ne ya tlhagisa motshameko wa ditshwantsho o o bidiwang "Morutuntshi Wikipedia", se mo go sone Morutuntshi Wikipedia wa maitirelo a laelang baithuti ka motswako wa dipolelo tse di sa netefadiweng le tse di sa utlwaleng sentle fale le fale.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Frucci |first=Adam |date=September 16, 2008 |title=If Wikipedia Was a Professor, College Would Be Awesome [Citation Needed] |url=https://gizmodo.com/if-wikipedia-was-a-professor-college-would-be-awesome-5050507 |access-date=May 28, 2026 |website=Gizmodo}}</ref> Motshameko wa metlae ''wa ga Dilbert'' wa Motsheganong a le boferabobedi, 2009, o bontsha moanelwa yo o tshegetsang polelo e e sa kgonegeng ka go re, "Mphe metsotso e le lesome mme o bo o tlhola Wikipedia." Ka Phukwi 2009, BBC Radio 4 e ne ya gasa motseletsele wa metlae e e bidiwang ''Bigipedia'', e e neng e beilwe mo webosaeteng e e neng e le setshwantsho sa Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wolf |first=Ian |date=June 4, 2010 |title=Bigipedia given second series |url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/radio/news/319/bigipedia_given_second_series/ |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[British Comedy Guide]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWolf2010">Wolf, Ian (June 4, 2010). [https://www.comedy.co.uk/radio/news/319/bigipedia_given_second_series/ "Bigipedia given second series"]. ''[[British Comedy Guide]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 4,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Mengwe ya metshameko e e ne e tlhotlheleditswe ka tlhamalalo ke Wikipedia le dikwalo tsa yone. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview With Nick Doody and Matt Kirshen |url=https://www.comedy.org.uk/guide/radio/bigipedia/interview/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731150008/http://www.comedy.org.uk/guide/radio/bigipedia/interview |archive-date=July 31, 2009 |access-date=July 31, 2009 |website=[[British Comedy Guide]]}}</ref> Ka Phatwe 23, 2013, webosaete ya ''New Yorker'' e ne ya gatisa dipopae tse di nang le mafoko a : "Hee, Manning, a o akanyeditse ntwa ya maemedi e se se tsileng go e simolola mo tsebeng ya gago ya Wikipedia?" <ref>{{Cite web |last=Flake |first=Emily |author-link=Emily Flake |date=August 23, 2013 |title=Manning/Wikipedia cartoon |url=https://www.condenaststore.com/-sp/Dammit-Manning-have-you-considered-the-pronoun-war-that-this-is-going-t-Cartoon-Prints_i9813981_.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012052730/https://www.condenaststore.com/-sp/Dammit-Manning-have-you-considered-the-pronoun-war-that-this-is-going-t-Cartoon-Prints_i9813981_.htm |archive-date=October 12, 2014 |access-date=August 26, 2013 |website=Conde Nast Collection}}</ref> Dipopae tse di ne di bua ka Chelsea Elizabeth Manning (yo o tshotsweng e le Bradley Edward Manning), molweladitshwanelo wa Moamerika, mopolotiki, le lesole la nako e e fetileng la Sesole sa United States yo o neng a sa tswa go tswa e le mosadi yo o fetogileng bong . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 22, 2013 |title='I am Chelsea': Read Manning's full statement |url=http://www.today.com/news/i-am-chelsea-read-mannings-full-statement-6C10974052 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[Today (American TV program)|Today]]}}</ref> Ka Seetebosigo 2024, ''Nature'' e ne ya gatisa tsebe ya puisano ya Wikipedia e e itlhametsweng ka fa tlase ga setlhogo se se reng "Fankase e e jang polasetiki e bakile letsatsi la katlholo" ka Emma Burnett. Tsebe e ya puisano e ne e amana le setlhogo se se itlhametsweng se se tlhalosang ditlamorago tse di sa ikaelelwang tsa go gololwa ga fankase e e jang polasetiki go phepafatsa mahura a a tsholotsweng. Lekwalo le le ne le na le ditlhogo tsa tsebe ya puisano tse di fitlhelwang mo Wikipedia, jaaka dipuisano tsa diphetogo mo tshekatshekong ya lekwalo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burnett |first=Emma |date=June 12, 2024 |title=Plastic-eating fungus caused doomsday[2] [3] |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-01723-z |journal=Nature |doi=10.1038/d41586-024-01723-z |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=38867010 |access-date=May 28, 2026 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Kgatiso === [[File:WikiMedia_DC_2013_Annual_Meeting_08.JPG|right|thumb|Setlhopha sa Badiri ba Wikimedia ba kgaolo ya Wikimedia DC kwa phuthegong ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya Wikimedia ya DC ya 2013 ba eme fa pele ga ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' ''(kwa morago ka fa molemeng)'' kwa Bobolokelong jwa setšhaba jwa Amerika]] Ditlamorago tsa itsholelo tsa Wikipedia tse di bonalang thata e nnile loso lwa diensaetlolopedia tsa kgwebo, segolobogolo diphetolelo tse di gatisitsweng jaaka ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', tse di neng di sa kgone go gaisana le tse dingwe tsa mahala. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bosman |first=Julie |date=March 13, 2012 |title=After 244 Years, Encyclopaedia Britannica Stops the Presses |url=https://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com//2012/03/13/after-244-years-encyclopaedia-britannica-stops-the-presses/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230103001340/https://archive.nytimes.com/mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/13/after-244-years-encyclopaedia-britannica-stops-the-presses/ |archive-date=January 3, 2023 |access-date=January 26, 2015 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 20, 2012 |title=Encyclopedia Britannica Dies At The Hands Of Wikipedia [Infographic] |url=https://www.gizmocrazed.com/2012/03/encyclopedia-britannica-dies-at-the-hands-of-wikipedia-infographic/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629152825/http://www.gizmocrazed.com/2012/03/encyclopedia-britannica-dies-at-the-hands-of-wikipedia-infographic/ |archive-date=June 29, 2014 |access-date=June 14, 2014 |website=GizmoCrazed}}</ref> <ref name="FT effect on traditional media">{{Cite news|archiveurl=Christopher Caldwell (journalist)}}</ref> Padi ya ga Nicholas Carr ya 2005 ya "The amorality of Web 2.0 " e kgala diwebosaete tse di nang le diteng tse di tlhamilweng ke badirisi (jaaka Wikipedia) ka ntlha ya go dira gore batlhagisi ba diteng ba baitseanape (le, go ya ka pono ya gagwe, ba ba kwa godimo) ba tswe mo kgwebong, ka gonne "mahala a feta boleng ka dinako tsotlhe". Carr o ne a kwala gore "Se se tlhagelelang mo diponong tse di itumedisang tsa Web 2.0 ke taolo ya batho ba ba senang maitemogelo thata. Nna ga ke kgone go akanya ka sepe se se tshosang go feta se." <ref name="RType WP traditional media effect 1">{{Cite web |last=Carr |first=Nicholas |author-link=Nicholas G. Carr |date=October 3, 2005 |title=The amorality of Web 2.0 |url=https://www.roughtype.com/archives/2005/10/the_amorality_o.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804031256/https://www.roughtype.com/?p=110 |archive-date=August 4, 2022 |access-date=July 15, 2006 |website=Rough Type}}</ref> Ba bangwe ba ganetsa mogopolo wa gore Wikipedia, kana maiteko a a tshwanang le yone, a tla tlosa dikgatiso tse di tlwaelesegileng gotlhe gotlhe. Chris Anderson, yo e kileng ya bo e le morulaganyi-mogolo wa ''Wired'', o ne a kwala mo go ''Nature'' gore mokgwa wa Wikipedia wa " botlhale jwa matshwititswiti " ga o kitla o tsaya maemo a dibukana tse di kwa godimo tsa Maranyane tse di nang le dithulaganyo tse di gagametseng tsa go sekasekwa . Tlhotlheletso ya Wikipedia mo kgwebong ya go gatisa dibuka tsa matshelo a batho e nnile selo se se tshwenyang bangwe. Molatedi wa tshedimosetso ya go gatisa dibuka Nielsen BookScan o boletse ka 2013 gore thekiso ya dibuka tsa matshelo a batho e ne ya wela tlase "ka mashetla tota". <ref name="Flood-2013" /> Kathryn Hughes, motlhatlheledi wa go kwala botshelo kwa Sekolong sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa East Anglia le mokwadi wa dibuka tse pedi tsa botshelo jwa motho o ne a kwala jaana, "Se se tshwenyang ke gore, fa o ka kgona go bona tshedimosetso eo yotlhe go tswa mo Wikipedia, go setse eng sa botshelo jwa motho?" <ref name="Flood-2013">{{Cite news|last=Flood|first=Alison|date=February 7, 2013|title=Alison Flood: ''Should traditional biography be buried alongside Shakespeare's breakfast?''|journal=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2013/feb/07/traditional-biography-shakespeare-breakfast|access-date=June 14, 2014}}</ref> === Tiriso mo patlisisong === Wikipedia e dirisitswe thata jaaka khophase ya patlisiso ya dipuo mo thutapuong ya dikhompiutara, go batla tshedimosetso le go dirisa puo ya tlholego . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mayo |first=Matthew |date=November 23, 2017 |title=Building a Wikipedia Text Corpus for Natural Language Processing |url=https://www.kdnuggets.com/building-a-wikipedia-text-corpus-for-natural-language-processing.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528034621/https://www.kdnuggets.com/2017/11/building-wikipedia-text-corpus-nlp.html |archive-date=May 28, 2023 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=KDnuggets}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lindemann |first=Luke |date=February 19, 2021 |title=Wikipedia Corpus |url=https://lukelindemann.com/wiki_corpus.html |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=lukelindemann.com}}</ref> Segolobogolo, gantsi e dira jaaka motheo wa kitso o o ikaeletseng bothata jwa go golaganya dilo, jo morago ga moo bo bidiwang "wikification", le bothata jo bo amanang le jone jwa go tlhalosa bokao jwa mafoko . Mekgwa e e tshwanang le wikification e ka dirisiwa gape go batla dikgokagano tse di "tlhaelang" mo Wikipedia. Ka 2015, babatlisisi ba Fora e bong José Lages wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Franche-Comté kwa Besançon le Dima Shepelyansky wa Sekolo sa dithuto tse dikgolwane sa Paul Sabatier kwa Toulouse ba ne ba gatisa maemo a dikolo tse dikgolwane tsa ithutelo ditiro tsa lefatshe lotlhe go ya ka dinopolo tsa barutegi tsa Wikipedia. <ref name="mitmining">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia-Mining Algorithm Reveals World's Most Influential Universities: An algorithm's list of the most influential universities contains some surprising entries|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/view/544266/wikipedia-mining-algorithm-reveals-worlds-most-influential-universities/|access-date=December 27, 2015|work=[[MIT Technology Review]]|date=December 7, 2015}}</ref> <ref name="harvardisonlymarmow">{{Cite news|title=Harvard is only the 3rd most influential university in the world, according to this list|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/two-universities-beat-harvard-in-this-surprising-school-ranking-2015-12-09|access-date=December 27, 2015|work=[[MarketWatch]]|date=December 10, 2015}}</ref> <ref name="wikipediarankingtimesworldunifranche">{{Cite news|title=Wikipedia Ranking of World Universities: the top 100. List ranks institutions by search engine results and Wikipedia appearances|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/wikipedia-ranking-world-universities-top-100|access-date=December 27, 2015|work=[[Times Higher Education]]|date=December 15, 2015}}</ref> Ba dirisitse PageRank, CheiRank le dithulaganyo tse di tshwanang " di latelwa ke palo ya go tlhagelela mo dikgatisong di le masome a mabedi le bone tsa dipuo tse di farologaneng tsa Wikipedia (tatelano e e fologang) le lekgolo la dingwaga le di tlhomilweng mo go lone (tatelano e e tlhatlogang)". <ref name="wikipediarankingtimesworldunifranche" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lages, J. |last2=Patt, A. |last3=Shepelyansky, D. |year=2016 |title=Wikipedia ranking of world universities |journal=[[European Physical Journal B|Eur. Phys. J. B]] |volume=89 |page=69 |arxiv=1511.09021 |bibcode=2016EPJB...89...69L |doi=10.1140/epjb/e2016-60922-0 |s2cid=1965378}}</ref> Patlisiso e e ne ya tlhabololwa ka 2019. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coquidé, C. |last2=Lages, J. |last3=Shepelyansky, D.L. |year=2019 |title=World influence and interactions of universities from Wikipedia networks. |journal=[[European Physical Journal B|Eur. Phys. J. B]] |volume=92 |page=3 |arxiv=1809.00332 |bibcode=2019EPJB...92....3C |doi=10.1140/epjb/e2018-90532-7 |s2cid=52154548}}</ref> Ka Sedimonthole 2015, John Julius Norwich o boletse, mo lekwalong le le gatisitsweng mo pampiring ya dikgang ya ''The Times'', gore jaaka rraditso o ne a dirisa Wikipedia "makgetho a ka nna lesome le bobedi ka letsatsi", mme "ga ise e mo lapise". O ne a e tlhalosa e le "motswedi o o mosola jaaka ope fela o o leng teng", o o nang le mefuta e e anameng mo e leng gore ga go kgonege go bona motho, lefelo, kgotsa selo se e se tlogetseng go sa buiwa ka sone le gore o ne a ka se ka a kwala dibuka tsa gagwe tse pedi tsa bofelo kwa ntle ga yone. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 13, 2015 |title=All hail Wikipedia |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/all-hail-wikipedia-l6t9cnhkl5m |access-date=October 1, 2024 |website=The Times}}</ref> Thutopatlisiso ya MIT ya 2017 e supa gore mafoko a a dirisiwang mo dikwalong tsa Wikipedia a feleletsa a le mo dikgatisong tsa maranyane. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thompson |first=Neil |last2=Hanley |first2=Douglas |date=February 13, 2018 |title=Science Is Shaped by Wikipedia: Evidence From a Randomized Control Trial |journal=MIT Sloan Research Paper No. 5238-17 |location=Rochester, NY |doi=10.2139/ssrn.3039505 |s2cid=30918097 |ssrn=3039505 |via=[[SSRN]]}}</ref> Dithuto tse di amanang le Wikipedia di ntse di dirisa go ithuta ka motšhini le botlhale jwa maitirelo <ref name="NYT-20230718">{{Cite news|last=Gertner|first=Jon|title=Wikipedia's Moment of Truth – Can the online encyclopedia help teach A.I. chatbots to get their facts right — without destroying itself in the process? + comment|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/18/magazine/wikipedia-ai-chatgpt.html#permid=126389255|date=July 18, 2023|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=July 19, 2023}}</ref> go tshegetsa ditiro tse di farologaneng. Nngwe ya dikarolo tse di botlhokwa thata ke go lemoga ka go itirisa ga go senngwa ga dikwalo le go sekaseka boleng jwa tshedimosetso mo Wikipedia. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Asthana |first=Sumit |last2=Halfaker |first2=Aaron |author-link2=Aaron Halfaker |date=November 2018 |editor-last=Lampe |editor-first=Cliff |title=With Few Eyes, All Hoaxes are Deep |journal=Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction |location=New York City |publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]] |volume=2 |issue=CSCW |at=21 |doi=10.1145/3274290 |issn=2573-0142 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Petroni |first=Fabio |last2=Broscheit |first2=Samuel |last3=Piktus |first3=Aleksandra |last4=Lewis |first4=Patrick |last5=Izacard |first5=Gautier |last6=Hosseini |first6=Lucas |last7=Dwivedi-Yu |first7=Jane |last8=Lomeli |first8=Maria |last9=Schick |first9=Timo |last10=Bevilacqua |first10=Michele |last11=Mazaré |first11=Pierre-Emmanuel |last12=Joulin |first12=Armand |last13=Grave |first13=Edouard |last14=Riedel |first14=Sebastian |date=2023 |title=Improving Wikipedia verifiability with AI |journal=[[Nature Machine Intelligence]] |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=1142–1148 |arxiv=2207.06220 |doi=10.1038/s42256-023-00726-1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Mananeo a a tsamaelanang == Diensaetlolopedia di le mmalwa tse di dirisanang tsa bobegakgang tse di akaretsang diphetolo tse di kwadilweng ke setšhaba di ne di le teng bogologolo pele ga Wikipedia e tlhongwa. Ya ntlha ya tsone e ne e le Lenaneo la BBC Domesday la 1986, le le neng le akaretsa mokwalo (o o tsentsweng mo dikhomphuteng tsa BBC Micro ) le dinepe go tswa mo bathong ba ba neng ba tsaa karolo ba feta sedikadike kwa UK, mme e ne e akaretsa thuto ka lefelo, botaki le ngwao ya UK. E ne e le ensaetlolopedia ya ntlha ya bobegakgang e e dipego (mme gape e ne e le yone ya ntlha e e tona ya bobegakgang e e golagantsweng ka dikgolagano tsa mo teng), ka bontsi jwa dikwalo di fitlhelelwa ka moalo wa UK. Setshwantsho sa bodirisi le karolo ya diteng tsa Lenaneo la Domesday di ne tsa dirwa mo webosaeteng go fitlha ka 2008 . Diensaetlolopedia di le mmalwa tse di nang le diteng tse di gololesegileng, tse di dirisanang mmogo di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka nako e le nngwe le Wikipedia (sekai , Everything2 ), mme moragonyana di le dintsi di ne tsa kopanngwa mo lenaneong le(sekai, GNE ). <ref group="W">{{Cite web |title=The Free Encyclopedia Project |url=https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916022442/https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html |archive-date=September 16, 2025 |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=GNU Operating System}}</ref> Nngwe ya diensaetlolopedia tsa bogologolo tsa mo inthaneteng tse di atlegileng thata tse di neng di akaretsa dikwalo tsa batho e ne e le h2g2, e e neng ya tlhamiwa ke Douglas Adams ka 1999 . Ensaetlolopedia ya h2g2 e ne e sa gagamala thata, e remeletse mo dikwalong tse di nang le metlae mme gape di ruta. Diwebosaete tsa kitso ya tirisanommogo tse di neng tsa latela di tlhotlheleditswe ke Wikipedia. Tse dingwe di dirisa tshekatsheko e e tlwaelesegileng ya balekane, di tshwana le ''Ensaetlolopedia ya Botshelo'' le diensaetlolopedia tsa mo inthaneteng tsa wiki ''tsa Scholarpedia'' le Citizendium . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Encyclopedia of Life |url=http://naturalhistory.si.edu/research/eol |access-date=February 4, 2023 |website=[[National Museum of Natural History]] |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Scholarpedia: the free peer-reviewed encyclopedia |url=http://applied-neuroscience.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222104006/http://applied-neuroscience.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=79 |archive-date=February 22, 2012 |website=Society of Applied Neuroscience}}</ref> Ya bofelo e simolotswe ke Sanger ka maiteko a go tlhama mofuta o mongwe o o ikanyegang wa Wikipedia. <ref name="JayLyman">{{Cite news|first=Jay|last=Lyman|url=https://www.crmbuyer.com/story/53137.html|title=Wikipedia Co-Founder Planning New Expert-Authored Site|publisher=LinuxInsider|date=September 20, 2006|access-date=June 27, 2007}}</ref> syh4msz579v8ve6gti5tucovl2ddon5 0 3119 53295 52459 2026-07-26T18:31:37Z Khumo Batolomi 11767 53295 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:20200207193241_IMG_7285.jpg|thumb|Bogobe le seswaa]] '''Dijo tsa Botswana''' di pharologanyo mme go na le fa di tshwanang teng le dijo tse dingwe tsa mo Borwa jwa Aforika . Dikai tsa dijo [[Setswana|tsa Setswana]] di akaretsa ''phaleche'', ''[[setampa]]'', ''magwinya'', ''bogobe'' le [[Phane|diboko tsa mophane]] (phane). Dijo tse di kgethegileng tsa [[Botswana]] ke ''[[Nama ya Seswaa|seswaa]]'', e leng nama e e thugilweng e lokilwe ka letswai. == Tshekatsheko == Go dumelwa fa magapu a tlholegile mo Botswana. {{sfn|Hughes|2013|p=}}Dijo tse dingwe di akaretsa ''morogo wa dinawa'', ''madila'' le ''[[dikgobe]]'' . Batswana ba reka nama ya kgomo, nama ya podi, nku, koko ya setswana, diboko tsa Mophane(phane) le ditlhapi mo gae. Batswana gape ba dira dino tse di itirelwang mo malwapeng ba dirisa legapu, [[morula]] le lerole la gemmere. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana Travel Guide - Everything You Need To Know |url=https://www.aluxurytravelblog.com/botswana-travel-guide/ |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=A Luxury Travel Blog}}</ref> Mo manyalong, bopi jwa mabele gantsi bo a apewa a bo bo tlhakanngwa le marotse mme motswako o o bidiwa ''bogobe jwa lerotse'' . Gantsi marotse a a baakanngwa pele go dirisiwa madila mme a bolokwe go dirisiwa nako le nako fa go tlhokega. Batswana gape ba na le matsipa a go somarela dijo . Gareng ga mefuta e mengwe ya go somarela dijo, ba boloka nama ka go e kgaola ka boleele jo bonnye jaaka megala, morago ga moo a bo ba e anega. Fa nama e ntse jaana, e bidiwa ''digwapa'' . Gape ba apaya le go omisa matlhare a dinawa. Gape go tlwaelesegile mo Batswaneng go dira ''mageu'' ka bogobe/motogo o o setseng kgotsa phaleche. Merafe e mengwe gape e somarela nama e e senyegang kgotsa e bola ka go e omisa gore e dirisiwe jaaka seshabo lebaka le le telele. Mofuta o wa nama o bidiwa ''mokungwana'' . Dijo tse dingwe tse di apewang ka nako ya manyalo ke setampa se se tlhakantsweng le dinawa kgotsa se apeilwe go sena dinawa mme se jewe le nama e e thugilweng e e bidiwang ''seswaa'' . == Metswako/tsa kapei == Mebaraka ya Botswana e tletse ka mefuta e le mentsi ya dijo. <ref name="official">{{Cite web |title=BW Lifestyles |url=http://www.botsofficialbw.org/lifestyles/ |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=BotsOfficial BW}}</ref> Tse dingwe di jalwa mono gae di godisiwa ka go nosetswa mme tse dingwe di rekwa go tswa kwa mafatsheng a a mabapi. Nama e ntsi ya kgomo ya maemo a a kwa godimo e ruiwa mo Botswana. Dinama tsa nku le dikwana, tsa koko le tse dingwe le tsone di [[Nama|dintsi]] . Nama ya kgomo ke yone e e ratiwang thata, mme e latelwa ke nama ya podi. Tlhapi tsa noka le tsone ke karolo ya dijo tsa Botswana. <ref name="official" /> Mabele le [[Mmidi/Mmopo|mmidi]] ke tsone dijalo tse di lengwang thata mo Botswana. Korong le raese le mefuta e mengwe ya ditlhaka tse di sa lengweng mono gae di rekwa go tswa kwa ntle. Go jalwa mefuta e le mentsi e e farologaneng ya dinawa, go akaretsa dinawa tsa cowpeas, ''ditloo'', le ''letlhodi'' ( dinawa tsa mung ). Matonkomane ( ''manoko'' ) le one a jalwa. Go jalwa merogo e le mentsi jaaka sepinashe, digwere, [[Khabeche|khabetšhe]], dikwii, ditapole, ditamati, dipotata le lethisi . Go na le merogo mengwe e e golang mo nageng e e leng teng ka dipaka tse di akaretsang ''thepe'' le ''delele'' (okra). Matlhare a dinawa(morogo wa dinawa) a a omisitsweng ke dijo tsa Setswana tse di ratiwang thata. Maungo a le mantsi a teng mo lefatsheng leno, a akaretsa le ''[[morula]]'' . Magapu, a go dumelwang fa a tlholegile mo Botswana, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Food and Drink in Botswana |url=http://www.worldtravelguide.net/botswana/food-and-drink |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225013002/http://www.worldtravelguide.net/botswana/food-and-drink |archive-date=2017-02-25 |access-date=13 November 2016 |website=World Travel Guide}}</ref> <ref name="official">{{Cite web |title=BW Lifestyles |url=http://www.botsofficialbw.org/lifestyles/ |access-date=24 May 2020 |website=BotsOfficial BW}}</ref> a mantsi ka paka ya one. Mofuta o mongwe wa magapu, o o bidiwang ''lerotse'' kgotsa ''lekatane'', le one a a jalwa. Go na le mefuta mengwe ya magapu a naga a a fitlhelwang mo dikgaolong a a motlhaba a sekaka tse e leng motswedi o o botlhokwa wa dijo le metsi mo bathong ba ba nnang mo dikgaolong tseo. Merogo e le mentsi ke ya dipaka mme gantsi e a omisiwa kgotsa e tsenngwa letswai gore e somarelwe. Go na le ditsela tse dintsi tse di farologaneng tsa go apaya merogo e e omisitsweng. == Dijo tse di tumileng == [[File:Vetkoek_with_mince-001.jpg|thumb|''Vetkoek'', e leng borotho jo bo nang le nama e e sitsweng jo bo simolotseng kwa Aforikaborwa]] ''[[Nama ya Seswaa|Seswaa]]'', ''tshotlho'' kgotsa ''leswao'' (nama ya kgomo e e thugilweng) ke sejo sa setso se se tumileng se se diretsweng mekete e e faphegileng ka bontsi. Gantsi e apewa ke banna, e apewa mo pitseng ya tshipi e e maoto a mararo, e a bedisiwa go fitlhela e butswa thata mme e lokwa letswai fela, mahura le metsi. Gantsi e apewa go dirisiwa nama ya podi kgotsa ya kgomo mme ke sejo se segolo mo dijong tse di amanang le meletlo ya setso jaaka diphitlho le manyalo. {{sfn|Molefhe|2007|p=}} Mofuta o mongwe ke ''serobe'', se mo go sone mala le mateng a mangwe a podi, nku kgotsa kgomo a apewang go fitlhela a butswa thata. Pele fa go apewa, mala a a tlhatswiwa thata ka kelo tlhoko. Fa phologolo e le nku kgotsa podi, ditlhako di a akarediwa. Gore dijo tse di nne serobe, go dirisiwa sekere se se dirisiwang go kgebetlelela nama go kgebetlelela mala go nna dikarolwana tse dinnye. Mofuta o mongwe wa nama ke wa koko. Koko e e godisiwang ka tsela ya setso ( e e iphataphatelang ) e tsewa e le monate go feta dikoko tse di godisiwang tsa kgwebo. Go apeela moeng koko e e godisitsweng ka tsela ya setso, go bonwa go supa kamogelo e e kgethegileng. Go apaya koko mo pitseng ya tshipi ya maoto a mararo mo molelong kwa isong go e e fa tatso e e gaisang. Nama ya koko gantsi e jewa ka madombi kgotsa phaleche. ''Bogobe'' bo dirwa ka go tsenya bopi jwa mabele, mmidi kgotsa lebelebele mo metsing a a belang, a bo go fuduiwa go fitlhela motswako o nna boleta, mme morago bo apewe ka iketlo. Dinako tse dingwe mabele kgotsa mmidi a bedisiwa malatsi a le malwa pele ga a apewa go dira gore a nne botlhokonyana. Dijo tse di bidiwa ''ting'' . Motogo yo o botlhokonyana yo o ka apewa mme wa jewa ka nama kana mashi le sukiri. Kwa ntle ga mashi le sukiri, Tsela e nngwe ya go dira ''bogobe jwa ting(motogo)'' ke go tsenya madila le lerotse. Dijo tse di bidiwa ''tophi'' ke morafe wa Bakalaka. Bopi jwa borotho ga se karolo ya dijo tsa ntlha, mme bo ntse bo rekwa go tswa kwa ntle dingwaga di le mmalwa, ka jalo go na le dikapei tse di farologaneng tsa borotho tse di nnileng karolo ya dijo tsa mo lefatsheng la Botswana. Tse di tlwaelesegileng thata ke ''matlebelekwane'' kgotsa madombi , dikuku tse di sephaphathi ( ''diphaphatha'' ) le dikuku tse di mafura ( ''magwinya'' ). Mo go tsone, bopi kwa borotho bo a dubiwa pele mme bo apewe ka ditsela tse di farologaneng jaaka go bo bedisa mo nameng, go bo apaya mo mafureng kgotsa magala a a molelo go ribegilwe sethibo sa pitsa ya tshipi. [[File:Mopane_Worm_by_Arne_Larsen.jpg|thumb|[[Phane|Seboko sa mopane]]]] Dijo tse di tumileng kwa dikgaolong tse di kgakala di akaretsa nawa ya morama, digwere tse ditona tse di ka fa tlase ga mmu, le thuthuntshwane e e jewang . [[Phane|Seboko sa Mopane]], se e leng seboko sa mmoto wa ''[[Phane|Gonimbrasia belina]]'', se apewa mo moloreng o o molelo, kana se bedisiwa, kgotsa se omisiwa mme morago se gadikiwe. == Dino == Dinotsididi di le dintsi le dinotagi di dirwa mo madirelong mo Botswana, di akaretsa Fanta le Coca-Cola . Tsa maina a mo gae ke tsa dibiri tsa Castle le Lion .[[Mashi]] a a bedisiwa go dira ''madila'' ( mashi a a botlhoko) a a jewang a le nosi kgotsa a tsenngwa mo bogobeng . Seno se se ratwang thata se se senang bojalwa se itirelwa mo lwapeng ke gemmere . Seno se se nowa thata mo meletlong e e kgethegileng jaaka manyalo le mekete. E dirwa ka go bedisa bopi jwa gemmere mo metsing, a bo go tsenngwa sukiri, setlhoko sa thathariki le motswako wa khirimi ya tartar morago ga moo e tlogelwe go tsidifala le go bedisiwa letsatsi le le lengwe. Go na le mefuta ya dinotagi tsa setso. ''Bojalwa ja Setswana'' bo titielwa go dirisiwa dipeo tsa mabele tse di bedisitsweng. Merafe e mengwe, jaaka Bakalaka, e dirisa lebelele. Bojalwa jwa kgwebo jo bo dirwang a bo bo phuthelwa jwa [[Chibuku Shake Shake|Chibuku]], bo titietswe ka [[Mmidi/Mmopo|mmidi]] kgotsa mabele, ke seno se se ratwang thata segolobogolo mo magaeng, mo ditoropong le mo dikarolong dingwe tsa ditoropo-kgolo. Chibuku gape e titielwa mo mafatsheng a a mangwe a mabapi jaaka [[Malawi]], [[Aforika Borwa|Aforikaborwa]] ( Umqombothi ) [[Zambia]] le [[Zimbabwe]] . ''Khadi'', e e titietsweng ka metswako e e farologaneng, e e itekanetseng go gaisa mo go yone e le diberi tsa naga, le yone ke seno se se tagang se se nowang thata ke ditlhopha tse di amogelang madi a mannye. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Food and Selected Dishes |url=http://www.botswanaembassy.or.jp/culture/index5.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911141148/http://www.botswanaembassy.or.jp/culture/index5.html |archive-date=2013-09-11 |access-date=2014-02-28 |publisher=Botswana Embassy}}</ref>Go na le dino tse dingwe tsa dimintsi tse di bidiwang kgomodimetsing le longman. Ke matlhare a gantsi a tlhakanngwang le tee go dira tatso e e monate le monko yo o monate. == Bona gape == * [[List of African cuisines|Lenaneo la dijo tsa Aforika]] h6hpnt0ynkjoendsyi5t54xoo9xqi2w 0 8304 53275 52446 2026-07-26T13:55:53Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Early life and education" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358461802|Unity Dow]]" 53275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Unity Dow|office=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (Botswana)|Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation]]|image=Unity Dow - PopTech 2011 - Camden Maine USA - 6269953840.jpg|alt=Photograph of an African woman in a grey brocaded suit standing in front of a backdrop depicting a group of African women in blue dresses, while giving a speech. She is wearing a geometrically patterned beaded neck collar, has a yellow device in her right hand, and is pointing with her left index finger to the left of the stage.|caption=Dow in 2011|predecessor=[[Vincent T. Seretse]]|president=[[Mokgweetsi Masisi]]|successor=[[Lemogang Kwape]]|term_start=2 November 2019|term_end=26 August 2020|majority2=193 (1.66%)|office2=[[Member of Parliament (Botswana)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Kgatleng West]]|predecessor2=''new constituency''|party=[[Botswana Congress Party]]|birth_name=Unity Diswai|birth_date={{birth date and age|1959|4|23|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Mochudi]], [[Bechuanaland Protectorate]] (now [[Botswana]]|spouse={{Marriage|Peter Nathan Dow|7 March 1984}}<br/> Karl J. Stahl{{sfn|Karlsruhe Institute of Technology|2008}}|children=3|alma_mater=[[University of Botswana and Swaziland]] ([[LLB]])<br>[[University of Edinburgh]]|profession=Lawyer, judge, politician, writer, and human rights activist}} '''Unity Dow''' (née '''Diswai'''; o tshotswe ka Moranang a le masome mabedi le boraro 1959) ke mmueledi wa [[Botswana|Motswana]]^{[<nowiki/>[[Batho ba ba tswang kwa Botswana ba bidiwa Motswana (bongwe) kgotsa Batswana (bontsi) .|N]]}^{[[Batho ba ba tswang kwa Botswana ba bidiwa Motswana (bongwe) kgotsa Batswana (bontsi) .|opolo 1]]]}, mokwadi, [[molweladitshwanelo tsa batho]] le [[Leloko la Palamente]] la [[Kgatleng Bophirima]] e sale ka Ngwanatsele 2024. O kile a nna moatlhodi kwa [[Kgotla Kgolo ya Ditsheko ya Botswana]] le mo phateng a a farologaneng a Botswana. O tsholetswe kwa [[Bechuanaland|Bechuanaland Protectorate]] ke moroki le molemimorui, ba ba neng ba gatelela gore bana ba bone ba bone thuto, Dow o goletse mo motseng wa setso wa legae pele ga ditlhabololo tsa segompieno. O ne a bona thuto ya molao ka 1983 kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Botswana le Swaziland]], le fa dithuto tsa gagwe di ne tsa wediwa kwa Swaziland le kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Edinburgh]], kwa Scotland, ka Botswana a ne a sena sekolo sa molao ka nako eo. Fa a sena go aloga, Dow o ne a bula kantoro ya ntlha ya molao e le ya basadi gotlhe mo Botswana mme ka 1997 a nna mosadi wa ntlha go tlhomiwa go nna moatlhodi kwa Kgotla Kgolo ya Ditsheko ya lefatshe leo. Ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo tirong ya molao, Dow o ne a amega mo dikgetsing di le tharo tsa ditso mo Botswana. Ka 1992, e ne e le mongongoregi mo kgetsing e e botlhokwa ya semolao, ''[[Unity Dow v Attorney-Genera]]''l, e e neng ya fedisa go tlhaola batho ka bong mo [[melaong ya bosetšhaba]] ya setšhaba e pele e neng e sa letle bana go bona bosetšhaba mo go bommaabone ba ba nyetsweng. Kgetse e ne ya bonela Dow tebelelo ya boditšhabatšhaba mme ya tsosa lekhubu la diphetogo tse di fedisang go sa lekalekane ga bong mo melaong ya bosetšhaba go ralala Aforika. Ka 2006, jaaka moatlhodi yo o okametseng kgetse ya ga ''Roy Sesana and Others v. the Government of Botswana'', Dow o ne a atlhola kgatlhanong le ditiro tsa puso tsa go thibela [[batho ba tlholego ba Basarwa]] go nna le go tsoma mo [[mafelong a borraabonemogologolwane]], mme seo sa ba pateletsa go nna gape kwa ntle ga [[Central Kalahari Game Reserve]]. O ne a atlhola gore puso e tshwanetse go busetsa ditirelo tsa motheo, e letle Basarwa go boela mo lefatsheng le go bona ditetla tsa go tsoma, le go duela ditshenyegelo mo go ba ba fudusitsweng ka dikgoka fa ba ka tlhopha go se boele. Ka ngwaga wa 2014, Dow o ne a dira jaaka mmueledi wa semolao wa [[LEGABIBO]] (Lesbians, Gays & Bisexuals of Botswana) mo kgetseng ya bone ya go kwadisa mokgatlho wa bone kwa Lephateng la Kwadiso ya Matsalo mme ba atlega go amogela katlholo ya gore puso e letle mokgatlho o kwadisiwe. Dow o ne a tlhophiwa la ntlha go tsena mo [[Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba]] ka 2014, fa a ne a tlhophiwa ke Tautona [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] jaaka mopalamente yo o itlhophetsweng. O ne a tlhomiwa la ntlha go nna Mothusa Tona wa Thuto mme ka 2015 a nna Tona ya Thuto le Tlhabololo ya Dikitso. Morago ga moo o ne a dira jaaka Tona ya Thuto ya Motheo, Tona ya Mafaratlhatlha le Tlhabololo, le Tona ya Merero ya mafatshe a sele, pele ga a nna moeteledipele wa [[lemorago]] ka 2020. O dirile mo dikhuduthamageng le dikomiting di le mmalwa tsa boditšhabatšhaba, a sekaseka tiriso ya melao e e amang ditshwanelo tsa batho kwa [[Kenya]], [[Palastina]], [[Rwanda]] le [[Sierra Leone]]. Ka 2000, Dow o ne a simolola go gatisa dipadi, ka tlwaelo o ne a lebile dikgang tsa loago le tsa semolao le ditlamorago tsa tsone mo dipopegong tsa bong le tsa maatla. Dibuka tse di sekaseka mekgwa ya loago le go dirisa batho botlhaswa ka go ba sotlaka, go dirisa dikgoka le go gatelela ditshwanelo tsa batho. O amogetse dikakgolo le ditlotla di le dintsi ka ntlha ya tiro ya gagwe ya go thusa batho, go akaretsa le [[Legion of Honor]] ka 2010. == Botshelo jwa pele le thuto == Unity Dow o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Moranang e le malatsi a masome mabedi le boraro ka ngwaga wa 1959 mo motseng wa [[Mochudi]], mo [[Kgaolo ya Kgatleng|kgaolong ya Kgatleng]], mo lefatsheng la [[Botswana]] le ka nako eo e neng ele [[Bechuanaland|Bechuanaland Protectorate]]<ref name=":0">[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFLedererMacharia-Mokobi2012|Lederer & Macharia-Mokobi 2012]], p. 248.</ref><ref name=":15">[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFLenta2004|Lenta 2004]], p. 34.</ref> mo batsading ba gagwe Phiri le Maefshane Diswai (ba ba itsegeng gape ka leina la Moses le Ellen Diswai), ditlogolwana tsa merafe ya tlholego ya [[Basarwa]] le maloko a merafe ya Bakgatla. Motseselegae o a goletseng mo go one o ne o sa tshelwa ditsela, motlakase le metsi a a elang. Go ne go sena mesokelatsebeng e bile o ne a ise a bone setsidifatsi go fitlha a nna mo dingwageng tsa bonana, le fa e le thelebishene go fitlha a nna dingwaga di le masome a mabedi.<ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFDaymondLenta2004|Daymond & Lenta 2004]], p. 48.</ref><ref name=":1">[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFEllis2012|Ellis 2012.]]</ref> Mmaagwe e ne e le moroki, yo o neng a kgona go bala le go kwala ka [[Setswana]], mme e seng Seesemane.<ref name=":2">[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFSunday_Standard2007|''Sunday Standard'' 2007.]]</ref><ref name=":3">[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFDaymondLenta2004|Daymond & Lenta 2004]], p. 49.</ref> Rraagwe, yo o neng a bereka mo polasing e nnye, o ne a bua le go bala Seesemane.<ref name=":3" /><ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFNarloch2012|Narloch 2012]], p. 3.</ref> Fa rraagwe a ne a le kwa sekolong, o ne a gapa thuso ya madi a go tsena [[Yunibesithi ya Fort Hare]], mme thuso eo e ne ya newa morwa kgosi boemong jwa gagwe. Mo batsading ba gagwe ka bobedi, thuto e ne ya nna selo sa botlhokwa mme bana ba bone ba le barataro mo go ba le supa ba ne ba wetsa dithuto tsa bone tsa yunibesithi.<ref name=":3" /> Dithuto tsa bone tsa [[Bophirima]] di ne di sa tlwaelega mo metseselegaeng ya Botswana ka nako eo.<ref name=":2" /> Diswai o weditse dithuto tsa gagwe tse di potlana le tse dikgolwane kwa Mochudi.<ref name=":0" /> Morago ga sekolo se segolwane, o ne a ithutela molao kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Botswana le Swaziland]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Ka gonne go ne go sena sekolo sa molao mo Botswana ka nako eo, ka fa tlase ga thulaganyo ya thuso ya Borithane o ne a tsena yunibesithi kwa [[Eswatini|Swaziland]] mme a wetsa dingwaga di le pedi tsa dithuto kwa Scotland, kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Edinburgh]], pele ga a bona digerata ya gagwe ya [[Bachelor of Laws]] ka 1983 kwa Yunibesithing ya Botswana le Swaziland.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4">[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFUniversity_of_Edinburgh2010|University of Edinburgh 2010.]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFDaymondLenta2004|Daymond & Lenta 2004]], pp. 49–50.</ref> == Molao le bolweladitshwanelo == === Tiro ya gagwe ya pele (1983–1991) === [[Setshwantsho:Unity Dow - PopTech 2011 - Camden Maine USA - 6266756376.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Unity Dow]] Diswai o ne a bona dithutego tsa go nna mmueledi ka ngwaga wa 1983 mme a simolola go bereka kwa dikantorong tsa [[Mmueledi Mogolo wa Botswana]] e le mosekisi wa melato ya borukutlhi kwa [[Gaborone]]. O nyalane le moagi wa Amerika, Peter Nathan Dow, ka Mopitlo a supa 1984. Banyalani ba ba ne ba nna kwa Mochudi, le bana ba bone ba bararo.<ref name=":0" /> Ka 1986, Dow o ne a tsena mo tirong e e ikemetseng ka nosi e e neng e dira tiro ya molao wa bosenyi, mme a bula feme ya Dow Malakaila, e leng feme ya ntlha ya molao ya basadi-botlhe mo lefatsheng leo. Mo ngwageng oo, o ne a nna mongwe wa maloko a a simolotseng setlhopha sa ntlha sa bomme mo Botswana sa [[Emang Basadi]] (Emela Basadi ka dinao). Ka 1988, leina la feme le ne la fetolwa moragonyana go nna Dow Lesetedi and Company.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5">[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFSegwai2008|Segwai 2008.]]</ref><ref name=":4" /> Mo ngwageng oo, o ne a simolola mmogo mokgatlho wa Basadi le Molao mo Borwa jwa Aforika (WLSA) go buelela ditshwanelo tsa basadi le bana ka dikgetsi.<ref name=":0" /> Go tloga ka 1988 go fitlha ka 1991, Dow o ne a direla WLSA dipatlisiso, a thusa go wetsa thutopatlisiso ya kgaolo ka ga ditshwanelo tsa setho tsa basadi mo mafatsheng a le marataro tse di mabapi.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2" /> Ka 1990, o thusitse go tlhoma Lefelo la Tshedimosetso la Basadi la Metlhaetsile go rotloetsa thuto ka ditshwanelo tsa basadi ka fa tlase ga molao.<ref name=":0" /> Ka 1990, Dow o ne a tlhatlhela kgetsi kwa [[Kgotla Kgolong ya Ditsheko ya Botswana]] go gwetlha [[molao wa Bosetšhaba wa Botswana]].<ref name=":0" /> Ka fa tlase ga Molao wa Boagi wa 1984, ke fela [[bana ba ba seng ka fa molaong]] ba ba neng ba ka bona bosetšhaba ka mmaabo.<ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFQuansah1992|Quansah 1992]], p. 196.</ref> Ka bana ba gagwe ba le babedi mo go ba le bararo le Peter ba ne ba tsholwa morago ga lenyalo la bone, ba ne ba sa tsewe e le Batswana.<ref name=":6">[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFBeyani1994|Beyani 1994]], p. 294.</ref> Ka go boifa gore go ka nna le kgonagalo ya gore fa tetla ya ga Peter ya go nna mo lefatsheng e felelwa ke nako ka 1992, lelwapa la gagwe le ka nna la patelesega go fuduga kgotsa go kgaogana, Dow o ne a simolola kgetsi ya [[Unity Dow v Attorney-General]] a latofatsa gore Molao wa Boagi o ne o tlhaola e bile o thulana le tshwanelo ya gagwe ya go tila go nyenyefadiwa le go sotlakakwa mo go seng mo sethong. Kgotlatshekelo e ne ya fitlhela e ema Dow nokeng e dumalana gore molao o ama tlhopho ya gagwe e e gololesegileng ya gore o tla nyala mang, o ka mo pateletsa go kgaogana le lelwapa la gagwe fa ditetlelelo tsa bonno tsa monna wa gagwe le bana ba gagwe di sa ntšhwafadiwe, mme o ne o tlhaola.<ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFColdham1992|Coldham 1992]], pp. 91–92.</ref> === Tiro ya magareng (1991–2009) === Dow o ne a tsere sebaka sa dingwaga di le pedi a beetse tiro ya gagwe ya molao kwa tlhoko ka 1991 ka ntlha ya kgetse e mme ka nako eo, o ne a simolola mmogo Sekolo se se botlana sa Baobob kwa Gaborone le AIDS Action Trust.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":8">[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFColumbia_Law_School2009|Columbia Law School 2009.]]</ref> O ne a dira jaaka mogokaganyi wa WLSA go tloga ka 1992 go fitlha ka 1994,<ref name=":5" /> fa boikuelo jwa kgetse ya gagwe bo santse bo letilwe. Ka nako ya boikuelo, ''Attorney General v Unity Dow'', puso e ne ya nganga gore go tlhaola basadi go sireleditswe ke dipeelo tsa molaomotheo go somarela dingwao tsa setso tsa Botswana, e e neng e le setšhaba sa [[losika lwa borre]].<ref name=":6" /> <ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFQuansah1993|Quansah 1993]], pp. 190–191.</ref> Mmueledi Mogolo le ene o ne a ganela gore Dow o ne a na le maitsetsepelo, a bolela gore ene ka boene ga a a utlwisiwa botlhoko ke sepe.<ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFQuansah1993|Quansah 1993]], p. 190.</ref> [[Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo]], e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Tautona ya Baatlhodi [[Austin Amissah]], e ne ya swetsa ka gore kgethololo ya bong e thulana le Molaomotheo le gore ngwao ya setso e ka se fete dipeelo tsa molaomotheo tsa tshireletso e e lekanang ka fa tlase ga molao, kgotsa ditlamego tse Botswana e neng e na le tsone ka fa tlase ga ditumalano tsa boditšhabatšhaba tse e neng e le modumedi wa tsone.<ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFBeyani1994|Beyani 1994]], p. 295.</ref><ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFQuansah1993|Quansah 1993]], p. 196.</ref> Mo kgannyeng ya maitsetsepelo, kgotlatshekelo e ne ya fitlhela gore o ne a tshwanetse go supa fela gore go na le kgonagalo ya gore a ka gobadiwa ke molao, e seng gore o ne a gobaditswe, mme go kgaogana le ba lelwapa la gagwe go tla bo go nyenyefatsa le go tlhoka setho.<ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFQuansah1993|Quansah 1993]], pp. 200–201.</ref> Mo tshwetsong ya bontsi jwa batho ba le bararo go ya go ba le babedi, Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo e ne ya tlhomamisa katlholo ya Kgotla Kgolo ya Ditseko ka diphetogo tse dinnye, ya bolela gore Dikarolo tsa bone le botlhano tsa Molao wa Boagi ga di dumalane le molaomotheo.<ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFQuansah1993|Quansah 1993]], p. 189.</ref> Ka ntlha ya katlholo e e botlhokwa e, ka 1995 Molao wa Boagi o ne wa baakanngwa go tlosa go sa lekalekane ga bong mo go boneng bosetšhaba mo Botswana.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFManby2010|Manby 2010]], p. 50.</ref> Katlholo e ne ya nna motheo wa ditlhopha tsa basadi go ralala Aforika go gatelela phetogo mo melaong ya bone ya bosetšhaba le go fedisa go sa lekalekane ga bong, mme seno sa felela ka gore mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa mafatshe a Aforika a baakanye melao ya bosetšhaba ka 2010.<ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFPailey2020|Pailey 2020]], p. 1839.</ref><ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFManby2010|Manby 2010]], p. 48.</ref> Go tloga ka 1994 go fitlha ka 1998, Dow o ne a dira jaaka mokaedi wa Setheo sa Tshedimosetso sa Basadi sa Metlhaetsile mme ka nako eo o ne a gatisa ''The Citizenship Case'' ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le botlhano, a tlhalosa ka botlalo ditsamaiso tsa semolao tsa kgetse ya gagwe.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> Ka 1996, o ne a dira mo kgetsing e e neng e amana le [[go tlhokomela bana]] e e neng ya felela ka gore go dirwe phetolo ya melao ya tshegetso, mme ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bosupa o ne a tlhagisa kgetse ka ga [[bolwetse jwa basadi ba ba itewang]], a tsaya gore tseno ke dikgang tse di botlhokwa mo basading.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":9">[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFDavis2014|Davis 2014]], p. 227.</ref> Mo ngwageng oo, Dow o ne a tlhomiwa go nna moatlhodi kwa [[Kgotla Kgolo ya Ditsheko ya Botswana]], mme a simolola go direla kwa kgotlatshekelong ka Firikgong 1998.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> Go tlhomiwa ga gagwe e ne e le lekgetlho la ntlha mosadi a tlhomiwa go dira jaaka moatlhodi kwa Kgotla Kgolo ya Ditsheko.<ref name=":16">[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFLedererMacharia-Mokobi2012|Lederer & Macharia-Mokobi]] 2012, p. 249.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bone , Dow o ne a dira jaaka karolo ya thomo ya [[Lekgotla la Ditshaba]] go sekaseka kopo ya selegae kwa [[Sierra Leone]] ya ditshwanelo tsa setho tsa basadi tsa boditšhabatšhaba le [[Charlotte Abaka]] wa Mo-Ghana, yo e kileng ya bo e le modulasetilo wa [[Komiti ya go Fedisa Kgethololo kgatlhanong le Basadi]];<ref name=":7">[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFDivision_for_the_Advancement_of_Women2004|Division for the Advancement of Women 2004]], p. 8.</ref> [[Feride Acar]], modulasetulo yo o simolotseng thulaganyo ya Middle East Technical University ya Bong le Basadi; kwa [[Ankara]], kwa Turkey;<ref name=":7" /><ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFBianet2019|Bianet 2019.]]</ref> [[Dorcas Coker-Appiah]], mmueledi wa Ghana le motlhami-mmogo wa Gender Studies and Human Rights Documentation Centre kwa [[Accra]];<ref name=":7" /><ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFBowman2019|Bowman 2019]], p. 4.</ref> le Moaforika Borwa, [[Tiyanjana Maluwa]], moporofesara wa molao kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Puso ya Pennsylvania|Yunibesithing ya Pennsylvania]] [[Yunibesithing ya Puso ya Pennsylvania|State]].<ref name=":7" /> Dow o ne a tlhophiwa go nna molaodi wa [[Khuduthamaga ya Boditšhabatšhaba ya Babueledi]] ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bone mme a tlhophiwa gape mo maemong ao ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe.<ref name=":12">[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFLazaroff2012|Lazaroff 2012]].</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borataro , o ne a tlhophiwa go direla mo komiting e kgolo ya Khuduthamaga ya Boditšhabatšhaba ya Babueledi le balaodi ba le barataro ba ba boelelang le maloko a mararo a masha, go akaretsa le ene, [[Vojin Dimitrijević]] wa [[Serbia]] le [[Raji Sourani]] wa [[Palastina]].<ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFPalestinian_Centre_for_Human_Rights2006|Palestinian Centre for Human Rights 2006]].</ref> Dow e ne e le moatlhodi yo o okametseng, mmogo le [[Maruping Dibotelo]] le [[Mphaphi Phumaphi]], mo kgetsing ya ''[[Roy Sesana and Others v. the Government of Botswana]]'' e e neng ya tlisiwa kwa Kgotleng Kgolo ya Ditsheko ka 2002 ke batho ba Basarwa<ref name=":10">[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFNg'ong'ola2007|Ng'ong'ola 2007]], pp. 103–104, 107.</ref> (ba ka dinako tse dingwe ba bidiwang batho ba naga ya Kalahari)<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> [[Roy Sesana|Sesana]] le [[Keiwa Setlhobogwa]] ba ne ba tlisa kgetsi mo boemong jwa batho ba bangwe ba le 241 ba ba neng ba tsena mo kgetsing fa Puso ya Botswana e ne e fedisa metsi mo lefelong leno la polokelo, e gana go tlamela ka ditirelo tsa botsogo le dipalamo tsa bana ba sekolo, e emisa go abela masiela le bahumanegi dijo, le go leka go tlosa Basarwa ka dikgoka kwa ba nnang teng. Ba ne ba baakanya kgetse ya bone go akaretsa go gana ga Lephata la Diphologolo le makgabisa naga go ba letla go tsena mo lefelong la tshireletso kwantle ga tetlelelo kgotsa go ba naya diteseletso tse di kgethegileng tsa diphologolo.<ref name=":10" /> Morago ga theetso ya dingwaga di le nne, ka 2006, Dow o ne ya swetsa ka gore go fedisiwa ga ditirelo le go patelediwa go fudusiwa ga Basarwa go ne go emela tlolomolao ya tshwanelo ya bone ya botshelo e e sireleditsweng ke molaomotheo.<ref name=":5" /><ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFNg'ong'ola2007|Ng'ong'ola 2007]], pp. 108–109.</ref> O ne a laela gore ditirelo di busediwe le gore ditshenyegelo di duelwe ba ba neng ba fudusitswe mme ba se na keletso ya go boa.<ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFNg'ong'ola2007|Ng'ong'ola 2007]], p. 109.</ref> Mo kgannyeng ya diteseletso tsa diphologolo, baatlhodi botlhe ka boraro ba ne ba dumalana gore di ne di thibetswe e se ka fa molaong, ka le fa Lephata la Diphologolo le makgabisa Naga le ne le sa patelesege go ntsha diteseletso, ka tlwaelo ba ne ba dira jalo; go di thibela ka nako e gape ba neng ba emisa mophako, go ne ga ama bokgoni jwa batho ba Basarwa jwa go itshedisa.<ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFNg'ong'ola2007|Ng'ong'ola 2007]], pp. 115–117.</ref> Mo kgannyeng ya diteseletso tsa go tsena mo lefelong le le sireleditsweng, Dow o ne a fitlhela gore di kgoreletsa batho ba Basarwa go dirisa ditshwanelo tsa bone tsa go tsamaya ka kgololesego.<ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFNg'ong'ola2007|Ng'ong'ola 2007]], p. 120.</ref> Kgetse e, go ya ka moporofesa wa molao Clement Ng'ong'ola e ne e le tshwetso ya ntlha mo Botswana go amogela ditshwanelo tsa batho ba tlholego mo mafatsheng a borraabonemogologolwane.<ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFNg'ong'ola2007|Ng'ong'ola 2007]], p. 121.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bosupa, Dow o ne a dira jaaka leloko la thomo e e kgethegileng ya [[International Legal Assistance Consortium]] go sekaseka tsamaiso ya boatlhodi ya Rwanda le go sekaseka gore lefatshe le ka tswa jang mo [[dikgotlhang]] tsa lone tse di fetileng le go tsosolosa tsamaiso ya yone ya bosiamisi go netefatsa gore basekisiwa mo dikgetseng tsa [[polao ya semorafe ya 1994]] ba bo tshekiso e e sa tseeng letlhakore.<ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREF%C3%85hlund2007|Åhlund 2007]], p. 5.</ref><ref name=":11">[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFUniversity_of_South_Australia2009|University of South Australia 2009]].</ref> Nngwe ya dikgetsi tsa bofelo tse a neng a di okametse e ne e le malebang le go okediwa ga lekgetho la puso la dino tse di tagang. Dow o ne a diegisa go tsenngwa tirisong ga koketsego ya diperesente di le masome mararo mme kgetse e ne ya feleletsa e tholotswe.<ref name=":5" /> O ne a rola tiro mo setilong ka kgwedi ya Moranang,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe go ya go tlhatlhelela kwa [[Sekolong sa Molao sa Yunibesithi ya Washington le Lee]] kwa [[Lexington, Virginia]] le kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Cincinnati]] kwa Ohio, pele ga a dira jaaka moporofesa yo o etileng kwa [[Sekolong sa Molao sa Columbia]] kwa New York City.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":11" /> === Tiro ya moragonyana (2010–gompieno) === Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome , Dow o ne a tlhoma feme ya semolao ya Dow & Associates mme ka yone kgwedi eo o ne a ikanisiwa ke [[Tautona wa Kenya]] jaaka mongwe wa baatlhodi mo Kgotlatshekelong ya Nakwana e e Ikemetseng ya Tharabololo ya Dikgotlhang tsa Molaomotheo go thusa go diragatsa [[Molaomotheo]] o mosha wa Kenya.<ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFNSW_Bar_Association2011|NSW Bar Association 2011]].</ref><ref name=":9" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bongwe , o ne a tlhophiwa go nna modulasetulo wa Komiti e kgolo ya Molaodi wa Khuduthamaga ya Boditšhabatšhaba ya Babueledi.<ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFCrowe2011|Crowe 2011]].</ref> Mo ngwageng oo Dow o ne a simolola go dira le [[Ricki Kgositau]] le molweladitshwanelo tse dingwe tsa [[batho ba ba fetogileng bong]] mabapi le go palelwa ga bone ke go bona dikarata tsa Omang tse di nang le bong jwa bone jo bo tshwanetseng.<ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFCamminga2020|Camminga 2020]], pp. 247–248.</ref> Ka nako eo kwa Botswana go ne go sena tsela ya semolao ya gore batho ba ba fetogileng bong ba baakanye ditshwao tsa bone tsa bong mo dikwalong tsa semmuso. Fa balweladitshwanelo ba ne ba ya kwa ofising ya Omang le kwadiso matsalo go fetola dikwalo tsa bone, ba ne ba gakololwa go tla ka taelo ya kgotlatshekelo.<ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFCamminga2020|Camminga 2020]], pp. 244, 248.</ref> Ba ne ba kopa Dow go ba thusa, mme ene o ne a ikgolaganya le [[Setheo sa Ditsheko sa Aforika Borwa]] go thusa ka thuso ya semolao le tshegetso ya madi.<ref name=":13">[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFCamminga2020|Camminga 2020]], p. 248.</ref> Go netefatsa gore kgang e tla newa theetso e e siameng, le go fedisa kgonagalo ya go latlhegelwa ke kgetse, go ne ga tsewa tshwetso ya go tlhoma sekao sa ditshwanelo tsa LGBT mo kgetsing e e nang le kotsi e nnye ya go gobala le go diegisa dikgetse tsa tshupo ya bong.<ref name=":13" />^{[Nopolo ya boraro]} Go fitlhelela seo, Dow o ne a emela mokgatlho wa ditshwanelo tsa batho wa [[LEGABIBO]] (Lesbians, Gays & Bisexuals of Botswana) mo kgetsing ya bone go kwadisa mokgatlho wa bone kwa lephateng la kwadiso ya matsalo. Mokgatlho o ne o ganetswe ka go kwadisiwa ke mokaedi wa lephata le [[Edwin Batshu]], Tona ya Badiri le Merero ya Selegae, ka mabaka a gore ditiro tsa thatano ya bong di ne di se kafa molaong mo lefatsheng leo. Dow o ne a bolela gore go gana go kwadisa mokgatlho go tlola tshwanelo ya go kopana ka kgololesego mme a gakolola gore kgetse e ne e se ka ga tshwanelo ya go dira ditiro tsa thobalano, mme e le gore a maloko a ka kokoana le go abelana tshedimosetso ya bone mmogo.<ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFMokwape2014a|Mokwape 2014a]].</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone , Moatlhodi Terrence Rannowane wa Kgotla Kgolo ya Ditsheko o ne a atlhola gore go gana go kwadisa setlhopha le go se letla go kopana go ne go tlola Molaomotheo, Dikarolo ya boraro, lesome le bobedi, le lesome le boraro, tse di nayang tshwanelo ya go bua ka kgololesego, kgololesego ya go kopana, le kgololesego ya go kokoana ka go latelana.<ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFMokwape2014b|Mokwape 2014b]].</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Unity Dow and Macsuzy Mondon, September 2015.jpg|thumb|200x200px|BoTona Dow le [[Macsuzy Mondon]] (Seychelles) ba saena Memo ya Kutlwano ya lenaneo la kananyo ya barutabana, 2015]] Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi a le malatsi marataro ngwaga wa dikete tse pedile lesome le bobedi , Dow o ne a tlhomiwa ke [[Lekgotla la Ditshwanelo tsa Batho la Lekgotla la Ditshaba]] jaaka mongwe wa baitseanape ba le bararo ba ba ikemetseng go dira thomo ya go batlisisa dintlha ka ga ka moo mafelo a bonno a Iseraele a kwa West Bank a amang Bapalestina ka teng.<ref name=":12" /> Mo ngwageng oo, o ne a swetsa go tsena mo dipolotiking mme a tsenelela lekoko la [[Botswana Democratic Party]].<ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFSunday_Standard2012a|''Sunday Standard'' 2012a]].</ref> O ne a emela [[ditlhopho tsa setshaba tsa 2014]] tsa Kgaolo ya Mochudi Bophirima, mme a latlhegelwa ke go bata setilo mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFBasimanebotlhe2014|Basimanebotlhe 2014]].</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Phalane a le masome mabedi le boferabobedi ,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone, Dow o ne a tlhophiwa, mmogo le bontlhopheng ba bangwe ba le barataro, ke Tautona [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] wa Botswana jaaka leloko le le itlhophetsweng la palamente. Mmogo le [[Kenneth Matambo]], [[Kitso Mokaila]], le Eric Molale, o ne a fenya ditlhopho mme a tlhomiwa go nna Mothusa Tona wa Thuto mo Pusong eo.<ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFMotsamai2014|Motsamai 2014]].</ref><ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFMosikare2014|Mosikare 2014]].</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano, o ne a tlhomiwa go nna Tona ya Thuto le Tlhabololo ya Dikitso ke Khama, a tlhatlhama [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]], Mothusatautona wa Botswana yo wa nako eo.<ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFPiet2015|Piet 2015]].</ref> Ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo Lephateng, Dow o ne a tlhoma lenaneo la go katisa barutabana go tswa kwa Seychelles kwa Botswana le go romela barutabana ba Batswana kwa ntle go ya go thusa Seychelles ka tlhaelo ya barutabana.<ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFPhiloBonnelame2015|Philo & Bonnelame 2015]].</ref> O ne a direla mo maemong ao go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro, fa mo kabakanngwa cabinet, a ne a tlhomiwa go nna Tona ya Thuto ya Motheo.<ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFMmegi2016b|''Mmegi'' 2016b]].</ref> Morago ga gore Khama a tloge mo maemong a botautona ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi , Dow o ne a sutisiwa ke Tautona yo o tsenang Masisi go tswa mo Thutong go ya kwa maemong a Tona ya Mafaratlhatlha le Tlhabololo ya Matlo.<ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFMwakideu2018|Mwakideu 2018]].</ref><ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFGabathuse2018|Gabathuse 2018]].</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi 2018, mo phetogong ya cabinet, o ne a tlhomiwa go nna Tona ya Merero ya Mafatshe a Sele, a ananya setilo sa gagwe mo Mafaratlhatlheng le Matlo le Vincent Tina Seretse, yo o neng a tshwere Merero ya Mafatshe a sele mo nakong e e fetileng.<ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFMorupisi2018|Morupisi 2018]].</ref> Masisi o ne a fenya botautona mo [[ditlhophong tsa setshaba tsa 2019]] mme a tlhomamisa gape Dow jaaka Tona ya Merero ya Mafatshe a Sele ya palamente ya bo lesome le bobedi ya Botswana.<ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFMmegi2019|''Mmegi'' 2019]].</ref> Dow mmogo le barwadie Cheshe le Natasha, o ne a bula Dow Academy kwa Mochudi, [[Kgaolo ya Kgatleng]] ka Firikgong 2020. Sekolo seno se se ikemetseng se ruta thuto e potlana le e kgolwane.<ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFLuebering2020|Luebering 2020]].</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Phatwe,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi , Dow o ne a tlogela bodiredi jwa gagwe mme a emisediwa ka Lemogang Kwape mo phetogong ya cabinet.<ref name=":14">[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFMotlhoka2020|Motlhoka 2020]].</ref><ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFGabathuse2020|Gabathuse 2020]].</ref> Dow o buile ka kgato e, "Jaaka tona o bua thata ka portfolio ya gago. Mme [[banka e e kwa morago]] e go naya kgololesego ya go botsolotsa dikgang tse di farologaneng tse di amang bosetšhaba. Tekanyetso e le nosi ke boemo jwa lekoko la me mo kgannyeng e e rileng".<ref name=":14" /> == Go kwala == Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi , fa Dow a ne a simolola go gatisa dibuka tsa dinaane, ke bakwadi ba le mmalwa fela ba Batswana ba ba neng ba dirile dibuka tse di neng tsa fitlhelela babadi kwa ntle ga Botswana. <ref name=":15" /> Lengwe la mabaka a seno e ne e le kganetso e e tiileng ya boeteledipele jwa Batswana gore MaBorithane ba kopanye kgaolo ya bona le ya Aforika Borwa, e e neng ya isa kwa go itshireletseng kgatlhanong le Pan-Africanism le go tlhoka dipeeletso mo mafaratlhatlheng a setšhaba le tlhabololo ya thuto. <ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFLenta2004|Lenta 2004,]] pp.&#x20;34, 36.</ref> Bobedi dibuka tsa gagwe tsa non-fiction le tsa fiction di kopanya dikgang tsa loago le tsa semolao le seabe sa tsona mo bong le mo kagong ya maatla. <ref name=":9" /> <ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFLenta2004|Lenta 2004,]] p.&#x20;35.</ref>Mosebetsi o mong le o mong wa Dow o hlahloba ditlwaelo tsa setjhaba tse lebisang ho se leka-lekane ha dikamano tsa matla le ho susumetsa pefo kgahlanong le basadi, tlhekefetso ya thobalano ya bana, bothata ba AIDS, le ho se lekane ha bong. <ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFJenkins2012|Jenkins 2012,]] p.&#x20;151.</ref> Batho ba ba mo bukeng ya gagwe ba dirisa tlhaloganyo go ganana le ngwao e e sa utlwaleng mme ba gakolola mmadi ka botlhokwa jwa setso sa setso. <ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFJenkins2012|Jenkins 2012]], p.&#x20;153.</ref> Ka padi ya gagwe ya ntlha, Far and Beyon' (2000), Dow o ne a bua thata ka ga leroborobo la AIDS le ditlamorago tsa tirisodikgoka mo malapeng, segolo jang ka fa basadi ba ba tshelang mo setšhabeng sa borra-bana ba lebanang le malapa a a senang borre ka ntlha ya tshenyo e e tlisitseng kwa Botswana ya kwa magaeng. <ref name=":16" /><ref name=":17">[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFGagiano2004|Gagiano 2004,]] p.&#x20;40.</ref>E sekaseka dithibelo tsa ditlwaelo tsa setso, meetlo, le ditheo tse di beilweng mo basading le mo basading ka go dirisa dikago tse di ikaegileng ka banna.<ref name=":17" /> Mo kanegelong eno, Mara, mmè yo o sa itseng go bala le go kwala yo o nang le bokgoni jo bo lekanyeditsweng jwa go itlamela, o setse a na le monna a le mongwe le barwa ba le babedi ba ba bolawang ke AIDS, monna yo mongwe a mo latlha, mme molekane wa gagwe wa boraro o mo sotla.<ref name=":18">[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFLenta2004|Lenta 2004]], p.&#x20;38</ref> <ref name=":17" />Mara o bolela gore loso lwa barwa ba gagwe lo bakilwe ke mmaba yo o fitlhegileng mme o batla dikarabo mo go yo o bolelelang pele isagwe. Le fa morwadie, Mosadi (e e rayang mosadi), yo o itsegeng jaaka Mosa, le morwawe yo o setseng, Stan, ba sa dumele gore meetlo ya mmoki e tla tlhalosa gore ke ka ntlha yang fa bomorwarraabone ba sule, ba tsamaya mmogo le meletlo e e laetsweng. <ref name=":18" /> Fa Mosa a lemoga gore o imile mme o latlhetswe ke rraagwe ngwana, o swetsa go senya mpa ka sephiri, go na le go imetsa mmaagwe go feta.<ref name=":18" /> Mo maitekong a go fodisa lelapa la gagwe, Mosa o sekaseka ditlwaelo tsa loago tse di kgaoganyang banna le basadi le go godisa ditiro tsa banna, a ruta basadi go itlhokomolosa diphoso tsa bone. <ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFGagiano2004|Gagiano 2004,]] p.&#x20;41.</ref>A nna a ikanyega mo lelapeng la gagwe le mo setsong sa gagwe, o ithuta go gana go amogela maitsholo a a sa siamang mo setšhabeng sa gaabo.<ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFGagiano2004|Gagiano 2004,]] p.&#x20;42.</ref>Ka tsela e, Dow o tlhatlhoba gore go ineela ga setšhaba le go didimala ka diphoso mo setšhabeng go isa jang kwa tlhakatlhakanong ya mogopolo le go dirisa ba ba senang maatla ka tsela e e sa siamang ke ba ba nang le maatla go feta. <ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFLenta2004|Lenta 2004,]] pp.&#x20;38–40.</ref> Dipolelo tse di tshwanang di ne tsa tsenngwa mo bukeng ya bobedi ya ga Dow, The Screaming of the Innocent (2001), e e sekasekang gape maatlafatso ya basadi mo nageng e e tletseng ka bonweenwee jwa sepodisi, polao ya ngwao, sephiri sa setheo, le tidimalo ya setšhaba. <ref name=":15" /> Go batlisisa tlwaelo ya setso ya dipheko, go bolaya mongwe go kotula dirwe tsa gagwe tsa mmele ka ntlha ya dinonofo tsa bone tsa boselamose tsa lesego le katlego, Dow o bontsha ka moo bahumi le ba ba maatla ba tsomang ka teng batho ba ba sa itseng go bala le go kwala ba kwa magaeng le go reka tidimalo ya babusi. <ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFLenta2004|Lenta 2004,]] pp.&#x20;40–41.</ref>Mo bukeng, mosetsanyana o bolailwe mo sekgweng gaufi le motse wa gaabo mme tshedimosetso ka ga kgetsi e ne ya thibelwa ke sepodisi le banna ba ba maatla ba lefelo la gaabo. Go kgaolwa ga mmele wa gagwe go fitlhilwe mo bukeng e le letshwao le le supang gore batho ga ba amogele mekgwa e e ntseng jalo mo setšhabeng ka kakaretso. <ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFLenta2004|Lenta 2004,]] p.&#x20;42.</ref>Protagonist, Amantle Bokaa, yo o fetsang tirelo ya gagwe ya bosetšhaba (e e itsegeng kwa Botswana jaaka Tirelo Sechaba), o fitlhela diaparo tse di nang le madi mo kamoreng ya tleliniki e a e abetsweng.<ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFLenta2004|Lenta 2004,]] pp.&#x20;42–43.</ref> Diaparo tseno ke tsa motho mongwe yo o neng a bolailwe pele ga moo, mme fa di neelwa baagi ba motse ba lemoga gore ba ne ba sa di itse. Bokaa, ka gore baagi ba motse ba dumela gore ga a kitla a bonwa ka tsela e e sa siamang ke balaodi, o tlhophiwa go bua le mapodisi mo boemong jwa baagi ba motse.[ 78] Ka gore ke mosadi le ngwana, o lebega a sena maatla, mme thuto ya gagwe, e e mo rutileng bokgoni jwa go dirisana le kganetso le go belaela ditumelo, e mo naya maatla le boitshepo go gwetlha molao wa tidimalo le dikgoreletsi tsa loago mo tseleng ya gagwe. <ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFLenta2004|Lenta 2004,]] p.&#x20;43.</ref> <ref>[[:en:Unity_Dow#CITEREFNgom2018|Ngom 2018,]] p.&#x20;23.</ref>Tiro ya ga Dow ga e bue fela ka dikamano tsa maatla, mme gape e bua ka dilo tse di tshosang tsa polao ya ngwao le polao ya basadi.[ 80] O tlhalosa ka tlhamalalo tumelo ya gagwe ya gore basadi e tla nna bone ba ba tla fetolang dipholisi go fedisa mekgwa e e ntseng jalo.[ 81] Far and Beyon′ e ne ya gololwa la ntlha kwa Botswana mme morago ya gatisiwa kwa Australia. The Screaming of the Innocent e ne ya gatisiwa la ntlha kwa Australia mme ya gatisiwa gape kwa Afrika Borwa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le boraro. Buka ya gagwe ya boraro, Juggling Truths, e ne ya phasaladiwa ngwaga oo kwa Australia mme ya gololwa ngwaga o o latelang kwa Afrika Borwa. 82] Dow gape o ne a tlhatlhoba ditlwaelo tsa setso tse di sa siamang le ditlwaelo tsa loago ka maano a go di lwantsha.[ 83] Le fa a ne a kile a batlisisa ka ga setšhaba sa Aforika le mathata a a bakilweng ke go ganana le segompieno sa Bophirima le setso sa selegae, tiro e e tsepamisitse maikutlo mo tiragalong ya go lekalekanya go dumalana le ditlwaelo tse di siameng le tse di sa siamang mo setsong sa selegae. [ Ka go dirisa setshwano sa Monei, mosetsana yo monnye yo o nnang mo motseng wa magae, Dow o tlhatlhoba dingwao tsa molomo le tiriso ya ditlhamane le ditlhamane jaaka tsela ya go tsenya dikaelo tsa maitsholo le jaaka taolo ya loago mo baneng. 85] Buka eno e gwetlha dilo tse di jaaka tumelo ya gore go bolaya segwagwa se se nnang se lebile go ka baka matsubutsubu a magolo, gore go tsalana le motho yo o nang le boswafi go ka tlisa bomadimabe, kana gore go nwa motlhapo wa poo go ka thusa motho go ithuta go letsa molodi. Gape e na le dipolelo tse di buang ka selalome sa monna se se medisang bana le moruti yo o sotlang basetsana ka tlhakanelodikobo. Ditema tse di mo kanegelong di golaganya Juggling Truths le dibuka tsa ntlha tse pedi tsa ga Dow mme di kaya gore basetsana le basadi ba kgona go tlhabolola nonofo ya bone ka thuto le go akanya ka go ikemela. 85][86] Dow o atamela tshekatsheko ya gagwe ya go raraana ga loago a dirisa mefuta e e farologaneng ya ditsereganyo, a lemoga gore ga go na ditharabololo tse di bonolo.[ 87] Juggling Truths e ne e le moanelwa wa Percy FitzPatrick Prize mo setlhopheng sa basha ba ba godileng ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borataro.[ 88] Buka ya Dow ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bosupa ya The Heavens May Fall e bua ka boitshupo jo bo fetogang go tswa mo setšhabeng sa setso go ya mo lefatsheng la segompieno la lefatshe lotlhe. Mo matlhong a ga Dow, setšhaba se fetoga ka metlha; ka ntlha ya seo, ngwao, bong, boitshupo, puo, kago ya loago le ditheo di a fetoga. 89] Kgang e e buang ka botshelo jwa ga Dow, e bua ka phetogo go tswa mo ditseleng tse di se nang ditshipi go ya go diphaepe tsa metsi tsa mo teng ga ntlo le ka moo khumo ya teemane e neng ya dira gore go nne le thuto, tlhokomelo ya boitekanelo le ditirelo.[ Buka e e neetswe bana ba gagwe ba bararo, e boeletsa ka moo dikakanyo ka ga bone di fetogileng ka teng, jaaka e le Maaforika, mme gape ba abelana ka boitshupo jo bo raraaneng ka gonne rraabone e ne e le moagi wa US. Mo nakong e kgang e diragalang ka yone, ba ne ba tla tsewa e le batswakwa. 91] Kgang e e bua ka Naledi, yo o belegweng pele ga go dirwa ga Botswana sešwa mme e diragala ka nako ya fa Dow a ne a gwetlha molao wa bosetšhaba.[ 92] Jaaka mmueledi, Naledi o emela basadi ba ba bokoa le bana ba ba tlhokang katlholo kgotsa thuso ya semolao. O tsaya kgetsi ya lekgarebe lengwe le le neng la betelelwa mme o senola gore tsamaiso ya semolao e e laolwang ke banna e ne e na le seabe, e leng se se dirileng gore kgetsi eno e se ka ya sekwa ka nako ya tsheko. Le fa kgetse e sa rarabololwa, molatofadiwa o ne a laelwa go dira teko ya HIV, ka ntlha ya gore motlhaselwa wa gagwe o ne a kile a tlhakanela dikobo a sa itshireletsa,[93] se se gatelelang diphetogo tsa loago le go fetofetoga ga maemo. Go nna monna ga go ne go naya molatofadiwa tshiamelo kgotsa maatla a go tila teko mo nageng e mo go yona tsamaiso ya molao e nang le tshireletso go akaretsa tshireletso ya basadi,[94] go sa kgathalesege gore tsamaiso ya molao e ne ya palelwa kwa bofelong Naledi.[ 68] == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Ditsalo tsa 1959]] [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]] [[Karolo:Baatlhodi ba Botswana]] [[Karolo:Molwela-ditshwanelo tsa bomme wa Botswana]] == Botshelo jwa pele le thuto == Mme Unity Diswai o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa 1959, kgwedi ya Moranang e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le boraro, kwa [[Mochudi]] mo [[Kgaolo ya Kgatleng|Kgaolong ya Kgatleng]] mo [[Botswana]] (yo ka nako e o a neng a bidiwa [[Bechuanaland]] ), <ref name=":0"><ref>{{harvnb|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012|p=248}}</ref></ref><ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lenta|2004|p=34}}</ref></ref> ke ngwana wa batsadi ba gagwe e bong rre Phiri le mme Maefshane Diswai (ba gape ba itsegeng ka maina a Moses le Ellen Diswai), bobedi jo bo tsalatswe mo morafeng wa [[Basarwa]] fa godimo ga moo ke maloko a morafe wa BaKgatla.<ref name=":0" /> <ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lenta|2004|p=34}}</ref></ref> Motse wa selegae o a goletseng mo go one o ne o sena ditsela tsa sekonotiri, motlakase le fa e le metsi a a elelang. Go ne go sena megala ya letheka mme o ne a ise a bone setsidifatsi ka matlho go fitlha a nna mo dingwageng tsa bolesome, le fa e le setshwantsho sa motshikhinyego go fitlha a nna dingwaga di le masome a mabedi.<ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lenta|2004|p=48}}</ref></ref><ref><ref>{{harvnb|Ellis|2012}}</ref></ref> . Mmaagwe e ne e le moroki, yo o neng a kgona go bala le go kwala ka [[Setswana]], mme a sa kgone go bala le go kwala ka Sekgoa.<ref><ref name=":1" /></ref><ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lenta|2004|p=49}}</ref></ref>. Rraagwe yo o neng a berekela mo polasing e nnye, o ne a bua ebile a kgona go bala Sekgoa.<ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lenta|2004|p=49}}</ref></ref><ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lenta|2004|p=49}}</ref></ref>E ne ya re fa rraagwe a tsena sekolo, o ne a ikgapela thuso ya madi a go tsena kwa [[:en:University_of_Fort_Hare|sekolong sa ithutelo-tiro sa Fort Hare]], mme thuso e o e ne ya fiwa morwa wa kgosi boemong jwa gagwe. Batsadi ba gagwe ka bobedi jwa bone ba ne ba dumela gore thuto ke selo sa botlhokwa mme bana ba bone ba le barataro mo go ba le supa ba ne ba wetsa dithuto tsa bone tsa ithutelo tiro.<ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lenta|2004|p=49}}</ref></ref> Dithuto tsa bone [[:en:Western_culture|tsa kwa Bophirima]] di ne di sa tlwaelesega mo magaeng a Botswana ka nako eo.<ref name=":1">{{cite news|title=|work=Sunday Standard|date=2007|url=|access-date=}}</ref> Mme Diswai o weditse dithuto tsa gagwe tse dipotlana le tse dikgolwane kwa Mochudi.<ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012|p=248}}</ref></ref> Morago ga sekolo se segolwane, o ne a ithutela molao kwa [[:en:University_of_Botswana_and_Swaziland|sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo tiro sa Botswana le Swaziland]] . <ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012|p=248}}</ref></ref><ref><ref>{{harvnb|Ellis|2012}}</ref></ref>. Ka go ne go sena sekolo sa molao mo Botswana ka nako eo, o ne a tsena yunibesithi kwa [[Eswatini|Swaziland]] ka fa tlase ga thulaganyo ya thuso ya Boritheini mme a wetsa dingwaga di le pedi tsa dithuto kwa Scotland, kwa [[:en:University_of_Edinburgh|sekolong sa ithutelo tiro sa Edinburgh]], pele ga a bona setlankana sa gagwe [[:en:Bachelor_of_Laws|sa dithuto tse digolwane tsa molao]] ka ngwaga wa 1983 kwa sekolong sa ithutelo tiro sa Botswana le Swaziland.<ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lederer|Macharia-Mokobi|2012|p=248}}</ref></ref><ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2012 |title= |url= |access-date= |website=University of Edinburgh}}</ref></ref> <ref><ref>{{harvnb|Lenta|2004|pp=49–50}}</ref></ref>. pup8gef8gv8omzb1gt1aq4fwcju2mye 0 8571 53299 42073 2026-07-26T19:05:23Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke baakantse tsebe ya Samantha Mogwe 53299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religious biography|name=Samantha Mogwe|background=Samantha Mogwe, born to a Motswana father and a Zambian mother, brings a fused element of neo-soul/RnB.|nationality=Motswana|citizenship=Botswana|education=Degree in Theology|known_for=Music 🎵🎶}} '''Samantha Mogwe''' ke seopedi sa kwa [[Botswana]]. Mmino wa gagwe ke motswako wa R&B, Jazz le African.<ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/201507270891.html "Quartet in Afrimma Awards Race". ''AllAfrica''.] July 26, 2015. ProQuest&#x20;1699094917. Retrieved March 6, 2023.</ref> == Botshelo le thuto == Mogwe o tsholetswe kwa [[Botswana]] ke mmaagwe wa kwa [[Zambia]] le rraagwe wa kwa Motswana. <ref>[https://www.samanthamogwe.com/about-me/ "Samantha Mogwe".] ''Samantha Mogwe''. Retrieved 27 February 2023.</ref><ref>[https://businessweekly.co.bw/news/samantha-mogwe-to-headline-womens-month-concert "Samantha Mogwe to headline Women's Month Concert".] ''The Business Weekly & Review''. 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2022-11-29.</ref> O na le dikirii ya Theology go tswa kwa [[Baptist Theological College]] kwa Rustenburg mme gape o ithutile mmino kwa [[Trinity College London]]. <ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20221129143906/https://tswalebs.com/celebrities/samantha-mogwe "Samantha Mogwe - TSWAlebs]". ''tswalebs.com''. Archived from the original on 2022-11-29. Retrieved 2022-11-29.</ref><ref>[https://www.botswanayouth.com/10-things-you-did-not-know-about-samantha-mogwe/ "10 Things You Did Not Know About Samantha Mogwe".] ''Botswana Youth Magazine''. 2017-08-03. Retrieved 2022-11-29.</ref> == Tiro == Mogwe o simolotse mmino wa gagwe a sa le monnye, o ne a dira la ntlha ka My African Dream ka ngwaga wa dikete tse le boraro (2003). Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bone (2004) o ne a fenya Gabz Karioke Idols mme ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi (2008) e ne e le ene fela moemedi wa Botswana kwa Idols East Africa, a fitlha mo maemong a a kwa godimo a le masome a mabedi le bone .<ref name=":0" />O ne a golola alebamo ya gagwe ya ntlha e e bidiwang Transition ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano (2015). <ref name=":0" />Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi (2018) o ne a golola pina e ntšha e e bidiwang "Secrets". <ref>[https://www.thegazette.news/lifestyle/samantha-mogwe-releases-new-music/ "Samantha Mogwe releases new music"]. ''Botswana Gazette''. Retrieved 2022-12-14.</ref>Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe (2021) o ne a golola ditshwantsho tsa pina "Beautiful". <ref>[https://www.thegazette.news/lifestyle/samantha-mogwe-releases-beautiful-visuals/ "Samantha Mogwe releases "Beautiful" Visuals".] ''Botswana Gazette''. Retrieved 2022-12-14.</ref>Ka kgwedi ya Phatwe wa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022) o ne a golola pina e le nngwe e e bidiwang "Oxygen"<ref>[https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/samantha-mogwe-drops-oxygen/news "Samantha Mogwe drops Oxygen"]. ''Mmegi Online''. 2022-08-07. Retrieved 2022-12-14.</ref>mme ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele o ne a golola EP e e bidiwang VII.<ref>Kaelo, Goitsemodimo (2022-10-02). [https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/samantha-mogwe-ep-reflects-growth/news "Samantha Mogwe EP reflects growth".] ''Mmegi Online''. Retrieved 2022-12-14</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo le ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022), Mogwe o ne a le mo lenaaneng la dipina tse di tshamekiwang thata kwa Botswana.<ref>Kaelo, Goitsemodimo (2022-08-16). [https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/charma-gal-franco-lead-airplay-charts/news "Charma Gal, Franco lead airplay charts"]. ''Mmegi Online''. ProQuest&#x20;2702359447. Retrieved 2023-03-06.</ref>Mo kgatisong ya bo lesome le bobedi ya BOMU Awards Samantha o ne a tlhophiwa mo kgaisanong ya Best R&B, Best music video, best collaboration, best female artist and best song of the year (Marang).<ref>Kaelo, Goitsemodimo (2023-11-05). [https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/samantha-mogwe-leads-bomu-nominations/news "Samantha Mogwe leads BOMU nominations".] ''Mmegi Online''. Retrieved 2024-01-16.</ref>Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e le lesome le borataro ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro (2023) Bomu Awards e ne ya tshwara Kgatiso ya yone ya bo lesome le bobedi kwa Roya Aria Stadium kwa Tlokweng mme Samantha o ne a tsamaya ka dikgele tse pedi e le tirisanommogo e e gaisang le Mpho Sebina ka pina ya Marang le R&B e e gaisang ka alebamo ya VII. <ref>More, Ketshepile (17 Dec 2023). [https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/77096 "HAN-C RULES MUSIC AWARDS YET AGAIN".] ''dailynews''. Retrieved 16 January 2024.</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Mogwe o nyetse mme ebile o na le bana ba le babedi.<ref name=":0" />O itsege ka go nna sephiri ka ga botshelo jwa gagwe.<ref>"Mascom Live Sessions to Close the Year in Style". [[:en:AllAfrica|''AllAfrica''.]] October 28, 2015. ProQuest&#x20;1727940787.</ref> Dikgele le ditlhopho * 2003; My African Dream mo kgaolong ya go opela: Mofenyi wa bobedi * 2004: Gabs Kareoke Idols jaaka Motshameki yo Mmotlana: Mofenyi * 2014: Yarona FM Music Awards (YAMA): Winner Best female Artist of the year <ref name=":0" /> * 2014: Yarona FM Awards (YAMA): Winner Best Female Artist <ref name=":0" /> * 2015: BOMU Awards: Winner Best Packaged Album <ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/201511020715.html "Charma Gal Finest".] ''AllAfrica''. November 1, 2015. ProQuest&#x20;1728616769. Retrieved March 6, 2023.</ref> * 2015: African Muzik Magazine Awards: Best Female Southern Africa nominee <ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/201507270891.html "Quartet in Afrimma Awards Race".] ''AllAfrica''. July 26, 2015. ProQuest&#x20;1699094917. Retrieved March 6, 2023</ref> == Bona gape == * [[Vee Mampeezy]] * [[Sasa Klaas]] * [[Ross Branch]] == Metswedi == <references /> # # # # 6e61ayle67r3ljf0vjygetldbdn2zs4 0 8693 53269 53245 2026-07-26T12:18:41Z Atsile Edith 11759 Ke senotse tsebe e #Wikipedia25BW 53269 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Temperature Bar Chart Africa--1901-2020--2021-07-14.png|thumb|Setshwantso sa dipalopalo se se bontshang [[:en:Instrumental_temperature_record|phetogo ya mogote]] mo Aforika magareng ga 1901 le 2021, ka mmala o mohibidu o le bothitho mme botala jwa legodimo bo le tsididi go feta palogare (Palogare ya mogote ka nako ya ngwaga wa 1971 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 2000 e tsewa jaaka ntlha ya tshupiso ya diphetogo tse.)]] '''Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo Aforika''' ke matshosetsi a magolo ka gonne karolo ya eo ke nngwe ya dikgaolo tse [[:en:Climate_change_vulnerability|di mo kotsing]] thata ya [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya]] [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|seemo sa bosa]], le fa e le yone e e bakang mesi e e kwa tlase ga karolo ya bone mo lekgolong ya lefatshe lotlhe e e dirang gore go nne le kgololo ya dighese tse di tshwarang mollo mo lefaufaung.<ref>Bank, African Development (5 November 2024). "[https://www.afdb.org/en/cop29/focus-africa Focus on Africa]". ''African Development Bank Group''. Retrieved 1 July 2026.</ref>Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e baka mekgwa e e sa tlhomamang ya pula, d[[:en:Extreme_weather|itiragalo tse di feteletseng tsa]] [[:en:Extreme_weather|tepo loapi]] tse di diragalang kgapetsakgapetsa tse di jaaka [[:en:Drought|komelelo]], [[:en:Flood|merwalela]], le [[:en:Sea_surface_temperature|megote e e tlhatlogang ya boalogodimo jwa lewatle]] go ralala karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng. Diphetogo tse di tshosetsa tshireletsego ya [[:en:Food_security|dijo]] le [[:en:Water_security|tshireletsego ya metsi]], [[:en:Biodiversity|mefutafuta ya ditshedi]], [[:en:Public_health|boitekanelo jwa setšhaba]], le [[:en:Economic_development|tlhabololo ya itsholelo]].<ref name=":0">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (22 June 2023). "Africa". ''[https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009325844/type/book Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (1&#x20;ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.&#x20;1285–1456. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/9781009325844.011|10.1017/9781009325844.011]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-009-32584-4|978-1-009-32584-4]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>United Nations, UNEP (2017). "[http://www.unep.org/regions/africa/regional-initiatives/responding-climate-change Responding to climate change]". ''UNEP – UN Environment Programme''. Retrieved 1 July 2022.</ref> Aforika gone jaana e thuthafala ka bonako go feta lefatshe lotlhe ka palogare.<ref>World Meterological Organization (2 September 2024). [https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/africa-faces-disproportionate-burden-from-climate-change-and-adaptation-costs "Africa faces disproportionate burden from climate change and adaptation costs]". ''World Meteorological Organization''. Retrieved 16 September 2025.</ref> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e gakatsa matshosetsi a a leng teng a loago le itsholelo. Dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa baagi ba Aforika di ikaegile ka matshelo a a bosisi mo seemong sa bosa jaaka temothuo (karolo ya masome a matlhano le botlhano go ya kwa masome a marataro le bobedi mo lekgolong ya badiri mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara)<ref>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (22 June 2023). "Africa". ''[https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009325844/type/book Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (1&#x20;ed.). Cambridge University Press. p.&#x20;1289. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/9781009325844.011|10.1017/9781009325844.011]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-009-32584-4|978-1-009-32584-4]]</bdi>.</ref> mme di setse di tshela mo lehumeng, se se oketsang go tlhagelela ga bona mo ditshosong. Ditlamorago tsa botsogo di nna maswe le go feta fa [[:en:Hyperthermia|kgatelelo ya mogote]], [[:en:Disease_vector|malwetse a a tshelanwang ke dibopiwa tse di ananmisang bolwetse]] (a a tshwanang le [[:en:Malaria|malaria]] le [[:en:Dengue_fever|dengue]]), le letlhoko la dikotla di ntse di anama thata. Go feta sephatlo e leng karolong ya masome a matlhano le borataro mo lekgolong (56%) ya ditiragalo tse di fetang dikete tse pedi tse di kwadilweng tsa boitekanelo jwa setšhaba mo Aforika magareng ga ngwaga wa 2001 le ngwaga wa 2021 di ne di amana le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>Africa CDC (7 July 2025). ''[https://africacdc.org/download/climate-change-and-health-strategic-framework-2025/ Climate Change and Health: Strategic Framework 2025]''. p.&#x20;vii.</ref> [[:en:Resource_depletion|Tlhaelo ya didirisiwa]] e na le seabe mo go fudugeng le dikgotlhang, bogolosegolo mo dikgaolong tse di bokoa. Mafelo a ditoropo, a gantsi a tlhaolwang ke mafelo a bonno a a sa tlhomamang, a lebane le dikotsi tse di kwa godimo tsa morwalela le mogote o o feteletseng.<ref name=":0" /> Temothuo ke nngwe ya makalana a a mo kotsing thata, ka bontsi jwa balemirui ba Aforika ba ikaegile ka dijalo tse di [[:en:Rainfed_agriculture|nosetswang ke pula]]. Pula e e fokoditsweng le e e sa bonelwang pele, e kopantswe le megote e e kwa godimo, e kgweetsa tatlhegelo ya bongola jwa mmu, [[:en:Desertification_in_Africa|go nna sekaka]] (bogolosegolo kwa [[:en:Sahara|Sahara]]) le go sutisa mafelo a a tshwanetseng a go gola. Diphetogo tse di fokotsa thobo ya dijalo tsa konokono, di nyatsa tshireletsego ya dijo le go gakatsa tlala. Boitekanelo jwa [[:en:Livestock|leruo]] bo ntse bo tsenngwa mo kotsing thata ke kgatelelo ya mogote le go fetoga ga mekgwa ya malwetse. Dithulaganyo tsa tikologo tsa lebopo le tsa lewatle di lebane le mawatle a a thuthafetseng le [[:en:Sea_level_rise|maemo a a tlhatlogang]], se se tshosetsang batshwaraditlhapi le mafelo a a nang le batho ba le bantsi a a mo lebopong.<ref>Fonjong, Lotsmart; Matose, Frank; Sonnenfeld, David A. (1 December 2024). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095937802400116X "Climate change in Africa: Impacts, adaptation, and policy responses"]. ''Global Environmental Change''. '''89''' 102912. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024GEC....8902912F 2024GEC....8902912F]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2024.102912|10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2024.102912]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-3780 0959-3780].</ref> Ditshenyegelo tsa itsholelo tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa di maswe thata. Ka palogare mafatshe a Aforika a lebane le ditatlhegelo tse di amanang le seemo sa bosa tse di fitlhang ko karolong ya bobedi go ya kwa botlhanong mo lekgolong ya [[:en:Gross_domestic_product|Palogotlhe ya Boleng jwa Ditlhagiso tsa Naga(GDP)]] ka ngwaga, fa ditshenyegelo tsa go [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|tlwaela]] mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahran di akanyediwa go nna didikadike tsa di dilara tsa lefatshe la USA di le masome a mararo go yab kwa masomemg a matlhano (USD 30-50 billion) ka ngwaga mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di tlang. Se se tshosetsa dipoelo tsa tlhabololo le go baya kgatelelo mo dipusong le mo ditheong tsa boditšhabatšhaba go kokoanya [[:en:Climate_finance|matlole a seemo sa bosa]].<ref>World Meteorological Organization (2024). ''[https://uneca.org/sites/default/files/ACPC/publication/State-of-the-Climate-in-Africa-2023_en.pdf State of the Climate in Africa: 2023]'' (PDF). Geneva. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-63-11360-3|978-92-63-11360-3]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>European Investment Bank (19 October 2022). ''[https://www.eib.org/en/publications/finance-in-africa-navigating-the-financial-landscape-in-turbulent-times Finance in Africa - Navigating the financial landscape in turbulent times]''. European Investment Bank. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5382-2|978-92-861-5382-2]]</bdi>.</ref> Maano a Aforika a go itlwaetsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa a tsepamisitse mogopolo mo go ageng nonofo ka [[:en:Climate-smart_agriculture|temothuo e e botlhale mo]] [[:en:Climate-smart_agriculture|seemong sa bosa]] , [[:en:Water_management|taolo ya metsi]] e e tswelelang, [[:en:Environmental_protection|tshomarelo ya tikologo]], le go matlafatsa dithulaganyo tsa boitekanelo le tsa mafaratlhatlha. Mekgwa e e baya kwa pele go tokafatsa puso, go kokoanya matlole le dipeeletso tsa seemo sa bosa, le go rotloetsa go tsaya karolo ga baagi go samagana le go nna mo kotsing ka botlalo.<ref>Tadesse, Debay (1 December 2010). [https://issafrica.org/research/papers/the-impact-of-climate-change-in-africa "The impact of climate change in Africa"]. ''ISS Africa''. Retrieved 16 September 2025.</ref><ref>Badji, Arfang; Ibanda, Angele; Akello, Sarah; Ekwamu, Adipala (2022). [https://afjrdev.org/index.php/jos/article/view/410 "Climate change impacts and adaptation strategies in Africa: Selected case studies"]. ''African Journal of Rural Development''. '''7''' (3): 209–274. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2415-2838 2415-2838].</ref><ref>Ngongolo, Kelvin; Gayo, Leopody (21 May 2025). [[doi:10.3389/past.2025.14225|"Climate change impacts and mitigation strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa's livestock production sector. A brief review"]]. ''Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice''. '''15''' 14225. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025Pasto..1514225N :2025Pasto..1514225N.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3389/past.2025.14225|10.3389/past.2025.14225]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-7136 2041-7136].</ref>Matlhomeso a karolo kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mangwe le a bosetšhaba a gatelela kgokagano ya makalana a mantsi, kamogelo ya maranyane, le kago ya bokgoni go tshegetsa tlhabololo e e tswelelang le go fokotsa [[:en:Climate_risk|dikotsi tsa seemo sa bosa]].<ref>African Union (28 June 2022). [https://au.int/en/documents/20220628/african-union-climate-change-and-resilient-development-strategy-and-action-plan ''African Union Climate Change and Resilient Development Strategy and Action Plan (2022-2032)''.] African Union.</ref> == Pabalesego ya metsi le go senyega ga metswedi == [[Setshwantsho:View of the surrounding at the Lake Kariba with hippos (6910358407).jpg|thumb|Lekadiba la Kariba]] Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e dira jaaka selo se segolo se se sa tlhomamang ga tshireletsego ya metsi go ralala karolo kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi ya Aforika, ka ditikologo tsa metsi tse di bontshang go sa tlhomama go go oketsegileng. Go ya ka pegelo ya Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe wa Maemo a Bosa (WMO) ya ''Seemo sa'' ''sa bosa mo Aforika ya ngwaga wa 2025'', maemo a bosa a a feteletseng le ditshupo tse di amanang le seemo sa bosa di amile bonnye jwa batho ba le didkadike di le lesome le boraro mme tsa baka dintsho tse di fetang dikete tse tharo tse di begilweng ka ngwaga wa 2025 fela, mme merwalela e ne ya dira go feta sephatlo sa seemo sa bosa sotlhe se se diphatsa.<ref name=":9">"[https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/extreme-weather-and-climate-events-impact-millions-africa-2025 Extreme weather and climate events impact millions in Africa in 2025]". World Meteorological Organization. 18 June 2026. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref>. Go gakala mo ga dikotsi go kgoreletsa go nna teng ga metsi a a fa godimo ga lefatshe le mafaratlhatlha a dikago, go fetola dikotsi tsa seemo sa bosa go nna mathata a metsi a itsholelo a a anameng.<ref>"[https://reliefweb.int/report/world/state-climate-africa-2025-enar State of the Climate in Africa 2025 &#x5B;EN/AR]&#x5D;". World Meteorological Organization via ReliefWeb. 18 June 2026. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> === Diphoso tse dikgolo tsa letamo le motlhamo wa motlakase === Go nna mo kotsing ga dithulaganyo tse dikgolo tsa polokelo ya metsi mo dipharologanong tsa mogote tse di tsayang nako e telele go ne ga bontshiwa ka nako ya komelelo ya kgaolo ya ngwaga wa 2023 go ya kwa ngwageng ya 2025 kwa Borwa jwa Aforika, e e neng ya tlhaolwa jaaka komelelo e e maswe go gaisa e e amileng kgaolo mo dingwageng di feta lekgolo.<ref>[https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/mozambique/southern-africa-el-nino-regional-humanitarian-overview-september-2024 Southern Africa: El Niño Regional Humanitarian Overview] (Report). UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). 20 September 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> E tlhotlhelediwa ke legato le le tseneletseng la El Niño le diphetogo tse di siameng tsa Dipole tsa Lewatle la India, ditlhaelo tsa pula di ne tsa baka go wela tlase ga ditso ga selekanyo sa metsi a Letsha la Kariba, letamo le legolo go gaisa mo Aforika le le dirilweng ke batho ka bogolo jo bo ka tsayang metsi .<ref>[https://wmo.int/resources/publication-series/state-of-climate-africa/state-of-climate-africa-2025 "State of the Climate in Africa 2025 Interactive]". World Meteorological Organization. 18 June 2026. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> Go fokotsega ga bogolo jo bo ka tsayang metsi ya polokelo e e tshelang ya letamo go dirile gore ditlhomo tsa motlakase o o amanang le metsi di se ka tsa kgona go dira, ga pateletsa go kgaoga ga motlakase ka nako e telele le go abelwa metsi a a phepa go ralala mafatshe a Zambia le Zimbabwe, mme ga felela ka dikgoeletso tsa bosetšhaba tsa masetlapelo a komelelo go ralala ditšhaba di le thataro, go akaretsa Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi le Namibia.<ref>[https://reliefweb.int/report/angola/drought-southern-africa-angola-botswana-lesotho-malawi-mozambique-namibia-zambia-zimbabwe-public-health-situation-analysis-phsa-14-october-2024 Drought in Southern Africa: Public Health Situation Analysis] (Report). World Health Organization. 14 October 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> === Kgotlelego ya mafaratlhatlha le sediba se se kgabaganyang melelwane === Go farologana le seo, go akofisa ga ditiragalo tsa pula e e feteletseng go tshoseditse ka go lekana phitlhelelo ya metsi a a phepa. Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ka ngwaga wa 2025, morwalela o o sa tshwanelang le o o bokete wa tshoganyetso kwa Nigeria o ne wa baka dintsho di feta makgolo a mabedi le go fekeetsa mafaratlhatlha a metsi a mmasepala a selegae, mme se sa baka go tlhakana ka tlhamalalo ga metsi a a elelang le mokgatšha wa metsi a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe mo lefelong la ditoropo o o seng ko teng le dithulaganyo tsa diphaephe tsa mmasepala.<ref>[https://wmo.int/resources/publication-series/state-of-climate-africa/state-of-climate-africa-2025 "State of the Climate in Africa 2025]". World Meteorological Organization. 18 June 2026. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> Mo dibeiseneng tse di kgabaganyang melelwane jaaka kgaolo ya Letsha la Chad, thuthafalo e e tswelelang le diphetogo tsa pula e e sa tlhomamang thata di tswelela go fetola bogolo jo bo ka tsayang metsi tsa paka. Dikgobalo tse di tlholang mo lefelong le le leng teng la boalogodimo di nyatsa ka tlhamalalo motheo wa didirisiwa tsa batho ba feta didikadike di le masome a mararo go ralala Nigeria, Niger, Chad, le Cameroon, go bontsha ka fao go sa sireletsega ga metsi mo go bakiwang ke seemo sa bosa go ka dirang jaaka setlhotlheletsi sa tsitsipano ya lefatshe le sepolotiki le go fuduga ka pateletso.<ref name=":9" /> == Ditlamorago == === Selekanyo sa mogote le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa === [[Setshwantsho:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 Africa 1991–2020.svg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa Aforika wa go tlhaola seemo sa bosa sa Köppen ka ngwaga wa 1991 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 2020]] Go etswe tlhoko fa [[:en:Instrumental_temperature_record|mogote wa moalo wa lefatshe]] ka kakaretsoo ile kwa godimo mo Aforika kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe go ya kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi le bongwe ka bokana jwa mogote wa Celcius e le nngwe (1 °C), mme mo gae mogote oo kwa tlase kwa Sahel fa paka e e omeletseng e fela e leselekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius e le boraro (3 °C).<ref name=":3">''Rural societies in the face of climatic and environmental changes in West Africa''. Marseille: IRD éditions. 2017. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-7099-2424-5|<bdi>978-2-7099-2424-5</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#OCLC|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/title/1034784045 1034784045]. Impr. Jouve.</ref>Go thuthafala ga Aforika go oketsegile ka lefela ntlha tharo ya selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius (+0.3 C) go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1991 go ya ko ngwageng wa 2021 fa go bapisiwa le koketsego ya lefela ntlha pedi (+0.2) ka nako ya ngwaga wa 1961 go ya ko ngwageng wa 1910. Go fophakanyediwa olediwa gore ka ngwaga wa 2030, batho ba Aforika ba tla bo ba le mo kotsing ya go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle ka ntlha ya go tlhatloga ga mogote. Se se tla dira gore go [[:en:Agricultural_productivity|ntsha dikungo ga temothuo]] go fokotsege.<ref>Engel, Ulf (2024). Engel, Ulf (ed.). ''Yearbook on the African Union Volume 3 (2022)''. Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar: Brill. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-90-04-68308-2|<bdi>978-90-04-68308-2</bdi>.]]</ref> Diphetogo tsa pula tse di lemogilweng di supa dipharologano tsa sebaka le tsa nako jaaka go solofetswe.<ref name=":10">Collins, Jennifer M. (15 July 2011). [[doi:10.1175/2011JCLI3753.1|"Temperature Variability over Africa]]". ''Journal of Climate''. '''24''' (14): 3649–3666. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JCli...24.3649C 2011JCli...24.3649C]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/2011JCLI3753.1|10.1175/2011JCLI3753.1]].</ref><ref>Niang, I.; O. C. Ruppel; M. A. Abdrabo; A. Essel; C. Lennard; J. Padgham, and P. Urquhart, 2014: Africa. In: ''Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability''. Part B: Regional Aspects. [https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Barros, V. R.; C. B. Field; D. J. Dokken et al. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1199–1265.</ref> Diphetogo tse di lemogilweng mo megoteng le [[:en:Precipitation|pula]] di farologana go ya ka dikgaolo.<ref>Conway, Declan; Persechino, Aurelie; Ardoin-Bardin, Sandra; Hamandawana, Hamisai; Dieulin, Claudine; Mahé, Gil (February 2009). [[doi:10.1175/2008JHM1004.1|"Rainfall and Water Resources Variability in Sub-Saharan Africa during the Twentieth Century"]]. ''Journal of Hydrometeorology''. '''10''' (1): 41–59. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JHyMe..10...41C 2009JHyMe..10...41C.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/2008JHM1004.1|10.1175/2008JHM1004.1]].</ref><ref name=":10" /> Dikai tsa ga jaana tsa seemo sa bosa (jaaka di sobokantswe mo [[:en:IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report|Pegelong ya Tshekatsheko ya Borataro ya IPCC]]) di bonelapele koketsego ya makgetlo le maatla a ditiragalo tsa komelelo le pula e e maatla.<ref name=":4">Armstrong, Andrew; Dyer, Ellen; Koehler, Johanna; Hope, Rob (2022). [[doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102592|"Intra-seasonal rainfall and piped water revenue variability in rural Africa".]] Global Environmental Change. 76 102592. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022GEC....7602592A 2022GEC....7602592A]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102592|10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102592.]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Gape di bonelapele phokotsego ya pula e e magareng mo e ka nnang gongwe le gongwe mo Aforika, ka tshepo e e magareng go ya go e e kwa godimo. Le fa go ntse jalo, diphetogo tsa pula ya selegae le ditirisano tsa loago le seemo sa bosa di ka bonala ka mekgwa e e tlhakaneng. Ka jalo, ditlamorago tse di kopanang tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa di tla farologana go ralala karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a a mantsi mo teng. Mo metseng ya selegae, mekgwa ya pula e tlhotlheletsa tiriso ya metsi.<ref name=":4" /> [[Setshwantsho:Koppen-Geiger Map Africa future.svg|thumb|Setshwantso sa karolo kgolo ya Lefatshe ye naleng mafatshe ya Africa ya dingwaga tsa 2071 go ya kwa 2100 ka fa tlase ga boemo jo bo tseneletseng thata jwa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa . Ditiragalo tsa magareng ga jaana di tsewa di ka nna teng.]] Ditlhotlhomiso tse di dirilweng ka ngwaga wa 2019 di akanyeditse fa paka ya komelelo e tla tsaya lobaka ka nako ya dipula mme gape go nne le dipula tse di matsorotsoro mo Aforika.<ref name=":1">Kendon, Elizabeth J.; Stratton, Rachel A.; Tucker, Simon; Marsham, John H.; Berthou, Ségolène; Rowell, David P.; Senior, Catherine A. (2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6478940/ "Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale"]. ''Nature Communications''. '''10''' (1): 1794. [[bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1794K|Bibcode]]:[[bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1794K|2019NatCo..10.1794K.]] [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-09776-9 10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9.] [[:en:International_Standard_Serial_Number|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:2041-1723 2041-1723]. [[:en:PubMed_Central#PMCID|PMC]][https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6478940/ &nbsp;6478940]. [[:en:PubMed#PubMed_identifier|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31015416/ 31015416.]</ref> Ka mafoko a mangwe "maemo a a feteletseng a bosa a tla gakalela pele".<ref name=":2">"[https://weather.com/news/climate/news/2019-06-18-africa-extreme-weather-drought-flood More Extreme Weather in Africa's Future, Study Says | The Weather Channel – Articles from The Weather Channel | weather.com"]. ''The Weather Channel''. Retrieved 1 July 2022.</ref> Patlisiso e fitlhetse gore bontsi jwa [[:en:Climate_model|dikai tsa seemo sa bosa]] ga di kitla di kgona go bona selekanyo sa diphetogo tseno ka gonne ga di letlelele [[:en:Atmospheric_convection|phetogo]] ya mowa mo dilekanong tsa tsone tse di makgwakgwa.<ref name=":1" /> === Go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle === ''Bona gape : [[:en:Floods_in_Africa|Merwalela mo Aforika]]'' [[Setshwantsho:Dar es Salaam (Aerial).jpg|thumb|Pono e e bonwang kwa godimo ya motsemogolo wa lefatshe la Tanzania, e leng Dar es Salaam.]] Mo [[:en:Africa|Aforika]], [[:en:Population_growth|kgolo ya batho]] mo isagong e oketsa dikotsi tse di bakiwang ke go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle. Batho ba ka nna didikadike di le masome a matlhano le bone ntlha pedi ba ne ba nna mo dikgaolong tsa lebopo tse di kwa tlase tse di tlhagelelang thata (LECZ) ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000. Palo e e tla menagana gabedi go fitlha go batho ba ka nna didikadike di le lekgolo le lesome ka dingwaga tsa bo 2030. Ka ngwaga wa 2060 e tla bo e le batho ba ka nna didikadike di le lekgolo le masome a borobabobedi le botlhano go ya go ko makgolong a mabedi le boraro, go ikaegile ka selekanyo sa kgolo ya baagi. Palogare ya tlhatlogo ya bogodimo jwa lewatle jwa kgaolo e tla nna mo tikologong ya selekanyo sa boleele jwa di centimetara di le masome a mabedi le bongwe ka ngwaga wa 2060. Ka nako eo ditiragalo tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ga di kitla di dira pharologanyo e ntsi. Mme thutafatshe ya selegae le diphetogo tsa baagi di dirisana go oketsa go tlhagelela mo dikotsing tse di jaaka merwalela ya dingwaga di le lekgolo ka tsela e e raraaneng.<ref name=":5">Trisos, C. H., I. O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N. P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf Chapter 9: Africa]. In Climate [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E. S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, New York, US, pp. 2043–2121 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.011.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Abidjan des Lagune.jpg|thumb|Abidjan, e leng toropo e e nonofileng thata ya ikonomi ya Ivory Coast]] {| class="wikitable" |+Dipalopalo tsa batho mo dipoeng tsa merwalela tsa dingwaga di le 100.<ref name=":5" /> !Lefatshe !2000 !2030 !2060 !Kgolo go ya ngwaga wa 2000 goya kwa ngwageng wa 2060 |- |Egypt |7.4 |13.8 |20.7 |0.28 |- |Nigeria |0.1 |0.3 |0.9 |0.84 |- |Senegal |0.4 |1.1 |2.7 |0.76 |- |Benin |0.1 |0.6 |1.6 |1.12 |- |Tanzania |0.2 |0.9 |4.3 |2.3 |- |Somalia |0.2 |0.6 |2.7 |1.7 |- |Cote d'Ivoire |0.1 |0.3 |0.7 |0.65 |- |Mozambique |0.7 |1.4 |2.5 |0.36 |} # Mo didikadikeng tsa batho. Kholomo ya bobedi le ya boraro di akaretsa bobedi ditlamorago tsa kgolo ya baagi le bogolo jo bo oketsegileng jwa dipoa tsa morwalela ka nako eo. # Koketsego ya baagi ba lefelo le boemo jo bo kwa godimo jo bo utlwalang jwa kgolo ya baagi. [[Setshwantsho:ANKOMAH 20221122-009.jpg|thumb|Monna mongwe o lebile kwa ntle kwa lotshitshing lwa lewatle a le mo kagong e e sentsweng ke makhubu a a kwa godimo kwa [[:en:Chorkor|Chorkor]], e leng torotswana ya [[:en:Accra|Accra]]. Morwalela wa letsatsi le letsatsi o o bakiwang ke go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle, o oketsa [[:en:Coastal_erosion|kgogolego ya mabopo]] e e senyang matlo, mafaratlhatlha le dithulaganyo tsa tlholego tsa tikologo. Baagi ba le mmalwa kwa Coastal Ghana ba setse ba itemogela go fetoga ga makhubu a lewatle.]] Mo pakeng e e gaufi, go lebeletswe gore go fuduga mo gogolo go tla diragala mo kgaolong ya [[:en:East_Africa|Botlhaba jwa Aforika]] . Bonnye jwa batho ba le dikete tse makgolo a supa le botlhano koo go ka direga gore ba fudusiwe go tswa kwa mabopong magareng ga dingwaga tsa 2020 le 2050. Dithutopatlisiso tsa saense di akanyeditse gore ditoropo tse dikgolo di le lesome le bobedi tsa Aforika di tla tshegetsa tshenyo e e kokoantsweng ya didikadike tsa dilora tsa USA di le masome a marataro le botlhano ka ntlha ya boemo jwa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa jo bo "magareng" jwa [[:en:Representative_Concentration_Pathway|RCP4.5]] ka ngwaga wa 2050. Ditoropo tse Abidjan, Alexandria, Algiers, Cape Town, Casablanca, Dakar, Dar es Salaam, Durban, Lagos, Lomé, Luanda le Maputo. Ka fa tlase ga boemo jwa go ntsha mesi e e kwa godimo jwa RCP8.5 tshenyo e tla fitlha didikadike tsa di dolara tsa lefatshe la USA di le masome a borobabobedi le boratatro ntlha tlhano. Mofuta wa boemo jwa go ntsha mesi e e kwa godimo jo bo nang le ditlamorago tse dingwe go tswa mo go sa tlhomamang ga aese e e kwa godimo go tla akaretsa ditshenyegelo tse di ka fitlhang go didikadike tsa di dolara tsa lefatshe la USA di le lekgolo le masome a mararo le bosupa ntlha tlhano. Tshenyo e e tswang mo ditiragalong tse tharo tse di ikarabelang mo godimo ga "ditiragalo tse di nang le kgonagalo e e kwa tlase, tse di nang le tshenyo e e kwa godimo" e tla tlhatlogela kwa go didikadikeng tsa di dolara di le lekgolo le masome a borobabobedi le bosupa, tse makgolo a mabei le borataro le makgolo a mararo le masome a a borobabongwe le bosupa ka go latelana.<ref name=":5" /> Mo dikakanyetsong tse, motsemogolo wa Egepeto wa Alexandria o le nosi o dira mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa palo e.<ref name=":5" /> Batho ba le diketekete tse di makgolokgolo mo mafelong a yone a a kwa tlase ba ka tswa ba setse ba tlhoka go fuduga mo dingwageng tse di lesome tse di tlang.<ref>Michaelson, Ruth (25 August 2018). [https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/aug/29/alexandria-little-venice-egypt-climate-change-frontline "Houses claimed by the canal: life on Egypt's climate change frontline"]. [[:en:The_Guardian|The Guardian]]. Retrieved 30 August 2018.</ref> Go ralala Aforika o o kwa [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|borwa jwa Sahara]] ka kakaretso, tshenyo e e bakiwang ke go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle e ka fitlha karolo ya bobedi go ya kwa boneng mo lekgolong ya GDP ka ngwaga wa 2050. Le fa go ntse jalo palo e e ikaegile ka selekanyo sa [[:en:Economic_growth|kgolo ya itsholelo]] ya isago le [[:en:Adaptation|go tlwaela]].<ref name=":5" /> [[Setshwantsho:Leptis Magna amphitheatre - panoramio.jpg|left|thumb|Masalela a [[:en:Amphitheater|lefelo la bobogelo]] la Leptis Magna, mme lewatle le bonala kwa morago]] Mo pakeng e telele, Egepeto, Mozambique le Tanzania di ka nna le palo e kgolo ya batho ba ba amiwang ke morwalela wa ngwaga le ngwaga mo dinageng tsotlhe tsa Aforika. Tekanyetso e e tsaya gore thuthafalo ya lefatshe e tla fitlha selekanyo sa mogote wa Celcius tse nne (4 °C) kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga. Tlhatlhogo eo e amana le boemo jwa RCP8.5. Ka fa tlase ga RCP8.5, mafelo a botlhokwa a setso a le lesome a ne a tla bo a le mo kotsing ya morwalela le kgogolego kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo. Tsena ke [[:en:Casbah_of_Algiers|Casbah ya Algiers]], [[:en:Carthage#Archaeological_site|Lefelo la Boepi la Carthage]], [[:en:Kerkouane|Kerkouane]], Leptis Magna Lefelo la Boepi, Medina wa Sousse, Medina wa Tunis, Lefelo la Boepi la Sabratha, Setlhaketlhake sa Robben, Setlhaketlhake sa Saint-Louis le Tipasa. Palogotlhe ya lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Ramsar_site|mafelo a Ramsar]] le mafelo a mangwe a boswa jwa tlholego a ne a tla lebana le dikotsi tse di tshwanang. Tseno ke [[:en:Bao_Bolong_Wetland_Reserve|Lefelo la Polokelo ya Lefelo le le Metsi la Bao Bolong]][[:en:Delta_du_Saloum_National_Park|,Lefelo la Bosetšhaba ya Delta du Saloum]], [[:en:Diawling_National_Park|Lefelo la Bosetšhaba ya Diawling]], Kolofo ya Boughrara, Kalissaye, Letsha la Lewatle le Lefelo la Mejerda, [[:en:Marromeu_Game_Reserve|Lefelo la Tshireletso ya Diphologolo tsa Marromeu]], Lefelo la Tshireletso ya Diphologolo tsa Diphologolo tsa Marromeu, Lefelo la Tshireletso la Tlhago la Ditlhare tsa Mangrove le Lefelo la Polokelo ya Diphologolo tsa Seal, Essed, Sebkhet Soliman, Lefelo la Tlhago la Kgatlhego ya Setšhaba la Somone, [[:en:Songhor_Lagoon|Lefelo la Tlhago la Ditshedi la Songor]], [[:en:Tanbi_Wetland_Complex|Lefelo]] [[:en:Tanbi_Wetland_Complex|le le dikago tse dintsi la Metsi la Tanbi]] le [[:en:Watamu_Marine_National_Park|Lefelo la Bosetšhaba ya Lewatle ya Watamu]].<ref name=":5" /> == Ditlamorago tsa loago le itsholelo == [[Setshwantsho:Access to wood and water appears to be severely impacted by climate change in Kenya and Cameroon.png|thumb|Dipholo tsa patlisiso go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2022 di bontsha gore go bonala dikgong le metsi go amiwa thata ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa kwa Kenya le kwa Cameroon<ref>Bank, European Investment (5 June 2023). ''[https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230098-eib-climate-survey-africa-and-middle-east The EIB Climate Survey: Africa and the Middle East]''. European Investment Bank. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5534-5|<bdi>978-92-861-5534-5</bdi>.]]</ref>]] [[:en:Climate_change|Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa]] e tla ama Aforika ka bontsi ka ntlha ya mabaka a le mantsi. Ditlamorago tse di setse di utlwiwa mme di tla oketsega ka bogolo fa go sa tsewe dikgato tsa go fokotsa mesi ya khabone mo lefatsheng lotlhe. Ditlamorago di akaretsa megote e e kwa godimo, komelelo, go fetoga ga mekgwa ya pula, le go fetoga fetoga mo go oketsegileng ga seemo sa bosa. Maemo a a na le tshusumetso mo go direng le go diriseng ga maatla. Komelelo ya sešweng mo [[:en:African_countries|mafatsheng a a mantsi a Aforika]], e e ntseng e golaganngwa le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, e amile ka tsela e e sa siamang bobedi jwa [[:en:Energy_security|tshireletsego ya maatla]] le kgolo ya itsholelo go ralala karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng. Aforika e tla nna nngwe ya dikgaolo tse di amiwang thata ke ditlamorago tse di sa siamang tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>''[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf Africa. In: Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (PDF). 2014.</ref> Mabaka a go nna mo kotsing ga Aforika a farologane mme a akaretsa maemo a a kwa tlase a bokgoni jwa go tlwaela, go anamisiwa mo go bokoa ga maranyane, le tshedimosetso e e maleba go tshegetsa go tlwaela, le go ikaega thata ka dithulaganyo tsa temothuo go bona matshelo.<ref>Welborn, Lily (2018). ''Africa and climate change: Projecting vulnerability and adaptive capacity''. Institute for Security Studies.</ref> Mafatshe a le mantsi go ralala Aforika a tlhaolwa jaaka [[:en:Least_Developed_Countries|mafatshe a a sa Tlhabologang thata]] (LDCs) tse di nang le maemo a a bokoa a loago le itsholelo, mme ka ntlha ya se di lebagane le dikgwetlho tse di rileng mo go tsibogeleng ditlamorago tsa [[:en:Climate_change|phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.]]<ref>UNDP/GEF (2018). ''[https://www.thegef.org/sites/default/files/publications/CCA-Africa-Final.pdf Climate Change Adaptation in Africa UNDP: Synthesis of Experiences and Recommendations]'' (PDF). UNDP/GEF.</ref> Dikotsi tse di bonalang tse di supilweng mo Aforika mo [[:en:IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report|Pegelong ya Tlhatlhobo ya Botlhano]] ya [[:en:Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change|IPCC]] di amana le dithulaganyo tsa tikologo, [[:en:Water_resources|go nna teng ga metsi]], le dithulaganyo tsa temothuo, ka ditlamorago mo tshireletsegong ya dijo.<ref>''[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf Africa. In: Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (PDF). 2014.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2022, batho ba feta sekete di le borataro ba ba arabileng go tswa kwa mafatsheng a le lesome aAforika ba ne ba tsaya karolo mo patlisisong ya seemo sa bosa se se neng sa dirwa ke [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|Banka ya Dipeeletso karolokgolo ya lefatshe se se naleng mafatshe a mantsi sa Europe]].<ref name=":6">"[https://www.eib.org/en/surveys/climate-survey/5th-climate-survey/africa.htm 2022-2023 EIB Climate Survey, part 1 of 2: 88% of respondents believe that climate change is already affecting their everyday life]". ''EIB.org''. Retrieved 28 February 2023.</ref> Patlisiso e fitlhetse gore karolo ya masome a borobabobebdi le borobabobedi ya ba ba arabilweng ba boletse fa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e utlwisa matshelo a bone botlhoko, fa karolo ya masome a marataro le bongwe mo lekgolong ya ba ba arabilweng ba boletse fa [[:en:Environmental_degradation|tshenyo ya tikologo]] e amile lotseno lwa bone kgotsa motswedi wa matshelo a bone.<ref>[https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2022-554-eib-climate-survey-88-of-african-respondents-believe-that-climate-change-is-already-affecting-their-everyday-life "EIB Climate Survey: 88% of African respondents believe that climate change is already affecting their everyday life"]. ''European Investment Bank''. Retrieved 28 February 2023.</ref> Ditatlhegelo tse gantsi di bakwa ke [[:en:Drought|komelelo]] e e tseneletseng, go oketsega ga bogodimo jwa lewatle kgotsa [[:en:Coastal_erosion|kgogolego ya mabopo]], kgotsa ditiragalo tse di feteletseng tsa maemo a bosa jaaka [[:en:Flood|merwalela]] kgotsa ditsuatsue.<ref name=":6" /> Go feta sephatlo sa batho ba ba arabilweng ba Aforika (karolo ya masome a matlhano le bosupa mo lekgolong) ba rile bone kgotsa batho ba ba ba itseng ba setse ba tsere dikgato tsa go tlwaela ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa. Gareng ga dikgato tse ke dipeeletso mo didirisweng tse di somarelang metsi go fokotsa ditlamorago tsa komelelo le go phepafatsa mesele ya metsi pele ga morwalela.<ref name=":6" /> Karolo ya masome a mararo le bone mo lekgolong ya batho botlhe ba ba arabilweng ba Aforika ba rile phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ke nngwe ya dintlha tse di botlhokwa thata tse di lebaganeng le lefatshe la bona, gareng ga dintlha tse dingwe tsa botlhokwa tse di jaaka [[:en:Inflation|koketsego]] ya ditlhwatlhwa le phitlhelelo ya [[:en:Health_care|tlhokomelo ya boitekanelo]].<ref name=":6" /> === Ditlamorago tsa itsholelo === Afrika e thuthafala ka bonako go feta lefatshe lotlhe ka palogare. Dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa karolokgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng di ka nna tsa se ka tsa agiwa ka ntlha ya seo mme palogotlhe ya [[:en:Gross_domestic_product|dikumo tsa selegae tsa Aforika]] (GDP) e ka nna ya fokotsega ka karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong ka ntlha ya tlhatlogo ya selekanyo sa mogote wa Celcius e le nngwe (1 °C) ya mogote ya palogare ya lefatshe, le ka karolo ya lesome le bobedi mo lekgolong (12%) ka ntlha ya tlhatlogo ya selekanyo sa mogote wa karolo ya Celcius ya bone (4 °C) ya mogote. Dithobo tsa dijalo di solofetswe go fokotsega thata ka ntlha ya go tlhatloga ga mogote mme go solofetswe gore dipula tse di maatla di tla na kgapetsakgapetsa le ka maatla mo Aforika yotlhe, go oketsa kotsi ya merwalela.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#CITEREFEuropean_Investment_Bank2022c|European Investment Bank 2022c]].</ref><ref>[https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/climate-change-triggers-mounting-food-insecurity-poverty-and-displacement-africa "Climate change triggers mounting food insecurity, poverty and displacement in Africa]". ''public.wmo.int''. 18 October 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</ref><ref>"[https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2018-march-2019/global-warming-severe-consequences-africa Global warming: severe consequences for Africa]". ''Africa Renewal''. 7 December 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</ref><ref>[https://unfccc.int/news/climate-change-is-an-increasing-threat-to-africa "Climate Change Is an Increasing Threat to Africa]". ''United Nations Climate Change News''. 27 October 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, Aforika e latlhegelwa ke madi a a fa gare ga didolara di le didikadike di le supa le didolara di le didikaike di le lesome le botlhano ka ngwaga ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, mme go lebeletswe gore e tla fitlha go didolara di le didikadike di le masome a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 2030.<ref>Rathi, Akshat; Rao, Mythili (2 May 2024). "[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-05-02/inside-the-bank-financing-africa-s-green-growth One Bank Is Turning Africa's Climate Vulnerability Into Opportunity]". ''www.bloomberg.com''. Retrieved 11 May 2024.</ref> ==== Temothuo ==== ''Pego e kgolo: [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture#Africa|Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo temothuong § Aforika]]'' Temothuo ke lekalana le le botlhokwa thata mo Aforika, le le nang le seabe mo matshelong le mo itsholelong go ralala karolo e kgolo ya Lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng. Batho ba le bantsi ba ikaegile ka temothuo jaaka tsela ya go ikaga mo itsholelong le motswedi wa dijo. Ba le bantsi ba ikaegile ka metswedi e e bosisi mo seemong sa bosa. Go akanyediwa gore tiro ya dijalo e tlaa fokotsega go ralala Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara. Ka palogare, temothuo mo Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara e na le seabe sa karolo ya lesome le botlhano mo lekgolong ya GDP yotlhe.<ref name=":7">OECD/FAO (2016). ''[http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5778e.pdf OECD‑FAO Agricultural Outlook 2016‑2025]'' (PDF). OECD Publishing. pp.&#x20;59–61. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-64-25323-0|<bdi>978-92-64-25323-0</bdi>.]]</ref> Thutafatshe ya Aforika e dira gore e nne mo kotsing thata ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, mme karolo ya masome a supa mo lekgolong ya baagi ba ikaegile ka temothuo e e fepiwang ka pula go itshedisa.<ref>Läderach, Peter; Martinez-Valle, Armando; Bourgoin, Clement; Parker, Louis (27 March 2019). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6436735 Vulnerability of the agricultural sector to climate change: The development of a pan-tropical Climate Risk Vulnerability Assessment to inform sub-national decision making"]. ''PLOS ONE''. '''14''' (3) e0213641. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PLoSO..1413641P 2019PLoSO..1413641P.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213641|10.1371/journal.pone.0213641.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6436735 6436735]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30917146 30917146].</ref> [[:en:Smallholding|Dipolase tse dinnye]] di dira karolo ya masome a borobabobedi mo lekgolong ya masimo a a lengwang mo Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara.<ref name=":7" /> IPCC ka ngwaga wa 2007 e ne ya akanyetsa gore go fetoga ga seemo sa bosa le phetogo go tla tsenya ntshodikuno ya temothuo mo kotsing thata le phitlhelelo ya dijo<ref>Parry, M. L.; et&#x20;al., eds. (2007). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20181102223635/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/spmsspm-c.html Summary for Policymakers: C. Current knowledge about future impacts]". ''Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change''. Cambridge University Press. Archived from [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/spmsspm-c.html the original] on 2 November 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</ref>:(tsebe ya lesome le boraro) Tekanyetso e e ne ya abelwa "tshepo e e kwa godimo". Dithulaganyo tsa dijalo, leruo le botshwaraditlhapi di tla nna mo kotsing e kgolo ya disenyi le malwetse ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ya isago.<ref name=":8">Dhanush, D.; Bett, B. K.; Boone, R. B.; Grace, D.; Kinyangi, J.; Lindahl, J. F.; Mohan, C. V.; Ramírez Villegas, J.; Robinson, T. P.; Rosenstock, T. S.; Smith, J. (2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230716201342/https://cgspace.cgiar.org/rest/bitstreams/55241/retrieve "Impact of climate change on African agriculture: focus on pests and diseases]". ''CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security''.</ref> Disenyi tsa dijalo di setse di dira mo e ka nnang bongwe mo borartarong ya ditatlhegelo tsa ntshodikuno ya polase.<ref name=":8" /> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e tla itlhaganedisa go anama ga disenyi le malwetse le go oketsa go diragala ga ditiragalo tse di nang le ditlamorago tse di masisi.<ref name=":8" /> Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa boswa mo ntshokunong ya temothuo mo Aforika di tla nna le ditlamorago tse di masisi mo tshireletsegong ya dijo le mo matshelong. Go tlhoka dikotla tse di farologaneng go ne ga baka go palelwa ke go ja dikotla dingwe tse di botlhokwa. Go tlhoka dikotla tse go ka baka tlhaelo ya vitamin A le madi. Se se ne se tlwaelegile thata go bonwa ka dinako tsa komelelo le tlhaelo ya dijo ka gonne ditlhopho di ne di le mmalwa.[citation needed] Magareng ga ngwaga wa 2014 le ngwaga wa 2018, Aforika e ne e na le maemo a a kwa godimo a go tlhoka tshireletsego ya dijo mo lefatsheng.<ref>''[http://www.fao.org/state-of-food-security-nutrition/en/ SOFI 2019 – The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World]''. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2021. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4060/CB4474EN|10.4060/CB4474EN.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-5-134325-8|<bdi>978-92-5-134325-8</bdi>.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241785130 241785130].</ref> Mabapi le dithulaganyo tsa temothuo, go ikaega thata ka temothuo ya go iphedisa e e fepiwang ke pula le kamogelo e e kwa tlase ya [[:en:Climate_smart_agriculture|mekgwa ya temothuo e e botlhale]] ya seemo sa bosa go na le seabe mo maemong a a kwa godimo a go nna mo kotsing ga lekalana. Seemo se okediwa ke go sa ikanyege ga, le phitlhelelo ya, tshedimosetso ya seemo sa bosa le tshedimosetso go tshegetsa dikgato tsa go tlwaela.<ref>Dinku, Tufa. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221101070648/https://ictupdate.cta.int/en/article/overcoming-challenges-in-the-availability-and-use-of-climate-data-in-africa-sid06fd8a811-e179-4fa5-9c8f-806bd2f27c3e "Overcoming challenges in the availability and use of climate data in Africa]". ''ICT Update CTA''. Archived from [https://ictupdate.cta.int/en/article/overcoming-challenges-in-the-availability-and-use-of-climate-data-in-africa-sid06fd8a811-e179-4fa5-9c8f-806bd2f27c3e the original] on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</ref> Dikgoreletsi tse di lemogilweng le tse di akanyediwang mo mekgweng ya pula ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa di ka nna tsa khutshwafatsa dipaka tsa go gola le go ama thobo ya dijalo mo dikarolong di le dintsi tsa Aforika. Go feta moo, lekalana la temothuo mo Aforika le laolwa ke balemi ba banyennyane ba nang le phihlello e lekanyeditsweng ya maranyane le mehlodi ya go tlwaela.<ref>"[https://www.cropscience.bayer.com/en/stories/2018/supporting-sub-saharan-africas-farmers-closing-the-gap Supporting Sub-Saharan Africa's Farmers – Bayer – Crop Science]". ''www.cropscience.bayer.com''. Retrieved 15 August 2019.</ref> == Maatla == [[Setshwantsho:M-Power solar in Tanzania (1080).jpg|thumb|Dipone tsa letsatsi le motlakase di tsentswe mo lapeng la mosadi mongwe wa kwa Tanzania.]] Ka palo ya batho e e oketsegang le tlhokego e e tsamaelanang ya maatla, tshireletsego ya maatla e tshwanetse go rarabololwa ka gonne maatla a botlhokwa mo tlhabololong e e tswelelang. Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e amile makalana a maatla mo Aforika jaaka fa mafatshe a le mantsi a ikaegile ka tlhagiso ya maatla a metsi. Go fokotsega ga maemo a pula le komelelo go dirile gore maemo a metsi a nne kwa tlase mo matamong a a nang le ditlamorago tse di sa siamang mo go tlhagiseng maatla a metsi. Se se dirile gore go nne le tlhagiso e e kwa tlase ya maatla a motlakase, ditshenyegelo tse di kwa godimo tsa motlakase le go kgaoga ga motlakase kgotsa go kgaoga ga motlakase mo mafatsheng a mangwe a Aforika a a ikaegileng ka tlhagiso ya motlakase o o dirisiwang ka metsi. Dikgoreletsi tsa go dira maatla a metsi di amile makala a a farologaneng mo mafatsheng jaaka [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]], [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] le [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] ka tsela e e sa siamang. == Letlhoko la metsi == [[Setshwantsho:Water Shortage in Ethiopia (935).jpg|thumb|Tlhaelo ya metsi kwa lefatsheng la Ethiiopia]] Boleng le go nna teng ga metsi go senyegile mo mafelong a le mantsi a Aforika, bogolosegolo ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>Rankoana, Sejabaledi Agnes (1 January 2020). [[doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2020-0033|"Climate change impacts on water resources in a rural community in Limpopo province, South Africa: a community-based adaptation to water insecurity"]]. ''International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management''. '''12''' (5): 587–598. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020IJCCS..12..587R 2020IJCCS..12..587R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2020-0033|10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2020-0033]].</ref> Metswedi ya metsi e mo kotsing mme e na le kgonagalo ya go amiwa thata ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ka ditlamorago tse dikgolo mo merafeng ya batho.<ref>[https://www.ipcc.ch/publication/climate-change-and-water-2/ "Climate Change and Water — IPCC]". Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> IPCC e bonelapele gore didikadike tsa batho mo Aforika di tla nna di lebane le kgatelelo e e oketsegileng ya metsi ka ntlha ya go fetoga ga seemo sa bosa le phetogo ([[:en:IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report|IPCC ngwaga wa 2013]]). Diphetogo mo mekgweng ya pula di ama ka tlhamalalo [[:en:Surface_runoff|go elela ga metsi mo godimo ga lefatshe]] le go nna teng ga metsi.<ref>Fowler, H. J.; Blenkinsop, S.; Tebaldi, C. (October 2007). "Linking climate change modelling to impacts studies: recent advances in downscaling techniques for hydrological modelling". ''International Journal of Climatology''. 27 (12): 1547–1578. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007IJCli..27.1547F 2007IJCli..27.1547F.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Water_Shortage_in_Ethiopia_%28935%29.jpg/500px-Water_Shortage_in_Ethiopia_%28935%29.jpg 10.1002/joc.1556]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53472608 53472608].</ref> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e ka gakatsa gape mafelo a a nang le kgatelelo ya metsi go ralala Aforika – sekai, lefelo la Rufiji kwa Tanzania<ref>Conway, Declan; Geressu, Robel; Harou, Julien; Kashaigili, Japhet; Pettinotti, L.; Siderius, Christian (2019). [https://futureclimateafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/tanzania_rufiji_river_basin_brief.pdf "Designing a process for assessing climate resilience in Tanzania's Rufiji basin]" (PDF). ''FCFA Country Brief''.</ref> – ka ntlha ya tiriso e e farologaneng ya lefatshe, le dikgwetlho tse di raraaneng tsa loago le sepolotiki. Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo karolokgolong ya lefasthe e e naleng mafatshe a a mantsi mo teng ya Aforika e fetotse thata modikologo wa metsi kgotsa wa metsi wa Aforika ka go dira gore pula e se ka ya tlhomama, go oketsa bogale jwa merwalela le komelelo, go fokotsa go ikanyega ga metsi a a kwa godimo le a a fa fatshe le gape go itlhaganedisa seelo sa mowafalo. Diphetogo tse tsa seemo sa bosa di dirile gore go nne le metsi a a dirisiwang mo gae le mo temothuong, go dira maatla ka bontsi jwa dinaga mo Aforika di dira maatla a tsona go tswa mo metsing le gape go tswelela ga thulaganyo ya tikologo mo Aforika.<ref name=":11">Isaacman, Allen; Musemwa, Muchaparara (1 October 2021). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355000708_Water_Security_in_Africa_in_the_Age_of_Global_Climate_Change Water Security in Africa in the Age of Global Climate Change]". ''Daedalus''. '''150''': 7–26. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1162/daed_e_01870|10.1162/daed_e_01870]] &#x2013; via ResearchGate.</ref><ref>[https://archive.uneca.org/sites/default/files/PublicationFiles/policy_brief_4_climate_change_and_water_in_africa_challenges_opportunities_and_recommendations.pdfhttps://archive.uneca.org/sites/default/files/PublicationFiles/policy_brief_4_climate_change_and_water_in_africa_challenges_opportunities_and_recommendations.pdf https://archive.uneca.org/sites/default/files/PublicationFiles/policy_brief_4_climate_change_and_water_in_africa_challenges_opportunities_and_recommendations.pdf]. <nowiki>{{cite book}}</nowiki>: Missing or empty |title= (help)</ref><ref>"[https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/transboundary-waters/news News]". ''World Bank''. Retrieved 12 June 2026.</ref> === Matshosetsi a Botlhokwa a seemo sa bosa mo Tshireletsegong ya Metsi mo Aforika === * Pula e e sa tlhomamang: Mokgwa wa pula e e sa tlhomamang kgotsa e e sa bonelwang pele mo Aforika o nyatsa kgotsa o tsenya mo kotsing kungo ya ya dijalo le go itlhaganedisa go fokotsega ga metswedi ya metsi a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe. Bontsi jwa batho (Balemirui) mo karolong nngwe ya Aforika, ka tlwaelo ba ikaegile ka dipaka tsa dipula tse di bonelwang pele go jala dijalo tsa bona. Mo ntlheng e fa pula e nna e e sa tlhomamang, e ka diegisa pula kgotsa ya na ditsuatsue tse di maatla tse di ka amang balemirui mo go lemeng dijalo.<ref>[https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/opag-2021-0042/html?srsltid=AfmBOorEOnBGaZqgX15b1hSPcNAUiOvu0wK5fm8cclJLF5EMswne2RxW "Climate change stressors affecting household food security among Kimandi-Wanyaga smallholder farmers in Murang'a County, Kenya".]</ref> * Ditiragalo tsa Maemo a Bosa a a Feteletseng: Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo Aforika e e golaganeng le maemo a bosa a a feteletseng e ntse e tlwaelega ka iketlo go ralala karolokgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a a mantsi mo teng. Dipaka tse di telele tsa komelelo di isa kwa tlhaelong ya metsi, fa pula e e maatla le merwalela di senya dithoto le go oketsa go anama ga malwetse a a tshelanwang ke metsi kgotsa a a amanang le ona. * Dikgotlhang tsa Kgabaganyo ya Melelwane: phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e ka fokotsa go nna teng ga metsi mo mekgatsheng e e abelanwang. Tlhaelo ya metsi e ka baka gore mafatshe a a ikaegileng ka motswedi o le mongwe wa metsi di ka gaisana ka taolo le phitlhelelo e e ka felelang ka tsitsipano. Ka sekai, fa go akanyediwa Volta Basin, mafatshe a le mmalwa a Bophirima jwa Afrika di abelana Volta Basin. Fa lefatshe le ngwe le ka aga letamo kgotsa la goga metsi a mantsi, mafatshe a dingwe a a nang le metsi a a tshwanang a ka nna amogela metsi a mannye go baka go sa dumalane. Noka ya Nile gape e abelanwa ke mafatshe a a mantsi.<ref name=":11" /> === Ditlamorago tsa boitekanelo === ''Tshedimosetso e e oketsegileng: [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health|Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya]] [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health|seemo sa bosa mo boitekanelong jwa batho]]'' Mafatshe a Aforika a na le ditsamaiso tsa boitekanelo jwa setšhaba tse di sa direng sentle mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":12">World Health Organization. (2014). ''The health of the people: what works: the African Regional Health Report 2014''. World Health Organization.</ref> Merwalo ya malwetse a a tshelanwang jaaka [[:en:Malaria|malaria]], [[:en:Malaria|schistosomiasis]], [[:en:Dengue_fever|dengue fever]], [[:en:Meningitis|meningitis]], tse di bosisi mo ditlamoragong tsa seemo sa bosa, di kwa godimo thata mo kgaolong ya Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara. Ka sekai, karolo ya masome a borobabongwe mo lekgolong tsa dikgetsi tsa [[:en:Malaria|malaria]] tsa lefatshe lotlhe tsa ngwaga le ngwaga di mo Afrika.<ref name=":12" /> Diphetogo tsa seemo sa bosa di tla ama go anama ga ditshwaetso tsa malwetsi a a tshelanwang mmogo le go fetola tshekamelo ya batho mo ditshwaetsong tseo. Go ya ka Pegelo ya Tshekatsheko ya Borataro ya IPCC, phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e kotsi thata mo boitekanelong jwa didikadike di le masomesome tsa Maaforika, ka gonne e ba tsenya mo megoteng e e sa siamang, maemo a tepo loapi a a feteletseng, le selekanyo se se oketsegileng le seelo sa phetiso ya malwetse a a tshelanwang.<ref>"Chapter 9:Africa". [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FinalDraft_Chapter09.pdf ''IPCC WGII Sixth Assessment Report'' (PDF)] (Final Draft).</ref> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa , le go felela ka megote e e oketsegileng, ditsuatsue, komelelo, le go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle, di tla ama go tlhagelela le go anama ga malwetse a a tshelanwang go ralala lefatshe.<ref>Beard, C. B.; Eisen, R. J.; Barker, C. M.; Garofalo, J. F.; Hahn, M.; Hayden, M.; Schramm, P. J. (2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160607130925/https://health2016.globalchange.gov/vectorborne-diseases "Vector-Borne Diseases]". Retrieved 15 February 2017.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ka ngwaga wa 2021, [[:en:World_Food_Programme|Lenaneo la Lefatshe Lotlhe la Dijo]] ([[:en:World_Food_Programme|World Food Programme)]] (WFP) le ne la pega mathata a a tswelelang pele a dijo kwa borwa jwa Madagascar molato wa gore a bakilwe fela ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e seng ke ntwa kgotsa dikgotlhang. Go ne ga itsisiwe gore ke tlala ya ntlha e e bakilweng ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>Baker, Aryn (20 July 2021). [https://time.com/6081919/famine-climate-change-madagascar/ "Climate, Not Conflict. Madagascar's Famine is the First in Modern History to be Solely Caused by Global Warming"]. ''Time''. Retrieved 24 July 2021.</ref><ref>Rodrigues, Charlene (22 July 2021). [https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/madagascar-famine-climate-crisis-b1888058.html "Madagascar famine becomes first in history to be caused solely by climate crisis"]. ''The Independent''. Retrieved 24 July 2021.</ref><ref>Harding, Andrew (24 August 2021). "[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58303792 Madagascar on the brink of climate change-induced famine]". ''BBC News''. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</ref> === Malaria === ''Pego ya konokono: [[:en:Climate_change_and_infectious_diseases#Malaria|Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa le malwetse a a tshelanwang § Malaria]]'' Mo Afrika [[:en:Malaria|malaria]] e tswelela pele go nna le ditlamorago tse di gakgamatsang mo bathong. Jaaka fa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e tswelela, mafelo a a rileng a a ka nnang le phetiso ya malaria ngwaga otlhe, e e mo kotsing e kgolo a tla suta go tswa kwa lebopong la Bophirima jwa Aforika go ya kwa lefelong le le fa gare ga lefatshe la [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]] le [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], le le bidiwang Dithaba tsa Aforika.<ref name=":13">Ryan, Sadie J.; McNally, Amy; Johnson, Leah R.; Mordecai, Erin A.; Ben-Horin, Tal; Paaijmans, Krijn; Lafferty, Kevin D. (2015). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4700390 Mapping Physiological Suitability Limits for Malaria in Africa Under Climate Change]". ''Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases''. '''15''' (12): 718–725. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015VBZD...15..718R 2015VBZD...15..718R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1089/vbz.2015.1822|10.1089/vbz.2015.1822]]. PMC&#x20;4700390. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26579951 26579951].</ref> Dikgoreletsi tsa saense fa go sekasekwa dikelo tsa phetiso ya malaria tse di fetogang kwa Dithabeng tsa Aforika di tshwana le tse di amanang le go tlhaloganya ka bophara phetogo ya seemo sa bosa le malaria. Le fa go dira sekao ka diphetogo tsa mogote go bontsha gore go na le kamano magareng ga koketsego ya mogote le koketsego ya phetiso ya malaria, ditekanyetso di santse di le teng. Diphetogo tsa isago tsa baagi tse di amang [[:en:Population_density|kitlano ya baagi]], mmogo le diphetogo mo boitshwarong jwa menang, di ka ama dikelo tsa phetiso mme ke dintlha tse di lekanyetsang mo go tlhomamiseng kotsi ya isago ya go runya ga malaria, tse gape di amang thulaganyo ya paakanyetso e e siameng ya tsibogelo ya go runya.<ref name=":13" /> Mabapi le dikelo tsa phetiso ya malaria kwa Dithabeng tsa Aforika, mabaka le go tlhagelela go go bakwang ke diphetogo tse di masisi tsa tikologo jaaka seemo sa bosa tse di bothitho, diphetogo tsa maemo a bosa, le koketsego ya ditlamorago tsa batho jaaka go [[:en:Deforestation|rengwa ga dikgwa]], di tlamela ka maemo a a maleba a phetiso ya malaria magareng ga morwadi le moamogedi.<ref>Himeidan YE, Kweka EJ (2012). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3429085 Malaria in East African highlands during the past 30 years: impact of environmental changes]". ''Frontiers in Physiology''. '''3''': 315. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3389/fphys.2012.00315|10.3389/fphys.2012.00315.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3429085 3429085]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22934065 22934065].</ref> Ka tlhamalalo, malaria e bakwa ke dinwanamadi tsa ''Plasmodium falciparum'' le ''Plasmodium vivax'' tse di rwalwang ke monang wa ''Anopheles'' o o rwalang malaria. Le fa dinwa madi ya ''Plasmodium vivax'' e ka kgona go tshela mo megoteng e e kwa tlase, senwa madi sa ''Plasmodium falciparum'' se tla tshela fela le go ipoeletsa mo monang fa megote ya seemo sa bosa e le kwa godimo ga selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius sa masome a mabdei (20 °C).<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/distribution.html "Where Malaria Occurs]". ''Center for Disease Control and Prevention''. 14 November 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2020.</ref> Koketsego ya bongola le pula le yone e na le seabe mo go ipoeletseng le go tshela ga ditshwaetso bolwetsi tse di tshelanwang .<ref name=":14">[https://scied.ucar.edu/longcontent/climate-change-and-vector-borne-disease "Climate Change and Vector-Borne Disease"]. ''Center for Science Education''. 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2020.</ref> Go tlhagelela mo bolwetsi jwa malaria go tla nna kotsi e kgolo mo bathong fa palo ya menang ya ''Anopheles'' e e namagadi e e tshwaeditsweng ke setshedi se se tshelang ka go gobatsa sa ''Plasmodium falciparum'' kgotsa ''Plasmodium vivax'' e ntse e oketsega.<ref name=":14" /> Dithutopatlisiso di bontsha koketsego ka kakaretso ya go tshwanelega ga tlelaemete ya phetiso ya malaria e e felelang ka koketsego ya baagi ba ba mo kotsing ya go tsenwa ke bolwetse jono.<ref>Caminade C, Kovats S, Rocklov J, Tompkins AM, Morse AP, Colón-González FJ, et&#x20;al. (March 2014). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3948226 Impact of climate change on global malaria distribution"]. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America''. '''111''' (9): 3286–3291. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PNAS..111.3286C 2014PNAS..111.3286C]. doi:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.1302089111|10.1073/pnas.1302089111]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3948226 3948226]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24596427 24596427].</ref> Se se botlhokwa thata ke koketsego ya kgonagalo ya leroborobo kwa bogodimong jo bo kwa godimo (jaaka Dithaba tsa Aforika). Megote e e tlhatlogang mo mafelong a di na le bokgoni jwa go fetola mafelo a ka tlwaelo a senang malaria go nna mafelo a a nang le malwetse a leroborobo a dipaka.<ref>Martens WJ, Niessen LW, Rotmans J, Jetten TH, McMichael AJ (May 1995). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1523278 "Potential impact of global climate change on malaria risk]". ''Environmental Health Perspectives''. '''103''' (5): 458–64. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995EnvHP.103..458M 1995EnvHP.103..458M.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1289/ehp.95103458|10.1289/ehp.95103458.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1523278 1523278]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7656875 7656875].</ref> Ka ntlha ya moo, dipalopalo tse dišwa di tla tlhagelela mo bolwetseng jo bo tla felelang ka dingwaga tse di itekanetseng tse di latlhegileng. Mo godimo ga moo, morwalo wa bolwetse o ka nna kotsi thata mo mafelong a a tlhokang bokgoni le didirisiwa tsa go tsibogela dikgwetlho le dikgatelelo tse di ntseng jalo ka katlego.<ref>Wu X, Lu Y, Zhou S, Chen L, Xu B (January 2016). "[[doi:10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.007|Impact of climate change on human infectious diseases: Empirical evidence and human adaptation"]]. ''Environment International''. '''86''': 14–23. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EnInt..86...14W 2016EnInt..86...14W]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.007|10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.007]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26479830 26479830].</ref> Jaaka fa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e sutisetsa mafelo a thutafatshe a phetiso go ya kwa Dithabeng tsa Aforika, kgwetlho e tla nna go batla le go laola mogare mo mafelong a a iseng a o bone pele.<ref>Tanser FC, Sharp B, le Sueur D (November 2003). [https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/24378625 "Potential effect of climate change on malaria transmission in Africa]". ''Lancet''. '''362''' (9398): 1792–8. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14898-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14898-2]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14654317 14654317]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22850163 22850163].</ref> === Ditlamorago mo dikgotlhang le khudugo === [[:en:United_Nations_Environment_Programme|Lenaneo la Tikologo la Ditšhabakopano]] le dirile tshekatsheko ya tikologo ya morago ga [[:en:War|ntwa]] ya [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] ka ngwaga wa 2007.<ref>UNEP (June 2007), ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003632/http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sudan/00_fwd.pdf Sudan Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment]'' (PDF), Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP, [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-807-2702-9|978-92-807-2702-9]]</bdi>, archived from [http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sudan/00_fwd.pdf the original] (PDF) on 4 March 2016, retrieved 18 January 2022</ref> Go ya ka pegelo e, dikgatelelo tsa tikologo kwa Sudan di amana le dikgang tse dingwe tsa loago, tsa itsholelo le tsa sepolotiki, tse di jaaka [[:en:Refugee|go fuduga ga batho]] le go gaisana ka [[:en:Natural_resource|ditsompelo tsa tlholego]]. Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ya kgaolo, ka go fokotsega ga [[:en:Precipitation_(meteorology)|pula]], go ne go akanngwa gore e nnile nngwe ya dintlha tse di nnileng le seabe mo [[:en:War_in_Darfur|kgotlhang kwa Darfur]]. Ga mmogo le [[:en:Environmental_issues|dikgang dingwe tsa tikologo]], phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e ka ama tlhabololo ya nako e tlang ya Sudan mo go sa nnang sentle. Nngwe ya dikgakololo tse di dirilweng ke UNEP e ne e le gore baagi ba boditšhabatšhaba ba thuse Sudan go [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|tlwaela]] phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20100602041622/http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sudan/03_disasters.pdf Ch 3. Natural Disasters]" (PDF), Natural Disasters and Desertification, archived from [http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sudan/03_disasters.pdf the original] (PDF) on 2 June 2010, retrieved 18 January 2022 in [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#CITEREFUNEP2007|UNEP 2007]], p. 69</ref> == Ditlamorago go ya ka dikgaolo == === Bogare jwa Aforika === ''Tshedimosetso e e oketsegileng: [[:en:Climate_change_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa kwa Lefatshe la puso ya batho ka batho ya Congo (Democratic Republic of Congo)]] le [[:en:Climate_change_in_São_Tomé_and_Príncipe|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_São_Tomé_and_Príncipe|seemo sa bosa kwa São Tomé le Príncipe]]'' Bogare jwa Aforika, bontsi jwa yone, e dikologilwe ke mafatshe a a naleng mawatle mme e tshosediwa ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa go ya ka thutafatshe. Ka ntlha ya go fetoga ga seemo sa bosa ya lone le temothuo e e nang le pula, Aforika yo mo bogareng o solofetswe go itemogela makhubu a mogote a maleele le a a nnang teng kgapetsakgapetsa mmogo le koketsego ya dipheteletso tsa metsi.<ref>Diedhiou, Arona; Bichet, Adeline; Wartenburger, Richard; Seneviratne, Sonia I; Rowell, David P; Sylla, Mouhamadou B; Diallo, Ismaila; Todzo, Stella; Touré, N'datchoh E; Camara, Moctar; Ngatchah, Benjamin Ngounou; Kane, Ndjido A; Tall, Laure; Affholder, François (June 2018). [[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac3e5|"Changes in climate extremes over West and Central Africa at 1.5 °C and 2 °C global warming"]]. ''Environmental Research Letters''. '''13''' (6) 065020. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ERL....13f5020D 2018ERL....13f5020D]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac3e5|10.1088/1748-9326/aac3e5]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:20.500.11850/274346|20.500.11850/274346]].</ref> Megote ya lefatshe mo kgaolong e e tshwanetse go oketsega ka selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius sa lesome ntlha tlhano (1.5 °C) go ya go ko Celcius ya mabedi (2 °C).<ref>Seneviratne, Sonia I.; Donat, Markus G.; Pitman, Andy J.; Knutti, Reto; Wilby, Robert L. (28 January 2016). "[https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/9482219 Allowable CO2 emissions based on regional and impact-related climate targets]". Nature. 529 (7587): 477–483. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/nature16542|10.1038/nature16542]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26789252 26789252]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205247437 205247437].</ref> Bokgoni jwa dikgwa tsa kwa [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] jwa go monya carbon dioxide bo fokotsegile. Phokotsego e e diragetse ka ntlha ya mogote o o oketsegang le komelelo e e bakang phokotsego ya kgolo ya ditlhare. Se se raya gore le dikgwa tse di sa rengwang di amiwa ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa. Thutopatlisiso ya [[:en:Nature_(journal)|Nature]] e supa gore ka ngwaga wa 2030, sekgwa sa Aforika se tla monya ghese carbon dioxide e e kwa tlase ka karolo ya lesome le bone mo lekgolong (14%) go na le ka fa se neng se dira ka teng go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2005 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 2010, mme ga se kitla se monya epe gotlhelele ka ngwaga wa 2035.<ref>Grossman, Daniel (4 March 2020). "[https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/the-congo-rainforest-is-losing-its-ability-to-absorb-carbon-dioxide-thats-bad-for-climate-change/2020/03/03/3363d218-5ca9-11ea-9055-5fa12981bbbf_story.html The Congo rainforest is losing ability to absorb carbon dioxide. That's bad for climate change]". Washington Post. Retrieved 6 March 2020.</ref> === Botlhaba jwa Aforika === ''Tshedimosetso e nngwe: [[:en:Climate_change_in_Kenya|Phetogo ya]]'' ''[[:en:Climate_change_in_Kenya|seemo sa bosa kwa Kenya]], [[:en:Climate_change_in_Tanzania|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Tanzania|seemo sa bosa kwa Tanzania]], [[:en:Climate_change_in_Ethiopia|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Ethiopia|seemo sa bosa kwa Ethiopia]], le [[:en:Climate_change_in_South_Sudan|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_South_Sudan|seemo sa bosa kwa Sudan Borwa]]'' E le mo e ka nnang gotlhelele mo boboatsatsi, pula mo [[:en:East_Africa|Botlhaba jwa Aforika]] e laolwa ke go fuduga ga dipaka ga setlhopha sa pula ya boboatsatsi.<ref>Nicholson, Sharon E. (2017). "[[doi:10.1002/2016RG000544|Climate and climatic variability of rainfall over eastern Africa".]] ''Reviews of Geophysics''. '''55''' (3): 590–635. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017RvGeo..55..590N 2017RvGeo..55..590N.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/2016RG000544|10.1002/2016RG000544.]]</ref> Botlhaba jwa Aforika bo tlhomololwa ke go fetogafetoga mo go kwa godimo ga pula ya lefelo le nako ka gonne e akaretsa go feta selekanyo sa mogote sa didikirii di le masome a mararo tsa boleele jwa bophara (go kgabaganya mola wa equator). E na le ditlhotlheletso go tswa kwa Mawatleng a India le Atlantic ka bobedi, mme e na le diponagalo tse dikgolo tsa thutafatshe (dithaba) mmogo le metsi a a kwa teng jaaka [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Letsha la Victoria]]. Ka jalo, paka ya pula e farologana go tswa mo pakeng e le nngwe ya pula ka ngwaga ka kgwedi ya Phukwi go ya kwa kgwedi ya Phatwe mo dikarolong tsa bokonebophirima (go akaretsa mafatshe a Ethiopia le Sudan Borwa, tse di golaganeng thata ka bosa le Bophirima jwa Aforika , ka phefo ya dipula ya paka ya Aforika Bophirima e e tlisang dipula) go ya go paka e le nngwe ya pula ka ngwaga ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole go ya kwa kgweding ya Tlhakole) mo borwa (go feta lefatshe la Tanzania) le mafelo a le mantsi a gaufi le mola wa bogare jwa lefatshe e e nang le dipaka tse pedi tsa dipula ka ngwaga,<ref>Dunning, Caroline M.; Black, Emily C. L.; Allan, Richard P. (2016). "[[doi:10.1002/2016JD025428|The onset and cessation of seasonal rainfall over Africa]]". ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres''. '''121''' (19): 11, 405–11, 424. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JGRD..12111405D 2016JGRD..12111405D.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/2016JD025428|10.1002/2016JD025428]].</ref> mo e ka nnang ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo go ya kwa kgweding ya Motsheganong ("Dipula tse ditelele") le kgwedi ya phalane go ya go kwa kgweding ya Sedimonthole ("Dipula tse dikhutshwane"). Go farologana ga selekanyo se se boleta mo dipakeng tsa pula gantsi go golaganngwa le thutafatshe ya lefatshe le makadiba. Pharologano ya magareng ga ngwaga e ka nna kgolo mme ditaolo tse di itsegeng di akaretsa dipharologano tsa [[:en:Sea_surface_temperatures|megote tsa boalogodimo jwa Lewatle]] (SSTs) tsa dibeiseneng tse di farologaneng tsa lewatle, mekgwa e megolo ya go fetoga ga lefaufau jaaka [[:en:Madden–Julian_oscillation|Madden–Julian Osciliation]] (MJO)<ref>Vellinga, Michael; Milton, Sean (2018). "[[doi:10.1002/qj.3263|Drivers of interannual variability of the East African 'Long Rains]]'". ''Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society''. '''144''' (1): 861–876. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018QJRMS.144..861V 2018QJRMS.144..861V.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/qj.3263|10.1002/qj.3263.]]</ref><ref name=":15">Finney, Declan L.; Marsham, John H.; Jackson, Lawrence S.; Kendon, Elizabeth J.; Rowell, David P.; Boorman, Penelope M.; Keane, Richard J.; Stratton, Rachel A.; Senior, Catherine A. (5 February 2019). "[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0387.1|Implications of Improved Representation of Convection for the East Africa Water Budget Using a Convection-Permitting Model]]". ''Journal of Climate''. '''32''' (7): 2109–2129. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019JCli...32.2109F 2019JCli...32.2109F.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0387.1|10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0387.1.]]</ref> le ditsuatsue tsa boboatsatsi<ref name=":15" /><ref>Kilavi, Mary; MacLeod, Dave; Ambani, Maurine; Robbins, Joanne; Dankers, Rutger; Graham, Richard; Titley, Helen; Salih, Abubakr A. M.; Todd, Martin C. (December 2018). [[doi:10.3390/atmos9120472|"Extreme Rainfall and Flooding over Central Kenya Including Nairobi City during the Long-Rains Season 2018: Causes, Predictability, and Potential for Early Warning and Actions]]". ''Atmosphere''. '''9''' (12): 472. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Atmos...9..472K 2018Atmos...9..472K]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/atmos9120472|10.3390/atmos9120472.]]</ref> Dipula tse ditelele ke paka e kgolo ya go jala dijalo mo kgaolong. Go bonelapele ga gare ga dingwaga ga paka e go kwa tlase fa go bapisiwa le Dipula tse di Khutshwane, mme go omisa ga sešweng go farologana le diponelopele tsa seemo sa bosa sa isago e e metsi ("Kganetsano ya seemo sa bosa sa Aforika Botlhaba".<ref>Rowell, David P.; Booth, Ben B. B.; Nicholson, Sharon E.; Good, Peter (15 December 2015). "Reconciling Past and Future Rainfall Trends over East Africa". ''Journal of Climate''. '''28''' (24): 9768–9788. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JCli...28.9768R 2015JCli...28.9768R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1|10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129146135 129146135].</ref>). Afrika Botlhaba e nnile le komelelo e e nnang teng kgapetsakgapetsa le e e masisi mo masomeng a dingwaga a bosheng jaana, mmogo le merwalela e e senyang. Diphetogo tsa pula go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 di bontsha phokotsego ka kakaretso mo dipuleng tsa paka tsa Mopitlwe – Motsheganong (MAM) ka koketsego e nnye ka nako ya dipula tsa Seetebosigo – Lwetse (JJAS) le Diphalane – Sedimonthole (OND),[106] le fa go lebega go nnile le phokotsego ya bošeng mo dipuleng tsa MAM.[10] Mo isagong, pula le thempheretšha di solofetswe go fetoga mo Aforika Botlhaba.[108][109][110] Dithutopatlisiso tsa sešweng ka ga diponelopele tsa tlelaemete di supa gore themphereitšha e e magareng e ka oketsega ka bokana ka 2–3 °C mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo le 2–5 °C kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.[111] Se se tla ikaega ka ditiragalo tsa tshenyo mmogo le ka fa tlelaemete ya nnete e tsibogang ka teng fa e bapisiwa le mefuta ya dipoelo tse di ka nnang teng tse di bontshiwang ke dikai. Diponelopele tsa sekao sa tlelaemete di na le go bontsha koketsego ya pula, bogolosegolo ka paka ya OND, e gape e akanyediwang go diragala moragonyana. Tiego e mo pakeng e khutshwane ya dipula, e golagantswe le go tsenelela ga Saharan Heat Low ka fa tlase ga phetogo ya tlelaemete.[108] Le fa go ntse jalo, dikai dingwe di bonelapele go fokotsega ga pula,[110][111] mme mo dikgaolong dingwe le dipaka dingwe dikoketso tse dikgolo thata tsa pula tse di bonelwang pele di bontshitswe di akaretsa mekgwa e e sa dumelegeng ka ntlha ya diphoso tsa sekao se se rulagantsweng.[112] Mo godimo ga moo, diphetogo tsa di-aerosol di tlamela ka phetogo ya pula e e sa tseweng mo ditshekatshekong tse dintsi tsa diponelopele tsa tlelaemete.[113][114] Pharologano ya tlwaelo ya go oma ga pula ya MAM (dipula tse ditelele) mo Aforika Botlhaba jwa ekhweitha, ka bontsi jwa dikai tse di bonelapele go koloba mo isagong e tshwailwe "kganetsano ya phetogo ya tlelaemete ya Aforika Botlhaba",[114] le fa go nnile le go boela mannong ga bošeng mo puleng.[107] Dithutopatlisiso di bontshitse gore tlwaelo ya go omisa ga e kgonagale go nna ya tlhago fela, fela e ka kgweediwa ke mabaka a a jaaka di-aerosol go na le digase tsa sethopo,[114] go tlhokega dipatlisiso tse dingwe. Go oma go bontshitswe go bakilwe ke paka e khutshwane ya dipula, mme go golaganngwa le go tsenelela ga Mogote wa Arabian Heat Low.[107] Go tsamaelana le go sa tlhomamisegeng ga diponelopele tsa pula, diphetogo mo tshimologong ya dipaka tsa pula ga di tlhomamisege mo Aforika Botlhaba jwa ekhweitha, le fa dikai tse dintsi di bonelapele dipula tse dikhutshwane tsa moragonyana le tse di metsi.[108] Dipole ya Lewatle la India (IOD) e itsege ka go tlamela ka taolo e e maatla mo go fetogeng ga magareng ga dingwaga mo dipuleng tse dikhutshwane,[115] mme dithutopatlisiso di bontsha gore di-IOD tse di feteletseng di ka oketsega ka fa tlase ga phetogo ya tlelaemete.[116] Lefatshe ka bophara, phetogo ya tlelaemete e solofetswe go lebisa kwa go gateleleng ga pula, ka pula e e feteletseng e oketsega ka seelo se se bonako fa go thuthafala go feta pula yotlhe.[117] Tiro ya sešweng e bontsha gore go ralala Aforika dikai tsa lefatshe di solofetswe go nyatsa seelo sa phetogo ya go oketsega ga pula e,[31] mme diphetogo mo go feteletseng ga pula di ka nna tsa anama thata go feta tse di bonelwang pele ke dikai tsa lefatshe.[118] Dikarolo tse di kwa borwa jwa Aforika Botlhaba di amogela bontsi jwa pula ya tsona mo pakeng e le nngwe ya pula ka nako ya mariga a hemisefere e e kwa borwa: mo godimo ga Tanzania pula ya paka e solofetswe go oketsega ka fa tlase ga phetogo ya tlelaemete ya isago, le fa go na le go sa tlhomamang.[108] Go ya kwa borwa, mo godimo ga Mozambique, paka e khutshwane ka ntlha ya go simolola moragonyana e akanyediwa ka fa tlase ga phetogo ya tlelaemete ya isago, gape ka go sa tlhomamang go go rileng.[119] Jaaka sekai, Kenya e na le bothata jo bo kwa godimo jwa ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya tlelaemete. Dikotsi tse dikgolo tsa tlelaemete di akaretsa komelelo le merwalela ka gonne go ka direga gore pula e nne e e tseneletseng e bile e se ka ya bonelwa kwa pele. Dikai tsa tlelaemete di bonela pele gore dithemphoritšhara di tla tlhatloga ka 0.5 go ya go 2 °C.[120] Mo mafelong a a sa tlhomamang a toropo ya Nairobi phelelo ya setlhaketlhake sa mogote wa toropo e oketsa bothata ka gonne e dira dithemphoritšhara tse di bothitho le go feta tsa tikologo. Se ke ka ntlha ya didirisiwa tsa go aga mo matlong, go tlhoka go tsenya mowa, lefelo le letala le le sesane, le go sa kgone go bona maatla a motlakase le ditirelo tse dingwe.[121] === Aforika Bokone === [[Setshwantsho:Middle East map of Köppen climate classification.svg|thumb]] [[Setshwantsho:Koppen-Geiger Map Northern Africa future.svg|thumb|Ditshwantso tsa mafatshe tsa tlhaolo ya seemo sa bosa tsa Botlhabagare ga jaana (kwa godimo) le tse di bonelwang pele tsa Aforika Bokone tsa ngwaga wa di 2071 go ya kwa ngwageng 2100 ka fa tlase ga boemo jo bo tseneletseng thata jwa phetogo ya tlelaemete (kwa tlase). Ditiragalo tsa magareng ga jaana di tsewa di ka nna teng thata.]] Ka 2018, kgaolo ya MENA e ne ya ntsha ditone di le dibilione di le 3.2 tsa khabonetaeokosaete mme ya ntsha 8.7% ya mesi ya digase tsa sethopo tsa lefatshe (GHG)[125] le fa e ne e dira fela 6% ya baagi ba lefatshe.[126] Mesi eno e tswa thata mo lephateng la maatla,[127] e leng karolo e e botlhokwa ya diikonomi tse dintsi tsa Botlhabagare le tsa Aforika Bokone ka ntlha ya dipolokelo tse dintsi tsa oli le gase ya tlholego tse di fitlhelwang mo kgaolong eno.[128][129] Kgaolo ya Botlhabagare ke nngwe ya tse di ka amiwang thata ke phetogo ya tlelaemete. Ditlamorago di akaretsa koketsego ya maemo a komelelo, komelelo, makhubu a mogote le go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle. Diphetogo tse di bogale tsa themphereitšha ya lefatshe le bogodimo jwa lewatle, go fetoga ga diphethene tsa pula le go oketsega ga makgetlo a ditiragalo tsa maemo a bosa a a feteletseng ke dingwe tsa ditlamorago tse dikgolo tsa phetogo ya tlelaemete jaaka di supilwe ke Phanele ya Dipuso ka ga Phetogo ya Tlelaemete (IPCC).[130] Kgaolo ya MENA e mo kotsing thata ya ditlamorago tse di jalo ka ntlha ya tikologo ya yona e e omeletseng le e e omeletseng go sekae, e lebane le dikgwetlho tsa tlelaemete tse di jaaka pula e e kwa tlase, dithemphoritšhara tse di kwa godimo le mmu o o omileng.[130][131] Maemo a tlelaemete a a rotloetsang dikgwetlho tse di jalo mo MENA a akanyediwa ke IPCC go nna maswe le go feta mo ngwagakgolong otlhe wa bo21.[130] Fa mesi ya digase tsa sethopo e sa fokodiwe thata, karolo ya kgaolo ya MENA e mo kotsing ya go sa kgone go agiwa pele ga ngwaga wa 2100.[132][133][134] == Metswedi == 2sddrlb8g8jed8noe213gf7ulvq83k1 53282 53269 2026-07-26T15:32:03Z Atsile Edith 11759 Ke senotse tsebe e #Wikipedia25BW 53282 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Temperature Bar Chart Africa--1901-2020--2021-07-14.png|thumb|Setshwantso sa dipalopalo se se bontshang [[:en:Instrumental_temperature_record|phetogo ya mogote]] mo Aforika magareng ga 1901 le 2021, ka mmala o mohibidu o le bothitho mme botala jwa legodimo bo le tsididi go feta palogare (Palogare ya mogote ka nako ya ngwaga wa 1971 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 2000 e tsewa jaaka ntlha ya tshupiso ya diphetogo tse.)]] '''Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo Aforika''' ke matshosetsi a magolo ka gonne karolo ya eo ke nngwe ya dikgaolo tse [[:en:Climate_change_vulnerability|di mo kotsing]] thata ya [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya]] [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|seemo sa bosa]], le fa e le yone e e bakang mesi e e kwa tlase ga karolo ya bone mo lekgolong ya lefatshe lotlhe e e dirang gore go nne le kgololo ya dighese tse di tshwarang mollo mo lefaufaung.<ref>Bank, African Development (5 November 2024). "[https://www.afdb.org/en/cop29/focus-africa Focus on Africa]". ''African Development Bank Group''. Retrieved 1 July 2026.</ref>Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e baka mekgwa e e sa tlhomamang ya pula, d[[:en:Extreme_weather|itiragalo tse di feteletseng tsa]] [[:en:Extreme_weather|tepo loapi]] tse di diragalang kgapetsakgapetsa tse di jaaka [[:en:Drought|komelelo]], [[:en:Flood|merwalela]], le [[:en:Sea_surface_temperature|megote e e tlhatlogang ya boalogodimo jwa lewatle]] go ralala karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng. Diphetogo tse di tshosetsa tshireletsego ya [[:en:Food_security|dijo]] le [[:en:Water_security|tshireletsego ya metsi]], [[:en:Biodiversity|mefutafuta ya ditshedi]], [[:en:Public_health|boitekanelo jwa setšhaba]], le [[:en:Economic_development|tlhabololo ya itsholelo]].<ref name=":0">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (22 June 2023). "Africa". ''[https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009325844/type/book Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (1&#x20;ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.&#x20;1285–1456. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/9781009325844.011|10.1017/9781009325844.011]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-009-32584-4|978-1-009-32584-4]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>United Nations, UNEP (2017). "[http://www.unep.org/regions/africa/regional-initiatives/responding-climate-change Responding to climate change]". ''UNEP – UN Environment Programme''. Retrieved 1 July 2022.</ref> Aforika gone jaana e thuthafala ka bonako go feta lefatshe lotlhe ka palogare.<ref>World Meterological Organization (2 September 2024). [https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/africa-faces-disproportionate-burden-from-climate-change-and-adaptation-costs "Africa faces disproportionate burden from climate change and adaptation costs]". ''World Meteorological Organization''. Retrieved 16 September 2025.</ref> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e gakatsa matshosetsi a a leng teng a loago le itsholelo. Dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa baagi ba Aforika di ikaegile ka matshelo a a bosisi mo seemong sa bosa jaaka temothuo (karolo ya masome a matlhano le botlhano go ya kwa masome a marataro le bobedi mo lekgolong ya badiri mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara)<ref>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (22 June 2023). "Africa". ''[https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009325844/type/book Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (1&#x20;ed.). Cambridge University Press. p.&#x20;1289. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/9781009325844.011|10.1017/9781009325844.011]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-009-32584-4|978-1-009-32584-4]]</bdi>.</ref> mme di setse di tshela mo lehumeng, se se oketsang go tlhagelela ga bona mo ditshosong. Ditlamorago tsa botsogo di nna maswe le go feta fa [[:en:Hyperthermia|kgatelelo ya mogote]], [[:en:Disease_vector|malwetse a a tshelanwang ke dibopiwa tse di ananmisang bolwetse]] (a a tshwanang le [[:en:Malaria|malaria]] le [[:en:Dengue_fever|dengue]]), le letlhoko la dikotla di ntse di anama thata. Go feta sephatlo e leng karolong ya masome a matlhano le borataro mo lekgolong (56%) ya ditiragalo tse di fetang dikete tse pedi tse di kwadilweng tsa boitekanelo jwa setšhaba mo Aforika magareng ga ngwaga wa 2001 le ngwaga wa 2021 di ne di amana le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>Africa CDC (7 July 2025). ''[https://africacdc.org/download/climate-change-and-health-strategic-framework-2025/ Climate Change and Health: Strategic Framework 2025]''. p.&#x20;vii.</ref> [[:en:Resource_depletion|Tlhaelo ya didirisiwa]] e na le seabe mo go fudugeng le dikgotlhang, bogolosegolo mo dikgaolong tse di bokoa. Mafelo a ditoropo, a gantsi a tlhaolwang ke mafelo a bonno a a sa tlhomamang, a lebane le dikotsi tse di kwa godimo tsa morwalela le mogote o o feteletseng.<ref name=":0" /> Temothuo ke nngwe ya makalana a a mo kotsing thata, ka bontsi jwa balemirui ba Aforika ba ikaegile ka dijalo tse di [[:en:Rainfed_agriculture|nosetswang ke pula]]. Pula e e fokoditsweng le e e sa bonelwang pele, e kopantswe le megote e e kwa godimo, e kgweetsa tatlhegelo ya bongola jwa mmu, [[:en:Desertification_in_Africa|go nna sekaka]] (bogolosegolo kwa [[:en:Sahara|Sahara]]) le go sutisa mafelo a a tshwanetseng a go gola. Diphetogo tse di fokotsa thobo ya dijalo tsa konokono, di nyatsa tshireletsego ya dijo le go gakatsa tlala. Boitekanelo jwa [[:en:Livestock|leruo]] bo ntse bo tsenngwa mo kotsing thata ke kgatelelo ya mogote le go fetoga ga mekgwa ya malwetse. Dithulaganyo tsa tikologo tsa lebopo le tsa lewatle di lebane le mawatle a a thuthafetseng le [[:en:Sea_level_rise|maemo a a tlhatlogang]], se se tshosetsang batshwaraditlhapi le mafelo a a nang le batho ba le bantsi a a mo lebopong.<ref>Fonjong, Lotsmart; Matose, Frank; Sonnenfeld, David A. (1 December 2024). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095937802400116X "Climate change in Africa: Impacts, adaptation, and policy responses"]. ''Global Environmental Change''. '''89''' 102912. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024GEC....8902912F 2024GEC....8902912F]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2024.102912|10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2024.102912]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-3780 0959-3780].</ref> Ditshenyegelo tsa itsholelo tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa di maswe thata. Ka palogare mafatshe a Aforika a lebane le ditatlhegelo tse di amanang le seemo sa bosa tse di fitlhang ko karolong ya bobedi go ya kwa botlhanong mo lekgolong ya [[:en:Gross_domestic_product|Palogotlhe ya Boleng jwa Ditlhagiso tsa Naga(GDP)]] ka ngwaga, fa ditshenyegelo tsa go [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|tlwaela]] mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahran di akanyediwa go nna didikadike tsa di dilara tsa lefatshe la USA di le masome a mararo go yab kwa masomemg a matlhano (USD 30-50 billion) ka ngwaga mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di tlang. Se se tshosetsa dipoelo tsa tlhabololo le go baya kgatelelo mo dipusong le mo ditheong tsa boditšhabatšhaba go kokoanya [[:en:Climate_finance|matlole a seemo sa bosa]].<ref>World Meteorological Organization (2024). ''[https://uneca.org/sites/default/files/ACPC/publication/State-of-the-Climate-in-Africa-2023_en.pdf State of the Climate in Africa: 2023]'' (PDF). Geneva. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-63-11360-3|978-92-63-11360-3]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>European Investment Bank (19 October 2022). ''[https://www.eib.org/en/publications/finance-in-africa-navigating-the-financial-landscape-in-turbulent-times Finance in Africa - Navigating the financial landscape in turbulent times]''. European Investment Bank. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5382-2|978-92-861-5382-2]]</bdi>.</ref> Maano a Aforika a go itlwaetsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa a tsepamisitse mogopolo mo go ageng nonofo ka [[:en:Climate-smart_agriculture|temothuo e e botlhale mo]] [[:en:Climate-smart_agriculture|seemong sa bosa]] , [[:en:Water_management|taolo ya metsi]] e e tswelelang, [[:en:Environmental_protection|tshomarelo ya tikologo]], le go matlafatsa dithulaganyo tsa boitekanelo le tsa mafaratlhatlha. Mekgwa e e baya kwa pele go tokafatsa puso, go kokoanya matlole le dipeeletso tsa seemo sa bosa, le go rotloetsa go tsaya karolo ga baagi go samagana le go nna mo kotsing ka botlalo.<ref>Tadesse, Debay (1 December 2010). [https://issafrica.org/research/papers/the-impact-of-climate-change-in-africa "The impact of climate change in Africa"]. ''ISS Africa''. Retrieved 16 September 2025.</ref><ref>Badji, Arfang; Ibanda, Angele; Akello, Sarah; Ekwamu, Adipala (2022). [https://afjrdev.org/index.php/jos/article/view/410 "Climate change impacts and adaptation strategies in Africa: Selected case studies"]. ''African Journal of Rural Development''. '''7''' (3): 209–274. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2415-2838 2415-2838].</ref><ref>Ngongolo, Kelvin; Gayo, Leopody (21 May 2025). [[doi:10.3389/past.2025.14225|"Climate change impacts and mitigation strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa's livestock production sector. A brief review"]]. ''Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice''. '''15''' 14225. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025Pasto..1514225N :2025Pasto..1514225N.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3389/past.2025.14225|10.3389/past.2025.14225]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-7136 2041-7136].</ref>Matlhomeso a karolo kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mangwe le a bosetšhaba a gatelela kgokagano ya makalana a mantsi, kamogelo ya maranyane, le kago ya bokgoni go tshegetsa tlhabololo e e tswelelang le go fokotsa [[:en:Climate_risk|dikotsi tsa seemo sa bosa]].<ref>African Union (28 June 2022). [https://au.int/en/documents/20220628/african-union-climate-change-and-resilient-development-strategy-and-action-plan ''African Union Climate Change and Resilient Development Strategy and Action Plan (2022-2032)''.] African Union.</ref> == Pabalesego ya metsi le go senyega ga metswedi == [[Setshwantsho:View of the surrounding at the Lake Kariba with hippos (6910358407).jpg|thumb|Lekadiba la Kariba]] Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e dira jaaka selo se segolo se se sa tlhomamang ga tshireletsego ya metsi go ralala karolo kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi ya Aforika, ka ditikologo tsa metsi tse di bontshang go sa tlhomama go go oketsegileng. Go ya ka pegelo ya Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe wa Maemo a Bosa (WMO) ya ''Seemo sa'' ''sa bosa mo Aforika ya ngwaga wa 2025'', maemo a bosa a a feteletseng le ditshupo tse di amanang le seemo sa bosa di amile bonnye jwa batho ba le didkadike di le lesome le boraro mme tsa baka dintsho tse di fetang dikete tse tharo tse di begilweng ka ngwaga wa 2025 fela, mme merwalela e ne ya dira go feta sephatlo sa seemo sa bosa sotlhe se se diphatsa.<ref name=":9">"[https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/extreme-weather-and-climate-events-impact-millions-africa-2025 Extreme weather and climate events impact millions in Africa in 2025]". World Meteorological Organization. 18 June 2026. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref>. Go gakala mo ga dikotsi go kgoreletsa go nna teng ga metsi a a fa godimo ga lefatshe le mafaratlhatlha a dikago, go fetola dikotsi tsa seemo sa bosa go nna mathata a metsi a itsholelo a a anameng.<ref>"[https://reliefweb.int/report/world/state-climate-africa-2025-enar State of the Climate in Africa 2025 &#x5B;EN/AR]&#x5D;". World Meteorological Organization via ReliefWeb. 18 June 2026. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> === Diphoso tse dikgolo tsa letamo le motlhamo wa motlakase === Go nna mo kotsing ga dithulaganyo tse dikgolo tsa polokelo ya metsi mo dipharologanong tsa mogote tse di tsayang nako e telele go ne ga bontshiwa ka nako ya komelelo ya kgaolo ya ngwaga wa 2023 go ya kwa ngwageng ya 2025 kwa Borwa jwa Aforika, e e neng ya tlhaolwa jaaka komelelo e e maswe go gaisa e e amileng kgaolo mo dingwageng di feta lekgolo.<ref>[https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/mozambique/southern-africa-el-nino-regional-humanitarian-overview-september-2024 Southern Africa: El Niño Regional Humanitarian Overview] (Report). UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). 20 September 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> E tlhotlhelediwa ke legato le le tseneletseng la El Niño le diphetogo tse di siameng tsa Dipole tsa Lewatle la India, ditlhaelo tsa pula di ne tsa baka go wela tlase ga ditso ga selekanyo sa metsi a Letsha la Kariba, letamo le legolo go gaisa mo Aforika le le dirilweng ke batho ka bogolo jo bo ka tsayang metsi .<ref>[https://wmo.int/resources/publication-series/state-of-climate-africa/state-of-climate-africa-2025 "State of the Climate in Africa 2025 Interactive]". World Meteorological Organization. 18 June 2026. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> Go fokotsega ga bogolo jo bo ka tsayang metsi ya polokelo e e tshelang ya letamo go dirile gore ditlhomo tsa motlakase o o amanang le metsi di se ka tsa kgona go dira, ga pateletsa go kgaoga ga motlakase ka nako e telele le go abelwa metsi a a phepa go ralala mafatshe a Zambia le Zimbabwe, mme ga felela ka dikgoeletso tsa bosetšhaba tsa masetlapelo a komelelo go ralala ditšhaba di le thataro, go akaretsa Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi le Namibia.<ref>[https://reliefweb.int/report/angola/drought-southern-africa-angola-botswana-lesotho-malawi-mozambique-namibia-zambia-zimbabwe-public-health-situation-analysis-phsa-14-october-2024 Drought in Southern Africa: Public Health Situation Analysis] (Report). World Health Organization. 14 October 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> === Kgotlelego ya mafaratlhatlha le sediba se se kgabaganyang melelwane === Go farologana le seo, go akofisa ga ditiragalo tsa pula e e feteletseng go tshoseditse ka go lekana phitlhelelo ya metsi a a phepa. Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ka ngwaga wa 2025, morwalela o o sa tshwanelang le o o bokete wa tshoganyetso kwa Nigeria o ne wa baka dintsho di feta makgolo a mabedi le go fekeetsa mafaratlhatlha a metsi a mmasepala a selegae, mme se sa baka go tlhakana ka tlhamalalo ga metsi a a elelang le mokgatšha wa metsi a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe mo lefelong la ditoropo o o seng ko teng le dithulaganyo tsa diphaephe tsa mmasepala.<ref>[https://wmo.int/resources/publication-series/state-of-climate-africa/state-of-climate-africa-2025 "State of the Climate in Africa 2025]". World Meteorological Organization. 18 June 2026. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> Mo dibeiseneng tse di kgabaganyang melelwane jaaka kgaolo ya Letsha la Chad, thuthafalo e e tswelelang le diphetogo tsa pula e e sa tlhomamang thata di tswelela go fetola bogolo jo bo ka tsayang metsi tsa paka. Dikgobalo tse di tlholang mo lefelong le le leng teng la boalogodimo di nyatsa ka tlhamalalo motheo wa didirisiwa tsa batho ba feta didikadike di le masome a mararo go ralala Nigeria, Niger, Chad, le Cameroon, go bontsha ka fao go sa sireletsega ga metsi mo go bakiwang ke seemo sa bosa go ka dirang jaaka setlhotlheletsi sa tsitsipano ya lefatshe le sepolotiki le go fuduga ka pateletso.<ref name=":9" /> == Ditlamorago == === Selekanyo sa mogote le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa === [[Setshwantsho:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 Africa 1991–2020.svg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa Aforika wa go tlhaola seemo sa bosa sa Köppen ka ngwaga wa 1991 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 2020]] Go etswe tlhoko fa [[:en:Instrumental_temperature_record|mogote wa moalo wa lefatshe]] ka kakaretsoo ile kwa godimo mo Aforika kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe go ya kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi le bongwe ka bokana jwa mogote wa Celcius e le nngwe (1 °C), mme mo gae mogote oo kwa tlase kwa Sahel fa paka e e omeletseng e fela e leselekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius e le boraro (3 °C).<ref name=":3">''Rural societies in the face of climatic and environmental changes in West Africa''. Marseille: IRD éditions. 2017. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-7099-2424-5|<bdi>978-2-7099-2424-5</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#OCLC|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/title/1034784045 1034784045]. Impr. Jouve.</ref>Go thuthafala ga Aforika go oketsegile ka lefela ntlha tharo ya selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius (+0.3 C) go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1991 go ya ko ngwageng wa 2021 fa go bapisiwa le koketsego ya lefela ntlha pedi (+0.2) ka nako ya ngwaga wa 1961 go ya ko ngwageng wa 1910. Go fophakanyediwa olediwa gore ka ngwaga wa 2030, batho ba Aforika ba tla bo ba le mo kotsing ya go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle ka ntlha ya go tlhatloga ga mogote. Se se tla dira gore go [[:en:Agricultural_productivity|ntsha dikungo ga temothuo]] go fokotsege.<ref>Engel, Ulf (2024). Engel, Ulf (ed.). ''Yearbook on the African Union Volume 3 (2022)''. Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar: Brill. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-90-04-68308-2|<bdi>978-90-04-68308-2</bdi>.]]</ref> Diphetogo tsa pula tse di lemogilweng di supa dipharologano tsa sebaka le tsa nako jaaka go solofetswe.<ref name=":10">Collins, Jennifer M. (15 July 2011). [[doi:10.1175/2011JCLI3753.1|"Temperature Variability over Africa]]". ''Journal of Climate''. '''24''' (14): 3649–3666. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JCli...24.3649C 2011JCli...24.3649C]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/2011JCLI3753.1|10.1175/2011JCLI3753.1]].</ref><ref>Niang, I.; O. C. Ruppel; M. A. Abdrabo; A. Essel; C. Lennard; J. Padgham, and P. Urquhart, 2014: Africa. In: ''Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability''. Part B: Regional Aspects. [https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Barros, V. R.; C. B. Field; D. J. Dokken et al. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1199–1265.</ref> Diphetogo tse di lemogilweng mo megoteng le [[:en:Precipitation|pula]] di farologana go ya ka dikgaolo.<ref>Conway, Declan; Persechino, Aurelie; Ardoin-Bardin, Sandra; Hamandawana, Hamisai; Dieulin, Claudine; Mahé, Gil (February 2009). [[doi:10.1175/2008JHM1004.1|"Rainfall and Water Resources Variability in Sub-Saharan Africa during the Twentieth Century"]]. ''Journal of Hydrometeorology''. '''10''' (1): 41–59. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JHyMe..10...41C 2009JHyMe..10...41C.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/2008JHM1004.1|10.1175/2008JHM1004.1]].</ref><ref name=":10" /> Dikai tsa ga jaana tsa seemo sa bosa (jaaka di sobokantswe mo [[:en:IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report|Pegelong ya Tshekatsheko ya Borataro ya IPCC]]) di bonelapele koketsego ya makgetlo le maatla a ditiragalo tsa komelelo le pula e e maatla.<ref name=":4">Armstrong, Andrew; Dyer, Ellen; Koehler, Johanna; Hope, Rob (2022). [[doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102592|"Intra-seasonal rainfall and piped water revenue variability in rural Africa".]] Global Environmental Change. 76 102592. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022GEC....7602592A 2022GEC....7602592A]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102592|10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102592.]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Gape di bonelapele phokotsego ya pula e e magareng mo e ka nnang gongwe le gongwe mo Aforika, ka tshepo e e magareng go ya go e e kwa godimo. Le fa go ntse jalo, diphetogo tsa pula ya selegae le ditirisano tsa loago le seemo sa bosa di ka bonala ka mekgwa e e tlhakaneng. Ka jalo, ditlamorago tse di kopanang tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa di tla farologana go ralala karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a a mantsi mo teng. Mo metseng ya selegae, mekgwa ya pula e tlhotlheletsa tiriso ya metsi.<ref name=":4" /> [[Setshwantsho:Koppen-Geiger Map Africa future.svg|thumb|Setshwantso sa karolo kgolo ya Lefatshe ye naleng mafatshe ya Africa ya dingwaga tsa 2071 go ya kwa 2100 ka fa tlase ga boemo jo bo tseneletseng thata jwa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa . Ditiragalo tsa magareng ga jaana di tsewa di ka nna teng.]] Ditlhotlhomiso tse di dirilweng ka ngwaga wa 2019 di akanyeditse fa paka ya komelelo e tla tsaya lobaka ka nako ya dipula mme gape go nne le dipula tse di matsorotsoro mo Aforika.<ref name=":1">Kendon, Elizabeth J.; Stratton, Rachel A.; Tucker, Simon; Marsham, John H.; Berthou, Ségolène; Rowell, David P.; Senior, Catherine A. (2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6478940/ "Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale"]. ''Nature Communications''. '''10''' (1): 1794. [[bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1794K|Bibcode]]:[[bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1794K|2019NatCo..10.1794K.]] [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-09776-9 10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9.] [[:en:International_Standard_Serial_Number|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:2041-1723 2041-1723]. [[:en:PubMed_Central#PMCID|PMC]][https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6478940/ &nbsp;6478940]. [[:en:PubMed#PubMed_identifier|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31015416/ 31015416.]</ref> Ka mafoko a mangwe "maemo a a feteletseng a bosa a tla gakalela pele".<ref name=":2">"[https://weather.com/news/climate/news/2019-06-18-africa-extreme-weather-drought-flood More Extreme Weather in Africa's Future, Study Says | The Weather Channel – Articles from The Weather Channel | weather.com"]. ''The Weather Channel''. Retrieved 1 July 2022.</ref> Patlisiso e fitlhetse gore bontsi jwa [[:en:Climate_model|dikai tsa seemo sa bosa]] ga di kitla di kgona go bona selekanyo sa diphetogo tseno ka gonne ga di letlelele [[:en:Atmospheric_convection|phetogo]] ya mowa mo dilekanong tsa tsone tse di makgwakgwa.<ref name=":1" /> === Go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle === ''Bona gape : [[:en:Floods_in_Africa|Merwalela mo Aforika]]'' [[Setshwantsho:Dar es Salaam (Aerial).jpg|thumb|Pono e e bonwang kwa godimo ya motsemogolo wa lefatshe la Tanzania, e leng Dar es Salaam.]] Mo [[:en:Africa|Aforika]], [[:en:Population_growth|kgolo ya batho]] mo isagong e oketsa dikotsi tse di bakiwang ke go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle. Batho ba ka nna didikadike di le masome a matlhano le bone ntlha pedi ba ne ba nna mo dikgaolong tsa lebopo tse di kwa tlase tse di tlhagelelang thata (LECZ) ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000. Palo e e tla menagana gabedi go fitlha go batho ba ka nna didikadike di le lekgolo le lesome ka dingwaga tsa bo 2030. Ka ngwaga wa 2060 e tla bo e le batho ba ka nna didikadike di le lekgolo le masome a borobabobedi le botlhano go ya go ko makgolong a mabedi le boraro, go ikaegile ka selekanyo sa kgolo ya baagi. Palogare ya tlhatlogo ya bogodimo jwa lewatle jwa kgaolo e tla nna mo tikologong ya selekanyo sa boleele jwa di centimetara di le masome a mabedi le bongwe ka ngwaga wa 2060. Ka nako eo ditiragalo tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ga di kitla di dira pharologanyo e ntsi. Mme thutafatshe ya selegae le diphetogo tsa baagi di dirisana go oketsa go tlhagelela mo dikotsing tse di jaaka merwalela ya dingwaga di le lekgolo ka tsela e e raraaneng.<ref name=":5">Trisos, C. H., I. O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N. P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf Chapter 9: Africa]. In Climate [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E. S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, New York, US, pp. 2043–2121 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.011.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Abidjan des Lagune.jpg|thumb|Abidjan, e leng toropo e e nonofileng thata ya ikonomi ya Ivory Coast]] {| class="wikitable" |+Dipalopalo tsa batho mo dipoeng tsa merwalela tsa dingwaga di le 100.<ref name=":5" /> !Lefatshe !2000 !2030 !2060 !Kgolo go ya ngwaga wa 2000 goya kwa ngwageng wa 2060 |- |Egypt |7.4 |13.8 |20.7 |0.28 |- |Nigeria |0.1 |0.3 |0.9 |0.84 |- |Senegal |0.4 |1.1 |2.7 |0.76 |- |Benin |0.1 |0.6 |1.6 |1.12 |- |Tanzania |0.2 |0.9 |4.3 |2.3 |- |Somalia |0.2 |0.6 |2.7 |1.7 |- |Cote d'Ivoire |0.1 |0.3 |0.7 |0.65 |- |Mozambique |0.7 |1.4 |2.5 |0.36 |} # Mo didikadikeng tsa batho. Kholomo ya bobedi le ya boraro di akaretsa bobedi ditlamorago tsa kgolo ya baagi le bogolo jo bo oketsegileng jwa dipoa tsa morwalela ka nako eo. # Koketsego ya baagi ba lefelo le boemo jo bo kwa godimo jo bo utlwalang jwa kgolo ya baagi. [[Setshwantsho:ANKOMAH 20221122-009.jpg|thumb|Monna mongwe o lebile kwa ntle kwa lotshitshing lwa lewatle a le mo kagong e e sentsweng ke makhubu a a kwa godimo kwa [[:en:Chorkor|Chorkor]], e leng torotswana ya [[:en:Accra|Accra]]. Morwalela wa letsatsi le letsatsi o o bakiwang ke go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle, o oketsa [[:en:Coastal_erosion|kgogolego ya mabopo]] e e senyang matlo, mafaratlhatlha le dithulaganyo tsa tlholego tsa tikologo. Baagi ba le mmalwa kwa Coastal Ghana ba setse ba itemogela go fetoga ga makhubu a lewatle.]] Mo pakeng e e gaufi, go lebeletswe gore go fuduga mo gogolo go tla diragala mo kgaolong ya [[:en:East_Africa|Botlhaba jwa Aforika]] . Bonnye jwa batho ba le dikete tse makgolo a supa le botlhano koo go ka direga gore ba fudusiwe go tswa kwa mabopong magareng ga dingwaga tsa 2020 le 2050. Dithutopatlisiso tsa saense di akanyeditse gore ditoropo tse dikgolo di le lesome le bobedi tsa Aforika di tla tshegetsa tshenyo e e kokoantsweng ya didikadike tsa dilora tsa USA di le masome a marataro le botlhano ka ntlha ya boemo jwa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa jo bo "magareng" jwa [[:en:Representative_Concentration_Pathway|RCP4.5]] ka ngwaga wa 2050. Ditoropo tse Abidjan, Alexandria, Algiers, Cape Town, Casablanca, Dakar, Dar es Salaam, Durban, Lagos, Lomé, Luanda le Maputo. Ka fa tlase ga boemo jwa go ntsha mesi e e kwa godimo jwa RCP8.5 tshenyo e tla fitlha didikadike tsa di dolara tsa lefatshe la USA di le masome a borobabobedi le boratatro ntlha tlhano. Mofuta wa boemo jwa go ntsha mesi e e kwa godimo jo bo nang le ditlamorago tse dingwe go tswa mo go sa tlhomamang ga aese e e kwa godimo go tla akaretsa ditshenyegelo tse di ka fitlhang go didikadike tsa di dolara tsa lefatshe la USA di le lekgolo le masome a mararo le bosupa ntlha tlhano. Tshenyo e e tswang mo ditiragalong tse tharo tse di ikarabelang mo godimo ga "ditiragalo tse di nang le kgonagalo e e kwa tlase, tse di nang le tshenyo e e kwa godimo" e tla tlhatlogela kwa go didikadikeng tsa di dolara di le lekgolo le masome a borobabobedi le bosupa, tse makgolo a mabei le borataro le makgolo a mararo le masome a a borobabongwe le bosupa ka go latelana.<ref name=":5" /> Mo dikakanyetsong tse, motsemogolo wa Egepeto wa Alexandria o le nosi o dira mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa palo e.<ref name=":5" /> Batho ba le diketekete tse di makgolokgolo mo mafelong a yone a a kwa tlase ba ka tswa ba setse ba tlhoka go fuduga mo dingwageng tse di lesome tse di tlang.<ref>Michaelson, Ruth (25 August 2018). [https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/aug/29/alexandria-little-venice-egypt-climate-change-frontline "Houses claimed by the canal: life on Egypt's climate change frontline"]. [[:en:The_Guardian|The Guardian]]. Retrieved 30 August 2018.</ref> Go ralala Aforika o o kwa [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|borwa jwa Sahara]] ka kakaretso, tshenyo e e bakiwang ke go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle e ka fitlha karolo ya bobedi go ya kwa boneng mo lekgolong ya GDP ka ngwaga wa 2050. Le fa go ntse jalo palo e e ikaegile ka selekanyo sa [[:en:Economic_growth|kgolo ya itsholelo]] ya isago le [[:en:Adaptation|go tlwaela]].<ref name=":5" /> [[Setshwantsho:Leptis Magna amphitheatre - panoramio.jpg|left|thumb|Masalela a [[:en:Amphitheater|lefelo la bobogelo]] la Leptis Magna, mme lewatle le bonala kwa morago]] Mo pakeng e telele, Egepeto, Mozambique le Tanzania di ka nna le palo e kgolo ya batho ba ba amiwang ke morwalela wa ngwaga le ngwaga mo dinageng tsotlhe tsa Aforika. Tekanyetso e e tsaya gore thuthafalo ya lefatshe e tla fitlha selekanyo sa mogote wa Celcius tse nne (4 °C) kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga. Tlhatlhogo eo e amana le boemo jwa RCP8.5. Ka fa tlase ga RCP8.5, mafelo a botlhokwa a setso a le lesome a ne a tla bo a le mo kotsing ya morwalela le kgogolego kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo. Tsena ke [[:en:Casbah_of_Algiers|Casbah ya Algiers]], [[:en:Carthage#Archaeological_site|Lefelo la Boepi la Carthage]], [[:en:Kerkouane|Kerkouane]], Leptis Magna Lefelo la Boepi, Medina wa Sousse, Medina wa Tunis, Lefelo la Boepi la Sabratha, Setlhaketlhake sa Robben, Setlhaketlhake sa Saint-Louis le Tipasa. Palogotlhe ya lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Ramsar_site|mafelo a Ramsar]] le mafelo a mangwe a boswa jwa tlholego a ne a tla lebana le dikotsi tse di tshwanang. Tseno ke [[:en:Bao_Bolong_Wetland_Reserve|Lefelo la Polokelo ya Lefelo le le Metsi la Bao Bolong]][[:en:Delta_du_Saloum_National_Park|,Lefelo la Bosetšhaba ya Delta du Saloum]], [[:en:Diawling_National_Park|Lefelo la Bosetšhaba ya Diawling]], Kolofo ya Boughrara, Kalissaye, Letsha la Lewatle le Lefelo la Mejerda, [[:en:Marromeu_Game_Reserve|Lefelo la Tshireletso ya Diphologolo tsa Marromeu]], Lefelo la Tshireletso ya Diphologolo tsa Diphologolo tsa Marromeu, Lefelo la Tshireletso la Tlhago la Ditlhare tsa Mangrove le Lefelo la Polokelo ya Diphologolo tsa Seal, Essed, Sebkhet Soliman, Lefelo la Tlhago la Kgatlhego ya Setšhaba la Somone, [[:en:Songhor_Lagoon|Lefelo la Tlhago la Ditshedi la Songor]], [[:en:Tanbi_Wetland_Complex|Lefelo]] [[:en:Tanbi_Wetland_Complex|le le dikago tse dintsi la Metsi la Tanbi]] le [[:en:Watamu_Marine_National_Park|Lefelo la Bosetšhaba ya Lewatle ya Watamu]].<ref name=":5" /> == Ditlamorago tsa loago le itsholelo == [[Setshwantsho:Access to wood and water appears to be severely impacted by climate change in Kenya and Cameroon.png|thumb|Dipholo tsa patlisiso go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2022 di bontsha gore go bonala dikgong le metsi go amiwa thata ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa kwa Kenya le kwa Cameroon<ref>Bank, European Investment (5 June 2023). ''[https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230098-eib-climate-survey-africa-and-middle-east The EIB Climate Survey: Africa and the Middle East]''. European Investment Bank. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5534-5|<bdi>978-92-861-5534-5</bdi>.]]</ref>]] [[:en:Climate_change|Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa]] e tla ama Aforika ka bontsi ka ntlha ya mabaka a le mantsi. Ditlamorago tse di setse di utlwiwa mme di tla oketsega ka bogolo fa go sa tsewe dikgato tsa go fokotsa mesi ya khabone mo lefatsheng lotlhe. Ditlamorago di akaretsa megote e e kwa godimo, komelelo, go fetoga ga mekgwa ya pula, le go fetoga fetoga mo go oketsegileng ga seemo sa bosa. Maemo a a na le tshusumetso mo go direng le go diriseng ga maatla. Komelelo ya sešweng mo [[:en:African_countries|mafatsheng a a mantsi a Aforika]], e e ntseng e golaganngwa le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, e amile ka tsela e e sa siamang bobedi jwa [[:en:Energy_security|tshireletsego ya maatla]] le kgolo ya itsholelo go ralala karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng. Aforika e tla nna nngwe ya dikgaolo tse di amiwang thata ke ditlamorago tse di sa siamang tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>''[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf Africa. In: Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (PDF). 2014.</ref> Mabaka a go nna mo kotsing ga Aforika a farologane mme a akaretsa maemo a a kwa tlase a bokgoni jwa go tlwaela, go anamisiwa mo go bokoa ga maranyane, le tshedimosetso e e maleba go tshegetsa go tlwaela, le go ikaega thata ka dithulaganyo tsa temothuo go bona matshelo.<ref>Welborn, Lily (2018). ''Africa and climate change: Projecting vulnerability and adaptive capacity''. Institute for Security Studies.</ref> Mafatshe a le mantsi go ralala Aforika a tlhaolwa jaaka [[:en:Least_Developed_Countries|mafatshe a a sa Tlhabologang thata]] (LDCs) tse di nang le maemo a a bokoa a loago le itsholelo, mme ka ntlha ya se di lebagane le dikgwetlho tse di rileng mo go tsibogeleng ditlamorago tsa [[:en:Climate_change|phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.]]<ref>UNDP/GEF (2018). ''[https://www.thegef.org/sites/default/files/publications/CCA-Africa-Final.pdf Climate Change Adaptation in Africa UNDP: Synthesis of Experiences and Recommendations]'' (PDF). UNDP/GEF.</ref> Dikotsi tse di bonalang tse di supilweng mo Aforika mo [[:en:IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report|Pegelong ya Tlhatlhobo ya Botlhano]] ya [[:en:Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change|IPCC]] di amana le dithulaganyo tsa tikologo, [[:en:Water_resources|go nna teng ga metsi]], le dithulaganyo tsa temothuo, ka ditlamorago mo tshireletsegong ya dijo.<ref name=":16">''[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf Africa. In: Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (PDF). 2014.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2022, batho ba feta sekete di le borataro ba ba arabileng go tswa kwa mafatsheng a le lesome aAforika ba ne ba tsaya karolo mo patlisisong ya seemo sa bosa se se neng sa dirwa ke [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|Banka ya Dipeeletso karolokgolo ya lefatshe se se naleng mafatshe a mantsi sa Europe]].<ref name=":6">"[https://www.eib.org/en/surveys/climate-survey/5th-climate-survey/africa.htm 2022-2023 EIB Climate Survey, part 1 of 2: 88% of respondents believe that climate change is already affecting their everyday life]". ''EIB.org''. Retrieved 28 February 2023.</ref> Patlisiso e fitlhetse gore karolo ya masome a borobabobebdi le borobabobedi ya ba ba arabilweng ba boletse fa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e utlwisa matshelo a bone botlhoko, fa karolo ya masome a marataro le bongwe mo lekgolong ya ba ba arabilweng ba boletse fa [[:en:Environmental_degradation|tshenyo ya tikologo]] e amile lotseno lwa bone kgotsa motswedi wa matshelo a bone.<ref>[https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2022-554-eib-climate-survey-88-of-african-respondents-believe-that-climate-change-is-already-affecting-their-everyday-life "EIB Climate Survey: 88% of African respondents believe that climate change is already affecting their everyday life"]. ''European Investment Bank''. Retrieved 28 February 2023.</ref> Ditatlhegelo tse gantsi di bakwa ke [[:en:Drought|komelelo]] e e tseneletseng, go oketsega ga bogodimo jwa lewatle kgotsa [[:en:Coastal_erosion|kgogolego ya mabopo]], kgotsa ditiragalo tse di feteletseng tsa maemo a bosa jaaka [[:en:Flood|merwalela]] kgotsa ditsuatsue.<ref name=":6" /> Go feta sephatlo sa batho ba ba arabilweng ba Aforika (karolo ya masome a matlhano le bosupa mo lekgolong) ba rile bone kgotsa batho ba ba ba itseng ba setse ba tsere dikgato tsa go tlwaela ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa. Gareng ga dikgato tse ke dipeeletso mo didirisweng tse di somarelang metsi go fokotsa ditlamorago tsa komelelo le go phepafatsa mesele ya metsi pele ga morwalela.<ref name=":6" /> Karolo ya masome a mararo le bone mo lekgolong ya batho botlhe ba ba arabilweng ba Aforika ba rile phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ke nngwe ya dintlha tse di botlhokwa thata tse di lebaganeng le lefatshe la bona, gareng ga dintlha tse dingwe tsa botlhokwa tse di jaaka [[:en:Inflation|koketsego]] ya ditlhwatlhwa le phitlhelelo ya [[:en:Health_care|tlhokomelo ya boitekanelo]].<ref name=":6" /> === Ditlamorago tsa itsholelo === Afrika e thuthafala ka bonako go feta lefatshe lotlhe ka palogare. Dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa karolokgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng di ka nna tsa se ka tsa agiwa ka ntlha ya seo mme palogotlhe ya [[:en:Gross_domestic_product|dikumo tsa selegae tsa Aforika]] (GDP) e ka nna ya fokotsega ka karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong ka ntlha ya tlhatlogo ya selekanyo sa mogote wa Celcius e le nngwe (1 °C) ya mogote ya palogare ya lefatshe, le ka karolo ya lesome le bobedi mo lekgolong (12%) ka ntlha ya tlhatlogo ya selekanyo sa mogote wa karolo ya Celcius ya bone (4 °C) ya mogote. Dithobo tsa dijalo di solofetswe go fokotsega thata ka ntlha ya go tlhatloga ga mogote mme go solofetswe gore dipula tse di maatla di tla na kgapetsakgapetsa le ka maatla mo Aforika yotlhe, go oketsa kotsi ya merwalela.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#CITEREFEuropean_Investment_Bank2022c|European Investment Bank 2022c]].</ref><ref>[https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/climate-change-triggers-mounting-food-insecurity-poverty-and-displacement-africa "Climate change triggers mounting food insecurity, poverty and displacement in Africa]". ''public.wmo.int''. 18 October 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</ref><ref>"[https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2018-march-2019/global-warming-severe-consequences-africa Global warming: severe consequences for Africa]". ''Africa Renewal''. 7 December 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</ref><ref>[https://unfccc.int/news/climate-change-is-an-increasing-threat-to-africa "Climate Change Is an Increasing Threat to Africa]". ''United Nations Climate Change News''. 27 October 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, Aforika e latlhegelwa ke madi a a fa gare ga didolara di le didikadike di le supa le didolara di le didikaike di le lesome le botlhano ka ngwaga ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, mme go lebeletswe gore e tla fitlha go didolara di le didikadike di le masome a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 2030.<ref>Rathi, Akshat; Rao, Mythili (2 May 2024). "[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-05-02/inside-the-bank-financing-africa-s-green-growth One Bank Is Turning Africa's Climate Vulnerability Into Opportunity]". ''www.bloomberg.com''. Retrieved 11 May 2024.</ref> ==== Temothuo ==== ''Pego e kgolo: [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture#Africa|Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo temothuong § Aforika]]'' Temothuo ke lekalana le le botlhokwa thata mo Aforika, le le nang le seabe mo matshelong le mo itsholelong go ralala karolo e kgolo ya Lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng. Batho ba le bantsi ba ikaegile ka temothuo jaaka tsela ya go ikaga mo itsholelong le motswedi wa dijo. Ba le bantsi ba ikaegile ka metswedi e e bosisi mo seemong sa bosa. Go akanyediwa gore tiro ya dijalo e tlaa fokotsega go ralala Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara. Ka palogare, temothuo mo Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara e na le seabe sa karolo ya lesome le botlhano mo lekgolong ya GDP yotlhe.<ref name=":7">OECD/FAO (2016). ''[http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5778e.pdf OECD‑FAO Agricultural Outlook 2016‑2025]'' (PDF). OECD Publishing. pp.&#x20;59–61. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-64-25323-0|<bdi>978-92-64-25323-0</bdi>.]]</ref> Thutafatshe ya Aforika e dira gore e nne mo kotsing thata ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, mme karolo ya masome a supa mo lekgolong ya baagi ba ikaegile ka temothuo e e fepiwang ka pula go itshedisa.<ref>Läderach, Peter; Martinez-Valle, Armando; Bourgoin, Clement; Parker, Louis (27 March 2019). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6436735 Vulnerability of the agricultural sector to climate change: The development of a pan-tropical Climate Risk Vulnerability Assessment to inform sub-national decision making"]. ''PLOS ONE''. '''14''' (3) e0213641. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PLoSO..1413641P 2019PLoSO..1413641P.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213641|10.1371/journal.pone.0213641.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6436735 6436735]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30917146 30917146].</ref> [[:en:Smallholding|Dipolase tse dinnye]] di dira karolo ya masome a borobabobedi mo lekgolong ya masimo a a lengwang mo Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara.<ref name=":7" /> IPCC ka ngwaga wa 2007 e ne ya akanyetsa gore go fetoga ga seemo sa bosa le phetogo go tla tsenya ntshodikuno ya temothuo mo kotsing thata le phitlhelelo ya dijo<ref>Parry, M. L.; et&#x20;al., eds. (2007). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20181102223635/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/spmsspm-c.html Summary for Policymakers: C. Current knowledge about future impacts]". ''Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change''. Cambridge University Press. Archived from [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/spmsspm-c.html the original] on 2 November 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</ref>:(tsebe ya lesome le boraro) Tekanyetso e e ne ya abelwa "tshepo e e kwa godimo". Dithulaganyo tsa dijalo, leruo le botshwaraditlhapi di tla nna mo kotsing e kgolo ya disenyi le malwetse ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ya isago.<ref name=":8">Dhanush, D.; Bett, B. K.; Boone, R. B.; Grace, D.; Kinyangi, J.; Lindahl, J. F.; Mohan, C. V.; Ramírez Villegas, J.; Robinson, T. P.; Rosenstock, T. S.; Smith, J. (2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230716201342/https://cgspace.cgiar.org/rest/bitstreams/55241/retrieve "Impact of climate change on African agriculture: focus on pests and diseases]". ''CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security''.</ref> Disenyi tsa dijalo di setse di dira mo e ka nnang bongwe mo borartarong ya ditatlhegelo tsa ntshodikuno ya polase.<ref name=":8" /> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e tla itlhaganedisa go anama ga disenyi le malwetse le go oketsa go diragala ga ditiragalo tse di nang le ditlamorago tse di masisi.<ref name=":8" /> Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa boswa mo ntshokunong ya temothuo mo Aforika di tla nna le ditlamorago tse di masisi mo tshireletsegong ya dijo le mo matshelong. Go tlhoka dikotla tse di farologaneng go ne ga baka go palelwa ke go ja dikotla dingwe tse di botlhokwa. Go tlhoka dikotla tse go ka baka tlhaelo ya vitamin A le madi. Se se ne se tlwaelegile thata go bonwa ka dinako tsa komelelo le tlhaelo ya dijo ka gonne ditlhopho di ne di le mmalwa.[citation needed] Magareng ga ngwaga wa 2014 le ngwaga wa 2018, Aforika e ne e na le maemo a a kwa godimo a go tlhoka tshireletsego ya dijo mo lefatsheng.<ref>''[http://www.fao.org/state-of-food-security-nutrition/en/ SOFI 2019 – The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World]''. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2021. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4060/CB4474EN|10.4060/CB4474EN.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-5-134325-8|<bdi>978-92-5-134325-8</bdi>.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241785130 241785130].</ref> Mabapi le dithulaganyo tsa temothuo, go ikaega thata ka temothuo ya go iphedisa e e fepiwang ke pula le kamogelo e e kwa tlase ya [[:en:Climate_smart_agriculture|mekgwa ya temothuo e e botlhale]] ya seemo sa bosa go na le seabe mo maemong a a kwa godimo a go nna mo kotsing ga lekalana. Seemo se okediwa ke go sa ikanyege ga, le phitlhelelo ya, tshedimosetso ya seemo sa bosa le tshedimosetso go tshegetsa dikgato tsa go tlwaela.<ref>Dinku, Tufa. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221101070648/https://ictupdate.cta.int/en/article/overcoming-challenges-in-the-availability-and-use-of-climate-data-in-africa-sid06fd8a811-e179-4fa5-9c8f-806bd2f27c3e "Overcoming challenges in the availability and use of climate data in Africa]". ''ICT Update CTA''. Archived from [https://ictupdate.cta.int/en/article/overcoming-challenges-in-the-availability-and-use-of-climate-data-in-africa-sid06fd8a811-e179-4fa5-9c8f-806bd2f27c3e the original] on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</ref> Dikgoreletsi tse di lemogilweng le tse di akanyediwang mo mekgweng ya pula ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa di ka nna tsa khutshwafatsa dipaka tsa go gola le go ama thobo ya dijalo mo dikarolong di le dintsi tsa Aforika. Go feta moo, lekalana la temothuo mo Aforika le laolwa ke balemi ba banyennyane ba nang le phihlello e lekanyeditsweng ya maranyane le mehlodi ya go tlwaela.<ref>"[https://www.cropscience.bayer.com/en/stories/2018/supporting-sub-saharan-africas-farmers-closing-the-gap Supporting Sub-Saharan Africa's Farmers – Bayer – Crop Science]". ''www.cropscience.bayer.com''. Retrieved 15 August 2019.</ref> == Maatla == [[Setshwantsho:M-Power solar in Tanzania (1080).jpg|thumb|Dipone tsa letsatsi le motlakase di tsentswe mo lapeng la mosadi mongwe wa kwa Tanzania.]] Ka palo ya batho e e oketsegang le tlhokego e e tsamaelanang ya maatla, tshireletsego ya maatla e tshwanetse go rarabololwa ka gonne maatla a botlhokwa mo tlhabololong e e tswelelang. Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e amile makalana a maatla mo Aforika jaaka fa mafatshe a le mantsi a ikaegile ka tlhagiso ya maatla a metsi. Go fokotsega ga maemo a pula le komelelo go dirile gore maemo a metsi a nne kwa tlase mo matamong a a nang le ditlamorago tse di sa siamang mo go tlhagiseng maatla a metsi. Se se dirile gore go nne le tlhagiso e e kwa tlase ya maatla a motlakase, ditshenyegelo tse di kwa godimo tsa motlakase le go kgaoga ga motlakase kgotsa go kgaoga ga motlakase mo mafatsheng a mangwe a Aforika a a ikaegileng ka tlhagiso ya motlakase o o dirisiwang ka metsi. Dikgoreletsi tsa go dira maatla a metsi di amile makala a a farologaneng mo mafatsheng jaaka [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]], [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] le [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] ka tsela e e sa siamang. == Letlhoko la metsi == [[Setshwantsho:Water Shortage in Ethiopia (935).jpg|thumb|Tlhaelo ya metsi kwa lefatsheng la Ethiiopia]] Boleng le go nna teng ga metsi go senyegile mo mafelong a le mantsi a Aforika, bogolosegolo ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>Rankoana, Sejabaledi Agnes (1 January 2020). [[doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2020-0033|"Climate change impacts on water resources in a rural community in Limpopo province, South Africa: a community-based adaptation to water insecurity"]]. ''International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management''. '''12''' (5): 587–598. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020IJCCS..12..587R 2020IJCCS..12..587R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2020-0033|10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2020-0033]].</ref> Metswedi ya metsi e mo kotsing mme e na le kgonagalo ya go amiwa thata ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ka ditlamorago tse dikgolo mo merafeng ya batho.<ref>[https://www.ipcc.ch/publication/climate-change-and-water-2/ "Climate Change and Water — IPCC]". Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> IPCC e bonelapele gore didikadike tsa batho mo Aforika di tla nna di lebane le kgatelelo e e oketsegileng ya metsi ka ntlha ya go fetoga ga seemo sa bosa le phetogo ([[:en:IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report|IPCC ngwaga wa 2013]]). Diphetogo mo mekgweng ya pula di ama ka tlhamalalo [[:en:Surface_runoff|go elela ga metsi mo godimo ga lefatshe]] le go nna teng ga metsi.<ref>Fowler, H. J.; Blenkinsop, S.; Tebaldi, C. (October 2007). "Linking climate change modelling to impacts studies: recent advances in downscaling techniques for hydrological modelling". ''International Journal of Climatology''. 27 (12): 1547–1578. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007IJCli..27.1547F 2007IJCli..27.1547F.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Water_Shortage_in_Ethiopia_%28935%29.jpg/500px-Water_Shortage_in_Ethiopia_%28935%29.jpg 10.1002/joc.1556]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53472608 53472608].</ref> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e ka gakatsa gape mafelo a a nang le kgatelelo ya metsi go ralala Aforika – sekai, lefelo la Rufiji kwa Tanzania<ref>Conway, Declan; Geressu, Robel; Harou, Julien; Kashaigili, Japhet; Pettinotti, L.; Siderius, Christian (2019). [https://futureclimateafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/tanzania_rufiji_river_basin_brief.pdf "Designing a process for assessing climate resilience in Tanzania's Rufiji basin]" (PDF). ''FCFA Country Brief''.</ref> – ka ntlha ya tiriso e e farologaneng ya lefatshe, le dikgwetlho tse di raraaneng tsa loago le sepolotiki. Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo karolokgolong ya lefasthe e e naleng mafatshe a a mantsi mo teng ya Aforika e fetotse thata modikologo wa metsi kgotsa wa metsi wa Aforika ka go dira gore pula e se ka ya tlhomama, go oketsa bogale jwa merwalela le komelelo, go fokotsa go ikanyega ga metsi a a kwa godimo le a a fa fatshe le gape go itlhaganedisa seelo sa mowafalo. Diphetogo tse tsa seemo sa bosa di dirile gore go nne le metsi a a dirisiwang mo gae le mo temothuong, go dira maatla ka bontsi jwa dinaga mo Aforika di dira maatla a tsona go tswa mo metsing le gape go tswelela ga thulaganyo ya tikologo mo Aforika.<ref name=":11">Isaacman, Allen; Musemwa, Muchaparara (1 October 2021). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355000708_Water_Security_in_Africa_in_the_Age_of_Global_Climate_Change Water Security in Africa in the Age of Global Climate Change]". ''Daedalus''. '''150''': 7–26. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1162/daed_e_01870|10.1162/daed_e_01870]] &#x2013; via ResearchGate.</ref><ref>[https://archive.uneca.org/sites/default/files/PublicationFiles/policy_brief_4_climate_change_and_water_in_africa_challenges_opportunities_and_recommendations.pdfhttps://archive.uneca.org/sites/default/files/PublicationFiles/policy_brief_4_climate_change_and_water_in_africa_challenges_opportunities_and_recommendations.pdf https://archive.uneca.org/sites/default/files/PublicationFiles/policy_brief_4_climate_change_and_water_in_africa_challenges_opportunities_and_recommendations.pdf]. <nowiki>{{cite book}}</nowiki>: Missing or empty |title= (help)</ref><ref>"[https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/transboundary-waters/news News]". ''World Bank''. Retrieved 12 June 2026.</ref> === Matshosetsi a Botlhokwa a seemo sa bosa mo Tshireletsegong ya Metsi mo Aforika === * Pula e e sa tlhomamang: Mokgwa wa pula e e sa tlhomamang kgotsa e e sa bonelwang pele mo Aforika o nyatsa kgotsa o tsenya mo kotsing kungo ya ya dijalo le go itlhaganedisa go fokotsega ga metswedi ya metsi a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe. Bontsi jwa batho (Balemirui) mo karolong nngwe ya Aforika, ka tlwaelo ba ikaegile ka dipaka tsa dipula tse di bonelwang pele go jala dijalo tsa bona. Mo ntlheng e fa pula e nna e e sa tlhomamang, e ka diegisa pula kgotsa ya na ditsuatsue tse di maatla tse di ka amang balemirui mo go lemeng dijalo.<ref>[https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/opag-2021-0042/html?srsltid=AfmBOorEOnBGaZqgX15b1hSPcNAUiOvu0wK5fm8cclJLF5EMswne2RxW "Climate change stressors affecting household food security among Kimandi-Wanyaga smallholder farmers in Murang'a County, Kenya".]</ref> * Ditiragalo tsa Maemo a Bosa a a Feteletseng: Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo Aforika e e golaganeng le maemo a bosa a a feteletseng e ntse e tlwaelega ka iketlo go ralala karolokgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a a mantsi mo teng. Dipaka tse di telele tsa komelelo di isa kwa tlhaelong ya metsi, fa pula e e maatla le merwalela di senya dithoto le go oketsa go anama ga malwetse a a tshelanwang ke metsi kgotsa a a amanang le ona. * Dikgotlhang tsa Kgabaganyo ya Melelwane: phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e ka fokotsa go nna teng ga metsi mo mekgatsheng e e abelanwang. Tlhaelo ya metsi e ka baka gore mafatshe a a ikaegileng ka motswedi o le mongwe wa metsi di ka gaisana ka taolo le phitlhelelo e e ka felelang ka tsitsipano. Ka sekai, fa go akanyediwa Volta Basin, mafatshe a le mmalwa a Bophirima jwa Afrika di abelana Volta Basin. Fa lefatshe le ngwe le ka aga letamo kgotsa la goga metsi a mantsi, mafatshe a dingwe a a nang le metsi a a tshwanang a ka nna amogela metsi a mannye go baka go sa dumalane. Noka ya Nile gape e abelanwa ke mafatshe a a mantsi.<ref name=":11" /> === Ditlamorago tsa boitekanelo === ''Tshedimosetso e e oketsegileng: [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health|Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya]] [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health|seemo sa bosa mo boitekanelong jwa batho]]'' Mafatshe a Aforika a na le ditsamaiso tsa boitekanelo jwa setšhaba tse di sa direng sentle mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":12">World Health Organization. (2014). ''The health of the people: what works: the African Regional Health Report 2014''. World Health Organization.</ref> Merwalo ya malwetse a a tshelanwang jaaka [[:en:Malaria|malaria]], [[:en:Malaria|schistosomiasis]], [[:en:Dengue_fever|dengue fever]], [[:en:Meningitis|meningitis]], tse di bosisi mo ditlamoragong tsa seemo sa bosa, di kwa godimo thata mo kgaolong ya Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara. Ka sekai, karolo ya masome a borobabongwe mo lekgolong tsa dikgetsi tsa [[:en:Malaria|malaria]] tsa lefatshe lotlhe tsa ngwaga le ngwaga di mo Afrika.<ref name=":12" /> Diphetogo tsa seemo sa bosa di tla ama go anama ga ditshwaetso tsa malwetsi a a tshelanwang mmogo le go fetola tshekamelo ya batho mo ditshwaetsong tseo. Go ya ka Pegelo ya Tshekatsheko ya Borataro ya IPCC, phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e kotsi thata mo boitekanelong jwa didikadike di le masomesome tsa Maaforika, ka gonne e ba tsenya mo megoteng e e sa siamang, maemo a tepo loapi a a feteletseng, le selekanyo se se oketsegileng le seelo sa phetiso ya malwetse a a tshelanwang.<ref>"Chapter 9:Africa". [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FinalDraft_Chapter09.pdf ''IPCC WGII Sixth Assessment Report'' (PDF)] (Final Draft).</ref> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa , le go felela ka megote e e oketsegileng, ditsuatsue, komelelo, le go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle, di tla ama go tlhagelela le go anama ga malwetse a a tshelanwang go ralala lefatshe.<ref>Beard, C. B.; Eisen, R. J.; Barker, C. M.; Garofalo, J. F.; Hahn, M.; Hayden, M.; Schramm, P. J. (2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160607130925/https://health2016.globalchange.gov/vectorborne-diseases "Vector-Borne Diseases]". Retrieved 15 February 2017.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ka ngwaga wa 2021, [[:en:World_Food_Programme|Lenaneo la Lefatshe Lotlhe la Dijo]] ([[:en:World_Food_Programme|World Food Programme)]] (WFP) le ne la pega mathata a a tswelelang pele a dijo kwa borwa jwa Madagascar molato wa gore a bakilwe fela ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e seng ke ntwa kgotsa dikgotlhang. Go ne ga itsisiwe gore ke tlala ya ntlha e e bakilweng ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>Baker, Aryn (20 July 2021). [https://time.com/6081919/famine-climate-change-madagascar/ "Climate, Not Conflict. Madagascar's Famine is the First in Modern History to be Solely Caused by Global Warming"]. ''Time''. Retrieved 24 July 2021.</ref><ref>Rodrigues, Charlene (22 July 2021). [https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/madagascar-famine-climate-crisis-b1888058.html "Madagascar famine becomes first in history to be caused solely by climate crisis"]. ''The Independent''. Retrieved 24 July 2021.</ref><ref>Harding, Andrew (24 August 2021). "[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58303792 Madagascar on the brink of climate change-induced famine]". ''BBC News''. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</ref> === Malaria === ''Pego ya konokono: [[:en:Climate_change_and_infectious_diseases#Malaria|Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa le malwetse a a tshelanwang § Malaria]]'' Mo Afrika [[:en:Malaria|malaria]] e tswelela pele go nna le ditlamorago tse di gakgamatsang mo bathong. Jaaka fa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e tswelela, mafelo a a rileng a a ka nnang le phetiso ya malaria ngwaga otlhe, e e mo kotsing e kgolo a tla suta go tswa kwa lebopong la Bophirima jwa Aforika go ya kwa lefelong le le fa gare ga lefatshe la [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]] le [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], le le bidiwang Dithaba tsa Aforika.<ref name=":13">Ryan, Sadie J.; McNally, Amy; Johnson, Leah R.; Mordecai, Erin A.; Ben-Horin, Tal; Paaijmans, Krijn; Lafferty, Kevin D. (2015). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4700390 Mapping Physiological Suitability Limits for Malaria in Africa Under Climate Change]". ''Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases''. '''15''' (12): 718–725. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015VBZD...15..718R 2015VBZD...15..718R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1089/vbz.2015.1822|10.1089/vbz.2015.1822]]. PMC&#x20;4700390. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26579951 26579951].</ref> Dikgoreletsi tsa saense fa go sekasekwa dikelo tsa phetiso ya malaria tse di fetogang kwa Dithabeng tsa Aforika di tshwana le tse di amanang le go tlhaloganya ka bophara phetogo ya seemo sa bosa le malaria. Le fa go dira sekao ka diphetogo tsa mogote go bontsha gore go na le kamano magareng ga koketsego ya mogote le koketsego ya phetiso ya malaria, ditekanyetso di santse di le teng. Diphetogo tsa isago tsa baagi tse di amang [[:en:Population_density|kitlano ya baagi]], mmogo le diphetogo mo boitshwarong jwa menang, di ka ama dikelo tsa phetiso mme ke dintlha tse di lekanyetsang mo go tlhomamiseng kotsi ya isago ya go runya ga malaria, tse gape di amang thulaganyo ya paakanyetso e e siameng ya tsibogelo ya go runya.<ref name=":13" /> Mabapi le dikelo tsa phetiso ya malaria kwa Dithabeng tsa Aforika, mabaka le go tlhagelela go go bakwang ke diphetogo tse di masisi tsa tikologo jaaka seemo sa bosa tse di bothitho, diphetogo tsa maemo a bosa, le koketsego ya ditlamorago tsa batho jaaka go [[:en:Deforestation|rengwa ga dikgwa]], di tlamela ka maemo a a maleba a phetiso ya malaria magareng ga morwadi le moamogedi.<ref>Himeidan YE, Kweka EJ (2012). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3429085 Malaria in East African highlands during the past 30 years: impact of environmental changes]". ''Frontiers in Physiology''. '''3''': 315. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3389/fphys.2012.00315|10.3389/fphys.2012.00315.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3429085 3429085]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22934065 22934065].</ref> Ka tlhamalalo, malaria e bakwa ke dinwanamadi tsa ''Plasmodium falciparum'' le ''Plasmodium vivax'' tse di rwalwang ke monang wa ''Anopheles'' o o rwalang malaria. Le fa dinwa madi ya ''Plasmodium vivax'' e ka kgona go tshela mo megoteng e e kwa tlase, senwa madi sa ''Plasmodium falciparum'' se tla tshela fela le go ipoeletsa mo monang fa megote ya seemo sa bosa e le kwa godimo ga selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius sa masome a mabdei (20 °C).<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/distribution.html "Where Malaria Occurs]". ''Center for Disease Control and Prevention''. 14 November 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2020.</ref> Koketsego ya bongola le pula le yone e na le seabe mo go ipoeletseng le go tshela ga ditshwaetso bolwetsi tse di tshelanwang .<ref name=":14">[https://scied.ucar.edu/longcontent/climate-change-and-vector-borne-disease "Climate Change and Vector-Borne Disease"]. ''Center for Science Education''. 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2020.</ref> Go tlhagelela mo bolwetsi jwa malaria go tla nna kotsi e kgolo mo bathong fa palo ya menang ya ''Anopheles'' e e namagadi e e tshwaeditsweng ke setshedi se se tshelang ka go gobatsa sa ''Plasmodium falciparum'' kgotsa ''Plasmodium vivax'' e ntse e oketsega.<ref name=":14" /> Dithutopatlisiso di bontsha koketsego ka kakaretso ya go tshwanelega ga tlelaemete ya phetiso ya malaria e e felelang ka koketsego ya baagi ba ba mo kotsing ya go tsenwa ke bolwetse jono.<ref>Caminade C, Kovats S, Rocklov J, Tompkins AM, Morse AP, Colón-González FJ, et&#x20;al. (March 2014). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3948226 Impact of climate change on global malaria distribution"]. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America''. '''111''' (9): 3286–3291. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PNAS..111.3286C 2014PNAS..111.3286C]. doi:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.1302089111|10.1073/pnas.1302089111]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3948226 3948226]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24596427 24596427].</ref> Se se botlhokwa thata ke koketsego ya kgonagalo ya leroborobo kwa bogodimong jo bo kwa godimo (jaaka Dithaba tsa Aforika). Megote e e tlhatlogang mo mafelong a di na le bokgoni jwa go fetola mafelo a ka tlwaelo a senang malaria go nna mafelo a a nang le malwetse a leroborobo a dipaka.<ref>Martens WJ, Niessen LW, Rotmans J, Jetten TH, McMichael AJ (May 1995). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1523278 "Potential impact of global climate change on malaria risk]". ''Environmental Health Perspectives''. '''103''' (5): 458–64. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995EnvHP.103..458M 1995EnvHP.103..458M.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1289/ehp.95103458|10.1289/ehp.95103458.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1523278 1523278]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7656875 7656875].</ref> Ka ntlha ya moo, dipalopalo tse dišwa di tla tlhagelela mo bolwetseng jo bo tla felelang ka dingwaga tse di itekanetseng tse di latlhegileng. Mo godimo ga moo, morwalo wa bolwetse o ka nna kotsi thata mo mafelong a a tlhokang bokgoni le didirisiwa tsa go tsibogela dikgwetlho le dikgatelelo tse di ntseng jalo ka katlego.<ref>Wu X, Lu Y, Zhou S, Chen L, Xu B (January 2016). "[[doi:10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.007|Impact of climate change on human infectious diseases: Empirical evidence and human adaptation"]]. ''Environment International''. '''86''': 14–23. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EnInt..86...14W 2016EnInt..86...14W]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.007|10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.007]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26479830 26479830].</ref> Jaaka fa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e sutisetsa mafelo a thutafatshe a phetiso go ya kwa Dithabeng tsa Aforika, kgwetlho e tla nna go batla le go laola mogare mo mafelong a a iseng a o bone pele.<ref>Tanser FC, Sharp B, le Sueur D (November 2003). [https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/24378625 "Potential effect of climate change on malaria transmission in Africa]". ''Lancet''. '''362''' (9398): 1792–8. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14898-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14898-2]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14654317 14654317]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22850163 22850163].</ref> === Ditlamorago mo dikgotlhang le khudugo === [[:en:United_Nations_Environment_Programme|Lenaneo la Tikologo la Ditšhabakopano]] le dirile tshekatsheko ya tikologo ya morago ga [[:en:War|ntwa]] ya [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] ka ngwaga wa 2007.<ref>UNEP (June 2007), ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003632/http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sudan/00_fwd.pdf Sudan Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment]'' (PDF), Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP, [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-807-2702-9|978-92-807-2702-9]]</bdi>, archived from [http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sudan/00_fwd.pdf the original] (PDF) on 4 March 2016, retrieved 18 January 2022</ref> Go ya ka pegelo e, dikgatelelo tsa tikologo kwa Sudan di amana le dikgang tse dingwe tsa loago, tsa itsholelo le tsa sepolotiki, tse di jaaka [[:en:Refugee|go fuduga ga batho]] le go gaisana ka [[:en:Natural_resource|ditsompelo tsa tlholego]]. Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ya kgaolo, ka go fokotsega ga [[:en:Precipitation_(meteorology)|pula]], go ne go akanngwa gore e nnile nngwe ya dintlha tse di nnileng le seabe mo [[:en:War_in_Darfur|kgotlhang kwa Darfur]]. Ga mmogo le [[:en:Environmental_issues|dikgang dingwe tsa tikologo]], phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e ka ama tlhabololo ya nako e tlang ya Sudan mo go sa nnang sentle. Nngwe ya dikgakololo tse di dirilweng ke UNEP e ne e le gore baagi ba boditšhabatšhaba ba thuse Sudan go [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|tlwaela]] phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20100602041622/http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sudan/03_disasters.pdf Ch 3. Natural Disasters]" (PDF), Natural Disasters and Desertification, archived from [http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sudan/03_disasters.pdf the original] (PDF) on 2 June 2010, retrieved 18 January 2022 in [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#CITEREFUNEP2007|UNEP 2007]], p. 69</ref> == Ditlamorago go ya ka dikgaolo == === Bogare jwa Aforika === ''Tshedimosetso e e oketsegileng: [[:en:Climate_change_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa kwa Lefatshe la puso ya batho ka batho ya Congo (Democratic Republic of Congo)]] le [[:en:Climate_change_in_São_Tomé_and_Príncipe|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_São_Tomé_and_Príncipe|seemo sa bosa kwa São Tomé le Príncipe]]'' Bogare jwa Aforika, bontsi jwa yone, e dikologilwe ke mafatshe a a naleng mawatle mme e tshosediwa ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa go ya ka thutafatshe. Ka ntlha ya go fetoga ga seemo sa bosa ya lone le temothuo e e nang le pula, Aforika yo mo bogareng o solofetswe go itemogela makhubu a mogote a maleele le a a nnang teng kgapetsakgapetsa mmogo le koketsego ya dipheteletso tsa metsi.<ref>Diedhiou, Arona; Bichet, Adeline; Wartenburger, Richard; Seneviratne, Sonia I; Rowell, David P; Sylla, Mouhamadou B; Diallo, Ismaila; Todzo, Stella; Touré, N'datchoh E; Camara, Moctar; Ngatchah, Benjamin Ngounou; Kane, Ndjido A; Tall, Laure; Affholder, François (June 2018). [[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac3e5|"Changes in climate extremes over West and Central Africa at 1.5 °C and 2 °C global warming"]]. ''Environmental Research Letters''. '''13''' (6) 065020. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ERL....13f5020D 2018ERL....13f5020D]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac3e5|10.1088/1748-9326/aac3e5]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:20.500.11850/274346|20.500.11850/274346]].</ref> Megote ya lefatshe mo kgaolong e e tshwanetse go oketsega ka selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius sa lesome ntlha tlhano (1.5 °C) go ya go ko Celcius ya mabedi (2 °C).<ref>Seneviratne, Sonia I.; Donat, Markus G.; Pitman, Andy J.; Knutti, Reto; Wilby, Robert L. (28 January 2016). "[https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/9482219 Allowable CO2 emissions based on regional and impact-related climate targets]". Nature. 529 (7587): 477–483. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/nature16542|10.1038/nature16542]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26789252 26789252]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205247437 205247437].</ref> Bokgoni jwa dikgwa tsa kwa [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] jwa go monya carbon dioxide bo fokotsegile. Phokotsego e e diragetse ka ntlha ya mogote o o oketsegang le komelelo e e bakang phokotsego ya kgolo ya ditlhare. Se se raya gore le dikgwa tse di sa rengwang di amiwa ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa. Thutopatlisiso ya [[:en:Nature_(journal)|Nature]] e supa gore ka ngwaga wa 2030, sekgwa sa Aforika se tla monya ghese carbon dioxide e e kwa tlase ka karolo ya lesome le bone mo lekgolong (14%) go na le ka fa se neng se dira ka teng go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2005 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 2010, mme ga se kitla se monya epe gotlhelele ka ngwaga wa 2035.<ref>Grossman, Daniel (4 March 2020). "[https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/the-congo-rainforest-is-losing-its-ability-to-absorb-carbon-dioxide-thats-bad-for-climate-change/2020/03/03/3363d218-5ca9-11ea-9055-5fa12981bbbf_story.html The Congo rainforest is losing ability to absorb carbon dioxide. That's bad for climate change]". Washington Post. Retrieved 6 March 2020.</ref> === Botlhaba jwa Aforika === ''Tshedimosetso e nngwe: [[:en:Climate_change_in_Kenya|Phetogo ya]]'' ''[[:en:Climate_change_in_Kenya|seemo sa bosa kwa Kenya]], [[:en:Climate_change_in_Tanzania|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Tanzania|seemo sa bosa kwa Tanzania]], [[:en:Climate_change_in_Ethiopia|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Ethiopia|seemo sa bosa kwa Ethiopia]], le [[:en:Climate_change_in_South_Sudan|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_South_Sudan|seemo sa bosa kwa Sudan Borwa]]'' E le mo e ka nnang gotlhelele mo boboatsatsi, pula mo [[:en:East_Africa|Botlhaba jwa Aforika]] e laolwa ke go fuduga ga dipaka ga setlhopha sa pula ya boboatsatsi.<ref>Nicholson, Sharon E. (2017). "[[doi:10.1002/2016RG000544|Climate and climatic variability of rainfall over eastern Africa".]] ''Reviews of Geophysics''. '''55''' (3): 590–635. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017RvGeo..55..590N 2017RvGeo..55..590N.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/2016RG000544|10.1002/2016RG000544.]]</ref> Botlhaba jwa Aforika bo tlhomololwa ke go fetogafetoga mo go kwa godimo ga pula ya lefelo le nako ka gonne e akaretsa go feta selekanyo sa mogote sa didikirii di le masome a mararo tsa boleele jwa bophara (go kgabaganya mola wa equator). E na le ditlhotlheletso go tswa kwa Mawatleng a India le Atlantic ka bobedi, mme e na le diponagalo tse dikgolo tsa thutafatshe (dithaba) mmogo le metsi a a kwa teng jaaka [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Letsha la Victoria]]. Ka jalo, paka ya pula e farologana go tswa mo pakeng e le nngwe ya pula ka ngwaga ka kgwedi ya Phukwi go ya kwa kgwedi ya Phatwe mo dikarolong tsa bokonebophirima (go akaretsa mafatshe a Ethiopia le Sudan Borwa, tse di golaganeng thata ka bosa le Bophirima jwa Aforika , ka phefo ya dipula ya paka ya Aforika Bophirima e e tlisang dipula) go ya go paka e le nngwe ya pula ka ngwaga ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole go ya kwa kgweding ya Tlhakole) mo borwa (go feta lefatshe la Tanzania) le mafelo a le mantsi a gaufi le mola wa bogare jwa lefatshe e e nang le dipaka tse pedi tsa dipula ka ngwaga,<ref>Dunning, Caroline M.; Black, Emily C. L.; Allan, Richard P. (2016). "[[doi:10.1002/2016JD025428|The onset and cessation of seasonal rainfall over Africa]]". ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres''. '''121''' (19): 11, 405–11, 424. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JGRD..12111405D 2016JGRD..12111405D.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/2016JD025428|10.1002/2016JD025428]].</ref> mo e ka nnang ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo go ya kwa kgweding ya Motsheganong ("Dipula tse ditelele") le kgwedi ya phalane go ya go kwa kgweding ya Sedimonthole ("Dipula tse dikhutshwane"). Go farologana ga selekanyo se se boleta mo dipakeng tsa pula gantsi go golaganngwa le thutafatshe ya lefatshe le makadiba. Pharologano ya magareng ga ngwaga e ka nna kgolo mme ditaolo tse di itsegeng di akaretsa dipharologano tsa [[:en:Sea_surface_temperatures|megote tsa boalogodimo jwa Lewatle]] (SSTs) tsa dibeiseneng tse di farologaneng tsa lewatle, mekgwa e megolo ya go fetoga ga lefaufau jaaka [[:en:Madden–Julian_oscillation|Madden–Julian Osciliation]] (MJO)<ref>Vellinga, Michael; Milton, Sean (2018). "[[doi:10.1002/qj.3263|Drivers of interannual variability of the East African 'Long Rains]]'". ''Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society''. '''144''' (1): 861–876. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018QJRMS.144..861V 2018QJRMS.144..861V.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/qj.3263|10.1002/qj.3263.]]</ref><ref name=":15">Finney, Declan L.; Marsham, John H.; Jackson, Lawrence S.; Kendon, Elizabeth J.; Rowell, David P.; Boorman, Penelope M.; Keane, Richard J.; Stratton, Rachel A.; Senior, Catherine A. (5 February 2019). "[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0387.1|Implications of Improved Representation of Convection for the East Africa Water Budget Using a Convection-Permitting Model]]". ''Journal of Climate''. '''32''' (7): 2109–2129. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019JCli...32.2109F 2019JCli...32.2109F.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0387.1|10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0387.1.]]</ref> le ditsuatsue tsa boboatsatsi<ref name=":15" /><ref>Kilavi, Mary; MacLeod, Dave; Ambani, Maurine; Robbins, Joanne; Dankers, Rutger; Graham, Richard; Titley, Helen; Salih, Abubakr A. M.; Todd, Martin C. (December 2018). [[doi:10.3390/atmos9120472|"Extreme Rainfall and Flooding over Central Kenya Including Nairobi City during the Long-Rains Season 2018: Causes, Predictability, and Potential for Early Warning and Actions]]". ''Atmosphere''. '''9''' (12): 472. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Atmos...9..472K 2018Atmos...9..472K]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/atmos9120472|10.3390/atmos9120472.]]</ref> Dipula tse ditelele ke paka e kgolo ya go jala dijalo mo kgaolong. Go bonelapele ga gare ga dingwaga ga paka e go kwa tlase fa go bapisiwa le Dipula tse di Khutshwane, mme go omisa ga sešweng go farologana le diponelopele tsa seemo sa bosa sa isago e e metsi ("Kganetsano ya seemo sa bosa sa Aforika Botlhaba".<ref>Rowell, David P.; Booth, Ben B. B.; Nicholson, Sharon E.; Good, Peter (15 December 2015). "Reconciling Past and Future Rainfall Trends over East Africa". ''Journal of Climate''. '''28''' (24): 9768–9788. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JCli...28.9768R 2015JCli...28.9768R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1|10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129146135 129146135].</ref>). Botlhaba jwa Afrika e nnile le komelelo e e nnang teng kgapetsakgapetsa le e e masisi mo masomeng a dingwaga a bosheng jaana, mmogo le merwalela e e senyang. Diphetogo tsa pula go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 di bontsha phokotsego ka kakaretso mo dipuleng tsa paka tsa kgwedi ya Mopitlo go ya kwa kgweding ya Motsheganong (MAM) ka koketsego e nnye ka nako ya dipula tsa kgwedi ya Seetebosigo go ya kwa ya Lwetse (JJAS) le kgwedi ya Phalane go ya kwa kgweding ya Sedimonthole (OND),<ref>Bernhofer, Christian; Hülsmann, Stephan; Gebrechorkos, Solomon H. (6 August 2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6684806 "Long-term trends in rainfall and temperature using high-resolution climate datasets in East Africa]". ''Scientific Reports''. '''9''' (1) 11376. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatSR...911376G 2019NatSR...911376G]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41598-019-47933-8|10.1038/s41598-019-47933-8.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6684806 6684806]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31388068 31388068].</ref> le fa go lebega go nnile le phokotsego ya bošeng mo dipuleng tsa MAM.<ref>Wainwright, Caroline M.; Marsham, John H.; Keane, Richard J.; Rowell, David P.; Finney, Declan L.; Black, Emily; Allan, Richard P. (12 September 2019). "'[[doi:10.1038/s41612-019-0091-7|Eastern African Paradox' rainfall decline due to shorter not less intense Long Rains]]". ''npj Climate and Atmospheric Science''. '''2''' (1): 34. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019npCAS...2...34W 2019npCAS...2...34W.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41612-019-0091-7|10.1038/s41612-019-0091-7.]]</ref> Mo isagong, pula le megote di solofetswe go fetoga mo Botlhaba jwa Aforika .<ref name=":17">Dunning, Caroline M.; Black, Emily; Allan, Richard P. (December 2018). "Later Wet Seasons with More Intense Rainfall over Africa under Future Climate Change". ''Journal of Climate''. '''31''' (23): 9719–9738. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JCli...31.9719D 2018JCli...31.9719D.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0102.1|10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0102.1]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52990163 52990163].</ref><ref>Muhati, Godwin Leslie; Olago, Daniel; Olaka, Lydia (1 October 2018). "[[doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00469|Past and projected rainfall and temperature trends in a sub-humid Montane Forest in Northern Kenya based on the CMIP5 model ensemble"]]. ''Global Ecology and Conservation''. '''16''' e00469. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GEcoC..1600469M 2018GEcoC..1600469M.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00469|10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00469.]]</ref><ref name=":18">Rowell, David P.; Senior, Catherine A.; Vellinga, Michael; Graham, Richard J. (1 February 2016). "[[doi:10.1007/s10584-015-1554-4|Can climate projection uncertainty be constrained over Africa using metrics of contemporary performance]]?". ''Climatic Change''. '''134''' (4): 621–633. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ClCh..134..621R 2016ClCh..134..621R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10584-015-1554-4|10.1007/s10584-015-1554-4.]]</ref> Dithutopatlisiso tsa sešweng ka ga diponelopele tsa seemo sa bosa di supa gore mogote o o magareng e ka oketsega ka bokana ka mogote jwa Celcius tse pedi go ya borarong (2–3 °C) mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo le selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius tse pedi go ya kwa botlhanong (2–5 °C) kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":19">Bornemann, F. Jorge; Rowell, David P.; Evans, Barbara; Lapworth, Dan J.; Lwiza, Kamazima; Macdonald, David M.J.; Marsham, John H.; Tesfaye, Kindie; Ascott, Matthew J.; Way, Celia (1 October 2019). "[[doi:10.1007/s10584-019-02499-2|Future changes and uncertainty in decision-relevant measures of East African climate]]". ''Climatic Change''. '''156''' (3): 365–384. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ClCh..156..365B 2019ClCh..156..365B.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10584-019-02499-2|10.1007/s10584-019-02499-2.]]</ref> Se se tla ikaega ka [[:en:Climate_change_scenario|ditiragalo tsa kgololo]] mmogo le ka fa seemo sa bosa ya nnete e tsibogang ka teng fa e bapisiwa le mefuta ya dipoelo tse di ka nnang teng tse di bontshiwang ke dikai. Diponelopele tsa sekao tsa seemo sa bosa di na le go bontsha koketsego ya pula, bogolosegolo ka paka ya OND, e gape e akanyediwang go diragala moragonyana. Tiego e mo pakeng e khutshwane ya dipula, e golagantswe le go tsenelela ga Saharan Heat Low ka fa tlase ga phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref name=":17" /> Le fa go ntse jalo, dikai dingwe di bonelapele go fokotsega ga pula,<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /> mme mo dikgaolong dingwe le dipaka dingwe dikoketso tse dikgolo thata tsa pula tse di bonelwang pele di bontshitswe di akaretsa mekgwa e e sa dumelegeng ka ntlha ya diphoso tsa sekao se se rulagantsweng.<ref>Rowell, David P. (2019). [[doi:10.1029/2019GL082847|"An Observational Constraint on CMIP5 Projections of the East African Long Rains and Southern Indian Ocean Warming]]". ''Geophysical Research Letters''. '''46''' (11): 6050–6058. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019GeoRL..46.6050R 2019GeoRL..46.6050R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1029/2019GL082847|10.1029/2019GL082847.]]</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, diphetogo tsa di-aerosol di tlamela ka phetogo ya pula e e sa tseweng mo ditshekatshekong tse dintsi tsa diponelopele tsa seemo sa bosa.<ref>Scannell, Claire; Booth, Ben B. B.; Dunstone, Nick J.; Rowell, David P.; Bernie, Dan J.; Kasoar, Matthew; Voulgarakis, Apostolos; Wilcox, Laura J.; Acosta Navarro, Juan C.; Seland, Øyvind; Paynter, David J. (13 September 2019). "[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0716.1|The Influence of Remote Aerosol Forcing from Industrialized Economies on the Future Evolution of East and West African Rainfall"]]. ''Journal of Climate''. '''32''' (23): 8335–8354. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019JCli...32.8335S 2019JCli...32.8335S]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0716.1|10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0716.1.]] [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10044/1/75583|10044/1/75583.]]</ref><ref>Rowell, David P.; Booth, Ben B. B.; Nicholson, Sharon E.; Good, Peter (7 October 2015). "Reconciling Past and Future Rainfall Trends over East Africa". ''Journal of Climate''. '''28''' (24): 9768–9788. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JCli...28.9768R 2015JCli...28.9768R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1|10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129146135 129146135].</ref> Pharologano ya tlwaelo ya go oma ga pula ya MAM (dipula tse ditelele) mo Aforika Botlhaba jwa ekhweitha, ka bontsi jwa dikai tse di bonelapele go koloba mo isagong e tshwailwe "kganetsano ya phetogo ya tlelaemete ya Aforika Botlhaba",[114] le fa go nnile le go boela mannong ga bošeng mo puleng.[107] Dithutopatlisiso di bontshitse gore tlwaelo ya go omisa ga e kgonagale go nna ya tlhago fela, fela e ka kgweediwa ke mabaka a a jaaka di-aerosol go na le digase tsa sethopo,[114] go tlhokega dipatlisiso tse dingwe. Go oma go bontshitswe go bakilwe ke paka e khutshwane ya dipula, mme go golaganngwa le go tsenelela ga Mogote wa Arabian Heat Low.[107] Go tsamaelana le go sa tlhomamisegeng ga diponelopele tsa pula, diphetogo mo tshimologong ya dipaka tsa pula ga di tlhomamisege mo Aforika Botlhaba jwa ekhweitha, le fa dikai tse dintsi di bonelapele dipula tse dikhutshwane tsa moragonyana le tse di metsi.[108] Dipole ya Lewatle la India (IOD) e itsege ka go tlamela ka taolo e e maatla mo go fetogeng ga magareng ga dingwaga mo dipuleng tse dikhutshwane,[115] mme dithutopatlisiso di bontsha gore di-IOD tse di feteletseng di ka oketsega ka fa tlase ga phetogo ya tlelaemete.[116] Lefatshe ka bophara, phetogo ya tlelaemete e solofetswe go lebisa kwa go gateleleng ga pula, ka pula e e feteletseng e oketsega ka seelo se se bonako fa go thuthafala go feta pula yotlhe.[117] Tiro ya sešweng e bontsha gore go ralala Aforika dikai tsa lefatshe di solofetswe go nyatsa seelo sa phetogo ya go oketsega ga pula e,[31] mme diphetogo mo go feteletseng ga pula di ka nna tsa anama thata go feta tse di bonelwang pele ke dikai tsa lefatshe.[118] Dikarolo tse di kwa borwa jwa Aforika Botlhaba di amogela bontsi jwa pula ya tsona mo pakeng e le nngwe ya pula ka nako ya mariga a hemisefere e e kwa borwa: mo godimo ga Tanzania pula ya paka e solofetswe go oketsega ka fa tlase ga phetogo ya tlelaemete ya isago, le fa go na le go sa tlhomamang.[108] Go ya kwa borwa, mo godimo ga Mozambique, paka e khutshwane ka ntlha ya go simolola moragonyana e akanyediwa ka fa tlase ga phetogo ya tlelaemete ya isago, gape ka go sa tlhomamang go go rileng.[119] Jaaka sekai, Kenya e na le bothata jo bo kwa godimo jwa ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya tlelaemete. Dikotsi tse dikgolo tsa tlelaemete di akaretsa komelelo le merwalela ka gonne go ka direga gore pula e nne e e tseneletseng e bile e se ka ya bonelwa kwa pele. Dikai tsa tlelaemete di bonela pele gore dithemphoritšhara di tla tlhatloga ka 0.5 go ya go 2 °C.[120] Mo mafelong a a sa tlhomamang a toropo ya Nairobi phelelo ya setlhaketlhake sa mogote wa toropo e oketsa bothata ka gonne e dira dithemphoritšhara tse di bothitho le go feta tsa tikologo. Se ke ka ntlha ya didirisiwa tsa go aga mo matlong, go tlhoka go tsenya mowa, lefelo le letala le le sesane, le go sa kgone go bona maatla a motlakase le ditirelo tse dingwe.[121] === Aforika Bokone === [[Setshwantsho:Middle East map of Köppen climate classification.svg|thumb]] [[Setshwantsho:Koppen-Geiger Map Northern Africa future.svg|thumb|Ditshwantso tsa mafatshe tsa tlhaolo ya seemo sa bosa tsa Botlhabagare ga jaana (kwa godimo) le tse di bonelwang pele tsa Aforika Bokone tsa ngwaga wa di 2071 go ya kwa ngwageng 2100 ka fa tlase ga boemo jo bo tseneletseng thata jwa phetogo ya tlelaemete (kwa tlase). Ditiragalo tsa magareng ga jaana di tsewa di ka nna teng thata.]] Ka 2018, kgaolo ya MENA e ne ya ntsha ditone di le dibilione di le 3.2 tsa khabonetaeokosaete mme ya ntsha 8.7% ya mesi ya digase tsa sethopo tsa lefatshe (GHG)[125] le fa e ne e dira fela 6% ya baagi ba lefatshe.[126] Mesi eno e tswa thata mo lephateng la maatla,[127] e leng karolo e e botlhokwa ya diikonomi tse dintsi tsa Botlhabagare le tsa Aforika Bokone ka ntlha ya dipolokelo tse dintsi tsa oli le gase ya tlholego tse di fitlhelwang mo kgaolong eno.[128][129] Kgaolo ya Botlhabagare ke nngwe ya tse di ka amiwang thata ke phetogo ya tlelaemete. Ditlamorago di akaretsa koketsego ya maemo a komelelo, komelelo, makhubu a mogote le go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle. Diphetogo tse di bogale tsa themphereitšha ya lefatshe le bogodimo jwa lewatle, go fetoga ga diphethene tsa pula le go oketsega ga makgetlo a ditiragalo tsa maemo a bosa a a feteletseng ke dingwe tsa ditlamorago tse dikgolo tsa phetogo ya tlelaemete jaaka di supilwe ke Phanele ya Dipuso ka ga Phetogo ya Tlelaemete (IPCC).[130] Kgaolo ya MENA e mo kotsing thata ya ditlamorago tse di jalo ka ntlha ya tikologo ya yona e e omeletseng le e e omeletseng go sekae, e lebane le dikgwetlho tsa tlelaemete tse di jaaka pula e e kwa tlase, dithemphoritšhara tse di kwa godimo le mmu o o omileng.[130][131] Maemo a tlelaemete a a rotloetsang dikgwetlho tse di jalo mo MENA a akanyediwa ke IPCC go nna maswe le go feta mo ngwagakgolong otlhe wa bo21.[130] Fa mesi ya digase tsa sethopo e sa fokodiwe thata, karolo ya kgaolo ya MENA e mo kotsing ya go sa kgone go agiwa pele ga ngwaga wa 2100.[132][133][134] === Aforika Bophirima le Sahel === Kgaolo ya Aforika Bophirima e ka kgaoganngwa ka dikgaolopotlana di le nne tsa tlelaemete e leng Lebopo la Guinea, Soudano-Sahel, Sahel (e e atologelang kwa botlhaba go ya kwa molelwaneng wa Ethiopia) le Sahara,[135] nngwe le nngwe e na le maemo a a farologaneng a tlelaemete. Modikologo wa pula ya paka o kgweediwa thata ke motsamao wa borwa–bokone wa Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) e e tlhaolwang ke go kopana ga diphefo tse di metsi tsa borwabophirima jwa monsoon le Harmattan e e omileng ya bokonebotlhaba.[136] Go ikaegilwe ka pharologano ya pula ya magareng ga dingwaga, dipaka tse tharo tse dikgolo tsa tlelaemete di lemogilwe mo godimo ga Sahel: paka e e metsi go tloga ka 1950 go ya kwa tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1960 e latelwa ke paka e e omileng go tloga ka 1972 go ya go 1990 mme morago ga moo paka go tloga ka 1991 go ya pele e e boneng pula e ntsi gape[3]1. Ka nako ya komelelo, Sahel e ne ya itemogela ditiragalo di le mmalwa tsa komelelo tse di masisi thata, ka ditlamorago tse di senyang.[140][141] Dingwagasome tsa sešweng, le tsona di bone koketsego e e magareng ya pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga fa e sale ka tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1990. Le fa go ntse jalo, palogotlhe ya pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga e santse e le kwa tlase thata ga e e lemogilweng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950.[142][140] Bangwe ba supile dingwagasome tse pedi tsa bosheng jaaka paka ya go boela mannong.[143] Ba bangwe ba bitsa seno jaaka paka ya "go gagamatsa ga metsi" ka bontsi jwa koketsego ya pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga e e tswang mo ditiragalong tse di masisi thata tsa pula mme ka dinako tse dingwe morwalela go na le pula e e nang kgapetsakgapetsa, kgotsa ka tsela e e tshwanang ditiro tse dingwe[144][145] di thalela tsweletso ya komelelo le fa pula e oketsegile. Fa e sale ka 1985, diperesente di le 54 tsa baagi di amilwe ke merwalela e le metlhano kgotsa go feta mo dinageng di le 17 tsa kgaolo ya Sahel.[146] Ka 2012, go ne ga begwa gore go ne go na le komelelo e e masisi kwa Sahel. Dipuso tsa kgaolo di ne tsa tsiboga ka bonako, tsa simolola maano a go samagana le kgang eno.[147] Kgaolo e solofetswe go itemogela diphetogo mo pusong ya pula, ka dikai tsa tlelaemete tse di akantshang gore phokotsego ya pula ya paka e e metsi e ka nna teng thata kwa bophirima jwa Sahel, le koketsego e ka nna teng kwa bogareng go ya kwa botlhaba jwa Sahel, le fa diphetogo tse di fapaaneng di ise di kgaphelwe kwa thoko.[148][14]3] Diphetogo tse di tla ama makgetlo le bokete jwa merwalela, komelelo, go nna sekaka, ditsuatsue tsa motlhaba le lerole, dipetso tsa tsie ya sekaka le tlhaelo ya metsi.[150][151] Le fa go ntse jalo, go sa kgathalesege diphetogo tsa pula e e magareng ya paka, ditsuatsue tse di maatla thata di solofetswe go nna tse di maatla thata, go oketsa makgetlo a morwalela.[149][31] Mesi e e tokafaditsweng ya khabone le thuthafalo ya lefatshe le yona e ka baka koketsego ya dinako tsa komelelo bogolosegolo go kgabaganya Lebopo la Guinea e e amanang le phokotsego ya dinako tsa metsi ka fa tlase ga maemo a thuthafalo ya lefatshe ya 1.5 °C le 2 °C.[152] Karolo ya lesome le botlhano mo lekgolong tsa baagi ba kgaolo ya [[:en:Sahel|Sahel]] le tsone di itemogetse koketsego ya mogote o o fetang selekanyo sa Celcius ye nngwe (1 °C) go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1970 go fitlha ka ngwaga ga 2010. Kgaolo ya Sahel, bogolosegolo, e tla itemogela megote e e kwa godimo tsa palogare mo tsamaong ya ngwagakgolo wa msaome a mabedi le bongwe le diphetogo mo mekgweng ya pula, go ya ka [[:en:Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change|Phanele ya Intergovernmental Climate]] [[:en:Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change|Change]] (IPCC). === Borwa jwa Aforika === ''Tshedimosetso e nngwe: [[:en:Climate_change_in_South_Africa|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_South_Africa|seemo sa bosa mo Aforika Borwa]], [[:en:Climate_change_in_Mozambique|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Mozambique|seemo sa bosa kwa Mozambique]], le [[:en:Climate_change_in_Madagascar|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Madagascar|seemo sa bosa kwa Madagascar]]'' == Go tlwaela == ''Tshedimosetso e nngwe: [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|go tlwaela phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|seemo sa bosa]]'' Go fokotsa ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo mafatsheng a Aforika, dikgato tsa go tlwaela di a tlhokega mo dilekanong tse dintsi – go simolola ka maemo a selegae go ya go a bosetšhaba le a kgaolo.<ref>Climate Analytics. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20221117055339/https://climateanalytics.org/media/schaeffer_et_al__2013__africao__s_a_daptation_gap_technical_report.pdf Africa's Adaptation Gap, Technical Report: Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation Challenges, and Costs for Africa"] (PDF). ''Climate Analytics''. Archived from [https://climateanalytics.org/media/schaeffer_et_al__2013__africao__s_a_daptation_gap_technical_report.pdf the original] (PDF) on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2021.</ref> Kokomane ya ntlha ya mananeo a go tlwaela mo Aforika e ka tlhalosiwa thata jaaka tse dinnye ka tlhago, tse di tsepamisitsweng mo dipeeletsong tse di ikaeletsweng mo temothuong le go anamisa maranyane go tshegetsa go tsaya ditshwetso tsa go tlwaela.<ref>Troni, Jessica (2018). ''Climate change adaptation in Africa: UNDP synthesis of experiences and recommendations''. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1079881730 1079881730].</ref> Bosheng jaana, maiteko a go dira mananeo a lebisitswe gape kwa maitekong a magolo le a a gokagantsweng, go lebagana le dintlha tse di akaretsang makalana a mantsi. Go ya ka patlisiso ya ngwaga wa 2023, karolo ya masome a matlhano le borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya dibanka tsa Aforika e na le melawana ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e e tlhomilweng, mme karolo ya masome a mabedi le bobedi mo lekgolong e nngwe e rulaganya go tsenya tirisong melawana. Karolo ya masome a marataro le botlhano mo lekgolong ya dibanka ga jaana di akanyetsa kotsi ya seemo sa bosa fa di sekaseka bareki ba bašwa kgotsa mananeo, mme karolo ya masome a mabedi le boraro mo lekgolong e nngwe e solofetse go dira jalo mo isagong.<ref name=":20">Bank, European Investment (27 September 2023). [https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230088-finance-in-africa ''Finance in Africa: Uncertain times, resilient banks: African finance at a crossroads''.] European Investment Bank. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5598-7|978-92-861-5598-7]]</bdi>.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Green finance opportunities and products (% of surveyed African banks).png|thumb|Ditšhono tsa [[:en:Eco-investing|matlole a a matala]] le dithoto go tswa kwa dibankeng tse di dirilweng patlisiso mo patlisisong ya [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|Banka ya Dipeeletso ya karolokgolo ya lefatshe e enaleng mafatshe a mantsi ya Europe ya Banka mo Aforika]]<ref name=":21">"[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Green_finance_opportunities_and_products_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png/960px-Green_finance_opportunities_and_products_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png Finance in Africa report finds that banks want to move faster into green lending]". ''European Investment Bank''. Retrieved 10 December 2021.</ref><ref name=":22">Bank, European Investment (18 November 2021). ''[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Green_finance_opportunities_and_products_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png/960px-Green_finance_opportunities_and_products_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png Finance in Africa: for green, smart and inclusive private sector development]''. European Investment Bank. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5063-0|<bdi>978-92-861-5063-0</bdi>.]]</ref>]] Maranyane a a tokafaditsweng a [[:en:Weather_forecasting|ponelopele ya maemo a]] [[:en:Weather_forecasting|tepo loapi]] mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara e botlhokwa go itsise tsibogelo ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa,<ref name=":23">Youds, L.; Parker, D. J.; Adefisan, E. A.; Antwi-Agyei, P.; Bain, C. L.; Black, E. C. L.; Blyth, A. M.; Dougill, A. J.; Hirons, L. C. (13 May 2021). "[http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/174093/ GCRF African SWIFT White Paper Policy Brief: The future of African weather forecasting]". ''eprints.whiterose.ac.uk''. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.5518/100/67|10.5518/100/67]]. Retrieved 13 May 2021.</ref> go thusa go tsaya ditshwetso tse di amanang le go tlwaela phetogo ya seemo sa loapi ka sekai.<ref name=":23" /> Ka nako ya [[:en:Conference_of_the_parties|bokopano jwa masome a mabedi le bongwe ya Makoko]] (COP) ka ngwaga wa 2015, ditlhogo tsa mafatshe tsa Aforika di thakgotse [[:en:African_Adaptation_Initiative_(AAI)|Letsholo la Tlwaelo ya Aforika (AAI)]]. Komiti e e tsamaisang ya AAI e bopilwe ke Biro ya Bokopano jwa Ditona tsa Aforika ka ga Tikologo (AMCEN) le modulasetulo wa Setlhopha sa Babuisani ba Aforika (AGN).<ref>"[https://africaadaptationinitiative.org/ AAI]". Retrieved 4 August 2024.</ref> [[:en:African_Adaptation_Solutions_Challenge|Letsholo la go Tlwaela Aforika]] le lone le tshegediwa ke [[:en:European_Union|Kopano ya]] [[:en:European_Union|Europa]].<ref>"[https://www.africa.undp.org/content/rba/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2020/european-union-ramps-up-support-to-africa-adaptation-initiative-.html European Union ramps up support to Africa Adaptation Initiative]". ''United Nations Development Programme''. 22 January 2020.</ref> Kopano ya Europe e [[:en:African_Union#Africa%E2%80%93EU_relations|dirisane mmogo le Kopano ya Aforika]] mo go rotloetseng taolo ya metswedi e e tswelelang, go [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|itsetsepela mo tikologong]], le go [[:en:Climate_change_mitigation|fokotsa phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_mitigation|seemo sa bosa]]<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20210510085847/https://africa-eu-partnership.org/en/strategic-priority-areas/strengthening-resilience-peace-security-and-governance Strengthening Resilience, Peace, Security and Governance]". Archived from [https://africa-eu-partnership.org/en/strategic-priority-areas/strengthening-resilience-peace-security-and-governance the original] on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</ref> Mo maemong a kgaolo, melawana le dikgato tse di tshegetsang tlwaelo go ralala Aforika di santse di le mo tshimologong. [[:en:IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report|Pegelo ya Botlhano ya Tlhatlhobo ya IPCC]] (AR5) e tlhagisa dikao tsa maano a tiro a a farologaneng a kgaolo a phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, go akaretsa le a a tlhamilweng ke [[:en:Southern_African_Development_Community|Setšhaba sa Tlhabololo sa Borwa jwa Aforika]] (SADC) le Komiti ya Letsha la Victoria.<ref name=":16" /> Mo maemong a bosetšhaba, maiteko a mantsi a go ikamanya a ntlha a ne a gokaganngwa ka [[:en:National_Adaptation_Programme_of_Action|Mananeo a Bosetšhaba a Tiro a go]] [[:en:National_Adaptation_Programme_of_Action|tlwaela]](di-NAPA) kgotsa Maano a Bosetšhaba a Tsibogelo ya Phetogo ya Seemo sa Bosa(NCCRS). Go tsenngwa mo tirisong go nnile bonya le fa go ntse jalo, ka katlego e e tlhakaneng mo kgorosong.<ref>Pardoe, Joanna; Conway, Declan; Namaganda, Emilinah; Vincent, Katharine; Dougill, Andy; Kashaigili, Japhet (2018). "[[doi:10.1080/14693062.2017.1386082|Climate Change and the Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Policy and Practice in Tanzania"]]. ''Climate Policy''. '''18''' (7): 863–877. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/14693062.2017.1386082|10.1080/14693062.2017.1386082]].</ref> Kopanyo ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa le thulaganyo e e anameng ya itsholelo le tlhabololo e sa ntse e lekanyeditswe mme e a gola.<ref>Osman-Elasha, Balgis; Downing, Tom (2007). ''Lessons learned in preparing national adaptation programmes of action in Eastern and Southern Africa''. Stockholm Environment Institute.</ref><ref name=":16" /> Mo maemong a bosetšhabapotlana, bathati ba le bantsi ba karolo ya lefatshe ya province le ba mmasepala le bona ba tlhama maano a bone, sekai Leano la Tsibogelo ya Phetogo ya Seemo sa Bosa la Bophirima jwa Kapa.<ref>Western Cape Government (2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230220102835/https://www.westerncape.gov.za/text/2015/march/western_cape_climate_change_response_strategy_2014.pdf "Western Cape Climate Change Response Strategy"] (PDF). Archived from [https://www.westerncape.gov.za/text/2015/march/western_cape_climate_change_response_strategy_2014.pdf the original] (PDF) on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2021.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, maemo a bokgoni jwa maranyane le didirisiwa tse di leng teng go diragatsa maano ka kakaretso a kwa tlase. Go nnile le tlhokomelo e e bonalang go ralala Aforika e e neetsweng go diragatsa mananeo a tlwaelo a a ikaegileng ka baagi. Go na le tumalano e e anameng ya gore tshegetso ya go tlwaela maemo a selegae e fitlhelelwa botoka ka go simolola ka bokgoni jo bo leng teng jwa go tlwaela selegae, le go dirisana le kitso le ditiro tsa selegae.<ref>Ofoegbu, Chidiebere; Chirwa, Paxie; Francis, Joseph; Babalola, Folaranmi (15 May 2017). "Assessing vulnerability of rural communities to climate change: A review of implications for forest-based livelihoods in South Africa". ''International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management''. '''9''' (3): 374–386. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2016-0044|10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2016-0044.]] [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:2263/61659|2263/61659]].</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Climate risk approach (% of surveyed African banks).png|thumb|Maduo a a malebana le mokgwa wa dibanka tsa Aforika wa go lebana le dikotsi tsa seemo sa bosa(karolo mo lekgolong ya dibanka tse di dirilweng patlisiso) go tswa mo patlisisong ya Banka ya Dipeeletso ya Europe ya ngwaga wa 2021]] [[:en:Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change|IPCC]] e tlhagisa mekgwa e le mmalwa e e atlegileng ya go rotloetsa go tlwaela maemo a a atlegileng mo Aforika, e tlhalosa melawana e le metlhano e e tshwanang.<ref name=":16" /> Tseno di akaretsa: # Go tokafatsa tshegetso ya mefuta e e ikemetseng ya go tlwaela; # Go oketsa tlhokomelo mo dikakanyo tsa setso, maitsholo, le ditshwanelo tsa go tlwaela (bogolo jang ka go tsaya karolo ka matlhagatlhaga ga basadi, bašwa, le batho ba ba humanegileng le ba ba mo kotsing mo ditirong tsa go tlwaela) # Go kopanya dikgetho tsa "tsela e e bonolo" le mekgwa ya go ithuta e e fetofetogang le e e ipoeletsang le mekgwa ya maranyane le ya mafaratlhatlha (go akaretsa le go kopanya kitso ya saense, ya selegae, le ya selegae mo go tlhameng maano a go tlwaela) # Go tsepamisa mogopolo mo go tokafatseng go itsetsepela le go diragatsa dikgetho tsa go tlwaela tse di sa ikotlhaeleng; le # Go aga taolo ya go tlwaela le go rotloetsa thulaganyo ya go ithuta ga loago le ga setheo go nna ditiro tsa go tlwaela. Pegelo ya Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe wa Boitekanelo wa "Tlwaelo ya Phetogo ya Tlelaemete mo Aforika Leano la Tiro la Lekala la Boitekanelo la ngwaga wa 2012 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 2016"<ref name=":24">World Health Organization. (2012). Adaptation to climate change in Africa plan of action for the health sector 2012–2016. Retrieved from http://www.afro.who.int/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=7699&Itemid=2593</ref> le ikaeletse go "tlamela ka tsibogo e e tseneletseng le e e theilweng mo bosuping e e gokagantsweng ya lekalana la tsa botsogo mo ditlhokegong tsa go ikamanya le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa sa mafatshe a Aforika gore di kgone go tshegetsa ditlamelo tsa di puso tsa Africa"<ref name=":24" /> Leano le akaretsa maikaelelo a a jaaka go oketsa ditiro tsa boitekanelo jwa setšhaba, go gokaganya maiteko mo maemong a boditšhabatšhaba, go nonotsha tirisanommogo le maiteko a tirisanommogo, le go rotloetsa dipatlisiso ka ga ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mmogo le dikgato tse di atlegileng tse di tsewang mo baaging ba selegae go fokotsa ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref name=":24" /> Go ya ka [[:en:International_Monetary_Fund|Letlole la Boditšhabatšhaba la Madi]] (IMF), [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara]] e tlhoka didikadike tsa di dolara di le masome a mararo go ya kwa masomeng a matlhano ya matlole a mangwe ngwaga le ngwaga go ikamanya le ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref name=":22" /><ref>"[https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2021/10/20/pr21306-sub-saharan-africa-one-planet-two-worlds-three-stories Sub-Saharan Africa: One Planet, Two Worlds, Three Stories]". ''IMF''. Retrieved 6 December 2021.</ref><ref>Dept, International Monetary Fund African (15 April 2020). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20220523061856/https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/books/086/28915-9781513536835-en/ch02.xml 2. Adapting to Climate Change in Sub-Saharan Africa]''. International Monetary Fund. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-5135-3683-5|<bdi>978-1-5135-3683-5</bdi>.]] Archived from [https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/books/086/28915-9781513536835-en/ch02.xml the original] on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</ref> Matlole a seemo sa bosa kwa Botlhabagare le Bokone jwa Aforika a ne a le didikadike di le di olara di le masome a mararo le bobedi ntlha thataro ( karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong ya palogotlhe ya lefatshe) ka ngwaga wa 2019 le ngwaga wa 2020, fa dipeeletso tsa seemo sa bosa kwa Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara e ne e le didikadike di le di dolara tse masome a mane le boraro ntlha borobaboedi (karolo ya boraro mo lekgolong ya palogotlhe ya lefatshe).<ref name=":20" /><ref>[https://climatefundsupdate.org/publications/climate-finance-regional-briefing-middle-east-and-north-africa-2020/ "Climate Finance Regional Briefing: Middle East and North Africa (2020) - Climate Funds Update]". 15 March 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2023.</ref> Go ya ka thuto ya Banka ya [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|Dipeeletso tsa karolokgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a le mantsi mo teng ya Europe]] ya ngwaga wa 2021 ya Banking in Africa, ditheo tsa Aforika di ntse di ela hloko thata tlhokego ya buisana ka dikotsi tse bakwang ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mme di simolla go dirisa dikgonagalo tsa matlole a a matala. Sekai, karolo ya masome a matlhano le bone mo lekgolong ya dibanka tse di boditsweng mo patlisisong di bone phetogo ya seemo sa bosa jaaka tlhobaboroko ya togamaano, mme go feta karolo ya masome a mane mo lekgolong e ne e na le batho ba ba tsepamisitseng mogopolo mo dintlheng tse di amanang le seemo sa bosa.<ref>Importer, A. P. O. (18 November 2021). [https://africa.businessinsider.com/apo/eib-study-highlights-impact-of-covid-on-african-banks-and-business-financing-and/205d41n "EIB study highlights impact of COVID on African banks and business financing and opportunities for climate finance and digital transformation".] ''Business Insider Africa''. Retrieved 6 December 2021.</ref> Dibanka tsa Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara di godisa ditshupetso tsa tsone tsa maranyane , tse di itlhaganedisitsweng ke leroborobo la COVID-19. Bontsi jwa dibanka tse di botsoloditsweng di boletse gore leroborobo le itlhaganedisitse lebelo la [[:en:Digital_transformation|phetogo ya]] [[:en:Digital_transformation|maranyane]] , le gore phetogo eno e tla nna ya sennelaruri.<ref>[https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2021-165-eib-president-highlights-new-gender-and-digital-investment-initiatives-to-accelerate-economic-recovery-across-africa "EIB President highlights new gender and digital investment initiatives to accelerate economic recovery across Africa]". ''European Investment Bank''. Retrieved 6 December 2021.</ref><ref>[https://www.eib.org/attachments/thematic/the_eib_development_report_2021_en.pdf "European Investment Bank Development Report]" (PDF). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210616085058/https://www.eib.org/attachments/thematic/the_eib_development_report_2021_en.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2021.</ref><ref name=":22" /> Bahumanegi le ba ba sa sireletsegang ke bone ba ba tlhaselwang motlhofo thata, mme go ka direga gore badiri ba batswakwa, batshabi le ditlhopha tse dingwe tse di kgaphetsweng kwa thoko ke bone ba ba bogang thata. GDP ka tlhogo ga e kgonagale go boela kwa maemong a ngwaga wa 2019 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2024, ka dikotsi tse di sekamelang kwa tlase, mme mathata a buseditse morago kwelotlase e e bonelwang pele ya palo ya batho ba ba humanegileng, go ya ka IMF. Fa go bapisiwa le diponelopele tsa pele ga mathata, se se ka felela ka gore batho ba bangwe ba le didikadike di le masome a mararo kwa Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara ba tshele mo lehumeng le le feteletseng ka ngwaga wa 2021, mmogo le ba bangwe ba le didikadike di le robongwe kwa lefelong la [[:en:MENA|Botlhabagare jwa Bophirima le Bokone jwa Aforika]] (MENA).<ref>Selassie, Abebe Aemro; Department, Habtamu Fuje IMF African. [https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2021/10/20/na102021-seven-charts-that-show-sub-saharan-africa-at-a-crucial-point "Seven Charts that Show Sub-Saharan Africa at a Crucial Point]". ''IMF''. Retrieved 6 December 2021.</ref> === Dikgato tsa go tlwaela Aforika Bokone === [[Setshwantsho:Climate change specific personnel (% of surveyed African banks).png|thumb|Badiri ba ba rileng ba phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo dibankeng tsa Aforika tse di dirilweng dipatlisiso mo patlisisong ya Banka ya Dipeeletso ya Europe ya Banka mo Aforika<ref name=":21" /><ref name=":22" /> (% ya dibanka tsa Aforika tse di dirilweng dipatlisiso)]] Diphetogo tse di botlhokwa kwa bokone jwa Aforika di amana le kotsi e e oketsegileng ya tlhaelo ya metsi (e e tlholwang ke kopano ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa se se amang go nna teng ga metsi le tlhokego e e oketsegang). Go fokotsega ga go nna teng ga metsi, ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, go dirisana le megote e e oketsegang go tlhola tlhokego ya go tlwaela mo gare ga tlhagiso ya korong e e fepiwang ka pula. <ref>Hegazy, A. K.; Medany, M. A.; Kabiel, H. F.; Maez, M. M. (2008). "Spatial and temporal projected distribution of four crop plants in Egypt". ''Natural Resources Forum''. '''32''' (4): 316–326. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008NRF....32..316H 2008NRF....32..316H.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00205.x|10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00205.x.]]</ref><ref>Drine, I. (May 2011). [https://www.wider.unu.edu/publication/climate-change-compounding-risks-north-africa "Climate Change Compounding Risks in North Africa"]. ''United Nations University-World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER)'' (Working Paper No. 32).</ref> le go fetoga ga kotsi ya malwetse (sekao go tswa mo leishmaniasis).<ref>Bounoua, L.; Kahime, K.; Houti, L.; Blakey, T.; Ebi, K.L.; Zhang, P.; Imhoff, M.L.; Thome, K.J.; Dudek, C. (2013). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3774431 Linking climate to incidence of zoonotic cutaneous Leishmaniasis (L. major) in Pre-Saharan North Africa]". ''International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health''. '''10''' (8) 3172–3191. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013IJERP..10.3172B 2013IJERP..10.3172B.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/ijerph10083172|10.3390/ijerph10083172.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png/960px-Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png 3774431]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23912199 23912199].</ref><ref>Toumi, Amine; Chlif, Sadok; Bettaieb, Jihene; Alaya, Nissaf Ben; Boukthir, Aicha; Ahmadi, Zaher E.; Salah, Afif Ben (May 2012). Ozcel, Mehmet Ali (ed.). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3341328 Temporal Dynamics and Impact of Climate Factors on the Incidence of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Central Tunisia]". ''PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases''. '''6''' (5) e1633. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png/960px-Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001633]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3341328 3341328]. [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png/960px-Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png PMID]&#x20;[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png/960px-Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png 22563513].</ref>Bontsi jwa dikgato tsa puso tsa go tlwaela di ikaegile ka letlhakore la tlamelo ya metsi, sekai ka go ntsha letswai, go fetisetsa magareng ga mekgatsha le kago ya matamo.<ref>Sowers, Jeannie; Vengosh, Avner; Weinthal, Erika (February 2011). "Climate change, water resources, and the politics of adaptation in the Middle East and North Africa". ''Climatic Change''. '''104''' (3–4): 599–627. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ClCh..104..599S 2011ClCh..104..599S.] doi:[[doi:10.1007/s10584-010-9835-4|10.1007/s10584-010-9835-4.]] [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10161/6460|10161/6460]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37329318 37329318].</ref> Go fuduga gape go lemogilwe go dira jaaka tlwaelo ya batho le malapa kwa bokone jwa Aforika.<ref>Scheffran, Jürgen; Marmer, Elina; Sow, Papa (April 2012). "Migration as a contribution to resilience and innovation in climate adaptation: Social networks and co-development in Northwest Africa". ''Applied Geography''. '''33''': 119–127. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AppGe..33..119S 2012AppGe..33..119S.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.10.002|10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.10.002.]]</ref> Jaaka dikgaolo tse dintsi, le fa go ntse jalo, dikao tsa kgato ya go tlwaela (go farologana le maikaelelo a go tsaya kgato, kgotsa ditshekatsheko tsa go nna mo kotsing) go tswa kwa Aforika bokone di lekanyeditswe – tshekatsheko e e rulagantsweng e e gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa 2011 e bontshitse gore ke fela sekao se le sengwe mo go tse masome a borobabobedi le bosupa sa go tlwaela se se begilweng se se tswang kwa Aforika Bokone.<ref>Berrang-Ford, Lea; Ford, James D.; Peterson, Jaclyn (2011). "Are we adapting to climate change?". ''Global Environmental Change''. '''21''' (1): 25–33. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011GEC....21...25B 2011GEC....21...25B]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.09.012|10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.09.012.]]</ref> == Metswedi == 8fb710ocgpxf8aneo4jel9wgzr0iqf7 53292 53282 2026-07-26T17:31:35Z Atsile Edith 11759 Ke senotse tsebe e #Wikipedia25BW 53292 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Temperature Bar Chart Africa--1901-2020--2021-07-14.png|thumb|Setshwantso sa dipalopalo se se bontshang [[:en:Instrumental_temperature_record|phetogo ya mogote]] mo Aforika magareng ga 1901 le 2021, ka mmala o mohibidu o le bothitho mme botala jwa legodimo bo le tsididi go feta palogare (Palogare ya mogote ka nako ya ngwaga wa 1971 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 2000 e tsewa jaaka ntlha ya tshupiso ya diphetogo tse.)]] '''Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo Aforika''' ke matshosetsi a magolo ka gonne karolo ya eo ke nngwe ya dikgaolo tse [[:en:Climate_change_vulnerability|di mo kotsing]] thata ya [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya]] [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|seemo sa bosa]], le fa e le yone e e bakang mesi e e kwa tlase ga karolo ya bone mo lekgolong ya lefatshe lotlhe e e dirang gore go nne le kgololo ya dighese tse di tshwarang mollo mo lefaufaung.<ref>Bank, African Development (5 November 2024). "[https://www.afdb.org/en/cop29/focus-africa Focus on Africa]". ''African Development Bank Group''. Retrieved 1 July 2026.</ref>Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e baka mekgwa e e sa tlhomamang ya pula, d[[:en:Extreme_weather|itiragalo tse di feteletseng tsa]] [[:en:Extreme_weather|tepo loapi]] tse di diragalang kgapetsakgapetsa tse di jaaka [[:en:Drought|komelelo]], [[:en:Flood|merwalela]], le [[:en:Sea_surface_temperature|megote e e tlhatlogang ya boalogodimo jwa lewatle]] go ralala karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng. Diphetogo tse di tshosetsa tshireletsego ya [[:en:Food_security|dijo]] le [[:en:Water_security|tshireletsego ya metsi]], [[:en:Biodiversity|mefutafuta ya ditshedi]], [[:en:Public_health|boitekanelo jwa setšhaba]], le [[:en:Economic_development|tlhabololo ya itsholelo]].<ref name=":0">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (22 June 2023). "Africa". ''[https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009325844/type/book Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (1&#x20;ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.&#x20;1285–1456. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/9781009325844.011|10.1017/9781009325844.011]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-009-32584-4|978-1-009-32584-4]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>United Nations, UNEP (2017). "[http://www.unep.org/regions/africa/regional-initiatives/responding-climate-change Responding to climate change]". ''UNEP – UN Environment Programme''. Retrieved 1 July 2022.</ref> Aforika gone jaana e thuthafala ka bonako go feta lefatshe lotlhe ka palogare.<ref>World Meterological Organization (2 September 2024). [https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/africa-faces-disproportionate-burden-from-climate-change-and-adaptation-costs "Africa faces disproportionate burden from climate change and adaptation costs]". ''World Meteorological Organization''. Retrieved 16 September 2025.</ref> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e gakatsa matshosetsi a a leng teng a loago le itsholelo. Dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa baagi ba Aforika di ikaegile ka matshelo a a bosisi mo seemong sa bosa jaaka temothuo (karolo ya masome a matlhano le botlhano go ya kwa masome a marataro le bobedi mo lekgolong ya badiri mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara)<ref>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (22 June 2023). "Africa". ''[https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009325844/type/book Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (1&#x20;ed.). Cambridge University Press. p.&#x20;1289. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/9781009325844.011|10.1017/9781009325844.011]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-009-32584-4|978-1-009-32584-4]]</bdi>.</ref> mme di setse di tshela mo lehumeng, se se oketsang go tlhagelela ga bona mo ditshosong. Ditlamorago tsa botsogo di nna maswe le go feta fa [[:en:Hyperthermia|kgatelelo ya mogote]], [[:en:Disease_vector|malwetse a a tshelanwang ke dibopiwa tse di ananmisang bolwetse]] (a a tshwanang le [[:en:Malaria|malaria]] le [[:en:Dengue_fever|dengue]]), le letlhoko la dikotla di ntse di anama thata. Go feta sephatlo e leng karolong ya masome a matlhano le borataro mo lekgolong (56%) ya ditiragalo tse di fetang dikete tse pedi tse di kwadilweng tsa boitekanelo jwa setšhaba mo Aforika magareng ga ngwaga wa 2001 le ngwaga wa 2021 di ne di amana le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>Africa CDC (7 July 2025). ''[https://africacdc.org/download/climate-change-and-health-strategic-framework-2025/ Climate Change and Health: Strategic Framework 2025]''. p.&#x20;vii.</ref> [[:en:Resource_depletion|Tlhaelo ya didirisiwa]] e na le seabe mo go fudugeng le dikgotlhang, bogolosegolo mo dikgaolong tse di bokoa. Mafelo a ditoropo, a gantsi a tlhaolwang ke mafelo a bonno a a sa tlhomamang, a lebane le dikotsi tse di kwa godimo tsa morwalela le mogote o o feteletseng.<ref name=":0" /> Temothuo ke nngwe ya makalana a a mo kotsing thata, ka bontsi jwa balemirui ba Aforika ba ikaegile ka dijalo tse di [[:en:Rainfed_agriculture|nosetswang ke pula]]. Pula e e fokoditsweng le e e sa bonelwang pele, e kopantswe le megote e e kwa godimo, e kgweetsa tatlhegelo ya bongola jwa mmu, [[:en:Desertification_in_Africa|go nna sekaka]] (bogolosegolo kwa [[:en:Sahara|Sahara]]) le go sutisa mafelo a a tshwanetseng a go gola. Diphetogo tse di fokotsa thobo ya dijalo tsa konokono, di nyatsa tshireletsego ya dijo le go gakatsa tlala. Boitekanelo jwa [[:en:Livestock|leruo]] bo ntse bo tsenngwa mo kotsing thata ke kgatelelo ya mogote le go fetoga ga mekgwa ya malwetse. Dithulaganyo tsa tikologo tsa lebopo le tsa lewatle di lebane le mawatle a a thuthafetseng le [[:en:Sea_level_rise|maemo a a tlhatlogang]], se se tshosetsang batshwaraditlhapi le mafelo a a nang le batho ba le bantsi a a mo lebopong.<ref>Fonjong, Lotsmart; Matose, Frank; Sonnenfeld, David A. (1 December 2024). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095937802400116X "Climate change in Africa: Impacts, adaptation, and policy responses"]. ''Global Environmental Change''. '''89''' 102912. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024GEC....8902912F 2024GEC....8902912F]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2024.102912|10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2024.102912]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-3780 0959-3780].</ref> Ditshenyegelo tsa itsholelo tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa di maswe thata. Ka palogare mafatshe a Aforika a lebane le ditatlhegelo tse di amanang le seemo sa bosa tse di fitlhang ko karolong ya bobedi go ya kwa botlhanong mo lekgolong ya [[:en:Gross_domestic_product|Palogotlhe ya Boleng jwa Ditlhagiso tsa Naga(GDP)]] ka ngwaga, fa ditshenyegelo tsa go [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|tlwaela]] mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahran di akanyediwa go nna didikadike tsa di dilara tsa lefatshe la USA di le masome a mararo go yab kwa masomemg a matlhano (USD 30-50 billion) ka ngwaga mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di tlang. Se se tshosetsa dipoelo tsa tlhabololo le go baya kgatelelo mo dipusong le mo ditheong tsa boditšhabatšhaba go kokoanya [[:en:Climate_finance|matlole a seemo sa bosa]].<ref>World Meteorological Organization (2024). ''[https://uneca.org/sites/default/files/ACPC/publication/State-of-the-Climate-in-Africa-2023_en.pdf State of the Climate in Africa: 2023]'' (PDF). Geneva. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-63-11360-3|978-92-63-11360-3]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>European Investment Bank (19 October 2022). ''[https://www.eib.org/en/publications/finance-in-africa-navigating-the-financial-landscape-in-turbulent-times Finance in Africa - Navigating the financial landscape in turbulent times]''. European Investment Bank. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5382-2|978-92-861-5382-2]]</bdi>.</ref> Maano a Aforika a go itlwaetsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa a tsepamisitse mogopolo mo go ageng nonofo ka [[:en:Climate-smart_agriculture|temothuo e e botlhale mo]] [[:en:Climate-smart_agriculture|seemong sa bosa]] , [[:en:Water_management|taolo ya metsi]] e e tswelelang, [[:en:Environmental_protection|tshomarelo ya tikologo]], le go matlafatsa dithulaganyo tsa boitekanelo le tsa mafaratlhatlha. Mekgwa e e baya kwa pele go tokafatsa puso, go kokoanya matlole le dipeeletso tsa seemo sa bosa, le go rotloetsa go tsaya karolo ga baagi go samagana le go nna mo kotsing ka botlalo.<ref>Tadesse, Debay (1 December 2010). [https://issafrica.org/research/papers/the-impact-of-climate-change-in-africa "The impact of climate change in Africa"]. ''ISS Africa''. Retrieved 16 September 2025.</ref><ref>Badji, Arfang; Ibanda, Angele; Akello, Sarah; Ekwamu, Adipala (2022). [https://afjrdev.org/index.php/jos/article/view/410 "Climate change impacts and adaptation strategies in Africa: Selected case studies"]. ''African Journal of Rural Development''. '''7''' (3): 209–274. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2415-2838 2415-2838].</ref><ref>Ngongolo, Kelvin; Gayo, Leopody (21 May 2025). [[doi:10.3389/past.2025.14225|"Climate change impacts and mitigation strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa's livestock production sector. A brief review"]]. ''Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice''. '''15''' 14225. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025Pasto..1514225N :2025Pasto..1514225N.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3389/past.2025.14225|10.3389/past.2025.14225]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-7136 2041-7136].</ref>Matlhomeso a karolo kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mangwe le a bosetšhaba a gatelela kgokagano ya makalana a mantsi, kamogelo ya maranyane, le kago ya bokgoni go tshegetsa tlhabololo e e tswelelang le go fokotsa [[:en:Climate_risk|dikotsi tsa seemo sa bosa]].<ref>African Union (28 June 2022). [https://au.int/en/documents/20220628/african-union-climate-change-and-resilient-development-strategy-and-action-plan ''African Union Climate Change and Resilient Development Strategy and Action Plan (2022-2032)''.] African Union.</ref> == Pabalesego ya metsi le go senyega ga metswedi == [[Setshwantsho:View of the surrounding at the Lake Kariba with hippos (6910358407).jpg|thumb|Lekadiba la Kariba]] Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e dira jaaka selo se segolo se se sa tlhomamang ga tshireletsego ya metsi go ralala karolo kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi ya Aforika, ka ditikologo tsa metsi tse di bontshang go sa tlhomama go go oketsegileng. Go ya ka pegelo ya Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe wa Maemo a Bosa (WMO) ya ''Seemo sa'' ''sa bosa mo Aforika ya ngwaga wa 2025'', maemo a bosa a a feteletseng le ditshupo tse di amanang le seemo sa bosa di amile bonnye jwa batho ba le didkadike di le lesome le boraro mme tsa baka dintsho tse di fetang dikete tse tharo tse di begilweng ka ngwaga wa 2025 fela, mme merwalela e ne ya dira go feta sephatlo sa seemo sa bosa sotlhe se se diphatsa.<ref name=":9">"[https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/extreme-weather-and-climate-events-impact-millions-africa-2025 Extreme weather and climate events impact millions in Africa in 2025]". World Meteorological Organization. 18 June 2026. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref>. Go gakala mo ga dikotsi go kgoreletsa go nna teng ga metsi a a fa godimo ga lefatshe le mafaratlhatlha a dikago, go fetola dikotsi tsa seemo sa bosa go nna mathata a metsi a itsholelo a a anameng.<ref>"[https://reliefweb.int/report/world/state-climate-africa-2025-enar State of the Climate in Africa 2025 &#x5B;EN/AR]&#x5D;". World Meteorological Organization via ReliefWeb. 18 June 2026. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> === Diphoso tse dikgolo tsa letamo le motlhamo wa motlakase === Go nna mo kotsing ga dithulaganyo tse dikgolo tsa polokelo ya metsi mo dipharologanong tsa mogote tse di tsayang nako e telele go ne ga bontshiwa ka nako ya komelelo ya kgaolo ya ngwaga wa 2023 go ya kwa ngwageng ya 2025 kwa Borwa jwa Aforika, e e neng ya tlhaolwa jaaka komelelo e e maswe go gaisa e e amileng kgaolo mo dingwageng di feta lekgolo.<ref>[https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/mozambique/southern-africa-el-nino-regional-humanitarian-overview-september-2024 Southern Africa: El Niño Regional Humanitarian Overview] (Report). UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). 20 September 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> E tlhotlhelediwa ke legato le le tseneletseng la El Niño le diphetogo tse di siameng tsa Dipole tsa Lewatle la India, ditlhaelo tsa pula di ne tsa baka go wela tlase ga ditso ga selekanyo sa metsi a Letsha la Kariba, letamo le legolo go gaisa mo Aforika le le dirilweng ke batho ka bogolo jo bo ka tsayang metsi .<ref>[https://wmo.int/resources/publication-series/state-of-climate-africa/state-of-climate-africa-2025 "State of the Climate in Africa 2025 Interactive]". World Meteorological Organization. 18 June 2026. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> Go fokotsega ga bogolo jo bo ka tsayang metsi ya polokelo e e tshelang ya letamo go dirile gore ditlhomo tsa motlakase o o amanang le metsi di se ka tsa kgona go dira, ga pateletsa go kgaoga ga motlakase ka nako e telele le go abelwa metsi a a phepa go ralala mafatshe a Zambia le Zimbabwe, mme ga felela ka dikgoeletso tsa bosetšhaba tsa masetlapelo a komelelo go ralala ditšhaba di le thataro, go akaretsa Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi le Namibia.<ref>[https://reliefweb.int/report/angola/drought-southern-africa-angola-botswana-lesotho-malawi-mozambique-namibia-zambia-zimbabwe-public-health-situation-analysis-phsa-14-october-2024 Drought in Southern Africa: Public Health Situation Analysis] (Report). World Health Organization. 14 October 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> === Kgotlelego ya mafaratlhatlha le sediba se se kgabaganyang melelwane === Go farologana le seo, go akofisa ga ditiragalo tsa pula e e feteletseng go tshoseditse ka go lekana phitlhelelo ya metsi a a phepa. Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ka ngwaga wa 2025, morwalela o o sa tshwanelang le o o bokete wa tshoganyetso kwa Nigeria o ne wa baka dintsho di feta makgolo a mabedi le go fekeetsa mafaratlhatlha a metsi a mmasepala a selegae, mme se sa baka go tlhakana ka tlhamalalo ga metsi a a elelang le mokgatšha wa metsi a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe mo lefelong la ditoropo o o seng ko teng le dithulaganyo tsa diphaephe tsa mmasepala.<ref>[https://wmo.int/resources/publication-series/state-of-climate-africa/state-of-climate-africa-2025 "State of the Climate in Africa 2025]". World Meteorological Organization. 18 June 2026. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> Mo dibeiseneng tse di kgabaganyang melelwane jaaka kgaolo ya Letsha la Chad, thuthafalo e e tswelelang le diphetogo tsa pula e e sa tlhomamang thata di tswelela go fetola bogolo jo bo ka tsayang metsi tsa paka. Dikgobalo tse di tlholang mo lefelong le le leng teng la boalogodimo di nyatsa ka tlhamalalo motheo wa didirisiwa tsa batho ba feta didikadike di le masome a mararo go ralala Nigeria, Niger, Chad, le Cameroon, go bontsha ka fao go sa sireletsega ga metsi mo go bakiwang ke seemo sa bosa go ka dirang jaaka setlhotlheletsi sa tsitsipano ya lefatshe le sepolotiki le go fuduga ka pateletso.<ref name=":9" /> == Ditlamorago == === Selekanyo sa mogote le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa === [[Setshwantsho:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 Africa 1991–2020.svg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa Aforika wa go tlhaola seemo sa bosa sa Köppen ka ngwaga wa 1991 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 2020]] Go etswe tlhoko fa [[:en:Instrumental_temperature_record|mogote wa moalo wa lefatshe]] ka kakaretsoo ile kwa godimo mo Aforika kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe go ya kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi le bongwe ka bokana jwa mogote wa Celcius e le nngwe (1 °C), mme mo gae mogote oo kwa tlase kwa Sahel fa paka e e omeletseng e fela e leselekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius e le boraro (3 °C).<ref name=":3">''Rural societies in the face of climatic and environmental changes in West Africa''. Marseille: IRD éditions. 2017. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-7099-2424-5|<bdi>978-2-7099-2424-5</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#OCLC|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/title/1034784045 1034784045]. Impr. Jouve.</ref>Go thuthafala ga Aforika go oketsegile ka lefela ntlha tharo ya selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius (+0.3 C) go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1991 go ya ko ngwageng wa 2021 fa go bapisiwa le koketsego ya lefela ntlha pedi (+0.2) ka nako ya ngwaga wa 1961 go ya ko ngwageng wa 1910. Go fophakanyediwa olediwa gore ka ngwaga wa 2030, batho ba Aforika ba tla bo ba le mo kotsing ya go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle ka ntlha ya go tlhatloga ga mogote. Se se tla dira gore go [[:en:Agricultural_productivity|ntsha dikungo ga temothuo]] go fokotsege.<ref>Engel, Ulf (2024). Engel, Ulf (ed.). ''Yearbook on the African Union Volume 3 (2022)''. Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar: Brill. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-90-04-68308-2|<bdi>978-90-04-68308-2</bdi>.]]</ref> Diphetogo tsa pula tse di lemogilweng di supa dipharologano tsa sebaka le tsa nako jaaka go solofetswe.<ref name=":10">Collins, Jennifer M. (15 July 2011). [[doi:10.1175/2011JCLI3753.1|"Temperature Variability over Africa]]". ''Journal of Climate''. '''24''' (14): 3649–3666. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JCli...24.3649C 2011JCli...24.3649C]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/2011JCLI3753.1|10.1175/2011JCLI3753.1]].</ref><ref>Niang, I.; O. C. Ruppel; M. A. Abdrabo; A. Essel; C. Lennard; J. Padgham, and P. Urquhart, 2014: Africa. In: ''Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability''. Part B: Regional Aspects. [https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Barros, V. R.; C. B. Field; D. J. Dokken et al. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1199–1265.</ref> Diphetogo tse di lemogilweng mo megoteng le [[:en:Precipitation|pula]] di farologana go ya ka dikgaolo.<ref>Conway, Declan; Persechino, Aurelie; Ardoin-Bardin, Sandra; Hamandawana, Hamisai; Dieulin, Claudine; Mahé, Gil (February 2009). [[doi:10.1175/2008JHM1004.1|"Rainfall and Water Resources Variability in Sub-Saharan Africa during the Twentieth Century"]]. ''Journal of Hydrometeorology''. '''10''' (1): 41–59. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JHyMe..10...41C 2009JHyMe..10...41C.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/2008JHM1004.1|10.1175/2008JHM1004.1]].</ref><ref name=":10" /> Dikai tsa ga jaana tsa seemo sa bosa (jaaka di sobokantswe mo [[:en:IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report|Pegelong ya Tshekatsheko ya Borataro ya IPCC]]) di bonelapele koketsego ya makgetlo le maatla a ditiragalo tsa komelelo le pula e e maatla.<ref name=":4">Armstrong, Andrew; Dyer, Ellen; Koehler, Johanna; Hope, Rob (2022). [[doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102592|"Intra-seasonal rainfall and piped water revenue variability in rural Africa".]] Global Environmental Change. 76 102592. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022GEC....7602592A 2022GEC....7602592A]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102592|10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102592.]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Gape di bonelapele phokotsego ya pula e e magareng mo e ka nnang gongwe le gongwe mo Aforika, ka tshepo e e magareng go ya go e e kwa godimo. Le fa go ntse jalo, diphetogo tsa pula ya selegae le ditirisano tsa loago le seemo sa bosa di ka bonala ka mekgwa e e tlhakaneng. Ka jalo, ditlamorago tse di kopanang tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa di tla farologana go ralala karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a a mantsi mo teng. Mo metseng ya selegae, mekgwa ya pula e tlhotlheletsa tiriso ya metsi.<ref name=":4" /> [[Setshwantsho:Koppen-Geiger Map Africa future.svg|thumb|Setshwantso sa karolo kgolo ya Lefatshe ye naleng mafatshe ya Africa ya dingwaga tsa 2071 go ya kwa 2100 ka fa tlase ga boemo jo bo tseneletseng thata jwa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa . Ditiragalo tsa magareng ga jaana di tsewa di ka nna teng.]] Ditlhotlhomiso tse di dirilweng ka ngwaga wa 2019 di akanyeditse fa paka ya komelelo e tla tsaya lobaka ka nako ya dipula mme gape go nne le dipula tse di matsorotsoro mo Aforika.<ref name=":1">Kendon, Elizabeth J.; Stratton, Rachel A.; Tucker, Simon; Marsham, John H.; Berthou, Ségolène; Rowell, David P.; Senior, Catherine A. (2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6478940/ "Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale"]. ''Nature Communications''. '''10''' (1): 1794. [[bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1794K|Bibcode]]:[[bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1794K|2019NatCo..10.1794K.]] [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-09776-9 10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9.] [[:en:International_Standard_Serial_Number|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:2041-1723 2041-1723]. [[:en:PubMed_Central#PMCID|PMC]][https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6478940/ &nbsp;6478940]. [[:en:PubMed#PubMed_identifier|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31015416/ 31015416.]</ref> Ka mafoko a mangwe "maemo a a feteletseng a bosa a tla gakalela pele".<ref name=":2">"[https://weather.com/news/climate/news/2019-06-18-africa-extreme-weather-drought-flood More Extreme Weather in Africa's Future, Study Says | The Weather Channel – Articles from The Weather Channel | weather.com"]. ''The Weather Channel''. Retrieved 1 July 2022.</ref> Patlisiso e fitlhetse gore bontsi jwa [[:en:Climate_model|dikai tsa seemo sa bosa]] ga di kitla di kgona go bona selekanyo sa diphetogo tseno ka gonne ga di letlelele [[:en:Atmospheric_convection|phetogo]] ya mowa mo dilekanong tsa tsone tse di makgwakgwa.<ref name=":1" /> === Go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle === ''Bona gape : [[:en:Floods_in_Africa|Merwalela mo Aforika]]'' [[Setshwantsho:Dar es Salaam (Aerial).jpg|thumb|Pono e e bonwang kwa godimo ya motsemogolo wa lefatshe la Tanzania, e leng Dar es Salaam.]] Mo [[:en:Africa|Aforika]], [[:en:Population_growth|kgolo ya batho]] mo isagong e oketsa dikotsi tse di bakiwang ke go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle. Batho ba ka nna didikadike di le masome a matlhano le bone ntlha pedi ba ne ba nna mo dikgaolong tsa lebopo tse di kwa tlase tse di tlhagelelang thata (LECZ) ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000. Palo e e tla menagana gabedi go fitlha go batho ba ka nna didikadike di le lekgolo le lesome ka dingwaga tsa bo 2030. Ka ngwaga wa 2060 e tla bo e le batho ba ka nna didikadike di le lekgolo le masome a borobabobedi le botlhano go ya go ko makgolong a mabedi le boraro, go ikaegile ka selekanyo sa kgolo ya baagi. Palogare ya tlhatlogo ya bogodimo jwa lewatle jwa kgaolo e tla nna mo tikologong ya selekanyo sa boleele jwa di centimetara di le masome a mabedi le bongwe ka ngwaga wa 2060. Ka nako eo ditiragalo tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ga di kitla di dira pharologanyo e ntsi. Mme thutafatshe ya selegae le diphetogo tsa baagi di dirisana go oketsa go tlhagelela mo dikotsing tse di jaaka merwalela ya dingwaga di le lekgolo ka tsela e e raraaneng.<ref name=":5">Trisos, C. H., I. O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N. P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf Chapter 9: Africa]. In Climate [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E. S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, New York, US, pp. 2043–2121 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.011.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Abidjan des Lagune.jpg|thumb|Abidjan, e leng toropo e e nonofileng thata ya ikonomi ya Ivory Coast]] {| class="wikitable" |+Dipalopalo tsa batho mo dipoeng tsa merwalela tsa dingwaga di le 100.<ref name=":5" /> !Lefatshe !2000 !2030 !2060 !Kgolo go ya ngwaga wa 2000 goya kwa ngwageng wa 2060 |- |Egypt |7.4 |13.8 |20.7 |0.28 |- |Nigeria |0.1 |0.3 |0.9 |0.84 |- |Senegal |0.4 |1.1 |2.7 |0.76 |- |Benin |0.1 |0.6 |1.6 |1.12 |- |Tanzania |0.2 |0.9 |4.3 |2.3 |- |Somalia |0.2 |0.6 |2.7 |1.7 |- |Cote d'Ivoire |0.1 |0.3 |0.7 |0.65 |- |Mozambique |0.7 |1.4 |2.5 |0.36 |} # Mo didikadikeng tsa batho. Kholomo ya bobedi le ya boraro di akaretsa bobedi ditlamorago tsa kgolo ya baagi le bogolo jo bo oketsegileng jwa dipoa tsa morwalela ka nako eo. # Koketsego ya baagi ba lefelo le boemo jo bo kwa godimo jo bo utlwalang jwa kgolo ya baagi. [[Setshwantsho:ANKOMAH 20221122-009.jpg|thumb|Monna mongwe o lebile kwa ntle kwa lotshitshing lwa lewatle a le mo kagong e e sentsweng ke makhubu a a kwa godimo kwa [[:en:Chorkor|Chorkor]], e leng torotswana ya [[:en:Accra|Accra]]. Morwalela wa letsatsi le letsatsi o o bakiwang ke go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle, o oketsa [[:en:Coastal_erosion|kgogolego ya mabopo]] e e senyang matlo, mafaratlhatlha le dithulaganyo tsa tlholego tsa tikologo. Baagi ba le mmalwa kwa Coastal Ghana ba setse ba itemogela go fetoga ga makhubu a lewatle.]] Mo pakeng e e gaufi, go lebeletswe gore go fuduga mo gogolo go tla diragala mo kgaolong ya [[:en:East_Africa|Botlhaba jwa Aforika]] . Bonnye jwa batho ba le dikete tse makgolo a supa le botlhano koo go ka direga gore ba fudusiwe go tswa kwa mabopong magareng ga dingwaga tsa 2020 le 2050. Dithutopatlisiso tsa saense di akanyeditse gore ditoropo tse dikgolo di le lesome le bobedi tsa Aforika di tla tshegetsa tshenyo e e kokoantsweng ya didikadike tsa dilora tsa USA di le masome a marataro le botlhano ka ntlha ya boemo jwa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa jo bo "magareng" jwa [[:en:Representative_Concentration_Pathway|RCP4.5]] ka ngwaga wa 2050. Ditoropo tse Abidjan, Alexandria, Algiers, Cape Town, Casablanca, Dakar, Dar es Salaam, Durban, Lagos, Lomé, Luanda le Maputo. Ka fa tlase ga boemo jwa go ntsha mesi e e kwa godimo jwa RCP8.5 tshenyo e tla fitlha didikadike tsa di dolara tsa lefatshe la USA di le masome a borobabobedi le boratatro ntlha tlhano. Mofuta wa boemo jwa go ntsha mesi e e kwa godimo jo bo nang le ditlamorago tse dingwe go tswa mo go sa tlhomamang ga aese e e kwa godimo go tla akaretsa ditshenyegelo tse di ka fitlhang go didikadike tsa di dolara tsa lefatshe la USA di le lekgolo le masome a mararo le bosupa ntlha tlhano. Tshenyo e e tswang mo ditiragalong tse tharo tse di ikarabelang mo godimo ga "ditiragalo tse di nang le kgonagalo e e kwa tlase, tse di nang le tshenyo e e kwa godimo" e tla tlhatlogela kwa go didikadikeng tsa di dolara di le lekgolo le masome a borobabobedi le bosupa, tse makgolo a mabei le borataro le makgolo a mararo le masome a a borobabongwe le bosupa ka go latelana.<ref name=":5" /> Mo dikakanyetsong tse, motsemogolo wa Egepeto wa Alexandria o le nosi o dira mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa palo e.<ref name=":5" /> Batho ba le diketekete tse di makgolokgolo mo mafelong a yone a a kwa tlase ba ka tswa ba setse ba tlhoka go fuduga mo dingwageng tse di lesome tse di tlang.<ref>Michaelson, Ruth (25 August 2018). [https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/aug/29/alexandria-little-venice-egypt-climate-change-frontline "Houses claimed by the canal: life on Egypt's climate change frontline"]. [[:en:The_Guardian|The Guardian]]. Retrieved 30 August 2018.</ref> Go ralala Aforika o o kwa [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|borwa jwa Sahara]] ka kakaretso, tshenyo e e bakiwang ke go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle e ka fitlha karolo ya bobedi go ya kwa boneng mo lekgolong ya GDP ka ngwaga wa 2050. Le fa go ntse jalo palo e e ikaegile ka selekanyo sa [[:en:Economic_growth|kgolo ya itsholelo]] ya isago le [[:en:Adaptation|go tlwaela]].<ref name=":5" /> [[Setshwantsho:Leptis Magna amphitheatre - panoramio.jpg|left|thumb|Masalela a [[:en:Amphitheater|lefelo la bobogelo]] la Leptis Magna, mme lewatle le bonala kwa morago]] Mo pakeng e telele, Egepeto, Mozambique le Tanzania di ka nna le palo e kgolo ya batho ba ba amiwang ke morwalela wa ngwaga le ngwaga mo dinageng tsotlhe tsa Aforika. Tekanyetso e e tsaya gore thuthafalo ya lefatshe e tla fitlha selekanyo sa mogote wa Celcius tse nne (4 °C) kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga. Tlhatlhogo eo e amana le boemo jwa RCP8.5. Ka fa tlase ga RCP8.5, mafelo a botlhokwa a setso a le lesome a ne a tla bo a le mo kotsing ya morwalela le kgogolego kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo. Tsena ke [[:en:Casbah_of_Algiers|Casbah ya Algiers]], [[:en:Carthage#Archaeological_site|Lefelo la Boepi la Carthage]], [[:en:Kerkouane|Kerkouane]], Leptis Magna Lefelo la Boepi, Medina wa Sousse, Medina wa Tunis, Lefelo la Boepi la Sabratha, Setlhaketlhake sa Robben, Setlhaketlhake sa Saint-Louis le Tipasa. Palogotlhe ya lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Ramsar_site|mafelo a Ramsar]] le mafelo a mangwe a boswa jwa tlholego a ne a tla lebana le dikotsi tse di tshwanang. Tseno ke [[:en:Bao_Bolong_Wetland_Reserve|Lefelo la Polokelo ya Lefelo le le Metsi la Bao Bolong]][[:en:Delta_du_Saloum_National_Park|,Lefelo la Bosetšhaba ya Delta du Saloum]], [[:en:Diawling_National_Park|Lefelo la Bosetšhaba ya Diawling]], Kolofo ya Boughrara, Kalissaye, Letsha la Lewatle le Lefelo la Mejerda, [[:en:Marromeu_Game_Reserve|Lefelo la Tshireletso ya Diphologolo tsa Marromeu]], Lefelo la Tshireletso ya Diphologolo tsa Diphologolo tsa Marromeu, Lefelo la Tshireletso la Tlhago la Ditlhare tsa Mangrove le Lefelo la Polokelo ya Diphologolo tsa Seal, Essed, Sebkhet Soliman, Lefelo la Tlhago la Kgatlhego ya Setšhaba la Somone, [[:en:Songhor_Lagoon|Lefelo la Tlhago la Ditshedi la Songor]], [[:en:Tanbi_Wetland_Complex|Lefelo]] [[:en:Tanbi_Wetland_Complex|le le dikago tse dintsi la Metsi la Tanbi]] le [[:en:Watamu_Marine_National_Park|Lefelo la Bosetšhaba ya Lewatle ya Watamu]].<ref name=":5" /> == Ditlamorago tsa loago le itsholelo == [[Setshwantsho:Access to wood and water appears to be severely impacted by climate change in Kenya and Cameroon.png|thumb|Dipholo tsa patlisiso go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2022 di bontsha gore go bonala dikgong le metsi go amiwa thata ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa kwa Kenya le kwa Cameroon<ref>Bank, European Investment (5 June 2023). ''[https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230098-eib-climate-survey-africa-and-middle-east The EIB Climate Survey: Africa and the Middle East]''. European Investment Bank. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5534-5|<bdi>978-92-861-5534-5</bdi>.]]</ref>]] [[:en:Climate_change|Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa]] e tla ama Aforika ka bontsi ka ntlha ya mabaka a le mantsi. Ditlamorago tse di setse di utlwiwa mme di tla oketsega ka bogolo fa go sa tsewe dikgato tsa go fokotsa mesi ya khabone mo lefatsheng lotlhe. Ditlamorago di akaretsa megote e e kwa godimo, komelelo, go fetoga ga mekgwa ya pula, le go fetoga fetoga mo go oketsegileng ga seemo sa bosa. Maemo a a na le tshusumetso mo go direng le go diriseng ga maatla. Komelelo ya sešweng mo [[:en:African_countries|mafatsheng a a mantsi a Aforika]], e e ntseng e golaganngwa le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, e amile ka tsela e e sa siamang bobedi jwa [[:en:Energy_security|tshireletsego ya maatla]] le kgolo ya itsholelo go ralala karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng. Aforika e tla nna nngwe ya dikgaolo tse di amiwang thata ke ditlamorago tse di sa siamang tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>''[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf Africa. In: Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (PDF). 2014.</ref> Mabaka a go nna mo kotsing ga Aforika a farologane mme a akaretsa maemo a a kwa tlase a bokgoni jwa go tlwaela, go anamisiwa mo go bokoa ga maranyane, le tshedimosetso e e maleba go tshegetsa go tlwaela, le go ikaega thata ka dithulaganyo tsa temothuo go bona matshelo.<ref>Welborn, Lily (2018). ''Africa and climate change: Projecting vulnerability and adaptive capacity''. Institute for Security Studies.</ref> Mafatshe a le mantsi go ralala Aforika a tlhaolwa jaaka [[:en:Least_Developed_Countries|mafatshe a a sa Tlhabologang thata]] (LDCs) tse di nang le maemo a a bokoa a loago le itsholelo, mme ka ntlha ya se di lebagane le dikgwetlho tse di rileng mo go tsibogeleng ditlamorago tsa [[:en:Climate_change|phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.]]<ref>UNDP/GEF (2018). ''[https://www.thegef.org/sites/default/files/publications/CCA-Africa-Final.pdf Climate Change Adaptation in Africa UNDP: Synthesis of Experiences and Recommendations]'' (PDF). UNDP/GEF.</ref> Dikotsi tse di bonalang tse di supilweng mo Aforika mo [[:en:IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report|Pegelong ya Tlhatlhobo ya Botlhano]] ya [[:en:Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change|IPCC]] di amana le dithulaganyo tsa tikologo, [[:en:Water_resources|go nna teng ga metsi]], le dithulaganyo tsa temothuo, ka ditlamorago mo tshireletsegong ya dijo.<ref name=":16">''[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf Africa. In: Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (PDF). 2014.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2022, batho ba feta sekete di le borataro ba ba arabileng go tswa kwa mafatsheng a le lesome aAforika ba ne ba tsaya karolo mo patlisisong ya seemo sa bosa se se neng sa dirwa ke [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|Banka ya Dipeeletso karolokgolo ya lefatshe se se naleng mafatshe a mantsi sa Europe]].<ref name=":6">"[https://www.eib.org/en/surveys/climate-survey/5th-climate-survey/africa.htm 2022-2023 EIB Climate Survey, part 1 of 2: 88% of respondents believe that climate change is already affecting their everyday life]". ''EIB.org''. Retrieved 28 February 2023.</ref> Patlisiso e fitlhetse gore karolo ya masome a borobabobebdi le borobabobedi ya ba ba arabilweng ba boletse fa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e utlwisa matshelo a bone botlhoko, fa karolo ya masome a marataro le bongwe mo lekgolong ya ba ba arabilweng ba boletse fa [[:en:Environmental_degradation|tshenyo ya tikologo]] e amile lotseno lwa bone kgotsa motswedi wa matshelo a bone.<ref>[https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2022-554-eib-climate-survey-88-of-african-respondents-believe-that-climate-change-is-already-affecting-their-everyday-life "EIB Climate Survey: 88% of African respondents believe that climate change is already affecting their everyday life"]. ''European Investment Bank''. Retrieved 28 February 2023.</ref> Ditatlhegelo tse gantsi di bakwa ke [[:en:Drought|komelelo]] e e tseneletseng, go oketsega ga bogodimo jwa lewatle kgotsa [[:en:Coastal_erosion|kgogolego ya mabopo]], kgotsa ditiragalo tse di feteletseng tsa maemo a bosa jaaka [[:en:Flood|merwalela]] kgotsa ditsuatsue.<ref name=":6" /> Go feta sephatlo sa batho ba ba arabilweng ba Aforika (karolo ya masome a matlhano le bosupa mo lekgolong) ba rile bone kgotsa batho ba ba ba itseng ba setse ba tsere dikgato tsa go tlwaela ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa. Gareng ga dikgato tse ke dipeeletso mo didirisweng tse di somarelang metsi go fokotsa ditlamorago tsa komelelo le go phepafatsa mesele ya metsi pele ga morwalela.<ref name=":6" /> Karolo ya masome a mararo le bone mo lekgolong ya batho botlhe ba ba arabilweng ba Aforika ba rile phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ke nngwe ya dintlha tse di botlhokwa thata tse di lebaganeng le lefatshe la bona, gareng ga dintlha tse dingwe tsa botlhokwa tse di jaaka [[:en:Inflation|koketsego]] ya ditlhwatlhwa le phitlhelelo ya [[:en:Health_care|tlhokomelo ya boitekanelo]].<ref name=":6" /> === Ditlamorago tsa itsholelo === Afrika e thuthafala ka bonako go feta lefatshe lotlhe ka palogare. Dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa karolokgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng di ka nna tsa se ka tsa agiwa ka ntlha ya seo mme palogotlhe ya [[:en:Gross_domestic_product|dikumo tsa selegae tsa Aforika]] (GDP) e ka nna ya fokotsega ka karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong ka ntlha ya tlhatlogo ya selekanyo sa mogote wa Celcius e le nngwe (1 °C) ya mogote ya palogare ya lefatshe, le ka karolo ya lesome le bobedi mo lekgolong (12%) ka ntlha ya tlhatlogo ya selekanyo sa mogote wa karolo ya Celcius ya bone (4 °C) ya mogote. Dithobo tsa dijalo di solofetswe go fokotsega thata ka ntlha ya go tlhatloga ga mogote mme go solofetswe gore dipula tse di maatla di tla na kgapetsakgapetsa le ka maatla mo Aforika yotlhe, go oketsa kotsi ya merwalela.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#CITEREFEuropean_Investment_Bank2022c|European Investment Bank 2022c]].</ref><ref>[https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/climate-change-triggers-mounting-food-insecurity-poverty-and-displacement-africa "Climate change triggers mounting food insecurity, poverty and displacement in Africa]". ''public.wmo.int''. 18 October 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</ref><ref>"[https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2018-march-2019/global-warming-severe-consequences-africa Global warming: severe consequences for Africa]". ''Africa Renewal''. 7 December 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</ref><ref>[https://unfccc.int/news/climate-change-is-an-increasing-threat-to-africa "Climate Change Is an Increasing Threat to Africa]". ''United Nations Climate Change News''. 27 October 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, Aforika e latlhegelwa ke madi a a fa gare ga didolara di le didikadike di le supa le didolara di le didikaike di le lesome le botlhano ka ngwaga ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, mme go lebeletswe gore e tla fitlha go didolara di le didikadike di le masome a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 2030.<ref>Rathi, Akshat; Rao, Mythili (2 May 2024). "[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-05-02/inside-the-bank-financing-africa-s-green-growth One Bank Is Turning Africa's Climate Vulnerability Into Opportunity]". ''www.bloomberg.com''. Retrieved 11 May 2024.</ref> ==== Temothuo ==== ''Pego e kgolo: [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture#Africa|Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo temothuong § Aforika]]'' Temothuo ke lekalana le le botlhokwa thata mo Aforika, le le nang le seabe mo matshelong le mo itsholelong go ralala karolo e kgolo ya Lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng. Batho ba le bantsi ba ikaegile ka temothuo jaaka tsela ya go ikaga mo itsholelong le motswedi wa dijo. Ba le bantsi ba ikaegile ka metswedi e e bosisi mo seemong sa bosa. Go akanyediwa gore tiro ya dijalo e tlaa fokotsega go ralala Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara. Ka palogare, temothuo mo Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara e na le seabe sa karolo ya lesome le botlhano mo lekgolong ya GDP yotlhe.<ref name=":7">OECD/FAO (2016). ''[http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5778e.pdf OECD‑FAO Agricultural Outlook 2016‑2025]'' (PDF). OECD Publishing. pp.&#x20;59–61. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-64-25323-0|<bdi>978-92-64-25323-0</bdi>.]]</ref> Thutafatshe ya Aforika e dira gore e nne mo kotsing thata ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, mme karolo ya masome a supa mo lekgolong ya baagi ba ikaegile ka temothuo e e fepiwang ka pula go itshedisa.<ref>Läderach, Peter; Martinez-Valle, Armando; Bourgoin, Clement; Parker, Louis (27 March 2019). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6436735 Vulnerability of the agricultural sector to climate change: The development of a pan-tropical Climate Risk Vulnerability Assessment to inform sub-national decision making"]. ''PLOS ONE''. '''14''' (3) e0213641. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PLoSO..1413641P 2019PLoSO..1413641P.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213641|10.1371/journal.pone.0213641.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6436735 6436735]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30917146 30917146].</ref> [[:en:Smallholding|Dipolase tse dinnye]] di dira karolo ya masome a borobabobedi mo lekgolong ya masimo a a lengwang mo Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara.<ref name=":7" /> IPCC ka ngwaga wa 2007 e ne ya akanyetsa gore go fetoga ga seemo sa bosa le phetogo go tla tsenya ntshodikuno ya temothuo mo kotsing thata le phitlhelelo ya dijo<ref>Parry, M. L.; et&#x20;al., eds. (2007). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20181102223635/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/spmsspm-c.html Summary for Policymakers: C. Current knowledge about future impacts]". ''Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change''. Cambridge University Press. Archived from [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/spmsspm-c.html the original] on 2 November 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</ref>:(tsebe ya lesome le boraro) Tekanyetso e e ne ya abelwa "tshepo e e kwa godimo". Dithulaganyo tsa dijalo, leruo le botshwaraditlhapi di tla nna mo kotsing e kgolo ya disenyi le malwetse ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ya isago.<ref name=":8">Dhanush, D.; Bett, B. K.; Boone, R. B.; Grace, D.; Kinyangi, J.; Lindahl, J. F.; Mohan, C. V.; Ramírez Villegas, J.; Robinson, T. P.; Rosenstock, T. S.; Smith, J. (2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230716201342/https://cgspace.cgiar.org/rest/bitstreams/55241/retrieve "Impact of climate change on African agriculture: focus on pests and diseases]". ''CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security''.</ref> Disenyi tsa dijalo di setse di dira mo e ka nnang bongwe mo borartarong ya ditatlhegelo tsa ntshodikuno ya polase.<ref name=":8" /> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e tla itlhaganedisa go anama ga disenyi le malwetse le go oketsa go diragala ga ditiragalo tse di nang le ditlamorago tse di masisi.<ref name=":8" /> Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa boswa mo ntshokunong ya temothuo mo Aforika di tla nna le ditlamorago tse di masisi mo tshireletsegong ya dijo le mo matshelong. Go tlhoka dikotla tse di farologaneng go ne ga baka go palelwa ke go ja dikotla dingwe tse di botlhokwa. Go tlhoka dikotla tse go ka baka tlhaelo ya vitamin A le madi. Se se ne se tlwaelegile thata go bonwa ka dinako tsa komelelo le tlhaelo ya dijo ka gonne ditlhopho di ne di le mmalwa.[citation needed] Magareng ga ngwaga wa 2014 le ngwaga wa 2018, Aforika e ne e na le maemo a a kwa godimo a go tlhoka tshireletsego ya dijo mo lefatsheng.<ref>''[http://www.fao.org/state-of-food-security-nutrition/en/ SOFI 2019 – The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World]''. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2021. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4060/CB4474EN|10.4060/CB4474EN.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-5-134325-8|<bdi>978-92-5-134325-8</bdi>.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241785130 241785130].</ref> Mabapi le dithulaganyo tsa temothuo, go ikaega thata ka temothuo ya go iphedisa e e fepiwang ke pula le kamogelo e e kwa tlase ya [[:en:Climate_smart_agriculture|mekgwa ya temothuo e e botlhale]] ya seemo sa bosa go na le seabe mo maemong a a kwa godimo a go nna mo kotsing ga lekalana. Seemo se okediwa ke go sa ikanyege ga, le phitlhelelo ya, tshedimosetso ya seemo sa bosa le tshedimosetso go tshegetsa dikgato tsa go tlwaela.<ref>Dinku, Tufa. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221101070648/https://ictupdate.cta.int/en/article/overcoming-challenges-in-the-availability-and-use-of-climate-data-in-africa-sid06fd8a811-e179-4fa5-9c8f-806bd2f27c3e "Overcoming challenges in the availability and use of climate data in Africa]". ''ICT Update CTA''. Archived from [https://ictupdate.cta.int/en/article/overcoming-challenges-in-the-availability-and-use-of-climate-data-in-africa-sid06fd8a811-e179-4fa5-9c8f-806bd2f27c3e the original] on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</ref> Dikgoreletsi tse di lemogilweng le tse di akanyediwang mo mekgweng ya pula ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa di ka nna tsa khutshwafatsa dipaka tsa go gola le go ama thobo ya dijalo mo dikarolong di le dintsi tsa Aforika. Go feta moo, lekalana la temothuo mo Aforika le laolwa ke balemi ba banyennyane ba nang le phihlello e lekanyeditsweng ya maranyane le mehlodi ya go tlwaela.<ref>"[https://www.cropscience.bayer.com/en/stories/2018/supporting-sub-saharan-africas-farmers-closing-the-gap Supporting Sub-Saharan Africa's Farmers – Bayer – Crop Science]". ''www.cropscience.bayer.com''. Retrieved 15 August 2019.</ref> == Maatla == [[Setshwantsho:M-Power solar in Tanzania (1080).jpg|thumb|Dipone tsa letsatsi le motlakase di tsentswe mo lapeng la mosadi mongwe wa kwa Tanzania.]] Ka palo ya batho e e oketsegang le tlhokego e e tsamaelanang ya maatla, tshireletsego ya maatla e tshwanetse go rarabololwa ka gonne maatla a botlhokwa mo tlhabololong e e tswelelang. Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e amile makalana a maatla mo Aforika jaaka fa mafatshe a le mantsi a ikaegile ka tlhagiso ya maatla a metsi. Go fokotsega ga maemo a pula le komelelo go dirile gore maemo a metsi a nne kwa tlase mo matamong a a nang le ditlamorago tse di sa siamang mo go tlhagiseng maatla a metsi. Se se dirile gore go nne le tlhagiso e e kwa tlase ya maatla a motlakase, ditshenyegelo tse di kwa godimo tsa motlakase le go kgaoga ga motlakase kgotsa go kgaoga ga motlakase mo mafatsheng a mangwe a Aforika a a ikaegileng ka tlhagiso ya motlakase o o dirisiwang ka metsi. Dikgoreletsi tsa go dira maatla a metsi di amile makala a a farologaneng mo mafatsheng jaaka [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]], [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] le [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] ka tsela e e sa siamang. == Letlhoko la metsi == [[Setshwantsho:Water Shortage in Ethiopia (935).jpg|thumb|Tlhaelo ya metsi kwa lefatsheng la Ethiiopia]] Boleng le go nna teng ga metsi go senyegile mo mafelong a le mantsi a Aforika, bogolosegolo ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>Rankoana, Sejabaledi Agnes (1 January 2020). [[doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2020-0033|"Climate change impacts on water resources in a rural community in Limpopo province, South Africa: a community-based adaptation to water insecurity"]]. ''International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management''. '''12''' (5): 587–598. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020IJCCS..12..587R 2020IJCCS..12..587R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2020-0033|10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2020-0033]].</ref> Metswedi ya metsi e mo kotsing mme e na le kgonagalo ya go amiwa thata ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ka ditlamorago tse dikgolo mo merafeng ya batho.<ref>[https://www.ipcc.ch/publication/climate-change-and-water-2/ "Climate Change and Water — IPCC]". Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> IPCC e bonelapele gore didikadike tsa batho mo Aforika di tla nna di lebane le kgatelelo e e oketsegileng ya metsi ka ntlha ya go fetoga ga seemo sa bosa le phetogo ([[:en:IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report|IPCC ngwaga wa 2013]]). Diphetogo mo mekgweng ya pula di ama ka tlhamalalo [[:en:Surface_runoff|go elela ga metsi mo godimo ga lefatshe]] le go nna teng ga metsi.<ref>Fowler, H. J.; Blenkinsop, S.; Tebaldi, C. (October 2007). "Linking climate change modelling to impacts studies: recent advances in downscaling techniques for hydrological modelling". ''International Journal of Climatology''. 27 (12): 1547–1578. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007IJCli..27.1547F 2007IJCli..27.1547F.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Water_Shortage_in_Ethiopia_%28935%29.jpg/500px-Water_Shortage_in_Ethiopia_%28935%29.jpg 10.1002/joc.1556]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53472608 53472608].</ref> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e ka gakatsa gape mafelo a a nang le kgatelelo ya metsi go ralala Aforika – sekai, lefelo la Rufiji kwa Tanzania<ref>Conway, Declan; Geressu, Robel; Harou, Julien; Kashaigili, Japhet; Pettinotti, L.; Siderius, Christian (2019). [https://futureclimateafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/tanzania_rufiji_river_basin_brief.pdf "Designing a process for assessing climate resilience in Tanzania's Rufiji basin]" (PDF). ''FCFA Country Brief''.</ref> – ka ntlha ya tiriso e e farologaneng ya lefatshe, le dikgwetlho tse di raraaneng tsa loago le sepolotiki. Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo karolokgolong ya lefasthe e e naleng mafatshe a a mantsi mo teng ya Aforika e fetotse thata modikologo wa metsi kgotsa wa metsi wa Aforika ka go dira gore pula e se ka ya tlhomama, go oketsa bogale jwa merwalela le komelelo, go fokotsa go ikanyega ga metsi a a kwa godimo le a a fa fatshe le gape go itlhaganedisa seelo sa mowafalo. Diphetogo tse tsa seemo sa bosa di dirile gore go nne le metsi a a dirisiwang mo gae le mo temothuong, go dira maatla ka bontsi jwa dinaga mo Aforika di dira maatla a tsona go tswa mo metsing le gape go tswelela ga thulaganyo ya tikologo mo Aforika.<ref name=":11">Isaacman, Allen; Musemwa, Muchaparara (1 October 2021). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355000708_Water_Security_in_Africa_in_the_Age_of_Global_Climate_Change Water Security in Africa in the Age of Global Climate Change]". ''Daedalus''. '''150''': 7–26. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1162/daed_e_01870|10.1162/daed_e_01870]] &#x2013; via ResearchGate.</ref><ref>[https://archive.uneca.org/sites/default/files/PublicationFiles/policy_brief_4_climate_change_and_water_in_africa_challenges_opportunities_and_recommendations.pdfhttps://archive.uneca.org/sites/default/files/PublicationFiles/policy_brief_4_climate_change_and_water_in_africa_challenges_opportunities_and_recommendations.pdf https://archive.uneca.org/sites/default/files/PublicationFiles/policy_brief_4_climate_change_and_water_in_africa_challenges_opportunities_and_recommendations.pdf]. <nowiki>{{cite book}}</nowiki>: Missing or empty |title= (help)</ref><ref>"[https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/transboundary-waters/news News]". ''World Bank''. Retrieved 12 June 2026.</ref> === Matshosetsi a Botlhokwa a seemo sa bosa mo Tshireletsegong ya Metsi mo Aforika === * Pula e e sa tlhomamang: Mokgwa wa pula e e sa tlhomamang kgotsa e e sa bonelwang pele mo Aforika o nyatsa kgotsa o tsenya mo kotsing kungo ya ya dijalo le go itlhaganedisa go fokotsega ga metswedi ya metsi a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe. Bontsi jwa batho (Balemirui) mo karolong nngwe ya Aforika, ka tlwaelo ba ikaegile ka dipaka tsa dipula tse di bonelwang pele go jala dijalo tsa bona. Mo ntlheng e fa pula e nna e e sa tlhomamang, e ka diegisa pula kgotsa ya na ditsuatsue tse di maatla tse di ka amang balemirui mo go lemeng dijalo.<ref>[https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/opag-2021-0042/html?srsltid=AfmBOorEOnBGaZqgX15b1hSPcNAUiOvu0wK5fm8cclJLF5EMswne2RxW "Climate change stressors affecting household food security among Kimandi-Wanyaga smallholder farmers in Murang'a County, Kenya".]</ref> * Ditiragalo tsa Maemo a Bosa a a Feteletseng: Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo Aforika e e golaganeng le maemo a bosa a a feteletseng e ntse e tlwaelega ka iketlo go ralala karolokgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a a mantsi mo teng. Dipaka tse di telele tsa komelelo di isa kwa tlhaelong ya metsi, fa pula e e maatla le merwalela di senya dithoto le go oketsa go anama ga malwetse a a tshelanwang ke metsi kgotsa a a amanang le ona. * Dikgotlhang tsa Kgabaganyo ya Melelwane: phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e ka fokotsa go nna teng ga metsi mo mekgatsheng e e abelanwang. Tlhaelo ya metsi e ka baka gore mafatshe a a ikaegileng ka motswedi o le mongwe wa metsi di ka gaisana ka taolo le phitlhelelo e e ka felelang ka tsitsipano. Ka sekai, fa go akanyediwa Volta Basin, mafatshe a le mmalwa a Bophirima jwa Afrika di abelana Volta Basin. Fa lefatshe le ngwe le ka aga letamo kgotsa la goga metsi a mantsi, mafatshe a dingwe a a nang le metsi a a tshwanang a ka nna amogela metsi a mannye go baka go sa dumalane. Noka ya Nile gape e abelanwa ke mafatshe a a mantsi.<ref name=":11" /> === Ditlamorago tsa boitekanelo === ''Tshedimosetso e e oketsegileng: [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health|Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya]] [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health|seemo sa bosa mo boitekanelong jwa batho]]'' Mafatshe a Aforika a na le ditsamaiso tsa boitekanelo jwa setšhaba tse di sa direng sentle mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":12">World Health Organization. (2014). ''The health of the people: what works: the African Regional Health Report 2014''. World Health Organization.</ref> Merwalo ya malwetse a a tshelanwang jaaka [[:en:Malaria|malaria]], [[:en:Malaria|schistosomiasis]], [[:en:Dengue_fever|dengue fever]], [[:en:Meningitis|meningitis]], tse di bosisi mo ditlamoragong tsa seemo sa bosa, di kwa godimo thata mo kgaolong ya Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara. Ka sekai, karolo ya masome a borobabongwe mo lekgolong tsa dikgetsi tsa [[:en:Malaria|malaria]] tsa lefatshe lotlhe tsa ngwaga le ngwaga di mo Afrika.<ref name=":12" /> Diphetogo tsa seemo sa bosa di tla ama go anama ga ditshwaetso tsa malwetsi a a tshelanwang mmogo le go fetola tshekamelo ya batho mo ditshwaetsong tseo. Go ya ka Pegelo ya Tshekatsheko ya Borataro ya IPCC, phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e kotsi thata mo boitekanelong jwa didikadike di le masomesome tsa Maaforika, ka gonne e ba tsenya mo megoteng e e sa siamang, maemo a tepo loapi a a feteletseng, le selekanyo se se oketsegileng le seelo sa phetiso ya malwetse a a tshelanwang.<ref>"Chapter 9:Africa". [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FinalDraft_Chapter09.pdf ''IPCC WGII Sixth Assessment Report'' (PDF)] (Final Draft).</ref> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa , le go felela ka megote e e oketsegileng, ditsuatsue, komelelo, le go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle, di tla ama go tlhagelela le go anama ga malwetse a a tshelanwang go ralala lefatshe.<ref>Beard, C. B.; Eisen, R. J.; Barker, C. M.; Garofalo, J. F.; Hahn, M.; Hayden, M.; Schramm, P. J. (2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160607130925/https://health2016.globalchange.gov/vectorborne-diseases "Vector-Borne Diseases]". Retrieved 15 February 2017.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ka ngwaga wa 2021, [[:en:World_Food_Programme|Lenaneo la Lefatshe Lotlhe la Dijo]] ([[:en:World_Food_Programme|World Food Programme)]] (WFP) le ne la pega mathata a a tswelelang pele a dijo kwa borwa jwa Madagascar molato wa gore a bakilwe fela ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e seng ke ntwa kgotsa dikgotlhang. Go ne ga itsisiwe gore ke tlala ya ntlha e e bakilweng ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>Baker, Aryn (20 July 2021). [https://time.com/6081919/famine-climate-change-madagascar/ "Climate, Not Conflict. Madagascar's Famine is the First in Modern History to be Solely Caused by Global Warming"]. ''Time''. Retrieved 24 July 2021.</ref><ref>Rodrigues, Charlene (22 July 2021). [https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/madagascar-famine-climate-crisis-b1888058.html "Madagascar famine becomes first in history to be caused solely by climate crisis"]. ''The Independent''. Retrieved 24 July 2021.</ref><ref>Harding, Andrew (24 August 2021). "[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58303792 Madagascar on the brink of climate change-induced famine]". ''BBC News''. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</ref> === Malaria === ''Pego ya konokono: [[:en:Climate_change_and_infectious_diseases#Malaria|Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa le malwetse a a tshelanwang § Malaria]]'' Mo Afrika [[:en:Malaria|malaria]] e tswelela pele go nna le ditlamorago tse di gakgamatsang mo bathong. Jaaka fa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e tswelela, mafelo a a rileng a a ka nnang le phetiso ya malaria ngwaga otlhe, e e mo kotsing e kgolo a tla suta go tswa kwa lebopong la Bophirima jwa Aforika go ya kwa lefelong le le fa gare ga lefatshe la [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]] le [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], le le bidiwang Dithaba tsa Aforika.<ref name=":13">Ryan, Sadie J.; McNally, Amy; Johnson, Leah R.; Mordecai, Erin A.; Ben-Horin, Tal; Paaijmans, Krijn; Lafferty, Kevin D. (2015). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4700390 Mapping Physiological Suitability Limits for Malaria in Africa Under Climate Change]". ''Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases''. '''15''' (12): 718–725. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015VBZD...15..718R 2015VBZD...15..718R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1089/vbz.2015.1822|10.1089/vbz.2015.1822]]. PMC&#x20;4700390. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26579951 26579951].</ref> Dikgoreletsi tsa saense fa go sekasekwa dikelo tsa phetiso ya malaria tse di fetogang kwa Dithabeng tsa Aforika di tshwana le tse di amanang le go tlhaloganya ka bophara phetogo ya seemo sa bosa le malaria. Le fa go dira sekao ka diphetogo tsa mogote go bontsha gore go na le kamano magareng ga koketsego ya mogote le koketsego ya phetiso ya malaria, ditekanyetso di santse di le teng. Diphetogo tsa isago tsa baagi tse di amang [[:en:Population_density|kitlano ya baagi]], mmogo le diphetogo mo boitshwarong jwa menang, di ka ama dikelo tsa phetiso mme ke dintlha tse di lekanyetsang mo go tlhomamiseng kotsi ya isago ya go runya ga malaria, tse gape di amang thulaganyo ya paakanyetso e e siameng ya tsibogelo ya go runya.<ref name=":13" /> Mabapi le dikelo tsa phetiso ya malaria kwa Dithabeng tsa Aforika, mabaka le go tlhagelela go go bakwang ke diphetogo tse di masisi tsa tikologo jaaka seemo sa bosa tse di bothitho, diphetogo tsa maemo a bosa, le koketsego ya ditlamorago tsa batho jaaka go [[:en:Deforestation|rengwa ga dikgwa]], di tlamela ka maemo a a maleba a phetiso ya malaria magareng ga morwadi le moamogedi.<ref>Himeidan YE, Kweka EJ (2012). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3429085 Malaria in East African highlands during the past 30 years: impact of environmental changes]". ''Frontiers in Physiology''. '''3''': 315. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3389/fphys.2012.00315|10.3389/fphys.2012.00315.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3429085 3429085]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22934065 22934065].</ref> Ka tlhamalalo, malaria e bakwa ke dinwanamadi tsa ''Plasmodium falciparum'' le ''Plasmodium vivax'' tse di rwalwang ke monang wa ''Anopheles'' o o rwalang malaria. Le fa dinwa madi ya ''Plasmodium vivax'' e ka kgona go tshela mo megoteng e e kwa tlase, senwa madi sa ''Plasmodium falciparum'' se tla tshela fela le go ipoeletsa mo monang fa megote ya seemo sa bosa e le kwa godimo ga selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius sa masome a mabdei (20 °C).<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/distribution.html "Where Malaria Occurs]". ''Center for Disease Control and Prevention''. 14 November 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2020.</ref> Koketsego ya bongola le pula le yone e na le seabe mo go ipoeletseng le go tshela ga ditshwaetso bolwetsi tse di tshelanwang .<ref name=":14">[https://scied.ucar.edu/longcontent/climate-change-and-vector-borne-disease "Climate Change and Vector-Borne Disease"]. ''Center for Science Education''. 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2020.</ref> Go tlhagelela mo bolwetsi jwa malaria go tla nna kotsi e kgolo mo bathong fa palo ya menang ya ''Anopheles'' e e namagadi e e tshwaeditsweng ke setshedi se se tshelang ka go gobatsa sa ''Plasmodium falciparum'' kgotsa ''Plasmodium vivax'' e ntse e oketsega.<ref name=":14" /> Dithutopatlisiso di bontsha koketsego ka kakaretso ya go tshwanelega ga tlelaemete ya phetiso ya malaria e e felelang ka koketsego ya baagi ba ba mo kotsing ya go tsenwa ke bolwetse jono.<ref>Caminade C, Kovats S, Rocklov J, Tompkins AM, Morse AP, Colón-González FJ, et&#x20;al. (March 2014). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3948226 Impact of climate change on global malaria distribution"]. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America''. '''111''' (9): 3286–3291. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PNAS..111.3286C 2014PNAS..111.3286C]. doi:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.1302089111|10.1073/pnas.1302089111]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3948226 3948226]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24596427 24596427].</ref> Se se botlhokwa thata ke koketsego ya kgonagalo ya leroborobo kwa bogodimong jo bo kwa godimo (jaaka Dithaba tsa Aforika). Megote e e tlhatlogang mo mafelong a di na le bokgoni jwa go fetola mafelo a ka tlwaelo a senang malaria go nna mafelo a a nang le malwetse a leroborobo a dipaka.<ref>Martens WJ, Niessen LW, Rotmans J, Jetten TH, McMichael AJ (May 1995). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1523278 "Potential impact of global climate change on malaria risk]". ''Environmental Health Perspectives''. '''103''' (5): 458–64. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995EnvHP.103..458M 1995EnvHP.103..458M.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1289/ehp.95103458|10.1289/ehp.95103458.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1523278 1523278]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7656875 7656875].</ref> Ka ntlha ya moo, dipalopalo tse dišwa di tla tlhagelela mo bolwetseng jo bo tla felelang ka dingwaga tse di itekanetseng tse di latlhegileng. Mo godimo ga moo, morwalo wa bolwetse o ka nna kotsi thata mo mafelong a a tlhokang bokgoni le didirisiwa tsa go tsibogela dikgwetlho le dikgatelelo tse di ntseng jalo ka katlego.<ref>Wu X, Lu Y, Zhou S, Chen L, Xu B (January 2016). "[[doi:10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.007|Impact of climate change on human infectious diseases: Empirical evidence and human adaptation"]]. ''Environment International''. '''86''': 14–23. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EnInt..86...14W 2016EnInt..86...14W]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.007|10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.007]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26479830 26479830].</ref> Jaaka fa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e sutisetsa mafelo a thutafatshe a phetiso go ya kwa Dithabeng tsa Aforika, kgwetlho e tla nna go batla le go laola mogare mo mafelong a a iseng a o bone pele.<ref>Tanser FC, Sharp B, le Sueur D (November 2003). [https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/24378625 "Potential effect of climate change on malaria transmission in Africa]". ''Lancet''. '''362''' (9398): 1792–8. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14898-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14898-2]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14654317 14654317]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22850163 22850163].</ref> === Ditlamorago mo dikgotlhang le khudugo === [[:en:United_Nations_Environment_Programme|Lenaneo la Tikologo la Ditšhabakopano]] le dirile tshekatsheko ya tikologo ya morago ga [[:en:War|ntwa]] ya [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] ka ngwaga wa 2007.<ref>UNEP (June 2007), ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003632/http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sudan/00_fwd.pdf Sudan Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment]'' (PDF), Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP, [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-807-2702-9|978-92-807-2702-9]]</bdi>, archived from [http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sudan/00_fwd.pdf the original] (PDF) on 4 March 2016, retrieved 18 January 2022</ref> Go ya ka pegelo e, dikgatelelo tsa tikologo kwa Sudan di amana le dikgang tse dingwe tsa loago, tsa itsholelo le tsa sepolotiki, tse di jaaka [[:en:Refugee|go fuduga ga batho]] le go gaisana ka [[:en:Natural_resource|ditsompelo tsa tlholego]]. Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ya kgaolo, ka go fokotsega ga [[:en:Precipitation_(meteorology)|pula]], go ne go akanngwa gore e nnile nngwe ya dintlha tse di nnileng le seabe mo [[:en:War_in_Darfur|kgotlhang kwa Darfur]]. Ga mmogo le [[:en:Environmental_issues|dikgang dingwe tsa tikologo]], phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e ka ama tlhabololo ya nako e tlang ya Sudan mo go sa nnang sentle. Nngwe ya dikgakololo tse di dirilweng ke UNEP e ne e le gore baagi ba boditšhabatšhaba ba thuse Sudan go [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|tlwaela]] phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20100602041622/http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sudan/03_disasters.pdf Ch 3. Natural Disasters]" (PDF), Natural Disasters and Desertification, archived from [http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sudan/03_disasters.pdf the original] (PDF) on 2 June 2010, retrieved 18 January 2022 in [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#CITEREFUNEP2007|UNEP 2007]], p. 69</ref> == Ditlamorago go ya ka dikgaolo == === Bogare jwa Aforika === ''Tshedimosetso e e oketsegileng: [[:en:Climate_change_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa kwa Lefatshe la puso ya batho ka batho ya Congo (Democratic Republic of Congo)]] le [[:en:Climate_change_in_São_Tomé_and_Príncipe|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_São_Tomé_and_Príncipe|seemo sa bosa kwa São Tomé le Príncipe]]'' Bogare jwa Aforika, bontsi jwa yone, e dikologilwe ke mafatshe a a naleng mawatle mme e tshosediwa ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa go ya ka thutafatshe. Ka ntlha ya go fetoga ga seemo sa bosa ya lone le temothuo e e nang le pula, Aforika yo mo bogareng o solofetswe go itemogela makhubu a mogote a maleele le a a nnang teng kgapetsakgapetsa mmogo le koketsego ya dipheteletso tsa metsi.<ref>Diedhiou, Arona; Bichet, Adeline; Wartenburger, Richard; Seneviratne, Sonia I; Rowell, David P; Sylla, Mouhamadou B; Diallo, Ismaila; Todzo, Stella; Touré, N'datchoh E; Camara, Moctar; Ngatchah, Benjamin Ngounou; Kane, Ndjido A; Tall, Laure; Affholder, François (June 2018). [[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac3e5|"Changes in climate extremes over West and Central Africa at 1.5 °C and 2 °C global warming"]]. ''Environmental Research Letters''. '''13''' (6) 065020. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ERL....13f5020D 2018ERL....13f5020D]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac3e5|10.1088/1748-9326/aac3e5]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:20.500.11850/274346|20.500.11850/274346]].</ref> Megote ya lefatshe mo kgaolong e e tshwanetse go oketsega ka selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius sa lesome ntlha tlhano (1.5 °C) go ya go ko Celcius ya mabedi (2 °C).<ref>Seneviratne, Sonia I.; Donat, Markus G.; Pitman, Andy J.; Knutti, Reto; Wilby, Robert L. (28 January 2016). "[https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/9482219 Allowable CO2 emissions based on regional and impact-related climate targets]". Nature. 529 (7587): 477–483. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/nature16542|10.1038/nature16542]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26789252 26789252]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205247437 205247437].</ref> Bokgoni jwa dikgwa tsa kwa [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] jwa go monya carbon dioxide bo fokotsegile. Phokotsego e e diragetse ka ntlha ya mogote o o oketsegang le komelelo e e bakang phokotsego ya kgolo ya ditlhare. Se se raya gore le dikgwa tse di sa rengwang di amiwa ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa. Thutopatlisiso ya [[:en:Nature_(journal)|Nature]] e supa gore ka ngwaga wa 2030, sekgwa sa Aforika se tla monya ghese carbon dioxide e e kwa tlase ka karolo ya lesome le bone mo lekgolong (14%) go na le ka fa se neng se dira ka teng go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2005 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 2010, mme ga se kitla se monya epe gotlhelele ka ngwaga wa 2035.<ref>Grossman, Daniel (4 March 2020). "[https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/the-congo-rainforest-is-losing-its-ability-to-absorb-carbon-dioxide-thats-bad-for-climate-change/2020/03/03/3363d218-5ca9-11ea-9055-5fa12981bbbf_story.html The Congo rainforest is losing ability to absorb carbon dioxide. That's bad for climate change]". Washington Post. Retrieved 6 March 2020.</ref> === Botlhaba jwa Aforika === ''Tshedimosetso e nngwe: [[:en:Climate_change_in_Kenya|Phetogo ya]]'' ''[[:en:Climate_change_in_Kenya|seemo sa bosa kwa Kenya]], [[:en:Climate_change_in_Tanzania|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Tanzania|seemo sa bosa kwa Tanzania]], [[:en:Climate_change_in_Ethiopia|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Ethiopia|seemo sa bosa kwa Ethiopia]], le [[:en:Climate_change_in_South_Sudan|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_South_Sudan|seemo sa bosa kwa Sudan Borwa]]'' E le mo e ka nnang gotlhelele mo boboatsatsi, pula mo [[:en:East_Africa|Botlhaba jwa Aforika]] e laolwa ke go fuduga ga dipaka ga setlhopha sa pula ya boboatsatsi.<ref>Nicholson, Sharon E. (2017). "[[doi:10.1002/2016RG000544|Climate and climatic variability of rainfall over eastern Africa".]] ''Reviews of Geophysics''. '''55''' (3): 590–635. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017RvGeo..55..590N 2017RvGeo..55..590N.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/2016RG000544|10.1002/2016RG000544.]]</ref> Botlhaba jwa Aforika bo tlhomololwa ke go fetogafetoga mo go kwa godimo ga pula ya lefelo le nako ka gonne e akaretsa go feta selekanyo sa mogote sa didikirii di le masome a mararo tsa boleele jwa bophara (go kgabaganya mola wa equator). E na le ditlhotlheletso go tswa kwa Mawatleng a India le Atlantic ka bobedi, mme e na le diponagalo tse dikgolo tsa thutafatshe (dithaba) mmogo le metsi a a kwa teng jaaka [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Letsha la Victoria]]. Ka jalo, paka ya pula e farologana go tswa mo pakeng e le nngwe ya pula ka ngwaga ka kgwedi ya Phukwi go ya kwa kgwedi ya Phatwe mo dikarolong tsa bokonebophirima (go akaretsa mafatshe a Ethiopia le Sudan Borwa, tse di golaganeng thata ka bosa le Bophirima jwa Aforika , ka phefo ya dipula ya paka ya Aforika Bophirima e e tlisang dipula) go ya go paka e le nngwe ya pula ka ngwaga ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole go ya kwa kgweding ya Tlhakole) mo borwa (go feta lefatshe la Tanzania) le mafelo a le mantsi a gaufi le mola wa bogare jwa lefatshe e e nang le dipaka tse pedi tsa dipula ka ngwaga,<ref>Dunning, Caroline M.; Black, Emily C. L.; Allan, Richard P. (2016). "[[doi:10.1002/2016JD025428|The onset and cessation of seasonal rainfall over Africa]]". ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres''. '''121''' (19): 11, 405–11, 424. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JGRD..12111405D 2016JGRD..12111405D.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/2016JD025428|10.1002/2016JD025428]].</ref> mo e ka nnang ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo go ya kwa kgweding ya Motsheganong ("Dipula tse ditelele") le kgwedi ya phalane go ya go kwa kgweding ya Sedimonthole ("Dipula tse dikhutshwane"). Go farologana ga selekanyo se se boleta mo dipakeng tsa pula gantsi go golaganngwa le thutafatshe ya lefatshe le makadiba. Pharologano ya magareng ga ngwaga e ka nna kgolo mme ditaolo tse di itsegeng di akaretsa dipharologano tsa [[:en:Sea_surface_temperatures|megote tsa boalogodimo jwa Lewatle]] (SSTs) tsa dibeiseneng tse di farologaneng tsa lewatle, mekgwa e megolo ya go fetoga ga lefaufau jaaka [[:en:Madden–Julian_oscillation|Madden–Julian Osciliation]] (MJO)<ref>Vellinga, Michael; Milton, Sean (2018). "[[doi:10.1002/qj.3263|Drivers of interannual variability of the East African 'Long Rains]]'". ''Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society''. '''144''' (1): 861–876. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018QJRMS.144..861V 2018QJRMS.144..861V.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/qj.3263|10.1002/qj.3263.]]</ref><ref name=":15">Finney, Declan L.; Marsham, John H.; Jackson, Lawrence S.; Kendon, Elizabeth J.; Rowell, David P.; Boorman, Penelope M.; Keane, Richard J.; Stratton, Rachel A.; Senior, Catherine A. (5 February 2019). "[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0387.1|Implications of Improved Representation of Convection for the East Africa Water Budget Using a Convection-Permitting Model]]". ''Journal of Climate''. '''32''' (7): 2109–2129. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019JCli...32.2109F 2019JCli...32.2109F.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0387.1|10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0387.1.]]</ref> le ditsuatsue tsa boboatsatsi<ref name=":15" /><ref>Kilavi, Mary; MacLeod, Dave; Ambani, Maurine; Robbins, Joanne; Dankers, Rutger; Graham, Richard; Titley, Helen; Salih, Abubakr A. M.; Todd, Martin C. (December 2018). [[doi:10.3390/atmos9120472|"Extreme Rainfall and Flooding over Central Kenya Including Nairobi City during the Long-Rains Season 2018: Causes, Predictability, and Potential for Early Warning and Actions]]". ''Atmosphere''. '''9''' (12): 472. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Atmos...9..472K 2018Atmos...9..472K]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/atmos9120472|10.3390/atmos9120472.]]</ref> Dipula tse ditelele ke paka e kgolo ya go jala dijalo mo kgaolong. Go bonelapele ga gare ga dingwaga ga paka e go kwa tlase fa go bapisiwa le Dipula tse di Khutshwane, mme go omisa ga sešweng go farologana le diponelopele tsa seemo sa bosa sa isago e e metsi ("Kganetsano ya seemo sa bosa sa Aforika Botlhaba".<ref>Rowell, David P.; Booth, Ben B. B.; Nicholson, Sharon E.; Good, Peter (15 December 2015). "Reconciling Past and Future Rainfall Trends over East Africa". ''Journal of Climate''. '''28''' (24): 9768–9788. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JCli...28.9768R 2015JCli...28.9768R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1|10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129146135 129146135].</ref>). Botlhaba jwa Afrika e nnile le komelelo e e nnang teng kgapetsakgapetsa le e e masisi mo masomeng a dingwaga a bosheng jaana, mmogo le merwalela e e senyang. Diphetogo tsa pula go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 di bontsha phokotsego ka kakaretso mo dipuleng tsa paka tsa kgwedi ya Mopitlo go ya kwa kgweding ya Motsheganong (MAM) ka koketsego e nnye ka nako ya dipula tsa kgwedi ya Seetebosigo go ya kwa ya Lwetse (JJAS) le kgwedi ya Phalane go ya kwa kgweding ya Sedimonthole (OND),<ref>Bernhofer, Christian; Hülsmann, Stephan; Gebrechorkos, Solomon H. (6 August 2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6684806 "Long-term trends in rainfall and temperature using high-resolution climate datasets in East Africa]". ''Scientific Reports''. '''9''' (1) 11376. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatSR...911376G 2019NatSR...911376G]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41598-019-47933-8|10.1038/s41598-019-47933-8.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6684806 6684806]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31388068 31388068].</ref> le fa go lebega go nnile le phokotsego ya bošeng mo dipuleng tsa MAM.<ref>Wainwright, Caroline M.; Marsham, John H.; Keane, Richard J.; Rowell, David P.; Finney, Declan L.; Black, Emily; Allan, Richard P. (12 September 2019). "'[[doi:10.1038/s41612-019-0091-7|Eastern African Paradox' rainfall decline due to shorter not less intense Long Rains]]". ''npj Climate and Atmospheric Science''. '''2''' (1): 34. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019npCAS...2...34W 2019npCAS...2...34W.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41612-019-0091-7|10.1038/s41612-019-0091-7.]]</ref> Mo isagong, pula le megote di solofetswe go fetoga mo Botlhaba jwa Aforika .<ref name=":17">Dunning, Caroline M.; Black, Emily; Allan, Richard P. (December 2018). "Later Wet Seasons with More Intense Rainfall over Africa under Future Climate Change". ''Journal of Climate''. '''31''' (23): 9719–9738. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JCli...31.9719D 2018JCli...31.9719D.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0102.1|10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0102.1]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52990163 52990163].</ref><ref>Muhati, Godwin Leslie; Olago, Daniel; Olaka, Lydia (1 October 2018). "[[doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00469|Past and projected rainfall and temperature trends in a sub-humid Montane Forest in Northern Kenya based on the CMIP5 model ensemble"]]. ''Global Ecology and Conservation''. '''16''' e00469. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GEcoC..1600469M 2018GEcoC..1600469M.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00469|10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00469.]]</ref><ref name=":18">Rowell, David P.; Senior, Catherine A.; Vellinga, Michael; Graham, Richard J. (1 February 2016). "[[doi:10.1007/s10584-015-1554-4|Can climate projection uncertainty be constrained over Africa using metrics of contemporary performance]]?". ''Climatic Change''. '''134''' (4): 621–633. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ClCh..134..621R 2016ClCh..134..621R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10584-015-1554-4|10.1007/s10584-015-1554-4.]]</ref> Dithutopatlisiso tsa sešweng ka ga diponelopele tsa seemo sa bosa di supa gore mogote o o magareng e ka oketsega ka bokana ka mogote jwa Celcius tse pedi go ya borarong (2–3 °C) mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo le selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius tse pedi go ya kwa botlhanong (2–5 °C) kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":19">Bornemann, F. Jorge; Rowell, David P.; Evans, Barbara; Lapworth, Dan J.; Lwiza, Kamazima; Macdonald, David M.J.; Marsham, John H.; Tesfaye, Kindie; Ascott, Matthew J.; Way, Celia (1 October 2019). "[[doi:10.1007/s10584-019-02499-2|Future changes and uncertainty in decision-relevant measures of East African climate]]". ''Climatic Change''. '''156''' (3): 365–384. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ClCh..156..365B 2019ClCh..156..365B.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10584-019-02499-2|10.1007/s10584-019-02499-2.]]</ref> Se se tla ikaega ka [[:en:Climate_change_scenario|ditiragalo tsa kgololo]] mmogo le ka fa seemo sa bosa ya nnete e tsibogang ka teng fa e bapisiwa le mefuta ya dipoelo tse di ka nnang teng tse di bontshiwang ke dikai. Diponelopele tsa sekao tsa seemo sa bosa di na le go bontsha koketsego ya pula, bogolosegolo ka paka ya OND, e gape e akanyediwang go diragala moragonyana. Tiego e mo pakeng e khutshwane ya dipula, e golagantswe le go tsenelela ga Saharan Heat Low ka fa tlase ga phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref name=":17" /> Le fa go ntse jalo, dikai dingwe di bonelapele go fokotsega ga pula,<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /> mme mo dikgaolong dingwe le dipaka dingwe dikoketso tse dikgolo thata tsa pula tse di bonelwang pele di bontshitswe di akaretsa mekgwa e e sa dumelegeng ka ntlha ya diphoso tsa sekao se se rulagantsweng.<ref>Rowell, David P. (2019). [[doi:10.1029/2019GL082847|"An Observational Constraint on CMIP5 Projections of the East African Long Rains and Southern Indian Ocean Warming]]". ''Geophysical Research Letters''. '''46''' (11): 6050–6058. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019GeoRL..46.6050R 2019GeoRL..46.6050R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1029/2019GL082847|10.1029/2019GL082847.]]</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, diphetogo tsa di-aerosol di tlamela ka phetogo ya pula e e sa tseweng mo ditshekatshekong tse dintsi tsa diponelopele tsa seemo sa bosa.<ref>Scannell, Claire; Booth, Ben B. B.; Dunstone, Nick J.; Rowell, David P.; Bernie, Dan J.; Kasoar, Matthew; Voulgarakis, Apostolos; Wilcox, Laura J.; Acosta Navarro, Juan C.; Seland, Øyvind; Paynter, David J. (13 September 2019). "[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0716.1|The Influence of Remote Aerosol Forcing from Industrialized Economies on the Future Evolution of East and West African Rainfall"]]. ''Journal of Climate''. '''32''' (23): 8335–8354. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019JCli...32.8335S 2019JCli...32.8335S]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0716.1|10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0716.1.]] [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10044/1/75583|10044/1/75583.]]</ref><ref>Rowell, David P.; Booth, Ben B. B.; Nicholson, Sharon E.; Good, Peter (7 October 2015). "Reconciling Past and Future Rainfall Trends over East Africa". ''Journal of Climate''. '''28''' (24): 9768–9788. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JCli...28.9768R 2015JCli...28.9768R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1|10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129146135 129146135].</ref> Pharologano ya tlwaelo ya go oma ga pula ya MAM (dipula tse ditelele) mo Aforika Botlhaba jwa ekhweitha, ka bontsi jwa dikai tse di bonelapele go koloba mo isagong e tshwailwe "kganetsano ya phetogo ya tlelaemete ya Aforika Botlhaba",[114] le fa go nnile le go boela mannong ga bošeng mo puleng.[107] Dithutopatlisiso di bontshitse gore tlwaelo ya go omisa ga e kgonagale go nna ya tlhago fela, fela e ka kgweediwa ke mabaka a a jaaka di-aerosol go na le digase tsa sethopo,[114] go tlhokega dipatlisiso tse dingwe. Go oma go bontshitswe go bakilwe ke paka e khutshwane ya dipula, mme go golaganngwa le go tsenelela ga Mogote wa Arabian Heat Low.[107] Go tsamaelana le go sa tlhomamisegeng ga diponelopele tsa pula, diphetogo mo tshimologong ya dipaka tsa pula ga di tlhomamisege mo Aforika Botlhaba jwa ekhweitha, le fa dikai tse dintsi di bonelapele dipula tse dikhutshwane tsa moragonyana le tse di metsi.[108] Dipole ya Lewatle la India (IOD) e itsege ka go tlamela ka taolo e e maatla mo go fetogeng ga magareng ga dingwaga mo dipuleng tse dikhutshwane,[115] mme dithutopatlisiso di bontsha gore di-IOD tse di feteletseng di ka oketsega ka fa tlase ga phetogo ya tlelaemete.[116] Lefatshe ka bophara, phetogo ya tlelaemete e solofetswe go lebisa kwa go gateleleng ga pula, ka pula e e feteletseng e oketsega ka seelo se se bonako fa go thuthafala go feta pula yotlhe.[117] Tiro ya sešweng e bontsha gore go ralala Aforika dikai tsa lefatshe di solofetswe go nyatsa seelo sa phetogo ya go oketsega ga pula e,[31] mme diphetogo mo go feteletseng ga pula di ka nna tsa anama thata go feta tse di bonelwang pele ke dikai tsa lefatshe.[118] Dikarolo tse di kwa borwa jwa Aforika Botlhaba di amogela bontsi jwa pula ya tsona mo pakeng e le nngwe ya pula ka nako ya mariga a hemisefere e e kwa borwa: mo godimo ga Tanzania pula ya paka e solofetswe go oketsega ka fa tlase ga phetogo ya tlelaemete ya isago, le fa go na le go sa tlhomamang.[108] Go ya kwa borwa, mo godimo ga Mozambique, paka e khutshwane ka ntlha ya go simolola moragonyana e akanyediwa ka fa tlase ga phetogo ya tlelaemete ya isago, gape ka go sa tlhomamang go go rileng.[119] Jaaka sekai, Kenya e na le bothata jo bo kwa godimo jwa ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya tlelaemete. Dikotsi tse dikgolo tsa tlelaemete di akaretsa komelelo le merwalela ka gonne go ka direga gore pula e nne e e tseneletseng e bile e se ka ya bonelwa kwa pele. Dikai tsa tlelaemete di bonela pele gore dithemphoritšhara di tla tlhatloga ka 0.5 go ya go 2 °C.[120] Mo mafelong a a sa tlhomamang a toropo ya Nairobi phelelo ya setlhaketlhake sa mogote wa toropo e oketsa bothata ka gonne e dira dithemphoritšhara tse di bothitho le go feta tsa tikologo. Se ke ka ntlha ya didirisiwa tsa go aga mo matlong, go tlhoka go tsenya mowa, lefelo le letala le le sesane, le go sa kgone go bona maatla a motlakase le ditirelo tse dingwe.[121] === Aforika Bokone === [[Setshwantsho:Middle East map of Köppen climate classification.svg|thumb]] [[Setshwantsho:Koppen-Geiger Map Northern Africa future.svg|thumb|Ditshwantso tsa mafatshe tsa tlhaolo ya seemo sa bosa tsa Botlhabagare ga jaana (kwa godimo) le tse di bonelwang pele tsa Aforika Bokone tsa ngwaga wa di 2071 go ya kwa ngwageng 2100 ka fa tlase ga boemo jo bo tseneletseng thata jwa phetogo ya tlelaemete (kwa tlase). Ditiragalo tsa magareng ga jaana di tsewa di ka nna teng thata.]] Ka 2018, kgaolo ya MENA e ne ya ntsha ditone di le dibilione di le 3.2 tsa khabonetaeokosaete mme ya ntsha 8.7% ya mesi ya digase tsa sethopo tsa lefatshe (GHG)[125] le fa e ne e dira fela 6% ya baagi ba lefatshe.[126] Mesi eno e tswa thata mo lephateng la maatla,[127] e leng karolo e e botlhokwa ya diikonomi tse dintsi tsa Botlhabagare le tsa Aforika Bokone ka ntlha ya dipolokelo tse dintsi tsa oli le gase ya tlholego tse di fitlhelwang mo kgaolong eno.[128][129] Kgaolo ya Botlhabagare ke nngwe ya tse di ka amiwang thata ke phetogo ya tlelaemete. Ditlamorago di akaretsa koketsego ya maemo a komelelo, komelelo, makhubu a mogote le go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle. Diphetogo tse di bogale tsa themphereitšha ya lefatshe le bogodimo jwa lewatle, go fetoga ga diphethene tsa pula le go oketsega ga makgetlo a ditiragalo tsa maemo a bosa a a feteletseng ke dingwe tsa ditlamorago tse dikgolo tsa phetogo ya tlelaemete jaaka di supilwe ke Phanele ya Dipuso ka ga Phetogo ya Tlelaemete (IPCC).[130] Kgaolo ya MENA e mo kotsing thata ya ditlamorago tse di jalo ka ntlha ya tikologo ya yona e e omeletseng le e e omeletseng go sekae, e lebane le dikgwetlho tsa tlelaemete tse di jaaka pula e e kwa tlase, dithemphoritšhara tse di kwa godimo le mmu o o omileng.[130][131] Maemo a tlelaemete a a rotloetsang dikgwetlho tse di jalo mo MENA a akanyediwa ke IPCC go nna maswe le go feta mo ngwagakgolong otlhe wa bo21.[130] Fa mesi ya digase tsa sethopo e sa fokodiwe thata, karolo ya kgaolo ya MENA e mo kotsing ya go sa kgone go agiwa pele ga ngwaga wa 2100.[132][133][134] === Aforika Bophirima le Sahel === Kgaolo ya Aforika Bophirima e ka kgaoganngwa ka dikgaolopotlana di le nne tsa tlelaemete e leng Lebopo la Guinea, Soudano-Sahel, Sahel (e e atologelang kwa botlhaba go ya kwa molelwaneng wa Ethiopia) le Sahara,[135] nngwe le nngwe e na le maemo a a farologaneng a tlelaemete. Modikologo wa pula ya paka o kgweediwa thata ke motsamao wa borwa–bokone wa Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) e e tlhaolwang ke go kopana ga diphefo tse di metsi tsa borwabophirima jwa monsoon le Harmattan e e omileng ya bokonebotlhaba.[136] Go ikaegilwe ka pharologano ya pula ya magareng ga dingwaga, dipaka tse tharo tse dikgolo tsa tlelaemete di lemogilwe mo godimo ga Sahel: paka e e metsi go tloga ka 1950 go ya kwa tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1960 e latelwa ke paka e e omileng go tloga ka 1972 go ya go 1990 mme morago ga moo paka go tloga ka 1991 go ya pele e e boneng pula e ntsi gape[3]1. Ka nako ya komelelo, Sahel e ne ya itemogela ditiragalo di le mmalwa tsa komelelo tse di masisi thata, ka ditlamorago tse di senyang.[140][141] Dingwagasome tsa sešweng, le tsona di bone koketsego e e magareng ya pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga fa e sale ka tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1990. Le fa go ntse jalo, palogotlhe ya pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga e santse e le kwa tlase thata ga e e lemogilweng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950.[142][140] Bangwe ba supile dingwagasome tse pedi tsa bosheng jaaka paka ya go boela mannong.[143] Ba bangwe ba bitsa seno jaaka paka ya "go gagamatsa ga metsi" ka bontsi jwa koketsego ya pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga e e tswang mo ditiragalong tse di masisi thata tsa pula mme ka dinako tse dingwe morwalela go na le pula e e nang kgapetsakgapetsa, kgotsa ka tsela e e tshwanang ditiro tse dingwe[144][145] di thalela tsweletso ya komelelo le fa pula e oketsegile. Fa e sale ka 1985, diperesente di le 54 tsa baagi di amilwe ke merwalela e le metlhano kgotsa go feta mo dinageng di le 17 tsa kgaolo ya Sahel.[146] Ka 2012, go ne ga begwa gore go ne go na le komelelo e e masisi kwa Sahel. Dipuso tsa kgaolo di ne tsa tsiboga ka bonako, tsa simolola maano a go samagana le kgang eno.[147] Kgaolo e solofetswe go itemogela diphetogo mo pusong ya pula, ka dikai tsa seemo sa bosa tse di akantshang gore phokotsego ya pula ya paka e e metsi e ka nna teng thata kwa bophirima jwa Sahel, le koketsego e ka nna teng kwa bogareng go ya kwa botlhaba jwa Sahel, le fa diphetogo tse di fapaaneng di ise di kgaphelwe kwa thoko.[148][14]3] Diphetogo tse di tla ama makgetlo le bokete jwa merwalela, komelelo, go nna sekaka, ditsuatsue tsa motlhaba le lerole, dipetso tsa tsie ya sekaka le tlhaelo ya metsi.[150][151] Le fa go ntse jalo, go sa kgathalesege diphetogo tsa pula e e magareng ya paka, ditsuatsue tse di maatla thata di solofetswe go nna tse di maatla thata, go oketsa makgetlo a morwalela.[149][31] Mesi e e tokafaditsweng ya khabone le thuthafalo ya lefatshe le yona e ka baka koketsego ya dinako tsa komelelo bogolosegolo go kgabaganya Lebopo la Guinea e e amanang le phokotsego ya dinako tsa metsi ka fa tlase ga maemo a thuthafalo ya lefatshe ya selekanyo sa mogote wa Celcius ya bongwe ntlha tlhano le ya bobedi <ref>Klutse, Nana Ama Browne; Ajayi, Vincent O; Gbobaniyi, Emiola Olabode; Egbebiyi, Temitope S; Kouadio, Kouakou; Nkrumah, Francis; Quagraine, Kwesi Akumenyi; Olusegun, Christiana; Diasso, Ulrich; Abiodun, Babatunde J; Lawal, Kamoru; Nikulin, Grigory; Lennard, Christopher; Dosio, Alessandro (1 May 2018). "[[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aab37b|Potential impact of 1.5 °C and 2 °C global warming on consecutive dry and wet days over West Africa]]". ''Environmental Research Letters''. '''13''' (5) 055013. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ERL....13e5013A 2018ERL....13e5013A]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aab37b|10.1088/1748-9326/aab37b.]]</ref> Karolo ya lesome le botlhano mo lekgolong tsa baagi ba kgaolo ya [[:en:Sahel|Sahel]] le tsone di itemogetse koketsego ya mogote o o fetang selekanyo sa Celcius ye nngwe (1 °C) go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1970 go fitlha ka ngwaga ga 2010. Kgaolo ya Sahel, bogolosegolo, e tla itemogela megote e e kwa godimo tsa palogare mo tsamaong ya ngwagakgolo wa msaome a mabedi le bongwe le diphetogo mo mekgweng ya pula, go ya ka [[:en:Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change|Phanele ya Intergovernmental Climate]] [[:en:Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change|Change]] (IPCC). === Borwa jwa Aforika === ''Tshedimosetso e nngwe: [[:en:Climate_change_in_South_Africa|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_South_Africa|seemo sa bosa mo Aforika Borwa]], [[:en:Climate_change_in_Mozambique|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Mozambique|seemo sa bosa kwa Mozambique]], le [[:en:Climate_change_in_Madagascar|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Madagascar|seemo sa bosa kwa Madagascar]]'' == Go tlwaela == ''Tshedimosetso e nngwe: [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|go tlwaela phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|seemo sa bosa]]'' Go fokotsa ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo mafatsheng a Aforika, dikgato tsa go tlwaela di a tlhokega mo dilekanong tse dintsi – go simolola ka maemo a selegae go ya go a bosetšhaba le a kgaolo.<ref>Climate Analytics. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20221117055339/https://climateanalytics.org/media/schaeffer_et_al__2013__africao__s_a_daptation_gap_technical_report.pdf Africa's Adaptation Gap, Technical Report: Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation Challenges, and Costs for Africa"] (PDF). ''Climate Analytics''. Archived from [https://climateanalytics.org/media/schaeffer_et_al__2013__africao__s_a_daptation_gap_technical_report.pdf the original] (PDF) on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2021.</ref> Kokomane ya ntlha ya mananeo a go tlwaela mo Aforika e ka tlhalosiwa thata jaaka tse dinnye ka tlhago, tse di tsepamisitsweng mo dipeeletsong tse di ikaeletsweng mo temothuong le go anamisa maranyane go tshegetsa go tsaya ditshwetso tsa go tlwaela.<ref>Troni, Jessica (2018). ''Climate change adaptation in Africa: UNDP synthesis of experiences and recommendations''. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1079881730 1079881730].</ref> Bosheng jaana, maiteko a go dira mananeo a lebisitswe gape kwa maitekong a magolo le a a gokagantsweng, go lebagana le dintlha tse di akaretsang makalana a mantsi. Go ya ka patlisiso ya ngwaga wa 2023, karolo ya masome a matlhano le borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya dibanka tsa Aforika e na le melawana ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e e tlhomilweng, mme karolo ya masome a mabedi le bobedi mo lekgolong e nngwe e rulaganya go tsenya tirisong melawana. Karolo ya masome a marataro le botlhano mo lekgolong ya dibanka ga jaana di akanyetsa kotsi ya seemo sa bosa fa di sekaseka bareki ba bašwa kgotsa mananeo, mme karolo ya masome a mabedi le boraro mo lekgolong e nngwe e solofetse go dira jalo mo isagong.<ref name=":20">Bank, European Investment (27 September 2023). [https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230088-finance-in-africa ''Finance in Africa: Uncertain times, resilient banks: African finance at a crossroads''.] European Investment Bank. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5598-7|978-92-861-5598-7]]</bdi>.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Green finance opportunities and products (% of surveyed African banks).png|thumb|Ditšhono tsa [[:en:Eco-investing|matlole a a matala]] le dithoto go tswa kwa dibankeng tse di dirilweng patlisiso mo patlisisong ya [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|Banka ya Dipeeletso ya karolokgolo ya lefatshe e enaleng mafatshe a mantsi ya Europe ya Banka mo Aforika]]<ref name=":21">"[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Green_finance_opportunities_and_products_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png/960px-Green_finance_opportunities_and_products_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png Finance in Africa report finds that banks want to move faster into green lending]". ''European Investment Bank''. Retrieved 10 December 2021.</ref><ref name=":22">Bank, European Investment (18 November 2021). ''[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Green_finance_opportunities_and_products_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png/960px-Green_finance_opportunities_and_products_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png Finance in Africa: for green, smart and inclusive private sector development]''. European Investment Bank. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5063-0|<bdi>978-92-861-5063-0</bdi>.]]</ref>]] Maranyane a a tokafaditsweng a [[:en:Weather_forecasting|ponelopele ya maemo a]] [[:en:Weather_forecasting|tepo loapi]] mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara e botlhokwa go itsise tsibogelo ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa,<ref name=":23">Youds, L.; Parker, D. J.; Adefisan, E. A.; Antwi-Agyei, P.; Bain, C. L.; Black, E. C. L.; Blyth, A. M.; Dougill, A. J.; Hirons, L. C. (13 May 2021). "[http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/174093/ GCRF African SWIFT White Paper Policy Brief: The future of African weather forecasting]". ''eprints.whiterose.ac.uk''. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.5518/100/67|10.5518/100/67]]. Retrieved 13 May 2021.</ref> go thusa go tsaya ditshwetso tse di amanang le go tlwaela phetogo ya seemo sa loapi ka sekai.<ref name=":23" /> Ka nako ya [[:en:Conference_of_the_parties|bokopano jwa masome a mabedi le bongwe ya Makoko]] (COP) ka ngwaga wa 2015, ditlhogo tsa mafatshe tsa Aforika di thakgotse [[:en:African_Adaptation_Initiative_(AAI)|Letsholo la Tlwaelo ya Aforika (AAI)]]. Komiti e e tsamaisang ya AAI e bopilwe ke Biro ya Bokopano jwa Ditona tsa Aforika ka ga Tikologo (AMCEN) le modulasetulo wa Setlhopha sa Babuisani ba Aforika (AGN).<ref>"[https://africaadaptationinitiative.org/ AAI]". Retrieved 4 August 2024.</ref> [[:en:African_Adaptation_Solutions_Challenge|Letsholo la go Tlwaela Aforika]] le lone le tshegediwa ke [[:en:European_Union|Kopano ya]] [[:en:European_Union|Europa]].<ref>"[https://www.africa.undp.org/content/rba/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2020/european-union-ramps-up-support-to-africa-adaptation-initiative-.html European Union ramps up support to Africa Adaptation Initiative]". ''United Nations Development Programme''. 22 January 2020.</ref> Kopano ya Europe e [[:en:African_Union#Africa%E2%80%93EU_relations|dirisane mmogo le Kopano ya Aforika]] mo go rotloetseng taolo ya metswedi e e tswelelang, go [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|itsetsepela mo tikologong]], le go [[:en:Climate_change_mitigation|fokotsa phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_mitigation|seemo sa bosa]]<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20210510085847/https://africa-eu-partnership.org/en/strategic-priority-areas/strengthening-resilience-peace-security-and-governance Strengthening Resilience, Peace, Security and Governance]". Archived from [https://africa-eu-partnership.org/en/strategic-priority-areas/strengthening-resilience-peace-security-and-governance the original] on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</ref> Mo maemong a kgaolo, melawana le dikgato tse di tshegetsang tlwaelo go ralala Aforika di santse di le mo tshimologong. [[:en:IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report|Pegelo ya Botlhano ya Tlhatlhobo ya IPCC]] (AR5) e tlhagisa dikao tsa maano a tiro a a farologaneng a kgaolo a phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, go akaretsa le a a tlhamilweng ke [[:en:Southern_African_Development_Community|Setšhaba sa Tlhabololo sa Borwa jwa Aforika]] (SADC) le Komiti ya Letsha la Victoria.<ref name=":16" /> Mo maemong a bosetšhaba, maiteko a mantsi a go ikamanya a ntlha a ne a gokaganngwa ka [[:en:National_Adaptation_Programme_of_Action|Mananeo a Bosetšhaba a Tiro a go]] [[:en:National_Adaptation_Programme_of_Action|tlwaela]](di-NAPA) kgotsa Maano a Bosetšhaba a Tsibogelo ya Phetogo ya Seemo sa Bosa(NCCRS). Go tsenngwa mo tirisong go nnile bonya le fa go ntse jalo, ka katlego e e tlhakaneng mo kgorosong.<ref name=":25">Pardoe, Joanna; Conway, Declan; Namaganda, Emilinah; Vincent, Katharine; Dougill, Andy; Kashaigili, Japhet (2018). "[[doi:10.1080/14693062.2017.1386082|Climate Change and the Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Policy and Practice in Tanzania"]]. ''Climate Policy''. '''18''' (7): 863–877. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/14693062.2017.1386082|10.1080/14693062.2017.1386082]].</ref> Kopanyo ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa le thulaganyo e e anameng ya itsholelo le tlhabololo e sa ntse e lekanyeditswe mme e a gola.<ref>Osman-Elasha, Balgis; Downing, Tom (2007). ''Lessons learned in preparing national adaptation programmes of action in Eastern and Southern Africa''. Stockholm Environment Institute.</ref><ref name=":16" /> Mo maemong a bosetšhabapotlana, bathati ba le bantsi ba karolo ya lefatshe ya province le ba mmasepala le bona ba tlhama maano a bone, sekai Leano la Tsibogelo ya Phetogo ya Seemo sa Bosa la Bophirima jwa Kapa.<ref>Western Cape Government (2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230220102835/https://www.westerncape.gov.za/text/2015/march/western_cape_climate_change_response_strategy_2014.pdf "Western Cape Climate Change Response Strategy"] (PDF). Archived from [https://www.westerncape.gov.za/text/2015/march/western_cape_climate_change_response_strategy_2014.pdf the original] (PDF) on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2021.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, maemo a bokgoni jwa maranyane le didirisiwa tse di leng teng go diragatsa maano ka kakaretso a kwa tlase. Go nnile le tlhokomelo e e bonalang go ralala Aforika e e neetsweng go diragatsa mananeo a tlwaelo a a ikaegileng ka baagi. Go na le tumalano e e anameng ya gore tshegetso ya go tlwaela maemo a selegae e fitlhelelwa botoka ka go simolola ka bokgoni jo bo leng teng jwa go tlwaela selegae, le go dirisana le kitso le ditiro tsa selegae.<ref>Ofoegbu, Chidiebere; Chirwa, Paxie; Francis, Joseph; Babalola, Folaranmi (15 May 2017). "Assessing vulnerability of rural communities to climate change: A review of implications for forest-based livelihoods in South Africa". ''International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management''. '''9''' (3): 374–386. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2016-0044|10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2016-0044.]] [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:2263/61659|2263/61659]].</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Climate risk approach (% of surveyed African banks).png|thumb|Maduo a a malebana le mokgwa wa dibanka tsa Aforika wa go lebana le dikotsi tsa seemo sa bosa(karolo mo lekgolong ya dibanka tse di dirilweng patlisiso) go tswa mo patlisisong ya Banka ya Dipeeletso ya Europe ya ngwaga wa 2021]] [[:en:Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change|IPCC]] e tlhagisa mekgwa e le mmalwa e e atlegileng ya go rotloetsa go tlwaela maemo a a atlegileng mo Aforika, e tlhalosa melawana e le metlhano e e tshwanang.<ref name=":16" /> Tseno di akaretsa: # Go tokafatsa tshegetso ya mefuta e e ikemetseng ya go tlwaela; # Go oketsa tlhokomelo mo dikakanyo tsa setso, maitsholo, le ditshwanelo tsa go tlwaela (bogolo jang ka go tsaya karolo ka matlhagatlhaga ga basadi, bašwa, le batho ba ba humanegileng le ba ba mo kotsing mo ditirong tsa go tlwaela) # Go kopanya dikgetho tsa "tsela e e bonolo" le mekgwa ya go ithuta e e fetofetogang le e e ipoeletsang le mekgwa ya maranyane le ya mafaratlhatlha (go akaretsa le go kopanya kitso ya saense, ya selegae, le ya selegae mo go tlhameng maano a go tlwaela) # Go tsepamisa mogopolo mo go tokafatseng go itsetsepela le go diragatsa dikgetho tsa go tlwaela tse di sa ikotlhaeleng; le # Go aga taolo ya go tlwaela le go rotloetsa thulaganyo ya go ithuta ga loago le ga setheo go nna ditiro tsa go tlwaela. Pegelo ya Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe wa Boitekanelo wa "Tlwaelo ya Phetogo ya Tlelaemete mo Aforika Leano la Tiro la Lekala la Boitekanelo la ngwaga wa 2012 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 2016"<ref name=":24">World Health Organization. (2012). Adaptation to climate change in Africa plan of action for the health sector 2012–2016. Retrieved from http://www.afro.who.int/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=7699&Itemid=2593</ref> le ikaeletse go "tlamela ka tsibogo e e tseneletseng le e e theilweng mo bosuping e e gokagantsweng ya lekalana la tsa botsogo mo ditlhokegong tsa go ikamanya le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa sa mafatshe a Aforika gore di kgone go tshegetsa ditlamelo tsa di puso tsa Africa"<ref name=":24" /> Leano le akaretsa maikaelelo a a jaaka go oketsa ditiro tsa boitekanelo jwa setšhaba, go gokaganya maiteko mo maemong a boditšhabatšhaba, go nonotsha tirisanommogo le maiteko a tirisanommogo, le go rotloetsa dipatlisiso ka ga ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mmogo le dikgato tse di atlegileng tse di tsewang mo baaging ba selegae go fokotsa ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref name=":24" /> Go ya ka [[:en:International_Monetary_Fund|Letlole la Boditšhabatšhaba la Madi]] (IMF), [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara]] e tlhoka didikadike tsa di dolara di le masome a mararo go ya kwa masomeng a matlhano ya matlole a mangwe ngwaga le ngwaga go ikamanya le ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref name=":22" /><ref>"[https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2021/10/20/pr21306-sub-saharan-africa-one-planet-two-worlds-three-stories Sub-Saharan Africa: One Planet, Two Worlds, Three Stories]". ''IMF''. Retrieved 6 December 2021.</ref><ref>Dept, International Monetary Fund African (15 April 2020). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20220523061856/https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/books/086/28915-9781513536835-en/ch02.xml 2. Adapting to Climate Change in Sub-Saharan Africa]''. International Monetary Fund. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-5135-3683-5|<bdi>978-1-5135-3683-5</bdi>.]] Archived from [https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/books/086/28915-9781513536835-en/ch02.xml the original] on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</ref> Matlole a seemo sa bosa kwa Botlhabagare le Bokone jwa Aforika a ne a le didikadike di le di olara di le masome a mararo le bobedi ntlha thataro ( karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong ya palogotlhe ya lefatshe) ka ngwaga wa 2019 le ngwaga wa 2020, fa dipeeletso tsa seemo sa bosa kwa Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara e ne e le didikadike di le di dolara tse masome a mane le boraro ntlha borobaboedi (karolo ya boraro mo lekgolong ya palogotlhe ya lefatshe).<ref name=":20" /><ref>[https://climatefundsupdate.org/publications/climate-finance-regional-briefing-middle-east-and-north-africa-2020/ "Climate Finance Regional Briefing: Middle East and North Africa (2020) - Climate Funds Update]". 15 March 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2023.</ref> Go ya ka thuto ya Banka ya [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|Dipeeletso tsa karolokgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a le mantsi mo teng ya Europe]] ya ngwaga wa 2021 ya Banking in Africa, ditheo tsa Aforika di ntse di ela hloko thata tlhokego ya buisana ka dikotsi tse bakwang ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mme di simolla go dirisa dikgonagalo tsa matlole a a matala. Sekai, karolo ya masome a matlhano le bone mo lekgolong ya dibanka tse di boditsweng mo patlisisong di bone phetogo ya seemo sa bosa jaaka tlhobaboroko ya togamaano, mme go feta karolo ya masome a mane mo lekgolong e ne e na le batho ba ba tsepamisitseng mogopolo mo dintlheng tse di amanang le seemo sa bosa.<ref>Importer, A. P. O. (18 November 2021). [https://africa.businessinsider.com/apo/eib-study-highlights-impact-of-covid-on-african-banks-and-business-financing-and/205d41n "EIB study highlights impact of COVID on African banks and business financing and opportunities for climate finance and digital transformation".] ''Business Insider Africa''. Retrieved 6 December 2021.</ref> Dibanka tsa Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara di godisa ditshupetso tsa tsone tsa maranyane , tse di itlhaganedisitsweng ke leroborobo la COVID-19. Bontsi jwa dibanka tse di botsoloditsweng di boletse gore leroborobo le itlhaganedisitse lebelo la [[:en:Digital_transformation|phetogo ya]] [[:en:Digital_transformation|maranyane]] , le gore phetogo eno e tla nna ya sennelaruri.<ref>[https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2021-165-eib-president-highlights-new-gender-and-digital-investment-initiatives-to-accelerate-economic-recovery-across-africa "EIB President highlights new gender and digital investment initiatives to accelerate economic recovery across Africa]". ''European Investment Bank''. Retrieved 6 December 2021.</ref><ref>[https://www.eib.org/attachments/thematic/the_eib_development_report_2021_en.pdf "European Investment Bank Development Report]" (PDF). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210616085058/https://www.eib.org/attachments/thematic/the_eib_development_report_2021_en.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2021.</ref><ref name=":22" /> Bahumanegi le ba ba sa sireletsegang ke bone ba ba tlhaselwang motlhofo thata, mme go ka direga gore badiri ba batswakwa, batshabi le ditlhopha tse dingwe tse di kgaphetsweng kwa thoko ke bone ba ba bogang thata. GDP ka tlhogo ga e kgonagale go boela kwa maemong a ngwaga wa 2019 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2024, ka dikotsi tse di sekamelang kwa tlase, mme mathata a buseditse morago kwelotlase e e bonelwang pele ya palo ya batho ba ba humanegileng, go ya ka IMF. Fa go bapisiwa le diponelopele tsa pele ga mathata, se se ka felela ka gore batho ba bangwe ba le didikadike di le masome a mararo kwa Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara ba tshele mo lehumeng le le feteletseng ka ngwaga wa 2021, mmogo le ba bangwe ba le didikadike di le robongwe kwa lefelong la [[:en:MENA|Botlhabagare jwa Bophirima le Bokone jwa Aforika]] (MENA).<ref>Selassie, Abebe Aemro; Department, Habtamu Fuje IMF African. [https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2021/10/20/na102021-seven-charts-that-show-sub-saharan-africa-at-a-crucial-point "Seven Charts that Show Sub-Saharan Africa at a Crucial Point]". ''IMF''. Retrieved 6 December 2021.</ref> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2023, mo e ka nnang nngwe mo borarong jwa matlole otlhe a seemo sa bosa sa Aforika a elela kwa mebarakeng e metlhano e megolo: [[:en:Morocco|Morocco]] (karolo ya bosupa mo lekgolong ya dipeeletso tsa seemo sa bosa ya Aforika ka ngwaga wa 2019 le 2022), [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]] (karolo ya bosupa mo lekgolong ), [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] ( karolo ya bosupa mo lekgolong), Ethiopia ( karolo ya borataro mo lekgolong), le Aforika Borwa (karolo ya botlhano mo lekgolong ).<ref name=":20" /> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di fetileng, dipeeletso tse di tlhamaletseng tsa kwa ntle tsa lefatshe ka bophara di wetse tlase ka seelo sa karolo ya boraro mo lekgolong ka ngwaga, ka seabe sa Aforika sa lefatshe se wetse tlase go tswa go karolong ya lesome le bobedi mo lekgolong ka ngwaga wa 2017 go ya kwa tlase ga karolo ya borataro mo lekgolong ka ngwaga wa 2021.<ref name=":20" /><ref>"[https://unctad.org/publication/world-investment-report-2023 World Investment Report 2023"]. ''UNCTAD''. Retrieved 31 October 2023.</ref> === Dikgato tsa go tlwaela Aforika Bokone === [[Setshwantsho:Climate change specific personnel (% of surveyed African banks).png|thumb|Badiri ba ba rileng ba phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo dibankeng tsa Aforika tse di dirilweng dipatlisiso mo patlisisong ya Banka ya Dipeeletso ya Europe ya Banka mo Aforika<ref name=":21" /><ref name=":22" /> (% ya dibanka tsa Aforika tse di dirilweng dipatlisiso)]] Diphetogo tse di botlhokwa kwa bokone jwa Aforika di amana le kotsi e e oketsegileng ya tlhaelo ya metsi (e e tlholwang ke kopano ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa se se amang go nna teng ga metsi le tlhokego e e oketsegang). Go fokotsega ga go nna teng ga metsi, ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, go dirisana le megote e e oketsegang go tlhola tlhokego ya go tlwaela mo gare ga tlhagiso ya korong e e fepiwang ka pula. <ref>Hegazy, A. K.; Medany, M. A.; Kabiel, H. F.; Maez, M. M. (2008). "Spatial and temporal projected distribution of four crop plants in Egypt". ''Natural Resources Forum''. '''32''' (4): 316–326. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008NRF....32..316H 2008NRF....32..316H.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00205.x|10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00205.x.]]</ref><ref>Drine, I. (May 2011). [https://www.wider.unu.edu/publication/climate-change-compounding-risks-north-africa "Climate Change Compounding Risks in North Africa"]. ''United Nations University-World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER)'' (Working Paper No. 32).</ref> le go fetoga ga kotsi ya malwetse (sekao go tswa mo leishmaniasis).<ref>Bounoua, L.; Kahime, K.; Houti, L.; Blakey, T.; Ebi, K.L.; Zhang, P.; Imhoff, M.L.; Thome, K.J.; Dudek, C. (2013). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3774431 Linking climate to incidence of zoonotic cutaneous Leishmaniasis (L. major) in Pre-Saharan North Africa]". ''International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health''. '''10''' (8) 3172–3191. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013IJERP..10.3172B 2013IJERP..10.3172B.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/ijerph10083172|10.3390/ijerph10083172.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png/960px-Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png 3774431]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23912199 23912199].</ref><ref>Toumi, Amine; Chlif, Sadok; Bettaieb, Jihene; Alaya, Nissaf Ben; Boukthir, Aicha; Ahmadi, Zaher E.; Salah, Afif Ben (May 2012). Ozcel, Mehmet Ali (ed.). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3341328 Temporal Dynamics and Impact of Climate Factors on the Incidence of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Central Tunisia]". ''PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases''. '''6''' (5) e1633. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png/960px-Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001633]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3341328 3341328]. [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png/960px-Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png PMID]&#x20;[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png/960px-Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png 22563513].</ref>Bontsi jwa dikgato tsa puso tsa go tlwaela di ikaegile ka letlhakore la tlamelo ya metsi, sekai ka go ntsha letswai, go fetisetsa magareng ga mekgatsha le kago ya matamo.<ref>Sowers, Jeannie; Vengosh, Avner; Weinthal, Erika (February 2011). "Climate change, water resources, and the politics of adaptation in the Middle East and North Africa". ''Climatic Change''. '''104''' (3–4): 599–627. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ClCh..104..599S 2011ClCh..104..599S.] doi:[[doi:10.1007/s10584-010-9835-4|10.1007/s10584-010-9835-4.]] [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10161/6460|10161/6460]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37329318 37329318].</ref> Go fuduga gape go lemogilwe go dira jaaka tlwaelo ya batho le malapa kwa bokone jwa Aforika.<ref>Scheffran, Jürgen; Marmer, Elina; Sow, Papa (April 2012). "Migration as a contribution to resilience and innovation in climate adaptation: Social networks and co-development in Northwest Africa". ''Applied Geography''. '''33''': 119–127. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AppGe..33..119S 2012AppGe..33..119S.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.10.002|10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.10.002.]]</ref> Jaaka dikgaolo tse dintsi, le fa go ntse jalo, dikao tsa kgato ya go tlwaela (go farologana le maikaelelo a go tsaya kgato, kgotsa ditshekatsheko tsa go nna mo kotsing) go tswa kwa Aforika bokone di lekanyeditswe – tshekatsheko e e rulagantsweng e e gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa 2011 e bontshitse gore ke fela sekao se le sengwe mo go tse masome a borobabobedi le bosupa sa go tlwaela se se begilweng se se tswang kwa Aforika Bokone.<ref>Berrang-Ford, Lea; Ford, James D.; Peterson, Jaclyn (2011). "Are we adapting to climate change?". ''Global Environmental Change''. '''21''' (1): 25–33. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011GEC....21...25B 2011GEC....21...25B]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.09.012|10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.09.012.]]</ref> === Dikgato tsa go tlwaela Aforika Bophirima === ''Tshedimosetso e nngwe: [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation_in_Ghana|Go tlwaela phetogo ya]]'' ''[[:en:Climate_change_adaptation_in_Ghana|seemo sa bosa kwa Ghana]]'' Go nna teng ga metsi ke kotsi e e rileng mo Bophirima jwa Aforika , ka ditiragalo tse di feteletseng jaaka komelelo tse di lebisang kwa [[:en:Humanitarian_crisis|mathateng a botho]] a a amanang le mauba a nako le nako, go tlhoka tshireletsego ya dijo, go fuduga ga baagi, go fuduga le dikgotlhang le go tlhoka tshireletsego. Maano a go tlwaela e ka nna a tikologo, setso/temothuo le itsholelo.<ref>Shaibu, M. T.; Alhassan, S. I.; Panyan, E. K.; Avornyo, F. K.; Konlan, S. P.; Salifu, S. (2018). [https://www.ajol.info/index.php/wajae/article/view/182464 "An Assessment of Institutional Importance of Climate Change Adaptation in the Volta River Basin of Northern Ghana".] ''West African Journal of Applied Ecology''. '''26''': 27–40.</ref> Maano a go tlwaela a bonala mo lephateng la temothuo, a mangwe a one a tlhamiwang kgotsa a rotloediwa ke diteišene tsa semmuso tsa dipatlisiso kgotsa tsa ditekelelo.<ref name=":26">Kuwornu, John K. M.; Al-Hassan, Ramatu M.; Etwire, Prince Maxwell; Osei-Owusu, Yaw (2013). [[doi:10.22610/imbr.v5i5.1047|"Adaptation strategies of smallholder farmers to climate change and variability: Evidence from northern Ghana"]]. ''Information Management and Business Review''. '''5''' (5): 233–239. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.22610/imbr.v5i5.1047|10.22610/imbr.v5i5.1047]].</ref> Diphetogo tsa temothuo tsa tlholego tse di lemogilweng kwa bokone jwa Ghana di amana le dijalo, di amana le mmu kgotsa di akaretsa mekgwa ya setso.<ref name=":26" /><ref>Alhassan, S. I.; Shaibu, M. T.; Kuwornu, J. K. M.; Damba, O. T. (2018). "[https://www.ajol.info/index.php/wajae/article/view/182462 Factors Influencing Farmers' Awareness and Choice of Indigenous Practices in Adapting to Climate Change and Variability in Northern Ghana"]. ''West African Journal of Applied Ecology''. '''26''': 1–13.</ref>Diphetogo tsa temothuo tse di ikaegileng ka leruo di akaretsa maano a selegae a a jaaka go fetola bontsi jwa dijo go fepa leruo, go boloka dijo tse di lekaneng mo pakeng e e nang le dijo tse dintsi go fepiwa leruo ka paka e e senang mafura, go alafa dintho ka tharabololo ya makwati a a rileng a ditlhare, le go boloka mefuta ya selegae e e setseng e tlwaetse seemo sa bosa sa Ghana se se setseng se tlwaetse <ref>Shaibu, M. T.; Alhassan, I. S.; Avornyo, F. K.; Lawson, E. T.; Mensah, A.; Gordon, C. (2019). "Perceptions and Determinants of the Adoption of Indigenous Strategies for Adaptation to Climate Change: Evidence from Smallholder Livestock Farmers, North-West Ghana". In Kuwornu, J. K. M. (ed.). ''Climate Change in Sub-saharan Africa: The vulnerability and adaptation of food supply chains actors''. Vernon Press. pp.&#x20;223–240.</ref>; maranyane a tlhagiso go akaretsa tsadiso, boitekanelo, dijo/kotla le matlo.<ref>"[https://www.fao.org/4/v8180t/v8180t0y.htm A classification of livestock production systems]". ''www.fao.org''. Retrieved 4 August 2024.</ref> Tlhopho le kamogelo ya maano a go tlwaela go ikaegile ka dintlha tse di farologaneng tsa dipalo palojaaka bogolo jwa lelapa, dingwaga, bong le thuto ya tlhogo ya lelapa; dintlha tsa itsholelo jaaka motswedi wa lotseno; bogolo jwa polase; kitso ya dikgetho tsa go tlwaela; le tebelelo ya ditebelelo tsa isago.<ref>Apata, T. G. (2011). "Factors influencing the perception and choice of adaptation measures to climate change among farmers in Nigeria. Evidence from farm households in Southwest Nigeria". ''Environmental Economics''. '''2''' (4): 74–83.</ref> === Dikgato tsa go tlwaela Aforika Botlhaba === Mo Aforika Botlhaba dikgetho tsa go tlwaela di farologane, go akaretsa le go tokafatsa tiriso ya tshedimosetso ya seemo sa bosa , dikgato mo lephateng la temothuo le leruo, le mo lephateng la metsi. Go dirisa botoka tshedimosetso ya seemo sa bosa le maemo a bosa, ponelopele ya maemo a bosa, le didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa taolo go kgontsha tshedimosetso ka nako le go ipaakanyetsa ga batho mo makaleng a a jaaka temothuo a a ikaegileng ka dipoelo tsa maemo a bosa. Se se raya go nna le bokgoni jwa tshedimosetso ya metsi le bosa le dithulaganyo tsa tlhagiso ya go sa le gale.<ref>Snow, John (28 October 2016). ''[https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/climate-and-disaster-resilience-/weather-and-climate-systems---africa.html A New Vision for Weather and Climate Services in Africa]''. UNDP.</ref> Go ile ga ngangisanwa ka gore baagi ba tlholego ba na le kitso ka ga diphetogo tsa seemo sa boosa tsa ditso ka matshwao a tikologo (sekao, go tlhagelela le go fuduga ga dinonyane dingwe, dirurubele jalo jalo.), mme ka jalo go rotloetsa kitso ya tlholego go tserwe jaaka leano le le botlhokwa la go tlwaela. Go tlwaela mo lephateng la temothuo<ref>"[https://www.epa.gov/regulatory-information-sector/agriculture-sectors-crop-naics-111-and-animal-naics-112 Agriculture Sectors: Crop (NAICS 111) and Animal (NAICS 112)"]. 22 February 2013.</ref> go akaretsa tiriso e e oketsegileng ya motshotelo le monontsha o o rileng wa dijalo, tiriso ya mefuta e e emelanang le dijalo tse di butswang ka bonako. Motshotelo, mme bogolo jang motshotelo wa diphologolo go akanngwa gore o boloka metsi mme o na le ditshedinnye tse di botlhokwa tse di thubang dikotla go di dira gore di nne teng mo dimeleng, fa di bapisiwa le menontsha ya maitirelo e e nang le metswako e fa e gololwa mo tikologong ka ntlha ya tiriso e e feteletseng e gololang dighese tse di tshwarang mogote mo lefaufaung.<ref>[https://extension.psu.edu/biological-manipulation-of-manure-getting-what-you-want-from-animal-manure "Biological Manipulation of Manure: Getting What You Want from Animal Manure]". ''Penn State Extension''. Retrieved 24 November 2020.</ref> Bothata bongwe jo bogolo jwa lekalana la temothuo mo Aforika Botlhaba ke go ikaega ka temothuo e e nosediwang ka pula.<ref>Hengsdijk, H.; Smit, A. a. M. F. R.; Conijn, J. G.; Rutgers, B.; Biemans, H. (2014). Agricultural crop potentials and water use in East Africa (Report). Plant Research International. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/880257653 880257653].[page needed]</ref> Tharabololo ya go tlwaela ke mekgwa e e dirang sentle ya go nosetsa le poloko le tiriso e e dirang sentle ya metsi. [[:en:Drip_irrigation|Nosetso ya marothodi]] e supilwe bogolosegolo jaaka kgetho e e somarelang metsi ka ge e lebisa metsi kwa moding wa sejalo ka tshenyo e nnye. Mafatshe a a jaaka Rwanda le Kenya a tsentse kwa pele go tlhabolola mafelo a a nosediwang ka dithulaganyo tsa metsi a kgogedi go tswa mo melatswaneng le dinokeng tse di sa feleng mo dikgaolong tse di ka tlhaselwang ke komelelo e e tsayang nako e telele.<ref>Republic of Rwanda. "[https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/rwa01e.pdf NAPA-RWANDA]" (PDF).</ref> Ka nako ya dipula tse di maatla, mafelo a mantsi a itemogela merwalela e e bakiwang ke mabala a a senang sepe ka ntlha ya go rengwa ga dikgwa le go nna le khurumetso e nnye ya lefatshe. Maano a go tlwaela a a ntshiwang mo go se ke go rotloetsa maiteko a tshomarelo mo tshireletsong ya lefatshe, ka go jala ditlhare tsa selegae, go sireletsa mafelo a kgobokanyo ya metsi le go laola mafatshe a phulo ka go aroganya.<ref>Abuya, Robina; Said, Mohammed; Atela, Joanes; Muhwanga, Joseph; Moiko, Stephen; Atieno, Fred; Ndiritu, Simon (2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190808104609/http://www.kenyamarkets.org/publications/kmt-prise-project/ "Contexualising Pathways to Resilience in Kenya's ASALs under the Big Four Agenda]". ''Kenya Markets Trust''. Archived from [http://www.kenyamarkets.org/publications/kmt-prise-project/ the original] on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> Mo lekalaneng la leruo, dikgetho tsa tlwaelo di akaretsa go laola tlhagiso ka [[:en:Sustainable_agriculture|tsamaiso ya lefatshe le mafulo e e tswelelang]] mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo. Se se akaretsa go rotloetsa mekgwa ya tlhagiso ya bojang le dijo tsa leru sekai ka nosetso le tiriso ya metsi a a phepafaditsweng a matlakala, le go tsepamisa mogopolo mo go beeletseng mo polokelong ya bojang go dirisiwa ka dipaka tsa komelelo. Go rua leruo go tsewa e le tsela ya go itshetsa go na le go nna tiro ya itsholelo. Go ralala mafatshe otlhe a Botlhaba jwa Aforika bogolosegolo mo dikgaolong tsa ASALs, go ngangisanwa ka gore go rotloetsa kgwebo ya leruo ke kgetho ya go tlwaela.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190808104609/http://www.kenyamarkets.org/publications/political-economy-analysis-of-kenyas-livestock-sector-abridged-version/ "Political Economy Analysis of Kenya's Livestock Sector (Abridged Version)"]. ''Kenya Markets Trust''. Archived from [http://www.kenyamarkets.org/publications/political-economy-analysis-of-kenyas-livestock-sector-abridged-version/ the original] on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> Se se akaretsa go amogela dikai tsa itsholelo mo tlhagisong ya dijo tsa leruo, go latedisa diphologolo, go rotloetsa tlhokego ya ditlhagiswa tsa leruo jaaka nama, mashi le letlalo le go golaganya le mebaraka e e kgethegileng go tokafatsa dikgwebo le go tlamela ka lotseno lo lo ka dirisiwang.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20190808104612/http://www.kenyamarkets.org/publications/kenya-meat-end-market-trends-study/ Kenya Meat End-Market Trends Study]". ''Kenya Markets Trust''. Archived from [http://www.kenyamarkets.org/publications/kenya-meat-end-market-trends-study/ the original] on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> Mo lekalaneng la metsi, dikgetho di akaretsa tiriso e e siameng ya metsi mo malapeng, diphologolo le tiriso ya madirelo le tshireletso ya metswedi ya metsi. Matsholo a a jaaka go jala ditlhare tsa tlholego mo [[:en:Catchment_area|mafelong a metsi a kokoanngwang]], go laola ditiro tsa batho gaufi le mafelo a a kokoanyang metsi bogolo jang temothuo le bonno a dirilwe go thusa go sireletsa metswedi ya metsi le go bona phitlhelelo ya metsi go baagi bogolosegolo ka nako ya ditshupo tsa seemo sa bosa. '''Comoros''' – "NAPA ke katoloso ya tiro ya Pampiri ya Togamaano ya Phokotso ya Lehuma (PRSP), ka gonne e akaretsa gareng ga ditlapele tsa yone tsa go tlwaela, temothuo, go tshwara ditlhapi, metsi, matlo, boitekanelo, mme gape le bojanala, ka tsela e e sa tlhamalalang, Ka go busetsa popego ya mekgatšha ya mekgokolosa ya dithaba le go lwantsha kgogolego ya mmu, go sirelediwa mafika ka go fokotsa go tladiwa ga ona ke seretse le mmu tse di tlisiwang ke lefatshe.<ref>"&#x5B;[https://www.preventionweb.net/files/8507_com01e.pdf pdf]&#x5D;" (PDF). ''www.preventionweb.net''.</ref>" '''Lefatshe la Kenya''' e gatisitse Molao wa Phetogo ya Seemo sa Bosa, ka ngwaga wa 2016 o o tlhomang bothati jwa go okamela tlhabololo, taolo, tiragatso le taolo ya mekgwa ya go tokafatsa nonofo ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa le tlhabololo e e kwa tlase ya khabone go bona tlhabololo e e tswelelang, ke Mebuso ya Bosetšhaba le ya Dikgaolo, lekala le e seng la puso le setšhaba se sengwe sa baagi,. Kenya gape e tlhamile Leanotiro la Bosetšhaba la Phetogo ya Seemo sa Bosa(NCCAP 2018–2022 Le bolokilwe ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e tlhola malatsi a le mabedi le boraro ka ngwaga wa 2019 kwa [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Motšhineng wa Wayback]]) le le ikaeletseng go tsweletsa maikaelelo a tlhabololo a lefatshe ka go tlamela ka mekgwa le dikgato tsa go fitlhelela tlhabololo e e kgonang go emelana le seemo sa bosa se se nang le khabone e e kwa tlase ka tsela e e dirang gore go nne le khabone e e kwa tlase. === Dikgato tsa go tlwaela Aforika Bogare === '''Angola''' – "Maikaelelo a Mananeo a Bosetšhaba a Tiro a go Tlwaetsa Maemo ke go supa le go itsise ka ditlhokego tse di potlakileng le tsa ka bonako tsa lefatshe mabapi le go tlwaela phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, go oketsa nonofo ya Angola mo diphetogong tsa seemo sa bosa le mo phetogong ya seemo sa bosa go netefatsa phitlhelelo ya mananeo a phokotso ya lehuma, tlhabololo e e tswelelang pele Puso."<ref>''Analysis of Human Rights Language in the Cancun Agreements UNFCCC 16th Session of the Conference of the Parties'', [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9986-0022|10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9986-0022]]</ref> === Dikgato tsa go tlwaela borwa jwa Aforika === Go nnile le maiteko a le mmalwa mo dilekanong tsa selegae (tse di kgethegileng tsa lefelo), tsa selegae, tsa bosetšhaba le tsa kgaolo tse di ikaeletsweng go matlafatsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa. Dingwe tsa tsone ke: Lenaneo la Phetogo ya Seemo sa Bosa la Kgaolo (RCCP),<ref>"[https://oneworldgroup.co.za/oneworld-projects/southern-african-regional-climate-change-programme-rccp/ Regional Climate Change Programme, Southern Africa]". ''OneWorld''. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> SASSCAL,<ref>"[http://www.sasscal.org/ SASSCAL – Southern African Science Service Centre for Climate Change and Adaptive Land Management]". Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> ASSAR,<ref>"[http://www.assar.uct.ac.za/ Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid Regions]". ''www.assar.uct.ac.za''. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> Tlwaelo ya Phetogo ya Seemo sa Bosa ya [[:en:United_Nations_Development_Programme|UNDP]],<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20190808131738/https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/southern-africa Southern Africa]". ''UNDP Climate Change Adaptation''. Archived from [https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/southern-africa the original] on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> RESILIM,<ref>''Risk, Vulnerability & Resilience in the Limpopo River basin: Climate Change, water and biodiversity – a synthesis''. OneWorld. 2015.</ref> <ref>''Resilience in the Limpopo Basin (RESILIM) Program''. Chemonics International Inc. 2017.</ref>FRACTAL.<ref>"[http://www.fractal.org.za/ FRACTAL — Future Resilience for African CiTies And Lands]". Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> Aforikaborwa e tsentse tirisong Lenaneo la Patlisiso la Ditiragalo tsa Paka e Telele la Tlwaelo (LTAS) go tloga ka kgwedi ya Moranang ka ngwaga wa 2012 go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ka ngwaga wa 2014. Patlisiso e gape e ne ya tlhagisa dipampiri tsa dintlha le pegelo ya maranyane e e akaretsang kgaolo ya SADC e e bidiwang "Tlwaelo ya Phetogo ya Seemo sa bosa: Dipono tsa [[:en:Southern_African_Development_Community|Baagi ba Tlhabololo ya]] [[:en:Southern_African_Development_Community|Borwa jwa Aforika]] (SADC].<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20201124013002/https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/reports/ltasfactsheet_perspectiveforSADC.pdf Climate change adaptation: Southern African Development Community (SADC])'' (PDF). Archived from [https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/reports/ltasfactsheet_perspectiveforSADC.pdf the original] (PDF) on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2021.</ref> '''Lefatshe la Madagascar''' – makalana a a tlang pele a go tlwaela ke: temothuo le leruo, dikgwa, boitekanelo jwa setšhaba, metswedi ya metsi le dikgaolo tsa lebopo.<ref>"[http://www.ldc-climate.org/country/madagascar/ Madagascar]". ''LDC Climate Change''. 6 January 2018.</ref> '''Lefatshe la Malawi''' – NAPA e supa tse di latelang jaaka ditiro tse di botlhokwa thata tsa go tlwaela seemo sa bosa: "Go tokafatsa nonofo ya baagi mo phetogong ya seemo sa bosa ka tlhabololo ya matshelo a a tswelelang kwa magaeng, Go busetsa dikgwa mo dikgobokelong tsa metsi tsa Upper le Lower Shire Valleys go fokotsa go tlhotlhorega ga seretse le mathata a a amanang le kelelo ya metsi, Go tokafatsa tlhagiso ya temothuo le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, Go ipaakanyetsa ga Malawi go samagana le komelelo le merwalela, le Go tokafatsa go ela tlhoko seemo sa bosa go tokafatsa bokgoni jwa Malawi jwa go tlhagisa go sa le gale le go tsaya ditshwetso le tiriso e e tswelelang ya ditsompelo tsa [[:en:Lake_Malawi|Letsha la Malawi]] le mafelo a a mo lotshitshing lwa letsha<ref>[http://www.unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/mwi01.pdf "REPUBLIC OF MALAWI. MALAWI'S NATIONAL ADAPTATION PROGRAMMES OF ACTION (NAPA]) ." (PDF).</ref>". Mme go ya ka Pegelo ya Seemo sa Bosa le Tlhabololo ya Lefatshe ya Banka ya Lefatshe (CCDR) ya Malawi, e ka "tsaya dikgato tsa go simolola dipeeletso mo mafaratlhatlheng a a kgonang go emelana le tlelaemete le go emisa go senyega ga lefatshe le go latlhegelwa ke dikgwa go tokafatsa ntshodikuno ya temothuo le go tshwara khabone" <ref>"[https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/10/27/climate-informed-economic-development-key-to-malawi-s-future-growth-and-resilience Climate-Informed Economic Development Key to Malawi's Future Growth and Resilience]". ''World Bank''.</ref>". '''Lefatshe la Mauritius''' – tlwaelo e tshwanetse go samagana le mafelo a a latelang a a tlang pele: metswedi ya lebopo, temothuo, metswedi ya metsi, botshwaraditlhapi, boitekanelo le itekanelo, [[:en:Land_use_change|phetogo ya tiriso ya lefatshe]] le dikgwa le mefutafuta ya ditshedi.<ref>"[https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/eastern-africa/mauritius Mauritius]". ''UNDP Climate Change Adaptation''. 27 November 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> '''Lefatshe la Mozambique''' – "Maiteko a a tshitshintsweng a go tlwaela maemo a lebile mafelo a a farologaneng a tlhabololo ya itsholelo le loago, mme a tlhalosa mananeo tse di amanang le phokotso ya ditlamorago tsa masetlapelo a tlholego, go tlhama dikgato tsa go tlwaela phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, go lwantsha kgogolego ya mmu mo mafelong a a nang le sekaka se se kwa godimo le dikgaolo tsa mabopo, go jala dikgwa sešwa le go laola metsi." '''Lefatshe la Rwanda''' e tlhamile Lenaneo la Tiro la Bosetšhaba la Tlwaelo (NAPA 2006) le le nang le tshedimosetso ya go kaela badirapholisi ba bosetšhaba le barulaganyi ka ga makoa a a tlang pele le tlwaelo mo makaleng a a botlhokwa a itsholelo.<ref>[https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/rwanda_adaptation_fact_sheet_jan2012.pdf "Climate Change Adaptation in Rwanda]" (PDF). ''USAID''. January 2012.</ref> Naga gape e tlhamile melawana e e ikaegileng ka lekalana ka ga go ikamanya le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa jaaka Ponelopele ya ngwaga wa [[:en:Vision_2020_(Rwanda)|2020]], Melawana ya Bosetšhaba ya Tikologo le Melawana ya Temothuo gareng ga tse dingwe.<ref>Ochieng, Cosmas; Khaemba, Winnie; Mwaniki, Ruchathi; Kimotho, Stephen (September 2017). ''Climate Change Adaptation in Rwanda's Agricultural Sector: A Case Study from Kirehe District, Eastern Province''. Defending the Voiceless - Climate and Environmental Justice in Africa.</ref> '''Lefatshe la Tanzania''' – Tanzania e tlhalositse dikgato tsa tlwaelo tse di tlang pele mo NAPA ya bona, le maano a a farologaneng a lekala la bosetšhaba le dipholo tsa patlisiso.<ref>USAID. "[https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/tanzania_adaptation_fact_sheet_jan2012.pdf Climate Change Adaptation in Tanzania]" (PDF). ''USAID''.</ref> NAPA e atlegile mo go rotloetseng phetogo ya seemo sa bosa go tsenngwa mo melawaneng ya lekalana kwa Tanzania; le fa go ntse jalo, tirisanommogo ya makala a a farologaneng e e botlhokwa mo go tsenyeng tirisong maano a go ikamanya e santse e lekanyeditswe ka ntlha ya dikgwetlho tsa setheo tse di jaaka go sa lekalekane ga maatla, dikgoreletsi tsa tekanyetsokabo le mokgwa o o tseneletseng wa makala.<ref name=":25" /> Bontsi jwa mananeo a kwa Tanzania a amana le temothuo le taolo ya metswedi ya metsi (nosetso, go somarela metsi, go kokoanya metsi a pula); le fa go ntse jalo, maatla le bojanala le tsone di na le seabe se se botlhokwa.<ref>"[https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/eastern-africa/united-republic-tanzania United Republic of Tanzania]". ''UNDP Climate Change Adaptation''. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> '''Lefatshe la Zambia''' – "NAPA e supa ditlhokego di le masome a mararo le borobabongwe tsa go tlwaela maemo a a potlakileng le mafelo a le lesome a a tlang pele mo makaleng a temothuo le tshireletsego ya dijo (leruo, botshwaraditlhapi le dijalo), maatla le metsi, boitekanelo jwa batho, metswedi ya tlholego le diphologolo tsa lefatshe."<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20190829030222/http://theredddesk.org/countries/plans/national-adaptation-programme-action-climate-change-zambia National Adaptation Programme of Action on Climate Change (Zambia)]". ''The REDD Desk''. Archived from the original on 29 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> '''Lefatshe la Zimbabwe''' – "Ditsereganyo tse dingwe tsa togamaano tsa thulaganyo ya NAP e tla nna: Go nonotsha seabe sa lekala le e seng la puso mo thulaganyong ya tlwaelo, Go tokafatsa bokgoni jwa Puso jwa go tlhama mananeo a a ka dirisiwang mo bankeng ka dikatiso, Go tokafatsa taolo ya tshedimosetso ya lemorago ya seemo sa bosa go sedimosa thulaganyo ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa jaaka leano la boditšhabatšhaba la go supa matlole le go kokoanya seemo sa bosa dikopo tsa matlole di tsiboga thata ga jaana, di tlhomile mogopolo mo thusong ya tshoganyetso go na le go fokotsa dikotsi tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, go ipaakanyetsa le go tlwaela, Go tlhama melawana e e gokagantsweng ya go ela tlhoko le go sekaseka mananeo le mananeo, ka gonne ditheo di le dintsi mo teng ga puso ga jaanong jaana ga di na mokgwa o o rulagantsweng wa go ela tlhoko le go sekaseka."<ref>"[http://www.napglobalnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/napgn-en-2019-nap-roadmap-for-zimbabwe.pdf National Adaptation Plan (NAP) Roadmap for Zimbabwe]" (PDF). ''NAP Global Network''. April 2019.</ref> '''Lefatshe la Lesotho''' – "Maikaelelo a konokono a thulaganyo ya NAPA a akaretsa: go supa baagi le matshelo a a mo [[:en:Climate_change_vulnerability|kotsing thata ya phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_vulnerability|seemo sa bosa]] , go tlhama lenaane la ditiro tse di tla bopang konokono ya lenaneo la bosetšhaba la tiro la go tlwaela seemo sa bosa, le go tlhaeletsana ka ditlhokego tsa lefatshe tsa ka bonako le tse di potlakileng le ditlapele tsa go aga bokgoni jwa go tlwaela phetogo ya seemo sa bosa].<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20221006210644/https://www.adaptation-undp.org/sites/default/files/downloads/lso_napa.pdf Lesotho's National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) on Climate Change]" (PDF). Archived from [http://www.adaptation-undp.org/sites/default/files/downloads/lso_napa.pdf the original] (PDF) on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2024.</ref> '''Lefatshe la Namibia''' – dithito tsa kgang tse di botlhokwa tsa go tlwaela ke "Tshireletsego ya dijo le motheo wa metswedi ya ditshedi o o tswelelang, Motheo wa metswedi ya metsi o o tswelelang, Boitekanelo le boitekanelo jwa batho le tlhabololo ya Mafaratlhatlha.<ref>''Youth Files Climate Case with India's Environmental Court''. Our Children's Trust. 2017. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1163/9789004322714_cclc_2017-0228-011|10.1163/9789004322714_cclc_2017-0228-011.]] [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1312587857 1312587857].</ref> '''Lefatshe la Aforikaborwa''' e amogetse ka kgwedi ya Phatweka ngwaga wa 2020 Leano la yona la Bosetšhaba la go Ikamanya le Phetogo ya Seemo sa Bosa,<ref>"[https://www.dffe.gov.za/mediarelease/nationalclimatechange_adaptationstrategy_ue10november19 South Africa's National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy approved]". ''[[:en:Department_of_Environment,_Forestry_and_Fisheries|Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries]]''. 18 August 2020.</ref> le le "dirang jaaka ntlha e e tlwaelesegileng ya maiteko a go ikamanya le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo Aforikaborwa, mme le tlamela ka serala se mo go sona maikaelelo a bosetšhaba a go ikamanya le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa a lefatshe a ka tlhalosiwang gore go tlamelwe ka kaelo e e akaretsang ya itsholelo yotlhe<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20211104030516/https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/reports/nationalclimate_changeadaptation_strategyforcomment_nccas.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20211104030516/https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/reports/nationalclimate_changeadaptation_strategyforcomment_nccas.pdf National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy – Republic of South Africa"] (PDF). Archived from [http://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/reports/nationalclimate_changeadaptation_strategyforcomment_nccas.pdf the original] (PDF) on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2019.</ref> == Metswedi == j0y19682wypc1lpunk6yb457jm01co4 53339 53292 2026-07-27T10:19:20Z Atsile Edith 11759 Ke senotse tsebe e #Wikipedia25BW 53339 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Temperature Bar Chart Africa--1901-2020--2021-07-14.png|thumb|Setshwantso sa dipalopalo se se bontshang [[:en:Instrumental_temperature_record|phetogo ya mogote]] mo Aforika magareng ga 1901 le 2021, ka mmala o mohibidu o le bothitho mme botala jwa legodimo bo le tsididi go feta palogare (Palogare ya mogote ka nako ya ngwaga wa 1971 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 2000 e tsewa jaaka ntlha ya tshupiso ya diphetogo tse.)]] '''Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo Aforika''' ke matshosetsi a magolo ka gonne karolo ya eo ke nngwe ya dikgaolo tse [[:en:Climate_change_vulnerability|di mo kotsing]] thata ya [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya]] [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|seemo sa bosa]], le fa e le yone e e bakang mesi e e kwa tlase ga karolo ya bone mo lekgolong ya lefatshe lotlhe e e dirang gore go nne le kgololo ya dighese tse di tshwarang mollo mo lefaufaung.<ref>Bank, African Development (5 November 2024). "[https://www.afdb.org/en/cop29/focus-africa Focus on Africa]". ''African Development Bank Group''. Retrieved 1 July 2026.</ref>Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e baka mekgwa e e sa tlhomamang ya pula, d[[:en:Extreme_weather|itiragalo tse di feteletseng tsa]] [[:en:Extreme_weather|tepo loapi]] tse di diragalang kgapetsakgapetsa tse di jaaka [[:en:Drought|komelelo]], [[:en:Flood|merwalela]], le [[:en:Sea_surface_temperature|megote e e tlhatlogang ya boalogodimo jwa lewatle]] go ralala karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng. Diphetogo tse di tshosetsa tshireletsego ya [[:en:Food_security|dijo]] le [[:en:Water_security|tshireletsego ya metsi]], [[:en:Biodiversity|mefutafuta ya ditshedi]], [[:en:Public_health|boitekanelo jwa setšhaba]], le [[:en:Economic_development|tlhabololo ya itsholelo]].<ref name=":0">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (22 June 2023). "Africa". ''[https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009325844/type/book Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (1&#x20;ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.&#x20;1285–1456. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/9781009325844.011|10.1017/9781009325844.011]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-009-32584-4|978-1-009-32584-4]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>United Nations, UNEP (2017). "[http://www.unep.org/regions/africa/regional-initiatives/responding-climate-change Responding to climate change]". ''UNEP – UN Environment Programme''. Retrieved 1 July 2022.</ref> Aforika gone jaana e thuthafala ka bonako go feta lefatshe lotlhe ka palogare.<ref>World Meterological Organization (2 September 2024). [https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/africa-faces-disproportionate-burden-from-climate-change-and-adaptation-costs "Africa faces disproportionate burden from climate change and adaptation costs]". ''World Meteorological Organization''. Retrieved 16 September 2025.</ref> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e gakatsa matshosetsi a a leng teng a loago le itsholelo. Dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa baagi ba Aforika di ikaegile ka matshelo a a bosisi mo seemong sa bosa jaaka temothuo (karolo ya masome a matlhano le botlhano go ya kwa masome a marataro le bobedi mo lekgolong ya badiri mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara)<ref>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (22 June 2023). "Africa". ''[https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009325844/type/book Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (1&#x20;ed.). Cambridge University Press. p.&#x20;1289. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/9781009325844.011|10.1017/9781009325844.011]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-009-32584-4|978-1-009-32584-4]]</bdi>.</ref> mme di setse di tshela mo lehumeng, se se oketsang go tlhagelela ga bona mo ditshosong. Ditlamorago tsa botsogo di nna maswe le go feta fa [[:en:Hyperthermia|kgatelelo ya mogote]], [[:en:Disease_vector|malwetse a a tshelanwang ke dibopiwa tse di ananmisang bolwetse]] (a a tshwanang le [[:en:Malaria|malaria]] le [[:en:Dengue_fever|dengue]]), le letlhoko la dikotla di ntse di anama thata. Go feta sephatlo e leng karolong ya masome a matlhano le borataro mo lekgolong (56%) ya ditiragalo tse di fetang dikete tse pedi tse di kwadilweng tsa boitekanelo jwa setšhaba mo Aforika magareng ga ngwaga wa 2001 le ngwaga wa 2021 di ne di amana le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>Africa CDC (7 July 2025). ''[https://africacdc.org/download/climate-change-and-health-strategic-framework-2025/ Climate Change and Health: Strategic Framework 2025]''. p.&#x20;vii.</ref> [[:en:Resource_depletion|Tlhaelo ya didirisiwa]] e na le seabe mo go fudugeng le dikgotlhang, bogolosegolo mo dikgaolong tse di bokoa. Mafelo a ditoropo, a gantsi a tlhaolwang ke mafelo a bonno a a sa tlhomamang, a lebane le dikotsi tse di kwa godimo tsa morwalela le mogote o o feteletseng.<ref name=":0" /> Temothuo ke nngwe ya makalana a a mo kotsing thata, ka bontsi jwa balemirui ba Aforika ba ikaegile ka dijalo tse di [[:en:Rainfed_agriculture|nosetswang ke pula]]. Pula e e fokoditsweng le e e sa bonelwang pele, e kopantswe le megote e e kwa godimo, e kgweetsa tatlhegelo ya bongola jwa mmu, [[:en:Desertification_in_Africa|go nna sekaka]] (bogolosegolo kwa [[:en:Sahara|Sahara]]) le go sutisa mafelo a a tshwanetseng a go gola. Diphetogo tse di fokotsa thobo ya dijalo tsa konokono, di nyatsa tshireletsego ya dijo le go gakatsa tlala. Boitekanelo jwa [[:en:Livestock|leruo]] bo ntse bo tsenngwa mo kotsing thata ke kgatelelo ya mogote le go fetoga ga mekgwa ya malwetse. Dithulaganyo tsa tikologo tsa lebopo le tsa lewatle di lebane le mawatle a a thuthafetseng le [[:en:Sea_level_rise|maemo a a tlhatlogang]], se se tshosetsang batshwaraditlhapi le mafelo a a nang le batho ba le bantsi a a mo lebopong.<ref>Fonjong, Lotsmart; Matose, Frank; Sonnenfeld, David A. (1 December 2024). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095937802400116X "Climate change in Africa: Impacts, adaptation, and policy responses"]. ''Global Environmental Change''. '''89''' 102912. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024GEC....8902912F 2024GEC....8902912F]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2024.102912|10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2024.102912]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-3780 0959-3780].</ref> Ditshenyegelo tsa itsholelo tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa di maswe thata. Ka palogare mafatshe a Aforika a lebane le ditatlhegelo tse di amanang le seemo sa bosa tse di fitlhang ko karolong ya bobedi go ya kwa botlhanong mo lekgolong ya [[:en:Gross_domestic_product|Palogotlhe ya Boleng jwa Ditlhagiso tsa Naga(GDP)]] ka ngwaga, fa ditshenyegelo tsa go [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|tlwaela]] mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahran di akanyediwa go nna didikadike tsa di dilara tsa lefatshe la USA di le masome a mararo go yab kwa masomemg a matlhano (USD 30-50 billion) ka ngwaga mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di tlang. Se se tshosetsa dipoelo tsa tlhabololo le go baya kgatelelo mo dipusong le mo ditheong tsa boditšhabatšhaba go kokoanya [[:en:Climate_finance|matlole a seemo sa bosa]].<ref>World Meteorological Organization (2024). ''[https://uneca.org/sites/default/files/ACPC/publication/State-of-the-Climate-in-Africa-2023_en.pdf State of the Climate in Africa: 2023]'' (PDF). Geneva. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-63-11360-3|978-92-63-11360-3]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>European Investment Bank (19 October 2022). ''[https://www.eib.org/en/publications/finance-in-africa-navigating-the-financial-landscape-in-turbulent-times Finance in Africa - Navigating the financial landscape in turbulent times]''. European Investment Bank. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5382-2|978-92-861-5382-2]]</bdi>.</ref> Maano a Aforika a go itlwaetsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa a tsepamisitse mogopolo mo go ageng nonofo ka [[:en:Climate-smart_agriculture|temothuo e e botlhale mo]] [[:en:Climate-smart_agriculture|seemong sa bosa]] , [[:en:Water_management|taolo ya metsi]] e e tswelelang, [[:en:Environmental_protection|tshomarelo ya tikologo]], le go matlafatsa dithulaganyo tsa boitekanelo le tsa mafaratlhatlha. Mekgwa e e baya kwa pele go tokafatsa puso, go kokoanya matlole le dipeeletso tsa seemo sa bosa, le go rotloetsa go tsaya karolo ga baagi go samagana le go nna mo kotsing ka botlalo.<ref>Tadesse, Debay (1 December 2010). [https://issafrica.org/research/papers/the-impact-of-climate-change-in-africa "The impact of climate change in Africa"]. ''ISS Africa''. Retrieved 16 September 2025.</ref><ref>Badji, Arfang; Ibanda, Angele; Akello, Sarah; Ekwamu, Adipala (2022). [https://afjrdev.org/index.php/jos/article/view/410 "Climate change impacts and adaptation strategies in Africa: Selected case studies"]. ''African Journal of Rural Development''. '''7''' (3): 209–274. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2415-2838 2415-2838].</ref><ref>Ngongolo, Kelvin; Gayo, Leopody (21 May 2025). [[doi:10.3389/past.2025.14225|"Climate change impacts and mitigation strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa's livestock production sector. A brief review"]]. ''Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice''. '''15''' 14225. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025Pasto..1514225N :2025Pasto..1514225N.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3389/past.2025.14225|10.3389/past.2025.14225]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-7136 2041-7136].</ref>Matlhomeso a karolo kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mangwe le a bosetšhaba a gatelela kgokagano ya makalana a mantsi, kamogelo ya maranyane, le kago ya bokgoni go tshegetsa tlhabololo e e tswelelang le go fokotsa [[:en:Climate_risk|dikotsi tsa seemo sa bosa]].<ref>African Union (28 June 2022). [https://au.int/en/documents/20220628/african-union-climate-change-and-resilient-development-strategy-and-action-plan ''African Union Climate Change and Resilient Development Strategy and Action Plan (2022-2032)''.] African Union.</ref> == Pabalesego ya metsi le go senyega ga metswedi == [[Setshwantsho:View of the surrounding at the Lake Kariba with hippos (6910358407).jpg|thumb|Lekadiba la Kariba]] Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e dira jaaka selo se segolo se se sa tlhomamang ga tshireletsego ya metsi go ralala karolo kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi ya Aforika, ka ditikologo tsa metsi tse di bontshang go sa tlhomama go go oketsegileng. Go ya ka pegelo ya Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe wa Maemo a Bosa (WMO) ya ''Seemo sa'' ''sa bosa mo Aforika ya ngwaga wa 2025'', maemo a bosa a a feteletseng le ditshupo tse di amanang le seemo sa bosa di amile bonnye jwa batho ba le didkadike di le lesome le boraro mme tsa baka dintsho tse di fetang dikete tse tharo tse di begilweng ka ngwaga wa 2025 fela, mme merwalela e ne ya dira go feta sephatlo sa seemo sa bosa sotlhe se se diphatsa.<ref name=":9">"[https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/extreme-weather-and-climate-events-impact-millions-africa-2025 Extreme weather and climate events impact millions in Africa in 2025]". World Meteorological Organization. 18 June 2026. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref>. Go gakala mo ga dikotsi go kgoreletsa go nna teng ga metsi a a fa godimo ga lefatshe le mafaratlhatlha a dikago, go fetola dikotsi tsa seemo sa bosa go nna mathata a metsi a itsholelo a a anameng.<ref>"[https://reliefweb.int/report/world/state-climate-africa-2025-enar State of the Climate in Africa 2025 &#x5B;EN/AR]&#x5D;". World Meteorological Organization via ReliefWeb. 18 June 2026. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> === Diphoso tse dikgolo tsa letamo le motlhamo wa motlakase === Go nna mo kotsing ga dithulaganyo tse dikgolo tsa polokelo ya metsi mo dipharologanong tsa mogote tse di tsayang nako e telele go ne ga bontshiwa ka nako ya komelelo ya kgaolo ya ngwaga wa 2023 go ya kwa ngwageng ya 2025 kwa Borwa jwa Aforika, e e neng ya tlhaolwa jaaka komelelo e e maswe go gaisa e e amileng kgaolo mo dingwageng di feta lekgolo.<ref>[https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/mozambique/southern-africa-el-nino-regional-humanitarian-overview-september-2024 Southern Africa: El Niño Regional Humanitarian Overview] (Report). UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). 20 September 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> E tlhotlhelediwa ke legato le le tseneletseng la El Niño le diphetogo tse di siameng tsa Dipole tsa Lewatle la India, ditlhaelo tsa pula di ne tsa baka go wela tlase ga ditso ga selekanyo sa metsi a Letsha la Kariba, letamo le legolo go gaisa mo Aforika le le dirilweng ke batho ka bogolo jo bo ka tsayang metsi .<ref>[https://wmo.int/resources/publication-series/state-of-climate-africa/state-of-climate-africa-2025 "State of the Climate in Africa 2025 Interactive]". World Meteorological Organization. 18 June 2026. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> Go fokotsega ga bogolo jo bo ka tsayang metsi ya polokelo e e tshelang ya letamo go dirile gore ditlhomo tsa motlakase o o amanang le metsi di se ka tsa kgona go dira, ga pateletsa go kgaoga ga motlakase ka nako e telele le go abelwa metsi a a phepa go ralala mafatshe a Zambia le Zimbabwe, mme ga felela ka dikgoeletso tsa bosetšhaba tsa masetlapelo a komelelo go ralala ditšhaba di le thataro, go akaretsa Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi le Namibia.<ref>[https://reliefweb.int/report/angola/drought-southern-africa-angola-botswana-lesotho-malawi-mozambique-namibia-zambia-zimbabwe-public-health-situation-analysis-phsa-14-october-2024 Drought in Southern Africa: Public Health Situation Analysis] (Report). World Health Organization. 14 October 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> === Kgotlelego ya mafaratlhatlha le sediba se se kgabaganyang melelwane === Go farologana le seo, go akofisa ga ditiragalo tsa pula e e feteletseng go tshoseditse ka go lekana phitlhelelo ya metsi a a phepa. Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ka ngwaga wa 2025, morwalela o o sa tshwanelang le o o bokete wa tshoganyetso kwa Nigeria o ne wa baka dintsho di feta makgolo a mabedi le go fekeetsa mafaratlhatlha a metsi a mmasepala a selegae, mme se sa baka go tlhakana ka tlhamalalo ga metsi a a elelang le mokgatšha wa metsi a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe mo lefelong la ditoropo o o seng ko teng le dithulaganyo tsa diphaephe tsa mmasepala.<ref>[https://wmo.int/resources/publication-series/state-of-climate-africa/state-of-climate-africa-2025 "State of the Climate in Africa 2025]". World Meteorological Organization. 18 June 2026. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> Mo dibeiseneng tse di kgabaganyang melelwane jaaka kgaolo ya Letsha la Chad, thuthafalo e e tswelelang le diphetogo tsa pula e e sa tlhomamang thata di tswelela go fetola bogolo jo bo ka tsayang metsi tsa paka. Dikgobalo tse di tlholang mo lefelong le le leng teng la boalogodimo di nyatsa ka tlhamalalo motheo wa didirisiwa tsa batho ba feta didikadike di le masome a mararo go ralala Nigeria, Niger, Chad, le Cameroon, go bontsha ka fao go sa sireletsega ga metsi mo go bakiwang ke seemo sa bosa go ka dirang jaaka setlhotlheletsi sa tsitsipano ya lefatshe le sepolotiki le go fuduga ka pateletso.<ref name=":9" /> == Ditlamorago == === Selekanyo sa mogote le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa === [[Setshwantsho:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 Africa 1991–2020.svg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa Aforika wa go tlhaola seemo sa bosa sa Köppen ka ngwaga wa 1991 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 2020]] Go etswe tlhoko fa [[:en:Instrumental_temperature_record|mogote wa moalo wa lefatshe]] ka kakaretsoo ile kwa godimo mo Aforika kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe go ya kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi le bongwe ka bokana jwa mogote wa Celcius e le nngwe (1 °C), mme mo gae mogote oo kwa tlase kwa Sahel fa paka e e omeletseng e fela e leselekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius e le boraro (3 °C).<ref name=":3">''Rural societies in the face of climatic and environmental changes in West Africa''. Marseille: IRD éditions. 2017. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-7099-2424-5|<bdi>978-2-7099-2424-5</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#OCLC|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/title/1034784045 1034784045]. Impr. Jouve.</ref>Go thuthafala ga Aforika go oketsegile ka lefela ntlha tharo ya selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius (+0.3 C) go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1991 go ya ko ngwageng wa 2021 fa go bapisiwa le koketsego ya lefela ntlha pedi (+0.2) ka nako ya ngwaga wa 1961 go ya ko ngwageng wa 1910. Go fophakanyediwa olediwa gore ka ngwaga wa 2030, batho ba Aforika ba tla bo ba le mo kotsing ya go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle ka ntlha ya go tlhatloga ga mogote. Se se tla dira gore go [[:en:Agricultural_productivity|ntsha dikungo ga temothuo]] go fokotsege.<ref>Engel, Ulf (2024). Engel, Ulf (ed.). ''Yearbook on the African Union Volume 3 (2022)''. Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar: Brill. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-90-04-68308-2|<bdi>978-90-04-68308-2</bdi>.]]</ref> Diphetogo tsa pula tse di lemogilweng di supa dipharologano tsa sebaka le tsa nako jaaka go solofetswe.<ref name=":10">Collins, Jennifer M. (15 July 2011). [[doi:10.1175/2011JCLI3753.1|"Temperature Variability over Africa]]". ''Journal of Climate''. '''24''' (14): 3649–3666. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JCli...24.3649C 2011JCli...24.3649C]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/2011JCLI3753.1|10.1175/2011JCLI3753.1]].</ref><ref>Niang, I.; O. C. Ruppel; M. A. Abdrabo; A. Essel; C. Lennard; J. Padgham, and P. Urquhart, 2014: Africa. In: ''Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability''. Part B: Regional Aspects. [https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Barros, V. R.; C. B. Field; D. J. Dokken et al. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1199–1265.</ref> Diphetogo tse di lemogilweng mo megoteng le [[:en:Precipitation|pula]] di farologana go ya ka dikgaolo.<ref>Conway, Declan; Persechino, Aurelie; Ardoin-Bardin, Sandra; Hamandawana, Hamisai; Dieulin, Claudine; Mahé, Gil (February 2009). [[doi:10.1175/2008JHM1004.1|"Rainfall and Water Resources Variability in Sub-Saharan Africa during the Twentieth Century"]]. ''Journal of Hydrometeorology''. '''10''' (1): 41–59. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JHyMe..10...41C 2009JHyMe..10...41C.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/2008JHM1004.1|10.1175/2008JHM1004.1]].</ref><ref name=":10" /> Dikai tsa ga jaana tsa seemo sa bosa (jaaka di sobokantswe mo [[:en:IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report|Pegelong ya Tshekatsheko ya Borataro ya IPCC]]) di bonelapele koketsego ya makgetlo le maatla a ditiragalo tsa komelelo le pula e e maatla.<ref name=":4">Armstrong, Andrew; Dyer, Ellen; Koehler, Johanna; Hope, Rob (2022). [[doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102592|"Intra-seasonal rainfall and piped water revenue variability in rural Africa".]] Global Environmental Change. 76 102592. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022GEC....7602592A 2022GEC....7602592A]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102592|10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102592.]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Gape di bonelapele phokotsego ya pula e e magareng mo e ka nnang gongwe le gongwe mo Aforika, ka tshepo e e magareng go ya go e e kwa godimo. Le fa go ntse jalo, diphetogo tsa pula ya selegae le ditirisano tsa loago le seemo sa bosa di ka bonala ka mekgwa e e tlhakaneng. Ka jalo, ditlamorago tse di kopanang tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa di tla farologana go ralala karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a a mantsi mo teng. Mo metseng ya selegae, mekgwa ya pula e tlhotlheletsa tiriso ya metsi.<ref name=":4" /> [[Setshwantsho:Koppen-Geiger Map Africa future.svg|thumb|Setshwantso sa karolo kgolo ya Lefatshe ye naleng mafatshe ya Africa ya dingwaga tsa 2071 go ya kwa 2100 ka fa tlase ga boemo jo bo tseneletseng thata jwa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa . Ditiragalo tsa magareng ga jaana di tsewa di ka nna teng.]] Ditlhotlhomiso tse di dirilweng ka ngwaga wa 2019 di akanyeditse fa paka ya komelelo e tla tsaya lobaka ka nako ya dipula mme gape go nne le dipula tse di matsorotsoro mo Aforika.<ref name=":1">Kendon, Elizabeth J.; Stratton, Rachel A.; Tucker, Simon; Marsham, John H.; Berthou, Ségolène; Rowell, David P.; Senior, Catherine A. (2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6478940/ "Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale"]. ''Nature Communications''. '''10''' (1): 1794. [[bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1794K|Bibcode]]:[[bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1794K|2019NatCo..10.1794K.]] [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-09776-9 10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9.] [[:en:International_Standard_Serial_Number|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:2041-1723 2041-1723]. [[:en:PubMed_Central#PMCID|PMC]][https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6478940/ &nbsp;6478940]. [[:en:PubMed#PubMed_identifier|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31015416/ 31015416.]</ref> Ka mafoko a mangwe "maemo a a feteletseng a bosa a tla gakalela pele".<ref name=":2">"[https://weather.com/news/climate/news/2019-06-18-africa-extreme-weather-drought-flood More Extreme Weather in Africa's Future, Study Says | The Weather Channel – Articles from The Weather Channel | weather.com"]. ''The Weather Channel''. Retrieved 1 July 2022.</ref> Patlisiso e fitlhetse gore bontsi jwa [[:en:Climate_model|dikai tsa seemo sa bosa]] ga di kitla di kgona go bona selekanyo sa diphetogo tseno ka gonne ga di letlelele [[:en:Atmospheric_convection|phetogo]] ya mowa mo dilekanong tsa tsone tse di makgwakgwa.<ref name=":1" /> === Go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle === ''Bona gape : [[:en:Floods_in_Africa|Merwalela mo Aforika]]'' [[Setshwantsho:Dar es Salaam (Aerial).jpg|thumb|Pono e e bonwang kwa godimo ya motsemogolo wa lefatshe la Tanzania, e leng Dar es Salaam.]] Mo [[:en:Africa|Aforika]], [[:en:Population_growth|kgolo ya batho]] mo isagong e oketsa dikotsi tse di bakiwang ke go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle. Batho ba ka nna didikadike di le masome a matlhano le bone ntlha pedi ba ne ba nna mo dikgaolong tsa lebopo tse di kwa tlase tse di tlhagelelang thata (LECZ) ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000. Palo e e tla menagana gabedi go fitlha go batho ba ka nna didikadike di le lekgolo le lesome ka dingwaga tsa bo 2030. Ka ngwaga wa 2060 e tla bo e le batho ba ka nna didikadike di le lekgolo le masome a borobabobedi le botlhano go ya go ko makgolong a mabedi le boraro, go ikaegile ka selekanyo sa kgolo ya baagi. Palogare ya tlhatlogo ya bogodimo jwa lewatle jwa kgaolo e tla nna mo tikologong ya selekanyo sa boleele jwa di centimetara di le masome a mabedi le bongwe ka ngwaga wa 2060. Ka nako eo ditiragalo tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ga di kitla di dira pharologanyo e ntsi. Mme thutafatshe ya selegae le diphetogo tsa baagi di dirisana go oketsa go tlhagelela mo dikotsing tse di jaaka merwalela ya dingwaga di le lekgolo ka tsela e e raraaneng.<ref name=":5">Trisos, C. H., I. O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N. P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf Chapter 9: Africa]. In Climate [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E. S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, New York, US, pp. 2043–2121 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.011.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Abidjan des Lagune.jpg|thumb|Abidjan, e leng toropo e e nonofileng thata ya ikonomi ya Ivory Coast]] {| class="wikitable" |+Dipalopalo tsa batho mo dipoeng tsa merwalela tsa dingwaga di le 100.<ref name=":5" /> !Lefatshe !2000 !2030 !2060 !Kgolo go ya ngwaga wa 2000 goya kwa ngwageng wa 2060 |- |Egypt |7.4 |13.8 |20.7 |0.28 |- |Nigeria |0.1 |0.3 |0.9 |0.84 |- |Senegal |0.4 |1.1 |2.7 |0.76 |- |Benin |0.1 |0.6 |1.6 |1.12 |- |Tanzania |0.2 |0.9 |4.3 |2.3 |- |Somalia |0.2 |0.6 |2.7 |1.7 |- |Cote d'Ivoire |0.1 |0.3 |0.7 |0.65 |- |Mozambique |0.7 |1.4 |2.5 |0.36 |} # Mo didikadikeng tsa batho. Kholomo ya bobedi le ya boraro di akaretsa bobedi ditlamorago tsa kgolo ya baagi le bogolo jo bo oketsegileng jwa dipoa tsa morwalela ka nako eo. # Koketsego ya baagi ba lefelo le boemo jo bo kwa godimo jo bo utlwalang jwa kgolo ya baagi. [[Setshwantsho:ANKOMAH 20221122-009.jpg|thumb|Monna mongwe o lebile kwa ntle kwa lotshitshing lwa lewatle a le mo kagong e e sentsweng ke makhubu a a kwa godimo kwa [[:en:Chorkor|Chorkor]], e leng torotswana ya [[:en:Accra|Accra]]. Morwalela wa letsatsi le letsatsi o o bakiwang ke go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle, o oketsa [[:en:Coastal_erosion|kgogolego ya mabopo]] e e senyang matlo, mafaratlhatlha le dithulaganyo tsa tlholego tsa tikologo. Baagi ba le mmalwa kwa Coastal Ghana ba setse ba itemogela go fetoga ga makhubu a lewatle.]] Mo pakeng e e gaufi, go lebeletswe gore go fuduga mo gogolo go tla diragala mo kgaolong ya [[:en:East_Africa|Botlhaba jwa Aforika]] . Bonnye jwa batho ba le dikete tse makgolo a supa le botlhano koo go ka direga gore ba fudusiwe go tswa kwa mabopong magareng ga dingwaga tsa 2020 le 2050. Dithutopatlisiso tsa saense di akanyeditse gore ditoropo tse dikgolo di le lesome le bobedi tsa Aforika di tla tshegetsa tshenyo e e kokoantsweng ya didikadike tsa dilora tsa USA di le masome a marataro le botlhano ka ntlha ya boemo jwa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa jo bo "magareng" jwa [[:en:Representative_Concentration_Pathway|RCP4.5]] ka ngwaga wa 2050. Ditoropo tse Abidjan, Alexandria, Algiers, Cape Town, Casablanca, Dakar, Dar es Salaam, Durban, Lagos, Lomé, Luanda le Maputo. Ka fa tlase ga boemo jwa go ntsha mesi e e kwa godimo jwa RCP8.5 tshenyo e tla fitlha didikadike tsa di dolara tsa lefatshe la USA di le masome a borobabobedi le boratatro ntlha tlhano. Mofuta wa boemo jwa go ntsha mesi e e kwa godimo jo bo nang le ditlamorago tse dingwe go tswa mo go sa tlhomamang ga aese e e kwa godimo go tla akaretsa ditshenyegelo tse di ka fitlhang go didikadike tsa di dolara tsa lefatshe la USA di le lekgolo le masome a mararo le bosupa ntlha tlhano. Tshenyo e e tswang mo ditiragalong tse tharo tse di ikarabelang mo godimo ga "ditiragalo tse di nang le kgonagalo e e kwa tlase, tse di nang le tshenyo e e kwa godimo" e tla tlhatlogela kwa go didikadikeng tsa di dolara di le lekgolo le masome a borobabobedi le bosupa, tse makgolo a mabei le borataro le makgolo a mararo le masome a a borobabongwe le bosupa ka go latelana.<ref name=":5" /> Mo dikakanyetsong tse, motsemogolo wa Egepeto wa Alexandria o le nosi o dira mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa palo e.<ref name=":5" /> Batho ba le diketekete tse di makgolokgolo mo mafelong a yone a a kwa tlase ba ka tswa ba setse ba tlhoka go fuduga mo dingwageng tse di lesome tse di tlang.<ref>Michaelson, Ruth (25 August 2018). [https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/aug/29/alexandria-little-venice-egypt-climate-change-frontline "Houses claimed by the canal: life on Egypt's climate change frontline"]. [[:en:The_Guardian|The Guardian]]. Retrieved 30 August 2018.</ref> Go ralala Aforika o o kwa [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|borwa jwa Sahara]] ka kakaretso, tshenyo e e bakiwang ke go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle e ka fitlha karolo ya bobedi go ya kwa boneng mo lekgolong ya GDP ka ngwaga wa 2050. Le fa go ntse jalo palo e e ikaegile ka selekanyo sa [[:en:Economic_growth|kgolo ya itsholelo]] ya isago le [[:en:Adaptation|go tlwaela]].<ref name=":5" /> [[Setshwantsho:Leptis Magna amphitheatre - panoramio.jpg|left|thumb|Masalela a [[:en:Amphitheater|lefelo la bobogelo]] la Leptis Magna, mme lewatle le bonala kwa morago]] Mo pakeng e telele, Egepeto, Mozambique le Tanzania di ka nna le palo e kgolo ya batho ba ba amiwang ke morwalela wa ngwaga le ngwaga mo dinageng tsotlhe tsa Aforika. Tekanyetso e e tsaya gore thuthafalo ya lefatshe e tla fitlha selekanyo sa mogote wa Celcius tse nne (4 °C) kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga. Tlhatlhogo eo e amana le boemo jwa RCP8.5. Ka fa tlase ga RCP8.5, mafelo a botlhokwa a setso a le lesome a ne a tla bo a le mo kotsing ya morwalela le kgogolego kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo. Tsena ke [[:en:Casbah_of_Algiers|Casbah ya Algiers]], [[:en:Carthage#Archaeological_site|Lefelo la Boepi la Carthage]], [[:en:Kerkouane|Kerkouane]], Leptis Magna Lefelo la Boepi, Medina wa Sousse, Medina wa Tunis, Lefelo la Boepi la Sabratha, Setlhaketlhake sa Robben, Setlhaketlhake sa Saint-Louis le Tipasa. Palogotlhe ya lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Ramsar_site|mafelo a Ramsar]] le mafelo a mangwe a boswa jwa tlholego a ne a tla lebana le dikotsi tse di tshwanang. Tseno ke [[:en:Bao_Bolong_Wetland_Reserve|Lefelo la Polokelo ya Lefelo le le Metsi la Bao Bolong]][[:en:Delta_du_Saloum_National_Park|,Lefelo la Bosetšhaba ya Delta du Saloum]], [[:en:Diawling_National_Park|Lefelo la Bosetšhaba ya Diawling]], Kolofo ya Boughrara, Kalissaye, Letsha la Lewatle le Lefelo la Mejerda, [[:en:Marromeu_Game_Reserve|Lefelo la Tshireletso ya Diphologolo tsa Marromeu]], Lefelo la Tshireletso ya Diphologolo tsa Diphologolo tsa Marromeu, Lefelo la Tshireletso la Tlhago la Ditlhare tsa Mangrove le Lefelo la Polokelo ya Diphologolo tsa Seal, Essed, Sebkhet Soliman, Lefelo la Tlhago la Kgatlhego ya Setšhaba la Somone, [[:en:Songhor_Lagoon|Lefelo la Tlhago la Ditshedi la Songor]], [[:en:Tanbi_Wetland_Complex|Lefelo]] [[:en:Tanbi_Wetland_Complex|le le dikago tse dintsi la Metsi la Tanbi]] le [[:en:Watamu_Marine_National_Park|Lefelo la Bosetšhaba ya Lewatle ya Watamu]].<ref name=":5" /> == Ditlamorago tsa loago le itsholelo == [[Setshwantsho:Access to wood and water appears to be severely impacted by climate change in Kenya and Cameroon.png|thumb|Dipholo tsa patlisiso go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2022 di bontsha gore go bonala dikgong le metsi go amiwa thata ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa kwa Kenya le kwa Cameroon<ref>Bank, European Investment (5 June 2023). ''[https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230098-eib-climate-survey-africa-and-middle-east The EIB Climate Survey: Africa and the Middle East]''. European Investment Bank. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5534-5|<bdi>978-92-861-5534-5</bdi>.]]</ref>]] [[:en:Climate_change|Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa]] e tla ama Aforika ka bontsi ka ntlha ya mabaka a le mantsi. Ditlamorago tse di setse di utlwiwa mme di tla oketsega ka bogolo fa go sa tsewe dikgato tsa go fokotsa mesi ya khabone mo lefatsheng lotlhe. Ditlamorago di akaretsa megote e e kwa godimo, komelelo, go fetoga ga mekgwa ya pula, le go fetoga fetoga mo go oketsegileng ga seemo sa bosa. Maemo a a na le tshusumetso mo go direng le go diriseng ga maatla. Komelelo ya sešweng mo [[:en:African_countries|mafatsheng a a mantsi a Aforika]], e e ntseng e golaganngwa le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, e amile ka tsela e e sa siamang bobedi jwa [[:en:Energy_security|tshireletsego ya maatla]] le kgolo ya itsholelo go ralala karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng. Aforika e tla nna nngwe ya dikgaolo tse di amiwang thata ke ditlamorago tse di sa siamang tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>''[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf Africa. In: Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (PDF). 2014.</ref> Mabaka a go nna mo kotsing ga Aforika a farologane mme a akaretsa maemo a a kwa tlase a bokgoni jwa go tlwaela, go anamisiwa mo go bokoa ga maranyane, le tshedimosetso e e maleba go tshegetsa go tlwaela, le go ikaega thata ka dithulaganyo tsa temothuo go bona matshelo.<ref>Welborn, Lily (2018). ''Africa and climate change: Projecting vulnerability and adaptive capacity''. Institute for Security Studies.</ref> Mafatshe a le mantsi go ralala Aforika a tlhaolwa jaaka [[:en:Least_Developed_Countries|mafatshe a a sa Tlhabologang thata]] (LDCs) tse di nang le maemo a a bokoa a loago le itsholelo, mme ka ntlha ya se di lebagane le dikgwetlho tse di rileng mo go tsibogeleng ditlamorago tsa [[:en:Climate_change|phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.]]<ref>UNDP/GEF (2018). ''[https://www.thegef.org/sites/default/files/publications/CCA-Africa-Final.pdf Climate Change Adaptation in Africa UNDP: Synthesis of Experiences and Recommendations]'' (PDF). UNDP/GEF.</ref> Dikotsi tse di bonalang tse di supilweng mo Aforika mo [[:en:IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report|Pegelong ya Tlhatlhobo ya Botlhano]] ya [[:en:Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change|IPCC]] di amana le dithulaganyo tsa tikologo, [[:en:Water_resources|go nna teng ga metsi]], le dithulaganyo tsa temothuo, ka ditlamorago mo tshireletsegong ya dijo.<ref name=":16">''[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf Africa. In: Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (PDF). 2014.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2022, batho ba feta sekete di le borataro ba ba arabileng go tswa kwa mafatsheng a le lesome aAforika ba ne ba tsaya karolo mo patlisisong ya seemo sa bosa se se neng sa dirwa ke [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|Banka ya Dipeeletso karolokgolo ya lefatshe se se naleng mafatshe a mantsi sa Europe]].<ref name=":6">"[https://www.eib.org/en/surveys/climate-survey/5th-climate-survey/africa.htm 2022-2023 EIB Climate Survey, part 1 of 2: 88% of respondents believe that climate change is already affecting their everyday life]". ''EIB.org''. Retrieved 28 February 2023.</ref> Patlisiso e fitlhetse gore karolo ya masome a borobabobebdi le borobabobedi ya ba ba arabilweng ba boletse fa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e utlwisa matshelo a bone botlhoko, fa karolo ya masome a marataro le bongwe mo lekgolong ya ba ba arabilweng ba boletse fa [[:en:Environmental_degradation|tshenyo ya tikologo]] e amile lotseno lwa bone kgotsa motswedi wa matshelo a bone.<ref>[https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2022-554-eib-climate-survey-88-of-african-respondents-believe-that-climate-change-is-already-affecting-their-everyday-life "EIB Climate Survey: 88% of African respondents believe that climate change is already affecting their everyday life"]. ''European Investment Bank''. Retrieved 28 February 2023.</ref> Ditatlhegelo tse gantsi di bakwa ke [[:en:Drought|komelelo]] e e tseneletseng, go oketsega ga bogodimo jwa lewatle kgotsa [[:en:Coastal_erosion|kgogolego ya mabopo]], kgotsa ditiragalo tse di feteletseng tsa maemo a bosa jaaka [[:en:Flood|merwalela]] kgotsa ditsuatsue.<ref name=":6" /> Go feta sephatlo sa batho ba ba arabilweng ba Aforika (karolo ya masome a matlhano le bosupa mo lekgolong) ba rile bone kgotsa batho ba ba ba itseng ba setse ba tsere dikgato tsa go tlwaela ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa. Gareng ga dikgato tse ke dipeeletso mo didirisweng tse di somarelang metsi go fokotsa ditlamorago tsa komelelo le go phepafatsa mesele ya metsi pele ga morwalela.<ref name=":6" /> Karolo ya masome a mararo le bone mo lekgolong ya batho botlhe ba ba arabilweng ba Aforika ba rile phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ke nngwe ya dintlha tse di botlhokwa thata tse di lebaganeng le lefatshe la bona, gareng ga dintlha tse dingwe tsa botlhokwa tse di jaaka [[:en:Inflation|koketsego]] ya ditlhwatlhwa le phitlhelelo ya [[:en:Health_care|tlhokomelo ya boitekanelo]].<ref name=":6" /> === Ditlamorago tsa itsholelo === Afrika e thuthafala ka bonako go feta lefatshe lotlhe ka palogare. Dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa karolokgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng di ka nna tsa se ka tsa agiwa ka ntlha ya seo mme palogotlhe ya [[:en:Gross_domestic_product|dikumo tsa selegae tsa Aforika]] (GDP) e ka nna ya fokotsega ka karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong ka ntlha ya tlhatlogo ya selekanyo sa mogote wa Celcius e le nngwe (1 °C) ya mogote ya palogare ya lefatshe, le ka karolo ya lesome le bobedi mo lekgolong (12%) ka ntlha ya tlhatlogo ya selekanyo sa mogote wa karolo ya Celcius ya bone (4 °C) ya mogote. Dithobo tsa dijalo di solofetswe go fokotsega thata ka ntlha ya go tlhatloga ga mogote mme go solofetswe gore dipula tse di maatla di tla na kgapetsakgapetsa le ka maatla mo Aforika yotlhe, go oketsa kotsi ya merwalela.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#CITEREFEuropean_Investment_Bank2022c|European Investment Bank 2022c]].</ref><ref>[https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/climate-change-triggers-mounting-food-insecurity-poverty-and-displacement-africa "Climate change triggers mounting food insecurity, poverty and displacement in Africa]". ''public.wmo.int''. 18 October 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</ref><ref>"[https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2018-march-2019/global-warming-severe-consequences-africa Global warming: severe consequences for Africa]". ''Africa Renewal''. 7 December 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</ref><ref>[https://unfccc.int/news/climate-change-is-an-increasing-threat-to-africa "Climate Change Is an Increasing Threat to Africa]". ''United Nations Climate Change News''. 27 October 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, Aforika e latlhegelwa ke madi a a fa gare ga didolara di le didikadike di le supa le didolara di le didikaike di le lesome le botlhano ka ngwaga ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, mme go lebeletswe gore e tla fitlha go didolara di le didikadike di le masome a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 2030.<ref>Rathi, Akshat; Rao, Mythili (2 May 2024). "[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-05-02/inside-the-bank-financing-africa-s-green-growth One Bank Is Turning Africa's Climate Vulnerability Into Opportunity]". ''www.bloomberg.com''. Retrieved 11 May 2024.</ref> ==== Temothuo ==== ''Pego e kgolo: [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture#Africa|Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo temothuong § Aforika]]'' Temothuo ke lekalana le le botlhokwa thata mo Aforika, le le nang le seabe mo matshelong le mo itsholelong go ralala karolo e kgolo ya Lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng. Batho ba le bantsi ba ikaegile ka temothuo jaaka tsela ya go ikaga mo itsholelong le motswedi wa dijo. Ba le bantsi ba ikaegile ka metswedi e e bosisi mo seemong sa bosa. Go akanyediwa gore tiro ya dijalo e tlaa fokotsega go ralala Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara. Ka palogare, temothuo mo Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara e na le seabe sa karolo ya lesome le botlhano mo lekgolong ya GDP yotlhe.<ref name=":7">OECD/FAO (2016). ''[http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5778e.pdf OECD‑FAO Agricultural Outlook 2016‑2025]'' (PDF). OECD Publishing. pp.&#x20;59–61. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-64-25323-0|<bdi>978-92-64-25323-0</bdi>.]]</ref> Thutafatshe ya Aforika e dira gore e nne mo kotsing thata ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, mme karolo ya masome a supa mo lekgolong ya baagi ba ikaegile ka temothuo e e fepiwang ka pula go itshedisa.<ref>Läderach, Peter; Martinez-Valle, Armando; Bourgoin, Clement; Parker, Louis (27 March 2019). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6436735 Vulnerability of the agricultural sector to climate change: The development of a pan-tropical Climate Risk Vulnerability Assessment to inform sub-national decision making"]. ''PLOS ONE''. '''14''' (3) e0213641. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PLoSO..1413641P 2019PLoSO..1413641P.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213641|10.1371/journal.pone.0213641.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6436735 6436735]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30917146 30917146].</ref> [[:en:Smallholding|Dipolase tse dinnye]] di dira karolo ya masome a borobabobedi mo lekgolong ya masimo a a lengwang mo Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara.<ref name=":7" /> IPCC ka ngwaga wa 2007 e ne ya akanyetsa gore go fetoga ga seemo sa bosa le phetogo go tla tsenya ntshodikuno ya temothuo mo kotsing thata le phitlhelelo ya dijo<ref>Parry, M. L.; et&#x20;al., eds. (2007). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20181102223635/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/spmsspm-c.html Summary for Policymakers: C. Current knowledge about future impacts]". ''Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change''. Cambridge University Press. Archived from [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/spmsspm-c.html the original] on 2 November 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</ref>:(tsebe ya lesome le boraro) Tekanyetso e e ne ya abelwa "tshepo e e kwa godimo". Dithulaganyo tsa dijalo, leruo le botshwaraditlhapi di tla nna mo kotsing e kgolo ya disenyi le malwetse ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ya isago.<ref name=":8">Dhanush, D.; Bett, B. K.; Boone, R. B.; Grace, D.; Kinyangi, J.; Lindahl, J. F.; Mohan, C. V.; Ramírez Villegas, J.; Robinson, T. P.; Rosenstock, T. S.; Smith, J. (2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230716201342/https://cgspace.cgiar.org/rest/bitstreams/55241/retrieve "Impact of climate change on African agriculture: focus on pests and diseases]". ''CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security''.</ref> Disenyi tsa dijalo di setse di dira mo e ka nnang bongwe mo borartarong ya ditatlhegelo tsa ntshodikuno ya polase.<ref name=":8" /> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e tla itlhaganedisa go anama ga disenyi le malwetse le go oketsa go diragala ga ditiragalo tse di nang le ditlamorago tse di masisi.<ref name=":8" /> Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa boswa mo ntshokunong ya temothuo mo Aforika di tla nna le ditlamorago tse di masisi mo tshireletsegong ya dijo le mo matshelong. Go tlhoka dikotla tse di farologaneng go ne ga baka go palelwa ke go ja dikotla dingwe tse di botlhokwa. Go tlhoka dikotla tse go ka baka tlhaelo ya vitamin A le madi. Se se ne se tlwaelegile thata go bonwa ka dinako tsa komelelo le tlhaelo ya dijo ka gonne ditlhopho di ne di le mmalwa.[citation needed] Magareng ga ngwaga wa 2014 le ngwaga wa 2018, Aforika e ne e na le maemo a a kwa godimo a go tlhoka tshireletsego ya dijo mo lefatsheng.<ref>''[http://www.fao.org/state-of-food-security-nutrition/en/ SOFI 2019 – The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World]''. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2021. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4060/CB4474EN|10.4060/CB4474EN.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-5-134325-8|<bdi>978-92-5-134325-8</bdi>.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241785130 241785130].</ref> Mabapi le dithulaganyo tsa temothuo, go ikaega thata ka temothuo ya go iphedisa e e fepiwang ke pula le kamogelo e e kwa tlase ya [[:en:Climate_smart_agriculture|mekgwa ya temothuo e e botlhale]] ya seemo sa bosa go na le seabe mo maemong a a kwa godimo a go nna mo kotsing ga lekalana. Seemo se okediwa ke go sa ikanyege ga, le phitlhelelo ya, tshedimosetso ya seemo sa bosa le tshedimosetso go tshegetsa dikgato tsa go tlwaela.<ref>Dinku, Tufa. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221101070648/https://ictupdate.cta.int/en/article/overcoming-challenges-in-the-availability-and-use-of-climate-data-in-africa-sid06fd8a811-e179-4fa5-9c8f-806bd2f27c3e "Overcoming challenges in the availability and use of climate data in Africa]". ''ICT Update CTA''. Archived from [https://ictupdate.cta.int/en/article/overcoming-challenges-in-the-availability-and-use-of-climate-data-in-africa-sid06fd8a811-e179-4fa5-9c8f-806bd2f27c3e the original] on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</ref> Dikgoreletsi tse di lemogilweng le tse di akanyediwang mo mekgweng ya pula ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa di ka nna tsa khutshwafatsa dipaka tsa go gola le go ama thobo ya dijalo mo dikarolong di le dintsi tsa Aforika. Go feta moo, lekalana la temothuo mo Aforika le laolwa ke balemi ba banyennyane ba nang le phihlello e lekanyeditsweng ya maranyane le mehlodi ya go tlwaela.<ref>"[https://www.cropscience.bayer.com/en/stories/2018/supporting-sub-saharan-africas-farmers-closing-the-gap Supporting Sub-Saharan Africa's Farmers – Bayer – Crop Science]". ''www.cropscience.bayer.com''. Retrieved 15 August 2019.</ref> == Maatla == [[Setshwantsho:M-Power solar in Tanzania (1080).jpg|thumb|Dipone tsa letsatsi le motlakase di tsentswe mo lapeng la mosadi mongwe wa kwa Tanzania.]] Ka palo ya batho e e oketsegang le tlhokego e e tsamaelanang ya maatla, tshireletsego ya maatla e tshwanetse go rarabololwa ka gonne maatla a botlhokwa mo tlhabololong e e tswelelang. Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e amile makalana a maatla mo Aforika jaaka fa mafatshe a le mantsi a ikaegile ka tlhagiso ya maatla a metsi. Go fokotsega ga maemo a pula le komelelo go dirile gore maemo a metsi a nne kwa tlase mo matamong a a nang le ditlamorago tse di sa siamang mo go tlhagiseng maatla a metsi. Se se dirile gore go nne le tlhagiso e e kwa tlase ya maatla a motlakase, ditshenyegelo tse di kwa godimo tsa motlakase le go kgaoga ga motlakase kgotsa go kgaoga ga motlakase mo mafatsheng a mangwe a Aforika a a ikaegileng ka tlhagiso ya motlakase o o dirisiwang ka metsi. Dikgoreletsi tsa go dira maatla a metsi di amile makala a a farologaneng mo mafatsheng jaaka [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]], [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] le [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] ka tsela e e sa siamang. == Tlhaelo ya metsi == [[Setshwantsho:Water Shortage in Ethiopia (935).jpg|thumb|Tlhaelo ya metsi kwa lefatsheng la Ethiiopia]] Boleng le go nna teng ga metsi go senyegile mo mafelong a le mantsi a Aforika, bogolosegolo ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>Rankoana, Sejabaledi Agnes (1 January 2020). [[doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2020-0033|"Climate change impacts on water resources in a rural community in Limpopo province, South Africa: a community-based adaptation to water insecurity"]]. ''International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management''. '''12''' (5): 587–598. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020IJCCS..12..587R 2020IJCCS..12..587R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2020-0033|10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2020-0033]].</ref> Metswedi ya metsi e mo kotsing mme e na le kgonagalo ya go amiwa thata ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ka ditlamorago tse dikgolo mo merafeng ya batho.<ref>[https://www.ipcc.ch/publication/climate-change-and-water-2/ "Climate Change and Water — IPCC]". Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> IPCC e bonelapele gore didikadike tsa batho mo Aforika di tla nna di lebane le kgatelelo e e oketsegileng ya metsi ka ntlha ya go fetoga ga seemo sa bosa le phetogo ([[:en:IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report|IPCC ngwaga wa 2013]]). Diphetogo mo mekgweng ya pula di ama ka tlhamalalo [[:en:Surface_runoff|go elela ga metsi mo godimo ga lefatshe]] le go nna teng ga metsi.<ref>Fowler, H. J.; Blenkinsop, S.; Tebaldi, C. (October 2007). "Linking climate change modelling to impacts studies: recent advances in downscaling techniques for hydrological modelling". ''International Journal of Climatology''. 27 (12): 1547–1578. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007IJCli..27.1547F 2007IJCli..27.1547F.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Water_Shortage_in_Ethiopia_%28935%29.jpg/500px-Water_Shortage_in_Ethiopia_%28935%29.jpg 10.1002/joc.1556]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53472608 53472608].</ref> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e ka gakatsa gape mafelo a a nang le kgatelelo ya metsi go ralala Aforika – sekai, lefelo la Rufiji kwa Tanzania<ref>Conway, Declan; Geressu, Robel; Harou, Julien; Kashaigili, Japhet; Pettinotti, L.; Siderius, Christian (2019). [https://futureclimateafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/tanzania_rufiji_river_basin_brief.pdf "Designing a process for assessing climate resilience in Tanzania's Rufiji basin]" (PDF). ''FCFA Country Brief''.</ref> – ka ntlha ya tiriso e e farologaneng ya lefatshe, le dikgwetlho tse di raraaneng tsa loago le sepolotiki. Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo karolokgolong ya lefasthe e e naleng mafatshe a a mantsi mo teng ya Aforika e fetotse thata modikologo wa metsi kgotsa wa metsi wa Aforika ka go dira gore pula e se ka ya tlhomama, go oketsa bogale jwa merwalela le komelelo, go fokotsa go ikanyega ga metsi a a kwa godimo le a a fa fatshe le gape go itlhaganedisa seelo sa mowafalo. Diphetogo tse tsa seemo sa bosa di dirile gore go nne le metsi a a dirisiwang mo gae le mo temothuong, go dira maatla ka bontsi jwa dinaga mo Aforika di dira maatla a tsona go tswa mo metsing le gape go tswelela ga thulaganyo ya tikologo mo Aforika.<ref name=":11">Isaacman, Allen; Musemwa, Muchaparara (1 October 2021). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355000708_Water_Security_in_Africa_in_the_Age_of_Global_Climate_Change Water Security in Africa in the Age of Global Climate Change]". ''Daedalus''. '''150''': 7–26. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1162/daed_e_01870|10.1162/daed_e_01870]] &#x2013; via ResearchGate.</ref><ref>[https://archive.uneca.org/sites/default/files/PublicationFiles/policy_brief_4_climate_change_and_water_in_africa_challenges_opportunities_and_recommendations.pdfhttps://archive.uneca.org/sites/default/files/PublicationFiles/policy_brief_4_climate_change_and_water_in_africa_challenges_opportunities_and_recommendations.pdf https://archive.uneca.org/sites/default/files/PublicationFiles/policy_brief_4_climate_change_and_water_in_africa_challenges_opportunities_and_recommendations.pdf]. <nowiki>{{cite book}}</nowiki>: Missing or empty |title= (help)</ref><ref>"[https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/transboundary-waters/news News]". ''World Bank''. Retrieved 12 June 2026.</ref> === Matshosetsi a Botlhokwa a seemo sa bosa mo Tshireletsegong ya Metsi mo Aforika === * Pula e e sa tlhomamang: Mokgwa wa pula e e sa tlhomamang kgotsa e e sa bonelwang pele mo Aforika o nyatsa kgotsa o tsenya mo kotsing kungo ya ya dijalo le go itlhaganedisa go fokotsega ga metswedi ya metsi a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe. Bontsi jwa batho (Balemirui) mo karolong nngwe ya Aforika, ka tlwaelo ba ikaegile ka dipaka tsa dipula tse di bonelwang pele go jala dijalo tsa bona. Mo ntlheng e fa pula e nna e e sa tlhomamang, e ka diegisa pula kgotsa ya na ditsuatsue tse di maatla tse di ka amang balemirui mo go lemeng dijalo.<ref>[https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/opag-2021-0042/html?srsltid=AfmBOorEOnBGaZqgX15b1hSPcNAUiOvu0wK5fm8cclJLF5EMswne2RxW "Climate change stressors affecting household food security among Kimandi-Wanyaga smallholder farmers in Murang'a County, Kenya".]</ref> * Ditiragalo tsa Maemo a Bosa a a Feteletseng: Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo Aforika e e golaganeng le maemo a bosa a a feteletseng e ntse e tlwaelega ka iketlo go ralala karolokgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a a mantsi mo teng. Dipaka tse di telele tsa komelelo di isa kwa tlhaelong ya metsi, fa pula e e maatla le merwalela di senya dithoto le go oketsa go anama ga malwetse a a tshelanwang ke metsi kgotsa a a amanang le ona. * Dikgotlhang tsa Kgabaganyo ya Melelwane: phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e ka fokotsa go nna teng ga metsi mo mekgatsheng e e abelanwang. Tlhaelo ya metsi e ka baka gore mafatshe a a ikaegileng ka motswedi o le mongwe wa metsi di ka gaisana ka taolo le phitlhelelo e e ka felelang ka tsitsipano. Ka sekai, fa go akanyediwa Volta Basin, mafatshe a le mmalwa a Bophirima jwa Afrika di abelana Volta Basin. Fa lefatshe le ngwe le ka aga letamo kgotsa la goga metsi a mantsi, mafatshe a dingwe a a nang le metsi a a tshwanang a ka nna amogela metsi a mannye go baka go sa dumalane. Noka ya Nile gape e abelanwa ke mafatshe a a mantsi.<ref name=":11" /> === Ditlamorago tsa boitekanelo === ''Tshedimosetso e e oketsegileng: [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health|Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya]] [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health|seemo sa bosa mo boitekanelong jwa batho]]'' Mafatshe a Aforika a na le ditsamaiso tsa boitekanelo jwa setšhaba tse di sa direng sentle mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":12">World Health Organization. (2014). ''The health of the people: what works: the African Regional Health Report 2014''. World Health Organization.</ref> Merwalo ya malwetse a a tshelanwang jaaka [[:en:Malaria|malaria]], [[:en:Malaria|schistosomiasis]], [[:en:Dengue_fever|dengue fever]], [[:en:Meningitis|meningitis]], tse di bosisi mo ditlamoragong tsa seemo sa bosa, di kwa godimo thata mo kgaolong ya Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara. Ka sekai, karolo ya masome a borobabongwe mo lekgolong tsa dikgetsi tsa [[:en:Malaria|malaria]] tsa lefatshe lotlhe tsa ngwaga le ngwaga di mo Afrika.<ref name=":12" /> Diphetogo tsa seemo sa bosa di tla ama go anama ga ditshwaetso tsa malwetsi a a tshelanwang mmogo le go fetola tshekamelo ya batho mo ditshwaetsong tseo. Go ya ka Pegelo ya Tshekatsheko ya Borataro ya IPCC, phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e kotsi thata mo boitekanelong jwa didikadike di le masomesome tsa Maaforika, ka gonne e ba tsenya mo megoteng e e sa siamang, maemo a tepo loapi a a feteletseng, le selekanyo se se oketsegileng le seelo sa phetiso ya malwetse a a tshelanwang.<ref>"Chapter 9:Africa". [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FinalDraft_Chapter09.pdf ''IPCC WGII Sixth Assessment Report'' (PDF)] (Final Draft).</ref> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa , le go felela ka megote e e oketsegileng, ditsuatsue, komelelo, le go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle, di tla ama go tlhagelela le go anama ga malwetse a a tshelanwang go ralala lefatshe.<ref>Beard, C. B.; Eisen, R. J.; Barker, C. M.; Garofalo, J. F.; Hahn, M.; Hayden, M.; Schramm, P. J. (2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160607130925/https://health2016.globalchange.gov/vectorborne-diseases "Vector-Borne Diseases]". Retrieved 15 February 2017.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ka ngwaga wa 2021, [[:en:World_Food_Programme|Lenaneo la Lefatshe Lotlhe la Dijo]] ([[:en:World_Food_Programme|World Food Programme)]] (WFP) le ne la pega mathata a a tswelelang pele a dijo kwa borwa jwa Madagascar molato wa gore a bakilwe fela ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e seng ke ntwa kgotsa dikgotlhang. Go ne ga itsisiwe gore ke tlala ya ntlha e e bakilweng ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>Baker, Aryn (20 July 2021). [https://time.com/6081919/famine-climate-change-madagascar/ "Climate, Not Conflict. Madagascar's Famine is the First in Modern History to be Solely Caused by Global Warming"]. ''Time''. Retrieved 24 July 2021.</ref><ref>Rodrigues, Charlene (22 July 2021). [https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/madagascar-famine-climate-crisis-b1888058.html "Madagascar famine becomes first in history to be caused solely by climate crisis"]. ''The Independent''. Retrieved 24 July 2021.</ref><ref>Harding, Andrew (24 August 2021). "[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58303792 Madagascar on the brink of climate change-induced famine]". ''BBC News''. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</ref> === Malaria === ''Pego ya konokono: [[:en:Climate_change_and_infectious_diseases#Malaria|Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa le malwetse a a tshelanwang § Malaria]]'' Mo Afrika [[:en:Malaria|malaria]] e tswelela pele go nna le ditlamorago tse di gakgamatsang mo bathong. Jaaka fa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e tswelela, mafelo a a rileng a a ka nnang le phetiso ya malaria ngwaga otlhe, e e mo kotsing e kgolo a tla suta go tswa kwa lebopong la Bophirima jwa Aforika go ya kwa lefelong le le fa gare ga lefatshe la [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]] le [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], le le bidiwang Dithaba tsa Aforika.<ref name=":13">Ryan, Sadie J.; McNally, Amy; Johnson, Leah R.; Mordecai, Erin A.; Ben-Horin, Tal; Paaijmans, Krijn; Lafferty, Kevin D. (2015). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4700390 Mapping Physiological Suitability Limits for Malaria in Africa Under Climate Change]". ''Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases''. '''15''' (12): 718–725. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015VBZD...15..718R 2015VBZD...15..718R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1089/vbz.2015.1822|10.1089/vbz.2015.1822]]. PMC&#x20;4700390. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26579951 26579951].</ref> Dikgoreletsi tsa saense fa go sekasekwa dikelo tsa phetiso ya malaria tse di fetogang kwa Dithabeng tsa Aforika di tshwana le tse di amanang le go tlhaloganya ka bophara phetogo ya seemo sa bosa le malaria. Le fa go dira sekao ka diphetogo tsa mogote go bontsha gore go na le kamano magareng ga koketsego ya mogote le koketsego ya phetiso ya malaria, ditekanyetso di santse di le teng. Diphetogo tsa isago tsa baagi tse di amang [[:en:Population_density|kitlano ya baagi]], mmogo le diphetogo mo boitshwarong jwa menang, di ka ama dikelo tsa phetiso mme ke dintlha tse di lekanyetsang mo go tlhomamiseng kotsi ya isago ya go runya ga malaria, tse gape di amang thulaganyo ya paakanyetso e e siameng ya tsibogelo ya go runya.<ref name=":13" /> Mabapi le dikelo tsa phetiso ya malaria kwa Dithabeng tsa Aforika, mabaka le go tlhagelela go go bakwang ke diphetogo tse di masisi tsa tikologo jaaka seemo sa bosa tse di bothitho, diphetogo tsa maemo a bosa, le koketsego ya ditlamorago tsa batho jaaka go [[:en:Deforestation|rengwa ga dikgwa]], di tlamela ka maemo a a maleba a phetiso ya malaria magareng ga morwadi le moamogedi.<ref>Himeidan YE, Kweka EJ (2012). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3429085 Malaria in East African highlands during the past 30 years: impact of environmental changes]". ''Frontiers in Physiology''. '''3''': 315. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3389/fphys.2012.00315|10.3389/fphys.2012.00315.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3429085 3429085]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22934065 22934065].</ref> Ka tlhamalalo, malaria e bakwa ke dinwanamadi tsa ''Plasmodium falciparum'' le ''Plasmodium vivax'' tse di rwalwang ke monang wa ''Anopheles'' o o rwalang malaria. Le fa dinwa madi ya ''Plasmodium vivax'' e ka kgona go tshela mo megoteng e e kwa tlase, senwa madi sa ''Plasmodium falciparum'' se tla tshela fela le go ipoeletsa mo monang fa megote ya seemo sa bosa e le kwa godimo ga selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius sa masome a mabdei (20 °C).<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/distribution.html "Where Malaria Occurs]". ''Center for Disease Control and Prevention''. 14 November 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2020.</ref> Koketsego ya bongola le pula le yone e na le seabe mo go ipoeletseng le go tshela ga ditshwaetso bolwetsi tse di tshelanwang .<ref name=":14">[https://scied.ucar.edu/longcontent/climate-change-and-vector-borne-disease "Climate Change and Vector-Borne Disease"]. ''Center for Science Education''. 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2020.</ref> Go tlhagelela mo bolwetsi jwa malaria go tla nna kotsi e kgolo mo bathong fa palo ya menang ya ''Anopheles'' e e namagadi e e tshwaeditsweng ke setshedi se se tshelang ka go gobatsa sa ''Plasmodium falciparum'' kgotsa ''Plasmodium vivax'' e ntse e oketsega.<ref name=":14" /> Dithutopatlisiso di bontsha koketsego ka kakaretso ya go tshwanelega ga tlelaemete ya phetiso ya malaria e e felelang ka koketsego ya baagi ba ba mo kotsing ya go tsenwa ke bolwetse jono.<ref>Caminade C, Kovats S, Rocklov J, Tompkins AM, Morse AP, Colón-González FJ, et&#x20;al. (March 2014). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3948226 Impact of climate change on global malaria distribution"]. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America''. '''111''' (9): 3286–3291. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PNAS..111.3286C 2014PNAS..111.3286C]. doi:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.1302089111|10.1073/pnas.1302089111]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3948226 3948226]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24596427 24596427].</ref> Se se botlhokwa thata ke koketsego ya kgonagalo ya leroborobo kwa bogodimong jo bo kwa godimo (jaaka Dithaba tsa Aforika). Megote e e tlhatlogang mo mafelong a di na le bokgoni jwa go fetola mafelo a ka tlwaelo a senang malaria go nna mafelo a a nang le malwetse a leroborobo a dipaka.<ref>Martens WJ, Niessen LW, Rotmans J, Jetten TH, McMichael AJ (May 1995). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1523278 "Potential impact of global climate change on malaria risk]". ''Environmental Health Perspectives''. '''103''' (5): 458–64. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995EnvHP.103..458M 1995EnvHP.103..458M.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1289/ehp.95103458|10.1289/ehp.95103458.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1523278 1523278]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7656875 7656875].</ref> Ka ntlha ya moo, dipalopalo tse dišwa di tla tlhagelela mo bolwetseng jo bo tla felelang ka dingwaga tse di itekanetseng tse di latlhegileng. Mo godimo ga moo, morwalo wa bolwetse o ka nna kotsi thata mo mafelong a a tlhokang bokgoni le didirisiwa tsa go tsibogela dikgwetlho le dikgatelelo tse di ntseng jalo ka katlego.<ref>Wu X, Lu Y, Zhou S, Chen L, Xu B (January 2016). "[[doi:10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.007|Impact of climate change on human infectious diseases: Empirical evidence and human adaptation"]]. ''Environment International''. '''86''': 14–23. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EnInt..86...14W 2016EnInt..86...14W]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.007|10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.007]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26479830 26479830].</ref> Jaaka fa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e sutisetsa mafelo a thutafatshe a phetiso go ya kwa Dithabeng tsa Aforika, kgwetlho e tla nna go batla le go laola mogare mo mafelong a a iseng a o bone pele.<ref>Tanser FC, Sharp B, le Sueur D (November 2003). [https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/24378625 "Potential effect of climate change on malaria transmission in Africa]". ''Lancet''. '''362''' (9398): 1792–8. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14898-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14898-2]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14654317 14654317]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22850163 22850163].</ref> === Ditlamorago mo dikgotlhang le khudugo === [[:en:United_Nations_Environment_Programme|Lenaneo la Tikologo la Ditšhabakopano]] le dirile tshekatsheko ya tikologo ya morago ga [[:en:War|ntwa]] ya [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] ka ngwaga wa 2007.<ref>UNEP (June 2007), ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003632/http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sudan/00_fwd.pdf Sudan Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment]'' (PDF), Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP, [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-807-2702-9|978-92-807-2702-9]]</bdi>, archived from [http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sudan/00_fwd.pdf the original] (PDF) on 4 March 2016, retrieved 18 January 2022</ref> Go ya ka pegelo e, dikgatelelo tsa tikologo kwa Sudan di amana le dikgang tse dingwe tsa loago, tsa itsholelo le tsa sepolotiki, tse di jaaka [[:en:Refugee|go fuduga ga batho]] le go gaisana ka [[:en:Natural_resource|ditsompelo tsa tlholego]]. Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ya kgaolo, ka go fokotsega ga [[:en:Precipitation_(meteorology)|pula]], go ne go akanngwa gore e nnile nngwe ya dintlha tse di nnileng le seabe mo [[:en:War_in_Darfur|kgotlhang kwa Darfur]]. Ga mmogo le [[:en:Environmental_issues|dikgang dingwe tsa tikologo]], phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e ka ama tlhabololo ya nako e tlang ya Sudan mo go sa nnang sentle. Nngwe ya dikgakololo tse di dirilweng ke UNEP e ne e le gore baagi ba boditšhabatšhaba ba thuse Sudan go [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|tlwaela]] phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20100602041622/http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sudan/03_disasters.pdf Ch 3. Natural Disasters]" (PDF), Natural Disasters and Desertification, archived from [http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sudan/03_disasters.pdf the original] (PDF) on 2 June 2010, retrieved 18 January 2022 in [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#CITEREFUNEP2007|UNEP 2007]], p. 69</ref> == Ditlamorago go ya ka dikgaolo == === Bogare jwa Aforika === ''Tshedimosetso e e oketsegileng: [[:en:Climate_change_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa kwa Lefatshe la puso ya batho ka batho ya Congo (Democratic Republic of Congo)]] le [[:en:Climate_change_in_São_Tomé_and_Príncipe|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_São_Tomé_and_Príncipe|seemo sa bosa kwa São Tomé le Príncipe]]'' Bogare jwa Aforika, bontsi jwa yone, e dikologilwe ke mafatshe a a naleng mawatle mme e tshosediwa ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa go ya ka thutafatshe. Ka ntlha ya go fetoga ga seemo sa bosa ya lone le temothuo e e nang le pula, Aforika yo mo bogareng o solofetswe go itemogela makhubu a mogote a maleele le a a nnang teng kgapetsakgapetsa mmogo le koketsego ya dipheteletso tsa metsi.<ref>Diedhiou, Arona; Bichet, Adeline; Wartenburger, Richard; Seneviratne, Sonia I; Rowell, David P; Sylla, Mouhamadou B; Diallo, Ismaila; Todzo, Stella; Touré, N'datchoh E; Camara, Moctar; Ngatchah, Benjamin Ngounou; Kane, Ndjido A; Tall, Laure; Affholder, François (June 2018). [[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac3e5|"Changes in climate extremes over West and Central Africa at 1.5 °C and 2 °C global warming"]]. ''Environmental Research Letters''. '''13''' (6) 065020. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ERL....13f5020D 2018ERL....13f5020D]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac3e5|10.1088/1748-9326/aac3e5]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:20.500.11850/274346|20.500.11850/274346]].</ref> Megote ya lefatshe mo kgaolong e e tshwanetse go oketsega ka selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius sa lesome ntlha tlhano (1.5 °C) go ya go ko Celcius ya mabedi (2 °C).<ref>Seneviratne, Sonia I.; Donat, Markus G.; Pitman, Andy J.; Knutti, Reto; Wilby, Robert L. (28 January 2016). "[https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/9482219 Allowable CO2 emissions based on regional and impact-related climate targets]". Nature. 529 (7587): 477–483. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/nature16542|10.1038/nature16542]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26789252 26789252]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205247437 205247437].</ref> Bokgoni jwa dikgwa tsa kwa [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] jwa go monya carbon dioxide bo fokotsegile. Phokotsego e e diragetse ka ntlha ya mogote o o oketsegang le komelelo e e bakang phokotsego ya kgolo ya ditlhare. Se se raya gore le dikgwa tse di sa rengwang di amiwa ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa. Thutopatlisiso ya [[:en:Nature_(journal)|Nature]] e supa gore ka ngwaga wa 2030, sekgwa sa Aforika se tla monya ghese carbon dioxide e e kwa tlase ka karolo ya lesome le bone mo lekgolong (14%) go na le ka fa se neng se dira ka teng go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2005 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 2010, mme ga se kitla se monya epe gotlhelele ka ngwaga wa 2035.<ref>Grossman, Daniel (4 March 2020). "[https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/the-congo-rainforest-is-losing-its-ability-to-absorb-carbon-dioxide-thats-bad-for-climate-change/2020/03/03/3363d218-5ca9-11ea-9055-5fa12981bbbf_story.html The Congo rainforest is losing ability to absorb carbon dioxide. That's bad for climate change]". Washington Post. Retrieved 6 March 2020.</ref> === Botlhaba jwa Aforika === ''Tshedimosetso e nngwe: [[:en:Climate_change_in_Kenya|Phetogo ya]]'' ''[[:en:Climate_change_in_Kenya|seemo sa bosa kwa Kenya]], [[:en:Climate_change_in_Tanzania|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Tanzania|seemo sa bosa kwa Tanzania]], [[:en:Climate_change_in_Ethiopia|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Ethiopia|seemo sa bosa kwa Ethiopia]], le [[:en:Climate_change_in_South_Sudan|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_South_Sudan|seemo sa bosa kwa Sudan Borwa]]'' E le mo e ka nnang gotlhelele mo boboatsatsi, pula mo [[:en:East_Africa|Botlhaba jwa Aforika]] e laolwa ke go fuduga ga dipaka ga setlhopha sa pula ya boboatsatsi.<ref>Nicholson, Sharon E. (2017). "[[doi:10.1002/2016RG000544|Climate and climatic variability of rainfall over eastern Africa".]] ''Reviews of Geophysics''. '''55''' (3): 590–635. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017RvGeo..55..590N 2017RvGeo..55..590N.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/2016RG000544|10.1002/2016RG000544.]]</ref> Botlhaba jwa Aforika bo tlhomololwa ke go fetogafetoga mo go kwa godimo ga pula ya lefelo le nako ka gonne e akaretsa go feta selekanyo sa mogote sa didikirii di le masome a mararo tsa boleele jwa bophara (go kgabaganya mola wa equator). E na le ditlhotlheletso go tswa kwa Mawatleng a India le Atlantic ka bobedi, mme e na le diponagalo tse dikgolo tsa thutafatshe (dithaba) mmogo le metsi a a kwa teng jaaka [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Letsha la Victoria]]. Ka jalo, paka ya pula e farologana go tswa mo pakeng e le nngwe ya pula ka ngwaga ka kgwedi ya Phukwi go ya kwa kgwedi ya Phatwe mo dikarolong tsa bokonebophirima (go akaretsa mafatshe a Ethiopia le Sudan Borwa, tse di golaganeng thata ka bosa le Bophirima jwa Aforika , ka phefo ya dipula ya paka ya Aforika Bophirima e e tlisang dipula) go ya go paka e le nngwe ya pula ka ngwaga ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole go ya kwa kgweding ya Tlhakole) mo borwa (go feta lefatshe la Tanzania) le mafelo a le mantsi a gaufi le mola wa bogare jwa lefatshe e e nang le dipaka tse pedi tsa dipula ka ngwaga,<ref>Dunning, Caroline M.; Black, Emily C. L.; Allan, Richard P. (2016). "[[doi:10.1002/2016JD025428|The onset and cessation of seasonal rainfall over Africa]]". ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres''. '''121''' (19): 11, 405–11, 424. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JGRD..12111405D 2016JGRD..12111405D.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/2016JD025428|10.1002/2016JD025428]].</ref> mo e ka nnang ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo go ya kwa kgweding ya Motsheganong ("Dipula tse ditelele") le kgwedi ya phalane go ya go kwa kgweding ya Sedimonthole ("Dipula tse dikhutshwane"). Go farologana ga selekanyo se se boleta mo dipakeng tsa pula gantsi go golaganngwa le thutafatshe ya lefatshe le makadiba. Pharologano ya magareng ga ngwaga e ka nna kgolo mme ditaolo tse di itsegeng di akaretsa dipharologano tsa [[:en:Sea_surface_temperatures|megote tsa boalogodimo jwa Lewatle]] (SSTs) tsa dibeiseneng tse di farologaneng tsa lewatle, mekgwa e megolo ya go fetoga ga lefaufau jaaka [[:en:Madden–Julian_oscillation|Madden–Julian Osciliation]] (MJO)<ref>Vellinga, Michael; Milton, Sean (2018). "[[doi:10.1002/qj.3263|Drivers of interannual variability of the East African 'Long Rains]]'". ''Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society''. '''144''' (1): 861–876. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018QJRMS.144..861V 2018QJRMS.144..861V.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/qj.3263|10.1002/qj.3263.]]</ref><ref name=":15">Finney, Declan L.; Marsham, John H.; Jackson, Lawrence S.; Kendon, Elizabeth J.; Rowell, David P.; Boorman, Penelope M.; Keane, Richard J.; Stratton, Rachel A.; Senior, Catherine A. (5 February 2019). "[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0387.1|Implications of Improved Representation of Convection for the East Africa Water Budget Using a Convection-Permitting Model]]". ''Journal of Climate''. '''32''' (7): 2109–2129. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019JCli...32.2109F 2019JCli...32.2109F.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0387.1|10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0387.1.]]</ref> le ditsuatsue tsa boboatsatsi<ref name=":15" /><ref>Kilavi, Mary; MacLeod, Dave; Ambani, Maurine; Robbins, Joanne; Dankers, Rutger; Graham, Richard; Titley, Helen; Salih, Abubakr A. M.; Todd, Martin C. (December 2018). [[doi:10.3390/atmos9120472|"Extreme Rainfall and Flooding over Central Kenya Including Nairobi City during the Long-Rains Season 2018: Causes, Predictability, and Potential for Early Warning and Actions]]". ''Atmosphere''. '''9''' (12): 472. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Atmos...9..472K 2018Atmos...9..472K]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/atmos9120472|10.3390/atmos9120472.]]</ref> Dipula tse ditelele ke paka e kgolo ya go jala dijalo mo kgaolong. Go bonelapele ga gare ga dingwaga ga paka e go kwa tlase fa go bapisiwa le Dipula tse di Khutshwane, mme go omisa ga sešweng go farologana le diponelopele tsa seemo sa bosa sa isago e e metsi ("Kganetsano ya seemo sa bosa sa Aforika Botlhaba".<ref>Rowell, David P.; Booth, Ben B. B.; Nicholson, Sharon E.; Good, Peter (15 December 2015). "Reconciling Past and Future Rainfall Trends over East Africa". ''Journal of Climate''. '''28''' (24): 9768–9788. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JCli...28.9768R 2015JCli...28.9768R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1|10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129146135 129146135].</ref>). Botlhaba jwa Afrika e nnile le komelelo e e nnang teng kgapetsakgapetsa le e e masisi mo masomeng a dingwaga a bosheng jaana, mmogo le merwalela e e senyang. Diphetogo tsa pula go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 di bontsha phokotsego ka kakaretso mo dipuleng tsa paka tsa kgwedi ya Mopitlo go ya kwa kgweding ya Motsheganong (MAM) ka koketsego e nnye ka nako ya dipula tsa kgwedi ya Seetebosigo go ya kwa ya Lwetse (JJAS) le kgwedi ya Phalane go ya kwa kgweding ya Sedimonthole (OND),<ref>Bernhofer, Christian; Hülsmann, Stephan; Gebrechorkos, Solomon H. (6 August 2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6684806 "Long-term trends in rainfall and temperature using high-resolution climate datasets in East Africa]". ''Scientific Reports''. '''9''' (1) 11376. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatSR...911376G 2019NatSR...911376G]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41598-019-47933-8|10.1038/s41598-019-47933-8.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6684806 6684806]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31388068 31388068].</ref> le fa go lebega go nnile le phokotsego ya bošeng mo dipuleng tsa MAM.<ref name=":27">Wainwright, Caroline M.; Marsham, John H.; Keane, Richard J.; Rowell, David P.; Finney, Declan L.; Black, Emily; Allan, Richard P. (12 September 2019). "'[[doi:10.1038/s41612-019-0091-7|Eastern African Paradox' rainfall decline due to shorter not less intense Long Rains]]". ''npj Climate and Atmospheric Science''. '''2''' (1): 34. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019npCAS...2...34W 2019npCAS...2...34W.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41612-019-0091-7|10.1038/s41612-019-0091-7.]]</ref> Mo isagong, pula le megote di solofetswe go fetoga mo Botlhaba jwa Aforika .<ref name=":17">Dunning, Caroline M.; Black, Emily; Allan, Richard P. (December 2018). "Later Wet Seasons with More Intense Rainfall over Africa under Future Climate Change". ''Journal of Climate''. '''31''' (23): 9719–9738. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JCli...31.9719D 2018JCli...31.9719D.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0102.1|10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0102.1]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52990163 52990163].</ref><ref>Muhati, Godwin Leslie; Olago, Daniel; Olaka, Lydia (1 October 2018). "[[doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00469|Past and projected rainfall and temperature trends in a sub-humid Montane Forest in Northern Kenya based on the CMIP5 model ensemble"]]. ''Global Ecology and Conservation''. '''16''' e00469. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GEcoC..1600469M 2018GEcoC..1600469M.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00469|10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00469.]]</ref><ref name=":18">Rowell, David P.; Senior, Catherine A.; Vellinga, Michael; Graham, Richard J. (1 February 2016). "[[doi:10.1007/s10584-015-1554-4|Can climate projection uncertainty be constrained over Africa using metrics of contemporary performance]]?". ''Climatic Change''. '''134''' (4): 621–633. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ClCh..134..621R 2016ClCh..134..621R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10584-015-1554-4|10.1007/s10584-015-1554-4.]]</ref> Dithutopatlisiso tsa sešweng ka ga diponelopele tsa seemo sa bosa di supa gore mogote o o magareng e ka oketsega ka bokana ka mogote jwa Celcius tse pedi go ya borarong (2–3 °C) mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo le selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius tse pedi go ya kwa botlhanong (2–5 °C) kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":19">Bornemann, F. Jorge; Rowell, David P.; Evans, Barbara; Lapworth, Dan J.; Lwiza, Kamazima; Macdonald, David M.J.; Marsham, John H.; Tesfaye, Kindie; Ascott, Matthew J.; Way, Celia (1 October 2019). "[[doi:10.1007/s10584-019-02499-2|Future changes and uncertainty in decision-relevant measures of East African climate]]". ''Climatic Change''. '''156''' (3): 365–384. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ClCh..156..365B 2019ClCh..156..365B.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10584-019-02499-2|10.1007/s10584-019-02499-2.]]</ref> Se se tla ikaega ka [[:en:Climate_change_scenario|ditiragalo tsa kgololo]] mmogo le ka fa seemo sa bosa ya nnete e tsibogang ka teng fa e bapisiwa le mefuta ya dipoelo tse di ka nnang teng tse di bontshiwang ke dikai. Diponelopele tsa sekao tsa seemo sa bosa di na le go bontsha koketsego ya pula, bogolosegolo ka paka ya OND, e gape e akanyediwang go diragala moragonyana. Tiego e mo pakeng e khutshwane ya dipula, e golagantswe le go tsenelela ga Saharan Heat Low ka fa tlase ga phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref name=":17" /> Le fa go ntse jalo, dikai dingwe di bonelapele go fokotsega ga pula,<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /> mme mo dikgaolong dingwe le dipaka dingwe dikoketso tse dikgolo thata tsa pula tse di bonelwang pele di bontshitswe di akaretsa mekgwa e e sa dumelegeng ka ntlha ya diphoso tsa sekao se se rulagantsweng.<ref>Rowell, David P. (2019). [[doi:10.1029/2019GL082847|"An Observational Constraint on CMIP5 Projections of the East African Long Rains and Southern Indian Ocean Warming]]". ''Geophysical Research Letters''. '''46''' (11): 6050–6058. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019GeoRL..46.6050R 2019GeoRL..46.6050R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1029/2019GL082847|10.1029/2019GL082847.]]</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, diphetogo tsa di-aerosol di tlamela ka phetogo ya pula e e sa tseweng mo ditshekatshekong tse dintsi tsa diponelopele tsa seemo sa bosa.<ref>Scannell, Claire; Booth, Ben B. B.; Dunstone, Nick J.; Rowell, David P.; Bernie, Dan J.; Kasoar, Matthew; Voulgarakis, Apostolos; Wilcox, Laura J.; Acosta Navarro, Juan C.; Seland, Øyvind; Paynter, David J. (13 September 2019). "[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0716.1|The Influence of Remote Aerosol Forcing from Industrialized Economies on the Future Evolution of East and West African Rainfall"]]. ''Journal of Climate''. '''32''' (23): 8335–8354. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019JCli...32.8335S 2019JCli...32.8335S]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0716.1|10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0716.1.]] [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10044/1/75583|10044/1/75583.]]</ref><ref name=":28">Rowell, David P.; Booth, Ben B. B.; Nicholson, Sharon E.; Good, Peter (7 October 2015). "Reconciling Past and Future Rainfall Trends over East Africa". ''Journal of Climate''. '''28''' (24): 9768–9788. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JCli...28.9768R 2015JCli...28.9768R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1|10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129146135 129146135].</ref> Pharologano ya tlwaelo ya go oma ga pula ya MAM (dipula tse ditelele) mo Aforika Botlhaba jwa mola wa bogare, ka bontsi jwa dikai tse di bonelapele go koloba mo isagong e tshwailwe "kganetsano ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ya Botlhaba jwa Aforika"<ref name=":28" />, le fa go nnile le go boela mannong ga bošeng mo puleng.<ref name=":27" /> Dithutopatlisiso di bontshitse gore tlwaelo ya go omisa ga e kgonagale go nna ya tlhago fela, fela e ka kgweediwa ke mabaka a a jaaka di-aerosol go na le digase tsa tshwarang mogote molefaufaung,<ref name=":28" /> go tlhokega dipatlisiso tse dingwe. Go oma go bontshitswe go bakilwe ke paka e khutshwane ya dipula, mme go golaganngwa le go tsenelela ga Mogote wa Arabian Heat Low.<ref name=":27" /> Go tsamaelana le go sa tlhomamisegeng ga diponelopele tsa pula, diphetogo mo tshimologong ya [[:en:Rainy_seasons|dipaka tsa pula]] ga di tlhomamisege mo Botlhaba jwa Aforika jwa mola wa bogare wa lefatshe, le fa dikai tse dintsi di bonelapele dipula tse dikhutshwane tsa moragonyana le tse di metsi.<ref name=":17" /> [[:en:Indian_Ocean_Dipole|Dipole ya Lewatle la India]] (IOD) e itsege ka go tlamela ka taolo e e maatla mo go fetogeng ga magareng ga dingwaga mo dipuleng tse dikhutshwane,<ref>Black, Emily; Slingo, Julia; Sperber, Kenneth R. (1 January 2003). [https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0493%282003%29131%3C0074%3AAOSOTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2 "An Observational Study of the Relationship between Excessively Strong Short Rains in Coastal East Africa and Indian Ocean SST]". ''Monthly Weather Review''. '''131''' (1): 74–94. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003MWRv..131...74B 2003MWRv..131...74B.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0493%282003%29131%3C0074%3AAOSOTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131&#x3C;0074:AOSOTR&#x3E;2.0.CO&#x3B;2.]</ref> mme dithutopatlisiso di bontsha gore di-IOD tse di feteletseng di ka oketsega ka fa tlase ga phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>Cai, Wenju; Wang, Guojian; Gan, Bolan; Wu, Lixin; Santoso, Agus; Lin, Xiaopei; Chen, Zhaohui; Jia, Fan; Yamagata, Toshio (12 April 2018). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5897553 Stabilised frequency of extreme positive Indian Ocean Dipole under 1.5 °C warming]". ''Nature Communications''. '''9''' (1) 1419. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatCo...9.1419C 2018NatCo...9.1419C.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03789-6|10.1038/s41467-018-03789-6]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5897553 5897553]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29650992 29650992].</ref> Lefatshe ka bophara, phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e solofetswe go lebisa kwa go gateleleng ga pula, ka pula e e feteletseng e oketsega ka seelo se se bonako fa go thuthafala go feta pula yotlhe<ref>IPCC (2018). [https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/ "Global Warming of 1.5°C: an IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty"]. ''IPCC''. Retrieved 16 February 2020.</ref> Tiro ya sešweng e bontsha gore go ralala Aforika dikai tsa lefatshe di solofetswe go nyatsa seelo sa phetogo ya go oketsega ga pula e,<ref name=":1" /> mme diphetogo mo go feteletseng ga pula di ka nna tsa anama thata go feta tse di bonelwang pele ke dikai tsa lefatshe.<ref>Finney, Declan L.; Marsham, John H.; Rowell, David P.; Kendon, Elizabeth J.; Tucker, Simon O.; Stratton, Rachel A.; Jackson, Lawrence S. (22 January 2020). "[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0328.1|Effects of explicit convection on future projections of mesoscale circulations, rainfall and rainfall extremes over Eastern Africa"]]. ''Journal of Climate''. '''33''' (7): 2701–2718. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JCli...33.2701F 2020JCli...33.2701F]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0328.1|10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0328.1.]]</ref> Dikarolo tse di kwa borwa jwa Aforika Botlhaba di amogela bontsi jwa pula ya tsone mo pakeng e le nngwe ya pula ka nako ya mariga a hemisefere e e kwa borwa: mo godimo ga Tanzania pula ya paka e solofetswe go oketsega ka fa tlase ga phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ya isago, le fa go na le go sa tlhomamang.<ref name=":17" /> Go ya kwa borwa, mo godimo ga Mozambique, paka e khutshwane ka ntlha ya go simolola moragonyana e akanyediwa ka fa tlase ga phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ya isago, gape ka go sa tlhomamang go go rileng.<ref>Wang, Bin; Liu, De Li; Waters, Cathy; Yu, Qiang (2 October 2018). "Quantifying sources of uncertainty in projected wheat yield changes under climate change in eastern Australia". ''Climatic Change''. '''151''' (2): 259–273. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClCh..151..259W 2018ClCh..151..259W.] doi:[[doi:10.1007/s10584-018-2306-z|10.1007/s10584-018-2306-z]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158743534 158743534].</ref> Jaaka sekai, [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] e na le bothata jo bo kwa godimo jwa ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa. [[:en:Climate_hazards|Dikotsi tse dikgolo tsa seemo sa bosa]] di akaretsa [[:en:Drought|komelelo]] le [[:en:Flood|merwalela]] ka gonne go ka direga gore pula e nne e e tseneletseng e bile e se ka ya bonelwa kwa pele. [[:en:Climate_model|Dikai tsa seemo sa bosa]] di bonela pele gore megote e tla tlhatloga ka lefala ntlha tlhano go ya koselekanyong sa mogote sa Celcius tse pedi.<ref>World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal. "[https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/kenya/vulnerability Kenya (Vulnerability)"]. Retrieved 28 January 2021.</ref> Mo mafelong a a sa tlhomamang a toropong ya [[:en:Nairobi|Nairobi]] phelelo ya [[:en:Urban_heat_island|setlhaketlhake sa mogote wa toropo]] e oketsa bothata ka gonne e dira megote e e bothitho le go feta tsa tikologo. Se ke ka ntlha ya didirisiwa tsa go aga mo matlong, go tlhoka go tsenya mowa, lefelo le letala le le sesane, le go sa kgone go bona maatla a motlakase le ditirelo tse dingwe.<ref>Hirch, Aurther (November 2017). [https://hub.jhu.edu/2017/11/06/deadly-climate-change-disproportionately-affects-africa/ "Effects of climate change likely to be more deadly in poor African settlements]".</ref> === Bokone jwa Aforika === ''Karolo e ke nopolo go tswa mo [[:en:Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa|Phetogong ya]]'' ''[[:en:Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa|Seemo sa Bosa kwa Botlhabagare le Aforika Bokone.]]''[[Setshwantsho:Middle East map of Köppen climate classification.svg|thumb]] [[Setshwantsho:Koppen-Geiger Map Northern Africa future.svg|thumb|Ditshwantso tsa mafatshe tsa tlhaolo ya seemo sa bosa tsa Botlhabagare ga jaana (kwa godimo) le tse di bonelwang pele tsa Aforika Bokone tsa ngwaga wa di 2071 go ya kwa ngwageng 2100 ka fa tlase ga boemo jo bo tseneletseng thata jwa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa(kwa tlase). Ditiragalo tsa magareng ga jaana di tsewa di ka nna teng thata.<ref>Hausfather, Zeke; Peters, Glen (29 January 2020). "[[doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3|Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading"]]. ''Nature''. '''577''' (7792): 618–20. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Natur.577..618H 2020Natur.577..618H.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3|10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31996825 31996825].</ref><ref>Schuur, Edward A.G.; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Commane, Roisin; Ernakovich, Jessica; Euskirchen, Eugenie; Hugelius, Gustaf; Grosse, Guido; Jones, Miriam; Koven, Charlie; Leshyk, Victor; Lawrence, David; Loranty, Michael M.; Mauritz, Marguerite; Olefeldt, David; Natali, Susan; Rodenhizer, Heidi; Salmon, Verity; Schädel, Christina; Strauss, Jens; Treat, Claire; Turetsky, Merritt (2022). "[[doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847|Permafrost and Climate Change: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks From the Warming Arctic]]". ''Annual Review of Environment and Resources''. '''47''': 343–371. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847|10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847.]] <q>Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3°C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris Climate Agreement...</q></ref><ref>Phiddian, Ellen (5 April 2022). "[https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/climate/explainer-ipcc-scenarios/ Explainer: IPCC Scenarios]". ''[[:en:Cosmos_(magazine)|Cosmos]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230920224129/https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/climate/explainer-ipcc-scenarios/ Archived] from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2023. <q>"The IPCC doesn't make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can. [[:en:The_Australian_Academy_of_Science|The Australian Academy of Science]], for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3°C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario. [[:en:Climate_Action_Tracker|Climate Action Tracker]] predicts 2.5 to 2.9°C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1°C.</q></ref>]] Ka ngwaga wa 2018, kgaolo ya [[:en:MENA|MENA]] e ne ya ntsha bokete jwa ditone di le didikadike di le tharo ntlha pedi tsa ghese ya carbon dioxide mme ya ntsha karolo ya borobabobedi ntlha supa mo lekgolong ya [[:en:Greenhouse_gas_emissions|mesi ya digase tse di tshawarang mogote mo loaping tsa lefatshe]] (GHG)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201011125320/http://www.globalcarbonatlas.org/en/CO2-emissions "CO2 Emissions]". ''Global Carbon Atlas''. Archived from [https://www.globalcarbonatlas.org/en/CO2-emissions the original] on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.</ref> le fa e ne e dira fela karolo ya borataro mo lekgolong ya baagi ba lefatshe.<ref>[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=ZQ-1W "Population, total – Middle East & North Africa, World"]. ''World Bank Open Data''. Retrieved 11 April 2020.</ref> Mesi e e tswa thata mo lekalaneng la maatla,<ref>Abbass, Rana Alaa; Kumar, Prashant; El-Gendy, Ahmed (February 2018). "[http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/845102/1/An%20Overview%20of%20Monitoring%20and%20Reduction%20Strategies%20for%20Health%20and%20Climate%201%20Change%20Related%20Emissions%20in%20the%20Middle%20East%20and%20North%20Africa%20Region.pdf An overview of monitoring and reduction strategies for health and climate change related emissions in the Middle East and North Africa region"] (PDF). ''Atmospheric Environment''. '''175''': 33–43. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AtmEn.175...33A 2018AtmEn.175...33A.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.061|10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.061.]] [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1352-2310 1352-2310]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210614234546/http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/845102/1/An%20Overview%20of%20Monitoring%20and%20Reduction%20Strategies%20for%20Health%20and%20Climate%201%20Change%20Related%20Emissions%20in%20the%20Middle%20East%20and%20North%20Africa%20Region.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2021 &#x2013; via Surrey Research Insight Open Access.</ref> e leng karolo e e botlhokwa ya itsholelo e e ntsi ya [[:en:Middle_Eastern|Botlhabagare]] le ya [[:en:North_Africa|Bokone jwa Aforika]] ka ntlha ya dipolokelo tse dintsi tsa [[:en:Petroleum|mahura]] le [[:en:Natural_gas|ghese ya tlholego]] tse di fitlhelwang mo kgaolong eo.<ref>Al-mulali, Usama (1 October 2011). [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544211005226 "Oil consumption, CO2 emission and economic growth in MENA countries]". ''Energy''. '''36''' (10): 6165–6171. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.energy.2011.07.048|10.1016/j.energy.2011.07.048.]] [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-5442 0360-5442.]</ref><ref>Tagliapietra, Simone (1 November 2019). "[[doi:10.1016/j.esr.2019.100397|The impact of the global energy transition on MENA oil and gas producers]]". ''Energy Strategy Reviews''. '''26''' 100397. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.esr.2019.100397|10.1016/j.esr.2019.100397]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2211-467X 2211-467X.]</ref>Kgaolo ya Botlhabagare ke nngwe ya tse di [[:en:Climate_change_vulnerability|ka amiwang thata ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa]]. Ditlamorago di akaretsa koketsego ya maemo a [[:en:Drought|leuba]], komelelo, [[:en:Heat_wave|makhubu a mogote]] le go [[:en:Sea_level_rise|tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle]]. Diphetogo tse di bogale tsa mogote ya lefatshe le bogodimo jwa lewatle, go fetoga ga mekgwa tsa pula le go oketsega ga makgetlo a ditiragalo tsa maemo a [[:en:Extreme_weather|tepo loapi]] a a feteletseng ke dingwe tsa ditlamorago tse dikgolo tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa jaaka di supilwe ke [[:en:Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change|Phanele ya Dipuso ka ga Phetogo ya Seemo sa Bosa]] (IPCC).<ref name=":29">IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp.</ref> Kgaolo ya MENA e mo kotsing thata ya ditlamorago tse di jalo ka ntlha ya tikologo ya yona e e omeletseng le e e omeletseng go sekae, e lebane le dikgwetlho tsa seemo sa bosa tse di jaaka pula e e kwa tlase, megote e e kwa godimo le mmu o o omileng.<ref name=":29" /><ref>El-Fadel, M.; Bou-Zeid, E. (2003). "Climate change and water resources in the Middle East: vulnerability, socio-economic impacts and adaptation". ''Climate Change in the Mediterranean''. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4337/9781781950258.00015|10.4337/9781781950258.00015.]] [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10535/6396|10535/6396]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781781950258|9781781950258]]</bdi>.</ref> Maemo a seemo sa bosa a a rotloetsang dikgwetlho tse di jalo mo MENA a akanyediwa ke IPCC go nna maswe le go feta mo ngwagakgolong otlhe wa masome a mabedi le bongwe.<ref name=":29" /> Fa [[:en:Greenhouse_gas_emissions|mesi ya digase tse di kapang mogote mo loaping]] e sa fokodiwe thata, karolo ya kgaolo ya MENA e mo kotsing ya go sa kgone go agiwa pele ga ngwaga wa 2100.<ref>Broom, Douglas (5 April 2019). "[https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/04/middle-east-front-lines-climate-change-mena/ How the Middle East is suffering on the front lines of climate change]". ''World Economic Forum''. Retrieved 4 February 2020.</ref><ref>Gornall, Jonathan (24 April 2019). [https://www.euractiv.com/section/climate-environment/opinion/with-climate-change-life-in-the-gulf-could-become-impossible/ "With climate change, life in the Gulf could become impossible"]. Euroactive. Retrieved 4 February 2020.</ref><ref>Pal, Jeremy S.; Eltahir, Elfatih A. B. (26 October 2015). "Future temperature in southwest Asia projected to exceed a threshold for human adaptability". ''Nature Climate Change''. '''6''' (2): 197–200. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/nclimate2833|10.1038/nclimate2833.]] [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1758-678X 1758-678X.]</ref> ''Tshedimosetso e e'' ''oketsegileng: [[:en:Climate_change_in_Algeria|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Algeria|seemo sa bosa kwa Algeria]] le [[:en:Climate_change_in_Morocco|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Morocco|seemo sa bosa kwa Morocco]]'' === Aforika Bophirima le Sahel === ''Tshedimosetso e e oketsegileng: [[:en:Climate_change_in_Ghana|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Ghana|seemo sa bosa kwa Ghana]], [[:en:Climate_change_in_Nigeria|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Nigeria|seemo sa bosa kwa Nigeria]], [[:en:Climate_change_in_Senegal|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Senegal|seemo sa bosa kwa Senegal]], [[:en:Climate_change_in_the_Gambia|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_the_Gambia|seemo sa bosa kwa Gambia]], le [[:en:Climate_change_in_Mali|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Mali|seemo sa bosa kwa Mali]]'' Kgaolo ya Bophirima jwa Aforika e ka kgaoganngwa ka dikgaolopotlana di le nne tsa seemo sa bosa e leng Lebopo la Guinea, Soudano-Sahel, Sahel (e e atologelang kwa botlhaba go ya kwa molelwaneng wa Ethiopia) le Sahara,<ref>Agyeman, Richard Yao Kuma; Quansah, Emmannuel; Lamptey, Benjamin; Annor, Thompson; Agyekum, Jacob (2018). [[doi:10.1155/2018/4853681|"Evaluation of CMIP5 Global Climate Models over the Volta Basin: Precipitation]]". ''Advances in Meteorology''. '''2018''' (1): 1–24. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AdMet201853681A 2018AdMet201853681A.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1155/2018/4853681|10.1155/2018/4853681]].</ref> nngwe le nngwe e na le maemo a a farologaneng a seemo sa bosa. Modikologo wa pula ya paka o kgweediwa thata ke motsamao wa borwa–bokone wa [[:en:Intertropical_Convergence_Zone|Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone]] (ITCZ) e e tlhaolwang ke go kopana ga diphefo tse di metsi tsa borwabophirima jwa monsoon le Harmattan e e omileng ya bokonebotlhaba.<ref>Sultan, Benjamin; Janicot, Serge (1 November 2003). "[https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0442%282003%29016%3C3407%3ATWAMDP%3E2.0.CO%3B2 The West African Monsoon Dynamics. Part II: The 'Preonset' and 'Onset' of the Summer Monsoon"]. ''Journal of Climate''. '''16''' (21): 3407–3427. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JCli...16.3407S 2003JCli...16.3407S]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0442%282003%29016%3C3407%3ATWAMDP%3E2.0.CO%3B2 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016&#x3C;3407:TWAMDP&#x3E;2.0.CO&#x3B;2].</ref> Go ikaegilwe ka pharologano ya pula ya magareng ga dingwaga, dipaka tse tharo tse dikgolo tsa seemo sa bosa di lemogilwe mo godimo ga Sahel: paka e e metsi go tloga ka dingwaga tsa 1950 go ya kwa tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1960 e latelwa ke paka e e omileng go tloga ka dingwaga tsa 1972 go ya ko dingwageng tsa 1990 mme morago ga moo paka go tloga ka dingwaga tsa 1991 go ya pele e e boneng pula e ntsi gape ka selekanyo sengwe.<ref>Le Barbé, Luc; Lebel, Thierry; Tapsoba, Dominique (1 January 2002). "[https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0442%282002%29015%3C0187%3ARVIWAD%3E2.0.CO%3B2 Rainfall Variability in West Africa during the Years 1950–90]". ''Journal of Climate''. '''15''' (2): 187–202. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002JCli...15..187L 2002JCli...15..187L.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0442%282002%29015%3C0187%3ARVIWAD%3E2.0.CO%3B2 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015&#x3C;0187:RVIWAD&#x3E;2.0.CO&#x3B;2].</ref><ref>Rowell, David P. (2003). "[https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0442%282003%29016%3C0849%3Atiomso%3E2.0.co%3B2 The Impact of Mediterranean SSTS on the Sahelian Rainfall Season]". ''Journal of Climate''. '''16''' (5): 849–862. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JCli...16..849R 2003JCli...16..849R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0442%282003%29016%3C0849%3Atiomso%3E2.0.co%3B2 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016&#x3C;0849:tiomso&#x3E;2.0.co&#x3B;2].</ref><ref>Nicholson, Sharon E.; Fink, Andreas H.; Funk, Chris (2018). [[doi:10.1002/joc.5530|"Assessing recovery and change in West Africa's rainfall regime from a 161-year record]]". ''International Journal of Climatology''. '''38''' (10): 3770–3786. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJCli..38.3770N 2018IJCli..38.3770N.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/joc.5530|10.1002/joc.5530.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134207640 134207640].</ref> Ka nako ya komelelo, Sahel e ne ya itemogela ditiragalo di le mmalwa tsa komelelo tse di masisi thata, ka ditlamorago tse di senyang.<ref name=":30">Funk, Chris; Fink, Andreas H.; Nicholson, Sharon E. (1 August 2018). [[doi:10.1002/joc.5530|"Assessing recovery and change in West Africa's rainfall regime from a 161-year record"]]. ''International Journal of Climatology''. '''38''' (10): 3770–3786. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJCli..38.3770N 2018IJCli..38.3770N.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/joc.5530|10.1002/joc.5530.]]</ref><ref>Nicholson, Sharon E. (2013). "[[doi:10.1155/2013/453521|The West African Sahel: A Review of Recent Studies on the Rainfall Regime and Its Interannual Variability]]". ''ISRN Meteorology''. '''2013''': 1–32. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1155/2013/453521|10.1155/2013/453521]].</ref> Dingwagasome tsa sešweng, le tsone di bone koketsego e e magareng ya pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga fa e sale ka tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1990. Le fa go ntse jalo, palogotlhe ya pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga e santse e le kwa tlase thata ga e e lemogilweng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950.<ref>Panthou, G; Lebel, T; Vischel, T; Quantin, G; Sane, Y; Ba, A; Ndiaye, O; Diongue-Niang, A; Diopkane, M (June 2018). [[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac334|"Rainfall intensification in tropical semi-arid regions: the Sahelian case]]". ''Environmental Research Letters''. '''13''' (6) 064013. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ERL....13f4013P 2018ERL....13f4013P.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac334|10.1088/1748-9326/aac334.]]</ref><ref name=":30" /> Bangwe ba supile dingwagasome tse pedi tsa bosheng jaaka paka ya go boela mannong.<ref>Sanogo, Souleymane; Fink, Andreas H.; Omotosho, Jerome A.; Ba, Abdramane; Redl, Robert; Ermert, Volker (2015). "Spatio-temporal characteristics of the recent rainfall recovery in West Africa". ''International Journal of Climatology''. '''35''' (15): 4589–4605. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015IJCli..35.4589S 2015IJCli..35.4589S]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/joc.4309|10.1002/joc.4309]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129607595 129607595].</ref> Ba bangwe ba bitsa se jaaka paka ya "go gagamatsa ga metsi" ka bontsi jwa koketsego ya pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga e e tswang mo ditiragalong tse di masisi thata tsa pula mme ka dinako tse dingwe morwalela go na le pula e e nang kgapetsakgapetsa, kgotsa ka tsela e e tshwanang ditiro tse dingwe <ref>L'Hote, Yann; Mahe, Gil; Some, Bonaventure (June 2003). [[doi:10.1623/hysj.48.3.493.45283|"The 1990s rainfall in the Sahel: the third driest decade since the beginning of the century"]]. ''Hydrological Sciences Journal''. '''48''' (3): 493–496. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003HydSJ..48..493L 2003HydSJ..48..493L.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1623/hysj.48.3.493.45283|10.1623/hysj.48.3.493.45283.]]</ref><ref>Nicholson, S. E.; Some, B.; Kone, B. (1 July 2000). [https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0442%282000%29013%3C2628%3AAAORRC%3E2.0.CO%3B2 "An Analysis of Recent Rainfall Conditions in West Africa, Including the Rainy Seasons of the 1997 El Niño and the 1998 La Niña Years]". ''Journal of Climate''. '''13''' (14): 2628–2640. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JCli...13.2628N 2000JCli...13.2628N.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0442%282000%29013%3C2628%3AAAORRC%3E2.0.CO%3B2 10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013&#x3C;2628:AAORRC&#x3E;2.0.CO&#x3B;2.]</ref> di thalela tsweletso ya komelelo le fa pula e oketsegile. Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1985, karolo ya masome a mane mo lekgolong tsa baagi di amilwe ke merwalela e le metlhano kgotsa go feta mo dinageng di le lesome le bosupa tsa kgaolo ya Sahel.<ref>Livelihood Security Climate Change, Migration and Conflict in the Sahel {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228014910/http://www.unep.org/pdf/UNEP_Sahel_EN.pdf|date=28 February 2017}} 2011</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2012, go ne ga begwa gore go ne go na le [[:en:2012_Sahel_drought|komelelo e e masisi]] kwa Sahel. Dipuso tsa kgaolo di ne tsa tsiboga ka bonako, tsa simolola maano a go samagana le kgang eno.<ref>Fominyen, George. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20120603231542/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/coming-weeks-critical-to-tackle-sahel-hunger-un-humanitarian-chief/ Coming weeks critical to tackle Sahel hunger – U.N. humanitarian chief]". Thomson Reuters Foundation. Archived from [http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/coming-weeks-critical-to-tackle-sahel-hunger-un-humanitarian-chief the original] on 3 June 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2012.</ref> Kgaolo e solofetswe go itemogela diphetogo mo pusong ya pula, ka dikai tsa seemo sa bosa tse di akantshang gore phokotsego ya pula ya paka e e metsi e ka nna teng thata kwa bophirima jwa Sahel, le koketsego e ka nna teng kwa bogareng go ya kwa botlhaba jwa Sahel, le fa diphetogo tse di fapaaneng di ise di kgaphelwe kwa thoko.<ref>Rowell, David P.; Senior, Catherine A.; Vellinga, Michael; Graham, Richard J. (2016). "[[doi:10.1007/s10584-015-1554-4|Can climate projection uncertainty be constrained over Africa using metrics of contemporary performance?]]". ''Climatic Change''. '''134''' (4): 621–633. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ClCh..134..621R 2016ClCh..134..621R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10584-015-1554-4|10.1007/s10584-015-1554-4.]]</ref><ref name=":31">Berthou, Ségolène; Rowell, David P.; Kendon, Elizabeth J.; Roberts, Malcolm J.; Stratton, Rachel A.; Crook, Julia A.; Wilcox, Catherine (August 2019). [[doi:10.1007/s00382-019-04759-4|"Improved climatological precipitation characteristics over West Africa at convection-permitting scales]]". ''Climate Dynamics''. '''53''' (3–4): 1991–2011. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ClDy...53.1991B 2019ClDy...53.1991B.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00382-019-04759-4|10.1007/s00382-019-04759-4]].</ref><ref name=":1" /> Diphetogo tse di tla ama makgetlo le bokete jwa merwalela, komelelo, [[:en:Desertification|go nna sekaka]], ditsuatsue tsa motlhaba le lerole, dipetso tsa tsie ya sekaka le tlhaelo ya metsi.<ref>[http://abclive.in/ipcc-climate-change-impacts-africa/ "IPCC Sees Severe Climate Change Impacts on Africa]". ABC Live. ABC Live. Retrieved 7 September 2016.</ref><ref>[[:en:Coleen_Vogel|Vogel, Coleen]]. [https://theconversation.com/why-africa-is-particularly-vulnerable-to-climate-change-41775 "Why Africa is particularly vulnerable to climate change"]. ''The Conversation''. Retrieved 7 August 2017.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, go sa kgathalesege diphetogo tsa pula e e magareng ya paka, ditsuatsue tse di maatla thata di solofetswe go nna tse di maatla thata, go oketsa makgetlo a morwalela.<ref name=":31" /><ref name=":1" />Mesi e e tokafaditsweng ya khabone le thuthafalo ya lefatshe le yona e ka baka koketsego ya dinako tsa komelelo bogolosegolo go kgabaganya Lebopo la Guinea e e amanang le phokotsego ya dinako tsa metsi ka fa tlase ga maemo a thuthafalo ya lefatshe ya selekanyo sa mogote wa Celcius ya bongwe ntlha tlhano le ya bobedi <ref>Klutse, Nana Ama Browne; Ajayi, Vincent O; Gbobaniyi, Emiola Olabode; Egbebiyi, Temitope S; Kouadio, Kouakou; Nkrumah, Francis; Quagraine, Kwesi Akumenyi; Olusegun, Christiana; Diasso, Ulrich; Abiodun, Babatunde J; Lawal, Kamoru; Nikulin, Grigory; Lennard, Christopher; Dosio, Alessandro (1 May 2018). "[[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aab37b|Potential impact of 1.5 °C and 2 °C global warming on consecutive dry and wet days over West Africa]]". ''Environmental Research Letters''. '''13''' (5) 055013. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ERL....13e5013A 2018ERL....13e5013A]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aab37b|10.1088/1748-9326/aab37b.]]</ref> Karolo ya lesome le botlhano mo lekgolong tsa baagi ba kgaolo ya [[:en:Sahel|Sahel]] le tsone di itemogetse koketsego ya mogote o o fetang selekanyo sa Celcius ye nngwe (1 °C) go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1970 go fitlha ka ngwaga ga 2010. Kgaolo ya Sahel, bogolosegolo, e tla itemogela megote e e kwa godimo tsa palogare mo tsamaong ya ngwagakgolo wa msaome a mabedi le bongwe le diphetogo mo mekgweng ya pula, go ya ka [[:en:Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change|Phanele ya Intergovernmental Climate]] [[:en:Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change|Change]] (IPCC). === Borwa jwa Aforika === ''Tshedimosetso e nngwe: [[:en:Climate_change_in_South_Africa|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_South_Africa|seemo sa bosa mo Aforika Borwa]], [[:en:Climate_change_in_Mozambique|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Mozambique|seemo sa bosa kwa Mozambique]], le [[:en:Climate_change_in_Madagascar|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Madagascar|seemo sa bosa kwa Madagascar]]'' == Go tlwaela == ''Tshedimosetso e nngwe: [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|go tlwaela phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|seemo sa bosa]]'' Go fokotsa ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo mafatsheng a Aforika, dikgato tsa go tlwaela di a tlhokega mo dilekanong tse dintsi – go simolola ka maemo a selegae go ya go a bosetšhaba le a kgaolo.<ref>Climate Analytics. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20221117055339/https://climateanalytics.org/media/schaeffer_et_al__2013__africao__s_a_daptation_gap_technical_report.pdf Africa's Adaptation Gap, Technical Report: Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation Challenges, and Costs for Africa"] (PDF). ''Climate Analytics''. Archived from [https://climateanalytics.org/media/schaeffer_et_al__2013__africao__s_a_daptation_gap_technical_report.pdf the original] (PDF) on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2021.</ref> Kokomane ya ntlha ya mananeo a go tlwaela mo Aforika e ka tlhalosiwa thata jaaka tse dinnye ka tlhago, tse di tsepamisitsweng mo dipeeletsong tse di ikaeletsweng mo temothuong le go anamisa maranyane go tshegetsa go tsaya ditshwetso tsa go tlwaela.<ref>Troni, Jessica (2018). ''Climate change adaptation in Africa: UNDP synthesis of experiences and recommendations''. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1079881730 1079881730].</ref> Bosheng jaana, maiteko a go dira mananeo a lebisitswe gape kwa maitekong a magolo le a a gokagantsweng, go lebagana le dintlha tse di akaretsang makalana a mantsi. Go ya ka patlisiso ya ngwaga wa 2023, karolo ya masome a matlhano le borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya dibanka tsa Aforika e na le melawana ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e e tlhomilweng, mme karolo ya masome a mabedi le bobedi mo lekgolong e nngwe e rulaganya go tsenya tirisong melawana. Karolo ya masome a marataro le botlhano mo lekgolong ya dibanka ga jaana di akanyetsa kotsi ya seemo sa bosa fa di sekaseka bareki ba bašwa kgotsa mananeo, mme karolo ya masome a mabedi le boraro mo lekgolong e nngwe e solofetse go dira jalo mo isagong.<ref name=":20">Bank, European Investment (27 September 2023). [https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230088-finance-in-africa ''Finance in Africa: Uncertain times, resilient banks: African finance at a crossroads''.] European Investment Bank. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5598-7|978-92-861-5598-7]]</bdi>.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Green finance opportunities and products (% of surveyed African banks).png|thumb|Ditšhono tsa [[:en:Eco-investing|matlole a a matala]] le dithoto go tswa kwa dibankeng tse di dirilweng patlisiso mo patlisisong ya [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|Banka ya Dipeeletso ya karolokgolo ya lefatshe e enaleng mafatshe a mantsi ya Europe ya Banka mo Aforika]]<ref name=":21">"[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Green_finance_opportunities_and_products_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png/960px-Green_finance_opportunities_and_products_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png Finance in Africa report finds that banks want to move faster into green lending]". ''European Investment Bank''. Retrieved 10 December 2021.</ref><ref name=":22">Bank, European Investment (18 November 2021). ''[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Green_finance_opportunities_and_products_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png/960px-Green_finance_opportunities_and_products_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png Finance in Africa: for green, smart and inclusive private sector development]''. European Investment Bank. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5063-0|<bdi>978-92-861-5063-0</bdi>.]]</ref>]] Maranyane a a tokafaditsweng a [[:en:Weather_forecasting|ponelopele ya maemo a]] [[:en:Weather_forecasting|tepo loapi]] mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara e botlhokwa go itsise tsibogelo ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa,<ref name=":23">Youds, L.; Parker, D. J.; Adefisan, E. A.; Antwi-Agyei, P.; Bain, C. L.; Black, E. C. L.; Blyth, A. M.; Dougill, A. J.; Hirons, L. C. (13 May 2021). "[http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/174093/ GCRF African SWIFT White Paper Policy Brief: The future of African weather forecasting]". ''eprints.whiterose.ac.uk''. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.5518/100/67|10.5518/100/67]]. Retrieved 13 May 2021.</ref> go thusa go tsaya ditshwetso tse di amanang le go tlwaela phetogo ya seemo sa loapi ka sekai.<ref name=":23" /> Ka nako ya [[:en:Conference_of_the_parties|bokopano jwa masome a mabedi le bongwe ya Makoko]] (COP) ka ngwaga wa 2015, ditlhogo tsa mafatshe tsa Aforika di thakgotse [[:en:African_Adaptation_Initiative_(AAI)|Letsholo la Tlwaelo ya Aforika (AAI)]]. Komiti e e tsamaisang ya AAI e bopilwe ke Biro ya Bokopano jwa Ditona tsa Aforika ka ga Tikologo (AMCEN) le modulasetulo wa Setlhopha sa Babuisani ba Aforika (AGN).<ref>"[https://africaadaptationinitiative.org/ AAI]". Retrieved 4 August 2024.</ref> [[:en:African_Adaptation_Solutions_Challenge|Letsholo la go Tlwaela Aforika]] le lone le tshegediwa ke [[:en:European_Union|Kopano ya]] [[:en:European_Union|Europa]].<ref>"[https://www.africa.undp.org/content/rba/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2020/european-union-ramps-up-support-to-africa-adaptation-initiative-.html European Union ramps up support to Africa Adaptation Initiative]". ''United Nations Development Programme''. 22 January 2020.</ref> Kopano ya Europe e [[:en:African_Union#Africa%E2%80%93EU_relations|dirisane mmogo le Kopano ya Aforika]] mo go rotloetseng taolo ya metswedi e e tswelelang, go [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|itsetsepela mo tikologong]], le go [[:en:Climate_change_mitigation|fokotsa phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_mitigation|seemo sa bosa]]<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20210510085847/https://africa-eu-partnership.org/en/strategic-priority-areas/strengthening-resilience-peace-security-and-governance Strengthening Resilience, Peace, Security and Governance]". Archived from [https://africa-eu-partnership.org/en/strategic-priority-areas/strengthening-resilience-peace-security-and-governance the original] on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</ref> Mo maemong a kgaolo, melawana le dikgato tse di tshegetsang tlwaelo go ralala Aforika di santse di le mo tshimologong. [[:en:IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report|Pegelo ya Botlhano ya Tlhatlhobo ya IPCC]] (AR5) e tlhagisa dikao tsa maano a tiro a a farologaneng a kgaolo a phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, go akaretsa le a a tlhamilweng ke [[:en:Southern_African_Development_Community|Setšhaba sa Tlhabololo sa Borwa jwa Aforika]] (SADC) le Komiti ya Letsha la Victoria.<ref name=":16" /> Mo maemong a bosetšhaba, maiteko a mantsi a go ikamanya a ntlha a ne a gokaganngwa ka [[:en:National_Adaptation_Programme_of_Action|Mananeo a Bosetšhaba a Tiro a go]] [[:en:National_Adaptation_Programme_of_Action|tlwaela]](di-NAPA) kgotsa Maano a Bosetšhaba a Tsibogelo ya Phetogo ya Seemo sa Bosa(NCCRS). Go tsenngwa mo tirisong go nnile bonya le fa go ntse jalo, ka katlego e e tlhakaneng mo kgorosong.<ref name=":25">Pardoe, Joanna; Conway, Declan; Namaganda, Emilinah; Vincent, Katharine; Dougill, Andy; Kashaigili, Japhet (2018). "[[doi:10.1080/14693062.2017.1386082|Climate Change and the Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Policy and Practice in Tanzania"]]. ''Climate Policy''. '''18''' (7): 863–877. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/14693062.2017.1386082|10.1080/14693062.2017.1386082]].</ref> Kopanyo ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa le thulaganyo e e anameng ya itsholelo le tlhabololo e sa ntse e lekanyeditswe mme e a gola.<ref>Osman-Elasha, Balgis; Downing, Tom (2007). ''Lessons learned in preparing national adaptation programmes of action in Eastern and Southern Africa''. Stockholm Environment Institute.</ref><ref name=":16" /> Mo maemong a bosetšhabapotlana, bathati ba le bantsi ba karolo ya lefatshe ya province le ba mmasepala le bona ba tlhama maano a bone, sekai Leano la Tsibogelo ya Phetogo ya Seemo sa Bosa la Bophirima jwa Kapa.<ref>Western Cape Government (2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230220102835/https://www.westerncape.gov.za/text/2015/march/western_cape_climate_change_response_strategy_2014.pdf "Western Cape Climate Change Response Strategy"] (PDF). Archived from [https://www.westerncape.gov.za/text/2015/march/western_cape_climate_change_response_strategy_2014.pdf the original] (PDF) on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2021.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, maemo a bokgoni jwa maranyane le didirisiwa tse di leng teng go diragatsa maano ka kakaretso a kwa tlase. Go nnile le tlhokomelo e e bonalang go ralala Aforika e e neetsweng go diragatsa mananeo a tlwaelo a a ikaegileng ka baagi. Go na le tumalano e e anameng ya gore tshegetso ya go tlwaela maemo a selegae e fitlhelelwa botoka ka go simolola ka bokgoni jo bo leng teng jwa go tlwaela selegae, le go dirisana le kitso le ditiro tsa selegae.<ref>Ofoegbu, Chidiebere; Chirwa, Paxie; Francis, Joseph; Babalola, Folaranmi (15 May 2017). "Assessing vulnerability of rural communities to climate change: A review of implications for forest-based livelihoods in South Africa". ''International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management''. '''9''' (3): 374–386. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2016-0044|10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2016-0044.]] [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:2263/61659|2263/61659]].</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Climate risk approach (% of surveyed African banks).png|thumb|Maduo a a malebana le mokgwa wa dibanka tsa Aforika wa go lebana le dikotsi tsa seemo sa bosa(karolo mo lekgolong ya dibanka tse di dirilweng patlisiso) go tswa mo patlisisong ya Banka ya Dipeeletso ya Europe ya ngwaga wa 2021]] [[:en:Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change|IPCC]] e tlhagisa mekgwa e le mmalwa e e atlegileng ya go rotloetsa go tlwaela maemo a a atlegileng mo Aforika, e tlhalosa melawana e le metlhano e e tshwanang.<ref name=":16" /> Tseno di akaretsa: # Go tokafatsa tshegetso ya mefuta e e ikemetseng ya go tlwaela; # Go oketsa tlhokomelo mo dikakanyo tsa setso, maitsholo, le ditshwanelo tsa go tlwaela (bogolo jang ka go tsaya karolo ka matlhagatlhaga ga basadi, bašwa, le batho ba ba humanegileng le ba ba mo kotsing mo ditirong tsa go tlwaela) # Go kopanya dikgetho tsa "tsela e e bonolo" le mekgwa ya go ithuta e e fetofetogang le e e ipoeletsang le mekgwa ya maranyane le ya mafaratlhatlha (go akaretsa le go kopanya kitso ya saense, ya selegae, le ya selegae mo go tlhameng maano a go tlwaela) # Go tsepamisa mogopolo mo go tokafatseng go itsetsepela le go diragatsa dikgetho tsa go tlwaela tse di sa ikotlhaeleng; le # Go aga taolo ya go tlwaela le go rotloetsa thulaganyo ya go ithuta ga loago le ga setheo go nna ditiro tsa go tlwaela. Pegelo ya Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe wa Boitekanelo wa "Tlwaelo ya Phetogo ya Tlelaemete mo Aforika Leano la Tiro la Lekala la Boitekanelo la ngwaga wa 2012 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 2016"<ref name=":24">World Health Organization. (2012). Adaptation to climate change in Africa plan of action for the health sector 2012–2016. Retrieved from http://www.afro.who.int/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=7699&Itemid=2593</ref> le ikaeletse go "tlamela ka tsibogo e e tseneletseng le e e theilweng mo bosuping e e gokagantsweng ya lekalana la tsa botsogo mo ditlhokegong tsa go ikamanya le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa sa mafatshe a Aforika gore di kgone go tshegetsa ditlamelo tsa di puso tsa Africa"<ref name=":24" /> Leano le akaretsa maikaelelo a a jaaka go oketsa ditiro tsa boitekanelo jwa setšhaba, go gokaganya maiteko mo maemong a boditšhabatšhaba, go nonotsha tirisanommogo le maiteko a tirisanommogo, le go rotloetsa dipatlisiso ka ga ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mmogo le dikgato tse di atlegileng tse di tsewang mo baaging ba selegae go fokotsa ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref name=":24" /> Go ya ka [[:en:International_Monetary_Fund|Letlole la Boditšhabatšhaba la Madi]] (IMF), [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara]] e tlhoka didikadike tsa di dolara di le masome a mararo go ya kwa masomeng a matlhano ya matlole a mangwe ngwaga le ngwaga go ikamanya le ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref name=":22" /><ref>"[https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2021/10/20/pr21306-sub-saharan-africa-one-planet-two-worlds-three-stories Sub-Saharan Africa: One Planet, Two Worlds, Three Stories]". ''IMF''. Retrieved 6 December 2021.</ref><ref>Dept, International Monetary Fund African (15 April 2020). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20220523061856/https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/books/086/28915-9781513536835-en/ch02.xml 2. Adapting to Climate Change in Sub-Saharan Africa]''. International Monetary Fund. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-5135-3683-5|<bdi>978-1-5135-3683-5</bdi>.]] Archived from [https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/books/086/28915-9781513536835-en/ch02.xml the original] on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</ref> Matlole a seemo sa bosa kwa Botlhabagare le Bokone jwa Aforika a ne a le didikadike di le di olara di le masome a mararo le bobedi ntlha thataro ( karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong ya palogotlhe ya lefatshe) ka ngwaga wa 2019 le ngwaga wa 2020, fa dipeeletso tsa seemo sa bosa kwa Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara e ne e le didikadike di le di dolara tse masome a mane le boraro ntlha borobaboedi (karolo ya boraro mo lekgolong ya palogotlhe ya lefatshe).<ref name=":20" /><ref>[https://climatefundsupdate.org/publications/climate-finance-regional-briefing-middle-east-and-north-africa-2020/ "Climate Finance Regional Briefing: Middle East and North Africa (2020) - Climate Funds Update]". 15 March 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2023.</ref> Go ya ka thuto ya Banka ya [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|Dipeeletso tsa karolokgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a le mantsi mo teng ya Europe]] ya ngwaga wa 2021 ya Banking in Africa, ditheo tsa Aforika di ntse di ela hloko thata tlhokego ya buisana ka dikotsi tse bakwang ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mme di simolla go dirisa dikgonagalo tsa matlole a a matala. Sekai, karolo ya masome a matlhano le bone mo lekgolong ya dibanka tse di boditsweng mo patlisisong di bone phetogo ya seemo sa bosa jaaka tlhobaboroko ya togamaano, mme go feta karolo ya masome a mane mo lekgolong e ne e na le batho ba ba tsepamisitseng mogopolo mo dintlheng tse di amanang le seemo sa bosa.<ref>Importer, A. P. O. (18 November 2021). [https://africa.businessinsider.com/apo/eib-study-highlights-impact-of-covid-on-african-banks-and-business-financing-and/205d41n "EIB study highlights impact of COVID on African banks and business financing and opportunities for climate finance and digital transformation".] ''Business Insider Africa''. Retrieved 6 December 2021.</ref> Dibanka tsa Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara di godisa ditshupetso tsa tsone tsa maranyane , tse di itlhaganedisitsweng ke leroborobo la COVID-19. Bontsi jwa dibanka tse di botsoloditsweng di boletse gore leroborobo le itlhaganedisitse lebelo la [[:en:Digital_transformation|phetogo ya]] [[:en:Digital_transformation|maranyane]] , le gore phetogo eno e tla nna ya sennelaruri.<ref>[https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2021-165-eib-president-highlights-new-gender-and-digital-investment-initiatives-to-accelerate-economic-recovery-across-africa "EIB President highlights new gender and digital investment initiatives to accelerate economic recovery across Africa]". ''European Investment Bank''. Retrieved 6 December 2021.</ref><ref>[https://www.eib.org/attachments/thematic/the_eib_development_report_2021_en.pdf "European Investment Bank Development Report]" (PDF). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210616085058/https://www.eib.org/attachments/thematic/the_eib_development_report_2021_en.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2021.</ref><ref name=":22" /> Bahumanegi le ba ba sa sireletsegang ke bone ba ba tlhaselwang motlhofo thata, mme go ka direga gore badiri ba batswakwa, batshabi le ditlhopha tse dingwe tse di kgaphetsweng kwa thoko ke bone ba ba bogang thata. GDP ka tlhogo ga e kgonagale go boela kwa maemong a ngwaga wa 2019 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2024, ka dikotsi tse di sekamelang kwa tlase, mme mathata a buseditse morago kwelotlase e e bonelwang pele ya palo ya batho ba ba humanegileng, go ya ka IMF. Fa go bapisiwa le diponelopele tsa pele ga mathata, se se ka felela ka gore batho ba bangwe ba le didikadike di le masome a mararo kwa Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara ba tshele mo lehumeng le le feteletseng ka ngwaga wa 2021, mmogo le ba bangwe ba le didikadike di le robongwe kwa lefelong la [[:en:MENA|Botlhabagare jwa Bophirima le Bokone jwa Aforika]] (MENA).<ref>Selassie, Abebe Aemro; Department, Habtamu Fuje IMF African. [https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2021/10/20/na102021-seven-charts-that-show-sub-saharan-africa-at-a-crucial-point "Seven Charts that Show Sub-Saharan Africa at a Crucial Point]". ''IMF''. Retrieved 6 December 2021.</ref> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2023, mo e ka nnang nngwe mo borarong jwa matlole otlhe a seemo sa bosa sa Aforika a elela kwa mebarakeng e metlhano e megolo: [[:en:Morocco|Morocco]] (karolo ya bosupa mo lekgolong ya dipeeletso tsa seemo sa bosa ya Aforika ka ngwaga wa 2019 le 2022), [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]] (karolo ya bosupa mo lekgolong ), [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] ( karolo ya bosupa mo lekgolong), Ethiopia ( karolo ya borataro mo lekgolong), le Aforika Borwa (karolo ya botlhano mo lekgolong ).<ref name=":20" /> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di fetileng, dipeeletso tse di tlhamaletseng tsa kwa ntle tsa lefatshe ka bophara di wetse tlase ka seelo sa karolo ya boraro mo lekgolong ka ngwaga, ka seabe sa Aforika sa lefatshe se wetse tlase go tswa go karolong ya lesome le bobedi mo lekgolong ka ngwaga wa 2017 go ya kwa tlase ga karolo ya borataro mo lekgolong ka ngwaga wa 2021.<ref name=":20" /><ref>"[https://unctad.org/publication/world-investment-report-2023 World Investment Report 2023"]. ''UNCTAD''. Retrieved 31 October 2023.</ref> === Dikgato tsa go tlwaela Aforika Bokone === [[Setshwantsho:Climate change specific personnel (% of surveyed African banks).png|thumb|Badiri ba ba rileng ba phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo dibankeng tsa Aforika tse di dirilweng dipatlisiso mo patlisisong ya Banka ya Dipeeletso ya Europe ya Banka mo Aforika<ref name=":21" /><ref name=":22" /> (% ya dibanka tsa Aforika tse di dirilweng dipatlisiso)]] Diphetogo tse di botlhokwa kwa bokone jwa Aforika di amana le kotsi e e oketsegileng ya tlhaelo ya metsi (e e tlholwang ke kopano ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa se se amang go nna teng ga metsi le tlhokego e e oketsegang). Go fokotsega ga go nna teng ga metsi, ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, go dirisana le megote e e oketsegang go tlhola tlhokego ya go tlwaela mo gare ga tlhagiso ya korong e e fepiwang ka pula. <ref>Hegazy, A. K.; Medany, M. A.; Kabiel, H. F.; Maez, M. M. (2008). "Spatial and temporal projected distribution of four crop plants in Egypt". ''Natural Resources Forum''. '''32''' (4): 316–326. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008NRF....32..316H 2008NRF....32..316H.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00205.x|10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00205.x.]]</ref><ref>Drine, I. (May 2011). [https://www.wider.unu.edu/publication/climate-change-compounding-risks-north-africa "Climate Change Compounding Risks in North Africa"]. ''United Nations University-World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER)'' (Working Paper No. 32).</ref> le go fetoga ga kotsi ya malwetse (sekao go tswa mo leishmaniasis).<ref>Bounoua, L.; Kahime, K.; Houti, L.; Blakey, T.; Ebi, K.L.; Zhang, P.; Imhoff, M.L.; Thome, K.J.; Dudek, C. (2013). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3774431 Linking climate to incidence of zoonotic cutaneous Leishmaniasis (L. major) in Pre-Saharan North Africa]". ''International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health''. '''10''' (8) 3172–3191. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013IJERP..10.3172B 2013IJERP..10.3172B.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/ijerph10083172|10.3390/ijerph10083172.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png/960px-Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png 3774431]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23912199 23912199].</ref><ref>Toumi, Amine; Chlif, Sadok; Bettaieb, Jihene; Alaya, Nissaf Ben; Boukthir, Aicha; Ahmadi, Zaher E.; Salah, Afif Ben (May 2012). Ozcel, Mehmet Ali (ed.). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3341328 Temporal Dynamics and Impact of Climate Factors on the Incidence of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Central Tunisia]". ''PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases''. '''6''' (5) e1633. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png/960px-Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001633]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3341328 3341328]. [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png/960px-Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png PMID]&#x20;[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png/960px-Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png 22563513].</ref>Bontsi jwa dikgato tsa puso tsa go tlwaela di ikaegile ka letlhakore la tlamelo ya metsi, sekai ka go ntsha letswai, go fetisetsa magareng ga mekgatsha le kago ya matamo.<ref>Sowers, Jeannie; Vengosh, Avner; Weinthal, Erika (February 2011). "Climate change, water resources, and the politics of adaptation in the Middle East and North Africa". ''Climatic Change''. '''104''' (3–4): 599–627. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ClCh..104..599S 2011ClCh..104..599S.] doi:[[doi:10.1007/s10584-010-9835-4|10.1007/s10584-010-9835-4.]] [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10161/6460|10161/6460]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37329318 37329318].</ref> Go fuduga gape go lemogilwe go dira jaaka tlwaelo ya batho le malapa kwa bokone jwa Aforika.<ref>Scheffran, Jürgen; Marmer, Elina; Sow, Papa (April 2012). "Migration as a contribution to resilience and innovation in climate adaptation: Social networks and co-development in Northwest Africa". ''Applied Geography''. '''33''': 119–127. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AppGe..33..119S 2012AppGe..33..119S.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.10.002|10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.10.002.]]</ref> Jaaka dikgaolo tse dintsi, le fa go ntse jalo, dikao tsa kgato ya go tlwaela (go farologana le maikaelelo a go tsaya kgato, kgotsa ditshekatsheko tsa go nna mo kotsing) go tswa kwa Aforika bokone di lekanyeditswe – tshekatsheko e e rulagantsweng e e gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa 2011 e bontshitse gore ke fela sekao se le sengwe mo go tse masome a borobabobedi le bosupa sa go tlwaela se se begilweng se se tswang kwa Aforika Bokone.<ref>Berrang-Ford, Lea; Ford, James D.; Peterson, Jaclyn (2011). "Are we adapting to climate change?". ''Global Environmental Change''. '''21''' (1): 25–33. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011GEC....21...25B 2011GEC....21...25B]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.09.012|10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.09.012.]]</ref> === Dikgato tsa go tlwaela Aforika Bophirima === ''Tshedimosetso e nngwe: [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation_in_Ghana|Go tlwaela phetogo ya]]'' ''[[:en:Climate_change_adaptation_in_Ghana|seemo sa bosa kwa Ghana]]'' Go nna teng ga metsi ke kotsi e e rileng mo Bophirima jwa Aforika , ka ditiragalo tse di feteletseng jaaka komelelo tse di lebisang kwa [[:en:Humanitarian_crisis|mathateng a botho]] a a amanang le mauba a nako le nako, go tlhoka tshireletsego ya dijo, go fuduga ga baagi, go fuduga le dikgotlhang le go tlhoka tshireletsego. Maano a go tlwaela e ka nna a tikologo, setso/temothuo le itsholelo.<ref>Shaibu, M. T.; Alhassan, S. I.; Panyan, E. K.; Avornyo, F. K.; Konlan, S. P.; Salifu, S. (2018). [https://www.ajol.info/index.php/wajae/article/view/182464 "An Assessment of Institutional Importance of Climate Change Adaptation in the Volta River Basin of Northern Ghana".] ''West African Journal of Applied Ecology''. '''26''': 27–40.</ref> Maano a go tlwaela a bonala mo lephateng la temothuo, a mangwe a one a tlhamiwang kgotsa a rotloediwa ke diteišene tsa semmuso tsa dipatlisiso kgotsa tsa ditekelelo.<ref name=":26">Kuwornu, John K. M.; Al-Hassan, Ramatu M.; Etwire, Prince Maxwell; Osei-Owusu, Yaw (2013). [[doi:10.22610/imbr.v5i5.1047|"Adaptation strategies of smallholder farmers to climate change and variability: Evidence from northern Ghana"]]. ''Information Management and Business Review''. '''5''' (5): 233–239. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.22610/imbr.v5i5.1047|10.22610/imbr.v5i5.1047]].</ref> Diphetogo tsa temothuo tsa tlholego tse di lemogilweng kwa bokone jwa Ghana di amana le dijalo, di amana le mmu kgotsa di akaretsa mekgwa ya setso.<ref name=":26" /><ref>Alhassan, S. I.; Shaibu, M. T.; Kuwornu, J. K. M.; Damba, O. T. (2018). "[https://www.ajol.info/index.php/wajae/article/view/182462 Factors Influencing Farmers' Awareness and Choice of Indigenous Practices in Adapting to Climate Change and Variability in Northern Ghana"]. ''West African Journal of Applied Ecology''. '''26''': 1–13.</ref>Diphetogo tsa temothuo tse di ikaegileng ka leruo di akaretsa maano a selegae a a jaaka go fetola bontsi jwa dijo go fepa leruo, go boloka dijo tse di lekaneng mo pakeng e e nang le dijo tse dintsi go fepiwa leruo ka paka e e senang mafura, go alafa dintho ka tharabololo ya makwati a a rileng a ditlhare, le go boloka mefuta ya selegae e e setseng e tlwaetse seemo sa bosa sa Ghana se se setseng se tlwaetse <ref>Shaibu, M. T.; Alhassan, I. S.; Avornyo, F. K.; Lawson, E. T.; Mensah, A.; Gordon, C. (2019). "Perceptions and Determinants of the Adoption of Indigenous Strategies for Adaptation to Climate Change: Evidence from Smallholder Livestock Farmers, North-West Ghana". In Kuwornu, J. K. M. (ed.). ''Climate Change in Sub-saharan Africa: The vulnerability and adaptation of food supply chains actors''. Vernon Press. pp.&#x20;223–240.</ref>; maranyane a tlhagiso go akaretsa tsadiso, boitekanelo, dijo/kotla le matlo.<ref>"[https://www.fao.org/4/v8180t/v8180t0y.htm A classification of livestock production systems]". ''www.fao.org''. Retrieved 4 August 2024.</ref> Tlhopho le kamogelo ya maano a go tlwaela go ikaegile ka dintlha tse di farologaneng tsa dipalo palojaaka bogolo jwa lelapa, dingwaga, bong le thuto ya tlhogo ya lelapa; dintlha tsa itsholelo jaaka motswedi wa lotseno; bogolo jwa polase; kitso ya dikgetho tsa go tlwaela; le tebelelo ya ditebelelo tsa isago.<ref>Apata, T. G. (2011). "Factors influencing the perception and choice of adaptation measures to climate change among farmers in Nigeria. Evidence from farm households in Southwest Nigeria". ''Environmental Economics''. '''2''' (4): 74–83.</ref> === Dikgato tsa go tlwaela Aforika Botlhaba === Mo Aforika Botlhaba dikgetho tsa go tlwaela di farologane, go akaretsa le go tokafatsa tiriso ya tshedimosetso ya seemo sa bosa , dikgato mo lephateng la temothuo le leruo, le mo lephateng la metsi. Go dirisa botoka tshedimosetso ya seemo sa bosa le maemo a bosa, ponelopele ya maemo a bosa, le didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa taolo go kgontsha tshedimosetso ka nako le go ipaakanyetsa ga batho mo makaleng a a jaaka temothuo a a ikaegileng ka dipoelo tsa maemo a bosa. Se se raya go nna le bokgoni jwa tshedimosetso ya metsi le bosa le dithulaganyo tsa tlhagiso ya go sa le gale.<ref>Snow, John (28 October 2016). ''[https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/climate-and-disaster-resilience-/weather-and-climate-systems---africa.html A New Vision for Weather and Climate Services in Africa]''. UNDP.</ref> Go ile ga ngangisanwa ka gore baagi ba tlholego ba na le kitso ka ga diphetogo tsa seemo sa boosa tsa ditso ka matshwao a tikologo (sekao, go tlhagelela le go fuduga ga dinonyane dingwe, dirurubele jalo jalo.), mme ka jalo go rotloetsa kitso ya tlholego go tserwe jaaka leano le le botlhokwa la go tlwaela. Go tlwaela mo lephateng la temothuo<ref>"[https://www.epa.gov/regulatory-information-sector/agriculture-sectors-crop-naics-111-and-animal-naics-112 Agriculture Sectors: Crop (NAICS 111) and Animal (NAICS 112)"]. 22 February 2013.</ref> go akaretsa tiriso e e oketsegileng ya motshotelo le monontsha o o rileng wa dijalo, tiriso ya mefuta e e emelanang le dijalo tse di butswang ka bonako. Motshotelo, mme bogolo jang motshotelo wa diphologolo go akanngwa gore o boloka metsi mme o na le ditshedinnye tse di botlhokwa tse di thubang dikotla go di dira gore di nne teng mo dimeleng, fa di bapisiwa le menontsha ya maitirelo e e nang le metswako e fa e gololwa mo tikologong ka ntlha ya tiriso e e feteletseng e gololang dighese tse di tshwarang mogote mo lefaufaung.<ref>[https://extension.psu.edu/biological-manipulation-of-manure-getting-what-you-want-from-animal-manure "Biological Manipulation of Manure: Getting What You Want from Animal Manure]". ''Penn State Extension''. Retrieved 24 November 2020.</ref> Bothata bongwe jo bogolo jwa lekalana la temothuo mo Aforika Botlhaba ke go ikaega ka temothuo e e nosediwang ka pula.<ref>Hengsdijk, H.; Smit, A. a. M. F. R.; Conijn, J. G.; Rutgers, B.; Biemans, H. (2014). Agricultural crop potentials and water use in East Africa (Report). Plant Research International. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/880257653 880257653].[page needed]</ref> Tharabololo ya go tlwaela ke mekgwa e e dirang sentle ya go nosetsa le poloko le tiriso e e dirang sentle ya metsi. [[:en:Drip_irrigation|Nosetso ya marothodi]] e supilwe bogolosegolo jaaka kgetho e e somarelang metsi ka ge e lebisa metsi kwa moding wa sejalo ka tshenyo e nnye. Mafatshe a a jaaka Rwanda le Kenya a tsentse kwa pele go tlhabolola mafelo a a nosediwang ka dithulaganyo tsa metsi a kgogedi go tswa mo melatswaneng le dinokeng tse di sa feleng mo dikgaolong tse di ka tlhaselwang ke komelelo e e tsayang nako e telele.<ref>Republic of Rwanda. "[https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/rwa01e.pdf NAPA-RWANDA]" (PDF).</ref> Ka nako ya dipula tse di maatla, mafelo a mantsi a itemogela merwalela e e bakiwang ke mabala a a senang sepe ka ntlha ya go rengwa ga dikgwa le go nna le khurumetso e nnye ya lefatshe. Maano a go tlwaela a a ntshiwang mo go se ke go rotloetsa maiteko a tshomarelo mo tshireletsong ya lefatshe, ka go jala ditlhare tsa selegae, go sireletsa mafelo a kgobokanyo ya metsi le go laola mafatshe a phulo ka go aroganya.<ref>Abuya, Robina; Said, Mohammed; Atela, Joanes; Muhwanga, Joseph; Moiko, Stephen; Atieno, Fred; Ndiritu, Simon (2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190808104609/http://www.kenyamarkets.org/publications/kmt-prise-project/ "Contexualising Pathways to Resilience in Kenya's ASALs under the Big Four Agenda]". ''Kenya Markets Trust''. Archived from [http://www.kenyamarkets.org/publications/kmt-prise-project/ the original] on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> Mo lekalaneng la leruo, dikgetho tsa tlwaelo di akaretsa go laola tlhagiso ka [[:en:Sustainable_agriculture|tsamaiso ya lefatshe le mafulo e e tswelelang]] mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo. Se se akaretsa go rotloetsa mekgwa ya tlhagiso ya bojang le dijo tsa leru sekai ka nosetso le tiriso ya metsi a a phepafaditsweng a matlakala, le go tsepamisa mogopolo mo go beeletseng mo polokelong ya bojang go dirisiwa ka dipaka tsa komelelo. Go rua leruo go tsewa e le tsela ya go itshetsa go na le go nna tiro ya itsholelo. Go ralala mafatshe otlhe a Botlhaba jwa Aforika bogolosegolo mo dikgaolong tsa ASALs, go ngangisanwa ka gore go rotloetsa kgwebo ya leruo ke kgetho ya go tlwaela.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190808104609/http://www.kenyamarkets.org/publications/political-economy-analysis-of-kenyas-livestock-sector-abridged-version/ "Political Economy Analysis of Kenya's Livestock Sector (Abridged Version)"]. ''Kenya Markets Trust''. Archived from [http://www.kenyamarkets.org/publications/political-economy-analysis-of-kenyas-livestock-sector-abridged-version/ the original] on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> Se se akaretsa go amogela dikai tsa itsholelo mo tlhagisong ya dijo tsa leruo, go latedisa diphologolo, go rotloetsa tlhokego ya ditlhagiswa tsa leruo jaaka nama, mashi le letlalo le go golaganya le mebaraka e e kgethegileng go tokafatsa dikgwebo le go tlamela ka lotseno lo lo ka dirisiwang.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20190808104612/http://www.kenyamarkets.org/publications/kenya-meat-end-market-trends-study/ Kenya Meat End-Market Trends Study]". ''Kenya Markets Trust''. Archived from [http://www.kenyamarkets.org/publications/kenya-meat-end-market-trends-study/ the original] on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> Mo lekalaneng la metsi, dikgetho di akaretsa tiriso e e siameng ya metsi mo malapeng, diphologolo le tiriso ya madirelo le tshireletso ya metswedi ya metsi. Matsholo a a jaaka go jala ditlhare tsa tlholego mo [[:en:Catchment_area|mafelong a metsi a kokoanngwang]], go laola ditiro tsa batho gaufi le mafelo a a kokoanyang metsi bogolo jang temothuo le bonno a dirilwe go thusa go sireletsa metswedi ya metsi le go bona phitlhelelo ya metsi go baagi bogolosegolo ka nako ya ditshupo tsa seemo sa bosa. '''Comoros''' – "NAPA ke katoloso ya tiro ya Pampiri ya Togamaano ya Phokotso ya Lehuma (PRSP), ka gonne e akaretsa gareng ga ditlapele tsa yone tsa go tlwaela, temothuo, go tshwara ditlhapi, metsi, matlo, boitekanelo, mme gape le bojanala, ka tsela e e sa tlhamalalang, Ka go busetsa popego ya mekgatšha ya mekgokolosa ya dithaba le go lwantsha kgogolego ya mmu, go sirelediwa mafika ka go fokotsa go tladiwa ga ona ke seretse le mmu tse di tlisiwang ke lefatshe.<ref>"&#x5B;[https://www.preventionweb.net/files/8507_com01e.pdf pdf]&#x5D;" (PDF). ''www.preventionweb.net''.</ref>" '''Lefatshe la Kenya''' e gatisitse Molao wa Phetogo ya Seemo sa Bosa, ka ngwaga wa 2016 o o tlhomang bothati jwa go okamela tlhabololo, taolo, tiragatso le taolo ya mekgwa ya go tokafatsa nonofo ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa le tlhabololo e e kwa tlase ya khabone go bona tlhabololo e e tswelelang, ke Mebuso ya Bosetšhaba le ya Dikgaolo, lekala le e seng la puso le setšhaba se sengwe sa baagi,. Kenya gape e tlhamile Leanotiro la Bosetšhaba la Phetogo ya Seemo sa Bosa(NCCAP 2018–2022 Le bolokilwe ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e tlhola malatsi a le mabedi le boraro ka ngwaga wa 2019 kwa [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Motšhineng wa Wayback]]) le le ikaeletseng go tsweletsa maikaelelo a tlhabololo a lefatshe ka go tlamela ka mekgwa le dikgato tsa go fitlhelela tlhabololo e e kgonang go emelana le seemo sa bosa se se nang le khabone e e kwa tlase ka tsela e e dirang gore go nne le khabone e e kwa tlase. === Dikgato tsa go tlwaela Aforika Bogare === '''Angola''' – "Maikaelelo a Mananeo a Bosetšhaba a Tiro a go Tlwaetsa Maemo ke go supa le go itsise ka ditlhokego tse di potlakileng le tsa ka bonako tsa lefatshe mabapi le go tlwaela phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, go oketsa nonofo ya Angola mo diphetogong tsa seemo sa bosa le mo phetogong ya seemo sa bosa go netefatsa phitlhelelo ya mananeo a phokotso ya lehuma, tlhabololo e e tswelelang pele Puso."<ref>''Analysis of Human Rights Language in the Cancun Agreements UNFCCC 16th Session of the Conference of the Parties'', [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9986-0022|10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9986-0022]]</ref> === Dikgato tsa go tlwaela borwa jwa Aforika === Go nnile le maiteko a le mmalwa mo dilekanong tsa selegae (tse di kgethegileng tsa lefelo), tsa selegae, tsa bosetšhaba le tsa kgaolo tse di ikaeletsweng go matlafatsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa. Dingwe tsa tsone ke: Lenaneo la Phetogo ya Seemo sa Bosa la Kgaolo (RCCP),<ref>"[https://oneworldgroup.co.za/oneworld-projects/southern-african-regional-climate-change-programme-rccp/ Regional Climate Change Programme, Southern Africa]". ''OneWorld''. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> SASSCAL,<ref>"[http://www.sasscal.org/ SASSCAL – Southern African Science Service Centre for Climate Change and Adaptive Land Management]". Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> ASSAR,<ref>"[http://www.assar.uct.ac.za/ Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid Regions]". ''www.assar.uct.ac.za''. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> Tlwaelo ya Phetogo ya Seemo sa Bosa ya [[:en:United_Nations_Development_Programme|UNDP]],<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20190808131738/https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/southern-africa Southern Africa]". ''UNDP Climate Change Adaptation''. Archived from [https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/southern-africa the original] on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> RESILIM,<ref>''Risk, Vulnerability & Resilience in the Limpopo River basin: Climate Change, water and biodiversity – a synthesis''. OneWorld. 2015.</ref> <ref>''Resilience in the Limpopo Basin (RESILIM) Program''. Chemonics International Inc. 2017.</ref>FRACTAL.<ref>"[http://www.fractal.org.za/ FRACTAL — Future Resilience for African CiTies And Lands]". Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> Aforikaborwa e tsentse tirisong Lenaneo la Patlisiso la Ditiragalo tsa Paka e Telele la Tlwaelo (LTAS) go tloga ka kgwedi ya Moranang ka ngwaga wa 2012 go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ka ngwaga wa 2014. Patlisiso e gape e ne ya tlhagisa dipampiri tsa dintlha le pegelo ya maranyane e e akaretsang kgaolo ya SADC e e bidiwang "Tlwaelo ya Phetogo ya Seemo sa bosa: Dipono tsa [[:en:Southern_African_Development_Community|Baagi ba Tlhabololo ya]] [[:en:Southern_African_Development_Community|Borwa jwa Aforika]] (SADC].<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20201124013002/https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/reports/ltasfactsheet_perspectiveforSADC.pdf Climate change adaptation: Southern African Development Community (SADC])'' (PDF). Archived from [https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/reports/ltasfactsheet_perspectiveforSADC.pdf the original] (PDF) on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2021.</ref> '''Lefatshe la Madagascar''' – makalana a a tlang pele a go tlwaela ke: temothuo le leruo, dikgwa, boitekanelo jwa setšhaba, metswedi ya metsi le dikgaolo tsa lebopo.<ref>"[http://www.ldc-climate.org/country/madagascar/ Madagascar]". ''LDC Climate Change''. 6 January 2018.</ref> '''Lefatshe la Malawi''' – NAPA e supa tse di latelang jaaka ditiro tse di botlhokwa thata tsa go tlwaela seemo sa bosa: "Go tokafatsa nonofo ya baagi mo phetogong ya seemo sa bosa ka tlhabololo ya matshelo a a tswelelang kwa magaeng, Go busetsa dikgwa mo dikgobokelong tsa metsi tsa Upper le Lower Shire Valleys go fokotsa go tlhotlhorega ga seretse le mathata a a amanang le kelelo ya metsi, Go tokafatsa tlhagiso ya temothuo le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, Go ipaakanyetsa ga Malawi go samagana le komelelo le merwalela, le Go tokafatsa go ela tlhoko seemo sa bosa go tokafatsa bokgoni jwa Malawi jwa go tlhagisa go sa le gale le go tsaya ditshwetso le tiriso e e tswelelang ya ditsompelo tsa [[:en:Lake_Malawi|Letsha la Malawi]] le mafelo a a mo lotshitshing lwa letsha<ref>[http://www.unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/mwi01.pdf "REPUBLIC OF MALAWI. MALAWI'S NATIONAL ADAPTATION PROGRAMMES OF ACTION (NAPA]) ." (PDF).</ref>". Mme go ya ka Pegelo ya Seemo sa Bosa le Tlhabololo ya Lefatshe ya Banka ya Lefatshe (CCDR) ya Malawi, e ka "tsaya dikgato tsa go simolola dipeeletso mo mafaratlhatlheng a a kgonang go emelana le tlelaemete le go emisa go senyega ga lefatshe le go latlhegelwa ke dikgwa go tokafatsa ntshodikuno ya temothuo le go tshwara khabone" <ref>"[https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/10/27/climate-informed-economic-development-key-to-malawi-s-future-growth-and-resilience Climate-Informed Economic Development Key to Malawi's Future Growth and Resilience]". ''World Bank''.</ref>". '''Lefatshe la Mauritius''' – tlwaelo e tshwanetse go samagana le mafelo a a latelang a a tlang pele: metswedi ya lebopo, temothuo, metswedi ya metsi, botshwaraditlhapi, boitekanelo le itekanelo, [[:en:Land_use_change|phetogo ya tiriso ya lefatshe]] le dikgwa le mefutafuta ya ditshedi.<ref>"[https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/eastern-africa/mauritius Mauritius]". ''UNDP Climate Change Adaptation''. 27 November 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> '''Lefatshe la Mozambique''' – "Maiteko a a tshitshintsweng a go tlwaela maemo a lebile mafelo a a farologaneng a tlhabololo ya itsholelo le loago, mme a tlhalosa mananeo tse di amanang le phokotso ya ditlamorago tsa masetlapelo a tlholego, go tlhama dikgato tsa go tlwaela phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, go lwantsha kgogolego ya mmu mo mafelong a a nang le sekaka se se kwa godimo le dikgaolo tsa mabopo, go jala dikgwa sešwa le go laola metsi." '''Lefatshe la Rwanda''' e tlhamile Lenaneo la Tiro la Bosetšhaba la Tlwaelo (NAPA 2006) le le nang le tshedimosetso ya go kaela badirapholisi ba bosetšhaba le barulaganyi ka ga makoa a a tlang pele le tlwaelo mo makaleng a a botlhokwa a itsholelo.<ref>[https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/rwanda_adaptation_fact_sheet_jan2012.pdf "Climate Change Adaptation in Rwanda]" (PDF). ''USAID''. January 2012.</ref> Naga gape e tlhamile melawana e e ikaegileng ka lekalana ka ga go ikamanya le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa jaaka Ponelopele ya ngwaga wa [[:en:Vision_2020_(Rwanda)|2020]], Melawana ya Bosetšhaba ya Tikologo le Melawana ya Temothuo gareng ga tse dingwe.<ref>Ochieng, Cosmas; Khaemba, Winnie; Mwaniki, Ruchathi; Kimotho, Stephen (September 2017). ''Climate Change Adaptation in Rwanda's Agricultural Sector: A Case Study from Kirehe District, Eastern Province''. Defending the Voiceless - Climate and Environmental Justice in Africa.</ref> '''Lefatshe la Tanzania''' – Tanzania e tlhalositse dikgato tsa tlwaelo tse di tlang pele mo NAPA ya bona, le maano a a farologaneng a lekala la bosetšhaba le dipholo tsa patlisiso.<ref>USAID. "[https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/tanzania_adaptation_fact_sheet_jan2012.pdf Climate Change Adaptation in Tanzania]" (PDF). ''USAID''.</ref> NAPA e atlegile mo go rotloetseng phetogo ya seemo sa bosa go tsenngwa mo melawaneng ya lekalana kwa Tanzania; le fa go ntse jalo, tirisanommogo ya makala a a farologaneng e e botlhokwa mo go tsenyeng tirisong maano a go ikamanya e santse e lekanyeditswe ka ntlha ya dikgwetlho tsa setheo tse di jaaka go sa lekalekane ga maatla, dikgoreletsi tsa tekanyetsokabo le mokgwa o o tseneletseng wa makala.<ref name=":25" /> Bontsi jwa mananeo a kwa Tanzania a amana le temothuo le taolo ya metswedi ya metsi (nosetso, go somarela metsi, go kokoanya metsi a pula); le fa go ntse jalo, maatla le bojanala le tsone di na le seabe se se botlhokwa.<ref>"[https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/eastern-africa/united-republic-tanzania United Republic of Tanzania]". ''UNDP Climate Change Adaptation''. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> '''Lefatshe la Zambia''' – "NAPA e supa ditlhokego di le masome a mararo le borobabongwe tsa go tlwaela maemo a a potlakileng le mafelo a le lesome a a tlang pele mo makaleng a temothuo le tshireletsego ya dijo (leruo, botshwaraditlhapi le dijalo), maatla le metsi, boitekanelo jwa batho, metswedi ya tlholego le diphologolo tsa lefatshe."<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20190829030222/http://theredddesk.org/countries/plans/national-adaptation-programme-action-climate-change-zambia National Adaptation Programme of Action on Climate Change (Zambia)]". ''The REDD Desk''. Archived from the original on 29 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> '''Lefatshe la Zimbabwe''' – "Ditsereganyo tse dingwe tsa togamaano tsa thulaganyo ya NAP e tla nna: Go nonotsha seabe sa lekala le e seng la puso mo thulaganyong ya tlwaelo, Go tokafatsa bokgoni jwa Puso jwa go tlhama mananeo a a ka dirisiwang mo bankeng ka dikatiso, Go tokafatsa taolo ya tshedimosetso ya lemorago ya seemo sa bosa go sedimosa thulaganyo ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa jaaka leano la boditšhabatšhaba la go supa matlole le go kokoanya seemo sa bosa dikopo tsa matlole di tsiboga thata ga jaana, di tlhomile mogopolo mo thusong ya tshoganyetso go na le go fokotsa dikotsi tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, go ipaakanyetsa le go tlwaela, Go tlhama melawana e e gokagantsweng ya go ela tlhoko le go sekaseka mananeo le mananeo, ka gonne ditheo di le dintsi mo teng ga puso ga jaanong jaana ga di na mokgwa o o rulagantsweng wa go ela tlhoko le go sekaseka."<ref>"[http://www.napglobalnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/napgn-en-2019-nap-roadmap-for-zimbabwe.pdf National Adaptation Plan (NAP) Roadmap for Zimbabwe]" (PDF). ''NAP Global Network''. April 2019.</ref> '''Lefatshe la Lesotho''' – "Maikaelelo a konokono a thulaganyo ya NAPA a akaretsa: go supa baagi le matshelo a a mo [[:en:Climate_change_vulnerability|kotsing thata ya phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_vulnerability|seemo sa bosa]] , go tlhama lenaane la ditiro tse di tla bopang konokono ya lenaneo la bosetšhaba la tiro la go tlwaela seemo sa bosa, le go tlhaeletsana ka ditlhokego tsa lefatshe tsa ka bonako le tse di potlakileng le ditlapele tsa go aga bokgoni jwa go tlwaela phetogo ya seemo sa bosa].<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20221006210644/https://www.adaptation-undp.org/sites/default/files/downloads/lso_napa.pdf Lesotho's National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) on Climate Change]" (PDF). Archived from [http://www.adaptation-undp.org/sites/default/files/downloads/lso_napa.pdf the original] (PDF) on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2024.</ref> '''Lefatshe la Namibia''' – dithito tsa kgang tse di botlhokwa tsa go tlwaela ke "Tshireletsego ya dijo le motheo wa metswedi ya ditshedi o o tswelelang, Motheo wa metswedi ya metsi o o tswelelang, Boitekanelo le boitekanelo jwa batho le tlhabololo ya Mafaratlhatlha.<ref>''Youth Files Climate Case with India's Environmental Court''. Our Children's Trust. 2017. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1163/9789004322714_cclc_2017-0228-011|10.1163/9789004322714_cclc_2017-0228-011.]] [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1312587857 1312587857].</ref> '''Lefatshe la Aforikaborwa''' e amogetse ka kgwedi ya Phatweka ngwaga wa 2020 Leano la yona la Bosetšhaba la go Ikamanya le Phetogo ya Seemo sa Bosa,<ref>"[https://www.dffe.gov.za/mediarelease/nationalclimatechange_adaptationstrategy_ue10november19 South Africa's National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy approved]". ''[[:en:Department_of_Environment,_Forestry_and_Fisheries|Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries]]''. 18 August 2020.</ref> le le "dirang jaaka ntlha e e tlwaelesegileng ya maiteko a go ikamanya le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo Aforikaborwa, mme le tlamela ka serala se mo go sona maikaelelo a bosetšhaba a go ikamanya le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa a lefatshe a ka tlhalosiwang gore go tlamelwe ka kaelo e e akaretsang ya itsholelo yotlhe<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20211104030516/https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/reports/nationalclimate_changeadaptation_strategyforcomment_nccas.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20211104030516/https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/reports/nationalclimate_changeadaptation_strategyforcomment_nccas.pdf National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy – Republic of South Africa"] (PDF). Archived from [http://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/reports/nationalclimate_changeadaptation_strategyforcomment_nccas.pdf the original] (PDF) on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2019.</ref> == Kitso ya selegae le dipopo tse dintshwa tsa selegae == Le fa mananeo a magolo a puso le matlole a boditšhabatšhaba a kgweetsa melawana e e megolo ya seemo sa bosa, baagi ba letsatsi le letsatsi go ralala Aforika ba ikaegile thata ka kitso ya setso ya tikologo ya tlholego(TEK) go tshela.<ref name=":32">Antwi-Agyei, Philip; Nyantakyi-Frimpong, Hanson (27 January 2021). [[doi:10.3390/su13031308|"Evidence of Climate Change Coping and Adaptation Practices by Smallholder Farmers in Northern Ghana]]". ''Sustainability''. '''13''' (3): 1308. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Sust...13.1308A 2021Sust...13.1308A.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/su13031308|10.3390/su13031308.]] [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2071-1050 2071-1050].</ref> Se ke setlhopha sa go tlhaloganya, bokgoni, le dithuto tsa kitso tse di tlhamilweng ke baagi ba selegae mo dingwageng di le makgolokgolo ka go kopana ka tlhamalalo le tlholego. Mekgwa e e e lekilweng ka nako e fa batho ditsela tsa lefelo leo, tse di mosola tsa go bonela pele maemo a bosa, go somarela metsi le go dira gore temothuo e tswelele e tshela le fa seemo sa bosa se fetoga. === Ponelopele ya seemo sa bosa e e tlwaelegileng === Nako e telele pele ga megala ya letheka ya segompieno le di-app tsa segompieno tsa maemo a bosa, baagi ba kwa magaeng ba ba lemang le go disa ba ne ba dirisa ditsela tsa bone tsa go bonela pele seemo sa bosa. Bomankge ba lefelo leo ba ela tlhoko ka kelotlhoko dintlha tse di ka thusang mo lefatsheng la tlholego go bonela pele dikomelelo kgotsa dipula tse di maatla, tse di jaaka: * Ditsela tsa go fuduga ka tshoganyetso ga dinonyane tsa lefelo leo. * Nako e e tlhomameng ya ngwaga e ditlhare dingwe di simololang go thunya ka yone. * Go fetoga ga tsela e phefo e tsamayang ka yone le go bonala ga dinaledi bosigo. Sekao, ditlhopha tsa badisa mo Aforika Botlhaba di lebelela ka fao leruo la bona le itshwarang ka teng le go latedisa metsamao ya diphologolo tsa naga go swetsa gore ke ditsela dife tse ba ka di tsayang, go netefatsa gore diphologolo tsa bona di bona metsi le bojang ka nako ya komelelo.<ref>Alemayehu, Dejene; Hizkeal, Yitebarek (30 June 2022). "[https://www.jaeid.it/index.php/jaeid/article/view/12295 The Relevance and Practices of Indigenous Weather Forecasting Knowledge among the Gabra Pastoralists of Southern Ethiopia]". ''Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development (JAEID)''. '''116''' (1): 59–76. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.36253/jaeid-12295|10.36253/jaeid-12295.]] [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2240-2802 2240-2802.]</ref> Gompieno, baitseanapa ba saense ba lemoga gore go kopanya dintlha tseno tsa setso le saense ya segompieno ya maemo a bosa go dira ditlhagiso tse tota balemirui ba lefelo leo ba di tshepang le go di dirisa. === Ditsela tsa tshomarelo ya mmu le metsi === Mo mafelong a a lebaganeng le dikaka tse di atologa le pula e e sa bonelwang pele, baagi ba busitse mekgwa e e botlhale ya bogologolo ya go laola lefatshe.<ref name=":33">Salack, Seyni; Sanfo, Safiétou; Sidibe, Moussa; Daku, Elidaa K.; Camara, Ibrahima; Dieng, Mame Diarra Bousso; Hien, Koufanou; Torou, Bio Mohamadou; Ogunjobi, Kehinde O.; Sangare, Sheick Ahmed Khalil S. B.; Kouame, Konan Raoul; Koffi, Yao Bernard; Liersch, Stefan; Savadogo, Moumini; Giannini, Alessandra (25 October 2022). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9596419 "Low-cost adaptation options to support green growth in agriculture, water resources, and coastal zones]". ''Scientific Reports''. '''12''' (1) 17898. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NatSR..1217898S 2022NatSR..1217898S.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41598-022-22331-9|10.1038/s41598-022-22331-9.]] [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322 2045-2322.] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9596419 9596419]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36284114 36284114].</ref> Mo kgaolong ya Sahel, bogolosegolo kwa Burkina Faso le Niger, balemibarui ba dirisa ka bophara thulaganyo ya bogologolo ya go epa e e bidiwang '''Zaï'''<ref name=":34">L. Woomer, Paul; Roobroeck, Dries; Yelognisse Alia, Didier (29 March 2023), "[https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/81496 Blending Climate Action and Rural Development in Africa's Sahel]", in Özçatalbaş, Orhan (ed.), ''Sustainable Rural Development Perspective and Global Challenges'', IntechOpen, [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.5772/intechopen.103817|10.5772/intechopen.103817]], [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-80355-420-4|<bdi>978-1-80355-420-4</bdi>,]] retrieved 6 June 2026</ref> Go na le go lema tshimo e e sephaphathi, balemibarui ba epa mesima e e boteng mo mmung o o thata mme ba tlatse botlase ka dilo tsa ditshedi jaaka motshotelo. Moakanyetso o o botlhale o o dira dilo tse pedi: o tshwara lerothodi lengwe le lengwe la metsi a pula a a thata go bonwa, mme motshotelo o gogela metlhwa, e e epang dikgogometso tse di ka fa tlase ga lefatshe tse ka tlhago di bofololang mmu o o thata gore medi e kgone go gola.<ref name=":34" /> Balembarui gape ba aga dithapo tsa matlapa tse e leng mabota a a kwa tlase a matlapa go bapa le dikhubu tsa tlhago tsa dithota tsa bona. Fa ka tshoganetso, dipula tse di maatla di itaya, mela eno ya matlapa e fokotsa lebelo la metsi a a potlakileng, e e thibela go tlhatswa mmu o o siameng o o kwa godimo le go e naya nako ya go ina mo mmung.<ref name=":33" /> Kwa borwa le botlhaba jwa Aforika, baagi ba dirisa dikgwa tsa temothuo tsa setso ka go boloka ditlhare tse di rileng, jaaka ''Faidherbia albida'', mo teng ga masimo a bona a dijalo. Ditlhare tseno di ntsha matlhare ka paka ya dipula mme di a godise ka paka ya komelelo, go kaya gore ga di thibele lesedi la letsatsi go tswa mo dijalong; go na le moo, ka tlhago di oketsa dikotla mo mmung le go fokotsa dithemphoritšhara tsa mmu ka nako ya makhubu a mogote.<ref>Haskett, Jonathan D.; Simane, Belay; Smith, Caitlin (1 November 2019). [[doi:10.3389/fenvs.2019.00146|"Energy and Climate Change Mitigation Benefits of Faidherbia albida Agroforestry in Ethiopia]]". ''Frontiers in Environmental Science''. '''7''' 146. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019FrEnS...7..146H 2019FrEnS...7..146H.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3389/fenvs.2019.00146|10.3389/fenvs.2019.00146]]. ISSN&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2296-665X 2296-665X].</ref> === Go farologanya dijalo le go somarela peo === Go netefatsa gore ga di latlhegelwe ke dijo tsotlhe tsa tsone ka nako e telele ya komelelo, balemibarui ba selegae ba dira jaaka borasaense ba bone ka go boloka dipeo tsa naga.<ref>Aniah, Philip; Kaunza-Nu-Dem, Millar Katherine; Ayembilla, Joseph A. (April 2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6479268 "Smallholder farmers' livelihood adaptation to climate variability and ecological changes in the savanna agro ecological zone of Ghana]". ''Heliyon''. '''5''' (4) e01492. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Heliy...501492A 2019Heliy...501492A.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01492|10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01492]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6479268 6479268]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31049426 31049426].</ref> Dipeo tsa segompieno tsa kgwebo gantsi di tlhoka selekanyo se se itekanetseng sa metsi le menontsha e e turang gore di kgone go tshela. Go farologana le seo, dijalo tsa setso tse di jaaka mmidi wa perela, mabele le lebelebele di ile tsa tlwaela mo makgolong a dingwaga go emelana le komelelo le disenyi ka tlhago. Baagi ba tsamaisa dibanka tsa peo tsa selegae go abelana mefuta e e thata e gore mongwe le mongwe a nne le dijalo tse di tshwanelang maemo a bosa a selegae a bona a a fetogang.<ref name=":32" /> Gape ba dira dijalo tse di farologaneng, se se rayang go jala dijalo tse di farologaneng go bapa le tse dingwe, jaaka mmidi o o nang le dinawa tsa kgomo.<ref name=":33" /> Dinawa tse di nang le matlhare di dira moriti mo mmung go o boloka o le bongola, go netefatsa gore le fa mmidi o ka swa ka ntlha ya mogote, malapa a santse a na le sejalo sa tlaleletso go se roba. == Setšhaba le setso == === Go tlhoka tekatekano mo patlisisong ya seemo sa bosa === Le fa Aforika e tlile go nna nngwe ya karolo kgolo ya Lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng tse di amiwang thata ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, go tlhoka tekatekano go go rulagantsweng le go tlhoka tekatekano go gongwe go go amanang le dipatlisiso tsa saense le matlole go raya gore bonnye fela jwa saense e e gatisitsweng ka ga phetogo ya seemo sa bosa le matlole a dipatlisiso tsa seemo sa bosa ke a borasaense ba Aforika.<ref name=":35">"[https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-the-lack-of-diversity-in-climate-science-research Analysis: The lack of diversity in climate-science research]". ''Carbon Brief''. 5 October 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2021.</ref> Tshekatsheko ya madi a dipatlisiso go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1990 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2020 a phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, e fitlhetse gore karolo ya masome a supa le borobabobedi mo lekgolong ya dipatlisiso tsa madi a dipatlisiso ka ga phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo Aforika a ne a dirisiwa mo ditheong tsa Yuropa le Bokone jwa Amerika mme go le gontsi go ne ga dirisiwa mo dikoloning tsa pele tsa lefatshe la Britain go feta mafatshe a mangwe.<ref>Overland, Indra; Fossum Sagbakken, Haakon; Isataeva, Aidai; Kolodzinskaia, Galina; Simpson, Nicholas Philip; Trisos, Christopher; Vakulchuk, Roman (14 September 2022). [[doi:10.1080/17565529.2021.1976609|"Funding flows for climate change research on Africa: where do they come from and where do they go?"]]. ''Climate and Development''. '''14''' (8): 705–724. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022CliDe..14..705O 2022CliDe..14..705O]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/17565529.2021.1976609|10.1080/17565529.2021.1976609]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:11250/2832233|11250/2832233]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244210557 244210557].</ref> Mokgwa o wa [[:en:Parachute_science|saense ya diparachute]], ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe ka bobedi o thibela babatlisisi ba selegae go dira tiro e e kgolo, ka gonne ga ba na matlole a ditiro tsa ditekelelo mme o fokotsa peeletso mo megopolong ya babatlisisi ba selegae le mo ditlhogong tse di botlhokwa mo Borwa jwa Lefatshe Lotlhe, jaaka [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|go tlwaela phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|seemo sa bosa]].<ref name=":35" /> Ditshekatsheko tse di nepagetseng tsa go tswelela di gwetlha ka ntlha ya go tlhoka matlhomeso a dipeeletso tse di tswelelang, mmogo le dithibelo tsa tshedimosetso le bokgoni jwa botsamaisi. Ga jaana, a a kwa tlase ga halofo ya matlole a a kwa godimo a phenšene a Aforika a bega tshedimosetso ka ga dipholisi tsa tsweletso le tiragatso.<ref>European Investment Bank (2022). Unlocking Sustainable Private Sector Growth in the Middle East and North Africa. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1596/37601|10.1596/37601.]] [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:20.500.12657/57821|20.500.12657/57821.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5220-7|978-92-861-5220-7]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250211092 250211092].[page needed]</ref><ref name=":20" /> [[:en:United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development|Bokopano jwa Ditšhabakopano ka ga Kgwebisano le Tlhabololo]] - Maemo a Boditšhabatšhaba a Boikarabelo le Pegelo (UNCTAD-ISAR) e tlhomile Tirisanommogo ya Kgaolo ya Aforika ya Tsweletsopele le Pegelo ya SDG ka ngwaga wa 2022. Tirisanommogo e na le maloko a le masome a mararo go tloga ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2023, go akaretsa le mafaratlhatlha a bosetšhaba a dikompone tsa loago/ maikarabelo a loago a dikompone le/ kgotsa ditona go tswa ka mafatsheng a le masome a mabedi le bosupa a Aforika.<ref name=":20" /><ref>"[https://unctad.org/isar/meeting/african-regional-partnership-meeting-sustainability-and-sdg-reporting African Regional Partnership meeting on sustainability and SDG reporting]". ''UN Trade and Development''. Retrieved 31 October 2023.</ref><ref>[https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/osg2023d1_en.pdf "UNCTAD ANNUAL REPORT 2022"] (PDF).</ref> == Bona gape == * [[:en:Ecotourism_in_Africa|Bojanala jwa tikologo mo Aforika]] * [[:en:Water_scarcity_in_Africa|Tlhaelo ya metsi mo Aforika]] == Metswedi == e4ydes31uioz7vhwt9y5y6bbuxqakn9 53343 53339 2026-07-27T11:53:04Z Atsile Edith 11759 Ke senotse tsebe e #Wikipedia25BW 53343 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Temperature Bar Chart Africa--1901-2020--2021-07-14.png|thumb|Setshwantso sa dipalopalo se se bontshang [[:en:Instrumental_temperature_record|phetogo ya mogote]] mo Aforika magareng ga 1901 le 2021, ka mmala o mohibidu o le bothitho mme botala jwa legodimo bo le tsididi go feta palogare (Palogare ya mogote ka nako ya ngwaga wa 1971 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 2000 e tsewa jaaka ntlha ya tshupiso ya diphetogo tse.)]] '''Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo Aforika''' ke matshosetsi a magolo ka gonne karolo ya eo ke nngwe ya dikgaolo tse [[:en:Climate_change_vulnerability|di mo kotsing]] thata ya [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya]] [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|seemo sa bosa]], le fa e le yone e e bakang mesi e e kwa tlase ga karolo ya bone mo lekgolong ya lefatshe lotlhe e e dirang gore go nne le kgololo ya dighese tse di tshwarang mollo mo lefaufaung.<ref>Bank, African Development (5 November 2024). "[https://www.afdb.org/en/cop29/focus-africa Focus on Africa]". ''African Development Bank Group''. Retrieved 1 July 2026.</ref>Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e baka mekgwa e e sa tlhomamang ya pula, d[[:en:Extreme_weather|itiragalo tse di feteletseng tsa]] [[:en:Extreme_weather|tepo loapi]] tse di diragalang kgapetsakgapetsa tse di jaaka [[:en:Drought|komelelo]], [[:en:Flood|merwalela]], le [[:en:Sea_surface_temperature|megote e e tlhatlogang ya boalogodimo jwa lewatle]] go ralala karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng. Diphetogo tse di tshosetsa tshireletsego ya [[:en:Food_security|dijo]] le [[:en:Water_security|tshireletsego ya metsi]], [[:en:Biodiversity|mefutafuta ya ditshedi]], [[:en:Public_health|boitekanelo jwa setšhaba]], le [[:en:Economic_development|tlhabololo ya itsholelo]].<ref name=":0">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (22 June 2023). "Africa". ''[https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009325844/type/book Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (1&#x20;ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp.&#x20;1285–1456. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/9781009325844.011|10.1017/9781009325844.011]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-009-32584-4|978-1-009-32584-4]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>United Nations, UNEP (2017). "[http://www.unep.org/regions/africa/regional-initiatives/responding-climate-change Responding to climate change]". ''UNEP – UN Environment Programme''. Retrieved 1 July 2022.</ref> Aforika gone jaana e thuthafala ka bonako go feta lefatshe lotlhe ka palogare.<ref>World Meterological Organization (2 September 2024). [https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/africa-faces-disproportionate-burden-from-climate-change-and-adaptation-costs "Africa faces disproportionate burden from climate change and adaptation costs]". ''World Meteorological Organization''. Retrieved 16 September 2025.</ref> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e gakatsa matshosetsi a a leng teng a loago le itsholelo. Dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa baagi ba Aforika di ikaegile ka matshelo a a bosisi mo seemong sa bosa jaaka temothuo (karolo ya masome a matlhano le botlhano go ya kwa masome a marataro le bobedi mo lekgolong ya badiri mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara)<ref>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (22 June 2023). "Africa". ''[https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009325844/type/book Climate Change 2022 – Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Working Group II Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (1&#x20;ed.). Cambridge University Press. p.&#x20;1289. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/9781009325844.011|10.1017/9781009325844.011]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-009-32584-4|978-1-009-32584-4]]</bdi>.</ref> mme di setse di tshela mo lehumeng, se se oketsang go tlhagelela ga bona mo ditshosong. Ditlamorago tsa botsogo di nna maswe le go feta fa [[:en:Hyperthermia|kgatelelo ya mogote]], [[:en:Disease_vector|malwetse a a tshelanwang ke dibopiwa tse di ananmisang bolwetse]] (a a tshwanang le [[:en:Malaria|malaria]] le [[:en:Dengue_fever|dengue]]), le letlhoko la dikotla di ntse di anama thata. Go feta sephatlo e leng karolong ya masome a matlhano le borataro mo lekgolong (56%) ya ditiragalo tse di fetang dikete tse pedi tse di kwadilweng tsa boitekanelo jwa setšhaba mo Aforika magareng ga ngwaga wa 2001 le ngwaga wa 2021 di ne di amana le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>Africa CDC (7 July 2025). ''[https://africacdc.org/download/climate-change-and-health-strategic-framework-2025/ Climate Change and Health: Strategic Framework 2025]''. p.&#x20;vii.</ref> [[:en:Resource_depletion|Tlhaelo ya didirisiwa]] e na le seabe mo go fudugeng le dikgotlhang, bogolosegolo mo dikgaolong tse di bokoa. Mafelo a ditoropo, a gantsi a tlhaolwang ke mafelo a bonno a a sa tlhomamang, a lebane le dikotsi tse di kwa godimo tsa morwalela le mogote o o feteletseng.<ref name=":0" /> Temothuo ke nngwe ya makalana a a mo kotsing thata, ka bontsi jwa balemirui ba Aforika ba ikaegile ka dijalo tse di [[:en:Rainfed_agriculture|nosetswang ke pula]]. Pula e e fokoditsweng le e e sa bonelwang pele, e kopantswe le megote e e kwa godimo, e kgweetsa tatlhegelo ya bongola jwa mmu, [[:en:Desertification_in_Africa|go nna sekaka]] (bogolosegolo kwa [[:en:Sahara|Sahara]]) le go sutisa mafelo a a tshwanetseng a go gola. Diphetogo tse di fokotsa thobo ya dijalo tsa konokono, di nyatsa tshireletsego ya dijo le go gakatsa tlala. Boitekanelo jwa [[:en:Livestock|leruo]] bo ntse bo tsenngwa mo kotsing thata ke kgatelelo ya mogote le go fetoga ga mekgwa ya malwetse. Dithulaganyo tsa tikologo tsa lebopo le tsa lewatle di lebane le mawatle a a thuthafetseng le [[:en:Sea_level_rise|maemo a a tlhatlogang]], se se tshosetsang batshwaraditlhapi le mafelo a a nang le batho ba le bantsi a a mo lebopong.<ref>Fonjong, Lotsmart; Matose, Frank; Sonnenfeld, David A. (1 December 2024). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095937802400116X "Climate change in Africa: Impacts, adaptation, and policy responses"]. ''Global Environmental Change''. '''89''' 102912. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024GEC....8902912F 2024GEC....8902912F]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2024.102912|10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2024.102912]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-3780 0959-3780].</ref> Ditshenyegelo tsa itsholelo tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa di maswe thata. Ka palogare mafatshe a Aforika a lebane le ditatlhegelo tse di amanang le seemo sa bosa tse di fitlhang ko karolong ya bobedi go ya kwa botlhanong mo lekgolong ya [[:en:Gross_domestic_product|Palogotlhe ya Boleng jwa Ditlhagiso tsa Naga(GDP)]] ka ngwaga, fa ditshenyegelo tsa go [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|tlwaela]] mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahran di akanyediwa go nna didikadike tsa di dilara tsa lefatshe la USA di le masome a mararo go yab kwa masomemg a matlhano (USD 30-50 billion) ka ngwaga mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di tlang. Se se tshosetsa dipoelo tsa tlhabololo le go baya kgatelelo mo dipusong le mo ditheong tsa boditšhabatšhaba go kokoanya [[:en:Climate_finance|matlole a seemo sa bosa]].<ref>World Meteorological Organization (2024). ''[https://uneca.org/sites/default/files/ACPC/publication/State-of-the-Climate-in-Africa-2023_en.pdf State of the Climate in Africa: 2023]'' (PDF). Geneva. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-63-11360-3|978-92-63-11360-3]]</bdi>.</ref><ref>European Investment Bank (19 October 2022). ''[https://www.eib.org/en/publications/finance-in-africa-navigating-the-financial-landscape-in-turbulent-times Finance in Africa - Navigating the financial landscape in turbulent times]''. European Investment Bank. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5382-2|978-92-861-5382-2]]</bdi>.</ref> Maano a Aforika a go itlwaetsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa a tsepamisitse mogopolo mo go ageng nonofo ka [[:en:Climate-smart_agriculture|temothuo e e botlhale mo]] [[:en:Climate-smart_agriculture|seemong sa bosa]] , [[:en:Water_management|taolo ya metsi]] e e tswelelang, [[:en:Environmental_protection|tshomarelo ya tikologo]], le go matlafatsa dithulaganyo tsa boitekanelo le tsa mafaratlhatlha. Mekgwa e e baya kwa pele go tokafatsa puso, go kokoanya matlole le dipeeletso tsa seemo sa bosa, le go rotloetsa go tsaya karolo ga baagi go samagana le go nna mo kotsing ka botlalo.<ref>Tadesse, Debay (1 December 2010). [https://issafrica.org/research/papers/the-impact-of-climate-change-in-africa "The impact of climate change in Africa"]. ''ISS Africa''. Retrieved 16 September 2025.</ref><ref>Badji, Arfang; Ibanda, Angele; Akello, Sarah; Ekwamu, Adipala (2022). [https://afjrdev.org/index.php/jos/article/view/410 "Climate change impacts and adaptation strategies in Africa: Selected case studies"]. ''African Journal of Rural Development''. '''7''' (3): 209–274. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2415-2838 2415-2838].</ref><ref>Ngongolo, Kelvin; Gayo, Leopody (21 May 2025). [[doi:10.3389/past.2025.14225|"Climate change impacts and mitigation strategies in Sub-Saharan Africa's livestock production sector. A brief review"]]. ''Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice''. '''15''' 14225. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025Pasto..1514225N :2025Pasto..1514225N.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3389/past.2025.14225|10.3389/past.2025.14225]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-7136 2041-7136].</ref>Matlhomeso a karolo kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mangwe le a bosetšhaba a gatelela kgokagano ya makalana a mantsi, kamogelo ya maranyane, le kago ya bokgoni go tshegetsa tlhabololo e e tswelelang le go fokotsa [[:en:Climate_risk|dikotsi tsa seemo sa bosa]].<ref>African Union (28 June 2022). [https://au.int/en/documents/20220628/african-union-climate-change-and-resilient-development-strategy-and-action-plan ''African Union Climate Change and Resilient Development Strategy and Action Plan (2022-2032)''.] African Union.</ref> == Pabalesego ya metsi le go senyega ga metswedi == [[Setshwantsho:View of the surrounding at the Lake Kariba with hippos (6910358407).jpg|thumb|Lekadiba la Kariba]] Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e dira jaaka selo se segolo se se sa tlhomamang ga tshireletsego ya metsi go ralala karolo kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi ya Aforika, ka ditikologo tsa metsi tse di bontshang go sa tlhomama go go oketsegileng. Go ya ka pegelo ya Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe wa Maemo a Bosa (WMO) ya ''Seemo sa'' ''sa bosa mo Aforika ya ngwaga wa 2025'', maemo a bosa a a feteletseng le ditshupo tse di amanang le seemo sa bosa di amile bonnye jwa batho ba le didkadike di le lesome le boraro mme tsa baka dintsho tse di fetang dikete tse tharo tse di begilweng ka ngwaga wa 2025 fela, mme merwalela e ne ya dira go feta sephatlo sa seemo sa bosa sotlhe se se diphatsa.<ref name=":9">"[https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/extreme-weather-and-climate-events-impact-millions-africa-2025 Extreme weather and climate events impact millions in Africa in 2025]". World Meteorological Organization. 18 June 2026. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref>. Go gakala mo ga dikotsi go kgoreletsa go nna teng ga metsi a a fa godimo ga lefatshe le mafaratlhatlha a dikago, go fetola dikotsi tsa seemo sa bosa go nna mathata a metsi a itsholelo a a anameng.<ref>"[https://reliefweb.int/report/world/state-climate-africa-2025-enar State of the Climate in Africa 2025 &#x5B;EN/AR]&#x5D;". World Meteorological Organization via ReliefWeb. 18 June 2026. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> === Diphoso tse dikgolo tsa letamo le motlhamo wa motlakase === Go nna mo kotsing ga dithulaganyo tse dikgolo tsa polokelo ya metsi mo dipharologanong tsa mogote tse di tsayang nako e telele go ne ga bontshiwa ka nako ya komelelo ya kgaolo ya ngwaga wa 2023 go ya kwa ngwageng ya 2025 kwa Borwa jwa Aforika, e e neng ya tlhaolwa jaaka komelelo e e maswe go gaisa e e amileng kgaolo mo dingwageng di feta lekgolo.<ref>[https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/mozambique/southern-africa-el-nino-regional-humanitarian-overview-september-2024 Southern Africa: El Niño Regional Humanitarian Overview] (Report). UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). 20 September 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> E tlhotlhelediwa ke legato le le tseneletseng la El Niño le diphetogo tse di siameng tsa Dipole tsa Lewatle la India, ditlhaelo tsa pula di ne tsa baka go wela tlase ga ditso ga selekanyo sa metsi a Letsha la Kariba, letamo le legolo go gaisa mo Aforika le le dirilweng ke batho ka bogolo jo bo ka tsayang metsi .<ref>[https://wmo.int/resources/publication-series/state-of-climate-africa/state-of-climate-africa-2025 "State of the Climate in Africa 2025 Interactive]". World Meteorological Organization. 18 June 2026. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> Go fokotsega ga bogolo jo bo ka tsayang metsi ya polokelo e e tshelang ya letamo go dirile gore ditlhomo tsa motlakase o o amanang le metsi di se ka tsa kgona go dira, ga pateletsa go kgaoga ga motlakase ka nako e telele le go abelwa metsi a a phepa go ralala mafatshe a Zambia le Zimbabwe, mme ga felela ka dikgoeletso tsa bosetšhaba tsa masetlapelo a komelelo go ralala ditšhaba di le thataro, go akaretsa Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi le Namibia.<ref>[https://reliefweb.int/report/angola/drought-southern-africa-angola-botswana-lesotho-malawi-mozambique-namibia-zambia-zimbabwe-public-health-situation-analysis-phsa-14-october-2024 Drought in Southern Africa: Public Health Situation Analysis] (Report). World Health Organization. 14 October 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> === Kgotlelego ya mafaratlhatlha le sediba se se kgabaganyang melelwane === Go farologana le seo, go akofisa ga ditiragalo tsa pula e e feteletseng go tshoseditse ka go lekana phitlhelelo ya metsi a a phepa. Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ka ngwaga wa 2025, morwalela o o sa tshwanelang le o o bokete wa tshoganyetso kwa Nigeria o ne wa baka dintsho di feta makgolo a mabedi le go fekeetsa mafaratlhatlha a metsi a mmasepala a selegae, mme se sa baka go tlhakana ka tlhamalalo ga metsi a a elelang le mokgatšha wa metsi a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe mo lefelong la ditoropo o o seng ko teng le dithulaganyo tsa diphaephe tsa mmasepala.<ref>[https://wmo.int/resources/publication-series/state-of-climate-africa/state-of-climate-africa-2025 "State of the Climate in Africa 2025]". World Meteorological Organization. 18 June 2026. Retrieved 19 June 2026.</ref> Mo dibeiseneng tse di kgabaganyang melelwane jaaka kgaolo ya Letsha la Chad, thuthafalo e e tswelelang le diphetogo tsa pula e e sa tlhomamang thata di tswelela go fetola bogolo jo bo ka tsayang metsi tsa paka. Dikgobalo tse di tlholang mo lefelong le le leng teng la boalogodimo di nyatsa ka tlhamalalo motheo wa didirisiwa tsa batho ba feta didikadike di le masome a mararo go ralala Nigeria, Niger, Chad, le Cameroon, go bontsha ka fao go sa sireletsega ga metsi mo go bakiwang ke seemo sa bosa go ka dirang jaaka setlhotlheletsi sa tsitsipano ya lefatshe le sepolotiki le go fuduga ka pateletso.<ref name=":9" /> == Mesi ya digase tse di tshwarang mogote mo loaping == ''Tshedimosetso e e oketsegileng: [[:en:Climate_change_in_South_Africa#Greenhouse_gas_emissions|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_South_Africa#Greenhouse_gas_emissions|seemo sa bosa mo Aforika Borwa § Mesi ya digase tsa tse di tshwarang mogote mo loaping]], [[:en:Climate_change_in_Kenya#Greenhouse_gas_emissions|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Kenya#Greenhouse_gas_emissions|seemo sa bosa kwa Kenya § Mesi ya digase tse di tshwarang mogote mo loaping]], [[:en:Climate_change_in_Nigeria#Greenhouse_gas_emissions|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Nigeria#Greenhouse_gas_emissions|seemo sa bosa kwa Nigeria § Mesi ya digase tse di tshwarang mogote mo loaping]], le [[:en:Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa#Greenhouse_gas_emissions|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa#Greenhouse_gas_emissions|seemo sa bosa kwa Botlhabagare le Aforika Bokone § Mesi ya digase tse di tshwarang mogote mo loaping]]'' Mesi ya digase tse di tshwarang mogote mo loaping tsa Aforika ka motho mongwe le mongwe e kwa tlase fa e bapisiwa le karolokgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng e mengwe.<ref>[https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/outreach/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FactSheet_Africa.pdf "Fact sheet - Africa]" (PDF). Retrieved 4 August 2024.</ref> Mesi e e tswang mo phetogong ya tiriso ya lefatshe ga e tlhomame, bogolosegolo mo [[:en:Central_Africa|Bogare jwa Aforika]] .<ref name=":36">Mostefaoui, Mounia; Ciais, Philippe; McGrath, Matthew J.; Peylin, Philippe; Patra, Prabir K.; Ernst, Yolandi (11 January 2024). [https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/16/245/2024/ "Greenhouse gas emissions and their trends over the last 3 decades across Africa"]. ''Earth System Science Data''. '''16''' (1): 245–275. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024ESSD...16..245M 2024ESSD...16..245M]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.5194/essd-16-245-2024|10.5194/essd-16-245-2024]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1866-3516 1866-3516].</ref> Motswedi o mogolo wa go sa tlhomamang o tswa mo diphetogong tsa ghese ya carbon dioxide mo lekalaneng la [[:en:LULUCF|LULUCF]] (khutshwafatso e e emetse tiriso ya lefatshe, [[:en:Land-use_change|phetogo ya tiriso ya lefatshe]], le dikgwa).<ref name=":36" /> == Ditlamorago == === Selekanyo sa mogote le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa === [[Setshwantsho:Koppen-Geiger Map v2 Africa 1991–2020.svg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa Aforika wa go tlhaola seemo sa bosa sa Köppen ka ngwaga wa 1991 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 2020]] [[Setshwantsho:Koppen-Geiger Map Africa future.svg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa mahatshe a Africa ka dingwaga tsa 2071 go ya kwa 2100 ka fa tlase ga boemo [[:en:Representative_Concentration_Pathway|jo bo tseneletseng thata jwa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa]]. Ditiragalo tsa maemo a a fa gare ga jaanong jaana di tsewa di le kgonagalo e ntsi<ref>Hausfather, Zeke; Peters, Glen (29 January 2020). [[doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3|"Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading]]". ''Nature''. '''577''' (7792): 618–20. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Natur.577..618H 2020Natur.577..618H.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3|10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31996825 31996825].</ref><ref>Schuur, Edward A.G.; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Commane, Roisin; Ernakovich, Jessica; Euskirchen, Eugenie; Hugelius, Gustaf; Grosse, Guido; Jones, Miriam; Koven, Charlie; Leshyk, Victor; Lawrence, David; Loranty, Michael M.; Mauritz, Marguerite; Olefeldt, David; Natali, Susan; Rodenhizer, Heidi; Salmon, Verity; Schädel, Christina; Strauss, Jens; Treat, Claire; Turetsky, Merritt (2022). "[[doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847|Permafrost and Climate Change: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks From the Warming Arctic"]]. ''Annual Review of Environment and Resources''. '''47''': 343–371. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ARER...47..343S 2022ARER...47..343S.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847|10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847]]. <q>Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3°C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris Climate Agreement...</q></ref><ref>Phiddian, Ellen (5 April 2022). "[https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/climate/explainer-ipcc-scenarios/ Explainer: IPCC Scenarios]". ''[[:en:Cosmos_(magazine)|Cosmos]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230920224129/https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/climate/explainer-ipcc-scenarios/ Archived] from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2023. <q>"The IPCC doesn't make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can. [[:en:The_Australian_Academy_of_Science|The Australian Academy of Science]], for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3°C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario. [[:en:Climate_Action_Tracker|Climate Action Tracker]] predicts 2.5 to 2.9°C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1°C.</q></ref>]] Go etswe tlhoko fa [[:en:Instrumental_temperature_record|mogote wa moalo wa lefatshe]] ka kakaretsoo ile kwa godimo mo Aforika kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe go ya kwa tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi le bongwe ka bokana jwa mogote wa Celcius e le nngwe (1 °C), mme mo gae mogote oo kwa tlase kwa Sahel fa paka e e omeletseng e fela e leselekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius e le boraro (3 °C).<ref name=":3">''Rural societies in the face of climatic and environmental changes in West Africa''. Marseille: IRD éditions. 2017. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-7099-2424-5|<bdi>978-2-7099-2424-5</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#OCLC|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/title/1034784045 1034784045]. Impr. Jouve.</ref>Go thuthafala ga Aforika go oketsegile ka lefela ntlha tharo ya selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius (+0.3 C) go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1991 go ya ko ngwageng wa 2021 fa go bapisiwa le koketsego ya lefela ntlha pedi (+0.2) ka nako ya ngwaga wa 1961 go ya ko ngwageng wa 1910. Go fophakanyediwa olediwa gore ka ngwaga wa 2030, batho ba Aforika ba tla bo ba le mo kotsing ya go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle ka ntlha ya go tlhatloga ga mogote. Se se tla dira gore go [[:en:Agricultural_productivity|ntsha dikungo ga temothuo]] go fokotsege.<ref>Engel, Ulf (2024). Engel, Ulf (ed.). ''Yearbook on the African Union Volume 3 (2022)''. Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar: Brill. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-90-04-68308-2|<bdi>978-90-04-68308-2</bdi>.]]</ref> Diphetogo tsa pula tse di lemogilweng di supa dipharologano tsa sebaka le tsa nako jaaka go solofetswe.<ref name=":10">Collins, Jennifer M. (15 July 2011). [[doi:10.1175/2011JCLI3753.1|"Temperature Variability over Africa]]". ''Journal of Climate''. '''24''' (14): 3649–3666. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JCli...24.3649C 2011JCli...24.3649C]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/2011JCLI3753.1|10.1175/2011JCLI3753.1]].</ref><ref>Niang, I.; O. C. Ruppel; M. A. Abdrabo; A. Essel; C. Lennard; J. Padgham, and P. Urquhart, 2014: Africa. In: ''Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability''. Part B: Regional Aspects. [https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Barros, V. R.; C. B. Field; D. J. Dokken et al. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1199–1265.</ref> Diphetogo tse di lemogilweng mo megoteng le [[:en:Precipitation|pula]] di farologana go ya ka dikgaolo.<ref>Conway, Declan; Persechino, Aurelie; Ardoin-Bardin, Sandra; Hamandawana, Hamisai; Dieulin, Claudine; Mahé, Gil (February 2009). [[doi:10.1175/2008JHM1004.1|"Rainfall and Water Resources Variability in Sub-Saharan Africa during the Twentieth Century"]]. ''Journal of Hydrometeorology''. '''10''' (1): 41–59. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JHyMe..10...41C 2009JHyMe..10...41C.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/2008JHM1004.1|10.1175/2008JHM1004.1]].</ref><ref name=":10" /> Dikai tsa ga jaana tsa seemo sa bosa (jaaka di sobokantswe mo [[:en:IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report|Pegelong ya Tshekatsheko ya Borataro ya IPCC]]) di bonelapele koketsego ya makgetlo le maatla a ditiragalo tsa komelelo le pula e e maatla.<ref name=":4">Armstrong, Andrew; Dyer, Ellen; Koehler, Johanna; Hope, Rob (2022). [[doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102592|"Intra-seasonal rainfall and piped water revenue variability in rural Africa".]] Global Environmental Change. 76 102592. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022GEC....7602592A 2022GEC....7602592A]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102592|10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102592.]]  Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[ccorg:licenses/by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Gape di bonelapele phokotsego ya pula e e magareng mo e ka nnang gongwe le gongwe mo Aforika, ka tshepo e e magareng go ya go e e kwa godimo. Le fa go ntse jalo, diphetogo tsa pula ya selegae le ditirisano tsa loago le seemo sa bosa di ka bonala ka mekgwa e e tlhakaneng. Ka jalo, ditlamorago tse di kopanang tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa di tla farologana go ralala karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a a mantsi mo teng. Mo metseng ya selegae, mekgwa ya pula e tlhotlheletsa tiriso ya metsi.<ref name=":4" /> [[Setshwantsho:Koppen-Geiger Map Africa future.svg|thumb|Setshwantso sa karolo kgolo ya Lefatshe ye naleng mafatshe ya Africa ya dingwaga tsa 2071 go ya kwa 2100 ka fa tlase ga boemo jo bo tseneletseng thata jwa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa . Ditiragalo tsa magareng ga jaana di tsewa di ka nna teng.]] Ditlhotlhomiso tse di dirilweng ka ngwaga wa 2019 di akanyeditse fa paka ya komelelo e tla tsaya lobaka ka nako ya dipula mme gape go nne le dipula tse di matsorotsoro mo Aforika.<ref name=":1">Kendon, Elizabeth J.; Stratton, Rachel A.; Tucker, Simon; Marsham, John H.; Berthou, Ségolène; Rowell, David P.; Senior, Catherine A. (2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6478940/ "Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale"]. ''Nature Communications''. '''10''' (1): 1794. [[bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1794K|Bibcode]]:[[bibcode:2019NatCo..10.1794K|2019NatCo..10.1794K.]] [[:en:Digital_object_identifier|doi]]:[https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-09776-9 10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9.] [[:en:International_Standard_Serial_Number|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:2041-1723 2041-1723]. [[:en:PubMed_Central#PMCID|PMC]][https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6478940/ &nbsp;6478940]. [[:en:PubMed#PubMed_identifier|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31015416/ 31015416.]</ref> Ka mafoko a mangwe "maemo a a feteletseng a bosa a tla gakalela pele".<ref name=":2">"[https://weather.com/news/climate/news/2019-06-18-africa-extreme-weather-drought-flood More Extreme Weather in Africa's Future, Study Says | The Weather Channel – Articles from The Weather Channel | weather.com"]. ''The Weather Channel''. Retrieved 1 July 2022.</ref> Patlisiso e fitlhetse gore bontsi jwa [[:en:Climate_model|dikai tsa seemo sa bosa]] ga di kitla di kgona go bona selekanyo sa diphetogo tseno ka gonne ga di letlelele [[:en:Atmospheric_convection|phetogo]] ya mowa mo dilekanong tsa tsone tse di makgwakgwa.<ref name=":1" /> === Go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle === ''Bona gape : [[:en:Floods_in_Africa|Merwalela mo Aforika]]'' [[Setshwantsho:Dar es Salaam (Aerial).jpg|thumb|Pono e e bonwang kwa godimo ya motsemogolo wa lefatshe la Tanzania, e leng Dar es Salaam.]] Mo [[:en:Africa|Aforika]], [[:en:Population_growth|kgolo ya batho]] mo isagong e oketsa dikotsi tse di bakiwang ke go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle. Batho ba ka nna didikadike di le masome a matlhano le bone ntlha pedi ba ne ba nna mo dikgaolong tsa lebopo tse di kwa tlase tse di tlhagelelang thata (LECZ) ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000. Palo e e tla menagana gabedi go fitlha go batho ba ka nna didikadike di le lekgolo le lesome ka dingwaga tsa bo 2030. Ka ngwaga wa 2060 e tla bo e le batho ba ka nna didikadike di le lekgolo le masome a borobabobedi le botlhano go ya go ko makgolong a mabedi le boraro, go ikaegile ka selekanyo sa kgolo ya baagi. Palogare ya tlhatlogo ya bogodimo jwa lewatle jwa kgaolo e tla nna mo tikologong ya selekanyo sa boleele jwa di centimetara di le masome a mabedi le bongwe ka ngwaga wa 2060. Ka nako eo ditiragalo tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ga di kitla di dira pharologanyo e ntsi. Mme thutafatshe ya selegae le diphetogo tsa baagi di dirisana go oketsa go tlhagelela mo dikotsing tse di jaaka merwalela ya dingwaga di le lekgolo ka tsela e e raraaneng.<ref name=":5">Trisos, C. H., I. O. Adelekan, E. Totin, A. Ayanlade, J. Efitre, A. Gemeda, K. Kalaba, C. Lennard, C. Masao, Y. Mgaya, G. Ngaruiya, D. Olago, N. P. Simpson, and S. Zakieldeen 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter09.pdf Chapter 9: Africa]. In Climate [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E. S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, New York, US, pp. 2043–2121 |doi=10.1017/9781009325844.011.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Abidjan des Lagune.jpg|thumb|Abidjan, e leng toropo e e nonofileng thata ya ikonomi ya Ivory Coast]] {| class="wikitable" |+Dipalopalo tsa batho mo dipoeng tsa merwalela tsa dingwaga di le 100.<ref name=":5" /> !Lefatshe !2000 !2030 !2060 !Kgolo go ya ngwaga wa 2000 goya kwa ngwageng wa 2060 |- |Egypt |7.4 |13.8 |20.7 |0.28 |- |Nigeria |0.1 |0.3 |0.9 |0.84 |- |Senegal |0.4 |1.1 |2.7 |0.76 |- |Benin |0.1 |0.6 |1.6 |1.12 |- |Tanzania |0.2 |0.9 |4.3 |2.3 |- |Somalia |0.2 |0.6 |2.7 |1.7 |- |Cote d'Ivoire |0.1 |0.3 |0.7 |0.65 |- |Mozambique |0.7 |1.4 |2.5 |0.36 |} # Mo didikadikeng tsa batho. Kholomo ya bobedi le ya boraro di akaretsa bobedi ditlamorago tsa kgolo ya baagi le bogolo jo bo oketsegileng jwa dipoa tsa morwalela ka nako eo. # Koketsego ya baagi ba lefelo le boemo jo bo kwa godimo jo bo utlwalang jwa kgolo ya baagi. [[Setshwantsho:ANKOMAH 20221122-009.jpg|thumb|Monna mongwe o lebile kwa ntle kwa lotshitshing lwa lewatle a le mo kagong e e sentsweng ke makhubu a a kwa godimo kwa [[:en:Chorkor|Chorkor]], e leng torotswana ya [[:en:Accra|Accra]]. Morwalela wa letsatsi le letsatsi o o bakiwang ke go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle, o oketsa [[:en:Coastal_erosion|kgogolego ya mabopo]] e e senyang matlo, mafaratlhatlha le dithulaganyo tsa tlholego tsa tikologo. Baagi ba le mmalwa kwa Coastal Ghana ba setse ba itemogela go fetoga ga makhubu a lewatle.]] Mo pakeng e e gaufi, go lebeletswe gore go fuduga mo gogolo go tla diragala mo kgaolong ya [[:en:East_Africa|Botlhaba jwa Aforika]] . Bonnye jwa batho ba le dikete tse makgolo a supa le botlhano koo go ka direga gore ba fudusiwe go tswa kwa mabopong magareng ga dingwaga tsa 2020 le 2050. Dithutopatlisiso tsa saense di akanyeditse gore ditoropo tse dikgolo di le lesome le bobedi tsa Aforika di tla tshegetsa tshenyo e e kokoantsweng ya didikadike tsa dilora tsa USA di le masome a marataro le botlhano ka ntlha ya boemo jwa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa jo bo "magareng" jwa [[:en:Representative_Concentration_Pathway|RCP4.5]] ka ngwaga wa 2050. Ditoropo tse Abidjan, Alexandria, Algiers, Cape Town, Casablanca, Dakar, Dar es Salaam, Durban, Lagos, Lomé, Luanda le Maputo. Ka fa tlase ga boemo jwa go ntsha mesi e e kwa godimo jwa RCP8.5 tshenyo e tla fitlha didikadike tsa di dolara tsa lefatshe la USA di le masome a borobabobedi le boratatro ntlha tlhano. Mofuta wa boemo jwa go ntsha mesi e e kwa godimo jo bo nang le ditlamorago tse dingwe go tswa mo go sa tlhomamang ga aese e e kwa godimo go tla akaretsa ditshenyegelo tse di ka fitlhang go didikadike tsa di dolara tsa lefatshe la USA di le lekgolo le masome a mararo le bosupa ntlha tlhano. Tshenyo e e tswang mo ditiragalong tse tharo tse di ikarabelang mo godimo ga "ditiragalo tse di nang le kgonagalo e e kwa tlase, tse di nang le tshenyo e e kwa godimo" e tla tlhatlogela kwa go didikadikeng tsa di dolara di le lekgolo le masome a borobabobedi le bosupa, tse makgolo a mabei le borataro le makgolo a mararo le masome a a borobabongwe le bosupa ka go latelana.<ref name=":5" /> Mo dikakanyetsong tse, motsemogolo wa Egepeto wa Alexandria o le nosi o dira mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa palo e.<ref name=":5" /> Batho ba le diketekete tse di makgolokgolo mo mafelong a yone a a kwa tlase ba ka tswa ba setse ba tlhoka go fuduga mo dingwageng tse di lesome tse di tlang.<ref>Michaelson, Ruth (25 August 2018). [https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/aug/29/alexandria-little-venice-egypt-climate-change-frontline "Houses claimed by the canal: life on Egypt's climate change frontline"]. [[:en:The_Guardian|The Guardian]]. Retrieved 30 August 2018.</ref> Go ralala Aforika o o kwa [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|borwa jwa Sahara]] ka kakaretso, tshenyo e e bakiwang ke go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle e ka fitlha karolo ya bobedi go ya kwa boneng mo lekgolong ya GDP ka ngwaga wa 2050. Le fa go ntse jalo palo e e ikaegile ka selekanyo sa [[:en:Economic_growth|kgolo ya itsholelo]] ya isago le [[:en:Adaptation|go tlwaela]].<ref name=":5" /> [[Setshwantsho:Leptis Magna amphitheatre - panoramio.jpg|left|thumb|Masalela a [[:en:Amphitheater|lefelo la bobogelo]] la Leptis Magna, mme lewatle le bonala kwa morago]] Mo pakeng e telele, Egepeto, Mozambique le Tanzania di ka nna le palo e kgolo ya batho ba ba amiwang ke morwalela wa ngwaga le ngwaga mo dinageng tsotlhe tsa Aforika. Tekanyetso e e tsaya gore thuthafalo ya lefatshe e tla fitlha selekanyo sa mogote wa Celcius tse nne (4 °C) kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga. Tlhatlhogo eo e amana le boemo jwa RCP8.5. Ka fa tlase ga RCP8.5, mafelo a botlhokwa a setso a le lesome a ne a tla bo a le mo kotsing ya morwalela le kgogolego kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo. Tsena ke [[:en:Casbah_of_Algiers|Casbah ya Algiers]], [[:en:Carthage#Archaeological_site|Lefelo la Boepi la Carthage]], [[:en:Kerkouane|Kerkouane]], Leptis Magna Lefelo la Boepi, Medina wa Sousse, Medina wa Tunis, Lefelo la Boepi la Sabratha, Setlhaketlhake sa Robben, Setlhaketlhake sa Saint-Louis le Tipasa. Palogotlhe ya lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Ramsar_site|mafelo a Ramsar]] le mafelo a mangwe a boswa jwa tlholego a ne a tla lebana le dikotsi tse di tshwanang. Tseno ke [[:en:Bao_Bolong_Wetland_Reserve|Lefelo la Polokelo ya Lefelo le le Metsi la Bao Bolong]][[:en:Delta_du_Saloum_National_Park|,Lefelo la Bosetšhaba ya Delta du Saloum]], [[:en:Diawling_National_Park|Lefelo la Bosetšhaba ya Diawling]], Kolofo ya Boughrara, Kalissaye, Letsha la Lewatle le Lefelo la Mejerda, [[:en:Marromeu_Game_Reserve|Lefelo la Tshireletso ya Diphologolo tsa Marromeu]], Lefelo la Tshireletso ya Diphologolo tsa Diphologolo tsa Marromeu, Lefelo la Tshireletso la Tlhago la Ditlhare tsa Mangrove le Lefelo la Polokelo ya Diphologolo tsa Seal, Essed, Sebkhet Soliman, Lefelo la Tlhago la Kgatlhego ya Setšhaba la Somone, [[:en:Songhor_Lagoon|Lefelo la Tlhago la Ditshedi la Songor]], [[:en:Tanbi_Wetland_Complex|Lefelo]] [[:en:Tanbi_Wetland_Complex|le le dikago tse dintsi la Metsi la Tanbi]] le [[:en:Watamu_Marine_National_Park|Lefelo la Bosetšhaba ya Lewatle ya Watamu]].<ref name=":5" /> == Ditlamorago tsa loago le itsholelo == [[Setshwantsho:Access to wood and water appears to be severely impacted by climate change in Kenya and Cameroon.png|thumb|Dipholo tsa patlisiso go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2022 di bontsha gore go bonala dikgong le metsi go amiwa thata ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa kwa Kenya le kwa Cameroon<ref>Bank, European Investment (5 June 2023). ''[https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230098-eib-climate-survey-africa-and-middle-east The EIB Climate Survey: Africa and the Middle East]''. European Investment Bank. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5534-5|<bdi>978-92-861-5534-5</bdi>.]]</ref>]] [[:en:Climate_change|Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa]] e tla ama Aforika ka bontsi ka ntlha ya mabaka a le mantsi. Ditlamorago tse di setse di utlwiwa mme di tla oketsega ka bogolo fa go sa tsewe dikgato tsa go fokotsa mesi ya khabone mo lefatsheng lotlhe. Ditlamorago di akaretsa megote e e kwa godimo, komelelo, go fetoga ga mekgwa ya pula, le go fetoga fetoga mo go oketsegileng ga seemo sa bosa. Maemo a a na le tshusumetso mo go direng le go diriseng ga maatla. Komelelo ya sešweng mo [[:en:African_countries|mafatsheng a a mantsi a Aforika]], e e ntseng e golaganngwa le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, e amile ka tsela e e sa siamang bobedi jwa [[:en:Energy_security|tshireletsego ya maatla]] le kgolo ya itsholelo go ralala karolo e kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng. Aforika e tla nna nngwe ya dikgaolo tse di amiwang thata ke ditlamorago tse di sa siamang tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref name=":37">''[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf Africa. In: Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (PDF). 2014.</ref> Mabaka a go nna mo kotsing ga Aforika a farologane mme a akaretsa maemo a a kwa tlase a bokgoni jwa go tlwaela, go anamisiwa mo go bokoa ga maranyane, le tshedimosetso e e maleba go tshegetsa go tlwaela, le go ikaega thata ka dithulaganyo tsa temothuo go bona matshelo.<ref>Welborn, Lily (2018). ''Africa and climate change: Projecting vulnerability and adaptive capacity''. Institute for Security Studies.</ref> Mafatshe a le mantsi go ralala Aforika a tlhaolwa jaaka [[:en:Least_Developed_Countries|mafatshe a a sa Tlhabologang thata]] (LDCs) tse di nang le maemo a a bokoa a loago le itsholelo, mme ka ntlha ya se di lebagane le dikgwetlho tse di rileng mo go tsibogeleng ditlamorago tsa [[:en:Climate_change|phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.]]<ref>UNDP/GEF (2018). ''[https://www.thegef.org/sites/default/files/publications/CCA-Africa-Final.pdf Climate Change Adaptation in Africa UNDP: Synthesis of Experiences and Recommendations]'' (PDF). UNDP/GEF.</ref> Dikotsi tse di bonalang tse di supilweng mo Aforika mo [[:en:IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report|Pegelong ya Tlhatlhobo ya Botlhano]] ya [[:en:Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change|IPCC]] di amana le dithulaganyo tsa tikologo, [[:en:Water_resources|go nna teng ga metsi]], le dithulaganyo tsa temothuo, ka ditlamorago mo tshireletsegong ya dijo.<ref name=":37" /> Ka ngwaga wa 2022, batho ba feta sekete di le borataro ba ba arabileng go tswa kwa mafatsheng a le lesome aAforika ba ne ba tsaya karolo mo patlisisong ya seemo sa bosa se se neng sa dirwa ke [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|Banka ya Dipeeletso karolokgolo ya lefatshe se se naleng mafatshe a mantsi sa Europe]].<ref name=":6">"[https://www.eib.org/en/surveys/climate-survey/5th-climate-survey/africa.htm 2022-2023 EIB Climate Survey, part 1 of 2: 88% of respondents believe that climate change is already affecting their everyday life]". ''EIB.org''. Retrieved 28 February 2023.</ref> Patlisiso e fitlhetse gore karolo ya masome a borobabobebdi le borobabobedi ya ba ba arabilweng ba boletse fa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e utlwisa matshelo a bone botlhoko, fa karolo ya masome a marataro le bongwe mo lekgolong ya ba ba arabilweng ba boletse fa [[:en:Environmental_degradation|tshenyo ya tikologo]] e amile lotseno lwa bone kgotsa motswedi wa matshelo a bone.<ref>[https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2022-554-eib-climate-survey-88-of-african-respondents-believe-that-climate-change-is-already-affecting-their-everyday-life "EIB Climate Survey: 88% of African respondents believe that climate change is already affecting their everyday life"]. ''European Investment Bank''. Retrieved 28 February 2023.</ref> Ditatlhegelo tse gantsi di bakwa ke [[:en:Drought|komelelo]] e e tseneletseng, go oketsega ga bogodimo jwa lewatle kgotsa [[:en:Coastal_erosion|kgogolego ya mabopo]], kgotsa ditiragalo tse di feteletseng tsa maemo a bosa jaaka [[:en:Flood|merwalela]] kgotsa ditsuatsue.<ref name=":6" /> Go feta sephatlo sa batho ba ba arabilweng ba Aforika (karolo ya masome a matlhano le bosupa mo lekgolong) ba rile bone kgotsa batho ba ba ba itseng ba setse ba tsere dikgato tsa go tlwaela ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa. Gareng ga dikgato tse ke dipeeletso mo didirisweng tse di somarelang metsi go fokotsa ditlamorago tsa komelelo le go phepafatsa mesele ya metsi pele ga morwalela.<ref name=":6" /> Karolo ya masome a mararo le bone mo lekgolong ya batho botlhe ba ba arabilweng ba Aforika ba rile phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ke nngwe ya dintlha tse di botlhokwa thata tse di lebaganeng le lefatshe la bona, gareng ga dintlha tse dingwe tsa botlhokwa tse di jaaka [[:en:Inflation|koketsego]] ya ditlhwatlhwa le phitlhelelo ya [[:en:Health_care|tlhokomelo ya boitekanelo]].<ref name=":6" /> === Ditlamorago tsa itsholelo === Afrika e thuthafala ka bonako go feta lefatshe lotlhe ka palogare. Dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa karolokgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng di ka nna tsa se ka tsa agiwa ka ntlha ya seo mme palogotlhe ya [[:en:Gross_domestic_product|dikumo tsa selegae tsa Aforika]] (GDP) e ka nna ya fokotsega ka karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong ka ntlha ya tlhatlogo ya selekanyo sa mogote wa Celcius e le nngwe (1 °C) ya mogote ya palogare ya lefatshe, le ka karolo ya lesome le bobedi mo lekgolong (12%) ka ntlha ya tlhatlogo ya selekanyo sa mogote wa karolo ya Celcius ya bone (4 °C) ya mogote. Dithobo tsa dijalo di solofetswe go fokotsega thata ka ntlha ya go tlhatloga ga mogote mme go solofetswe gore dipula tse di maatla di tla na kgapetsakgapetsa le ka maatla mo Aforika yotlhe, go oketsa kotsi ya merwalela.<ref name=":38">[[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#CITEREFEuropean_Investment_Bank2022c|European Investment Bank 2022c]].</ref><ref>[https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/climate-change-triggers-mounting-food-insecurity-poverty-and-displacement-africa "Climate change triggers mounting food insecurity, poverty and displacement in Africa]". ''public.wmo.int''. 18 October 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</ref><ref>"[https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2018-march-2019/global-warming-severe-consequences-africa Global warming: severe consequences for Africa]". ''Africa Renewal''. 7 December 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</ref><ref>[https://unfccc.int/news/climate-change-is-an-increasing-threat-to-africa "Climate Change Is an Increasing Threat to Africa]". ''United Nations Climate Change News''. 27 October 2020. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, Aforika e latlhegelwa ke madi a a fa gare ga didolara di le didikadike di le supa le didolara di le didikaike di le lesome le botlhano ka ngwaga ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, mme go lebeletswe gore e tla fitlha go didolara di le didikadike di le masome a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 2030.<ref>Rathi, Akshat; Rao, Mythili (2 May 2024). "[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-05-02/inside-the-bank-financing-africa-s-green-growth One Bank Is Turning Africa's Climate Vulnerability Into Opportunity]". ''www.bloomberg.com''. Retrieved 11 May 2024.</ref> ==== Temothuo ==== ''Pego e kgolo: [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture#Africa|Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo temothuong § Aforika]]'' Temothuo ke lekalana le le botlhokwa thata mo Aforika, le le nang le seabe mo matshelong le mo itsholelong go ralala karolo e kgolo ya Lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng. Batho ba le bantsi ba ikaegile ka temothuo jaaka tsela ya go ikaga mo itsholelong le motswedi wa dijo. Ba le bantsi ba ikaegile ka metswedi e e bosisi mo seemong sa bosa. Go akanyediwa gore tiro ya dijalo e tlaa fokotsega go ralala Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara. Ka palogare, temothuo mo Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara e na le seabe sa karolo ya lesome le botlhano mo lekgolong ya GDP yotlhe.<ref name=":7">OECD/FAO (2016). ''[http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5778e.pdf OECD‑FAO Agricultural Outlook 2016‑2025]'' (PDF). OECD Publishing. pp.&#x20;59–61. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-64-25323-0|<bdi>978-92-64-25323-0</bdi>.]]</ref> Thutafatshe ya Aforika e dira gore e nne mo kotsing thata ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, mme karolo ya masome a supa mo lekgolong ya baagi ba ikaegile ka temothuo e e fepiwang ka pula go itshedisa.<ref>Läderach, Peter; Martinez-Valle, Armando; Bourgoin, Clement; Parker, Louis (27 March 2019). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6436735 Vulnerability of the agricultural sector to climate change: The development of a pan-tropical Climate Risk Vulnerability Assessment to inform sub-national decision making"]. ''PLOS ONE''. '''14''' (3) e0213641. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PLoSO..1413641P 2019PLoSO..1413641P.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0213641|10.1371/journal.pone.0213641.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6436735 6436735]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30917146 30917146].</ref> [[:en:Smallholding|Dipolase tse dinnye]] di dira karolo ya masome a borobabobedi mo lekgolong ya masimo a a lengwang mo Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara.<ref name=":7" /> IPCC ka ngwaga wa 2007 e ne ya akanyetsa gore go fetoga ga seemo sa bosa le phetogo go tla tsenya ntshodikuno ya temothuo mo kotsing thata le phitlhelelo ya dijo<ref>Parry, M. L.; et&#x20;al., eds. (2007). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20181102223635/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/spmsspm-c.html Summary for Policymakers: C. Current knowledge about future impacts]". ''Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change''. Cambridge University Press. Archived from [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/spmsspm-c.html the original] on 2 November 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</ref>:(tsebe ya lesome le boraro) Tekanyetso e e ne ya abelwa "tshepo e e kwa godimo". Dithulaganyo tsa dijalo, leruo le botshwaraditlhapi di tla nna mo kotsing e kgolo ya disenyi le malwetse ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ya isago.<ref name=":8">Dhanush, D.; Bett, B. K.; Boone, R. B.; Grace, D.; Kinyangi, J.; Lindahl, J. F.; Mohan, C. V.; Ramírez Villegas, J.; Robinson, T. P.; Rosenstock, T. S.; Smith, J. (2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230716201342/https://cgspace.cgiar.org/rest/bitstreams/55241/retrieve "Impact of climate change on African agriculture: focus on pests and diseases]". ''CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security''.</ref> Disenyi tsa dijalo di setse di dira mo e ka nnang bongwe mo borartarong ya ditatlhegelo tsa ntshodikuno ya polase.<ref name=":8" /> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e tla itlhaganedisa go anama ga disenyi le malwetse le go oketsa go diragala ga ditiragalo tse di nang le ditlamorago tse di masisi.<ref name=":8" /> Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa boswa mo ntshokunong ya temothuo mo Aforika di tla nna le ditlamorago tse di masisi mo tshireletsegong ya dijo le mo matshelong. Go tlhoka dikotla tse di farologaneng go ne ga baka go palelwa ke go ja dikotla dingwe tse di botlhokwa. Go tlhoka dikotla tse go ka baka tlhaelo ya vitamin A le madi. Se se ne se tlwaelegile thata go bonwa ka dinako tsa komelelo le tlhaelo ya dijo ka gonne ditlhopho di ne di le mmalwa.[citation needed] Magareng ga ngwaga wa 2014 le ngwaga wa 2018, Aforika e ne e na le maemo a a kwa godimo a go tlhoka tshireletsego ya dijo mo lefatsheng.<ref>''[http://www.fao.org/state-of-food-security-nutrition/en/ SOFI 2019 – The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World]''. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2021. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4060/CB4474EN|10.4060/CB4474EN.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-5-134325-8|<bdi>978-92-5-134325-8</bdi>.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241785130 241785130].</ref> Mabapi le dithulaganyo tsa temothuo, go ikaega thata ka temothuo ya go iphedisa e e fepiwang ke pula le kamogelo e e kwa tlase ya [[:en:Climate_smart_agriculture|mekgwa ya temothuo e e botlhale]] ya seemo sa bosa go na le seabe mo maemong a a kwa godimo a go nna mo kotsing ga lekalana. Seemo se okediwa ke go sa ikanyege ga, le phitlhelelo ya, tshedimosetso ya seemo sa bosa le tshedimosetso go tshegetsa dikgato tsa go tlwaela.<ref>Dinku, Tufa. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221101070648/https://ictupdate.cta.int/en/article/overcoming-challenges-in-the-availability-and-use-of-climate-data-in-africa-sid06fd8a811-e179-4fa5-9c8f-806bd2f27c3e "Overcoming challenges in the availability and use of climate data in Africa]". ''ICT Update CTA''. Archived from [https://ictupdate.cta.int/en/article/overcoming-challenges-in-the-availability-and-use-of-climate-data-in-africa-sid06fd8a811-e179-4fa5-9c8f-806bd2f27c3e the original] on 1 November 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</ref> Dikgoreletsi tse di lemogilweng le tse di akanyediwang mo mekgweng ya pula ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa di ka nna tsa khutshwafatsa dipaka tsa go gola le go ama thobo ya dijalo mo dikarolong di le dintsi tsa Aforika. Go feta moo, lekalana la temothuo mo Aforika le laolwa ke balemi ba banyennyane ba nang le phihlello e lekanyeditsweng ya maranyane le mehlodi ya go tlwaela.<ref>"[https://www.cropscience.bayer.com/en/stories/2018/supporting-sub-saharan-africas-farmers-closing-the-gap Supporting Sub-Saharan Africa's Farmers – Bayer – Crop Science]". ''www.cropscience.bayer.com''. Retrieved 15 August 2019.</ref> Go fetogafetoga ga seemo sa bosa le phetogo e nnile mme go tswelela go nna motswedi o mogolo wa go fetogafetoga ga tlhagiso ya dijo ya lefatshe go ralala mafatshe a a tlhabologang kwa tlhagiso e ikaegileng thata ka pula.<ref>Thornton, Philip K; Ericksen, Polly J; Herrero, Mario; Challinor, Andrew J (November 2014). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4258067 "Climate variability and vulnerability to climate change: a review"]. ''Global Change Biology''. '''20''' (11): 3313–3328. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014GCBio..20.3313T 2014GCBio..20.3313T.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/gcb.12581|10.1111/gcb.12581.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4258067 4258067]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24668802 24668802].</ref><ref>HU, Tongxi; Zhang, Xuesong; Khanal, Sami; Wilson, Robyn; Leng, Guoyong; Toman, Elizabeth; Wang, Xuhui; Zhao, Kaiguang (19 June 2024). "[https://bpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/u.osu.edu/dist/7/24705/files/2024/09/review-climate-impact-crop-yield-machine-learning.pdf Climate change impacts on crop yields: A review of empirical findings, statistical crop models, and machine learning methods"] (PDF). ''Environmental Modelling & Software''. '''179''' (106119) 106119. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024EnvMS.17906119H 2024EnvMS.17906119H]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2024.106119|10.1016/j.envsoft.2024.106119.]]</ref>Lekalana la temothuo le bosisi mo go fetogeng ga seemo sa bosa,<ref>Sabiiti, Geoffrey; Ininda, Joseph Mwalichi; [[:en:Ogallo_Laban|Ogallo, Laban]]; Opijah, Franklin; Nimusiima, Alex; Otieno, George; Ddumba, Saul Daniel; Nanteza, Jamiat; Basalirwa, Charles (2016). [https://jeas.agropublishers.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/JEAS-7-1.pdf "Nanteza and C. Basalirwa. 2016. Empirical relationship between banana yields and climate variability over Uganda"] (PDF). ''Journal of Environmental & Agricultural Sciences''. '''7''': 3–13.</ref> bogolosegolo go fetoga ga pula mo magareng ga dingwaga, mekgwa ya mogote, le ditiragalo tse di feteletseng tsa maemo a bosa (dikomelelo le merwalela). Ditiragalo tse tsa seemo sa bosa di bonelwa kwa pele go oketsega mo isagong mme di solofetswe go nna le ditlamorago tse di bonalang mo lephateng la temothuo.<ref name=":39">Sabiiti, Geoffrey; Ininda, Joseph Mwalichi; Ogallo, Laban Ayieko; Ouma, Jully; Artan, Guleid; Basalirwa, Charles; Opijah, Franklin; Nimusiima, Alex; Ddumba, Saul Daniel; Mwesigwa, Jasper Batureine; Otieno, George; Nanteza, Jamiat (2018). "Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change: Suitability of Banana Crop Production to Future Climate Change over Uganda". ''Limits to Climate Change Adaptation''. Climate Change Management. pp.&#x20;175–190. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64599-5_10|10.1007/978-3-319-64599-5_10.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-3-319-64598-8|<bdi>978-3-319-64598-8</bdi>.]]</ref> Se se tla nna le tlhotlheletso e e sa siamang mo ditlhwatlhweng tsa dijo, pabalesego ya dijo, le ditshwetso tsa tiriso ya lefatshe.<ref>"A1 – 1 Sustainability, food security and climate change: three intertwined challenges". ''[http://www.fao.org/climate-smart-agriculture-sourcebook/concept/module-a1-introducing-csa/chapter-a1-1/en/ Climate-Smart Agriculture Sourcebook]''. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 15 August 2019.</ref> Dithobo go tswa mo [[:en:Rainfed_agriculture|temothuong e e nosiwang ke pula]] mo mafatsheng a mangwe a Aforika di ka fokodiwa ka go fitlha karolong ya masome a matlhano mo lekgolong ka ngwaga wa 2020.<ref name=":39" /> Go thibela ditlamorago tse di senyang tsa isago tsa go fetoga ga seemo sa bosa mo tlhagisong ya dijo, go botlhokwa go baakanya kgotsa go tshitshinya melawana e e kgonegang go samagana le go fetoga ga seemo sa bosa mo go oketsegileng. Mafatshe a Aforika a tlhoka go aga letlhomeso la semolao la bosetšhaba go laola metswedi ya dijo go ya ka go fetogafetoga ga seemo sa bosa mo go solofetsweng. Le fa go ntse jalo, pele ga go tlhama melawana ya go samagana le ditlamorago tsa go fetoga ga seemo sa bosa, bogolosegolo mo lephateng la temothuo, go botlhokwa go nna le tlhaloganyo e e tlhamaletseng ya gore go fetoga ga seemo sa bosa go ama jang dijalo tse di farologaneng tsa dijo.<ref>Shah, Hassnain; Hellegers, Petra; Siderius, Christian (1 January 2021). [[doi:10.1016/j.crm.2021.100378|"Climate risk to agriculture: A synthesis to define different types of critical moments"]]. ''Climate Risk Management''. '''34''' 100378. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021CliRM..3400378S 2021CliRM..3400378S]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.crm.2021.100378|10.1016/j.crm.2021.100378]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2212-0963 2212-0963].</ref> Se se maleba thata ka ngwaga wa 2020 ka ntlha ya tlhaselo e e masisi ya di [[:en:Locust|Tsie]] e e amang temothuo botlhaba jwa Aforika ka tsela e e sa siamang.<ref name=":40">Rosane, Olivia (27 January 2020). [https://www.ecowatch.com/locust-swarm-east-africa-2644928358.html "Worst Locust Swarm to Hit East Africa in Decades Linked to Climate Crisis"]. Ecowatch. Retrieved 6 February 2020.</ref> Tlhaselo e ne e amana le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa– mogote o o bothitho le pula e e bokete e e bakileng koketsego e e sa tlwaelegang ya palo ya tsie.<ref name=":40" /> Kwa Botlhaba jwa Aforika , phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e solofetswe go gakatsa makgetlo le bogale jwa komelelo le merwalela, e e ka nnang le ditlamorago tse di sa siamang mo lephateng la temothuo. Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e tla nna le ditlamorago tse di farologaneng mo ntshokunong ya temothuo mo Aforika Botlhaba. Dipatlisiso go tswa kwa [[:en:International_Food_Policy_Research_Institute|Setheong sa Boditšhabatšhaba sa Patlisiso ya]] [[:en:International_Food_Policy_Research_Institute|Melawana ya Dijo]] (IFPRI) di tshitshinya koketsego ya thobo ya mmidi mo bontsing jwa Aforika Botlhaba, fela ditatlhegelo tsa thobo mo dikarolong tsa Ethiopia, [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Rephaboliki ya]] [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|batho ka batho ya Congo]] (DRC), Tanzania le bokone jwa Uganda.<ref>"[http://www.ifpri.org/publication/east-african-agriculture-and-climate-change-comprehensive-analysis East African agriculture and climate change: A comprehensive analysis]". ''[[:en:International_Food_Policy_Research_Institute|International Food Policy Research Institute]] (IFPRI)''. 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2019.</ref> Diponelopele tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa le tsone di solofetswe go fokotsa bokgoni jwa lefatshe le le lemilweng go ntsha dijalo tsa bontsi le boleng jo bo kwa godimo.<ref>Kurukulasuriya, P.; Mendelsohn, R. (25 September 2008). ''[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/09/11/000158349_20080911163038/Rendered/PDF/WPS4717.pdf How Will Climate Change Shift Agro-Ecological Zones And Impact African Agriculture?]'' (PDF). Policy Research Working Papers. The World Bank. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1596/1813-9450-4717|10.1596/1813-9450-4717]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10986/6994|10986/6994]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129416028 129416028].</ref> [[:en:Climate_change_in_Kenya|Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa kwa Kenya]] e solofetswe go nna le ditlamorago tse dikgolo mo lephateng la temothuo, le le fepiwang thata ke pula mme ka jalo le le mo kotsing e kgolo ya diphetogo tsa megote le mekgwa ya pula, le ditiragalo tse di feteletseng tsa maemo a bosa.<ref name=":41">Ministry of Environment and Forestry. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20220402131336/http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/NCCAP-2018-2022-v2.pdf National Climate Change Action Plan (NCCAP) 2018–2022. Volume I]" (PDF). Archived from [http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/NCCAP-2018-2022-v2.pdf the original] (PDF) on 2 April 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</ref> Ditlamorago di ka nna tsa bonala thata mo mafatsheng a a omileng le a a omeletseng go sekae (di-ASAL) moo ntshodikuno ya leruo e leng tiro ya botlhokwa ya itsholelo le ya matshelo. Mo di-ASAL, go feta karolo ya masome a supa mo lekgolong ya dintsho tsa leruo ke ditlamorago tsa komelelo.<ref name=":41" /> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang,[leng?] karolo ya masome a mtlhano le bobedi ya palo ya dikgomo tsa ASAL di mo kotsing ya go latlhegelwa ka ntlha ya kgatelelo e e feteletseng ya megote.<ref>Kenya Markets Trust (2019). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20230216210136/https://www.kenyamarkets.org/contextualising-pathways-to-resilience-in-kenyas-asals-under-the-big-four-agenda/ Contextualising Pathways to Resilience in Kenya's ASALs under the Big Four Agenda]". Archived from [https://www.kenyamarkets.org/contextualising-pathways-to-resilience-in-kenyas-asals-under-the-big-four-agenda/ the original] on 16 February 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</ref> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e tla gakatsa go nna mo kotsing ga lekala la temothuo mo mafatsheng a le mantsi tsa Borwa jwa Aforika tse di setseng di lekanyeditswe ke mafaratlhatlha a a bokoa le go diega ga ditsenngwateng tsa maranyane le boitshimololedi.<ref>"[https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/2016%20CRM%20Fact%20Sheet%20-%20Southern%20Africa.pdf Fact sheet]" (PDF). ''www.climatelinks.org''. Retrieved 12 July 2020.</ref> Mmidi o dira mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa lefatshe le le lengwang mo Borwa jwa Aforika, mme ka fa tlase ga phetogo ya seemo sa bosa sa isago, thobo e ka fokotsega ka karolo ya masome a mararo mo lekgolong.<ref>[http://www.ifpri.org/publication/overview-southern-african-agriculture-and-climate-change "Overview &#x5B;in Southern African Agriculture and Climate Change&#x5D;]". ''www.ifpri.org''. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> Megote e e oketsegang gape di rotloetsa go anama ga mefero le disenyi.<ref>Hachigonta, Sepo; Nelson, Gerald C.; Thomas, Timothy S.; Sibanda, Lindiwe Majele (2013). "Overview". ''[https://cdm15738.contentdm.oclc.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/127787/filename/127998.pdf Southern African Agriculture and Climate Change: A Comprehensive Analysis]'' (PDF). International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). pp.&#x20;1–24. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]][[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-89629-208-6|&#x20;<bdi>978-0-89629-208-6</bdi>]].</ref> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e tla ama thata temothuo mo Bophirima jwa Aforika ka go oketsa pharologano mo tlhagisong ya dijo, phitlhelelo le go nna teng ga dijo.<ref>Brown, Molly E.; Hintermann, B.; Higgins, N. (January 2009). "[https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20090027893.pdf Markets, Climate Change and Food Security in West Africa"] (PDF). ''Environmental Science & Technology''. '''43''' (21): 8016–8020. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009EnST...43.8016B 2009EnST...43.8016B.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1021/es901162d|10.1021/es901162d]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:2060/20090027893|2060/20090027893]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19924916 19924916]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9412710 9412710].</ref> Pula e e kwa godimo, dipaka tsa komelelo tse di tsayang nako e telele le megote e e kwa godimo di solofetswe go ama ka tsela e e sa siamang ntshodikuno ya manioko, mmidi le dinawa mo Aforika Bogare.<ref name=":42">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20200728153008/https://www.climatelinks.org/file/4614/download?token=rlgPz1eX Climate Risks in the Central Africa Regional Program for the Environment (CARPE) and Congo Basin]". ''Climatelinks''. Archived from [https://www.climatelinks.org/file/4614/download?token=rlgPz1eX the original] on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</ref> Morwalela le kgogolego di solofetswe go senya mafaratlhatlha a dipalangwa a a setseng a lekanyeditswe mo kgaolong e e tla lebisang kwa ditatlhegelong tsa morago ga thobo.<ref name=":42" /> Thomelontle ya dijalo tsa itsholelo jaaka kofi le cocoa e a oketsega mo kgaolong mme dijalo tse di mo kotsing e kgolo ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref name=":42" /> Dikgotlhang le go sa tlhomamang ga sepolotiki di nnile le tshusumetso mo seabeng sa temothuo mo GDP ya kgaolo mme tshusumetso e e tla gakadiwa ke dikotsi tsa seemo sa bosa.<ref>[https://www.un.org/en/africa/osaa/pdf/pubs/2013africanagricultures.pdf "Agriculture in Africa"] (PDF). ''United Nations''. 2013.</ref> Palogotlhe ya dikuno tsa selegae tsa Aforika (GDP) e ka nna ya fokotsega ka karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong ka ntlha ya tlhatlogo ya selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius e le nngwe (1 °C) ya mogote ya palogare ya lefatshe, le ka karolo ya lesome le bobedi mo lekgolong ka ntlha ya tlhatlogo ya selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius sa bone (4 °C) ya mogote. [[:en:Crop_yield|Dithobo tsa dijalo]] di solofetswe go fokotsega thata ka ntlha ya megote tse di tlhatlogang le koketsego ya kgonagalo ya komelelo go ralala karolo ya . Mo godimo ga moo, go solofetswe gore dipula tse di maatla di tla na kgapetsakgapetsa le ka maatla mo Aforika yotlhe, mme seno se tla oketsa kotsi ya [[:en:Flood|merwalela]].<ref name=":38" /><ref>[https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/climate-change-triggers-mounting-food-insecurity-poverty-and-displacement-africa "Climate change triggers mounting food insecurity, poverty and displacement in Africa]". ''public.wmo.int''. 18 October 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</ref><ref>[https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/december-2018-march-2019/global-warming-severe-consequences-africa "Global warming: severe consequences for Africa]". ''Africa Renewal''. 7 December 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</ref><ref>[https://unfccc.int/news/climate-change-is-an-increasing-threat-to-africa "Climate Change Is an Increasing Threat to Africa]". ''unfccc.int''. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</ref> === Maatla === [[Setshwantsho:M-Power solar in Tanzania (1080).jpg|thumb|Dipone tsa letsatsi le motlakase di tsentswe mo lapeng la mosadi mongwe wa kwa Tanzania.]] Ka palo ya batho e e oketsegang le tlhokego e e tsamaelanang ya maatla, tshireletsego ya maatla e tshwanetse go rarabololwa ka gonne maatla a botlhokwa mo tlhabololong e e tswelelang. Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e amile makalana a maatla mo Aforika jaaka fa mafatshe a le mantsi a ikaegile ka tlhagiso ya maatla a metsi. Go fokotsega ga maemo a pula le komelelo go dirile gore maemo a metsi a nne kwa tlase mo matamong a a nang le ditlamorago tse di sa siamang mo go tlhagiseng maatla a metsi. Se se dirile gore go nne le tlhagiso e e kwa tlase ya maatla a motlakase, ditshenyegelo tse di kwa godimo tsa motlakase le go kgaoga ga motlakase kgotsa go kgaoga ga motlakase mo mafatsheng a mangwe a Aforika a a ikaegileng ka tlhagiso ya motlakase o o dirisiwang ka metsi. Dikgoreletsi tsa go dira maatla a metsi di amile makala a a farologaneng mo mafatsheng jaaka [[:en:Ghana|Ghana]], [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] le [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]] ka tsela e e sa siamang. == Tlhaelo ya metsi == [[Setshwantsho:Water Shortage in Ethiopia (935).jpg|thumb|Tlhaelo ya metsi kwa lefatsheng la Ethiiopia]] Boleng le go nna teng ga metsi go senyegile mo mafelong a le mantsi a Aforika, bogolosegolo ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>Rankoana, Sejabaledi Agnes (1 January 2020). [[doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2020-0033|"Climate change impacts on water resources in a rural community in Limpopo province, South Africa: a community-based adaptation to water insecurity"]]. ''International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management''. '''12''' (5): 587–598. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020IJCCS..12..587R 2020IJCCS..12..587R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2020-0033|10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2020-0033]].</ref> Metswedi ya metsi e mo kotsing mme e na le kgonagalo ya go amiwa thata ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ka ditlamorago tse dikgolo mo merafeng ya batho.<ref>[https://www.ipcc.ch/publication/climate-change-and-water-2/ "Climate Change and Water — IPCC]". Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> IPCC e bonelapele gore didikadike tsa batho mo Aforika di tla nna di lebane le kgatelelo e e oketsegileng ya metsi ka ntlha ya go fetoga ga seemo sa bosa le phetogo ([[:en:IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report|IPCC ngwaga wa 2013]]). Diphetogo mo mekgweng ya pula di ama ka tlhamalalo [[:en:Surface_runoff|go elela ga metsi mo godimo ga lefatshe]] le go nna teng ga metsi.<ref>Fowler, H. J.; Blenkinsop, S.; Tebaldi, C. (October 2007). "Linking climate change modelling to impacts studies: recent advances in downscaling techniques for hydrological modelling". ''International Journal of Climatology''. 27 (12): 1547–1578. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007IJCli..27.1547F 2007IJCli..27.1547F.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Water_Shortage_in_Ethiopia_%28935%29.jpg/500px-Water_Shortage_in_Ethiopia_%28935%29.jpg 10.1002/joc.1556]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53472608 53472608].</ref> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e ka gakatsa gape mafelo a a nang le kgatelelo ya metsi go ralala Aforika – sekai, lefelo la Rufiji kwa Tanzania<ref>Conway, Declan; Geressu, Robel; Harou, Julien; Kashaigili, Japhet; Pettinotti, L.; Siderius, Christian (2019). [https://futureclimateafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/tanzania_rufiji_river_basin_brief.pdf "Designing a process for assessing climate resilience in Tanzania's Rufiji basin]" (PDF). ''FCFA Country Brief''.</ref> – ka ntlha ya tiriso e e farologaneng ya lefatshe, le dikgwetlho tse di raraaneng tsa loago le sepolotiki. Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo karolokgolong ya lefasthe e e naleng mafatshe a a mantsi mo teng ya Aforika e fetotse thata modikologo wa metsi kgotsa wa metsi wa Aforika ka go dira gore pula e se ka ya tlhomama, go oketsa bogale jwa merwalela le komelelo, go fokotsa go ikanyega ga metsi a a kwa godimo le a a fa fatshe le gape go itlhaganedisa seelo sa mowafalo. Diphetogo tse tsa seemo sa bosa di dirile gore go nne le metsi a a dirisiwang mo gae le mo temothuong, go dira maatla ka bontsi jwa dinaga mo Aforika di dira maatla a tsona go tswa mo metsing le gape go tswelela ga thulaganyo ya tikologo mo Aforika.<ref name=":11">Isaacman, Allen; Musemwa, Muchaparara (1 October 2021). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355000708_Water_Security_in_Africa_in_the_Age_of_Global_Climate_Change Water Security in Africa in the Age of Global Climate Change]". ''Daedalus''. '''150''': 7–26. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1162/daed_e_01870|10.1162/daed_e_01870]] &#x2013; via ResearchGate.</ref><ref>[https://archive.uneca.org/sites/default/files/PublicationFiles/policy_brief_4_climate_change_and_water_in_africa_challenges_opportunities_and_recommendations.pdfhttps://archive.uneca.org/sites/default/files/PublicationFiles/policy_brief_4_climate_change_and_water_in_africa_challenges_opportunities_and_recommendations.pdf https://archive.uneca.org/sites/default/files/PublicationFiles/policy_brief_4_climate_change_and_water_in_africa_challenges_opportunities_and_recommendations.pdf]. <nowiki>{{cite book}}</nowiki>: Missing or empty |title= (help)</ref><ref>"[https://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/transboundary-waters/news News]". ''World Bank''. Retrieved 12 June 2026.</ref> === Matshosetsi a Botlhokwa a seemo sa bosa mo Tshireletsegong ya Metsi mo Aforika === * Pula e e sa tlhomamang: Mokgwa wa pula e e sa tlhomamang kgotsa e e sa bonelwang pele mo Aforika o nyatsa kgotsa o tsenya mo kotsing kungo ya ya dijalo le go itlhaganedisa go fokotsega ga metswedi ya metsi a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe. Bontsi jwa batho (Balemirui) mo karolong nngwe ya Aforika, ka tlwaelo ba ikaegile ka dipaka tsa dipula tse di bonelwang pele go jala dijalo tsa bona. Mo ntlheng e fa pula e nna e e sa tlhomamang, e ka diegisa pula kgotsa ya na ditsuatsue tse di maatla tse di ka amang balemirui mo go lemeng dijalo.<ref>[https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/opag-2021-0042/html?srsltid=AfmBOorEOnBGaZqgX15b1hSPcNAUiOvu0wK5fm8cclJLF5EMswne2RxW "Climate change stressors affecting household food security among Kimandi-Wanyaga smallholder farmers in Murang'a County, Kenya".]</ref> * Ditiragalo tsa Maemo a Bosa a a Feteletseng: Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo Aforika e e golaganeng le maemo a bosa a a feteletseng e ntse e tlwaelega ka iketlo go ralala karolokgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a a mantsi mo teng. Dipaka tse di telele tsa komelelo di isa kwa tlhaelong ya metsi, fa pula e e maatla le merwalela di senya dithoto le go oketsa go anama ga malwetse a a tshelanwang ke metsi kgotsa a a amanang le ona. * Dikgotlhang tsa Kgabaganyo ya Melelwane: phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e ka fokotsa go nna teng ga metsi mo mekgatsheng e e abelanwang. Tlhaelo ya metsi e ka baka gore mafatshe a a ikaegileng ka motswedi o le mongwe wa metsi di ka gaisana ka taolo le phitlhelelo e e ka felelang ka tsitsipano. Ka sekai, fa go akanyediwa Volta Basin, mafatshe a le mmalwa a Bophirima jwa Afrika di abelana Volta Basin. Fa lefatshe le ngwe le ka aga letamo kgotsa la goga metsi a mantsi, mafatshe a dingwe a a nang le metsi a a tshwanang a ka nna amogela metsi a mannye go baka go sa dumalane. Noka ya Nile gape e abelanwa ke mafatshe a a mantsi.<ref name=":11" /> === Ditlamorago tsa boitekanelo === ''Tshedimosetso e e oketsegileng: [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health|Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya]] [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health|seemo sa bosa mo boitekanelong jwa batho]]'' Mafatshe a Aforika a na le ditsamaiso tsa boitekanelo jwa setšhaba tse di sa direng sentle mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":12">World Health Organization. (2014). ''The health of the people: what works: the African Regional Health Report 2014''. World Health Organization.</ref> Merwalo ya malwetse a a tshelanwang jaaka [[:en:Malaria|malaria]], [[:en:Malaria|schistosomiasis]], [[:en:Dengue_fever|dengue fever]], [[:en:Meningitis|meningitis]], tse di bosisi mo ditlamoragong tsa seemo sa bosa, di kwa godimo thata mo kgaolong ya Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara. Ka sekai, karolo ya masome a borobabongwe mo lekgolong tsa dikgetsi tsa [[:en:Malaria|malaria]] tsa lefatshe lotlhe tsa ngwaga le ngwaga di mo Afrika.<ref name=":12" /> Diphetogo tsa seemo sa bosa di tla ama go anama ga ditshwaetso tsa malwetsi a a tshelanwang mmogo le go fetola tshekamelo ya batho mo ditshwaetsong tseo. Go ya ka Pegelo ya Tshekatsheko ya Borataro ya IPCC, phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e kotsi thata mo boitekanelong jwa didikadike di le masomesome tsa Maaforika, ka gonne e ba tsenya mo megoteng e e sa siamang, maemo a tepo loapi a a feteletseng, le selekanyo se se oketsegileng le seelo sa phetiso ya malwetse a a tshelanwang.<ref>"Chapter 9:Africa". [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FinalDraft_Chapter09.pdf ''IPCC WGII Sixth Assessment Report'' (PDF)] (Final Draft).</ref> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa , le go felela ka megote e e oketsegileng, ditsuatsue, komelelo, le go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle, di tla ama go tlhagelela le go anama ga malwetse a a tshelanwang go ralala lefatshe.<ref>Beard, C. B.; Eisen, R. J.; Barker, C. M.; Garofalo, J. F.; Hahn, M.; Hayden, M.; Schramm, P. J. (2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160607130925/https://health2016.globalchange.gov/vectorborne-diseases "Vector-Borne Diseases]". Retrieved 15 February 2017.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ka ngwaga wa 2021, [[:en:World_Food_Programme|Lenaneo la Lefatshe Lotlhe la Dijo]] ([[:en:World_Food_Programme|World Food Programme)]] (WFP) le ne la pega mathata a a tswelelang pele a dijo kwa borwa jwa Madagascar molato wa gore a bakilwe fela ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e seng ke ntwa kgotsa dikgotlhang. Go ne ga itsisiwe gore ke tlala ya ntlha e e bakilweng ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>Baker, Aryn (20 July 2021). [https://time.com/6081919/famine-climate-change-madagascar/ "Climate, Not Conflict. Madagascar's Famine is the First in Modern History to be Solely Caused by Global Warming"]. ''Time''. Retrieved 24 July 2021.</ref><ref>Rodrigues, Charlene (22 July 2021). [https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/madagascar-famine-climate-crisis-b1888058.html "Madagascar famine becomes first in history to be caused solely by climate crisis"]. ''The Independent''. Retrieved 24 July 2021.</ref><ref>Harding, Andrew (24 August 2021). "[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-58303792 Madagascar on the brink of climate change-induced famine]". ''BBC News''. Retrieved 10 September 2021.</ref> === Malaria === ''Pego ya konokono: [[:en:Climate_change_and_infectious_diseases#Malaria|Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa le malwetse a a tshelanwang § Malaria]]'' Mo Afrika [[:en:Malaria|malaria]] e tswelela pele go nna le ditlamorago tse di gakgamatsang mo bathong. Jaaka fa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e tswelela, mafelo a a rileng a a ka nnang le phetiso ya malaria ngwaga otlhe, e e mo kotsing e kgolo a tla suta go tswa kwa lebopong la Bophirima jwa Aforika go ya kwa lefelong le le fa gare ga lefatshe la [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]] le [[:en:Uganda|Uganda]], le le bidiwang Dithaba tsa Aforika.<ref name=":13">Ryan, Sadie J.; McNally, Amy; Johnson, Leah R.; Mordecai, Erin A.; Ben-Horin, Tal; Paaijmans, Krijn; Lafferty, Kevin D. (2015). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4700390 Mapping Physiological Suitability Limits for Malaria in Africa Under Climate Change]". ''Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases''. '''15''' (12): 718–725. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015VBZD...15..718R 2015VBZD...15..718R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1089/vbz.2015.1822|10.1089/vbz.2015.1822]]. PMC&#x20;4700390. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26579951 26579951].</ref> Dikgoreletsi tsa saense fa go sekasekwa dikelo tsa phetiso ya malaria tse di fetogang kwa Dithabeng tsa Aforika di tshwana le tse di amanang le go tlhaloganya ka bophara phetogo ya seemo sa bosa le malaria. Le fa go dira sekao ka diphetogo tsa mogote go bontsha gore go na le kamano magareng ga koketsego ya mogote le koketsego ya phetiso ya malaria, ditekanyetso di santse di le teng. Diphetogo tsa isago tsa baagi tse di amang [[:en:Population_density|kitlano ya baagi]], mmogo le diphetogo mo boitshwarong jwa menang, di ka ama dikelo tsa phetiso mme ke dintlha tse di lekanyetsang mo go tlhomamiseng kotsi ya isago ya go runya ga malaria, tse gape di amang thulaganyo ya paakanyetso e e siameng ya tsibogelo ya go runya.<ref name=":13" /> Mabapi le dikelo tsa phetiso ya malaria kwa Dithabeng tsa Aforika, mabaka le go tlhagelela go go bakwang ke diphetogo tse di masisi tsa tikologo jaaka seemo sa bosa tse di bothitho, diphetogo tsa maemo a bosa, le koketsego ya ditlamorago tsa batho jaaka go [[:en:Deforestation|rengwa ga dikgwa]], di tlamela ka maemo a a maleba a phetiso ya malaria magareng ga morwadi le moamogedi.<ref>Himeidan YE, Kweka EJ (2012). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3429085 Malaria in East African highlands during the past 30 years: impact of environmental changes]". ''Frontiers in Physiology''. '''3''': 315. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3389/fphys.2012.00315|10.3389/fphys.2012.00315.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3429085 3429085]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22934065 22934065].</ref> Ka tlhamalalo, malaria e bakwa ke dinwanamadi tsa ''Plasmodium falciparum'' le ''Plasmodium vivax'' tse di rwalwang ke monang wa ''Anopheles'' o o rwalang malaria. Le fa dinwa madi ya ''Plasmodium vivax'' e ka kgona go tshela mo megoteng e e kwa tlase, senwa madi sa ''Plasmodium falciparum'' se tla tshela fela le go ipoeletsa mo monang fa megote ya seemo sa bosa e le kwa godimo ga selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius sa masome a mabdei (20 °C).<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/distribution.html "Where Malaria Occurs]". ''Center for Disease Control and Prevention''. 14 November 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2020.</ref> Koketsego ya bongola le pula le yone e na le seabe mo go ipoeletseng le go tshela ga ditshwaetso bolwetsi tse di tshelanwang .<ref name=":14">[https://scied.ucar.edu/longcontent/climate-change-and-vector-borne-disease "Climate Change and Vector-Borne Disease"]. ''Center for Science Education''. 2011. Retrieved 27 February 2020.</ref> Go tlhagelela mo bolwetsi jwa malaria go tla nna kotsi e kgolo mo bathong fa palo ya menang ya ''Anopheles'' e e namagadi e e tshwaeditsweng ke setshedi se se tshelang ka go gobatsa sa ''Plasmodium falciparum'' kgotsa ''Plasmodium vivax'' e ntse e oketsega.<ref name=":14" /> Dithutopatlisiso di bontsha koketsego ka kakaretso ya go tshwanelega ga tlelaemete ya phetiso ya malaria e e felelang ka koketsego ya baagi ba ba mo kotsing ya go tsenwa ke bolwetse jono.<ref>Caminade C, Kovats S, Rocklov J, Tompkins AM, Morse AP, Colón-González FJ, et&#x20;al. (March 2014). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3948226 Impact of climate change on global malaria distribution"]. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America''. '''111''' (9): 3286–3291. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PNAS..111.3286C 2014PNAS..111.3286C]. doi:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.1302089111|10.1073/pnas.1302089111]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3948226 3948226]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24596427 24596427].</ref> Se se botlhokwa thata ke koketsego ya kgonagalo ya leroborobo kwa bogodimong jo bo kwa godimo (jaaka Dithaba tsa Aforika). Megote e e tlhatlogang mo mafelong a di na le bokgoni jwa go fetola mafelo a ka tlwaelo a senang malaria go nna mafelo a a nang le malwetse a leroborobo a dipaka.<ref>Martens WJ, Niessen LW, Rotmans J, Jetten TH, McMichael AJ (May 1995). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1523278 "Potential impact of global climate change on malaria risk]". ''Environmental Health Perspectives''. '''103''' (5): 458–64. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995EnvHP.103..458M 1995EnvHP.103..458M.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1289/ehp.95103458|10.1289/ehp.95103458.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1523278 1523278]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7656875 7656875].</ref> Ka ntlha ya moo, dipalopalo tse dišwa di tla tlhagelela mo bolwetseng jo bo tla felelang ka dingwaga tse di itekanetseng tse di latlhegileng. Mo godimo ga moo, morwalo wa bolwetse o ka nna kotsi thata mo mafelong a a tlhokang bokgoni le didirisiwa tsa go tsibogela dikgwetlho le dikgatelelo tse di ntseng jalo ka katlego.<ref>Wu X, Lu Y, Zhou S, Chen L, Xu B (January 2016). "[[doi:10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.007|Impact of climate change on human infectious diseases: Empirical evidence and human adaptation"]]. ''Environment International''. '''86''': 14–23. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EnInt..86...14W 2016EnInt..86...14W]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.007|10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.007]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26479830 26479830].</ref> Jaaka fa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e sutisetsa mafelo a thutafatshe a phetiso go ya kwa Dithabeng tsa Aforika, kgwetlho e tla nna go batla le go laola mogare mo mafelong a a iseng a o bone pele.<ref>Tanser FC, Sharp B, le Sueur D (November 2003). [https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/24378625 "Potential effect of climate change on malaria transmission in Africa]". ''Lancet''. '''362''' (9398): 1792–8. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14898-2|10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14898-2]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14654317 14654317]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22850163 22850163].</ref> === Ditlamorago mo dikgotlhang le khudugo === [[:en:United_Nations_Environment_Programme|Lenaneo la Tikologo la Ditšhabakopano]] le dirile tshekatsheko ya tikologo ya morago ga [[:en:War|ntwa]] ya [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] ka ngwaga wa 2007.<ref>UNEP (June 2007), ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003632/http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sudan/00_fwd.pdf Sudan Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment]'' (PDF), Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP, [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-807-2702-9|978-92-807-2702-9]]</bdi>, archived from [http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sudan/00_fwd.pdf the original] (PDF) on 4 March 2016, retrieved 18 January 2022</ref> Go ya ka pegelo e, dikgatelelo tsa tikologo kwa Sudan di amana le dikgang tse dingwe tsa loago, tsa itsholelo le tsa sepolotiki, tse di jaaka [[:en:Refugee|go fuduga ga batho]] le go gaisana ka [[:en:Natural_resource|ditsompelo tsa tlholego]]. Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ya kgaolo, ka go fokotsega ga [[:en:Precipitation_(meteorology)|pula]], go ne go akanngwa gore e nnile nngwe ya dintlha tse di nnileng le seabe mo [[:en:War_in_Darfur|kgotlhang kwa Darfur]]. Ga mmogo le [[:en:Environmental_issues|dikgang dingwe tsa tikologo]], phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e ka ama tlhabololo ya nako e tlang ya Sudan mo go sa nnang sentle. Nngwe ya dikgakololo tse di dirilweng ke UNEP e ne e le gore baagi ba boditšhabatšhaba ba thuse Sudan go [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|tlwaela]] phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20100602041622/http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sudan/03_disasters.pdf Ch 3. Natural Disasters]" (PDF), Natural Disasters and Desertification, archived from [http://postconflict.unep.ch/publications/sudan/03_disasters.pdf the original] (PDF) on 2 June 2010, retrieved 18 January 2022 in [[:en:Climate_change_in_Africa#CITEREFUNEP2007|UNEP 2007]], p. 69</ref> == Ditlamorago go ya ka dikgaolo == === Bogare jwa Aforika === ''Tshedimosetso e e oketsegileng: [[:en:Climate_change_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa kwa Lefatshe la puso ya batho ka batho ya Congo (Democratic Republic of Congo)]] le [[:en:Climate_change_in_São_Tomé_and_Príncipe|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_São_Tomé_and_Príncipe|seemo sa bosa kwa São Tomé le Príncipe]]'' Bogare jwa Aforika, bontsi jwa yone, e dikologilwe ke mafatshe a a naleng mawatle mme e tshosediwa ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa go ya ka thutafatshe. Ka ntlha ya go fetoga ga seemo sa bosa ya lone le temothuo e e nang le pula, Aforika yo mo bogareng o solofetswe go itemogela makhubu a mogote a maleele le a a nnang teng kgapetsakgapetsa mmogo le koketsego ya dipheteletso tsa metsi.<ref>Diedhiou, Arona; Bichet, Adeline; Wartenburger, Richard; Seneviratne, Sonia I; Rowell, David P; Sylla, Mouhamadou B; Diallo, Ismaila; Todzo, Stella; Touré, N'datchoh E; Camara, Moctar; Ngatchah, Benjamin Ngounou; Kane, Ndjido A; Tall, Laure; Affholder, François (June 2018). [[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac3e5|"Changes in climate extremes over West and Central Africa at 1.5 °C and 2 °C global warming"]]. ''Environmental Research Letters''. '''13''' (6) 065020. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ERL....13f5020D 2018ERL....13f5020D]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac3e5|10.1088/1748-9326/aac3e5]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:20.500.11850/274346|20.500.11850/274346]].</ref> Megote ya lefatshe mo kgaolong e e tshwanetse go oketsega ka selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius sa lesome ntlha tlhano (1.5 °C) go ya go ko Celcius ya mabedi (2 °C).<ref>Seneviratne, Sonia I.; Donat, Markus G.; Pitman, Andy J.; Knutti, Reto; Wilby, Robert L. (28 January 2016). "[https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/9482219 Allowable CO2 emissions based on regional and impact-related climate targets]". Nature. 529 (7587): 477–483. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/nature16542|10.1038/nature16542]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26789252 26789252]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205247437 205247437].</ref> Bokgoni jwa dikgwa tsa kwa [[:en:Congo_Basin|Congo Basin]] jwa go monya carbon dioxide bo fokotsegile. Phokotsego e e diragetse ka ntlha ya mogote o o oketsegang le komelelo e e bakang phokotsego ya kgolo ya ditlhare. Se se raya gore le dikgwa tse di sa rengwang di amiwa ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa. Thutopatlisiso ya [[:en:Nature_(journal)|Nature]] e supa gore ka ngwaga wa 2030, sekgwa sa Aforika se tla monya ghese carbon dioxide e e kwa tlase ka karolo ya lesome le bone mo lekgolong (14%) go na le ka fa se neng se dira ka teng go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2005 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 2010, mme ga se kitla se monya epe gotlhelele ka ngwaga wa 2035.<ref>Grossman, Daniel (4 March 2020). "[https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/the-congo-rainforest-is-losing-its-ability-to-absorb-carbon-dioxide-thats-bad-for-climate-change/2020/03/03/3363d218-5ca9-11ea-9055-5fa12981bbbf_story.html The Congo rainforest is losing ability to absorb carbon dioxide. That's bad for climate change]". Washington Post. Retrieved 6 March 2020.</ref> === Botlhaba jwa Aforika === ''Tshedimosetso e nngwe: [[:en:Climate_change_in_Kenya|Phetogo ya]]'' ''[[:en:Climate_change_in_Kenya|seemo sa bosa kwa Kenya]], [[:en:Climate_change_in_Tanzania|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Tanzania|seemo sa bosa kwa Tanzania]], [[:en:Climate_change_in_Ethiopia|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Ethiopia|seemo sa bosa kwa Ethiopia]], le [[:en:Climate_change_in_South_Sudan|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_South_Sudan|seemo sa bosa kwa Sudan Borwa]]'' E le mo e ka nnang gotlhelele mo boboatsatsi, pula mo [[:en:East_Africa|Botlhaba jwa Aforika]] e laolwa ke go fuduga ga dipaka ga setlhopha sa pula ya boboatsatsi.<ref>Nicholson, Sharon E. (2017). "[[doi:10.1002/2016RG000544|Climate and climatic variability of rainfall over eastern Africa".]] ''Reviews of Geophysics''. '''55''' (3): 590–635. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017RvGeo..55..590N 2017RvGeo..55..590N.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/2016RG000544|10.1002/2016RG000544.]]</ref> Botlhaba jwa Aforika bo tlhomololwa ke go fetogafetoga mo go kwa godimo ga pula ya lefelo le nako ka gonne e akaretsa go feta selekanyo sa mogote sa didikirii di le masome a mararo tsa boleele jwa bophara (go kgabaganya mola wa equator). E na le ditlhotlheletso go tswa kwa Mawatleng a India le Atlantic ka bobedi, mme e na le diponagalo tse dikgolo tsa thutafatshe (dithaba) mmogo le metsi a a kwa teng jaaka [[:en:Lake_Victoria|Letsha la Victoria]]. Ka jalo, paka ya pula e farologana go tswa mo pakeng e le nngwe ya pula ka ngwaga ka kgwedi ya Phukwi go ya kwa kgwedi ya Phatwe mo dikarolong tsa bokonebophirima (go akaretsa mafatshe a Ethiopia le Sudan Borwa, tse di golaganeng thata ka bosa le Bophirima jwa Aforika , ka phefo ya dipula ya paka ya Aforika Bophirima e e tlisang dipula) go ya go paka e le nngwe ya pula ka ngwaga ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole go ya kwa kgweding ya Tlhakole) mo borwa (go feta lefatshe la Tanzania) le mafelo a le mantsi a gaufi le mola wa bogare jwa lefatshe e e nang le dipaka tse pedi tsa dipula ka ngwaga,<ref>Dunning, Caroline M.; Black, Emily C. L.; Allan, Richard P. (2016). "[[doi:10.1002/2016JD025428|The onset and cessation of seasonal rainfall over Africa]]". ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres''. '''121''' (19): 11, 405–11, 424. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JGRD..12111405D 2016JGRD..12111405D.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/2016JD025428|10.1002/2016JD025428]].</ref> mo e ka nnang ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo go ya kwa kgweding ya Motsheganong ("Dipula tse ditelele") le kgwedi ya phalane go ya go kwa kgweding ya Sedimonthole ("Dipula tse dikhutshwane"). Go farologana ga selekanyo se se boleta mo dipakeng tsa pula gantsi go golaganngwa le thutafatshe ya lefatshe le makadiba. Pharologano ya magareng ga ngwaga e ka nna kgolo mme ditaolo tse di itsegeng di akaretsa dipharologano tsa [[:en:Sea_surface_temperatures|megote tsa boalogodimo jwa Lewatle]] (SSTs) tsa dibeiseneng tse di farologaneng tsa lewatle, mekgwa e megolo ya go fetoga ga lefaufau jaaka [[:en:Madden–Julian_oscillation|Madden–Julian Osciliation]] (MJO)<ref>Vellinga, Michael; Milton, Sean (2018). "[[doi:10.1002/qj.3263|Drivers of interannual variability of the East African 'Long Rains]]'". ''Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society''. '''144''' (1): 861–876. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018QJRMS.144..861V 2018QJRMS.144..861V.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/qj.3263|10.1002/qj.3263.]]</ref><ref name=":15">Finney, Declan L.; Marsham, John H.; Jackson, Lawrence S.; Kendon, Elizabeth J.; Rowell, David P.; Boorman, Penelope M.; Keane, Richard J.; Stratton, Rachel A.; Senior, Catherine A. (5 February 2019). "[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0387.1|Implications of Improved Representation of Convection for the East Africa Water Budget Using a Convection-Permitting Model]]". ''Journal of Climate''. '''32''' (7): 2109–2129. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019JCli...32.2109F 2019JCli...32.2109F.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0387.1|10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0387.1.]]</ref> le ditsuatsue tsa boboatsatsi<ref name=":15" /><ref>Kilavi, Mary; MacLeod, Dave; Ambani, Maurine; Robbins, Joanne; Dankers, Rutger; Graham, Richard; Titley, Helen; Salih, Abubakr A. M.; Todd, Martin C. (December 2018). [[doi:10.3390/atmos9120472|"Extreme Rainfall and Flooding over Central Kenya Including Nairobi City during the Long-Rains Season 2018: Causes, Predictability, and Potential for Early Warning and Actions]]". ''Atmosphere''. '''9''' (12): 472. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Atmos...9..472K 2018Atmos...9..472K]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/atmos9120472|10.3390/atmos9120472.]]</ref> Dipula tse ditelele ke paka e kgolo ya go jala dijalo mo kgaolong. Go bonelapele ga gare ga dingwaga ga paka e go kwa tlase fa go bapisiwa le Dipula tse di Khutshwane, mme go omisa ga sešweng go farologana le diponelopele tsa seemo sa bosa sa isago e e metsi ("Kganetsano ya seemo sa bosa sa Aforika Botlhaba".<ref>Rowell, David P.; Booth, Ben B. B.; Nicholson, Sharon E.; Good, Peter (15 December 2015). "Reconciling Past and Future Rainfall Trends over East Africa". ''Journal of Climate''. '''28''' (24): 9768–9788. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JCli...28.9768R 2015JCli...28.9768R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1|10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129146135 129146135].</ref>). Botlhaba jwa Afrika e nnile le komelelo e e nnang teng kgapetsakgapetsa le e e masisi mo masomeng a dingwaga a bosheng jaana, mmogo le merwalela e e senyang. Diphetogo tsa pula go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 di bontsha phokotsego ka kakaretso mo dipuleng tsa paka tsa kgwedi ya Mopitlo go ya kwa kgweding ya Motsheganong (MAM) ka koketsego e nnye ka nako ya dipula tsa kgwedi ya Seetebosigo go ya kwa ya Lwetse (JJAS) le kgwedi ya Phalane go ya kwa kgweding ya Sedimonthole (OND),<ref>Bernhofer, Christian; Hülsmann, Stephan; Gebrechorkos, Solomon H. (6 August 2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6684806 "Long-term trends in rainfall and temperature using high-resolution climate datasets in East Africa]". ''Scientific Reports''. '''9''' (1) 11376. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatSR...911376G 2019NatSR...911376G]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41598-019-47933-8|10.1038/s41598-019-47933-8.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6684806 6684806]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31388068 31388068].</ref> le fa go lebega go nnile le phokotsego ya bošeng mo dipuleng tsa MAM.<ref name=":27">Wainwright, Caroline M.; Marsham, John H.; Keane, Richard J.; Rowell, David P.; Finney, Declan L.; Black, Emily; Allan, Richard P. (12 September 2019). "'[[doi:10.1038/s41612-019-0091-7|Eastern African Paradox' rainfall decline due to shorter not less intense Long Rains]]". ''npj Climate and Atmospheric Science''. '''2''' (1): 34. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019npCAS...2...34W 2019npCAS...2...34W.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41612-019-0091-7|10.1038/s41612-019-0091-7.]]</ref> Mo isagong, pula le megote di solofetswe go fetoga mo Botlhaba jwa Aforika .<ref name=":17">Dunning, Caroline M.; Black, Emily; Allan, Richard P. (December 2018). "Later Wet Seasons with More Intense Rainfall over Africa under Future Climate Change". ''Journal of Climate''. '''31''' (23): 9719–9738. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JCli...31.9719D 2018JCli...31.9719D.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0102.1|10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0102.1]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52990163 52990163].</ref><ref>Muhati, Godwin Leslie; Olago, Daniel; Olaka, Lydia (1 October 2018). "[[doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00469|Past and projected rainfall and temperature trends in a sub-humid Montane Forest in Northern Kenya based on the CMIP5 model ensemble"]]. ''Global Ecology and Conservation''. '''16''' e00469. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018GEcoC..1600469M 2018GEcoC..1600469M.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00469|10.1016/j.gecco.2018.e00469.]]</ref><ref name=":18">Rowell, David P.; Senior, Catherine A.; Vellinga, Michael; Graham, Richard J. (1 February 2016). "[[doi:10.1007/s10584-015-1554-4|Can climate projection uncertainty be constrained over Africa using metrics of contemporary performance]]?". ''Climatic Change''. '''134''' (4): 621–633. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ClCh..134..621R 2016ClCh..134..621R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10584-015-1554-4|10.1007/s10584-015-1554-4.]]</ref> Dithutopatlisiso tsa sešweng ka ga diponelopele tsa seemo sa bosa di supa gore mogote o o magareng e ka oketsega ka bokana ka mogote jwa Celcius tse pedi go ya borarong (2–3 °C) mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo le selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius tse pedi go ya kwa botlhanong (2–5 °C) kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":19">Bornemann, F. Jorge; Rowell, David P.; Evans, Barbara; Lapworth, Dan J.; Lwiza, Kamazima; Macdonald, David M.J.; Marsham, John H.; Tesfaye, Kindie; Ascott, Matthew J.; Way, Celia (1 October 2019). "[[doi:10.1007/s10584-019-02499-2|Future changes and uncertainty in decision-relevant measures of East African climate]]". ''Climatic Change''. '''156''' (3): 365–384. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ClCh..156..365B 2019ClCh..156..365B.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10584-019-02499-2|10.1007/s10584-019-02499-2.]]</ref> Se se tla ikaega ka [[:en:Climate_change_scenario|ditiragalo tsa kgololo]] mmogo le ka fa seemo sa bosa ya nnete e tsibogang ka teng fa e bapisiwa le mefuta ya dipoelo tse di ka nnang teng tse di bontshiwang ke dikai. Diponelopele tsa sekao tsa seemo sa bosa di na le go bontsha koketsego ya pula, bogolosegolo ka paka ya OND, e gape e akanyediwang go diragala moragonyana. Tiego e mo pakeng e khutshwane ya dipula, e golagantswe le go tsenelela ga Saharan Heat Low ka fa tlase ga phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref name=":17" /> Le fa go ntse jalo, dikai dingwe di bonelapele go fokotsega ga pula,<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /> mme mo dikgaolong dingwe le dipaka dingwe dikoketso tse dikgolo thata tsa pula tse di bonelwang pele di bontshitswe di akaretsa mekgwa e e sa dumelegeng ka ntlha ya diphoso tsa sekao se se rulagantsweng.<ref>Rowell, David P. (2019). [[doi:10.1029/2019GL082847|"An Observational Constraint on CMIP5 Projections of the East African Long Rains and Southern Indian Ocean Warming]]". ''Geophysical Research Letters''. '''46''' (11): 6050–6058. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019GeoRL..46.6050R 2019GeoRL..46.6050R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1029/2019GL082847|10.1029/2019GL082847.]]</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, diphetogo tsa di-aerosol di tlamela ka phetogo ya pula e e sa tseweng mo ditshekatshekong tse dintsi tsa diponelopele tsa seemo sa bosa.<ref>Scannell, Claire; Booth, Ben B. B.; Dunstone, Nick J.; Rowell, David P.; Bernie, Dan J.; Kasoar, Matthew; Voulgarakis, Apostolos; Wilcox, Laura J.; Acosta Navarro, Juan C.; Seland, Øyvind; Paynter, David J. (13 September 2019). "[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0716.1|The Influence of Remote Aerosol Forcing from Industrialized Economies on the Future Evolution of East and West African Rainfall"]]. ''Journal of Climate''. '''32''' (23): 8335–8354. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019JCli...32.8335S 2019JCli...32.8335S]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0716.1|10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0716.1.]] [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10044/1/75583|10044/1/75583.]]</ref><ref name=":28">Rowell, David P.; Booth, Ben B. B.; Nicholson, Sharon E.; Good, Peter (7 October 2015). "Reconciling Past and Future Rainfall Trends over East Africa". ''Journal of Climate''. '''28''' (24): 9768–9788. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JCli...28.9768R 2015JCli...28.9768R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1|10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0140.1.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129146135 129146135].</ref> Pharologano ya tlwaelo ya go oma ga pula ya MAM (dipula tse ditelele) mo Aforika Botlhaba jwa mola wa bogare, ka bontsi jwa dikai tse di bonelapele go koloba mo isagong e tshwailwe "kganetsano ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ya Botlhaba jwa Aforika"<ref name=":28" />, le fa go nnile le go boela mannong ga bošeng mo puleng.<ref name=":27" /> Dithutopatlisiso di bontshitse gore tlwaelo ya go omisa ga e kgonagale go nna ya tlhago fela, fela e ka kgweediwa ke mabaka a a jaaka di-aerosol go na le digase tsa tshwarang mogote molefaufaung,<ref name=":28" /> go tlhokega dipatlisiso tse dingwe. Go oma go bontshitswe go bakilwe ke paka e khutshwane ya dipula, mme go golaganngwa le go tsenelela ga Mogote wa Arabian Heat Low.<ref name=":27" /> Go tsamaelana le go sa tlhomamisegeng ga diponelopele tsa pula, diphetogo mo tshimologong ya [[:en:Rainy_seasons|dipaka tsa pula]] ga di tlhomamisege mo Botlhaba jwa Aforika jwa mola wa bogare wa lefatshe, le fa dikai tse dintsi di bonelapele dipula tse dikhutshwane tsa moragonyana le tse di metsi.<ref name=":17" /> [[:en:Indian_Ocean_Dipole|Dipole ya Lewatle la India]] (IOD) e itsege ka go tlamela ka taolo e e maatla mo go fetogeng ga magareng ga dingwaga mo dipuleng tse dikhutshwane,<ref>Black, Emily; Slingo, Julia; Sperber, Kenneth R. (1 January 2003). [https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0493%282003%29131%3C0074%3AAOSOTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2 "An Observational Study of the Relationship between Excessively Strong Short Rains in Coastal East Africa and Indian Ocean SST]". ''Monthly Weather Review''. '''131''' (1): 74–94. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003MWRv..131...74B 2003MWRv..131...74B.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0493%282003%29131%3C0074%3AAOSOTR%3E2.0.CO%3B2 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131&#x3C;0074:AOSOTR&#x3E;2.0.CO&#x3B;2.]</ref> mme dithutopatlisiso di bontsha gore di-IOD tse di feteletseng di ka oketsega ka fa tlase ga phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>Cai, Wenju; Wang, Guojian; Gan, Bolan; Wu, Lixin; Santoso, Agus; Lin, Xiaopei; Chen, Zhaohui; Jia, Fan; Yamagata, Toshio (12 April 2018). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5897553 Stabilised frequency of extreme positive Indian Ocean Dipole under 1.5 °C warming]". ''Nature Communications''. '''9''' (1) 1419. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatCo...9.1419C 2018NatCo...9.1419C.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03789-6|10.1038/s41467-018-03789-6]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5897553 5897553]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29650992 29650992].</ref> Lefatshe ka bophara, phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e solofetswe go lebisa kwa go gateleleng ga pula, ka pula e e feteletseng e oketsega ka seelo se se bonako fa go thuthafala go feta pula yotlhe<ref>IPCC (2018). [https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/ "Global Warming of 1.5°C: an IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty"]. ''IPCC''. Retrieved 16 February 2020.</ref> Tiro ya sešweng e bontsha gore go ralala Aforika dikai tsa lefatshe di solofetswe go nyatsa seelo sa phetogo ya go oketsega ga pula e,<ref name=":1" /> mme diphetogo mo go feteletseng ga pula di ka nna tsa anama thata go feta tse di bonelwang pele ke dikai tsa lefatshe.<ref>Finney, Declan L.; Marsham, John H.; Rowell, David P.; Kendon, Elizabeth J.; Tucker, Simon O.; Stratton, Rachel A.; Jackson, Lawrence S. (22 January 2020). "[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0328.1|Effects of explicit convection on future projections of mesoscale circulations, rainfall and rainfall extremes over Eastern Africa"]]. ''Journal of Climate''. '''33''' (7): 2701–2718. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020JCli...33.2701F 2020JCli...33.2701F]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0328.1|10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0328.1.]]</ref> Dikarolo tse di kwa borwa jwa Aforika Botlhaba di amogela bontsi jwa pula ya tsone mo pakeng e le nngwe ya pula ka nako ya mariga a hemisefere e e kwa borwa: mo godimo ga Tanzania pula ya paka e solofetswe go oketsega ka fa tlase ga phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ya isago, le fa go na le go sa tlhomamang.<ref name=":17" /> Go ya kwa borwa, mo godimo ga Mozambique, paka e khutshwane ka ntlha ya go simolola moragonyana e akanyediwa ka fa tlase ga phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ya isago, gape ka go sa tlhomamang go go rileng.<ref>Wang, Bin; Liu, De Li; Waters, Cathy; Yu, Qiang (2 October 2018). "Quantifying sources of uncertainty in projected wheat yield changes under climate change in eastern Australia". ''Climatic Change''. '''151''' (2): 259–273. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ClCh..151..259W 2018ClCh..151..259W.] doi:[[doi:10.1007/s10584-018-2306-z|10.1007/s10584-018-2306-z]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158743534 158743534].</ref> Jaaka sekai, [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] e na le bothata jo bo kwa godimo jwa ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa. [[:en:Climate_hazards|Dikotsi tse dikgolo tsa seemo sa bosa]] di akaretsa [[:en:Drought|komelelo]] le [[:en:Flood|merwalela]] ka gonne go ka direga gore pula e nne e e tseneletseng e bile e se ka ya bonelwa kwa pele. [[:en:Climate_model|Dikai tsa seemo sa bosa]] di bonela pele gore megote e tla tlhatloga ka lefala ntlha tlhano go ya koselekanyong sa mogote sa Celcius tse pedi.<ref>World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal. "[https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/kenya/vulnerability Kenya (Vulnerability)"]. Retrieved 28 January 2021.</ref> Mo mafelong a a sa tlhomamang a toropong ya [[:en:Nairobi|Nairobi]] phelelo ya [[:en:Urban_heat_island|setlhaketlhake sa mogote wa toropo]] e oketsa bothata ka gonne e dira megote e e bothitho le go feta tsa tikologo. Se ke ka ntlha ya didirisiwa tsa go aga mo matlong, go tlhoka go tsenya mowa, lefelo le letala le le sesane, le go sa kgone go bona maatla a motlakase le ditirelo tse dingwe.<ref>Hirch, Aurther (November 2017). [https://hub.jhu.edu/2017/11/06/deadly-climate-change-disproportionately-affects-africa/ "Effects of climate change likely to be more deadly in poor African settlements]".</ref> === Bokone jwa Aforika === ''Karolo e ke nopolo go tswa mo [[:en:Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa|Phetogong ya]]'' ''[[:en:Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa|Seemo sa Bosa kwa Botlhabagare le Aforika Bokone.]]''[[Setshwantsho:Middle East map of Köppen climate classification.svg|thumb]] [[Setshwantsho:Koppen-Geiger Map Northern Africa future.svg|thumb|Ditshwantso tsa mafatshe tsa tlhaolo ya seemo sa bosa tsa Botlhabagare ga jaana (kwa godimo) le tse di bonelwang pele tsa Aforika Bokone tsa ngwaga wa di 2071 go ya kwa ngwageng 2100 ka fa tlase ga boemo jo bo tseneletseng thata jwa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa(kwa tlase). Ditiragalo tsa magareng ga jaana di tsewa di ka nna teng thata.<ref>Hausfather, Zeke; Peters, Glen (29 January 2020). "[[doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3|Emissions – the 'business as usual' story is misleading"]]. ''Nature''. '''577''' (7792): 618–20. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Natur.577..618H 2020Natur.577..618H.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3|10.1038/d41586-020-00177-3.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31996825 31996825].</ref><ref>Schuur, Edward A.G.; Abbott, Benjamin W.; Commane, Roisin; Ernakovich, Jessica; Euskirchen, Eugenie; Hugelius, Gustaf; Grosse, Guido; Jones, Miriam; Koven, Charlie; Leshyk, Victor; Lawrence, David; Loranty, Michael M.; Mauritz, Marguerite; Olefeldt, David; Natali, Susan; Rodenhizer, Heidi; Salmon, Verity; Schädel, Christina; Strauss, Jens; Treat, Claire; Turetsky, Merritt (2022). "[[doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847|Permafrost and Climate Change: Carbon Cycle Feedbacks From the Warming Arctic]]". ''Annual Review of Environment and Resources''. '''47''': 343–371. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847|10.1146/annurev-environ-012220-011847.]] <q>Medium-range estimates of Arctic carbon emissions could result from moderate climate emission mitigation policies that keep global warming below 3°C (e.g., RCP4.5). This global warming level most closely matches country emissions reduction pledges made for the Paris Climate Agreement...</q></ref><ref>Phiddian, Ellen (5 April 2022). "[https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/climate/explainer-ipcc-scenarios/ Explainer: IPCC Scenarios]". ''[[:en:Cosmos_(magazine)|Cosmos]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230920224129/https://cosmosmagazine.com/earth/climate/explainer-ipcc-scenarios/ Archived] from the original on 20 September 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2023. <q>"The IPCC doesn't make projections about which of these scenarios is more likely, but other researchers and modellers can. [[:en:The_Australian_Academy_of_Science|The Australian Academy of Science]], for instance, released a report last year stating that our current emissions trajectory had us headed for a 3°C warmer world, roughly in line with the middle scenario. [[:en:Climate_Action_Tracker|Climate Action Tracker]] predicts 2.5 to 2.9°C of warming based on current policies and action, with pledges and government agreements taking this to 2.1°C.</q></ref>]] Ka ngwaga wa 2018, kgaolo ya [[:en:MENA|MENA]] e ne ya ntsha bokete jwa ditone di le didikadike di le tharo ntlha pedi tsa ghese ya carbon dioxide mme ya ntsha karolo ya borobabobedi ntlha supa mo lekgolong ya [[:en:Greenhouse_gas_emissions|mesi ya digase tse di tshawarang mogote mo loaping tsa lefatshe]] (GHG)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201011125320/http://www.globalcarbonatlas.org/en/CO2-emissions "CO2 Emissions]". ''Global Carbon Atlas''. Archived from [https://www.globalcarbonatlas.org/en/CO2-emissions the original] on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 10 April 2020.</ref> le fa e ne e dira fela karolo ya borataro mo lekgolong ya baagi ba lefatshe.<ref>[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=ZQ-1W "Population, total – Middle East & North Africa, World"]. ''World Bank Open Data''. Retrieved 11 April 2020.</ref> Mesi e e tswa thata mo lekalaneng la maatla,<ref>Abbass, Rana Alaa; Kumar, Prashant; El-Gendy, Ahmed (February 2018). "[http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/845102/1/An%20Overview%20of%20Monitoring%20and%20Reduction%20Strategies%20for%20Health%20and%20Climate%201%20Change%20Related%20Emissions%20in%20the%20Middle%20East%20and%20North%20Africa%20Region.pdf An overview of monitoring and reduction strategies for health and climate change related emissions in the Middle East and North Africa region"] (PDF). ''Atmospheric Environment''. '''175''': 33–43. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AtmEn.175...33A 2018AtmEn.175...33A.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.061|10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.061.]] [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1352-2310 1352-2310]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210614234546/http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/845102/1/An%20Overview%20of%20Monitoring%20and%20Reduction%20Strategies%20for%20Health%20and%20Climate%201%20Change%20Related%20Emissions%20in%20the%20Middle%20East%20and%20North%20Africa%20Region.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 14 June 2021 &#x2013; via Surrey Research Insight Open Access.</ref> e leng karolo e e botlhokwa ya itsholelo e e ntsi ya [[:en:Middle_Eastern|Botlhabagare]] le ya [[:en:North_Africa|Bokone jwa Aforika]] ka ntlha ya dipolokelo tse dintsi tsa [[:en:Petroleum|mahura]] le [[:en:Natural_gas|ghese ya tlholego]] tse di fitlhelwang mo kgaolong eo.<ref>Al-mulali, Usama (1 October 2011). [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544211005226 "Oil consumption, CO2 emission and economic growth in MENA countries]". ''Energy''. '''36''' (10): 6165–6171. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.energy.2011.07.048|10.1016/j.energy.2011.07.048.]] [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-5442 0360-5442.]</ref><ref>Tagliapietra, Simone (1 November 2019). "[[doi:10.1016/j.esr.2019.100397|The impact of the global energy transition on MENA oil and gas producers]]". ''Energy Strategy Reviews''. '''26''' 100397. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.esr.2019.100397|10.1016/j.esr.2019.100397]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2211-467X 2211-467X.]</ref>Kgaolo ya Botlhabagare ke nngwe ya tse di [[:en:Climate_change_vulnerability|ka amiwang thata ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa]]. Ditlamorago di akaretsa koketsego ya maemo a [[:en:Drought|leuba]], komelelo, [[:en:Heat_wave|makhubu a mogote]] le go [[:en:Sea_level_rise|tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle]]. Diphetogo tse di bogale tsa mogote ya lefatshe le bogodimo jwa lewatle, go fetoga ga mekgwa tsa pula le go oketsega ga makgetlo a ditiragalo tsa maemo a [[:en:Extreme_weather|tepo loapi]] a a feteletseng ke dingwe tsa ditlamorago tse dikgolo tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa jaaka di supilwe ke [[:en:Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change|Phanele ya Dipuso ka ga Phetogo ya Seemo sa Bosa]] (IPCC).<ref name=":29">IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Core Writing Team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer (eds.)]. IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 151 pp.</ref> Kgaolo ya MENA e mo kotsing thata ya ditlamorago tse di jalo ka ntlha ya tikologo ya yona e e omeletseng le e e omeletseng go sekae, e lebane le dikgwetlho tsa seemo sa bosa tse di jaaka pula e e kwa tlase, megote e e kwa godimo le mmu o o omileng.<ref name=":29" /><ref>El-Fadel, M.; Bou-Zeid, E. (2003). "Climate change and water resources in the Middle East: vulnerability, socio-economic impacts and adaptation". ''Climate Change in the Mediterranean''. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4337/9781781950258.00015|10.4337/9781781950258.00015.]] [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10535/6396|10535/6396]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781781950258|9781781950258]]</bdi>.</ref> Maemo a seemo sa bosa a a rotloetsang dikgwetlho tse di jalo mo MENA a akanyediwa ke IPCC go nna maswe le go feta mo ngwagakgolong otlhe wa masome a mabedi le bongwe.<ref name=":29" /> Fa [[:en:Greenhouse_gas_emissions|mesi ya digase tse di kapang mogote mo loaping]] e sa fokodiwe thata, karolo ya kgaolo ya MENA e mo kotsing ya go sa kgone go agiwa pele ga ngwaga wa 2100.<ref>Broom, Douglas (5 April 2019). "[https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/04/middle-east-front-lines-climate-change-mena/ How the Middle East is suffering on the front lines of climate change]". ''World Economic Forum''. Retrieved 4 February 2020.</ref><ref>Gornall, Jonathan (24 April 2019). [https://www.euractiv.com/section/climate-environment/opinion/with-climate-change-life-in-the-gulf-could-become-impossible/ "With climate change, life in the Gulf could become impossible"]. Euroactive. Retrieved 4 February 2020.</ref><ref>Pal, Jeremy S.; Eltahir, Elfatih A. B. (26 October 2015). "Future temperature in southwest Asia projected to exceed a threshold for human adaptability". ''Nature Climate Change''. '''6''' (2): 197–200. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/nclimate2833|10.1038/nclimate2833.]] [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1758-678X 1758-678X.]</ref> ''Tshedimosetso e e'' ''oketsegileng: [[:en:Climate_change_in_Algeria|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Algeria|seemo sa bosa kwa Algeria]] le [[:en:Climate_change_in_Morocco|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Morocco|seemo sa bosa kwa Morocco]]'' === Aforika Bophirima le Sahel === ''Tshedimosetso e e oketsegileng: [[:en:Climate_change_in_Ghana|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Ghana|seemo sa bosa kwa Ghana]], [[:en:Climate_change_in_Nigeria|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Nigeria|seemo sa bosa kwa Nigeria]], [[:en:Climate_change_in_Senegal|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Senegal|seemo sa bosa kwa Senegal]], [[:en:Climate_change_in_the_Gambia|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_the_Gambia|seemo sa bosa kwa Gambia]], le [[:en:Climate_change_in_Mali|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Mali|seemo sa bosa kwa Mali]]'' Kgaolo ya Bophirima jwa Aforika e ka kgaoganngwa ka dikgaolopotlana di le nne tsa seemo sa bosa e leng Lebopo la Guinea, Soudano-Sahel, Sahel (e e atologelang kwa botlhaba go ya kwa molelwaneng wa Ethiopia) le Sahara,<ref>Agyeman, Richard Yao Kuma; Quansah, Emmannuel; Lamptey, Benjamin; Annor, Thompson; Agyekum, Jacob (2018). [[doi:10.1155/2018/4853681|"Evaluation of CMIP5 Global Climate Models over the Volta Basin: Precipitation]]". ''Advances in Meteorology''. '''2018''' (1): 1–24. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AdMet201853681A 2018AdMet201853681A.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1155/2018/4853681|10.1155/2018/4853681]].</ref> nngwe le nngwe e na le maemo a a farologaneng a seemo sa bosa. Modikologo wa pula ya paka o kgweediwa thata ke motsamao wa borwa–bokone wa [[:en:Intertropical_Convergence_Zone|Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone]] (ITCZ) e e tlhaolwang ke go kopana ga diphefo tse di metsi tsa borwabophirima jwa monsoon le Harmattan e e omileng ya bokonebotlhaba.<ref>Sultan, Benjamin; Janicot, Serge (1 November 2003). "[https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0442%282003%29016%3C3407%3ATWAMDP%3E2.0.CO%3B2 The West African Monsoon Dynamics. Part II: The 'Preonset' and 'Onset' of the Summer Monsoon"]. ''Journal of Climate''. '''16''' (21): 3407–3427. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JCli...16.3407S 2003JCli...16.3407S]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0442%282003%29016%3C3407%3ATWAMDP%3E2.0.CO%3B2 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016&#x3C;3407:TWAMDP&#x3E;2.0.CO&#x3B;2].</ref> Go ikaegilwe ka pharologano ya pula ya magareng ga dingwaga, dipaka tse tharo tse dikgolo tsa seemo sa bosa di lemogilwe mo godimo ga Sahel: paka e e metsi go tloga ka dingwaga tsa 1950 go ya kwa tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1960 e latelwa ke paka e e omileng go tloga ka dingwaga tsa 1972 go ya ko dingwageng tsa 1990 mme morago ga moo paka go tloga ka dingwaga tsa 1991 go ya pele e e boneng pula e ntsi gape ka selekanyo sengwe.<ref>Le Barbé, Luc; Lebel, Thierry; Tapsoba, Dominique (1 January 2002). "[https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0442%282002%29015%3C0187%3ARVIWAD%3E2.0.CO%3B2 Rainfall Variability in West Africa during the Years 1950–90]". ''Journal of Climate''. '''15''' (2): 187–202. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002JCli...15..187L 2002JCli...15..187L.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0442%282002%29015%3C0187%3ARVIWAD%3E2.0.CO%3B2 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015&#x3C;0187:RVIWAD&#x3E;2.0.CO&#x3B;2].</ref><ref>Rowell, David P. (2003). "[https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0442%282003%29016%3C0849%3Atiomso%3E2.0.co%3B2 The Impact of Mediterranean SSTS on the Sahelian Rainfall Season]". ''Journal of Climate''. '''16''' (5): 849–862. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JCli...16..849R 2003JCli...16..849R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0442%282003%29016%3C0849%3Atiomso%3E2.0.co%3B2 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016&#x3C;0849:tiomso&#x3E;2.0.co&#x3B;2].</ref><ref>Nicholson, Sharon E.; Fink, Andreas H.; Funk, Chris (2018). [[doi:10.1002/joc.5530|"Assessing recovery and change in West Africa's rainfall regime from a 161-year record]]". ''International Journal of Climatology''. '''38''' (10): 3770–3786. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJCli..38.3770N 2018IJCli..38.3770N.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/joc.5530|10.1002/joc.5530.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134207640 134207640].</ref> Ka nako ya komelelo, Sahel e ne ya itemogela ditiragalo di le mmalwa tsa komelelo tse di masisi thata, ka ditlamorago tse di senyang.<ref name=":30">Funk, Chris; Fink, Andreas H.; Nicholson, Sharon E. (1 August 2018). [[doi:10.1002/joc.5530|"Assessing recovery and change in West Africa's rainfall regime from a 161-year record"]]. ''International Journal of Climatology''. '''38''' (10): 3770–3786. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018IJCli..38.3770N 2018IJCli..38.3770N.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/joc.5530|10.1002/joc.5530.]]</ref><ref>Nicholson, Sharon E. (2013). "[[doi:10.1155/2013/453521|The West African Sahel: A Review of Recent Studies on the Rainfall Regime and Its Interannual Variability]]". ''ISRN Meteorology''. '''2013''': 1–32. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1155/2013/453521|10.1155/2013/453521]].</ref> Dingwagasome tsa sešweng, le tsone di bone koketsego e e magareng ya pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga fa e sale ka tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1990. Le fa go ntse jalo, palogotlhe ya pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga e santse e le kwa tlase thata ga e e lemogilweng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950.<ref>Panthou, G; Lebel, T; Vischel, T; Quantin, G; Sane, Y; Ba, A; Ndiaye, O; Diongue-Niang, A; Diopkane, M (June 2018). [[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac334|"Rainfall intensification in tropical semi-arid regions: the Sahelian case]]". ''Environmental Research Letters''. '''13''' (6) 064013. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ERL....13f4013P 2018ERL....13f4013P.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aac334|10.1088/1748-9326/aac334.]]</ref><ref name=":30" /> Bangwe ba supile dingwagasome tse pedi tsa bosheng jaaka paka ya go boela mannong.<ref>Sanogo, Souleymane; Fink, Andreas H.; Omotosho, Jerome A.; Ba, Abdramane; Redl, Robert; Ermert, Volker (2015). "Spatio-temporal characteristics of the recent rainfall recovery in West Africa". ''International Journal of Climatology''. '''35''' (15): 4589–4605. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015IJCli..35.4589S 2015IJCli..35.4589S]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/joc.4309|10.1002/joc.4309]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129607595 129607595].</ref> Ba bangwe ba bitsa se jaaka paka ya "go gagamatsa ga metsi" ka bontsi jwa koketsego ya pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga e e tswang mo ditiragalong tse di masisi thata tsa pula mme ka dinako tse dingwe morwalela go na le pula e e nang kgapetsakgapetsa, kgotsa ka tsela e e tshwanang ditiro tse dingwe <ref>L'Hote, Yann; Mahe, Gil; Some, Bonaventure (June 2003). [[doi:10.1623/hysj.48.3.493.45283|"The 1990s rainfall in the Sahel: the third driest decade since the beginning of the century"]]. ''Hydrological Sciences Journal''. '''48''' (3): 493–496. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003HydSJ..48..493L 2003HydSJ..48..493L.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1623/hysj.48.3.493.45283|10.1623/hysj.48.3.493.45283.]]</ref><ref>Nicholson, S. E.; Some, B.; Kone, B. (1 July 2000). [https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0442%282000%29013%3C2628%3AAAORRC%3E2.0.CO%3B2 "An Analysis of Recent Rainfall Conditions in West Africa, Including the Rainy Seasons of the 1997 El Niño and the 1998 La Niña Years]". ''Journal of Climate''. '''13''' (14): 2628–2640. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JCli...13.2628N 2000JCli...13.2628N.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0442%282000%29013%3C2628%3AAAORRC%3E2.0.CO%3B2 10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013&#x3C;2628:AAORRC&#x3E;2.0.CO&#x3B;2.]</ref> di thalela tsweletso ya komelelo le fa pula e oketsegile. Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 1985, karolo ya masome a mane mo lekgolong tsa baagi di amilwe ke merwalela e le metlhano kgotsa go feta mo dinageng di le lesome le bosupa tsa kgaolo ya Sahel.<ref>Livelihood Security Climate Change, Migration and Conflict in the Sahel {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228014910/http://www.unep.org/pdf/UNEP_Sahel_EN.pdf|date=28 February 2017}} 2011</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2012, go ne ga begwa gore go ne go na le [[:en:2012_Sahel_drought|komelelo e e masisi]] kwa Sahel. Dipuso tsa kgaolo di ne tsa tsiboga ka bonako, tsa simolola maano a go samagana le kgang eno.<ref>Fominyen, George. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20120603231542/http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/coming-weeks-critical-to-tackle-sahel-hunger-un-humanitarian-chief/ Coming weeks critical to tackle Sahel hunger – U.N. humanitarian chief]". Thomson Reuters Foundation. Archived from [http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/coming-weeks-critical-to-tackle-sahel-hunger-un-humanitarian-chief the original] on 3 June 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2012.</ref> Kgaolo e solofetswe go itemogela diphetogo mo pusong ya pula, ka dikai tsa seemo sa bosa tse di akantshang gore phokotsego ya pula ya paka e e metsi e ka nna teng thata kwa bophirima jwa Sahel, le koketsego e ka nna teng kwa bogareng go ya kwa botlhaba jwa Sahel, le fa diphetogo tse di fapaaneng di ise di kgaphelwe kwa thoko.<ref>Rowell, David P.; Senior, Catherine A.; Vellinga, Michael; Graham, Richard J. (2016). "[[doi:10.1007/s10584-015-1554-4|Can climate projection uncertainty be constrained over Africa using metrics of contemporary performance?]]". ''Climatic Change''. '''134''' (4): 621–633. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016ClCh..134..621R 2016ClCh..134..621R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10584-015-1554-4|10.1007/s10584-015-1554-4.]]</ref><ref name=":31">Berthou, Ségolène; Rowell, David P.; Kendon, Elizabeth J.; Roberts, Malcolm J.; Stratton, Rachel A.; Crook, Julia A.; Wilcox, Catherine (August 2019). [[doi:10.1007/s00382-019-04759-4|"Improved climatological precipitation characteristics over West Africa at convection-permitting scales]]". ''Climate Dynamics''. '''53''' (3–4): 1991–2011. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ClDy...53.1991B 2019ClDy...53.1991B.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00382-019-04759-4|10.1007/s00382-019-04759-4]].</ref><ref name=":1" /> Diphetogo tse di tla ama makgetlo le bokete jwa merwalela, komelelo, [[:en:Desertification|go nna sekaka]], ditsuatsue tsa motlhaba le lerole, dipetso tsa tsie ya sekaka le tlhaelo ya metsi.<ref>[http://abclive.in/ipcc-climate-change-impacts-africa/ "IPCC Sees Severe Climate Change Impacts on Africa]". ABC Live. ABC Live. Retrieved 7 September 2016.</ref><ref>[[:en:Coleen_Vogel|Vogel, Coleen]]. [https://theconversation.com/why-africa-is-particularly-vulnerable-to-climate-change-41775 "Why Africa is particularly vulnerable to climate change"]. ''The Conversation''. Retrieved 7 August 2017.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, go sa kgathalesege diphetogo tsa pula e e magareng ya paka, ditsuatsue tse di maatla thata di solofetswe go nna tse di maatla thata, go oketsa makgetlo a morwalela.<ref name=":31" /><ref name=":1" />Mesi e e tokafaditsweng ya khabone le thuthafalo ya lefatshe le yona e ka baka koketsego ya dinako tsa komelelo bogolosegolo go kgabaganya Lebopo la Guinea e e amanang le phokotsego ya dinako tsa metsi ka fa tlase ga maemo a thuthafalo ya lefatshe ya selekanyo sa mogote wa Celcius ya bongwe ntlha tlhano le ya bobedi <ref>Klutse, Nana Ama Browne; Ajayi, Vincent O; Gbobaniyi, Emiola Olabode; Egbebiyi, Temitope S; Kouadio, Kouakou; Nkrumah, Francis; Quagraine, Kwesi Akumenyi; Olusegun, Christiana; Diasso, Ulrich; Abiodun, Babatunde J; Lawal, Kamoru; Nikulin, Grigory; Lennard, Christopher; Dosio, Alessandro (1 May 2018). "[[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aab37b|Potential impact of 1.5 °C and 2 °C global warming on consecutive dry and wet days over West Africa]]". ''Environmental Research Letters''. '''13''' (5) 055013. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ERL....13e5013A 2018ERL....13e5013A]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aab37b|10.1088/1748-9326/aab37b.]]</ref> Karolo ya lesome le botlhano mo lekgolong tsa baagi ba kgaolo ya [[:en:Sahel|Sahel]] le tsone di itemogetse koketsego ya mogote o o fetang selekanyo sa Celcius ye nngwe (1 °C) go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1970 go fitlha ka ngwaga ga 2010. Kgaolo ya Sahel, bogolosegolo, e tla itemogela megote e e kwa godimo tsa palogare mo tsamaong ya ngwagakgolo wa msaome a mabedi le bongwe le diphetogo mo mekgweng ya pula, go ya ka [[:en:Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change|Phanele ya Intergovernmental Climate]] [[:en:Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change|Change]] (IPCC). === Borwa jwa Aforika === ''Tshedimosetso e nngwe: [[:en:Climate_change_in_South_Africa|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_South_Africa|seemo sa bosa mo Aforika Borwa]], [[:en:Climate_change_in_Mozambique|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Mozambique|seemo sa bosa kwa Mozambique]], le [[:en:Climate_change_in_Madagascar|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_in_Madagascar|seemo sa bosa kwa Madagascar]]'' == Go tlwaela == ''Tshedimosetso e nngwe: [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|go tlwaela phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|seemo sa bosa]]'' Go fokotsa ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo mafatsheng a Aforika, dikgato tsa go tlwaela di a tlhokega mo dilekanong tse dintsi – go simolola ka maemo a selegae go ya go a bosetšhaba le a kgaolo.<ref>Climate Analytics. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20221117055339/https://climateanalytics.org/media/schaeffer_et_al__2013__africao__s_a_daptation_gap_technical_report.pdf Africa's Adaptation Gap, Technical Report: Climate Change Impacts, Adaptation Challenges, and Costs for Africa"] (PDF). ''Climate Analytics''. Archived from [https://climateanalytics.org/media/schaeffer_et_al__2013__africao__s_a_daptation_gap_technical_report.pdf the original] (PDF) on 17 November 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2021.</ref> Kokomane ya ntlha ya mananeo a go tlwaela mo Aforika e ka tlhalosiwa thata jaaka tse dinnye ka tlhago, tse di tsepamisitsweng mo dipeeletsong tse di ikaeletsweng mo temothuong le go anamisa maranyane go tshegetsa go tsaya ditshwetso tsa go tlwaela.<ref>Troni, Jessica (2018). ''Climate change adaptation in Africa: UNDP synthesis of experiences and recommendations''. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1079881730 1079881730].</ref> Bosheng jaana, maiteko a go dira mananeo a lebisitswe gape kwa maitekong a magolo le a a gokagantsweng, go lebagana le dintlha tse di akaretsang makalana a mantsi. Go ya ka patlisiso ya ngwaga wa 2023, karolo ya masome a matlhano le borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya dibanka tsa Aforika e na le melawana ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e e tlhomilweng, mme karolo ya masome a mabedi le bobedi mo lekgolong e nngwe e rulaganya go tsenya tirisong melawana. Karolo ya masome a marataro le botlhano mo lekgolong ya dibanka ga jaana di akanyetsa kotsi ya seemo sa bosa fa di sekaseka bareki ba bašwa kgotsa mananeo, mme karolo ya masome a mabedi le boraro mo lekgolong e nngwe e solofetse go dira jalo mo isagong.<ref name=":20">Bank, European Investment (27 September 2023). [https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230088-finance-in-africa ''Finance in Africa: Uncertain times, resilient banks: African finance at a crossroads''.] European Investment Bank. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5598-7|978-92-861-5598-7]]</bdi>.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Green finance opportunities and products (% of surveyed African banks).png|thumb|Ditšhono tsa [[:en:Eco-investing|matlole a a matala]] le dithoto go tswa kwa dibankeng tse di dirilweng patlisiso mo patlisisong ya [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|Banka ya Dipeeletso ya karolokgolo ya lefatshe e enaleng mafatshe a mantsi ya Europe ya Banka mo Aforika]]<ref name=":21">"[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Green_finance_opportunities_and_products_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png/960px-Green_finance_opportunities_and_products_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png Finance in Africa report finds that banks want to move faster into green lending]". ''European Investment Bank''. Retrieved 10 December 2021.</ref><ref name=":22">Bank, European Investment (18 November 2021). ''[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Green_finance_opportunities_and_products_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png/960px-Green_finance_opportunities_and_products_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png Finance in Africa: for green, smart and inclusive private sector development]''. European Investment Bank. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5063-0|<bdi>978-92-861-5063-0</bdi>.]]</ref>]] Maranyane a a tokafaditsweng a [[:en:Weather_forecasting|ponelopele ya maemo a]] [[:en:Weather_forecasting|tepo loapi]] mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara e botlhokwa go itsise tsibogelo ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa,<ref name=":23">Youds, L.; Parker, D. J.; Adefisan, E. A.; Antwi-Agyei, P.; Bain, C. L.; Black, E. C. L.; Blyth, A. M.; Dougill, A. J.; Hirons, L. C. (13 May 2021). "[http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/174093/ GCRF African SWIFT White Paper Policy Brief: The future of African weather forecasting]". ''eprints.whiterose.ac.uk''. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.5518/100/67|10.5518/100/67]]. Retrieved 13 May 2021.</ref> go thusa go tsaya ditshwetso tse di amanang le go tlwaela phetogo ya seemo sa loapi ka sekai.<ref name=":23" /> Ka nako ya [[:en:Conference_of_the_parties|bokopano jwa masome a mabedi le bongwe ya Makoko]] (COP) ka ngwaga wa 2015, ditlhogo tsa mafatshe tsa Aforika di thakgotse [[:en:African_Adaptation_Initiative_(AAI)|Letsholo la Tlwaelo ya Aforika (AAI)]]. Komiti e e tsamaisang ya AAI e bopilwe ke Biro ya Bokopano jwa Ditona tsa Aforika ka ga Tikologo (AMCEN) le modulasetulo wa Setlhopha sa Babuisani ba Aforika (AGN).<ref>"[https://africaadaptationinitiative.org/ AAI]". Retrieved 4 August 2024.</ref> [[:en:African_Adaptation_Solutions_Challenge|Letsholo la go Tlwaela Aforika]] le lone le tshegediwa ke [[:en:European_Union|Kopano ya]] [[:en:European_Union|Europa]].<ref>"[https://www.africa.undp.org/content/rba/en/home/presscenter/pressreleases/2020/european-union-ramps-up-support-to-africa-adaptation-initiative-.html European Union ramps up support to Africa Adaptation Initiative]". ''United Nations Development Programme''. 22 January 2020.</ref> Kopano ya Europe e [[:en:African_Union#Africa%E2%80%93EU_relations|dirisane mmogo le Kopano ya Aforika]] mo go rotloetseng taolo ya metswedi e e tswelelang, go [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|itsetsepela mo tikologong]], le go [[:en:Climate_change_mitigation|fokotsa phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_mitigation|seemo sa bosa]]<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20210510085847/https://africa-eu-partnership.org/en/strategic-priority-areas/strengthening-resilience-peace-security-and-governance Strengthening Resilience, Peace, Security and Governance]". Archived from [https://africa-eu-partnership.org/en/strategic-priority-areas/strengthening-resilience-peace-security-and-governance the original] on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</ref> Mo maemong a kgaolo, melawana le dikgato tse di tshegetsang tlwaelo go ralala Aforika di santse di le mo tshimologong. [[:en:IPCC_Fifth_Assessment_Report|Pegelo ya Botlhano ya Tlhatlhobo ya IPCC]] (AR5) e tlhagisa dikao tsa maano a tiro a a farologaneng a kgaolo a phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, go akaretsa le a a tlhamilweng ke [[:en:Southern_African_Development_Community|Setšhaba sa Tlhabololo sa Borwa jwa Aforika]] (SADC) le Komiti ya Letsha la Victoria.<ref name=":16">''[https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/WGIIAR5-Chap22_FINAL.pdf Africa. In: Climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'' (PDF). 2014.</ref> Mo maemong a bosetšhaba, maiteko a mantsi a go ikamanya a ntlha a ne a gokaganngwa ka [[:en:National_Adaptation_Programme_of_Action|Mananeo a Bosetšhaba a Tiro a go]] [[:en:National_Adaptation_Programme_of_Action|tlwaela]](di-NAPA) kgotsa Maano a Bosetšhaba a Tsibogelo ya Phetogo ya Seemo sa Bosa(NCCRS). Go tsenngwa mo tirisong go nnile bonya le fa go ntse jalo, ka katlego e e tlhakaneng mo kgorosong.<ref name=":25">Pardoe, Joanna; Conway, Declan; Namaganda, Emilinah; Vincent, Katharine; Dougill, Andy; Kashaigili, Japhet (2018). "[[doi:10.1080/14693062.2017.1386082|Climate Change and the Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Policy and Practice in Tanzania"]]. ''Climate Policy''. '''18''' (7): 863–877. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/14693062.2017.1386082|10.1080/14693062.2017.1386082]].</ref> Kopanyo ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa le thulaganyo e e anameng ya itsholelo le tlhabololo e sa ntse e lekanyeditswe mme e a gola.<ref>Osman-Elasha, Balgis; Downing, Tom (2007). ''Lessons learned in preparing national adaptation programmes of action in Eastern and Southern Africa''. Stockholm Environment Institute.</ref><ref name=":16" /> Mo maemong a bosetšhabapotlana, bathati ba le bantsi ba karolo ya lefatshe ya province le ba mmasepala le bona ba tlhama maano a bone, sekai Leano la Tsibogelo ya Phetogo ya Seemo sa Bosa la Bophirima jwa Kapa.<ref>Western Cape Government (2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230220102835/https://www.westerncape.gov.za/text/2015/march/western_cape_climate_change_response_strategy_2014.pdf "Western Cape Climate Change Response Strategy"] (PDF). Archived from [https://www.westerncape.gov.za/text/2015/march/western_cape_climate_change_response_strategy_2014.pdf the original] (PDF) on 20 February 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2021.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, maemo a bokgoni jwa maranyane le didirisiwa tse di leng teng go diragatsa maano ka kakaretso a kwa tlase. Go nnile le tlhokomelo e e bonalang go ralala Aforika e e neetsweng go diragatsa mananeo a tlwaelo a a ikaegileng ka baagi. Go na le tumalano e e anameng ya gore tshegetso ya go tlwaela maemo a selegae e fitlhelelwa botoka ka go simolola ka bokgoni jo bo leng teng jwa go tlwaela selegae, le go dirisana le kitso le ditiro tsa selegae.<ref>Ofoegbu, Chidiebere; Chirwa, Paxie; Francis, Joseph; Babalola, Folaranmi (15 May 2017). "Assessing vulnerability of rural communities to climate change: A review of implications for forest-based livelihoods in South Africa". ''International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management''. '''9''' (3): 374–386. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2016-0044|10.1108/IJCCSM-04-2016-0044.]] [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:2263/61659|2263/61659]].</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Climate risk approach (% of surveyed African banks).png|thumb|Maduo a a malebana le mokgwa wa dibanka tsa Aforika wa go lebana le dikotsi tsa seemo sa bosa(karolo mo lekgolong ya dibanka tse di dirilweng patlisiso) go tswa mo patlisisong ya Banka ya Dipeeletso ya Europe ya ngwaga wa 2021]] [[:en:Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change|IPCC]] e tlhagisa mekgwa e le mmalwa e e atlegileng ya go rotloetsa go tlwaela maemo a a atlegileng mo Aforika, e tlhalosa melawana e le metlhano e e tshwanang.<ref name=":16" /> Tseno di akaretsa: # Go tokafatsa tshegetso ya mefuta e e ikemetseng ya go tlwaela; # Go oketsa tlhokomelo mo dikakanyo tsa setso, maitsholo, le ditshwanelo tsa go tlwaela (bogolo jang ka go tsaya karolo ka matlhagatlhaga ga basadi, bašwa, le batho ba ba humanegileng le ba ba mo kotsing mo ditirong tsa go tlwaela) # Go kopanya dikgetho tsa "tsela e e bonolo" le mekgwa ya go ithuta e e fetofetogang le e e ipoeletsang le mekgwa ya maranyane le ya mafaratlhatlha (go akaretsa le go kopanya kitso ya saense, ya selegae, le ya selegae mo go tlhameng maano a go tlwaela) # Go tsepamisa mogopolo mo go tokafatseng go itsetsepela le go diragatsa dikgetho tsa go tlwaela tse di sa ikotlhaeleng; le # Go aga taolo ya go tlwaela le go rotloetsa thulaganyo ya go ithuta ga loago le ga setheo go nna ditiro tsa go tlwaela. Pegelo ya Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe wa Boitekanelo wa "Tlwaelo ya Phetogo ya Tlelaemete mo Aforika Leano la Tiro la Lekala la Boitekanelo la ngwaga wa 2012 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 2016"<ref name=":24">World Health Organization. (2012). Adaptation to climate change in Africa plan of action for the health sector 2012–2016. Retrieved from http://www.afro.who.int/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=7699&Itemid=2593</ref> le ikaeletse go "tlamela ka tsibogo e e tseneletseng le e e theilweng mo bosuping e e gokagantsweng ya lekalana la tsa botsogo mo ditlhokegong tsa go ikamanya le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa sa mafatshe a Aforika gore di kgone go tshegetsa ditlamelo tsa di puso tsa Africa"<ref name=":24" /> Leano le akaretsa maikaelelo a a jaaka go oketsa ditiro tsa boitekanelo jwa setšhaba, go gokaganya maiteko mo maemong a boditšhabatšhaba, go nonotsha tirisanommogo le maiteko a tirisanommogo, le go rotloetsa dipatlisiso ka ga ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mmogo le dikgato tse di atlegileng tse di tsewang mo baaging ba selegae go fokotsa ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref name=":24" /> Go ya ka [[:en:International_Monetary_Fund|Letlole la Boditšhabatšhaba la Madi]] (IMF), [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara]] e tlhoka didikadike tsa di dolara di le masome a mararo go ya kwa masomeng a matlhano ya matlole a mangwe ngwaga le ngwaga go ikamanya le ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref name=":22" /><ref>"[https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2021/10/20/pr21306-sub-saharan-africa-one-planet-two-worlds-three-stories Sub-Saharan Africa: One Planet, Two Worlds, Three Stories]". ''IMF''. Retrieved 6 December 2021.</ref><ref>Dept, International Monetary Fund African (15 April 2020). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20220523061856/https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/books/086/28915-9781513536835-en/ch02.xml 2. Adapting to Climate Change in Sub-Saharan Africa]''. International Monetary Fund. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-5135-3683-5|<bdi>978-1-5135-3683-5</bdi>.]] Archived from [https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/books/086/28915-9781513536835-en/ch02.xml the original] on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</ref> Matlole a seemo sa bosa kwa Botlhabagare le Bokone jwa Aforika a ne a le didikadike di le di olara di le masome a mararo le bobedi ntlha thataro ( karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong ya palogotlhe ya lefatshe) ka ngwaga wa 2019 le ngwaga wa 2020, fa dipeeletso tsa seemo sa bosa kwa Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara e ne e le didikadike di le di dolara tse masome a mane le boraro ntlha borobaboedi (karolo ya boraro mo lekgolong ya palogotlhe ya lefatshe).<ref name=":20" /><ref>[https://climatefundsupdate.org/publications/climate-finance-regional-briefing-middle-east-and-north-africa-2020/ "Climate Finance Regional Briefing: Middle East and North Africa (2020) - Climate Funds Update]". 15 March 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2023.</ref> Go ya ka thuto ya Banka ya [[:en:European_Investment_Bank|Dipeeletso tsa karolokgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a le mantsi mo teng ya Europe]] ya ngwaga wa 2021 ya Banking in Africa, ditheo tsa Aforika di ntse di ela hloko thata tlhokego ya buisana ka dikotsi tse bakwang ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mme di simolla go dirisa dikgonagalo tsa matlole a a matala. Sekai, karolo ya masome a matlhano le bone mo lekgolong ya dibanka tse di boditsweng mo patlisisong di bone phetogo ya seemo sa bosa jaaka tlhobaboroko ya togamaano, mme go feta karolo ya masome a mane mo lekgolong e ne e na le batho ba ba tsepamisitseng mogopolo mo dintlheng tse di amanang le seemo sa bosa.<ref>Importer, A. P. O. (18 November 2021). [https://africa.businessinsider.com/apo/eib-study-highlights-impact-of-covid-on-african-banks-and-business-financing-and/205d41n "EIB study highlights impact of COVID on African banks and business financing and opportunities for climate finance and digital transformation".] ''Business Insider Africa''. Retrieved 6 December 2021.</ref> Dibanka tsa Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara di godisa ditshupetso tsa tsone tsa maranyane , tse di itlhaganedisitsweng ke leroborobo la COVID-19. Bontsi jwa dibanka tse di botsoloditsweng di boletse gore leroborobo le itlhaganedisitse lebelo la [[:en:Digital_transformation|phetogo ya]] [[:en:Digital_transformation|maranyane]] , le gore phetogo eno e tla nna ya sennelaruri.<ref>[https://www.eib.org/en/press/all/2021-165-eib-president-highlights-new-gender-and-digital-investment-initiatives-to-accelerate-economic-recovery-across-africa "EIB President highlights new gender and digital investment initiatives to accelerate economic recovery across Africa]". ''European Investment Bank''. Retrieved 6 December 2021.</ref><ref>[https://www.eib.org/attachments/thematic/the_eib_development_report_2021_en.pdf "European Investment Bank Development Report]" (PDF). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210616085058/https://www.eib.org/attachments/thematic/the_eib_development_report_2021_en.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2021.</ref><ref name=":22" /> Bahumanegi le ba ba sa sireletsegang ke bone ba ba tlhaselwang motlhofo thata, mme go ka direga gore badiri ba batswakwa, batshabi le ditlhopha tse dingwe tse di kgaphetsweng kwa thoko ke bone ba ba bogang thata. GDP ka tlhogo ga e kgonagale go boela kwa maemong a ngwaga wa 2019 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2024, ka dikotsi tse di sekamelang kwa tlase, mme mathata a buseditse morago kwelotlase e e bonelwang pele ya palo ya batho ba ba humanegileng, go ya ka IMF. Fa go bapisiwa le diponelopele tsa pele ga mathata, se se ka felela ka gore batho ba bangwe ba le didikadike di le masome a mararo kwa Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara ba tshele mo lehumeng le le feteletseng ka ngwaga wa 2021, mmogo le ba bangwe ba le didikadike di le robongwe kwa lefelong la [[:en:MENA|Botlhabagare jwa Bophirima le Bokone jwa Aforika]] (MENA).<ref>Selassie, Abebe Aemro; Department, Habtamu Fuje IMF African. [https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2021/10/20/na102021-seven-charts-that-show-sub-saharan-africa-at-a-crucial-point "Seven Charts that Show Sub-Saharan Africa at a Crucial Point]". ''IMF''. Retrieved 6 December 2021.</ref> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2023, mo e ka nnang nngwe mo borarong jwa matlole otlhe a seemo sa bosa sa Aforika a elela kwa mebarakeng e metlhano e megolo: [[:en:Morocco|Morocco]] (karolo ya bosupa mo lekgolong ya dipeeletso tsa seemo sa bosa ya Aforika ka ngwaga wa 2019 le 2022), [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]] (karolo ya bosupa mo lekgolong ), [[:en:Kenya|Kenya]] ( karolo ya bosupa mo lekgolong), Ethiopia ( karolo ya borataro mo lekgolong), le Aforika Borwa (karolo ya botlhano mo lekgolong ).<ref name=":20" /> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di fetileng, dipeeletso tse di tlhamaletseng tsa kwa ntle tsa lefatshe ka bophara di wetse tlase ka seelo sa karolo ya boraro mo lekgolong ka ngwaga, ka seabe sa Aforika sa lefatshe se wetse tlase go tswa go karolong ya lesome le bobedi mo lekgolong ka ngwaga wa 2017 go ya kwa tlase ga karolo ya borataro mo lekgolong ka ngwaga wa 2021.<ref name=":20" /><ref>"[https://unctad.org/publication/world-investment-report-2023 World Investment Report 2023"]. ''UNCTAD''. Retrieved 31 October 2023.</ref> === Dikgato tsa go tlwaela Aforika Bokone === [[Setshwantsho:Climate change specific personnel (% of surveyed African banks).png|thumb|Badiri ba ba rileng ba phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo dibankeng tsa Aforika tse di dirilweng dipatlisiso mo patlisisong ya Banka ya Dipeeletso ya Europe ya Banka mo Aforika<ref name=":21" /><ref name=":22" /> (% ya dibanka tsa Aforika tse di dirilweng dipatlisiso)]] Diphetogo tse di botlhokwa kwa bokone jwa Aforika di amana le kotsi e e oketsegileng ya tlhaelo ya metsi (e e tlholwang ke kopano ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa se se amang go nna teng ga metsi le tlhokego e e oketsegang). Go fokotsega ga go nna teng ga metsi, ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, go dirisana le megote e e oketsegang go tlhola tlhokego ya go tlwaela mo gare ga tlhagiso ya korong e e fepiwang ka pula. <ref>Hegazy, A. K.; Medany, M. A.; Kabiel, H. F.; Maez, M. M. (2008). "Spatial and temporal projected distribution of four crop plants in Egypt". ''Natural Resources Forum''. '''32''' (4): 316–326. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008NRF....32..316H 2008NRF....32..316H.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00205.x|10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00205.x.]]</ref><ref>Drine, I. (May 2011). [https://www.wider.unu.edu/publication/climate-change-compounding-risks-north-africa "Climate Change Compounding Risks in North Africa"]. ''United Nations University-World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER)'' (Working Paper No. 32).</ref> le go fetoga ga kotsi ya malwetse (sekao go tswa mo leishmaniasis).<ref>Bounoua, L.; Kahime, K.; Houti, L.; Blakey, T.; Ebi, K.L.; Zhang, P.; Imhoff, M.L.; Thome, K.J.; Dudek, C. (2013). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3774431 Linking climate to incidence of zoonotic cutaneous Leishmaniasis (L. major) in Pre-Saharan North Africa]". ''International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health''. '''10''' (8) 3172–3191. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013IJERP..10.3172B 2013IJERP..10.3172B.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/ijerph10083172|10.3390/ijerph10083172.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png/960px-Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png 3774431]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23912199 23912199].</ref><ref>Toumi, Amine; Chlif, Sadok; Bettaieb, Jihene; Alaya, Nissaf Ben; Boukthir, Aicha; Ahmadi, Zaher E.; Salah, Afif Ben (May 2012). Ozcel, Mehmet Ali (ed.). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3341328 Temporal Dynamics and Impact of Climate Factors on the Incidence of Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Central Tunisia]". ''PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases''. '''6''' (5) e1633. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png/960px-Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001633]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3341328 3341328]. [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png/960px-Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png PMID]&#x20;[https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png/960px-Climate_change_specific_personnel_%28%25_of_surveyed_African_banks%29.png 22563513].</ref>Bontsi jwa dikgato tsa puso tsa go tlwaela di ikaegile ka letlhakore la tlamelo ya metsi, sekai ka go ntsha letswai, go fetisetsa magareng ga mekgatsha le kago ya matamo.<ref>Sowers, Jeannie; Vengosh, Avner; Weinthal, Erika (February 2011). "Climate change, water resources, and the politics of adaptation in the Middle East and North Africa". ''Climatic Change''. '''104''' (3–4): 599–627. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ClCh..104..599S 2011ClCh..104..599S.] doi:[[doi:10.1007/s10584-010-9835-4|10.1007/s10584-010-9835-4.]] [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:10161/6460|10161/6460]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37329318 37329318].</ref> Go fuduga gape go lemogilwe go dira jaaka tlwaelo ya batho le malapa kwa bokone jwa Aforika.<ref>Scheffran, Jürgen; Marmer, Elina; Sow, Papa (April 2012). "Migration as a contribution to resilience and innovation in climate adaptation: Social networks and co-development in Northwest Africa". ''Applied Geography''. '''33''': 119–127. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AppGe..33..119S 2012AppGe..33..119S.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.10.002|10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.10.002.]]</ref> Jaaka dikgaolo tse dintsi, le fa go ntse jalo, dikao tsa kgato ya go tlwaela (go farologana le maikaelelo a go tsaya kgato, kgotsa ditshekatsheko tsa go nna mo kotsing) go tswa kwa Aforika bokone di lekanyeditswe – tshekatsheko e e rulagantsweng e e gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa 2011 e bontshitse gore ke fela sekao se le sengwe mo go tse masome a borobabobedi le bosupa sa go tlwaela se se begilweng se se tswang kwa Aforika Bokone.<ref>Berrang-Ford, Lea; Ford, James D.; Peterson, Jaclyn (2011). "Are we adapting to climate change?". ''Global Environmental Change''. '''21''' (1): 25–33. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011GEC....21...25B 2011GEC....21...25B]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.09.012|10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.09.012.]]</ref> === Dikgato tsa go tlwaela Aforika Bophirima === ''Tshedimosetso e nngwe: [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation_in_Ghana|Go tlwaela phetogo ya]]'' ''[[:en:Climate_change_adaptation_in_Ghana|seemo sa bosa kwa Ghana]]'' Go nna teng ga metsi ke kotsi e e rileng mo Bophirima jwa Aforika , ka ditiragalo tse di feteletseng jaaka komelelo tse di lebisang kwa [[:en:Humanitarian_crisis|mathateng a botho]] a a amanang le mauba a nako le nako, go tlhoka tshireletsego ya dijo, go fuduga ga baagi, go fuduga le dikgotlhang le go tlhoka tshireletsego. Maano a go tlwaela e ka nna a tikologo, setso/temothuo le itsholelo.<ref>Shaibu, M. T.; Alhassan, S. I.; Panyan, E. K.; Avornyo, F. K.; Konlan, S. P.; Salifu, S. (2018). [https://www.ajol.info/index.php/wajae/article/view/182464 "An Assessment of Institutional Importance of Climate Change Adaptation in the Volta River Basin of Northern Ghana".] ''West African Journal of Applied Ecology''. '''26''': 27–40.</ref> Maano a go tlwaela a bonala mo lephateng la temothuo, a mangwe a one a tlhamiwang kgotsa a rotloediwa ke diteišene tsa semmuso tsa dipatlisiso kgotsa tsa ditekelelo.<ref name=":26">Kuwornu, John K. M.; Al-Hassan, Ramatu M.; Etwire, Prince Maxwell; Osei-Owusu, Yaw (2013). [[doi:10.22610/imbr.v5i5.1047|"Adaptation strategies of smallholder farmers to climate change and variability: Evidence from northern Ghana"]]. ''Information Management and Business Review''. '''5''' (5): 233–239. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.22610/imbr.v5i5.1047|10.22610/imbr.v5i5.1047]].</ref> Diphetogo tsa temothuo tsa tlholego tse di lemogilweng kwa bokone jwa Ghana di amana le dijalo, di amana le mmu kgotsa di akaretsa mekgwa ya setso.<ref name=":26" /><ref>Alhassan, S. I.; Shaibu, M. T.; Kuwornu, J. K. M.; Damba, O. T. (2018). "[https://www.ajol.info/index.php/wajae/article/view/182462 Factors Influencing Farmers' Awareness and Choice of Indigenous Practices in Adapting to Climate Change and Variability in Northern Ghana"]. ''West African Journal of Applied Ecology''. '''26''': 1–13.</ref>Diphetogo tsa temothuo tse di ikaegileng ka leruo di akaretsa maano a selegae a a jaaka go fetola bontsi jwa dijo go fepa leruo, go boloka dijo tse di lekaneng mo pakeng e e nang le dijo tse dintsi go fepiwa leruo ka paka e e senang mafura, go alafa dintho ka tharabololo ya makwati a a rileng a ditlhare, le go boloka mefuta ya selegae e e setseng e tlwaetse seemo sa bosa sa Ghana se se setseng se tlwaetse <ref>Shaibu, M. T.; Alhassan, I. S.; Avornyo, F. K.; Lawson, E. T.; Mensah, A.; Gordon, C. (2019). "Perceptions and Determinants of the Adoption of Indigenous Strategies for Adaptation to Climate Change: Evidence from Smallholder Livestock Farmers, North-West Ghana". In Kuwornu, J. K. M. (ed.). ''Climate Change in Sub-saharan Africa: The vulnerability and adaptation of food supply chains actors''. Vernon Press. pp.&#x20;223–240.</ref>; maranyane a tlhagiso go akaretsa tsadiso, boitekanelo, dijo/kotla le matlo.<ref>"[https://www.fao.org/4/v8180t/v8180t0y.htm A classification of livestock production systems]". ''www.fao.org''. Retrieved 4 August 2024.</ref> Tlhopho le kamogelo ya maano a go tlwaela go ikaegile ka dintlha tse di farologaneng tsa dipalo palojaaka bogolo jwa lelapa, dingwaga, bong le thuto ya tlhogo ya lelapa; dintlha tsa itsholelo jaaka motswedi wa lotseno; bogolo jwa polase; kitso ya dikgetho tsa go tlwaela; le tebelelo ya ditebelelo tsa isago.<ref>Apata, T. G. (2011). "Factors influencing the perception and choice of adaptation measures to climate change among farmers in Nigeria. Evidence from farm households in Southwest Nigeria". ''Environmental Economics''. '''2''' (4): 74–83.</ref> === Dikgato tsa go tlwaela Aforika Botlhaba === Mo Aforika Botlhaba dikgetho tsa go tlwaela di farologane, go akaretsa le go tokafatsa tiriso ya tshedimosetso ya seemo sa bosa , dikgato mo lephateng la temothuo le leruo, le mo lephateng la metsi. Go dirisa botoka tshedimosetso ya seemo sa bosa le maemo a bosa, ponelopele ya maemo a bosa, le didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa taolo go kgontsha tshedimosetso ka nako le go ipaakanyetsa ga batho mo makaleng a a jaaka temothuo a a ikaegileng ka dipoelo tsa maemo a bosa. Se se raya go nna le bokgoni jwa tshedimosetso ya metsi le bosa le dithulaganyo tsa tlhagiso ya go sa le gale.<ref>Snow, John (28 October 2016). ''[https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/climate-and-disaster-resilience-/weather-and-climate-systems---africa.html A New Vision for Weather and Climate Services in Africa]''. UNDP.</ref> Go ile ga ngangisanwa ka gore baagi ba tlholego ba na le kitso ka ga diphetogo tsa seemo sa boosa tsa ditso ka matshwao a tikologo (sekao, go tlhagelela le go fuduga ga dinonyane dingwe, dirurubele jalo jalo.), mme ka jalo go rotloetsa kitso ya tlholego go tserwe jaaka leano le le botlhokwa la go tlwaela. Go tlwaela mo lephateng la temothuo<ref>"[https://www.epa.gov/regulatory-information-sector/agriculture-sectors-crop-naics-111-and-animal-naics-112 Agriculture Sectors: Crop (NAICS 111) and Animal (NAICS 112)"]. 22 February 2013.</ref> go akaretsa tiriso e e oketsegileng ya motshotelo le monontsha o o rileng wa dijalo, tiriso ya mefuta e e emelanang le dijalo tse di butswang ka bonako. Motshotelo, mme bogolo jang motshotelo wa diphologolo go akanngwa gore o boloka metsi mme o na le ditshedinnye tse di botlhokwa tse di thubang dikotla go di dira gore di nne teng mo dimeleng, fa di bapisiwa le menontsha ya maitirelo e e nang le metswako e fa e gololwa mo tikologong ka ntlha ya tiriso e e feteletseng e gololang dighese tse di tshwarang mogote mo lefaufaung.<ref>[https://extension.psu.edu/biological-manipulation-of-manure-getting-what-you-want-from-animal-manure "Biological Manipulation of Manure: Getting What You Want from Animal Manure]". ''Penn State Extension''. Retrieved 24 November 2020.</ref> Bothata bongwe jo bogolo jwa lekalana la temothuo mo Aforika Botlhaba ke go ikaega ka temothuo e e nosediwang ka pula.<ref>Hengsdijk, H.; Smit, A. a. M. F. R.; Conijn, J. G.; Rutgers, B.; Biemans, H. (2014). Agricultural crop potentials and water use in East Africa (Report). Plant Research International. [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/880257653 880257653].[page needed]</ref> Tharabololo ya go tlwaela ke mekgwa e e dirang sentle ya go nosetsa le poloko le tiriso e e dirang sentle ya metsi. [[:en:Drip_irrigation|Nosetso ya marothodi]] e supilwe bogolosegolo jaaka kgetho e e somarelang metsi ka ge e lebisa metsi kwa moding wa sejalo ka tshenyo e nnye. Mafatshe a a jaaka Rwanda le Kenya a tsentse kwa pele go tlhabolola mafelo a a nosediwang ka dithulaganyo tsa metsi a kgogedi go tswa mo melatswaneng le dinokeng tse di sa feleng mo dikgaolong tse di ka tlhaselwang ke komelelo e e tsayang nako e telele.<ref>Republic of Rwanda. "[https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/rwa01e.pdf NAPA-RWANDA]" (PDF).</ref> Ka nako ya dipula tse di maatla, mafelo a mantsi a itemogela merwalela e e bakiwang ke mabala a a senang sepe ka ntlha ya go rengwa ga dikgwa le go nna le khurumetso e nnye ya lefatshe. Maano a go tlwaela a a ntshiwang mo go se ke go rotloetsa maiteko a tshomarelo mo tshireletsong ya lefatshe, ka go jala ditlhare tsa selegae, go sireletsa mafelo a kgobokanyo ya metsi le go laola mafatshe a phulo ka go aroganya.<ref>Abuya, Robina; Said, Mohammed; Atela, Joanes; Muhwanga, Joseph; Moiko, Stephen; Atieno, Fred; Ndiritu, Simon (2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190808104609/http://www.kenyamarkets.org/publications/kmt-prise-project/ "Contexualising Pathways to Resilience in Kenya's ASALs under the Big Four Agenda]". ''Kenya Markets Trust''. Archived from [http://www.kenyamarkets.org/publications/kmt-prise-project/ the original] on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> Mo lekalaneng la leruo, dikgetho tsa tlwaelo di akaretsa go laola tlhagiso ka [[:en:Sustainable_agriculture|tsamaiso ya lefatshe le mafulo e e tswelelang]] mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo. Se se akaretsa go rotloetsa mekgwa ya tlhagiso ya bojang le dijo tsa leru sekai ka nosetso le tiriso ya metsi a a phepafaditsweng a matlakala, le go tsepamisa mogopolo mo go beeletseng mo polokelong ya bojang go dirisiwa ka dipaka tsa komelelo. Go rua leruo go tsewa e le tsela ya go itshetsa go na le go nna tiro ya itsholelo. Go ralala mafatshe otlhe a Botlhaba jwa Aforika bogolosegolo mo dikgaolong tsa ASALs, go ngangisanwa ka gore go rotloetsa kgwebo ya leruo ke kgetho ya go tlwaela.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190808104609/http://www.kenyamarkets.org/publications/political-economy-analysis-of-kenyas-livestock-sector-abridged-version/ "Political Economy Analysis of Kenya's Livestock Sector (Abridged Version)"]. ''Kenya Markets Trust''. Archived from [http://www.kenyamarkets.org/publications/political-economy-analysis-of-kenyas-livestock-sector-abridged-version/ the original] on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> Se se akaretsa go amogela dikai tsa itsholelo mo tlhagisong ya dijo tsa leruo, go latedisa diphologolo, go rotloetsa tlhokego ya ditlhagiswa tsa leruo jaaka nama, mashi le letlalo le go golaganya le mebaraka e e kgethegileng go tokafatsa dikgwebo le go tlamela ka lotseno lo lo ka dirisiwang.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20190808104612/http://www.kenyamarkets.org/publications/kenya-meat-end-market-trends-study/ Kenya Meat End-Market Trends Study]". ''Kenya Markets Trust''. Archived from [http://www.kenyamarkets.org/publications/kenya-meat-end-market-trends-study/ the original] on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> Mo lekalaneng la metsi, dikgetho di akaretsa tiriso e e siameng ya metsi mo malapeng, diphologolo le tiriso ya madirelo le tshireletso ya metswedi ya metsi. Matsholo a a jaaka go jala ditlhare tsa tlholego mo [[:en:Catchment_area|mafelong a metsi a kokoanngwang]], go laola ditiro tsa batho gaufi le mafelo a a kokoanyang metsi bogolo jang temothuo le bonno a dirilwe go thusa go sireletsa metswedi ya metsi le go bona phitlhelelo ya metsi go baagi bogolosegolo ka nako ya ditshupo tsa seemo sa bosa. '''Comoros''' – "NAPA ke katoloso ya tiro ya Pampiri ya Togamaano ya Phokotso ya Lehuma (PRSP), ka gonne e akaretsa gareng ga ditlapele tsa yone tsa go tlwaela, temothuo, go tshwara ditlhapi, metsi, matlo, boitekanelo, mme gape le bojanala, ka tsela e e sa tlhamalalang, Ka go busetsa popego ya mekgatšha ya mekgokolosa ya dithaba le go lwantsha kgogolego ya mmu, go sirelediwa mafika ka go fokotsa go tladiwa ga ona ke seretse le mmu tse di tlisiwang ke lefatshe.<ref>"&#x5B;[https://www.preventionweb.net/files/8507_com01e.pdf pdf]&#x5D;" (PDF). ''www.preventionweb.net''.</ref>" '''Lefatshe la Kenya''' e gatisitse Molao wa Phetogo ya Seemo sa Bosa, ka ngwaga wa 2016 o o tlhomang bothati jwa go okamela tlhabololo, taolo, tiragatso le taolo ya mekgwa ya go tokafatsa nonofo ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa le tlhabololo e e kwa tlase ya khabone go bona tlhabololo e e tswelelang, ke Mebuso ya Bosetšhaba le ya Dikgaolo, lekala le e seng la puso le setšhaba se sengwe sa baagi,. Kenya gape e tlhamile Leanotiro la Bosetšhaba la Phetogo ya Seemo sa Bosa(NCCAP 2018–2022 Le bolokilwe ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e tlhola malatsi a le mabedi le boraro ka ngwaga wa 2019 kwa [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Motšhineng wa Wayback]]) le le ikaeletseng go tsweletsa maikaelelo a tlhabololo a lefatshe ka go tlamela ka mekgwa le dikgato tsa go fitlhelela tlhabololo e e kgonang go emelana le seemo sa bosa se se nang le khabone e e kwa tlase ka tsela e e dirang gore go nne le khabone e e kwa tlase. === Dikgato tsa go tlwaela Aforika Bogare === '''Angola''' – "Maikaelelo a Mananeo a Bosetšhaba a Tiro a go Tlwaetsa Maemo ke go supa le go itsise ka ditlhokego tse di potlakileng le tsa ka bonako tsa lefatshe mabapi le go tlwaela phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, go oketsa nonofo ya Angola mo diphetogong tsa seemo sa bosa le mo phetogong ya seemo sa bosa go netefatsa phitlhelelo ya mananeo a phokotso ya lehuma, tlhabololo e e tswelelang pele Puso."<ref>''Analysis of Human Rights Language in the Cancun Agreements UNFCCC 16th Session of the Conference of the Parties'', [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9986-0022|10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9986-0022]]</ref> === Dikgato tsa go tlwaela borwa jwa Aforika === Go nnile le maiteko a le mmalwa mo dilekanong tsa selegae (tse di kgethegileng tsa lefelo), tsa selegae, tsa bosetšhaba le tsa kgaolo tse di ikaeletsweng go matlafatsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa. Dingwe tsa tsone ke: Lenaneo la Phetogo ya Seemo sa Bosa la Kgaolo (RCCP),<ref>"[https://oneworldgroup.co.za/oneworld-projects/southern-african-regional-climate-change-programme-rccp/ Regional Climate Change Programme, Southern Africa]". ''OneWorld''. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> SASSCAL,<ref>"[http://www.sasscal.org/ SASSCAL – Southern African Science Service Centre for Climate Change and Adaptive Land Management]". Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> ASSAR,<ref>"[http://www.assar.uct.ac.za/ Adaptation at Scale in Semi-Arid Regions]". ''www.assar.uct.ac.za''. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> Tlwaelo ya Phetogo ya Seemo sa Bosa ya [[:en:United_Nations_Development_Programme|UNDP]],<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20190808131738/https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/southern-africa Southern Africa]". ''UNDP Climate Change Adaptation''. Archived from [https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/southern-africa the original] on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> RESILIM,<ref>''Risk, Vulnerability & Resilience in the Limpopo River basin: Climate Change, water and biodiversity – a synthesis''. OneWorld. 2015.</ref> <ref>''Resilience in the Limpopo Basin (RESILIM) Program''. Chemonics International Inc. 2017.</ref>FRACTAL.<ref>"[http://www.fractal.org.za/ FRACTAL — Future Resilience for African CiTies And Lands]". Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> Aforikaborwa e tsentse tirisong Lenaneo la Patlisiso la Ditiragalo tsa Paka e Telele la Tlwaelo (LTAS) go tloga ka kgwedi ya Moranang ka ngwaga wa 2012 go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ka ngwaga wa 2014. Patlisiso e gape e ne ya tlhagisa dipampiri tsa dintlha le pegelo ya maranyane e e akaretsang kgaolo ya SADC e e bidiwang "Tlwaelo ya Phetogo ya Seemo sa bosa: Dipono tsa [[:en:Southern_African_Development_Community|Baagi ba Tlhabololo ya]] [[:en:Southern_African_Development_Community|Borwa jwa Aforika]] (SADC].<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20201124013002/https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/reports/ltasfactsheet_perspectiveforSADC.pdf Climate change adaptation: Southern African Development Community (SADC])'' (PDF). Archived from [https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/reports/ltasfactsheet_perspectiveforSADC.pdf the original] (PDF) on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2021.</ref> '''Lefatshe la Madagascar''' – makalana a a tlang pele a go tlwaela ke: temothuo le leruo, dikgwa, boitekanelo jwa setšhaba, metswedi ya metsi le dikgaolo tsa lebopo.<ref>"[http://www.ldc-climate.org/country/madagascar/ Madagascar]". ''LDC Climate Change''. 6 January 2018.</ref> '''Lefatshe la Malawi''' – NAPA e supa tse di latelang jaaka ditiro tse di botlhokwa thata tsa go tlwaela seemo sa bosa: "Go tokafatsa nonofo ya baagi mo phetogong ya seemo sa bosa ka tlhabololo ya matshelo a a tswelelang kwa magaeng, Go busetsa dikgwa mo dikgobokelong tsa metsi tsa Upper le Lower Shire Valleys go fokotsa go tlhotlhorega ga seretse le mathata a a amanang le kelelo ya metsi, Go tokafatsa tlhagiso ya temothuo le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, Go ipaakanyetsa ga Malawi go samagana le komelelo le merwalela, le Go tokafatsa go ela tlhoko seemo sa bosa go tokafatsa bokgoni jwa Malawi jwa go tlhagisa go sa le gale le go tsaya ditshwetso le tiriso e e tswelelang ya ditsompelo tsa [[:en:Lake_Malawi|Letsha la Malawi]] le mafelo a a mo lotshitshing lwa letsha<ref>[http://www.unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/mwi01.pdf "REPUBLIC OF MALAWI. MALAWI'S NATIONAL ADAPTATION PROGRAMMES OF ACTION (NAPA]) ." (PDF).</ref>". Mme go ya ka Pegelo ya Seemo sa Bosa le Tlhabololo ya Lefatshe ya Banka ya Lefatshe (CCDR) ya Malawi, e ka "tsaya dikgato tsa go simolola dipeeletso mo mafaratlhatlheng a a kgonang go emelana le tlelaemete le go emisa go senyega ga lefatshe le go latlhegelwa ke dikgwa go tokafatsa ntshodikuno ya temothuo le go tshwara khabone" <ref>"[https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2022/10/27/climate-informed-economic-development-key-to-malawi-s-future-growth-and-resilience Climate-Informed Economic Development Key to Malawi's Future Growth and Resilience]". ''World Bank''.</ref>". '''Lefatshe la Mauritius''' – tlwaelo e tshwanetse go samagana le mafelo a a latelang a a tlang pele: metswedi ya lebopo, temothuo, metswedi ya metsi, botshwaraditlhapi, boitekanelo le itekanelo, [[:en:Land_use_change|phetogo ya tiriso ya lefatshe]] le dikgwa le mefutafuta ya ditshedi.<ref>"[https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/eastern-africa/mauritius Mauritius]". ''UNDP Climate Change Adaptation''. 27 November 2018. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> '''Lefatshe la Mozambique''' – "Maiteko a a tshitshintsweng a go tlwaela maemo a lebile mafelo a a farologaneng a tlhabololo ya itsholelo le loago, mme a tlhalosa mananeo tse di amanang le phokotso ya ditlamorago tsa masetlapelo a tlholego, go tlhama dikgato tsa go tlwaela phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, go lwantsha kgogolego ya mmu mo mafelong a a nang le sekaka se se kwa godimo le dikgaolo tsa mabopo, go jala dikgwa sešwa le go laola metsi." '''Lefatshe la Rwanda''' e tlhamile Lenaneo la Tiro la Bosetšhaba la Tlwaelo (NAPA 2006) le le nang le tshedimosetso ya go kaela badirapholisi ba bosetšhaba le barulaganyi ka ga makoa a a tlang pele le tlwaelo mo makaleng a a botlhokwa a itsholelo.<ref>[https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/rwanda_adaptation_fact_sheet_jan2012.pdf "Climate Change Adaptation in Rwanda]" (PDF). ''USAID''. January 2012.</ref> Naga gape e tlhamile melawana e e ikaegileng ka lekalana ka ga go ikamanya le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa jaaka Ponelopele ya ngwaga wa [[:en:Vision_2020_(Rwanda)|2020]], Melawana ya Bosetšhaba ya Tikologo le Melawana ya Temothuo gareng ga tse dingwe.<ref>Ochieng, Cosmas; Khaemba, Winnie; Mwaniki, Ruchathi; Kimotho, Stephen (September 2017). ''Climate Change Adaptation in Rwanda's Agricultural Sector: A Case Study from Kirehe District, Eastern Province''. Defending the Voiceless - Climate and Environmental Justice in Africa.</ref> '''Lefatshe la Tanzania''' – Tanzania e tlhalositse dikgato tsa tlwaelo tse di tlang pele mo NAPA ya bona, le maano a a farologaneng a lekala la bosetšhaba le dipholo tsa patlisiso.<ref>USAID. "[https://www.climatelinks.org/sites/default/files/asset/document/tanzania_adaptation_fact_sheet_jan2012.pdf Climate Change Adaptation in Tanzania]" (PDF). ''USAID''.</ref> NAPA e atlegile mo go rotloetseng phetogo ya seemo sa bosa go tsenngwa mo melawaneng ya lekalana kwa Tanzania; le fa go ntse jalo, tirisanommogo ya makala a a farologaneng e e botlhokwa mo go tsenyeng tirisong maano a go ikamanya e santse e lekanyeditswe ka ntlha ya dikgwetlho tsa setheo tse di jaaka go sa lekalekane ga maatla, dikgoreletsi tsa tekanyetsokabo le mokgwa o o tseneletseng wa makala.<ref name=":25" /> Bontsi jwa mananeo a kwa Tanzania a amana le temothuo le taolo ya metswedi ya metsi (nosetso, go somarela metsi, go kokoanya metsi a pula); le fa go ntse jalo, maatla le bojanala le tsone di na le seabe se se botlhokwa.<ref>"[https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/eastern-africa/united-republic-tanzania United Republic of Tanzania]". ''UNDP Climate Change Adaptation''. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> '''Lefatshe la Zambia''' – "NAPA e supa ditlhokego di le masome a mararo le borobabongwe tsa go tlwaela maemo a a potlakileng le mafelo a le lesome a a tlang pele mo makaleng a temothuo le tshireletsego ya dijo (leruo, botshwaraditlhapi le dijalo), maatla le metsi, boitekanelo jwa batho, metswedi ya tlholego le diphologolo tsa lefatshe."<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20190829030222/http://theredddesk.org/countries/plans/national-adaptation-programme-action-climate-change-zambia National Adaptation Programme of Action on Climate Change (Zambia)]". ''The REDD Desk''. Archived from the original on 29 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.</ref> '''Lefatshe la Zimbabwe''' – "Ditsereganyo tse dingwe tsa togamaano tsa thulaganyo ya NAP e tla nna: Go nonotsha seabe sa lekala le e seng la puso mo thulaganyong ya tlwaelo, Go tokafatsa bokgoni jwa Puso jwa go tlhama mananeo a a ka dirisiwang mo bankeng ka dikatiso, Go tokafatsa taolo ya tshedimosetso ya lemorago ya seemo sa bosa go sedimosa thulaganyo ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa jaaka leano la boditšhabatšhaba la go supa matlole le go kokoanya seemo sa bosa dikopo tsa matlole di tsiboga thata ga jaana, di tlhomile mogopolo mo thusong ya tshoganyetso go na le go fokotsa dikotsi tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, go ipaakanyetsa le go tlwaela, Go tlhama melawana e e gokagantsweng ya go ela tlhoko le go sekaseka mananeo le mananeo, ka gonne ditheo di le dintsi mo teng ga puso ga jaanong jaana ga di na mokgwa o o rulagantsweng wa go ela tlhoko le go sekaseka."<ref>"[http://www.napglobalnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/napgn-en-2019-nap-roadmap-for-zimbabwe.pdf National Adaptation Plan (NAP) Roadmap for Zimbabwe]" (PDF). ''NAP Global Network''. April 2019.</ref> '''Lefatshe la Lesotho''' – "Maikaelelo a konokono a thulaganyo ya NAPA a akaretsa: go supa baagi le matshelo a a mo [[:en:Climate_change_vulnerability|kotsing thata ya phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_vulnerability|seemo sa bosa]] , go tlhama lenaane la ditiro tse di tla bopang konokono ya lenaneo la bosetšhaba la tiro la go tlwaela seemo sa bosa, le go tlhaeletsana ka ditlhokego tsa lefatshe tsa ka bonako le tse di potlakileng le ditlapele tsa go aga bokgoni jwa go tlwaela phetogo ya seemo sa bosa].<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20221006210644/https://www.adaptation-undp.org/sites/default/files/downloads/lso_napa.pdf Lesotho's National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) on Climate Change]" (PDF). Archived from [http://www.adaptation-undp.org/sites/default/files/downloads/lso_napa.pdf the original] (PDF) on 6 October 2022. Retrieved 4 August 2024.</ref> '''Lefatshe la Namibia''' – dithito tsa kgang tse di botlhokwa tsa go tlwaela ke "Tshireletsego ya dijo le motheo wa metswedi ya ditshedi o o tswelelang, Motheo wa metswedi ya metsi o o tswelelang, Boitekanelo le boitekanelo jwa batho le tlhabololo ya Mafaratlhatlha.<ref>''Youth Files Climate Case with India's Environmental Court''. Our Children's Trust. 2017. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1163/9789004322714_cclc_2017-0228-011|10.1163/9789004322714_cclc_2017-0228-011.]] [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1312587857 1312587857].</ref> '''Lefatshe la Aforikaborwa''' e amogetse ka kgwedi ya Phatweka ngwaga wa 2020 Leano la yona la Bosetšhaba la go Ikamanya le Phetogo ya Seemo sa Bosa,<ref>"[https://www.dffe.gov.za/mediarelease/nationalclimatechange_adaptationstrategy_ue10november19 South Africa's National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy approved]". ''[[:en:Department_of_Environment,_Forestry_and_Fisheries|Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries]]''. 18 August 2020.</ref> le le "dirang jaaka ntlha e e tlwaelesegileng ya maiteko a go ikamanya le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo Aforikaborwa, mme le tlamela ka serala se mo go sona maikaelelo a bosetšhaba a go ikamanya le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa a lefatshe a ka tlhalosiwang gore go tlamelwe ka kaelo e e akaretsang ya itsholelo yotlhe<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20211104030516/https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/reports/nationalclimate_changeadaptation_strategyforcomment_nccas.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20211104030516/https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/reports/nationalclimate_changeadaptation_strategyforcomment_nccas.pdf National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy – Republic of South Africa"] (PDF). Archived from [http://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/files/reports/nationalclimate_changeadaptation_strategyforcomment_nccas.pdf the original] (PDF) on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2019.</ref> == Kitso ya selegae le dipopo tse dintshwa tsa selegae == Le fa mananeo a magolo a puso le matlole a boditšhabatšhaba a kgweetsa melawana e e megolo ya seemo sa bosa, baagi ba letsatsi le letsatsi go ralala Aforika ba ikaegile thata ka kitso ya setso ya tikologo ya tlholego(TEK) go tshela.<ref name=":32">Antwi-Agyei, Philip; Nyantakyi-Frimpong, Hanson (27 January 2021). [[doi:10.3390/su13031308|"Evidence of Climate Change Coping and Adaptation Practices by Smallholder Farmers in Northern Ghana]]". ''Sustainability''. '''13''' (3): 1308. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021Sust...13.1308A 2021Sust...13.1308A.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3390/su13031308|10.3390/su13031308.]] [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2071-1050 2071-1050].</ref> Se ke setlhopha sa go tlhaloganya, bokgoni, le dithuto tsa kitso tse di tlhamilweng ke baagi ba selegae mo dingwageng di le makgolokgolo ka go kopana ka tlhamalalo le tlholego. Mekgwa e e e lekilweng ka nako e fa batho ditsela tsa lefelo leo, tse di mosola tsa go bonela pele maemo a bosa, go somarela metsi le go dira gore temothuo e tswelele e tshela le fa seemo sa bosa se fetoga. === Ponelopele ya seemo sa bosa e e tlwaelegileng === Nako e telele pele ga megala ya letheka ya segompieno le di-app tsa segompieno tsa maemo a bosa, baagi ba kwa magaeng ba ba lemang le go disa ba ne ba dirisa ditsela tsa bone tsa go bonela pele seemo sa bosa. Bomankge ba lefelo leo ba ela tlhoko ka kelotlhoko dintlha tse di ka thusang mo lefatsheng la tlholego go bonela pele dikomelelo kgotsa dipula tse di maatla, tse di jaaka: * Ditsela tsa go fuduga ka tshoganyetso ga dinonyane tsa lefelo leo. * Nako e e tlhomameng ya ngwaga e ditlhare dingwe di simololang go thunya ka yone. * Go fetoga ga tsela e phefo e tsamayang ka yone le go bonala ga dinaledi bosigo. Sekao, ditlhopha tsa badisa mo Aforika Botlhaba di lebelela ka fao leruo la bona le itshwarang ka teng le go latedisa metsamao ya diphologolo tsa naga go swetsa gore ke ditsela dife tse ba ka di tsayang, go netefatsa gore diphologolo tsa bona di bona metsi le bojang ka nako ya komelelo.<ref>Alemayehu, Dejene; Hizkeal, Yitebarek (30 June 2022). "[https://www.jaeid.it/index.php/jaeid/article/view/12295 The Relevance and Practices of Indigenous Weather Forecasting Knowledge among the Gabra Pastoralists of Southern Ethiopia]". ''Journal of Agriculture and Environment for International Development (JAEID)''. '''116''' (1): 59–76. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.36253/jaeid-12295|10.36253/jaeid-12295.]] [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2240-2802 2240-2802.]</ref> Gompieno, baitseanapa ba saense ba lemoga gore go kopanya dintlha tseno tsa setso le saense ya segompieno ya maemo a bosa go dira ditlhagiso tse tota balemirui ba lefelo leo ba di tshepang le go di dirisa. === Ditsela tsa tshomarelo ya mmu le metsi === Mo mafelong a a lebaganeng le dikaka tse di atologa le pula e e sa bonelwang pele, baagi ba busitse mekgwa e e botlhale ya bogologolo ya go laola lefatshe.<ref name=":33">Salack, Seyni; Sanfo, Safiétou; Sidibe, Moussa; Daku, Elidaa K.; Camara, Ibrahima; Dieng, Mame Diarra Bousso; Hien, Koufanou; Torou, Bio Mohamadou; Ogunjobi, Kehinde O.; Sangare, Sheick Ahmed Khalil S. B.; Kouame, Konan Raoul; Koffi, Yao Bernard; Liersch, Stefan; Savadogo, Moumini; Giannini, Alessandra (25 October 2022). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9596419 "Low-cost adaptation options to support green growth in agriculture, water resources, and coastal zones]". ''Scientific Reports''. '''12''' (1) 17898. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NatSR..1217898S 2022NatSR..1217898S.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41598-022-22331-9|10.1038/s41598-022-22331-9.]] [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322 2045-2322.] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9596419 9596419]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36284114 36284114].</ref> Mo kgaolong ya Sahel, bogolosegolo kwa Burkina Faso le Niger, balemibarui ba dirisa ka bophara thulaganyo ya bogologolo ya go epa e e bidiwang '''Zaï'''<ref name=":34">L. Woomer, Paul; Roobroeck, Dries; Yelognisse Alia, Didier (29 March 2023), "[https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/81496 Blending Climate Action and Rural Development in Africa's Sahel]", in Özçatalbaş, Orhan (ed.), ''Sustainable Rural Development Perspective and Global Challenges'', IntechOpen, [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.5772/intechopen.103817|10.5772/intechopen.103817]], [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-80355-420-4|<bdi>978-1-80355-420-4</bdi>,]] retrieved 6 June 2026</ref> Go na le go lema tshimo e e sephaphathi, balemibarui ba epa mesima e e boteng mo mmung o o thata mme ba tlatse botlase ka dilo tsa ditshedi jaaka motshotelo. Moakanyetso o o botlhale o o dira dilo tse pedi: o tshwara lerothodi lengwe le lengwe la metsi a pula a a thata go bonwa, mme motshotelo o gogela metlhwa, e e epang dikgogometso tse di ka fa tlase ga lefatshe tse ka tlhago di bofololang mmu o o thata gore medi e kgone go gola.<ref name=":34" /> Balembarui gape ba aga dithapo tsa matlapa tse e leng mabota a a kwa tlase a matlapa go bapa le dikhubu tsa tlhago tsa dithota tsa bona. Fa ka tshoganetso, dipula tse di maatla di itaya, mela eno ya matlapa e fokotsa lebelo la metsi a a potlakileng, e e thibela go tlhatswa mmu o o siameng o o kwa godimo le go e naya nako ya go ina mo mmung.<ref name=":33" /> Kwa borwa le botlhaba jwa Aforika, baagi ba dirisa dikgwa tsa temothuo tsa setso ka go boloka ditlhare tse di rileng, jaaka ''Faidherbia albida'', mo teng ga masimo a bona a dijalo. Ditlhare tseno di ntsha matlhare ka paka ya dipula mme di a godise ka paka ya komelelo, go kaya gore ga di thibele lesedi la letsatsi go tswa mo dijalong; go na le moo, ka tlhago di oketsa dikotla mo mmung le go fokotsa dithemphoritšhara tsa mmu ka nako ya makhubu a mogote.<ref>Haskett, Jonathan D.; Simane, Belay; Smith, Caitlin (1 November 2019). [[doi:10.3389/fenvs.2019.00146|"Energy and Climate Change Mitigation Benefits of Faidherbia albida Agroforestry in Ethiopia]]". ''Frontiers in Environmental Science''. '''7''' 146. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019FrEnS...7..146H 2019FrEnS...7..146H.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3389/fenvs.2019.00146|10.3389/fenvs.2019.00146]]. ISSN&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2296-665X 2296-665X].</ref> === Go farologanya dijalo le go somarela peo === Go netefatsa gore ga di latlhegelwe ke dijo tsotlhe tsa tsone ka nako e telele ya komelelo, balemibarui ba selegae ba dira jaaka borasaense ba bone ka go boloka dipeo tsa naga.<ref>Aniah, Philip; Kaunza-Nu-Dem, Millar Katherine; Ayembilla, Joseph A. (April 2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6479268 "Smallholder farmers' livelihood adaptation to climate variability and ecological changes in the savanna agro ecological zone of Ghana]". ''Heliyon''. '''5''' (4) e01492. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Heliy...501492A 2019Heliy...501492A.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01492|10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01492]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]]&#x20;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6479268 6479268]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31049426 31049426].</ref> Dipeo tsa segompieno tsa kgwebo gantsi di tlhoka selekanyo se se itekanetseng sa metsi le menontsha e e turang gore di kgone go tshela. Go farologana le seo, dijalo tsa setso tse di jaaka mmidi wa perela, mabele le lebelebele di ile tsa tlwaela mo makgolong a dingwaga go emelana le komelelo le disenyi ka tlhago. Baagi ba tsamaisa dibanka tsa peo tsa selegae go abelana mefuta e e thata e gore mongwe le mongwe a nne le dijalo tse di tshwanelang maemo a bosa a selegae a bona a a fetogang.<ref name=":32" /> Gape ba dira dijalo tse di farologaneng, se se rayang go jala dijalo tse di farologaneng go bapa le tse dingwe, jaaka mmidi o o nang le dinawa tsa kgomo.<ref name=":33" /> Dinawa tse di nang le matlhare di dira moriti mo mmung go o boloka o le bongola, go netefatsa gore le fa mmidi o ka swa ka ntlha ya mogote, malapa a santse a na le sejalo sa tlaleletso go se roba. == Setšhaba le setso == === Go tlhoka tekatekano mo patlisisong ya seemo sa bosa === Le fa Aforika e tlile go nna nngwe ya karolo kgolo ya Lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe a mantsi mo teng tse di amiwang thata ke phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, go tlhoka tekatekano go go rulagantsweng le go tlhoka tekatekano go gongwe go go amanang le dipatlisiso tsa saense le matlole go raya gore bonnye fela jwa saense e e gatisitsweng ka ga phetogo ya seemo sa bosa le matlole a dipatlisiso tsa seemo sa bosa ke a borasaense ba Aforika.<ref name=":35">"[https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-the-lack-of-diversity-in-climate-science-research Analysis: The lack of diversity in climate-science research]". ''Carbon Brief''. 5 October 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2021.</ref> Tshekatsheko ya madi a dipatlisiso go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1990 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2020 a phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, e fitlhetse gore karolo ya masome a supa le borobabobedi mo lekgolong ya dipatlisiso tsa madi a dipatlisiso ka ga phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo Aforika a ne a dirisiwa mo ditheong tsa Yuropa le Bokone jwa Amerika mme go le gontsi go ne ga dirisiwa mo dikoloning tsa pele tsa lefatshe la Britain go feta mafatshe a mangwe.<ref>Overland, Indra; Fossum Sagbakken, Haakon; Isataeva, Aidai; Kolodzinskaia, Galina; Simpson, Nicholas Philip; Trisos, Christopher; Vakulchuk, Roman (14 September 2022). [[doi:10.1080/17565529.2021.1976609|"Funding flows for climate change research on Africa: where do they come from and where do they go?"]]. ''Climate and Development''. '''14''' (8): 705–724. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022CliDe..14..705O 2022CliDe..14..705O]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/17565529.2021.1976609|10.1080/17565529.2021.1976609]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:11250/2832233|11250/2832233]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]]&#x20;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244210557 244210557].</ref> Mokgwa o wa [[:en:Parachute_science|saense ya diparachute]], ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe ka bobedi o thibela babatlisisi ba selegae go dira tiro e e kgolo, ka gonne ga ba na matlole a ditiro tsa ditekelelo mme o fokotsa peeletso mo megopolong ya babatlisisi ba selegae le mo ditlhogong tse di botlhokwa mo Borwa jwa Lefatshe Lotlhe, jaaka [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|go tlwaela phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|seemo sa bosa]].<ref name=":35" /> Ditshekatsheko tse di nepagetseng tsa go tswelela di gwetlha ka ntlha ya go tlhoka matlhomeso a dipeeletso tse di tswelelang, mmogo le dithibelo tsa tshedimosetso le bokgoni jwa botsamaisi. Ga jaana, a a kwa tlase ga halofo ya matlole a a kwa godimo a phenšene a Aforika a bega tshedimosetso ka ga dipholisi tsa tsweletso le tiragatso.<ref>European Investment Bank (2022). Unlocking Sustainable Private Sector Growth in the Middle East and North Africa. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1596/37601|10.1596/37601.]] [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:20.500.12657/57821|20.500.12657/57821.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5220-7|978-92-861-5220-7]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250211092 250211092].[page needed]</ref><ref name=":20" /> [[:en:United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development|Bokopano jwa Ditšhabakopano ka ga Kgwebisano le Tlhabololo]] - Maemo a Boditšhabatšhaba a Boikarabelo le Pegelo (UNCTAD-ISAR) e tlhomile Tirisanommogo ya Kgaolo ya Aforika ya Tsweletsopele le Pegelo ya SDG ka ngwaga wa 2022. Tirisanommogo e na le maloko a le masome a mararo go tloga ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2023, go akaretsa le mafaratlhatlha a bosetšhaba a dikompone tsa loago/ maikarabelo a loago a dikompone le/ kgotsa ditona go tswa ka mafatsheng a le masome a mabedi le bosupa a Aforika.<ref name=":20" /><ref>"[https://unctad.org/isar/meeting/african-regional-partnership-meeting-sustainability-and-sdg-reporting African Regional Partnership meeting on sustainability and SDG reporting]". ''UN Trade and Development''. Retrieved 31 October 2023.</ref><ref>[https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/osg2023d1_en.pdf "UNCTAD ANNUAL REPORT 2022"] (PDF).</ref> == Bona gape == * [[:en:Ecotourism_in_Africa|Bojanala jwa tikologo mo Aforika]] * [[:en:Water_scarcity_in_Africa|Tlhaelo ya metsi mo Aforika]] == Metswedi == pv9ua0qlsjz7z5oo06hjjscx9y4romi 0 9287 53293 38614 2026-07-26T17:38:21Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke feleleditse tsebe ya Donald Molosi 53293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Donald Molosi|birth_name=Donald Leungo Gosego Molutsi|birth_date=11 December 1985|birth_place=Mahalapye|nationality=Botswana|occupation=Actor, Writer, Playwright|years active=2002-present|awards=2016 50 Golden Jubilee under 40 Awards Gabz FM and Mail & Guardian|alma mater=Williams College, University of California Santa Barbara Brunel University}} '''Donald Leungo Gosego Molosi''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e le lesome le motso ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le botlhano (1985) Ke modiragatsi le mokwadi o tlholegang mo [[Botswana]] Rre Molosi o simolotse leoto la gagwe la bodiragatsi mo motshamekong wa [[:en:Off-Broadway|off-Broadway]] ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome (2010) ele [[:en:Philly_Lutaaya|Philly Lutaaya]] le mo motshamekong wa ''Today It's Me''<ref>[http://www.sundaystandard.info/molosi-gets-recognised-broadway MOLOSI GETS RECOGNISED ON BROADWAY] [https://web.archive.org/web/20170917033552/http://www.sundaystandard.info/molosi-gets-recognised-broadway Archived] 17 September 2017 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] ''Sunday Standard''. Retrieved 23 Mopitlo 2024.</ref><ref name=":0">[[:en:Donald_Molosi#cite_note-auto1-2|Interview with Donald Molosi]] ''Indie Activity''. Retrieved 15 September 2017.</ref> ele ene motswana wa ntlha go diragatsa ko off-Broadway.<ref>[[:en:Donald_Molosi#cite_note-3|Molosi reflects about his role in Khama's film]] ''Botswana Unplugged''. Retrieved 13 September 2017.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le motso (2011), Re Molosi o fentse sekgele sa modiragatsi yo tshamekang a le nosi mo khutsong ya motshameko ko [[:en:United_Solo_Theatre_Festival|United Solo Theatre Festival]] ko a neng a diragatsa ele [[Seretse Khama]] mo motshahmekong wa ''Blue, Black and White''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Molosi#cite_note-4</ref>.Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro (2013), Rre Molosi o ne a boela morago go ya go diragatsa ko off-Broadway mo motshahmekong wa ''Motswana: Africa, Dream Again''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Molosi#cite_note-5</ref>. O ne a tshameka seabe mo ditshwantshong tsa ''[[:en:A_United_Kingdom|United Kingdom]]'' (2016) a latedisa seabe sa moanelwa mogolo and ''Given'' (2009). Rre Molosi o kwadile a bo a gatisa tshidimoso metshameko ya gagwe ya off-Broadway, metshameko ya gagwe e akaretsa ''We Are All Blue'',<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Molosi#cite_note-auto-6</ref> ''Blue, Black and White''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Molosi#cite_note-auto-6</ref> and ''Motswana: Africa, Dream Again''<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Molosi#cite_note-auto-6</ref> ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro (2016). == Dithutego == Rre Molosi o tsene sekolo ko [[:en:Williams_College|Williams College]] ko lefatsheng la United States, ko a atlegileng ka setlankana sa [[:en:Double_major|double-major]] Bachelor of Arts [[:en:Degree_(education)|degree]] in theatre le Political Science<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Molosi#cite_note-:1-7</ref>. Rre Molosi o nale setlankana se se botlana sa [[:en:Classical_acting|Classical acting]] go tswa mo sekolong sa London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Molosi#cite_note-:1-7</ref> a o tshwere setlanka se segolwane sa Theatre and [[:en:Performance_Studies|Performance Studies]] ditshupo go tswa mo University of California Santa Barbara<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Santa_Barbara</ref>.ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe (2021) Molosi o feditse setlankana sa thuthuntsho ya bokwadi ko [[:en:Brunel_University_London|Brunel University]] kwa United Kingdom, ka fa tlase ga lekalana le le ntshang madi a ithutuntsho a [[:en:Chevening_Scholarship|Chevening]].<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Molosi#cite_note-9</ref> == Botshelo jwa pele le kwa a goletseng teng == Donald Molosi o tsholetswe kwa [[Mahalapye]], [[Botswana]], ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le masome a matlhano le botlhano (1985(<ref name=":0" />mme a tsena sekolo sa Maru a Pula kwa Gaborone, Botswana, pele a tswelela ka dithuto tsa gagwe kwa London le United States of America. Go tswa bonyaneng, Molosi o ne a supa bokgoni jwa tlholego jwa go tshameka mme fa a le dingwaga di le lesome le borataro , o ne a setse a le mo loetong le meletlo ya botsweretshi, go akaretsa le Maitisong Festival kwa Gaborone, le The Company Maitisong, koo Molosi gape a neng a kwala metshameko teng,<ref name=":1">[http://www.mmegi.bw/2004/June/Thursday24/2835465531965.html A piecing together of fragments] ''Mmegi Online''. Retrieved 15 September 2017</ref>le National Arts Festival,<ref name=":2">[https://thevoicebw.com/immortal-story-teller/ The immortal story teller] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170916053332/https://thevoicebw.com/immortal-story-teller/|date=16 September 2017}} ''The Voice''. Retrieved 15 September 2017</ref>kwa Grahamstown, Afrika Borwa. Molosi o ne a tlhagelela mo radiong le mo thelebišeneng a sa le monnye mme a nna motho yo monnye go gaisa mo radiong jaaka mogasi wa radio kwa Yarona FM.<ref name=":0" /> O ne gape a dira mmogo le UNICEF jaaka moanedi wa bana mo Botswana Television ka nako ya UN International Children's Day of Broadcasting. Se se ne sa dira gore a nne nakwana kwa Radio Botswana 2 (RB2) ka fa tlase ga kaelo ya mogaka wa radio, One Rabantheng.<ref name=":2" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bobedi (2002), Molosi o ne a kwala le go tshameka solo ya gagwe ya ntlha, Fragments,<ref name=":1" />e e neng ya tsamaisiwa ke motsamaisi wa Motswana yo o itsegeng Gao Lemmenyane a le dingwaga di le lesome le bosupa.<ref>[https://www.indieactivity.com/interview-donald-molosi/ "Interview with Donald Molosi"]. ''indieactivity''. 28 February 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2021.</ref>Fragments e theilwe mo ditshwanelong tsa bana kwa Botswana. Ka go akgolwa thata ke Fragments, Molosi o ne a lalediwa go ya kwa New York City kwa United Nations General Assembly Special Session on Children mme o ne a na le tiragatso e kgolo ya motshameko o le mongwe le baeteledipele ba lefatshe jaaka Mokwaledi Kakaretso wa pele wa UN Kofi Annan le Tautona wa pele wa Afrika Borwa Nelson Mandela ba le teng. <ref name=":2" />Molosi o ne a tsaya molaetsa wa Fragments go ya kwa pele go buelela ditshwanelo tsa bana ka pontsho ya gagwe ya maboko, Can I Live? (2002) go ya ka tlhaloso ya gagwe ya African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child.<ref name=":2" />Ka ntlha ya matsapa a gagwe a a gaisang le a a tlhomologileng mo ditirong, Molosi o amogetse Sir Seretse le Lady Ruth Khama Brilliant Spirit Award (2003) ke Motlotlegi Lt. Gen. Seretse Khama Ian Khama.<ref name=":2" />Fa a ne a le kwa sekolong se segolwane kwa Taft School kwa Watertown, Connecticut, ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le botlhano (2005), Molosi e ne e le mongwe wa baopedi ba babedi ba ba eteletseng pele mo setlhopheng sa a cappella Eccedoce mme o ne a tshameka mo ditshamekong tsa kgaolo tsa theatrical You Can't Take It With You le The Misanthrope.<ref name=":2" /> Ka nako ya fa Molosi a ne a le dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi , o ne a swetsa go fudugela kwa United States mme go ise go ye kae o ne a kwadisiwa kwa Williams College, e leng kholetšhe e e di gogang kwa pele ya Amerika ya Liberal Arts kwa Williamstown, Massachusetts, go ya go dira dikirii tse pedi tsa bachelor mo go tsa Theater le mo go tsa Saense ya Sepolotiki. Kgatlhego ya gagwe mo botaking le tiragatso e ne ya felela ka thesis e e neng ya bontsha dipontsho tsa pokoEmbodied, e e nang le ditshwantsho tsa ga Stefan Elrington le Maya Lama. Moragonyana Molosi o ne a ithuta le mofenyi wa Sekgele sa Academy Janet Suzman kwa London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA) kwa a neng a bona Graduate Diploma ya gagwe ya Classical Acting. Molosi ke moemedi wa Brand Botswana.<ref>[http://www.botswanayouth.com/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-donald/ "10 Things You Didn't Know About Donald Molosi",] ''Botswana Youth''. Retrieved 12 September 2017.</ref> == Tiro == Molosi o fentse dikgele di le mmalwa tsa kgaolo, tsa bosetšhaba le tsa boditšhabatšhaba jaaka mokwadi wa diterama, motshameki le mokwadi. <ref>[http://www.indietheaternow.com/Playwright/donald-molosi Donald Molosi] ''Indie Theater Now''. Retrieved 10 September 2017.</ref>Mo godimo ga dikgele tsa gagwe tsa pele, o ne a fenya Best Actor kwa Dialogue One Festival kwa Massachusetts ka go tshameka Sir Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi (2008);<ref name=":3">[https://www.indieactivity.com/interview-donald-molosi/ "Interview with Donald Molosi".] ''indieactivity''. 28 February 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2020</ref>Sanford Prize for Excellence in Theatre 2009<ref name=":3" /> le ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009) Florence Chandler Fellowship,<ref name=":3" />e e mo kgontshang go dira dipatlisiso tsa theatre go ralala lefatshe ka dikgwedi di le lesome le bobedi. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome (2010), Molosi o ne a boela kwa New York kwa Off-Broadway, kwa a neng a atlega go dira dipontsho tse nne tsa gagwe, go akaretsa Blue, Black and White ka botshelo jwa ga Seretse Khama e e neng ya mo tlisetsa Moputso wa Molosi wa Actor Best ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le motso (2011) le Today It's Me<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VVl1tAQPkeo Donald Molosi (Clips from Today It's Me)] YouTube. Retrieved 16 September 2017.</ref> ka botshelo jwa naledi ya mmino wa kwa Uganda koo a neng a fenya Moputso wa Robert Potter Playwriting. <ref name=":2" /> Molosi o ne gape a le mo setlhopheng se se neng se tshameka kwa Moletlong wa Writivism wa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano (2015) kwa Uganda koo a neng a galaletsa tiragalo eo ka go tshameka pina e nngwe gape e e tlhomologileng ya Today It's Me e e neng ya itumedisa bareetsi ba gagwe ba le bantsi kwa tiragalong eo. O ne gape e le motlhatlheledi wa Writivism wa bakwadi ba ba golang ba Aforika ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano (2015).<ref>[https://writivism.org/2014/10/30/2015-writivism-mentors/ Writivism Mentors] ''Writivism''. Retrieved 17 September 2017</ref> Motswana Africa, Dream Again e ne ya dira gore Molosi a bone tumalano ya go gatisa ka Mantle Books ya We Are All Blue, Motswana: Africa, Dream Again le Blue, Black and White ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi (2012).<ref name=":4">[http://www.botswanaguardian.co.bw/style/item/1778-donald-molosi-s-winning-plays-captured-in-one-volume.html Donald Molosi's winning plays captured in one volume Botswana Guardian.] Retrieved 10 September 2017.</ref>Molosi's Broadway credits include Motswana: Africa, Dream Again (2012) and Damn Yankees (2004). Ditshupo tsa gagwe tsa Hollywood tse di sa lekanyediwang go A United Kingdom (2016) le David Oyelowo,<ref name=":4" />Given (2009), Green Zone (2007), le mofenyi wa Academy-Award Matt Damon, le Breakfast in Hollywood (2006), le motshameki yo o gapileng sekgele Paul Boocock wa Law & Order,<ref name=":0" /> di atolosa tiro ya gagwe ya go nna motshameki. == Metswedi == 9yfeeo7y0tznjaxvlairxqnrfsmnil4 0 10997 53331 53233 2026-07-27T09:19:28Z JudithShe 9421 Ke baakantse #Wikipedia25BW 53331 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shirley Itumeleng Tiny Segokgo''' ke mopolotiki wa lefatshe la [[Botswana]]. Ke leloko la [[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|khuduthamaga ya Botswana]] mme gape ke leloko la lekoko la basadi kwa palamenteng. Segokgo gape ke leloko la [[:en:Pan-African_Parliament|Palamente ya Pan-Afrika]].<ref>[http://www.africa-union.org/organs/pan%20african%20parliament/List%20of%20Members%20pap.pdf List of Members of the Pan African Parliament] (March 15, 2004) [https://web.archive.org/web/20110518171107/http://www.africa-union.org/organs/pan%20african%20parliament/List%20of%20Members%20pap.pdf Archived] 18 May 2011 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[:en:List_of_members_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament|List of members of the Pan-African Parliament]] == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Mapolotiki a Botswana]] <references /> [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]] [[Karolo:Maloko a palamente ya Pan-Africa go tswa mo Botswana]] [[Karolo:Bomme ba Mapolotiki ba Botswana ba dingwaga tse dikete pedi le bongwe]] pvox6qsxidft6f4l0y1sd4734qytj6j 0 12918 53289 48388 2026-07-26T16:47:48Z ~2026-41581-60 13023 #Wikipedia25BW ke baakantse tsebe ya Zeus (seopedi) 53289 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist|Name=Zeus|Birth_name=Game Goabaone Bantsi|birth_date=22 Phukwi 1986|birth_place=[[Serowe]], Botswana|Genre=[[Hip Hop]], [[Motswako]]|Label=DIY, OC Music|image=[[File:Zeus TeachAIDS Recording Session 2010.jpg|thumb|Zeus TeachAIDS Recording Session 2010]]}} '''Game Goabaone Bantsi''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e le masome a mabedi le bobedi,kangwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borataro (1986) yo a itsegeng thata ka leina la gagwe la serala la '''Zeus''', ke seopedi sa mmino wa Hip Hop, motsamaisa-ditiro, ga mmogo le radikgwebo wa [[Motswana]]. O gatisitse alebamo ya gagwe ya matsibola-ntlha, ''Freshly Baked'', ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi (2008), e mo go yone go nang le dipina tsa dituma jaaka "Back In the Days" le "Gijima." Alebamo e e ne ya amogelwa ka lorato, mo e bile e neng ya dira gore a akanyelediwe tota ya Best Hip Hop Video ya ba [[Channel O Music Video Awards]], e e neng e lebisitswe pina ya Gijima e e bolelwang.<ref name=":0">[http://www.nigeriamusicmovement.com/index.php/trio-of-double-trophy-wins-at-2009-channel-o-music-video-awards Nigerian Music – Trio Of Double Trophy Wins At 2009 Channel O Music Video Awards!] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160201020651/http://www.nigeriamusicmovement.com/index.php/trio-of-double-trophy-wins-at-2009-channel-o-music-video-awards Archived] 1 February 2016 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]</ref> Ya bobedi yone, [[The Flipside]],<ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200814/http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=7&aid=39&dir=2009%2FDecember%2FThursday17 "Mmegi Online :: Zeus to launch The Flipside"]. 27 April 2007. Archived from [http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=7&aid=39&dir=2009/December/Thursday17 the original] on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2018.</ref> ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009), le yone e amogetswe ka lorato, mo e kanokilweng ka bontle mo gae mo [[Botswana]] ga mmogo le kwa [[Aforika Borwa]].<ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202802/http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=7&aid=3676&dir=2010%2FJuly%2FThursday22 "Mmegi Online :: Zeus celebrates birthday celebrity catwalk style"]. 16 July 2010. Archived from [http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=7&aid=3676&dir=2010/July/Thursday22 the original] on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2018.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome (2010), o ne a tlhongwa mo maemobong a bosupa mo palong bosome le botlhano jwa badiragatsi ba mmino wa rap ba Aforika Borwa jo bo itlhomileng kwa pele<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120329143200/http://www.tvsa.co.za/default.asp?blogname=Top15SARappers&ArticleID=13824 "Top 15 South African Rappers"]. Archived from [http://www.tvsa.co.za/default.asp?blogname=Top15SARappers&ArticleID=13824 the original] on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2010.</ref> le mo maemong a bone mo palong ya ''MNET's Top 10 African Rappers for 2010.''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100905112339/http://www.museke.com/en/node/6167 "MNET Top Ten African Rappers for 2010 list"]. Archived from [http://www.museke.com/en/node/6167 the original] on 5 September 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2010.</ref> Zeus o tshela mo 'toropong tsa Gaborone, kwa a tsholetsweng gone, le Jonannesburg, Aforika Borwa. == Botshelo jwa gagwe jwa pele == Zeus o tsholetswe kwa Serowe mme a golela kwa Gaborone, motsemogolo le toropo e kgolo ya Botswana. O na le bomonnawe ba le bararo; bomonnawe ba le babedi le kgaitsadie a le mongwe mme ke ene wa bofelo go tsholwa mo lelapeng la bana ba le bane . Fa a bua ka mmino wa lelapa la gagwe, o kile a bua jaana mo potsolotsong, "Mmè o rata mmino wa gospel, rre o rata mmino wa country, bomorwarre ba babedi ba rata mmino wa hip-hop le dancehall mme kgaitsadiake o rata R&B. Ka jalo, mefuta yotlhe ya mmino e ke neng ke e utlwa fa ke ntse ke gola e ne ya tlhotlheletsa alebamo eno". Zeus o goletse mo lelapeng la Bakeresete mme o sa ntse a ipitsa Mokeresete.<ref name=":3">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160919024049/http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=7&aid=59&dir=2007%2FMay%2FFriday11 "Mmegi Online :: Seuz vows to take South Africans head on"]. 13 April 2007. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2018.</ref> == Thuto == Zeus o weditse dithuto tsa gagwe tsa sekolo se segolwane kwa Sekolong se Segolo sa Rainbow, sekolo se se ikemetseng se se kwa Gaborone ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le boraro (2003). Morago ga moo o ne a simolola dithuto tsa BCOMM mo go tsa Papatso le Tsamaiso kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Monash]] mo Aforika Borwa, mme a aloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bosupa (2007).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160919024049/http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=7&aid=59&dir=2007%2FMay%2FFriday11 "Mmegi Online :: Seuz vows to take South Africans head on"]. 13 April 2007. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2018.</ref> == Tiro ya mmino == Zeus o ne a bua are :...pele ga tsotlhe mo puong nngwe le nngwe kgotsa mo nageng nngwe le nngwe ke itsaya ke le MC yo e leng mokwadi yo o tlhamang, yo o dirang dilo ka tsela ya gagwe le yo o tlisang melaetsa e tsebe e sa kgoneng go e itlhokomolosa. Boammaaruri jwa gore ke Motswana ebile ke Moafrika bo oketsa dikarolo tse di farologaneng tsa go nna MC ga me tse di nkgaoganyang le ba bangwe ba ba mo lebaleng la ditshabatshaba la Hip Hop ka jalo ke MC, African MC le Motswana MC.<ref name=":4">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110304010852/http://www.museke.com/en/Zeus "Zeus – Museke African artistes".] Archived from the original on 4 March 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2010.</ref> Mo masimologong a dingwaga tsa bo ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi (2000), Zeus yo o neng a le mo dingwageng tsa bolesome o ne a simolola go itirela leina mo mminong wa hip-hop kwa Botswana. Bokgoni jwa gagwe jwa tlholego, go bua ka thelelo le go gana go kgotsofalela go nna "rapper yo mongwe fela" go ne ga dira gore go nne thata go mo kgaphela kwa thoko. ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi (2008) e ne ya bona dingwaga tsa gagwe tsa go dira ka natla di nna le maungo fa tiro ya gagwe ya ntlha e ne e tsena mo dirakeng. === 2008 -2009: Go Bakiwa Sesha === Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi (2008), Zeus o ne a golola alebamo ya gagwe ya ntlha, Freshly Baked. Rekoto ya gagwe ya go tshameka di le lesome le bone e ne ya amogelwa sentle kwa Botswana mme ya mo dira gore a nne naledi kwa nageng ya gaabo. Moragonyana mo ngwageng oo, Zeus e ne ya atlega fa Freshly Baked e ne e tlhophiwa jaaka alebamo ya ngwaga kwa MTN-HYPE magazine Hip Hop awards mo Afrika Borwa.<ref name=":5">[https://web.archive.org/web/20101206080530/http://teachaids.org/blog/channel-o-music-video-award-winner-zeus-joins-teachaids-efforts/ "Channel O Music Video Award winner, Zeus, joins TeachAIDS efforts".] Archived from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2010.</ref>ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi (2008) e ne ya tswelela go nna ngwaga o o siameng mo go Zeus jaaka pina e e mo tsentseng mo mmapeng, "Imagination", e ne ya tlhophiwa gape go nna Bidio ya Reggae Dancehall e e gaisang kwa Channel O Music Video Awards.[8] Kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009) Zeus o ne a nna le phenyo e e kgatlhisang kwa Channel O Music Video Awards ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009) fa a ne a fenya kgaisano go tswa go ba ba tshwanang le [[Hip Hop Pantsula]] ("All I Need" video), [[Okyeame Kwame]] ("Woso" video), [[Jay Ru (]]"Big Boi Anthem" video), Pro ("Uthini Ngo Pro"), le Black Rhino ("Black Chata") go fenya Bidio ya Hip Hop e e gaisang ya "Gijima". <ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110629165814/http://allafrica.com/stories/200908130811.html "Botswana: 'Zeus' Gets Channel O Music Video Nomination".] Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2010.</ref> === 2009: The Flipside [Lebokoso la Ditiragalo] === Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e le lesome le borobabobedi , Zeus o ne a golola alebamo ya gagwe ya bobedi, The Flipside. Alebamo e ne ya anamisiwa ke Soul Candi Records mme e ne e le tirisanommogo magareng ga D.I.Y/Rizn Entertainment, Octave couplet le Big Dawg productions.<ref name=":1" />Alebamo eno e na le dipina di le lesome le borataro mme e na le diopedi tse di jaaka [[RJ Benjamin]], Don Juan, Stoan le Jon Jazi. Di-single tsa yone tse di itsegeng thata e nnile "Out of my mind", "Diski Business" le pina ya yone e e tumileng thata go fitlha jaanong, "Champagne Music". Bidio ya "Champagne Music" e mo tliseditse go tlhophiwa ga gagwe ga boraro ka go latelana mo Channel O Music Video Award  ⁇  mo lekgetlong leno e le ya Most Gifted Male Video.<ref name=":6">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073413/http://mva.channelo.tv/ "Channel O Music Video Awards 2010".] Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2018.</ref>Video ya gagwe e tla nna kgatlhanong le [[Wande Coal's]] "Bumper To Bumper", Banky W "Strong Thing", Black Coffee ka video ya "Juju" e e nang le Bantwini le K'NAAN's "T.I.A". <ref>guestwritter. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110713175324/http://kwaito.com/articles/africa%E2%80%99s-most-gifted-set-to-take-flight-with-2010-channel-o-music-video-awards.html "Africa's most gifted set to take flight with 2010 Channel O Music Video Awards".] Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2010.</ref> === 2010: "Beef" le Scar === Ka nako ya go gasa lenaneo la bone la sefitlholo la [[Yarona FM]], The Real Enchilada (le le neng le tsamaisiwa mmogo le Tumi Ramsden yo e leng motho yo o itsegeng thata mo metsweding ya dikgang), rapper wa Motswana yo mongwe e bong Scar o ne a bontsha boitshwaro jo bo neng bo sa itumedise Zeus. Ramsden o ne a sa tswa go tshameka pina e ntšha go tswa mo alebamong ya Zeus mme a re o e ratile. Seno se ne sa dira gore Zeus a romele kakgelo mo tsebeng ya gagwe ya Facebook mme Scar le ene o ne a dira jalo mo tsebeng ya gagwe. "Ntwa ya ditshipi" e ne ya tswelela e ntse e tsweletse. Mmegadikgang wa The Voice, Kabelo Dipholo o ne a botsa bataki ka bobedi ka ga kgotlhang ya bone ka Facebook. Scar o ne a araba ka go kwala jaana:<ref name=":2" /> Tsela e Zeus a neng a tlhalosa kamano ya bone ka yone e ne e le e e latelang:<ref name=":4" /> ... Ga go na sepe se se tshwanetseng go tsenngwa mo inbox. GA GO na sepe se se diragalang fa gare ga me le Zeus. Ga ke na "dikgotlhang" le ope wa bataki ba Botswana.<ref name=":6" /> ... Ke tla konela ka go re ga se kgale thata Scar e ne e le batho ba me; ke ne ka ba ka rulaganya go tshameka mo dikagong tsa yunibesiti ya me ya bogologolo kwa Gauteng ke mo tlisa le Stagga, tota ke ne ka leka le go mo tsenya mo diporojekeng dingwe tse ke neng ke di dira kwa SA go akaretsa Motswako Tape Vol 1 ya DJ Lemonka. Ke ne ke batla go aga le monna yo o sa tlhoeng mme nka go naya lenaane le leleele la batho ba ba ka supang seno. Dilo di ne di lebega di fetogile morago ga go sa utlwane ga gagwe le manejara wa me le molekane wa gagwe wa kgwebo kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga o o fetileng yo le ene a neng a tlhola a dira le ene mme morago ga moo o ne a bua mafoko a a sa siamang ka modirimmogo le nna mo potsolotsong ya gagwe ya makasine wa HUB, a bua mafoko a a tlhabang ka letshwao la botsamaisi mme jaaka a ne a le tlhalosa e ne e le "moopedi wa ntlha" mo go lone. Ka nnete ke bona seemo se se sa itumedise e bile se sa dire sepe; re ka re re maina a mabedi a a itsegeng thata mo lefatsheng lotlhe mo hip hop ya Botswana, re tshwanetse go dira mmogo e seng go lwantshana!<ref>[http://www.thevoicebw.com/2010/06/04/big-weekend-040610/ BIG WEEKEND 04/06/10] Archived July 17, 2011, at the Wayback Machine</ref> === 2012: Honey I'm Home mixtape === Ke ya boraro ya ga Zeus (e e tla gololwang ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele e le masome a mabedi le boraro ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi (2012) mme ke mixtape e e emelang jaaka leina le kaya; la ntlha ke go boa ga ga Zeus morago ga dingwaga tse pedi, go tloga ka 2009 fa a ne a kwala The Flipside album, mme la bobedi ke go tlhongwa ga gagwe le go bewa mo maemong a ntlha a hip hop ya selegae mmogo le ya Aforika ka kakaretso. The 13 track masterpiece was recorded at Bedrock Studios and features production from long time collaborator Octave Couplet's Don Juan, new OC recruits K-Zo and Bash Boi mmogo le Rimzy le Bally go tswa kwa Heavensent Productions. Mixtape/freetape e na le ditemana go tswa go AKA, Tumi go tswa mo bolumong, Hydro, Don Juan, Thato_daPoet, Vusi, tsala ya nako e telele le modiri mmogo le KEB mmogo le Ozi F. Teddy.<ref name=":3" /> === 2013 -2014: Nako ya Afrika === Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e le borataro ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro (2013) Zeus o ne a ntsha alebamo ya gagwe ya boraro mme ga jaana ele alebamo ya gagwe e e atlegileng thata mo kgwebong, African Time. E ne ya etelelwa pele ke pina e e tumileng "#Datswatsapp" e e neng e na le dirapa tse di itsegeng tsa Afrika Borwa AKA le [[Tumi Molekane]]. Single eno e ne ya tlhophiwa mo Channel 0 VMA ya bidio ya monna yo o nang le bokgoni jo bogolo. Dingwe tsa di-single tse di golotsweng di akaretsa "MaAfrika" le "Psych", tseo tsotlhe di neng tsa gololwa go amogelwa ke babadi.<ref name=":4" /> Fa a tlhalosa tlhotlheletso ya alebamo eno, e e farologanang le e e neng e le teng mo dikgatisong tse di fetileng tse di neng di rata go tlotlomatsa mafoko a gagwe jaaka moopedi wa mmino wa hip hop, o ne a re,<ref name=":1" /> E ne e le sengwe se ke neng ke ntse ke se tlhagolela mo go nna fa dingwaga di ntse di feta, go tloga ka nako ya fa ke ne ke simolola go lemoga ka mo go oketsegileng maemo a a leng teng mo lefatsheng gompieno, segolobogolo mo Afrika. O kgona go bona dilo di le dintsi tse di sa siamang ka boemo jwa batho ba rona ka tsela e ba akanyang ka yone, go tlhoka ga rona go nna le taolo le go nna le taolo. Ke ditshono di le kae tse go lebegang re sa di bone le fa gone re le mo kontinenteng e e nang le dikungo tse dintsi mme gone re sa ntse re humanegile?<ref name=":2" /> Tiro ya gagwe ya ga jaana e na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo ya Seaforika mme ga a tsepamise maikutlo thata mo go ikgantsheng mme o tsepamisitse mogopolo mo go se a se buang le melaetsa ya gagwe. Leina la alebamo eno ke loeto lwa go akanya lo lo ralalang mafelo a a farologaneng a Afrika. Go ya ka Zeus setlhogo sa alebamo eno ke go tshameka mafoko ka botlhale: Ka tlwaelo fa re re nako ya Aforika go raya gore re tharile kgotsa dilo ga di ise di gorosiwe ka nako ka jalo ka tlwaelo re re, Hei nako ya Aforika! Ke akanya gore e na le bokao jo bo sa siamang mme ke rata gore re e fetole gore e nne e e siameng mme re re nako ya Afrika ke nako ya rona. Ke nako ya gore re simolole go naya lefatshe sengwe go na le go tsaya sengwe mo go lone. Ke akanya gore Afrika e neile lefatshe dilo di le dintsi. Dikarolo di le dintsi tsa Seaforika tse di fitlheletsweng mo setsong sa pop, e ka tswa e le dashiki kgotsa moropa, ga se ka metlha di neng di dira gore rona Baaforika re nne kwa pelepele. Gompieno difeshene tsa ditšhabatšhaba di na le mekwalo e mentsi ya Se-Afrika go feta ya difeshene tsa Se-Afrika. Re tlhoka go simolola go nna le se e leng sa rona le go se isa kwa ntle le go simolola go bua gore ke nako ya rona ya go tlhotlheletsa setso se se tumileng lefatshe ka bophara. Alebamo e e nang le dipina di le lesome le botlhano e na le tirisanommogo le bataki le batlhagisi ba ba itsegeng ba ba akaretsang Tumi, Kwela Tebza, Mahotella Queens, Mzekezeke, Ross Jack, Nonku Phiri le Ammara Brown gareng ga ba bangwe. Motaki wa Motswako Tebogo Mapine yo o itsegeng thata ka leina la Nomadic o tlhamile khabara ya alebamo.<ref name=":1" /> "Ke mo fitlhela a tlhaloganya ka gonne ke moAfrika yo o ikgantshang e bile e le motaki ka boene, ka jalo fa ke ne ke bua ka leina la alebamo o ne a na le kgopolo mo mogopolong wa gagwe", Zeus a rialo. "Fa ke ne ke bala buka ya Capitalist Nigga dingwaga tse di fetileng fa ke ne ke le mo dingwageng tsa me tsa bolesome, e ne ya nkgatlha tota mme le gompieno ke ikutlwa gore gongwe ke nngwe ya dibuka tse di tlhotlheleditseng thata tse di ileng tsa bopa tsela e ke lebang botshelo ka yone. Ka jalo mo go nna tlhotlheletso ya alebamo eno ke ya Seaforika mme filosofi e kgolo ke tsela e re dirang dilo ka yone. Re bona mo ditsong tse dingwe, ka sekai batho ba China, melao ya bone ya kgwebo e tswa mo ngwaong ya bone. Ke ka ntlha yang fa go lebega e kete ga go na kamano epe fa gare ga se re neng re le sone maabane le se re leng sone gompieno? Ga go na pelaelo gore seno se dira gore re tshwenyege ka gore re tla bo re le bomang ka moso fa re sa tlhole re na le matshwao ano a a re bontshang gore re bomang".<ref name=":2" /> The second single, "Fast Five" which also enjoyed airplay on local radio stations has kwasakwasa influence and when asked about the concept Zeus said, "Re tshwanetse go tlhaloganya gore mmino o tlhotlhelediwa ke mmino o mongwe. Ke motshameki yo mogolo thata wa mmino o o tswakaneng; pina ya me ya Imagination e ne e tswakantswe le mmino wa dancehall mme Dancing shoes ke pina ya ntlo. Ga ke ise ke ko ke lekanyetse mo go nneng fela rapper. Ke itsaya ke le motaki. Mo go nna modumo wa kwawa ke moribo o o nonofileng thata wa setso mme ga go kgathalesege gore o kwa kae mo Afrika. Go a utlwala go dira medumo e batsadi ba rona le bone ba ka e tlhaloganyang mme ka jalo ba rarabolola pharologano e e leng teng fa gare ga basha le bagolo".<ref name=":7">[http://www.gazettebw.com/zeus-drops-african-time/ "Zeus drops African Time &#x7C; Botswana Gazette".] ''www.gazettebw.com''. Retrieved 3 February 2022</ref> <ref>[https://www.allmusic.com/search/albums/african+time "Album Search for 'african time'".] ''AllMusic''</ref> === 2014 go fitlha jaanong: Go Tshwara Legodimo === Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014) Zeus o ne a golola pina ya "Touch the Sky" ya [[Sky Girls BW]]. Single e e ne ya dirwa go rotloetsa, go tlhotlheletsa le go kgothatsa basetsana ba ba mo dingwageng tsa bolesome mo maemong a a tshwanang le kgatelelo ya balekane. <ref>[http://www.weekendpost.co.bw/wp-news-details.php?nid=700 "Weekend Post :: Weekend Life – Zeus releases Sky Girls video".] ''weekendpost.co.bw''. Archived from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015</ref>Zeus o ne a golola pina e le nngwe ya FEVER e e neng e na le Mizo Phyll go tswa mo Afrika Borwa. == Mabaka == Zeus o adimile talente ya gagwe le nako ya gagwe go mekgatlho le mabaka a a farologaneng a a akaretsang: Childline Botswana, Oxfam International, Youth Health Organization (YOHO), lenaneo le le tshegediwang ke PEPFAR le le diretsweng go fokotsa ditshwaetsego tse dintšhwa tsa HIV mo basheng ba Batswana le [[TeachAids]] ya bosheng.<ref name=":5" /> O ne gape a lwela kgatelopele le kgolo mo Indasetering ya Mmino ya Botswana. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110711080955/http://www.gazettebw.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7723:where-is-the-botswana-music-industry&catid=16:editorial&Itemid=2 "Where is the Botswana Music Industry?"]. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2010.</ref> == Dikgwebo == Zeus ke mogwebi yo o itsegeng ka go nna mogwebi wa dikgwebo mo botaking, ke mothei le motsamaisi wa khamphani ya gagwe ya boitlosobodutu e e kileng ya golola tiro ya gagwe ka nosi le ka tirisanommogo le difeme tse dingwe tse di ikemetseng le tse dikgolo tsa direkoto. Morago ga go wetsa dithuto tsa gagwe tsa morago ga dikirii mo go tsa difilimi le thelebišene ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro (2016), kgwebo e ikaelela go simolola go dira jaaka karolo ya diporotofolio tsa yone, ka diteng tse di setseng di le mo dikgatong tse di farologaneng tsa tlhabololo. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014) o ne a tsenela tirisanommogo e e neng ya felela ka go tlhomiwa ga Jam For Brunch, tiragalo e e tumileng ya kgwedi le kgwedi kwa motsemoshate wa Botswana e e fetotseng mmaraka wa boikhutso wa Sontaga.<ref name=":7" /> == Dipina tsa mmino == * ''Freshly Baked'' (2008) * ''The Flipside'' (2009) * ''African Time'' (2013) == Go bala go ya pele == Zeus Biography[kgokahanyo e e sa feleng] == Bona gape == * [[Vee Mampeezy]] * [[Ross Branch]] * [[Sasa Klaas]] * [[Charma Gal]] == Metswedi == 6gpc25y7m4v2cr8e2v80w8mixd4jcs1 53290 53289 2026-07-26T17:02:36Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke baakantse tsebe ya Zeus(seopedi) 53290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist|Name=Zeus|Birth_name=Game Goabaone Bantsi|birth_date=22 Phukwi 1986|birth_place=[[Serowe]], Botswana|Genre=[[Hip Hop]], [[Motswako]]|Label=DIY, OC Music|image=[[File:Zeus TeachAIDS Recording Session 2010.jpg|thumb|Zeus TeachAIDS Recording Session 2010]]}} '''Game Goabaone Bantsi''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e le masome a mabedi le bobedi,kangwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borataro (1986) yo a itsegeng thata ka leina la gagwe la serala la '''Zeus''', ke seopedi sa mmino wa Hip Hop, motsamaisa-ditiro, ga mmogo le radikgwebo wa [[Motswana]]. O gatisitse alebamo ya gagwe ya matsibola-ntlha, ''Freshly Baked'', ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi (2008), e mo go yone go nang le dipina tsa dituma jaaka "Back In the Days" le "Gijima." Alebamo e e ne ya amogelwa ka lorato, mo e bile e neng ya dira gore a akanyelediwe tota ya Best Hip Hop Video ya ba [[Channel O Music Video Awards]], e e neng e lebisitswe pina ya Gijima e e bolelwang.<ref name=":0">[http://www.nigeriamusicmovement.com/index.php/trio-of-double-trophy-wins-at-2009-channel-o-music-video-awards Nigerian Music – Trio Of Double Trophy Wins At 2009 Channel O Music Video Awards!] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160201020651/http://www.nigeriamusicmovement.com/index.php/trio-of-double-trophy-wins-at-2009-channel-o-music-video-awards Archived] 1 February 2016 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]</ref> Ya bobedi yone, [[The Flipside]],<ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200814/http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=7&aid=39&dir=2009%2FDecember%2FThursday17 "Mmegi Online :: Zeus to launch The Flipside"]. 27 April 2007. Archived from [http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=7&aid=39&dir=2009/December/Thursday17 the original] on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2018.</ref> ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009), le yone e amogetswe ka lorato, mo e kanokilweng ka bontle mo gae mo [[Botswana]] ga mmogo le kwa [[Aforika Borwa]].<ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202802/http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=7&aid=3676&dir=2010%2FJuly%2FThursday22 "Mmegi Online :: Zeus celebrates birthday celebrity catwalk style"]. 16 July 2010. Archived from [http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=7&aid=3676&dir=2010/July/Thursday22 the original] on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2018.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome (2010), o ne a tlhongwa mo maemobong a bosupa mo palong bosome le botlhano jwa badiragatsi ba mmino wa rap ba Aforika Borwa jo bo itlhomileng kwa pele<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120329143200/http://www.tvsa.co.za/default.asp?blogname=Top15SARappers&ArticleID=13824 "Top 15 South African Rappers"]. Archived from [http://www.tvsa.co.za/default.asp?blogname=Top15SARappers&ArticleID=13824 the original] on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2010.</ref> le mo maemong a bone mo palong ya ''MNET's Top 10 African Rappers for 2010.''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100905112339/http://www.museke.com/en/node/6167 "MNET Top Ten African Rappers for 2010 list"]. Archived from [http://www.museke.com/en/node/6167 the original] on 5 September 2010. Retrieved 29 October 2010.</ref> Zeus o tshela mo 'toropong tsa Gaborone, kwa a tsholetsweng gone, le Jonannesburg, Aforika Borwa. == Botshelo jwa gagwe jwa pele == Zeus o tsholetswe kwa Serowe mme a golela kwa Gaborone, motsemogolo le toropo e kgolo ya Botswana. O na le bomonnawe ba le bararo; bomonnawe ba le babedi le kgaitsadie a le mongwe mme ke ene wa bofelo go tsholwa mo lelapeng la bana ba le bane . Fa a bua ka mmino wa lelapa la gagwe, o kile a bua jaana mo potsolotsong, "Mmè o rata mmino wa gospel, rre o rata mmino wa country, bomorwarre ba babedi ba rata mmino wa hip-hop le dancehall mme kgaitsadiake o rata [[R&B]]. Ka jalo, mefuta yotlhe ya mmino e ke neng ke e utlwa fa ke ntse ke gola e ne ya tlhotlheletsa alebamo eno". Zeus o goletse mo lelapeng la Bakeresete mme o sa ntse a ipitsa Mokeresete.<ref name=":3">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160919024049/http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=7&aid=59&dir=2007%2FMay%2FFriday11 "Mmegi Online :: Seuz vows to take South Africans head on"]. 13 April 2007. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2018.</ref> == Thuto == Zeus o weditse dithuto tsa gagwe tsa sekolo se segolwane kwa Sekolong se Segolo sa Rainbow, sekolo se se ikemetseng se se kwa Gaborone ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le boraro (2003). Morago ga moo o ne a simolola dithuto tsa BCOMM mo go tsa Papatso le Tsamaiso kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Monash]] mo Aforika Borwa, mme a aloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bosupa (2007).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160919024049/http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=7&aid=59&dir=2007%2FMay%2FFriday11 "Mmegi Online :: Seuz vows to take South Africans head on"]. 13 April 2007. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2018.</ref> == Tiro ya mmino == Zeus o ne a bua are :...pele ga tsotlhe mo puong nngwe le nngwe kgotsa mo nageng nngwe le nngwe ke itsaya ke le MC yo e leng mokwadi yo o tlhamang, yo o dirang dilo ka tsela ya gagwe le yo o tlisang melaetsa e tsebe e sa kgoneng go e itlhokomolosa. Boammaaruri jwa gore ke Motswana ebile ke Moafrika bo oketsa dikarolo tse di farologaneng tsa go nna MC ga me tse di nkgaoganyang le ba bangwe ba ba mo lebaleng la ditshabatshaba la Hip Hop ka jalo ke MC, African MC le Motswana MC.<ref name=":4">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110304010852/http://www.museke.com/en/Zeus "Zeus – Museke African artistes".] Archived from the original on 4 March 2011. Retrieved 29 October 2010.</ref> Mo masimologong a dingwaga tsa bo ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi (2000), Zeus yo o neng a le mo dingwageng tsa bolesome o ne a simolola go itirela leina mo mminong wa hip-hop kwa Botswana. Bokgoni jwa gagwe jwa tlholego, go bua ka thelelo le go gana go kgotsofalela go nna "rapper yo mongwe fela" go ne ga dira gore go nne thata go mo kgaphela kwa thoko. ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi (2008) e ne ya bona dingwaga tsa gagwe tsa go dira ka natla di nna le maungo fa tiro ya gagwe ya ntlha e ne e tsena mo dirakeng. === 2008 -2009: Go Bakiwa Sesha === Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi (2008), Zeus o ne a golola alebamo ya gagwe ya ntlha, Freshly Baked. Rekoto ya gagwe ya go tshameka di le lesome le bone e ne ya amogelwa sentle kwa Botswana mme ya mo dira gore a nne naledi kwa nageng ya gaabo. Moragonyana mo ngwageng oo, Zeus e ne ya atlega fa Freshly Baked e ne e tlhophiwa jaaka alebamo ya ngwaga kwa MTN-HYPE magazine Hip Hop awards mo Afrika Borwa.<ref name=":5">[https://web.archive.org/web/20101206080530/http://teachaids.org/blog/channel-o-music-video-award-winner-zeus-joins-teachaids-efforts/ "Channel O Music Video Award winner, Zeus, joins TeachAIDS efforts".] Archived from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 30 October 2010.</ref>ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi (2008) e ne ya tswelela go nna ngwaga o o siameng mo go Zeus jaaka pina e e mo tsentseng mo mmapeng, "Imagination", e ne ya tlhophiwa gape go nna Bidio ya Reggae Dancehall e e gaisang kwa Channel O Music Video Awards.[8] Kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009) Zeus o ne a nna le phenyo e e kgatlhisang kwa Channel O Music Video Awards ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009) fa a ne a fenya kgaisano go tswa go ba ba tshwanang le [[Hip Hop Pantsula]] ("All I Need" video), [[Okyeame Kwame]] ("Woso" video), [[Jay Ru (]]"Big Boi Anthem" video), Pro ("Uthini Ngo Pro"), le Black Rhino ("Black Chata") go fenya Bidio ya Hip Hop e e gaisang ya "Gijima". <ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110629165814/http://allafrica.com/stories/200908130811.html "Botswana: 'Zeus' Gets Channel O Music Video Nomination".] Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2010.</ref> === 2009: The Flipside [Lebokoso la Ditiragalo] === Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e le lesome le borobabobedi , Zeus o ne a golola alebamo ya gagwe ya bobedi, The Flipside. Alebamo e ne ya anamisiwa ke Soul Candi Records mme e ne e le tirisanommogo magareng ga D.I.Y/Rizn Entertainment, Octave couplet le Big Dawg productions.<ref name=":1" />Alebamo eno e na le dipina di le lesome le borataro mme e na le diopedi tse di jaaka [[RJ Benjamin]], Don Juan, Stoan le Jon Jazi. Di-single tsa yone tse di itsegeng thata e nnile "Out of my mind", "Diski Business" le pina ya yone e e tumileng thata go fitlha jaanong, "Champagne Music". Bidio ya "Champagne Music" e mo tliseditse go tlhophiwa ga gagwe ga boraro ka go latelana mo Channel O Music Video Award  ⁇  mo lekgetlong leno e le ya Most Gifted Male Video.<ref name=":6">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073413/http://mva.channelo.tv/ "Channel O Music Video Awards 2010".] Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2018.</ref>Video ya gagwe e tla nna kgatlhanong le [[Wande Coal's]] "Bumper To Bumper", Banky W "Strong Thing", Black Coffee ka video ya "Juju" e e nang le Bantwini le K'NAAN's "T.I.A". <ref>guestwritter. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110713175324/http://kwaito.com/articles/africa%E2%80%99s-most-gifted-set-to-take-flight-with-2010-channel-o-music-video-awards.html "Africa's most gifted set to take flight with 2010 Channel O Music Video Awards".] Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2010.</ref> === 2010: "Beef" le Scar === Ka nako ya go gasa lenaneo la bone la sefitlholo la [[Yarona FM]], The Real Enchilada (le le neng le tsamaisiwa mmogo le Tumi Ramsden yo e leng motho yo o itsegeng thata mo metsweding ya dikgang), rapper wa Motswana yo mongwe e bong Scar o ne a bontsha boitshwaro jo bo neng bo sa itumedise Zeus. Ramsden o ne a sa tswa go tshameka pina e ntšha go tswa mo alebamong ya Zeus mme a re o e ratile. Seno se ne sa dira gore Zeus a romele kakgelo mo tsebeng ya gagwe ya Facebook mme Scar le ene o ne a dira jalo mo tsebeng ya gagwe. "Ntwa ya ditshipi" e ne ya tswelela e ntse e tsweletse. Mmegadikgang wa The Voice, Kabelo Dipholo o ne a botsa bataki ka bobedi ka ga kgotlhang ya bone ka Facebook. Scar o ne a araba ka go kwala jaana:<ref name=":2" /> Tsela e Zeus a neng a tlhalosa kamano ya bone ka yone e ne e le e e latelang:<ref name=":4" /> ... Ga go na sepe se se tshwanetseng go tsenngwa mo inbox. GA GO na sepe se se diragalang fa gare ga me le Zeus. Ga ke na "dikgotlhang" le ope wa bataki ba Botswana.<ref name=":6" /> ... Ke tla konela ka go re ga se kgale thata Scar e ne e le batho ba me; ke ne ka ba ka rulaganya go tshameka mo dikagong tsa yunibesiti ya me ya bogologolo kwa Gauteng ke mo tlisa le Stagga, tota ke ne ka leka le go mo tsenya mo diporojekeng dingwe tse ke neng ke di dira kwa SA go akaretsa Motswako Tape Vol 1 ya DJ Lemonka. Ke ne ke batla go aga le monna yo o sa tlhoeng mme nka go naya lenaane le leleele la batho ba ba ka supang seno. Dilo di ne di lebega di fetogile morago ga go sa utlwane ga gagwe le manejara wa me le molekane wa gagwe wa kgwebo kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga o o fetileng yo le ene a neng a tlhola a dira le ene mme morago ga moo o ne a bua mafoko a a sa siamang ka modirimmogo le nna mo potsolotsong ya gagwe ya makasine wa HUB, a bua mafoko a a tlhabang ka letshwao la botsamaisi mme jaaka a ne a le tlhalosa e ne e le "moopedi wa ntlha" mo go lone. Ka nnete ke bona seemo se se sa itumedise e bile se sa dire sepe; re ka re re maina a mabedi a a itsegeng thata mo lefatsheng lotlhe mo hip hop ya Botswana, re tshwanetse go dira mmogo e seng go lwantshana!<ref>[http://www.thevoicebw.com/2010/06/04/big-weekend-040610/ BIG WEEKEND 04/06/10] Archived July 17, 2011, at the Wayback Machine</ref> === 2012: Honey I'm Home mixtape === Ke ya boraro ya ga Zeus (e e tla gololwang ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele e le masome a mabedi le boraro ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi (2012) mme ke mixtape e e emelang jaaka leina le kaya; la ntlha ke go boa ga ga Zeus morago ga dingwaga tse pedi, go tloga ka 2009 fa a ne a kwala The Flipside album, mme la bobedi ke go tlhongwa ga gagwe le go bewa mo maemong a ntlha a hip hop ya selegae mmogo le ya Aforika ka kakaretso. The 13 track masterpiece was recorded at Bedrock Studios and features production from long time collaborator Octave Couplet's Don Juan, new OC recruits K-Zo and Bash Boi mmogo le Rimzy le Bally go tswa kwa Heavensent Productions. Mixtape/freetape e na le ditemana go tswa go AKA, Tumi go tswa mo bolumong, Hydro, Don Juan, Thato_daPoet, Vusi, tsala ya nako e telele le modiri mmogo le KEB mmogo le Ozi F. Teddy.<ref name=":3" /> === 2013 -2014: Nako ya Afrika === Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e le borataro ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro (2013) Zeus o ne a ntsha alebamo ya gagwe ya boraro mme ga jaana ele alebamo ya gagwe e e atlegileng thata mo kgwebong, African Time. E ne ya etelelwa pele ke pina e e tumileng "#Datswatsapp" e e neng e na le dirapa tse di itsegeng tsa Afrika Borwa AKA le [[Tumi Molekane]]. Single eno e ne ya tlhophiwa mo Channel 0 VMA ya bidio ya monna yo o nang le bokgoni jo bogolo. Dingwe tsa di-single tse di golotsweng di akaretsa "MaAfrika" le "Psych", tseo tsotlhe di neng tsa gololwa go amogelwa ke babadi.<ref name=":4" /> Fa a tlhalosa tlhotlheletso ya alebamo eno, e e farologanang le e e neng e le teng mo dikgatisong tse di fetileng tse di neng di rata go tlotlomatsa mafoko a gagwe jaaka moopedi wa mmino wa hip hop, o ne a re,<ref name=":1" /> E ne e le sengwe se ke neng ke ntse ke se tlhagolela mo go nna fa dingwaga di ntse di feta, go tloga ka nako ya fa ke ne ke simolola go lemoga ka mo go oketsegileng maemo a a leng teng mo lefatsheng gompieno, segolobogolo mo Afrika. O kgona go bona dilo di le dintsi tse di sa siamang ka boemo jwa batho ba rona ka tsela e ba akanyang ka yone, go tlhoka ga rona go nna le taolo le go nna le taolo. Ke ditshono di le kae tse go lebegang re sa di bone le fa gone re le mo kontinenteng e e nang le dikungo tse dintsi mme gone re sa ntse re humanegile?<ref name=":2" /> Tiro ya gagwe ya ga jaana e na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo ya Seaforika mme ga a tsepamise maikutlo thata mo go ikgantsheng mme o tsepamisitse mogopolo mo go se a se buang le melaetsa ya gagwe. Leina la alebamo eno ke loeto lwa go akanya lo lo ralalang mafelo a a farologaneng a Afrika. Go ya ka Zeus setlhogo sa alebamo eno ke go tshameka mafoko ka botlhale: Ka tlwaelo fa re re nako ya Aforika go raya gore re tharile kgotsa dilo ga di ise di gorosiwe ka nako ka jalo ka tlwaelo re re, Hei nako ya Aforika! Ke akanya gore e na le bokao jo bo sa siamang mme ke rata gore re e fetole gore e nne e e siameng mme re re nako ya Afrika ke nako ya rona. Ke nako ya gore re simolole go naya lefatshe sengwe go na le go tsaya sengwe mo go lone. Ke akanya gore Afrika e neile lefatshe dilo di le dintsi. Dikarolo di le dintsi tsa Seaforika tse di fitlheletsweng mo setsong sa pop, e ka tswa e le dashiki kgotsa moropa, ga se ka metlha di neng di dira gore rona Baaforika re nne kwa pelepele. Gompieno difeshene tsa ditšhabatšhaba di na le mekwalo e mentsi ya Se-Afrika go feta ya difeshene tsa Se-Afrika. Re tlhoka go simolola go nna le se e leng sa rona le go se isa kwa ntle le go simolola go bua gore ke nako ya rona ya go tlhotlheletsa setso se se tumileng lefatshe ka bophara. Alebamo e e nang le dipina di le lesome le botlhano e na le tirisanommogo le bataki le batlhagisi ba ba itsegeng ba ba akaretsang Tumi, Kwela Tebza, Mahotella Queens, Mzekezeke, Ross Jack, Nonku Phiri le Ammara Brown gareng ga ba bangwe. Motaki wa Motswako Tebogo Mapine yo o itsegeng thata ka leina la Nomadic o tlhamile khabara ya alebamo.<ref name=":1" /> "Ke mo fitlhela a tlhaloganya ka gonne ke moAfrika yo o ikgantshang e bile e le motaki ka boene, ka jalo fa ke ne ke bua ka leina la alebamo o ne a na le kgopolo mo mogopolong wa gagwe", Zeus a rialo. "Fa ke ne ke bala buka ya Capitalist Nigga dingwaga tse di fetileng fa ke ne ke le mo dingwageng tsa me tsa bolesome, e ne ya nkgatlha tota mme le gompieno ke ikutlwa gore gongwe ke nngwe ya dibuka tse di tlhotlheleditseng thata tse di ileng tsa bopa tsela e ke lebang botshelo ka yone. Ka jalo mo go nna tlhotlheletso ya alebamo eno ke ya Seaforika mme filosofi e kgolo ke tsela e re dirang dilo ka yone. Re bona mo ditsong tse dingwe, ka sekai batho ba China, melao ya bone ya kgwebo e tswa mo ngwaong ya bone. Ke ka ntlha yang fa go lebega e kete ga go na kamano epe fa gare ga se re neng re le sone maabane le se re leng sone gompieno? Ga go na pelaelo gore seno se dira gore re tshwenyege ka gore re tla bo re le bomang ka moso fa re sa tlhole re na le matshwao ano a a re bontshang gore re bomang".<ref name=":2" /> The second single, "Fast Five" which also enjoyed airplay on local radio stations has kwasakwasa influence and when asked about the concept Zeus said, "Re tshwanetse go tlhaloganya gore mmino o tlhotlhelediwa ke mmino o mongwe. Ke motshameki yo mogolo thata wa mmino o o tswakaneng; pina ya me ya Imagination e ne e tswakantswe le mmino wa dancehall mme Dancing shoes ke pina ya ntlo. Ga ke ise ke ko ke lekanyetse mo go nneng fela rapper. Ke itsaya ke le motaki. Mo go nna modumo wa kwawa ke moribo o o nonofileng thata wa setso mme ga go kgathalesege gore o kwa kae mo Afrika. Go a utlwala go dira medumo e batsadi ba rona le bone ba ka e tlhaloganyang mme ka jalo ba rarabolola pharologano e e leng teng fa gare ga basha le bagolo".<ref name=":7">[http://www.gazettebw.com/zeus-drops-african-time/ "Zeus drops African Time &#x7C; Botswana Gazette".] ''www.gazettebw.com''. Retrieved 3 February 2022</ref> <ref>[https://www.allmusic.com/search/albums/african+time "Album Search for 'african time'".] ''AllMusic''</ref> === 2014 go fitlha jaanong: Go Tshwara Legodimo === Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014) Zeus o ne a golola pina ya "Touch the Sky" ya [[Sky Girls BW]]. Single e e ne ya dirwa go rotloetsa, go tlhotlheletsa le go kgothatsa basetsana ba ba mo dingwageng tsa bolesome mo maemong a a tshwanang le kgatelelo ya balekane. <ref>[http://www.weekendpost.co.bw/wp-news-details.php?nid=700 "Weekend Post :: Weekend Life – Zeus releases Sky Girls video".] ''weekendpost.co.bw''. Archived from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015</ref>Zeus o ne a golola pina e le nngwe ya FEVER e e neng e na le Mizo Phyll go tswa mo Afrika Borwa. == Mabaka == Zeus o adimile talente ya gagwe le nako ya gagwe go mekgatlho le mabaka a a farologaneng a a akaretsang: Childline Botswana, Oxfam International, Youth Health Organization (YOHO), lenaneo le le tshegediwang ke PEPFAR le le diretsweng go fokotsa ditshwaetsego tse dintšhwa tsa HIV mo basheng ba Batswana le [[TeachAids]] ya bosheng.<ref name=":5" /> O ne gape a lwela kgatelopele le kgolo mo Indasetering ya Mmino ya Botswana. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110711080955/http://www.gazettebw.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7723:where-is-the-botswana-music-industry&catid=16:editorial&Itemid=2 "Where is the Botswana Music Industry?"]. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 30 October 2010.</ref> == Dikgwebo == Zeus ke mogwebi yo o itsegeng ka go nna mogwebi wa dikgwebo mo botaking, ke mothei le motsamaisi wa khamphani ya gagwe ya boitlosobodutu e e kileng ya golola tiro ya gagwe ka nosi le ka tirisanommogo le difeme tse dingwe tse di ikemetseng le tse dikgolo tsa direkoto. Morago ga go wetsa dithuto tsa gagwe tsa morago ga dikirii mo go tsa difilimi le thelebišene ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro (2016), kgwebo e ikaelela go simolola go dira jaaka karolo ya diporotofolio tsa yone, ka diteng tse di setseng di le mo dikgatong tse di farologaneng tsa tlhabololo. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014) o ne a tsenela tirisanommogo e e neng ya felela ka go tlhomiwa ga Jam For Brunch, tiragalo e e tumileng ya kgwedi le kgwedi kwa motsemoshate wa Botswana e e fetotseng mmaraka wa boikhutso wa Sontaga.<ref name=":7" /> == Dipina tsa mmino == * ''Freshly Baked'' (2008) * ''The Flipside'' (2009) * ''African Time'' (2013) == Go bala go ya pele == Zeus Biography[kgokahanyo e e sa feleng] == Bona gape == * [[Vee Mampeezy]] * [[Ross Branch]] * [[Sasa Klaas]] * [[Charma Gal]] == Metswedi == owdflsi8ks3i6d6vy2gy42o8u1yyg4q 0 14343 53285 52202 2026-07-26T15:48:54Z MmaBaggio 11091 53285 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist|Name=Dr Vom|Birth_name=Kangangwani Mogocha|birth_date={{Birth year and age|1977}}|birth_place=Dakwi, North East District, Botswana|Origin=Tati Siding, Botswana|Genre=[[Afropop]], [[Dikhwaere]]|Occupation={{hlist|Singer|Songwriter}}|Years_active=1990s–present}} '''Dr Vom''', leina la gagwe la nnete ke Kangangwani Mogocha (o belegwe ka 1977), ke moopedi wa Setswana le mokwadi wa dipina go tswa kwa [[Tati Siding]] mo Kgaolong ya Bokone Botlhaba jwa Botswana. O tsejwa ka bophara e le motho yo o di gogang kwa pele mo go direng mmino wa setso wa Setswana wa Dikhwaere, mme o itsege thata ka pina ya gagwe ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bosupa (2007) "Tsaya Thobane", e e fitlheletseng maemo a pina ya bosetšhaba e e seng ya semmuso kwa ditiragalong tsa metshameko le tsa setso go ralala Botswana.<ref name=":0">Nnasaretha Kgamanyane (1 April 2022). [https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/thobane-national-anthem-personified/news "Thobane: National anthem personified"]. Mmegi Online. Retrieved 22 March 2026.</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe jwa pele == Kangangwani Mogocha o belegwe ka ngwaga wa sekete ,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa e bosupa (1977) kwa Dakwi mo Kgaolong ya Bokone Botlhaba, kgaolo e e sa amaneng le mmino wa Dikhwaere. O goletse kwa Tati Siding. Le fa a ne a tswa kwa Bokone-Botlhaba, mmino wa gagwe o ne wa amanngwa thata le setso sa bogare jwa Botswana mo bareetsi ba le bantsi ba neng ba akanya gore o tswa kwa mafelong a a jaaka Kgatleng, Molepolole, kgotsa Sefhophe.<ref name=":0" /> == Tiro == === Afropop le direkoto tsa bogologolo === Mogocha o simolotse tiro ya gagwe jaaka moopedi wa mmino wa Afropop, a ntsha mmino ka leina la sethaleng la Vomit. Direkoto tsa gagwe tsa pele di ne di akaretsa pina "Matshediso", e e neng ya mo tlisetsa go tshameka mo radiong ya bosetšhaba. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borataro (2006) o ne a ipitsa gape Dr Vom, a bolela phatlalatsa gore o batla leina le lesha go bontsha gore ke motho wa botaki.<ref name=":1">[https://allafrica.com/stories/200612200130.html "&#x5B;Interview with Dr Vom&#x5D;".] AllAfrica. 20 December 2006. Retrieved 22 March 2026.</ref> Mo e ka nnang ka nako e e tshwanang o ne a tlhalosa mokgwa wa gagwe o o ntseng o fetoga wa go kwala dipina, a tlhalosa gore o ne a setse a akanya thata ka diteng tsa dipina tsa gagwe le ka tsela e a di tlhagisang ka yone mo bathong. <ref name=":1" />Dikhwaere le Tsaya Thobane Le fa Dr Vom a ne a na le balatedi jaaka motaki wa Afropop, go retologela ga gagwe kwa go Dikhwaere; mofuta wa setso o o neng o simologile mo setsong sa Setswana, o o neng o tshamekiwa ka dithobane mme o amanngwa le moletlo wa setšhaba, o ne wa mo tlisetsa tlotlo e e nnetseng ruri. Pina ya gagwe ya gwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bosupa (2007) "Tsaya Thobane", e e tsereng ditshwantsho tsa molao wa setso le tshwaragano ya morafe, ka bonako e ne ya nna karolo ya ditiragalo tsa bosetšhaba tsa metshameko. Pina e ne ya amanngwa thata le setlhopha sa bosetšhaba sa kgwele ya dinao sa Botswana, e leng Zebras, ka balatedi ba e opela mo metshamekong. <ref name=":2">Portia Mlilo (5 March 2020). [https://thevoicebw.com/dr-vom-steals-the-show-at-son-of-the-soil/ "Dr Vom steals the show at son of the soil".] The Voice Botswana. Retrieved 22 March 2026.</ref> Pina ena e na le moetsi wa mmino wa setso Ditiro Leero, eo Dr Vom a mo fileng tlotla e kgolo ya go bopa, a bolela gore Leero o ne a se ke a amogela kamogelo ya setšhaba e e tshwanang le ya gagwe.<ref name=":2" /> 3] == Tirisanommogo ya Rangers Marena == Tshebedisano ya nako e telele ya bokgabane pakeng tsa Dr Vom le Rangers Marena Choir e tswang Artesia e qadile ka dikete tse pedi le bosupa (2007), ha mekga e mmedi e ne e kopana Lepatlelong la Naha la Gaborone nakong ya papadi ya bolo ya maoto pakeng tsa Mochudi Centre Chiefs le Township Rollers. Tirisanommogo eno e ne ya bopa tsela e Dr. Vom a neng a tla rekota ka yone moragonyana. Kwayere e ne ya nna le seabe ka bobedi mo go direng mmino le go o tlhama: pina ya "Tshaba Di Maketse" e kwadilwe ke Rangers Marena. Bidio ya mmino ya "Tsaya Thobane" e ne ya thunngwa kwa Artesia le khwaere.<ref name=":3">Fikile Kwapa (21 March 2017). [https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/34873 "Dr Vom Rangers Marena collaborate in new album".] Daily News (Botswana). Retrieved 22 March 2026</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa(2017) botsalano joo bo ne bo setse bo tsere dingwaga di le lesome. Ngaka Vom o tlhalositse kamano ya bone e le e e agilweng ka tshepo, boikanyego, le boineelo jo bo kopanetsweng, mme a bolela gore ene le Rangers Marena ba ne ba gana dikopo tsa tirisanommogo tsa kwa ntle gore ba kgone go e boloka.<ref name=":3" /> == Dintlha tse di botlhokwa tsa mmino == Dr Vom o ne a golola tiro ya gagwe ka dialbamo di le dintsi, ka kopanyo ya Vomit vs Diparo e e nang le "Tsaya Thobane". Alebamo ya gagwe ya borobedi, Tlhabano, e e neng e dirilwe mmogo le Rangers Marena Choir, e ne ya itsisiwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa (2017) mme e ne e akaretsa pina ya setlhogo, pina e e buang ka tlotlo ya bana mo batsading ba bone, mmogo le pina e le nngwe "Mi Nigga Wasup", e e kopantseng mafoko a Seesimane le dikarolo tsa mmino wa setso. <ref name=":3" />Mo e ka nnang ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le motso (2011), Dr Vom o ne a simolola go ithuta mmino wa gospel, le fa a ne a tswelela go tshameka mmino wa Dikhwaere.<ref>[https://musicofafrica.substack.com/p/pick-of-the-week-dr-vom-botswana "Pick of the Week – Dr. Vom (Botswana)".] Music of Africa. 20 July 2024. Retrieved 22 March 2026.</ref> == Go tshameka ka tlhamalalo == Ngaka Vom o itsege ka bokgoni jwa gagwe jwa go laola ditiragalo go ralala Botswana go sa kgathalesege gore a kwa tshimologong o ne a rulaganyeditswe go nna teng. Kwa moletlong wa 50T050 kwa Gaborone ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borataro (2016), moletlo wa ngwaga wa bo masome a matlhao wa boipuso jwa Botswana, o ne a bonwa kwa morago ga serala ke motsamaisi wa thulaganyo Zenzele Hirschfield mme a tlisiwa mo seraleng ntle le go tlhagelela mo lenaneong la kwa tshimologong. Boidiidi jwa batho bo ne jwa opela pina ya "Tsaya Thobane", morago ga moo Mokhomišenara wa Kgaolo ya Gaborone o ne a kopa gore go opelwe gape mme a etelela setlhopha sa batlakopanong pele mo mosepeleng wa dikilometara di le tlhano fa ba ntse ba opela pina eno.<ref>Sharon Mathala (26 May 2016). [https://www.mmegi.bw/ampArticle/88808 "Dr Vom Steals Limelight At 50T050 Show"]. Mmegi Online. Retrieved 22 March 2026.</ref> Ditiragalo tse di tshwanang le tseo di ne tsa begiwa kwa Botswana Land Board & Local Authorities & Health Workers Union (BLLAHWU) Heritage Night kwa Boipuso Hall ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019),<ref>Goitsemodimo Kaelo (23 May 2019)[https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/dr-vom-lights-up-bllahwu-heritage-night/news-106991 . "Dr Vom Lights Up BLLAHWU Heritage Night".] Mmegi Online. Retrieved 22 March 2026.</ref>kwa Son of the Soil cultural event kwa Staywell Gardens kwa Rasesa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi (2020),<ref name=":2" />le kwa Hika La Ngwanyana Cultural Festival ka kgwedi ya Moranang ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024), koo babogedi ba neng ba goroga ba tshwere dithobane le dikala ba lebeletse go tshameka ga pina.<ref>Nnasaretha Kgamanyane (22 April 2024). [https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/dr-vom-steals-the-show-at-hika-la-ngwanyana/news "Dr Vom steals the show at Hika La Ngwanyana"]. Mmegi Online. Retrieved 22 March 2026.</ref> == Metswedi == 4eve202ze6rqpjbhaseseqkslf93q8d 0 14358 53283 53102 2026-07-26T15:42:31Z MmaBaggio 11091 53283 wikitext text/x-wiki    {{Infobox music genre|name=Mmino wa Botswana|image=[[File:Music in Botswana.png|300px|Music in Botswana vinyl disc]]|stylistic_origins=Traditional African music, [[Tswana people|Setswana]] folk, [[kwaito]], [[hip hop music|hip hop]], [[Gospel music|gospel]]|cultural_origins=[[Botswana]]; influences from South Africa, Central Africa, and the United States|instruments=[[Segankuru]], setinkane, moropa, [[musical bow]], flute, voice|subgenres=[[Motswako]], kwaito kwasa, [[dikhwaere]]|fusiongenres=Dance in Botswana, [[Culture of Botswana]], [[Botswana Television]], [[Yarona FM]]}} '''Mmino wa Botswana''' o akaretsa ditso tse di farologaneng, go simolola ka diletso tsa bogologolo-tala tse di epolotsweng mo maruping go ya kwa badiragatsing ba segompieno ba ditiro tsa bone di setseng di fitlheletse dikgatong tsa boditšhabatšhaba. [[Botswana]] ke lefatshe mo [[Aferika]] le le bopilweng ka merafe e e farologaneng mme morafe wa [[Batswana]] ke one o o fitlhelwang ka dipalopalo mo lefatsheng le. Mmino ke karolo e tona ya ngwao ya Botswana ebile o akaretsa mefuta ya segompieno le ya setso. Dikhwaere tsa dikereke di tlwaelesegile dintlheng tsotlhe tsa lefatshe le. Mofuta wa mmino wa lefatshe le, o supa ditso tsa lone jaaka e le marakanelo a batho ba letso la borwa jwa Aferika, jaaka e le lefatshe le le neng la sireletswa ke batho-basweu, le lefatshe le e neng ya re go tsaya boipuso ya nna lengwe la mafatshe a godisitseng itsholelo ya lone ka thekiso ya diteemane. Mefuta ya mmino wa Aferika Borwa le wa legare la Aferika o fitlhelwa mo lefatsheng le, ga mmogo le mmino wa Setswana. == Diletso tsa bogologolo le tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == Seletso sa bogologolo se se fitlhelwang mo lefelong le le bidiwang Botswana gompieno ke '''seburuburu. Seburuburu ke seletso''' se se dirilweng ka lerapo, le le epolotsweng kwa moepong wa Matlapaneng mme le supa fa le na le dingwaga di ka nna sekete. Phala e go supang e na le dingwaga di le makgolo a le boferabongwe e ne ya epololwa kwa moepong wa [[Bosutswe]] ; e na le phatlha e le nngwe e moletsi a e bipang go farologanya modumo. Lerapo ke lone fela sedirisiwa se se thata mo se ka kgonang go tshela ka lobaka lo loleele jalo, se se raya gore go na le diletso tse dingwe tsa bogologolo tse di neng di letswa nako e o mme tsa tlhoka go sireletsega. <ref>Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). ''[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Culture and Customs]] of Botswana''. Greenwood Press. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33178-7|<bdi>978-0-313-33178-7</bdi>.]]</ref> Bogologolo, diletso di ne di tsewa jaaka didirisiwa tse di botlhokwa tsa motho a le nosi ga mmogo le morafe. Beng ba tsone gantsi ba ne ba di sireletsa go ya go ileng, fa tse dingwe e ne e le boswa jwa morafe ebile thekiso ya tsone e sa letlelesege ntle le tetla ya kgosi. Fa godimo ga moo, di ne di na le karolo ya bodumedi; ditsompelo tse di neng di dirisiwa go dira diletso ga mmogo le ditshegofatso tse di neng di beilwe fa godimo ga tsone, di ne di na le bokao jwa semowa. Mmino o ne o dirisiwa mo meketeng ya go kopa pula, mo dinakong tsa ntwa, mo dipelaetsong go ema kgatlhanong le bogogi jwa dikgosi le mo meletlong e e supang phetogo ya dipaka tsa botshelo go akaretsa go rewa-leina, go rupa, go simolola 'bogolo', lenyalo le diphitlho.Dingaka tse di neng di bidiwa 'meroka ya pula' di ne di fisetsa melemo ya Setswana mo teng ga dinaka tsa diphologolo go dira mosi o go neng go dumelwa fa o nesa pula.<ref>[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;206.</ref> Mo diphekong tse di neng di tsholwa ke banna ba Batswana mo dingwageng di feta sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe go leleka bosula, nngwe e ne e le phala e e neng e dirisiwa go tlhagisa ka kotsi.<ref name=":0">[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;196.</ref> == Mmino wa setso == === Mefuta ya mmino wa Setswana === Dipina tsa setso ke tsone mofuta wa mmino wa Setswana o o itsegeng thata , segolobogolo tsa [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa Batswana]].<ref name=":2">Akombo, David Otieno (2016). ''[[:en:McFarland_&_Company|The Unity of Music and Dance in World Cultur]]<nowiki/>es''. McFarland and Company. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9715-7|<bdi>978-0-7864-9715-7</bdi>.]]</ref> Dipina tsa Setswana di ageletswe mo sekaleng sa medumo e le metlhano mme gantsi di na le molodi o mokhutshwane o o kwa tlase ga okotheifi e le nngwe . Di rulagantswe go dikologa pitso le tsibogo : motlhabeletsi o simolola pina mme a latelelwe ke baopedi ba bangwe, e ka nna ka go boeletsa molodi kgotsa go neelana ka tsibogo e e lekalekanang. Tatelano e, e a boeletswa, ka dinako tse dingwe e tsaya metsotso e le mmalwa. E re ka Setswana e le puo ya modumo, pharologano ya medumo e na le bokao mme e logetswe mo tiragatsong ya mmino, tota-tota fa e kopantswe le diphala. Dikago tsa sekale sa melodi e supa di ne tsa tlwaelesega thata fa mmino o ntse o mona ditlhotlheletso tsa mafatshe a sele fa nako e ntse e tsamaya.<ref>Wood, Elizabeth N. (1985). "Traditional Music in Botswana". ''The Black Perspective in Music''. '''13''' (1): 13–30. doi:10.2307/1214791. ISSN&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0090-7790 0090-7790.]</ref> '''Mmino le motshameko wa go bina''' ga di kgaogane mo Botswana. Motshameko wa go bina, wa setso, o akaretsa go tshikhinyega ga mmele otlhe, mme diletso ka bontsi di tlhoka motsamao o o rulagantsweng e bile o se motlhofo gore di tshameke sentle, segolobogolo diletso tse di akaretsang matlhao a a rwalwang mo maotong kgotsa mo matsogong. Popego ya sefatlhego fa o bina le yone e tsewa e le karolo ya tiragatso. <ref name=":3">[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&nbsp;191–192.</ref><ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1214791?origin=crossref Wood 1985], p.&nbsp;20.</ref> Mefuta ya dipina e e farologaneng e amangwa le ditshetlana tse di farologaneng. Dipina tsa metshameko di dirisa medumo e e kgonyang e dirwa ka go opa diatla kgotsa go letsa matlhowa.<ref name=":1">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1214791?origin=crossref Wood 1985], p.&nbsp;18.</ref> Dipina tsa go feta dikgato dingwe tsa botshelo di na le melaetsa ya go nna monana, go sa itse sepe, le go itsheka, dipina tsa basetsana gantsi di na le moropa. Dipina tsa ntwa mo ngwaong di akaretsa phala ya motlhatswa kgotsa lonaka lwa lepatata. Dipina tsa phodiso, se di bidiwang phekolo, di santse di opelwa mo Botswana wa gompieno, le ntswa di dule mo dikgotleng go nna mo sephiring gape di dirisa dipina tsa sesha eseng sa mo ditsong.<ref>[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&nbsp;207–208.</ref> Go opela mo setshabeng ke ngwao e tona ya mmino wa Botswana, go opelwa ka dilthopha tsa dingwaga kgotsa bong, gantsi go opelwa go sena diletso kgotsa di se dintsi. Mo Basarweng le ditlhopha tse dingwe, mmino mo ditsong o ne o dirisiwa go etsa medumo ya diphologolo e akaretsa medumo ya dinonyane di bitsa, le ka setinkane, go diriwa modumo wa ditlhako.<ref name=":0" /> Basadi bangwe ba Batswana ba kgona go letsa mogolokwane, e le tsela ya go duduetsa.<ref name=":1" /> === Diletso tsa setso === Pharologanyo ya diletso tsa Botswana tsa setso e supa popego ya lefatshe le go farologana ga batho ba lone. Mafelo a a senang palo e ntsi ya batho a na le dingwao tse di farologaneng go tswa kwa bophirima jwa Kalahari, setshaba sengwe le sengwe sa morafe se tshegetsa ngwao ya yone mo go letseng seletso.<ref name=":4">Modirwa Kekwaletswe (18 July 2018). [https://musicinafrica.net/magazine/traditional-music-and-instruments-botswana/ "Traditional music and instruments in Botswana".] Music In Africa. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> === Diletso tse di itewang === Matlhowa a rwalwa mo maotong, a dirilwe ka mekone e le makgolo e beilwe mo metsing, ya tsenngwa dipeo, ya omisiwa e bo e fapiwa ka mogala. Matlhowa a mangwe a dirilwe go dirisiwa ditsebe tsa ditshephe.<ref>[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;198.</ref>Go dirisiwa gape le di-clapper tsa logong le di-clapper tsa '''''marapo''''' tse di dirilweng ka lerapo. Go opa diatla go botlhokwa thata mo ditlwaelong tsa go opela tsa Batswana le Ba-San, gantsi ka morethetho wa 4/4 kgotsa 2/4, mme go ya ka ditso go ne go tsewa e le seabe sa basadi mo dipineng tsa setšhaba. <ref name=":5">[[:en:Music_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;197.</ref> Meropa ga e a tlwaelega thata mo mminong wa Setswana go na le mo ditlwaelong tse dingwe tsa Seaforika, ka ntlha ya bothata jwa go bona ditlhare tse dikgolo tse di lekaneng go tlamela ka didirisiwa mo [[Sekakeng sa Kalahari.]] <ref name=":5" />Mofuta o le mongwe fela wa moropa o o fitlhelwang mo mminong wa setso wa Setswana ke moropa, o o ka dirwang go tswa mo setlhareng sa setlhare, nkgwana ya mašwi kgotsa thini. <ref name=":6">[[:en:Music_of_Botswana#CITEREFWood1985|Wood 1985,]] p.&nbsp;28.</ref>Meropa ya segompieno mo Botswana gantsi e na le matlhakore a le mabedi, e dirilwe ka silindara se sekhutshwane sa tshipi se se phuthetsweng ka letlalo la kgomo. <ref name=":5" />Batho ba Kalanga ba dirisa meropa gantsi go feta batho ba bangwe ba Botswana.<ref name=":7">[[:en:Music_of_Botswana#CITEREFMortonRamsay2018|Morton &#x26; Ramsay 2018,]] Music.</ref> [[BaHambukushu|Ba-Mbukushu]] ba dirisa meropa e e tshamekiwang ka go kgatikanya lotlhaka mo tlhogong ya moropa. Ba-Herero ba dirisa ongoma e e nang le matlhakore a mabedi e e itewang ka dithobane. Batho ba Kgatla ba simolotse go dirisa meropa mo meletlong ya basadi ya [[bojale]] ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a supa le bongwe.<ref name=":5" /> '''Setinkane,''' [[piano ya monwana]], e nnile sengwe sa diletswa tsa setso se se tshamekiwang thata mo Botswana go tloga bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo masome a mabedi mme se tumile thata mo bathong ba Ba-San ka baopedi ba ba akaretsang ! Kaha.[<ref>[[:en:Music_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006,]] p.&nbsp;204.</ref> === Mogala === [[Setshwantsho:MusicalBow.gif|thumb|Diletso tsa mmino ke diletswa tse di tlwaelegileng tsa dinaka mo mminong wa Batswana.]] Diletswa tsa megala tsa mmino ke diletswa tse di tlwaelegileng tsa dinaka, go akaretsa lengope, nkokwane, segwana le mafata-iswaneng. Di-bow tse di farologaneng di utlwala ka molomo, ka goya, ka thini, kgotsa ka mmu.<ref name=":8">[[:en:Music_of_Botswana#CITEREFWood1985|Wood 1985,]] p.&nbsp;24</ref> Dipina le diletswa tsa dinaka di bopa karolo e kgolo ya mmino wa Setswana.<ref name=":2" />[[Segankuru]], kana segaba, se tshwarwa mo legetleng ka mogala mme se tshamekiwa ka motsu ka tsela e e kgolokwe, se tshwana le fiolo. E dirisa bora jo bo nang le moriri wa mogatla wa kgomo le thini e le modumo, mme ke seletswa sa setso se se fitlhelwang thata mo mminong wa segompieno wa Setswana.<ref name=":6" /> <ref name=":9">[[:en:Music_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006,]] p.&nbsp;201.</ref>[[Leshiba]], e e bidiwang gape kwadi kgotsa gora, e kopanya phefo le mogala ka go baya molomo mo motlhomong o o tsamayang ka boleele jwa mogatla. <ref name=":9" />Ba-San ba tshameka quashi, e e tshwanang le bora, gape ba ne ba dirisa seletswa se se nang le dinaka di le nne go ya go di le supa se se itsegeng ka maina a le mmalwa a a akaretsang daukashe le dzoma, se se tshamekiwang se dutse ka resonator e lebile kwa teng.<ref>[[:en:Music_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;202</ref> === Phefo === Didirisiwa tsa phefo ka tlwaelo di ne di dira ditiro tse di jaaka puisano magareng ga badisa, go bitsa dikgomo, go bitsa meya, le go tlhagisa ka tlhaselo.<ref>[[:en:Music_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006, pp]].&nbsp;200, 205.</ref>Didiriswa tsa setso tsa phefo gantsi di dirwa ka lerapo, lotlhaka, kgotsa lonaka lwa phologolo. <ref name=":8" />Lengwane le motlhatswa, tse di dirilweng ka lerapo la podi le kala ya setlhare e e phuthetsweng, di fokelwa kwa godimo. '''Lepapata,''' e e dirilweng ka go ina lenaka la kudu e kgolwane kgotsa tshukudu ya sable mo metsing a a bolelo go e bopa, e ne e dirisiwa ke batho ba Batswana go keteka le go tlhagisa ka tlhaselo.<ref name=":10">[[:en:Music_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;205</ref>maphatlo a lotlhaka a ne a akaretsa mpenyane e khutshwane e e nang le modumo o o kwa godimo le meporo e e nang le modumo o o kwa tlase, e e neng e ka nna boleele jwa dimetara di le pedi. Diphala tsa tshipi di ne tsa emisetsa diphala tsa lotlhaka mo lekgolong la bo masome a mabedi la dingwaga. <ref>[[:en:Music_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;200.</ref> Go farologana le batho ba bogare jwa Afrika, batho ba Botswana ga ba ise ba itsege ka go dirisa dinaka tsa dinaka tsa tlou.<ref name=":10" /> === Dikhwaere === Dikhwaere ke mmino wa setso wa Setswana wa khwaere le mmino wa go bina o mo go one ditlhopha di opela mmogo le go opela ka motsamao o o rulagantsweng. E amanngwa thata le kgaolo ya Kgatleng le dikarolo tse dingwe tsa borwa jwa Botswana. Lefoko khwaere le tserwe mo lefokong la Sekgowa "choir". Dikwaere tsa Dikhwaere di tshameka mo meletlong ya setso, mo meletlong ya lefatshe ka paka ya meletlo, le mo ditiragalong tsa bosetšhaba. Fa e sale go tlhomiwa ga Kgaisano ya Botaki ya Letsatsi la Tautona, e setse e le mofuta wa kgaisano o o tlisang dikgele tsa madi. Mmino wa Dikopelo wa Bakgatla ba Kgafela, wa setso sa Bakgatla ba Kgafela, o amogetswe ke [[UNESCO]] jaaka karolo ya ngwao-boswa ya setso e e sa tshwaregeng.<ref>Boago Molwane (1 August 2018). [https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/44373 "Okanyatsa Dikhwaere challenge bigger better".] Daily News Botswana. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> [[Dr Vom]] (Kangangwani Mogocha), yo o belegweng ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bosupa kwa Kgaolong ya Bokone-Botlhaba, ke motaki yo o tumileng thata wa segompieno mo mofuteng wa dikhwaere. Pina ya gagwe ya ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bosupa "Tsaya Thobane", e e rekotilweng ka tirisanommogo le Rangers Marena Choir go tswa Artesia, e ne ya nna karolo ya ditiragalo tsa bosetšhaba tsa metshameko le dikokoano tsa setso mo e leng gore e tlhalosiwa mo metsweding ya dikgang ya Botswana jaaka pina ya bosetšhaba e e seng ya semmuso. Mo moletlong wa 50T050 wa dingwaga tse di masome matlhano tsa boipuso jwa Botswana ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro , Dr Vom o ne a gogelwa kwa seraleng kwa ntle ga kitsiso mme boidiidi bo ne jwa opela mmogo go fitlha ba opela ka botlalo, morago ga moo Mokhomišenara wa Kgaolo ya Gaborone o ne a etelela pele mosepele wa dikilometara di le tlhano a tsweledisa pina. <ref>Nnasaretha Kgamanyane (1 April 2022). [https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/thobane-national-anthem-personified/news "Thobane: National anthem personified"]. Mmegi Online. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> == Motlha wa Bokoloni le go Kwala ga Bogologolo == Go simologa ka ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabongwe, bafaladi go tswa kwa [[United Kingdom]] ba ne ba simolola go goroga ka palo e kgolo mme ba bitsa kolone eo Bechuanaland.<ref>Morton, Fred; Ramsay, Jeff, eds. (1987). ''The Birth of Botswana: A history of the Bechuanaland Protectorate from 1910 to 1966''. Gaborone, Botswana: Longman Botswana. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-582-00584-6|ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>978-0-582-00584-6</bdi>.]]</ref>Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba ba neng ba goroga mo lekgolong la bo lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga le mo masimologong a lekgolo la bo masome a mabedi la dingwaga ba ne ba gwetlha kamano e e gaufi fa gare ga mmino wa setso le mekgwa ya semoya ya batho ba ba tlholegileng koo, mme melao e e neng ya tlhomiwa ke puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya fedisa dingwao di le dintsi tsa mmino tsa letsatsi le letsatsi. Go tlhoka kgatlhego ga barongwa mo go kwaleng mmino wa setso go ne go raya gore o ne wa gatisiwa ka botlalo go na le ditlhogo tse dingwe tsa nako eo. <ref name=":11">[[:en:Music_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;211.</ref> Ditumelo tsa Sekeresete tse di neng di tlhabolotswe ka tlholego, jaaka [[Zion Christian Church]], di tsenyeletsa dipina tsa tlholego tsa phodiso mo ditlwaelong tsa bone.<ref name=":3" /> Fa thulaganyo ya thuto ya Botswana e ntse e gola ka bo ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano, go ne ga rutiwa kwa khwaereng mme ya nna tiro e e tumileng ya go gaisana. The '''Brown Kalanga Wizards''' e ne e le setlhopha sa ntlha sa go gatisa go tswa mo lefatsheng le jaanong e leng Botswana, e e tlhamilweng ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano mme ya tlhagisa alebamo tse pedi.<ref name=":7" /> Mmino wa setso o itemogetse go tsoga gape jaaka karolo ya motsamao wa boipuso jwa Botswana le go agiwa ga boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba mo dingwageng tse di lesome tse di tshwanang.<ref name=":2" /> == Morago ga boipuso le Seromamowa == Go ne ga simololwa dikgaso tsa seromamowa sa sechaba ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro, ka dikopelo le dipina tsa setso e le tsone tse di neng di tlwaelegile go gaisa mo moyeng. <ref name=":7" />Moopedi wa mmino wa setso le seletswa sa segaba Ratsie Setlhako e ne e le mongwe wa baopedi ba ba tumileng thata morago ga boipuso, a opela kwa ditiragalong tse dintsi tsa bosetšhaba go tloga ka boipuso jwa Botswana ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borataro go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le borataro. <ref>[[:en:Music_of_Botswana#CITEREFMortonRamsay2018|Morton &#x26; Ramsay 2018,]] Setlhako, Ratsie (ca. 1900–1976).</ref> Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya dinaga tsa ntlha tsa Afrika go tlhabolola hip hop morago ga gore mofuta ono wa mmino o goroge mo masimologong a dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi.<ref name=":12">[[:en:Music_of_Botswana#CITEREFGoldsmith2018|Goldsmith 2018]]</ref>Mmino wa setso o ne wa boa wa tsosolosiwa ke setlhopha sa mmino sa '''Mogwana''' ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bongwe. <ref name=":11" />Mmino wa Aforika Borwa, go akaretsa [[kwaito]] le [[motswako]], o ne wa anama kwa Botswana morago ga go khutla ga puso ya tlhaolele ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bone le go bulelwa ga phapanyetsano ya setso go kgabaganya melelwane. [[Botsamaisi jwa Ditlhaeletsano tsa Botswana]] bo simolotse go ntsha diteseletso tsa go gasa seromamowa se se ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi. [[Yarona FM]] le '''Gabz FM''' ka bobedi di simolotse ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe.<ref>[[:en:Music_of_Botswana#CITEREFMortonRamsay2018|Morton &#x26; Ramsay 2018, Radio.]]</ref>Yarona FM, e e simolotseng go gasa ka kgwedi ya Phatwe e le masome a mabedi le bobedi ,ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe, e ne e le letshwao la seromamowa la ntlha se se ikemetseng mo lefatsheng mme kwa tshimologong se ne se akaretsa Gaborone mo sekgaleng sa dikilometara di le masome a matlhano pele se amogela teseletso ya kgaso ya bosetšhaba ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bosupa . E ne ya abelwa seetsele sa ko dietseleng tsa Botswana Music Awards ya Best Radio Station ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi le wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe . Mananeo a yone a ne a lebagane thata le RnB, hip hop, motswako, le pop, mme e ne e le nngwe ya diforamo tse dikgolo tse mmino wa Botswana o neng wa fitlha kwa babogeding ba baša mo nageng yotlhe. <ref>[[:en:Yarona_FM|"Yarona FM"]]. Wikipedia. Retrieved 14 April 2026</ref> Jazz ya Afrika Borwa, kwaito, le hip hop e ne ya nna mefuta e metona ya mmino mo Botswana kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe, mme hip hop e ne ya feta kwaito go nna mofuta wa mmino o o tumileng thata mo nageng eo ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le boraro2003.<ref name=":12" /> == Hip hop le motswako == Hip hop e ne ya fitlha kwa Botswana go tswa kwa United States kwa tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi, kwa tshimologong e ne ya amogelwa ke bana ba ba tswang mo malapeng a maemo a a fa gare ba ba neng ba tlwaelane le setso sa Amerika ka thelebišene le mmino o o tswang kwa dinageng tse dingwe. <ref name=":12" />Ka ntlha ya seno, go tshameka mmino wa rap ka Sekgowa kwa Botswana gantsi go dirisa Sekgowa sa Amerika. Hip hop ya Botswana ya pele e ne e na le tekeletso, metšhini ya meropa, beatboxing, turntablism, le diletswa. <ref name=":12" />Kgokagano ya yone ya pele le khumo le maemo a a kwa godimo e ne ya dira kgatlhanong le yone, mme mo dingwageng tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe mofuta ono o ne wa kgethololwa ke difeshene tsa direkoto, batlhagisi ba ditiragalo, le beng ba ditlelapa go na le kwaito. Nako e e botlhokwa thata mo hisitoring ya mofuta ono wa mmino wa Botswana e ne ya tla ka radio. Ndala Baitsile, yo o itsegeng jaaka DJ Sid, o ne a tsamaisa lenaneo le le bidiwang Rap Blast kwa Radio Botswana 2 (RB2) kwa tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe. David Balsher (Draztik) le Salim Mosidinyane (Slim) ba ne ba latela, ba tsamaisa lenaneo la Strictly Hip Hop mo RB2 le la Sprite Rap Activity ya Yarona FM, fa bobedi jwa bone e ne e le maloko a setlhopha sa hip hop sa [[Cashless Society]]. Diphasalatso tse di tlisitse mofuta ono go babogedi ba ba oketsegileng le fa go na le kganetso ya mohamawa diletso. <ref name=":12" /> Ba bangwe ba ba neng ba tsamaisa radio, jaaka '''David Molosiwa''' (D-Ski), le bone ba ne ba nna le seabe mo go anameng ga yone.<ref name=":13">[https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/hip-hop-botswana Hip hop in Botswana".] Music In Africa. 2 July 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi, ditso tsa mmino wa hip hop di ne tsa tokafala fela thata. Ditlhopha tse disha tse di akaretsang Tha Orakle, '''Apollo Diablo''' (moragonyana Apollo D), Zeus, Scar, le Stagga di ne tsa nna le balatedi ba ba oketsegileng mo nageng yotlhe. DJ Sid le Prez Beatz ba ne ba kgobokanya P-Side Compilation e e nang le tlhotlheletso, e e neng e na le baopedi Mista Doe, Nomadic, Scar, le Desma. Channel O Award for Best Southern African Artist e ne ya ya kwa go Mista Doe ka ngwaaga wa dikete tse pedi le borataro ka Hot to Death, e leng tlotlo ya ntlha ya kontinente e e neng ya fiwa moopedi wa hip hop wa kwa Botswana. <ref name=":12" />The Wizards e ne e le nngwe ya ditlhopha tsa ntlha tsa hip hop mo Botswana, gape e ne e tsenyeletsa [[reggae]] le rhythm and blues. Setlhopha sa Phat Boy se amogetse baopedi ba hip hop ba Batswana. <ref name=":2" /> '''Motswako''' ke mofuta wa mmino wa hip hop o o fitlhelwang fela mo Botswana, o o tlhamilweng ka Setswana. E ne ya tumisiwa ke Tebogo Mapine, yo o itsegeng ka leina la Nomadic, motaki wa mo Afrika Borwa yo a tsholetsweng kwa [[Francistown]] yo e neng e le leloko la setlhopha sa [[Gaborone]] sa P-Side Crew go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bone.<ref name=":12" /> '''Thato Matlhabaphiri''' (Scar) le [[Game Bants]]<nowiki/>i (Zeus) ke bataki ba motswako ba ba itsegeng thata ba ba tlhagileng mo kokomaneng ya morago ga ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome. Zeus, yo le ene a neng a tlhagelela mo go Big Brother Africa, o ne a tlhalosa motswako e le selo se se simologileng mo setsong sa Batswana le mo setsong sa Seaforika. Morago ga ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome , go ne ga tlhagelela di rapper tsa basadi tse di itsegeng go akaretsa Sasa Klaas, yo o neng a tshameka kwa DStv iRock Festival kwa Afrika Borwa. <ref name=":13" />Diopedi tsa mmino wa hip hop kwa Botswana di golagane le go abelana dikgang ka botlalo.<ref name=":12" /> == Kwaito le kwasa kwasa == [[Kwaito]] e simolotse go tswa mo metsesetoropong ya Johannesburg ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe e le mofuta o o kopantseng marabi, kwela, mbaqanga, le pop ya Afrika Borwa. E ne ya kgabaganya go ya kwa Botswana mme ya dira gore go nne le ditiragalo tse di botlhokwa mo lefelong leo. [[Frank Lesokwane]] e ne e le motaki wa kwaito yo o atlegileng thata mo kgwebong kwa Botswana mo masimologong a dingwaga tsa bo dikete tse pedi . Thabo Mapetla Ntirelang ke mongwe wa bataki ba kwaito ba ba itsegeng.<ref name=":7" /> Kwaito e tshamekwa ka bontsi ka dipuo tsa Afrika Borwa jaaka [[Afrikaans]] le [[Sezulu|Sezulu,]] gammogo le American English.<ref name=":12" /> '''Kwaito kwasa''', mofuta wa mmino o o tlhamilweng ke Odirile Vee Sento, yo o itsegeng ka leina la Vee Mampeezy, ka go kopanya kwaito le morethetho wa kwasa kwasa, o tsewa e le mofuta wa mmino wa kwa Botswana. Dibidio tsa mmino tsa [[Vee Mampeezy]], tse di mmalwa tsa tsone di bonwe ke batho ba le dimilione, di ne tsa tsamaisiwa ke motshameki wa bidio '''Jack Bohloko''', yo tirisanommogo ya gagwe le motshameki wa Afrika Borwa [[Master KG]] mo pineng Tshinada e dirileng bidio e e neng ya bonwa ke batho ba le dimilione di le lesome mo YouTube. <ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/popular-music-botswana "Popular music in Botswana".] Music In Africa. 3 April 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> [[Kwasa kwasa]], mofuta wa go bina o o simolotseng kwa lefatsheng la [[Democratic Republic of Congo]], o ne wa tsenngwa mo Botswana ke bataki ba ba akaretsang Franco Lesokwane, Chris Manto 7, Les Africa Sounds, le Jeff Matheatau. Lefoko "kwasa kwasa" ke lefoko la Sefora la kwa Congo le le rayang gore "tsamaisa mmele wa gago".<ref name=":12" /> == Mmino o o tumileng == Mmino o o tumileng wa kwa Botswana o bidiwa jazz, e leng mmino o o tlwaelegileng mo mafatsheng a Afrika, le fa gone o farologane le mmino wa jazz o o simologileng kwa mafatsheng a Bophirima. Botswana e na le baopedi ba le mmalwa ba mmino o o tumileng, mme bontsi jwa mmino o o tumileng mo lefatsheng leno o tswa kwa Yuropa, Afrika Borwa le United States.<ref>[[:en:Music_of_Botswana#CITEREFAkombo2016|Akombo 2016,]] pp.&nbsp;34–35</ref> American rock le [[mmino wa seopedi]] di teng mo Botswana.<ref name=":12" /> Tlhabololo ya mmino wa rock kwa Botswana e nnile ka bonya.<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2014/02/13/world/africa/africa-botswana-metal-heads/index.html "Africa is the last frontier for metal: Botswana's metal heads still rocking".] ''CNN''. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref>Mmino o ne wa gola ka ntlha ya metswedi ya dikgang jaaka [[MTV]], [[Channel O]], le inthanete. Fa e sa le ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi, go ile ga tlhomiwa ditlhopha di le dintsi tse disha tsa mmino, mme dingwe tsa tsone di ile tsa etela kwa borwa jwa Afrika. Setso sa roko se ile sa lemogiwa fa ditlhopha tsa mmino di ne di kopana mo loetong lwa "Rock Against AIDS". Crackdust e ne e le setlhopha se se tumileng sa mmino wa metal kwa Botswana. National Music Eisteddfod e tshwarwa ngwaga le ngwaga kwa [[Selebi-Phikwe]]. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040120183910/http://www.istc.org/sisp/index.htm?fx=event&event_id=32338 "National Music Eisteddfod".] ''ISTC.org''. Archived from [http://www.istc.org/sisp/index.htm?fx=event&event_id=32338 the original] on 20 January 2004. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> == Bataki ba segompieno == === Baopedi ba mmino wa Soul, R&B, le wa mefuta e e farologaneng === [[Mpho Sebina]] (o belegwe ka 18 Phukwi 1989, [[Mochudi]]) ke motaki wa Botswana yo o itsegeng lefatshe ka bophara wa motlha wa segompieno. Moopedi le mokwadi wa dipina yo o dirang mo soul, R&B, jazz, Setswana folk, le Afro-fusion, o ithutile kwa Multimedia University of Malaysia pele ga a tsenela mmino. Ka Lwetse 2018, Global Citizen e ne ya mmitsa "motaki yo o tshwanetseng go elwa tlhoko". Ka 2019 o ne a tlhophiwa jaaka mongwe wa baamogedi ba le lesome ba thutego ya mmino ka Goethe Institute le Pop Kultur Festival kwa Berlin. Ka 2024, o ne a nna leloko la Recording Academy, e e okametseng dikgele tsa Grammy, a mo dira moopedi wa ntlha wa Motswana go fitlhelela pharologano eo. Kgalaletso e ne ya latelwa ke taletso ya 67th Annual Grammy Awards.<ref>[[:en:Mpho_Sebina|"Mpho Sebina"]]. Wikipedia. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> [[Dato Seiko]] (yo o belegweng e le Katlego Ntirang) ke moopedi le mokwadi wa dipina wa kwa [[Gaborone]] yo o dirang ka mmino wa alternative, R&B, le soul. O ithutetse go dira difilimi kwa AFDA Botswana, mme a golola EP ya gagwe ya ntlha Grace Effect ka ngwaag wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe.Pina ya gagwe e nngwe ya gagwe ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro ya The Vow e ne ya tsamaisiwa ka Warner Music Africa mme ya dira ditshwantsho tse di fetang dikete tse masome a mane le bone tse di dirilweng ke badirisi mo maranyaneng aTikTok ka palo e e kopaneng ya dipontsho e feta dimilione di le 44.8. <ref>[https://www.thegazette.news/lifestyle/meet-dato-seiko-one-of-bws-best-genre-fluid-vocalists/ "Meet Dato Seiko, one of BW's best genre fluid vocalists".] Botswana Gazette. 9 December 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> Boago Fenju (yo o belegweng Boago Setiko, Gaborone) ke moopedi wa mmino wa gospel, jazz, le neo-soul yo o golotseng dialebamo di le tharo ka fa tlase ga Chankieland Production Studios magareng ga ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe le ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone.. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano o ne a tlhophiwa go nna mongwe wa bafenyi ba le barataro mo kgaisanong ya bobedi ya African Music Academy (AMA) go ralala kontinente yotlhe ya Afrika le boditšhabatšhaba, a nna leloko la komiti ya tlotlo ya AMA.<ref>[https://www.ciamcreators.org/Newsroom/creators-partners-news-releases/african-music-academy-announces-overall-winners-its-second The African Music Academy announces the overall winners of its second prizes".] CIAM. 20 June 2025. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> [[Khoisan]] ke baopedi ba babedi ba moopelo wa Afro-fusion ba ba tswang kwa Gaborone e e bopilweng ke Thabang Rasefako le Oratile Kofa. Ba kopane ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi ka fa tlase ga Roc Lefatshe Records, duo e ne ya dira tumalano ya go gatisa le lekwalodikgang la Afrika Borwa la Muthaland ka pina ya bone ya ntlha Marabele mme ya tshameka mo Mafikeng FM. Pina ya bone ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe.Mpoledise e ne ya nna nngwe ya dipina tse di neng di tshamekiwa thata kwa Botswana mo ngwageng oo. Bobedi ba ne ba tlhophiwa go emela Botswana kwa konsareteng ya FNB Africa Day mme ba tlhagelela mo lenaneong la Mzansi Magic la Afropop Nation.<ref>[https://thevoicebw.com/the-dynamic-duo/ "The dynamic duo".] The Voice Botswana. 28 September 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> '''Apollo D''' (Monametsi Nkhukhu) ke rapper yo o simolotseng tiro ya gagwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le botlhano jaaka karolo ya lekoko la ntlha la baopedi ba hip hop ba Botswana. Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone o ne a golola Blood is Thicker than Water, alebamo ya dipina di le lesome e e dirilweng le Bangu Matenge, e e buang ka dikgang tsa boikanyego, phodiso le boitshwarelo.<ref>[https://www.africa-press.net/botswana/all-news/apollo-d-drops-blood-is-thicker-than-water Apollo D Drops "Blood is Thicker than Water""]. Africa Press Botswana. 6 December 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2026</ref> Jeff Matheatau ke rapper wa Motswana yo o itsegeng ebile e le motaki wa kwa kwasa kwa kwasa.<ref name=":12" /> == Dietsele tsa mmino le mafaratlhatlha a madirelo == Dietsele tsa Mmino tsa Yarona FM '''Dietsele tsa Radio ya Yarona FM''' (YAMAs) ke dietsele tsa ngwaga le ngwaga tsa indaseteri ya mmino tsa Botswana, tse di tshwarwang ke [[Yarona FM]]. YAMA e akaretsa ditlhopha tse di akaretsang Best Male Single, Best Female Single, Best Hip Hop/Motswako, Best RnB, Best Collabo, Best Producer, Best New Artist, Song of the Year, le People's Choice Artist of the Year. Bafenyi ba tlhophiwa ka go bouta ga batho le setlhopha sa baatlhodi. Dikabo di ne di na le setlhopha sa Hall of Fame se se tlotlang bataki ba ba nnileng le seabe se se nnetseng ruri mo mminong wa Botswana. Kgatiso ya borobedi ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro e ne ya abela bafenyi ba yone ba bagolo madi, ka Han C a tsaya Artiste of the Year, Best Male Single, le Best Afro-Pop, gape a ne a laola kgatiso ya ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi ka dietse di le tlhano go akaretsa Artist of the Year le Song of the Year ka "Rejection" le DJ Kuchi. <ref>[https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/76341 Yarona FM Music Awards impress"]. Daily News Botswana. 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> Thuso ya go tshegetsa kgatiso ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe e fitlhile go 1.45 million pula, e e tserweng go tswa go Mascom, Banka ya First National Bank of Botswana, le Lephata la Thabololo ya Banana,metshameko le ngwao, Dietsele di solofetswe go solegela batho ba ba fetang makgolo a mabedi molemo go akarediwa le baopedi, dibini, baopedi ba diletswa, batlhami ba difeshene, batlhami ba ditshwantsho, le batsamaisi ba tsa boatlhdi mo ngwageng oo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/botswana-yarona-fm-music-awards-sponsorship-set-benefit-winners Yarona FM Music Awards sponsorship set to benefit winners"]. Music In Africa. 11 August 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> == Ditirelo tsa Setshwantsho sa Motshikinyego == [[Setshwantsho sa Motshikinyego sa Botswana]] (BTV), se se simolotseng ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ngwaag wa dikete tse pedi, se tshotse mananeo a mmino a le mararo a a tsereng lobaka lo loleele a a neng a le botlhokwa mo go tlhagiseng bataki ba Botswana mo lefatsheng lotlhe. [[Mokaragana]] ke lenaneo la mmino le le tshamekiwang ka Matlhatso maitseboa mo baopedi ba tshamekang fa pele ga bareetsi ba ba tshelang. E baya kwa pele go tshameka ka tlhamalalo mme e gapile kemonokeng ya dikgwebo tse di tsweletseng go akaretsa Orange Botswana le Blue Crystal Sugar. [[Flava Dome]] ke lenaneo la Maitseboa la Maitseboa le le nang le dibidio tsa mmino le dipina tse di tshamekiwang, le le neng le tsamaisiwa ke Loungo Pitse (KingBee) le [[Sadi Dikgaka]] go tloga ka ngwaag wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi, pele ga le tswelela le tsamaisiwa ke Dikgaka a le esi. Pula Power ke ya boraro mo mananeong a mmino a BTV. Sesupo sa sathalaete sa BTV se romelwa go ralala borwa jwa Aforika go akaretsa Aforika Borwa, Namibia, Zambia, Lesotho, le Zimbabwe, go fa mananeo a phitlhelelo ya kgaolo.<ref>Modirwa Kekwaletswe (20 April 2018). [https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/music-broadcast-media-botswana "Music broadcast media in Botswana".] Music In Africa. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> == Khansele ya Bosetšhaba ya Botaki == [[Khansele ya Sechaba ya Ngwao]] (NACB), e e tlhomilweng ke Palamente ka fa tlase ga Molao wa Khansele ya Bosetšhaba ya Botsweretshi ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi mme e tla simolola go dira ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi, ke setheo sa semolao se se rweleng maikarabelo a go tlamela ka matlole, go rotloetsa le go tlhabolola lephata la botsweretshi le setso. Tiro ya yone e akaretsa mmino mmogo le ditiro tse dingwe tsa go tlhama. E ne ya abela bataki madi a mantsi a setšhaba a a akaretsang P70 million ya thuso ya COVID-19, P39 million ya go tlhama diteng, le P14 million ya go rekota mo dinageng tse dingwe. Ka ngwaag wa dikete tse pedi le masoem a mabedi le botlhano, khansele e ne e setse e tshwaiwa diphoso ke setšhaba go tswa mo lephateng la botaki ka ntlha ya dikgotlhang tsa tsamaiso le go diegisa go tsenngwa tirisong ga mekgwa ya yona ya go tlamela ka matlole. <ref>Sharon Mathala (17 October 2025). [https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/nacb-a-council-in-crisis/news "NACB a council in crisis".] Mmegi Online. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> == Madirelo le itsholelo == Gantsi letshwao la seromamowa la kwa Botswana le gasa mmino o o ratiwang thata. Letshwao lengwe le lengwe la mmino le na le popego, kgotsa setlhopha sa dipina tse di tla tshamekiwang, tse gantsi di tshwanang le mme di sa tshwane le mokgwa o o tlwaelegileng wa go kgaoganya dipina. Matshwao a le mantsi a seromamowa mo Botswana ke a selegae. Go na le madirelo a a ikemetseng a mmino mme baopedi bangwe ba nna ba le mo dikomponeng tsa mmino tse di ikemetseng ka nosi botshelo jwa bone jotlhe. Gantsi baopedi ba ba sa itsegeng ba ntsha dingwe tsa dipina tsa bone kgotsa dipina tsotlhe tsa bone mo Internet gore balatedi ba bone ba di itseele ba bo ba di reetse. Barekisi gantsi ba rekisa di-CD tse di diretsweng go tshamekiwa kwa manyalong, tse di nang le mmino wa manyalo le mmino wa pop.<ref>[[:en:Music_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;147.</ref> == Thuto == Mmino o rutiwa kwa sekolong se sebotlana mme o rutiwa jaaka thuto e e tlhophilweng kwa sekolong se se ha gare le se segolwane. Tantshe e akareditswe mo thutong ya mmino. <ref name=":12" />Dikolo tse dikgolwane ka kakaretso di na le dithuto tsa go opela, gantsi e le tsa khwaere, le go tshameka diletswa ka mokgwa wa setlhopha se segolo sa mmino sa sekolo. == Malatsi a boikhutso le meletlo == Ditiragalo tsa setšhaba le dikokoano kwa Botswana gantsi di tsamaisana le mmino, go akaretsa dikokoano tsa malatsi a boikhutso, dipontsho, dikgakololo le meletlo e mengwe. <ref>[[:en:Music_of_Botswana#CITEREFWood1985|Wood 1985]], pp.&nbsp;15–16.</ref>Mofuta mongwe le mongwe wa tiragalo kgotsa kgang o na le dipina tsa one tse di amanang le yone.<ref>[[:en:Music_of_Botswana#CITEREFWood1985|Wood 1985]], p.&nbsp;17.</ref> Go tlwaelegile gore batho le ditlhopha tsa batho ba opele phatlalatsa, ka dinako tse dingwe ba opela ba sa akanya. Mmino o na le seabe se segolo mo go ketekeng [[Keresemose]], mme Botswana e na le meletlo e mentsi ya mmino e e bontshang mefuta e e farologaneng ya mmino go simolola ka wa house go ya go wa jazz le wa hip hop. == Go fokotsega ga didirisiwa tsa setso == Fa e sale go tsaya boipuso ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe, diletswa tse dintsi tsa setso tsa Batswana di nyeletse ka ntlha ya go itlhaganedisiwa go ya kwa metsesetoropong go go neng ga tlhakatlhakanya maemo a di neng di dirwa le go tshamekiwa mo go one. Baitseanape ba mmino ba ba akaretsang PR Kirby le Ike Norborg ba ne ba kwala gore diletswa dingwe, tse di jaaka mokoreje wa phala ya lotlhaka, di ne tsa simolola go nyelela ka bo ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo. Music In Africa e lemogile ka ngwaag wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi gore go na le diletswa di le mmalwa fela tse di sa ntseng di le teng, le gore bokgoni jwa go dira le go tshameka diletswa tsa setso bo nyeletse mo baaging ba le bantsi.<ref name=":4" /> == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Botswana]] edsfmosu0n9ky3sva9afsgnhvbsnx2e 53287 53283 2026-07-26T16:22:28Z MmaBaggio 11091 53287 wikitext text/x-wiki    {{Infobox music genre|name=Mmino wa Botswana|image=[[File:Music in Botswana.png|300px|Music in Botswana vinyl disc]]|stylistic_origins=Traditional African music, [[Tswana people|Setswana]] folk, [[kwaito]], [[hip hop music|hip hop]], [[Gospel music|gospel]]|cultural_origins=[[Botswana]]; influences from South Africa, Central Africa, and the United States|instruments=[[Segankuru]], setinkane, moropa, [[musical bow]], flute, voice|subgenres=[[Motswako]], kwaito kwasa, [[dikhwaere]]|fusiongenres=Dance in Botswana, [[Culture of Botswana]], [[Botswana Television]], [[Yarona FM]]}} '''Mmino wa Botswana''' o akaretsa ditso tse di farologaneng, go simolola ka diletso tsa bogologolo-tala tse di epolotsweng mo maruping go ya kwa badiragatsing ba segompieno ba ditiro tsa bone di setseng di fitlheletse dikgatong tsa sechaba. [[Botswana]] ke lefatshe mo [[Aferika]] le le bopilweng ka merafe e e farologaneng mme morafe wa [[Batswana]] ke one o o fitlhelwang ka dipalopalo mo lefatsheng le. Mmino ke karolo e tona ya ngwao ya Botswana ebile o akaretsa mefuta ya segompieno le ya setso. Dikhwaere tsa dikereke di tlwaelesegile dintlheng tsotlhe tsa lefatshe le. Mofuta wa mmino wa lefatshe le, o supa ditso tsa lone jaaka e le marakanelo a batho ba letso la borwa jwa Aferika, jaaka e le lefatshe le le neng la sireletswa ke batho-basweu, le lefatshe le e neng ya re go tsaya boipuso ya nna lengwe la mafatshe a godisitseng itsholelo ya lone ka thekiso ya diteemane. Mefuta ya mmino wa Aferika Borwa le wa legare la Aferika o fitlhelwa mo lefatsheng le, ga mmogo le mmino wa Setswana. == Diletso tsa bogologolo le tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == Seletso sa bogologolo se se fitlhelwang mo lefelong le le bidiwang Botswana gompieno ke '''seburuburu. Seburuburu ke seletso''' se se dirilweng ka lerapo, le le epolotsweng kwa moepong wa Matlapaneng mme le supa fa le na le dingwaga di ka nna sekete. Phala e go supang e na le dingwaga di le makgolo a le boferabongwe e ne ya epololwa kwa moepong wa [[Bosutswe]] ; e na le phatlha e le nngwe e moletsi a e bipang go farologanya modumo. Lerapo ke lone fela sedirisiwa se se thata mo se ka kgonang go tshela ka lobaka lo loleele jalo, se se raya gore go na le diletso tse dingwe tsa bogologolo tse di neng di letswa nako e o mme tsa tlhoka go sireletsega. <ref>Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). ''[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Culture and Customs]] of Botswana''. Greenwood Press. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33178-7|<bdi>978-0-313-33178-7</bdi>.]]</ref> Bogologolo, diletso di ne di tsewa jaaka didirisiwa tse di botlhokwa tsa motho a le nosi ga mmogo le morafe. Beng ba tsone gantsi ba ne ba di sireletsa go ya go ileng, fa tse dingwe e ne e le boswa jwa morafe ebile thekiso ya tsone e sa letlelesege ntle le tetla ya kgosi. Fa godimo ga moo, di ne di na le karolo ya bodumedi; ditsompelo tse di neng di dirisiwa go dira diletso ga mmogo le ditshegofatso tse di neng di beilwe fa godimo ga tsone, di ne di na le bokao jwa semowa. Mmino o ne o dirisiwa mo meketeng ya go kopa pula, mo dinakong tsa ntwa, mo dipelaetsong go ema kgatlhanong le bogogi jwa dikgosi le mo meletlong e e supang phetogo ya dipaka tsa botshelo go akaretsa go rewa-leina, go rupa, go simolola 'bogolo', lenyalo le diphitlho.Dingaka tse di neng di bidiwa 'meroka ya pula' di ne di fisetsa melemo ya Setswana mo teng ga dinaka tsa diphologolo go dira mosi o go neng go dumelwa fa o nesa pula.<ref>[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;206.</ref> Mo diphekong tse di neng di tsholwa ke banna ba Batswana mo dingwageng di feta sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe go leleka bosula, nngwe e ne e le phala e e neng e dirisiwa go tlhagisa ka kotsi.<ref name=":0">[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;196.</ref> == Mmino wa setso == === Mefuta ya mmino wa Setswana === Dipina tsa setso ke tsone mofuta wa mmino wa Setswana o o itsegeng thata , segolobogolo tsa [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa Batswana]].<ref name=":2">Akombo, David Otieno (2016). ''[[:en:McFarland_&_Company|The Unity of Music and Dance in World Cultur]]<nowiki/>es''. McFarland and Company. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9715-7|<bdi>978-0-7864-9715-7</bdi>.]]</ref> Dipina tsa Setswana di ageletswe mo sekaleng sa medumo e le metlhano mme gantsi di na le molodi o mokhutshwane o o kwa tlase ga okotheifi e le nngwe . Di rulagantswe go dikologa pitso le tsibogo : motlhabeletsi o simolola pina mme a latelelwe ke baopedi ba bangwe, e ka nna ka go boeletsa molodi kgotsa go neelana ka tsibogo e e lekalekanang. Tatelano e, e a boeletswa, ka dinako tse dingwe e tsaya metsotso e le mmalwa. E re ka Setswana e le puo ya modumo, pharologano ya medumo e na le bokao mme e logetswe mo tiragatsong ya mmino, tota-tota fa e kopantswe le diphala. Dikago tsa sekale sa melodi e supa di ne tsa tlwaelesega thata fa mmino o ntse o mona ditlhotlheletso tsa mafatshe a sele fa nako e ntse e tsamaya.<ref>Wood, Elizabeth N. (1985). "Traditional Music in Botswana". ''The Black Perspective in Music''. '''13''' (1): 13–30. doi:10.2307/1214791. ISSN&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:0090-7790 0090-7790.]</ref> '''Mmino le motshameko wa go bina''' ga di kgaogane mo Botswana. Motshameko wa go bina, wa setso, o akaretsa go tshikhinyega ga mmele otlhe, mme diletso ka bontsi di tlhoka motsamao o o rulagantsweng e bile o se motlhofo gore di tshameke sentle, segolobogolo diletso tse di akaretsang matlhao a a rwalwang mo maotong kgotsa mo matsogong. Popego ya sefatlhego fa o bina le yone e tsewa e le karolo ya tiragatso. <ref name=":3">[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&nbsp;191–192.</ref><ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1214791?origin=crossref Wood 1985], p.&nbsp;20.</ref> Mefuta ya dipina e e farologaneng e amangwa le ditshetlana tse di farologaneng. Dipina tsa metshameko di dirisa medumo e e kgonyang e dirwa ka go opa diatla kgotsa go letsa matlhowa.<ref name=":1">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1214791?origin=crossref Wood 1985], p.&nbsp;18.</ref> Dipina tsa go feta dikgato dingwe tsa botshelo di na le melaetsa ya go nna monana, go sa itse sepe, le go itsheka, dipina tsa basetsana gantsi di na le moropa. Dipina tsa ntwa mo ngwaong di akaretsa phala ya motlhatswa kgotsa lonaka lwa lepatata. Dipina tsa phodiso, se di bidiwang phekolo, di santse di opelwa mo Botswana wa gompieno, le ntswa di dule mo dikgotleng go nna mo sephiring gape di dirisa dipina tsa sesha eseng sa mo ditsong.<ref>[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&nbsp;207–208.</ref> Go opela mo setshabeng ke ngwao e tona ya mmino wa Botswana, go opelwa ka dilthopha tsa dingwaga kgotsa bong, gantsi go opelwa go sena diletso kgotsa di se dintsi. Mo Basarweng le ditlhopha tse dingwe, mmino mo ditsong o ne o dirisiwa go etsa medumo ya diphologolo e akaretsa medumo ya dinonyane di bitsa, le ka setinkane, go diriwa modumo wa ditlhako.<ref name=":0" /> Basadi bangwe ba Batswana ba kgona go letsa mogolokwane, e le tsela ya go duduetsa.<ref name=":1" /> === Diletso tsa setso === Pharologanyo ya diletso tsa Botswana tsa setso e supa popego ya lefatshe le go farologana ga batho ba lone. Mafelo a a senang palo e ntsi ya batho a na le dingwao tse di farologaneng go tswa kwa bophirima jwa Kalahari, setshaba sengwe le sengwe sa morafe se tshegetsa ngwao ya yone mo go letseng seletso.<ref name=":4">Modirwa Kekwaletswe (18 July 2018). [https://musicinafrica.net/magazine/traditional-music-and-instruments-botswana/ "Traditional music and instruments in Botswana".] Music In Africa. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> === Diletso tse di itewang === Matlhowa a rwalwa mo maotong, a dirilwe ka mekone e le makgolo e beilwe mo metsing, ya tsenngwa dipeo, ya omisiwa e bo e fapiwa ka mogala. Matlhowa a mangwe a dirilwe go dirisiwa ditsebe tsa ditshephe.<ref>[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;198.</ref>Go dirisiwa gape le di-clapper tsa logong le di-clapper tsa '''''marapo''''' tse di dirilweng ka lerapo. Go opa diatla go botlhokwa thata mo ditlwaelong tsa go opela tsa Batswana le Ba-San, gantsi ka morethetho wa 4/4 kgotsa 2/4, mme go ya ka ditso go ne go tsewa e le seabe sa basadi mo dipineng tsa setšhaba. <ref name=":5">[[:en:Music_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;197.</ref> Meropa ga e a tlwaelega thata mo mminong wa Setswana go na le mo ditlwaelong tse dingwe tsa Seaforika, ka ntlha ya bothata jwa go bona ditlhare tse dikgolo tse di lekaneng go tlamela ka didirisiwa mo [[Sekakeng sa Kalahari.]] <ref name=":5" />Mofuta o le mongwe fela wa moropa o o fitlhelwang mo mminong wa setso wa Setswana ke moropa, o o ka dirwang go tswa mo setlhareng sa setlhare, nkgwana ya mašwi kgotsa thini. <ref name=":6">[[:en:Music_of_Botswana#CITEREFWood1985|Wood 1985,]] p.&nbsp;28.</ref>Meropa ya segompieno mo Botswana gantsi e na le matlhakore a le mabedi, e dirilwe ka silindara se sekhutshwane sa tshipi se se phuthetsweng ka letlalo la kgomo. <ref name=":5" />Batho ba Kalanga ba dirisa meropa gantsi go feta batho ba bangwe ba Botswana.<ref name=":7">[[:en:Music_of_Botswana#CITEREFMortonRamsay2018|Morton &#x26; Ramsay 2018,]] Music.</ref> [[BaHambukushu|Ba-Mbukushu]] ba dirisa meropa e e tshamekiwang ka go kgatikanya lotlhaka mo tlhogong ya moropa. Ba-Herero ba dirisa ongoma e e nang le matlhakore a mabedi e e itewang ka dithobane. Batho ba Kgatla ba simolotse go dirisa meropa mo meletlong ya basadi ya [[bojale]] ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a supa le bongwe.<ref name=":5" /> '''Setinkane,''' [[piano ya monwana]], e nnile sengwe sa diletswa tsa setso se se tshamekiwang thata mo Botswana go tloga bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo masome a mabedi mme se tumile thata mo bathong ba Ba-San ka baopedi ba ba akaretsang ! Kaha.[<ref>[[:en:Music_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006,]] p.&nbsp;204.</ref> === Mogala === [[Setshwantsho:MusicalBow.gif|thumb|Diletso tsa mmino ke diletswa tse di tlwaelegileng tsa dinaka mo mminong wa Batswana.]] Diletswa tsa megala tsa mmino ke diletswa tse di tlwaelegileng tsa dinaka, go akaretsa lengope, nkokwane, segwana le mafata-iswaneng. Di-bow tse di farologaneng di utlwala ka molomo, ka goya, ka thini, kgotsa ka mmu.<ref name=":8">[[:en:Music_of_Botswana#CITEREFWood1985|Wood 1985,]] p.&nbsp;24</ref> Dipina le diletswa tsa dinaka di bopa karolo e kgolo ya mmino wa Setswana.<ref name=":2" />[[Segankuru]], kana segaba, se tshwarwa mo legetleng ka mogala mme se tshamekiwa ka motsu ka tsela e e kgolokwe, se tshwana le fiolo. E dirisa bora jo bo nang le moriri wa mogatla wa kgomo le thini e le modumo, mme ke seletswa sa setso se se fitlhelwang thata mo mminong wa segompieno wa Setswana.<ref name=":6" /> <ref name=":9">[[:en:Music_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006,]] p.&nbsp;201.</ref>[[Leshiba]], e e bidiwang gape kwadi kgotsa gora, e kopanya phefo le mogala ka go baya molomo mo motlhomong o o tsamayang ka boleele jwa mogatla. <ref name=":9" />Ba-San ba tshameka quashi, e e tshwanang le bora, gape ba ne ba dirisa seletswa se se nang le dinaka di le nne go ya go di le supa se se itsegeng ka maina a le mmalwa a a akaretsang daukashe le dzoma, se se tshamekiwang se dutse ka resonator e lebile kwa teng.<ref>[[:en:Music_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;202</ref> === Phefo === Didirisiwa tsa phefo ka tlwaelo di ne di dira ditiro tse di jaaka puisano magareng ga badisa, go bitsa dikgomo, go bitsa meya, le go tlhagisa ka tlhaselo.<ref>[[:en:Music_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006, pp]].&nbsp;200, 205.</ref>Didiriswa tsa setso tsa phefo gantsi di dirwa ka lerapo, lotlhaka, kgotsa lonaka lwa phologolo. <ref name=":8" />Lengwane le motlhatswa, tse di dirilweng ka lerapo la podi le kala ya setlhare e e phuthetsweng, di fokelwa kwa godimo. '''Lepapata,''' e e dirilweng ka go ina lenaka la kudu e kgolwane kgotsa tshukudu ya sable mo metsing a a bolelo go e bopa, e ne e dirisiwa ke batho ba Batswana go keteka le go tlhagisa ka tlhaselo.<ref name=":10">[[:en:Music_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;205</ref>maphatlo a lotlhaka a ne a akaretsa mpenyane e khutshwane e e nang le modumo o o kwa godimo le meporo e e nang le modumo o o kwa tlase, e e neng e ka nna boleele jwa dimetara di le pedi. Diphala tsa tshipi di ne tsa emisetsa diphala tsa lotlhaka mo lekgolong la bo masome a mabedi la dingwaga. <ref>[[:en:Music_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;200.</ref> Go farologana le batho ba bogare jwa Afrika, batho ba Botswana ga ba ise ba itsege ka go dirisa dinaka tsa dinaka tsa tlou.<ref name=":10" /> === Dikhwaere === Dikhwaere ke mmino wa setso wa Setswana wa khwaere le mmino wa go bina o mo go one ditlhopha di opela mmogo le go opela ka motsamao o o rulagantsweng. E amanngwa thata le kgaolo ya Kgatleng le dikarolo tse dingwe tsa borwa jwa Botswana. Lefoko khwaere le tserwe mo lefokong la Sekgowa "choir". Dikwaere tsa Dikhwaere di tshameka mo meletlong ya setso, mo meletlong ya lefatshe ka paka ya meletlo, le mo ditiragalong tsa bosetšhaba. Fa e sale go tlhomiwa ga Kgaisano ya Botaki ya Letsatsi la Tautona, e setse e le mofuta wa kgaisano o o tlisang dikgele tsa madi. Mmino wa Dikopelo wa Bakgatla ba Kgafela, wa setso sa Bakgatla ba Kgafela, o amogetswe ke [[UNESCO]] jaaka karolo ya ngwao-boswa ya setso e e sa tshwaregeng.<ref>Boago Molwane (1 August 2018). [https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/44373 "Okanyatsa Dikhwaere challenge bigger better".] Daily News Botswana. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> [[Dr Vom]] (Kangangwani Mogocha), yo o belegweng ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bosupa kwa Kgaolong ya Bokone-Botlhaba, ke motaki yo o tumileng thata wa segompieno mo mofuteng wa dikhwaere. Pina ya gagwe ya ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bosupa "Tsaya Thobane", e e rekotilweng ka tirisanommogo le Rangers Marena Choir go tswa Artesia, e ne ya nna karolo ya ditiragalo tsa bosetšhaba tsa metshameko le dikokoano tsa setso mo e leng gore e tlhalosiwa mo metsweding ya dikgang ya Botswana jaaka pina ya bosetšhaba e e seng ya semmuso. Mo moletlong wa 50T050 wa dingwaga tse di masome matlhano tsa boipuso jwa Botswana ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro , Dr Vom o ne a gogelwa kwa seraleng kwa ntle ga kitsiso mme boidiidi bo ne jwa opela mmogo go fitlha ba opela ka botlalo, morago ga moo Mokhomišenara wa Kgaolo ya Gaborone o ne a etelela pele mosepele wa dikilometara di le tlhano a tsweledisa pina. <ref>Nnasaretha Kgamanyane (1 April 2022). [https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/thobane-national-anthem-personified/news "Thobane: National anthem personified"]. Mmegi Online. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> == Motlha wa Bokoloni le go Kwala ga Bogologolo == Go simologa ka ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabongwe, bafaladi go tswa kwa [[United Kingdom]] ba ne ba simolola go goroga ka palo e kgolo mme ba bitsa kolone eo Bechuanaland.<ref>Morton, Fred; Ramsay, Jeff, eds. (1987). ''The Birth of Botswana: A history of the Bechuanaland Protectorate from 1910 to 1966''. Gaborone, Botswana: Longman Botswana. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-582-00584-6|ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>978-0-582-00584-6</bdi>.]]</ref>Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba ba neng ba goroga mo lekgolong la bo lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga le mo masimologong a lekgolo la bo masome a mabedi la dingwaga ba ne ba gwetlha kamano e e gaufi fa gare ga mmino wa setso le mekgwa ya semoya ya batho ba ba tlholegileng koo, mme melao e e neng ya tlhomiwa ke puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya fedisa dingwao di le dintsi tsa mmino tsa letsatsi le letsatsi. Go tlhoka kgatlhego ga barongwa mo go kwaleng mmino wa setso go ne go raya gore o ne wa gatisiwa ka botlalo go na le ditlhogo tse dingwe tsa nako eo. <ref name=":11">[[:en:Music_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;211.</ref> Ditumelo tsa Sekeresete tse di neng di tlhabolotswe ka tlholego, jaaka [[Zion Christian Church]], di tsenyeletsa dipina tsa tlholego tsa phodiso mo ditlwaelong tsa bone.<ref name=":3" /> Fa thulaganyo ya thuto ya Botswana e ntse e gola ka bo ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano, go ne ga rutiwa kwa khwaereng mme ya nna tiro e e tumileng ya go gaisana. The '''Brown Kalanga Wizards''' e ne e le setlhopha sa ntlha sa go gatisa go tswa mo lefatsheng le jaanong e leng Botswana, e e tlhamilweng ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano mme ya tlhagisa alebamo tse pedi.<ref name=":7" /> Mmino wa setso o itemogetse go tsoga gape jaaka karolo ya motsamao wa boipuso jwa Botswana le go agiwa ga boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba mo dingwageng tse di lesome tse di tshwanang.<ref name=":2" /> == Morago ga boipuso le Seromamowa == Go ne ga simololwa dikgaso tsa seromamowa sa sechaba ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro, ka dikopelo le dipina tsa setso e le tsone tse di neng di tlwaelegile go gaisa mo moyeng. <ref name=":7" />Moopedi wa mmino wa setso le seletswa sa segaba Ratsie Setlhako e ne e le mongwe wa baopedi ba ba tumileng thata morago ga boipuso, a opela kwa ditiragalong tse dintsi tsa bosetšhaba go tloga ka boipuso jwa Botswana ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borataro go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le borataro. <ref>[[:en:Music_of_Botswana#CITEREFMortonRamsay2018|Morton &#x26; Ramsay 2018,]] Setlhako, Ratsie (ca. 1900–1976).</ref> Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya dinaga tsa ntlha tsa Afrika go tlhabolola hip hop morago ga gore mofuta ono wa mmino o goroge mo masimologong a dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi.<ref name=":12">[[:en:Music_of_Botswana#CITEREFGoldsmith2018|Goldsmith 2018]]</ref>Mmino wa setso o ne wa boa wa tsosolosiwa ke setlhopha sa mmino sa '''Mogwana''' ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bongwe. <ref name=":11" />Mmino wa Aforika Borwa, go akaretsa [[kwaito]] le [[motswako]], o ne wa anama kwa Botswana morago ga go khutla ga puso ya tlhaolele ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bone le go bulelwa ga phapanyetsano ya setso go kgabaganya melelwane. [[Botsamaisi jwa Ditlhaeletsano tsa Botswana]] bo simolotse go ntsha diteseletso tsa go gasa seromamowa se se ikemetseng ka nosi ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi. [[Yarona FM]] le '''Gabz FM''' ka bobedi di simolotse ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe.<ref>[[:en:Music_of_Botswana#CITEREFMortonRamsay2018|Morton &#x26; Ramsay 2018, Radio.]]</ref>Yarona FM, e e simolotseng go gasa ka kgwedi ya Phatwe e le masome a mabedi le bobedi ,ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe, e ne e le letshwao la seromamowa la ntlha se se ikemetseng mo lefatsheng mme kwa tshimologong se ne se akaretsa Gaborone mo sekgaleng sa dikilometara di le masome a matlhano pele se amogela teseletso ya kgaso ya bosetšhaba ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bosupa . E ne ya abelwa seetsele sa ko dietseleng tsa Botswana Music Awards ya Best Radio Station ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi le wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe . Mananeo a yone a ne a lebagane thata le RnB, hip hop, motswako, le pop, mme e ne e le nngwe ya diforamo tse dikgolo tse mmino wa Botswana o neng wa fitlha kwa babogeding ba baša mo nageng yotlhe. <ref>[[:en:Yarona_FM|"Yarona FM"]]. Wikipedia. Retrieved 14 April 2026</ref> Jazz ya Afrika Borwa, kwaito, le hip hop e ne ya nna mefuta e metona ya mmino mo Botswana kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe, mme hip hop e ne ya feta kwaito go nna mofuta wa mmino o o tumileng thata mo nageng eo ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le boraro2003.<ref name=":12" /> == Hip hop le motswako == Hip hop e ne ya fitlha kwa Botswana go tswa kwa United States kwa tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi, kwa tshimologong e ne ya amogelwa ke bana ba ba tswang mo malapeng a maemo a a fa gare ba ba neng ba tlwaelane le setso sa Amerika ka thelebišene le mmino o o tswang kwa dinageng tse dingwe. <ref name=":12" />Ka ntlha ya seno, go tshameka mmino wa rap ka Sekgowa kwa Botswana gantsi go dirisa Sekgowa sa Amerika. Hip hop ya Botswana ya pele e ne e na le tekeletso, metšhini ya meropa, beatboxing, turntablism, le diletswa. <ref name=":12" />Kgokagano ya yone ya pele le khumo le maemo a a kwa godimo e ne ya dira kgatlhanong le yone, mme mo dingwageng tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe mofuta ono o ne wa kgethololwa ke difeshene tsa direkoto, batlhagisi ba ditiragalo, le beng ba ditlelapa go na le kwaito. Nako e e botlhokwa thata mo hisitoring ya mofuta ono wa mmino wa Botswana e ne ya tla ka radio. Ndala Baitsile, yo o itsegeng jaaka DJ Sid, o ne a tsamaisa lenaneo le le bidiwang Rap Blast kwa Radio Botswana 2 (RB2) kwa tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe. David Balsher (Draztik) le Salim Mosidinyane (Slim) ba ne ba latela, ba tsamaisa lenaneo la Strictly Hip Hop mo RB2 le la Sprite Rap Activity ya Yarona FM, fa bobedi jwa bone e ne e le maloko a setlhopha sa hip hop sa [[Cashless Society]]. Diphasalatso tse di tlisitse mofuta ono go babogedi ba ba oketsegileng le fa go na le kganetso ya mohamawa diletso. <ref name=":12" /> Ba bangwe ba ba neng ba tsamaisa radio, jaaka '''David Molosiwa''' (D-Ski), le bone ba ne ba nna le seabe mo go anameng ga yone.<ref name=":13">[https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/hip-hop-botswana Hip hop in Botswana".] Music In Africa. 2 July 2018. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi, ditso tsa mmino wa hip hop di ne tsa tokafala fela thata. Ditlhopha tse disha tse di akaretsang Tha Orakle, '''Apollo Diablo''' (moragonyana Apollo D), Zeus, Scar, le Stagga di ne tsa nna le balatedi ba ba oketsegileng mo nageng yotlhe. DJ Sid le Prez Beatz ba ne ba kgobokanya P-Side Compilation e e nang le tlhotlheletso, e e neng e na le baopedi Mista Doe, Nomadic, Scar, le Desma. Channel O Award for Best Southern African Artist e ne ya ya kwa go Mista Doe ka ngwaaga wa dikete tse pedi le borataro ka Hot to Death, e leng tlotlo ya ntlha ya kontinente e e neng ya fiwa moopedi wa hip hop wa kwa Botswana. <ref name=":12" />The Wizards e ne e le nngwe ya ditlhopha tsa ntlha tsa hip hop mo Botswana, gape e ne e tsenyeletsa [[reggae]] le rhythm and blues. Setlhopha sa Phat Boy se amogetse baopedi ba hip hop ba Batswana. <ref name=":2" /> '''Motswako''' ke mofuta wa mmino wa hip hop o o fitlhelwang fela mo Botswana, o o tlhamilweng ka Setswana. E ne ya tumisiwa ke Tebogo Mapine, yo o itsegeng ka leina la Nomadic, motaki wa mo Afrika Borwa yo a tsholetsweng kwa [[Francistown]] yo e neng e le leloko la setlhopha sa [[Gaborone]] sa P-Side Crew go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bone.<ref name=":12" /> '''Thato Matlhabaphiri''' (Scar) le [[Game Bants]]<nowiki/>i (Zeus) ke bataki ba motswako ba ba itsegeng thata ba ba tlhagileng mo kokomaneng ya morago ga ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome. Zeus, yo le ene a neng a tlhagelela mo go Big Brother Africa, o ne a tlhalosa motswako e le selo se se simologileng mo setsong sa Batswana le mo setsong sa Seaforika. Morago ga ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome , go ne ga tlhagelela di rapper tsa basadi tse di itsegeng go akaretsa Sasa Klaas, yo o neng a tshameka kwa DStv iRock Festival kwa Afrika Borwa. <ref name=":13" />Diopedi tsa mmino wa hip hop kwa Botswana di golagane le go abelana dikgang ka botlalo.<ref name=":12" /> == Kwaito le kwasa kwasa == [[Kwaito]] e simolotse go tswa mo metsesetoropong ya Johannesburg ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe e le mofuta o o kopantseng marabi, kwela, mbaqanga, le pop ya Afrika Borwa. E ne ya kgabaganya go ya kwa Botswana mme ya dira gore go nne le ditiragalo tse di botlhokwa mo lefelong leo. [[Frank Lesokwane]] e ne e le motaki wa kwaito yo o atlegileng thata mo kgwebong kwa Botswana mo masimologong a dingwaga tsa bo dikete tse pedi . Thabo Mapetla Ntirelang ke mongwe wa bataki ba kwaito ba ba itsegeng.<ref name=":7" /> Kwaito e tshamekwa ka bontsi ka dipuo tsa Afrika Borwa jaaka [[Afrikaans]] le [[Sezulu|Sezulu,]] gammogo le American English.<ref name=":12" /> '''Kwaito kwasa''', mofuta wa mmino o o tlhamilweng ke Odirile Vee Sento, yo o itsegeng ka leina la Vee Mampeezy, ka go kopanya kwaito le morethetho wa kwasa kwasa, o tsewa e le mofuta wa mmino wa kwa Botswana. Dibidio tsa mmino tsa [[Vee Mampeezy]], tse di mmalwa tsa tsone di bonwe ke batho ba le dimilione, di ne tsa tsamaisiwa ke motshameki wa bidio '''Jack Bohloko''', yo tirisanommogo ya gagwe le motshameki wa Afrika Borwa [[Master KG]] mo pineng Tshinada e dirileng bidio e e neng ya bonwa ke batho ba le dimilione di le lesome mo YouTube. <ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/popular-music-botswana "Popular music in Botswana".] Music In Africa. 3 April 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> [[Kwasa kwasa]], mofuta wa go bina o o simolotseng kwa lefatsheng la [[Democratic Republic of Congo]], o ne wa tsenngwa mo Botswana ke bataki ba ba akaretsang Franco Lesokwane, Chris Manto 7, Les Africa Sounds, le Jeff Matheatau. Lefoko "kwasa kwasa" ke lefoko la Sefora la kwa Congo le le rayang gore "tsamaisa mmele wa gago".<ref name=":12" /> == Mmino o o tumileng == Mmino o o tumileng wa kwa Botswana o bidiwa jazz, e leng mmino o o tlwaelegileng mo mafatsheng a Afrika, le fa gone o farologane le mmino wa jazz o o simologileng kwa mafatsheng a Bophirima. Botswana e na le baopedi ba le mmalwa ba mmino o o tumileng, mme bontsi jwa mmino o o tumileng mo lefatsheng leno o tswa kwa Yuropa, Afrika Borwa le United States.<ref>[[:en:Music_of_Botswana#CITEREFAkombo2016|Akombo 2016,]] pp.&nbsp;34–35</ref> American rock le [[mmino wa seopedi]] di teng mo Botswana.<ref name=":12" /> Tlhabololo ya mmino wa rock kwa Botswana e nnile ka bonya.<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2014/02/13/world/africa/africa-botswana-metal-heads/index.html "Africa is the last frontier for metal: Botswana's metal heads still rocking".] ''CNN''. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref>Mmino o ne wa gola ka ntlha ya metswedi ya dikgang jaaka [[MTV]], [[Channel O]], le inthanete. Fa e sa le ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi, go ile ga tlhomiwa ditlhopha di le dintsi tse disha tsa mmino, mme dingwe tsa tsone di ile tsa etela kwa borwa jwa Afrika. Setso sa roko se ile sa lemogiwa fa ditlhopha tsa mmino di ne di kopana mo loetong lwa "Rock Against AIDS". Crackdust e ne e le setlhopha se se tumileng sa mmino wa metal kwa Botswana. National Music Eisteddfod e tshwarwa ngwaga le ngwaga kwa [[Selebi-Phikwe]]. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040120183910/http://www.istc.org/sisp/index.htm?fx=event&event_id=32338 "National Music Eisteddfod".] ''ISTC.org''. Archived from [http://www.istc.org/sisp/index.htm?fx=event&event_id=32338 the original] on 20 January 2004. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> == Bataki ba segompieno == === Baopedi ba mmino wa Soul, R&B, le wa mefuta e e farologaneng === [[Mpho Sebina]] (o belegwe ka 18 Phukwi 1989, [[Mochudi]]) ke motaki wa Botswana yo o itsegeng lefatshe ka bophara wa motlha wa segompieno. Moopedi le mokwadi wa dipina yo o dirang mo soul, R&B, jazz, Setswana folk, le Afro-fusion, o ithutile kwa Multimedia University of Malaysia pele ga a tsenela mmino. Ka Lwetse 2018, Global Citizen e ne ya mmitsa "motaki yo o tshwanetseng go elwa tlhoko". Ka 2019 o ne a tlhophiwa jaaka mongwe wa baamogedi ba le lesome ba thutego ya mmino ka Goethe Institute le Pop Kultur Festival kwa Berlin. Ka 2024, o ne a nna leloko la Recording Academy, e e okametseng dikgele tsa Grammy, a mo dira moopedi wa ntlha wa Motswana go fitlhelela pharologano eo. Kgalaletso e ne ya latelwa ke taletso ya 67th Annual Grammy Awards.<ref>[[:en:Mpho_Sebina|"Mpho Sebina"]]. Wikipedia. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> [[Dato Seiko]] (yo o belegweng e le Katlego Ntirang) ke moopedi le mokwadi wa dipina wa kwa [[Gaborone]] yo o dirang ka mmino wa alternative, R&B, le soul. O ithutetse go dira difilimi kwa AFDA Botswana, mme a golola EP ya gagwe ya ntlha Grace Effect ka ngwaag wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe.Pina ya gagwe e nngwe ya gagwe ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro ya The Vow e ne ya tsamaisiwa ka Warner Music Africa mme ya dira ditshwantsho tse di fetang dikete tse masome a mane le bone tse di dirilweng ke badirisi mo maranyaneng aTikTok ka palo e e kopaneng ya dipontsho e feta dimilione di le 44.8. <ref>[https://www.thegazette.news/lifestyle/meet-dato-seiko-one-of-bws-best-genre-fluid-vocalists/ "Meet Dato Seiko, one of BW's best genre fluid vocalists".] Botswana Gazette. 9 December 2020. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> Boago Fenju (yo o belegweng Boago Setiko, Gaborone) ke moopedi wa mmino wa gospel, jazz, le neo-soul yo o golotseng dialebamo di le tharo ka fa tlase ga Chankieland Production Studios magareng ga ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe le ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone.. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano o ne a tlhophiwa go nna mongwe wa bafenyi ba le barataro mo kgaisanong ya bobedi ya African Music Academy (AMA) go ralala kontinente yotlhe ya Afrika le boditšhabatšhaba, a nna leloko la komiti ya tlotlo ya AMA.<ref>[https://www.ciamcreators.org/Newsroom/creators-partners-news-releases/african-music-academy-announces-overall-winners-its-second The African Music Academy announces the overall winners of its second prizes".] CIAM. 20 June 2025. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> [[Khoisan]] ke baopedi ba babedi ba moopelo wa Afro-fusion ba ba tswang kwa Gaborone e e bopilweng ke Thabang Rasefako le Oratile Kofa. Ba kopane ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi ka fa tlase ga Roc Lefatshe Records, duo e ne ya dira tumalano ya go gatisa le lekwalodikgang la Afrika Borwa la Muthaland ka pina ya bone ya ntlha Marabele mme ya tshameka mo Mafikeng FM. Pina ya bone ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe.Mpoledise e ne ya nna nngwe ya dipina tse di neng di tshamekiwa thata kwa Botswana mo ngwageng oo. Bobedi ba ne ba tlhophiwa go emela Botswana kwa konsareteng ya FNB Africa Day mme ba tlhagelela mo lenaneong la Mzansi Magic la Afropop Nation.<ref>[https://thevoicebw.com/the-dynamic-duo/ "The dynamic duo".] The Voice Botswana. 28 September 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> '''Apollo D''' (Monametsi Nkhukhu) ke rapper yo o simolotseng tiro ya gagwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le botlhano jaaka karolo ya lekoko la ntlha la baopedi ba hip hop ba Botswana. Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone o ne a golola Blood is Thicker than Water, alebamo ya dipina di le lesome e e dirilweng le Bangu Matenge, e e buang ka dikgang tsa boikanyego, phodiso le boitshwarelo.<ref>[https://www.africa-press.net/botswana/all-news/apollo-d-drops-blood-is-thicker-than-water Apollo D Drops "Blood is Thicker than Water""]. Africa Press Botswana. 6 December 2024. Retrieved 14 April 2026</ref> Jeff Matheatau ke rapper wa Motswana yo o itsegeng ebile e le motaki wa kwa kwasa kwa kwasa.<ref name=":12" /> == Dietsele tsa mmino le mafaratlhatlha a madirelo == Dietsele tsa Mmino tsa Yarona FM '''Dietsele tsa Radio ya Yarona FM''' (YAMAs) ke dietsele tsa ngwaga le ngwaga tsa indaseteri ya mmino tsa Botswana, tse di tshwarwang ke [[Yarona FM]]. YAMA e akaretsa ditlhopha tse di akaretsang Best Male Single, Best Female Single, Best Hip Hop/Motswako, Best RnB, Best Collabo, Best Producer, Best New Artist, Song of the Year, le People's Choice Artist of the Year. Bafenyi ba tlhophiwa ka go bouta ga batho le setlhopha sa baatlhodi. Dikabo di ne di na le setlhopha sa Hall of Fame se se tlotlang bataki ba ba nnileng le seabe se se nnetseng ruri mo mminong wa Botswana. Kgatiso ya borobedi ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro e ne ya abela bafenyi ba yone ba bagolo madi, ka Han C a tsaya Artiste of the Year, Best Male Single, le Best Afro-Pop, gape a ne a laola kgatiso ya ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi ka dietse di le tlhano go akaretsa Artist of the Year le Song of the Year ka "Rejection" le DJ Kuchi. <ref>[https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/76341 Yarona FM Music Awards impress"]. Daily News Botswana. 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> Thuso ya go tshegetsa kgatiso ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe e fitlhile go 1.45 million pula, e e tserweng go tswa go Mascom, Banka ya First National Bank of Botswana, le Lephata la Thabololo ya Banana,metshameko le ngwao, Dietsele di solofetswe go solegela batho ba ba fetang makgolo a mabedi molemo go akarediwa le baopedi, dibini, baopedi ba diletswa, batlhami ba difeshene, batlhami ba ditshwantsho, le batsamaisi ba tsa boatlhdi mo ngwageng oo.<ref>[https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/botswana-yarona-fm-music-awards-sponsorship-set-benefit-winners Yarona FM Music Awards sponsorship set to benefit winners"]. Music In Africa. 11 August 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> == Ditirelo tsa Setshwantsho sa Motshikinyego == [[Setshwantsho sa Motshikinyego sa Botswana]] (BTV), se se simolotseng ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ngwaag wa dikete tse pedi, se tshotse mananeo a mmino a le mararo a a tsereng lobaka lo loleele a a neng a le botlhokwa mo go tlhagiseng bataki ba Botswana mo lefatsheng lotlhe. [[Mokaragana]] ke lenaneo la mmino le le tshamekiwang ka Matlhatso maitseboa mo baopedi ba tshamekang fa pele ga bareetsi ba ba tshelang. E baya kwa pele go tshameka ka tlhamalalo mme e gapile kemonokeng ya dikgwebo tse di tsweletseng go akaretsa Orange Botswana le Blue Crystal Sugar. [[Flava Dome]] ke lenaneo la Maitseboa la Maitseboa le le nang le dibidio tsa mmino le dipina tse di tshamekiwang, le le neng le tsamaisiwa ke Loungo Pitse (KingBee) le [[Sadi Dikgaka]] go tloga ka ngwaag wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi, pele ga le tswelela le tsamaisiwa ke Dikgaka a le esi. Pula Power ke ya boraro mo mananeong a mmino a BTV. Sesupo sa sathalaete sa BTV se romelwa go ralala borwa jwa Aforika go akaretsa Aforika Borwa, Namibia, Zambia, Lesotho, le Zimbabwe, go fa mananeo a phitlhelelo ya kgaolo.<ref>Modirwa Kekwaletswe (20 April 2018). [https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/music-broadcast-media-botswana "Music broadcast media in Botswana".] Music In Africa. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> == Khansele ya Bosetšhaba ya Botaki == [[Khansele ya Sechaba ya Ngwao]] (NACB), e e tlhomilweng ke Palamente ka fa tlase ga Molao wa Khansele ya Bosetšhaba ya Botsweretshi ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi mme e tla simolola go dira ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi, ke setheo sa semolao se se rweleng maikarabelo a go tlamela ka matlole, go rotloetsa le go tlhabolola lephata la botsweretshi le setso. Tiro ya yone e akaretsa mmino mmogo le ditiro tse dingwe tsa go tlhama. E ne ya abela bataki madi a mantsi a setšhaba a a akaretsang P70 million ya thuso ya COVID-19, P39 million ya go tlhama diteng, le P14 million ya go rekota mo dinageng tse dingwe. Ka ngwaag wa dikete tse pedi le masoem a mabedi le botlhano, khansele e ne e setse e tshwaiwa diphoso ke setšhaba go tswa mo lephateng la botaki ka ntlha ya dikgotlhang tsa tsamaiso le go diegisa go tsenngwa tirisong ga mekgwa ya yona ya go tlamela ka matlole. <ref>Sharon Mathala (17 October 2025). [https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/nacb-a-council-in-crisis/news "NACB a council in crisis".] Mmegi Online. Retrieved 14 April 2026.</ref> == Madirelo le itsholelo == Gantsi letshwao la seromamowa la kwa Botswana le gasa mmino o o ratiwang thata. Letshwao lengwe le lengwe la mmino le na le popego, kgotsa setlhopha sa dipina tse di tla tshamekiwang, tse gantsi di tshwanang le mme di sa tshwane le mokgwa o o tlwaelegileng wa go kgaoganya dipina. Matshwao a le mantsi a seromamowa mo Botswana ke a selegae. Go na le madirelo a a ikemetseng a mmino mme baopedi bangwe ba nna ba le mo dikomponeng tsa mmino tse di ikemetseng ka nosi botshelo jwa bone jotlhe. Gantsi baopedi ba ba sa itsegeng ba ntsha dingwe tsa dipina tsa bone kgotsa dipina tsotlhe tsa bone mo Internet gore balatedi ba bone ba di itseele ba bo ba di reetse. Barekisi gantsi ba rekisa di-CD tse di diretsweng go tshamekiwa kwa manyalong, tse di nang le mmino wa manyalo le mmino wa pop.<ref>[[:en:Music_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;147.</ref> == Thuto == Mmino o rutiwa kwa sekolong se sebotlana mme o rutiwa jaaka thuto e e tlhophilweng kwa sekolong se se ha gare le se segolwane. Tantshe e akareditswe mo thutong ya mmino. <ref name=":12" />Dikolo tse dikgolwane ka kakaretso di na le dithuto tsa go opela, gantsi e le tsa khwaere, le go tshameka diletswa ka mokgwa wa setlhopha se segolo sa mmino sa sekolo. == Malatsi a boikhutso le meletlo == Ditiragalo tsa setšhaba le dikokoano kwa Botswana gantsi di tsamaisana le mmino, go akaretsa dikokoano tsa malatsi a boikhutso, dipontsho, dikgakololo le meletlo e mengwe. <ref>[[:en:Music_of_Botswana#CITEREFWood1985|Wood 1985]], pp.&nbsp;15–16.</ref>Mofuta mongwe le mongwe wa tiragalo kgotsa kgang o na le dipina tsa one tse di amanang le yone.<ref>[[:en:Music_of_Botswana#CITEREFWood1985|Wood 1985]], p.&nbsp;17.</ref> Go tlwaelegile gore batho le ditlhopha tsa batho ba opele phatlalatsa, ka dinako tse dingwe ba opela ba sa akanya. Mmino o na le seabe se segolo mo go ketekeng [[Keresemose]], mme Botswana e na le meletlo e mentsi ya mmino e e bontshang mefuta e e farologaneng ya mmino go simolola ka wa house go ya go wa jazz le wa hip hop. == Go fokotsega ga didirisiwa tsa setso == Fa e sale go tsaya boipuso ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe, diletswa tse dintsi tsa setso tsa Batswana di nyeletse ka ntlha ya go itlhaganedisiwa go ya kwa metsesetoropong go go neng ga tlhakatlhakanya maemo a di neng di dirwa le go tshamekiwa mo go one. Baitseanape ba mmino ba ba akaretsang PR Kirby le Ike Norborg ba ne ba kwala gore diletswa dingwe, tse di jaaka mokoreje wa phala ya lotlhaka, di ne tsa simolola go nyelela ka bo ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo. Music In Africa e lemogile ka ngwaag wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi gore go na le diletswa di le mmalwa fela tse di sa ntseng di le teng, le gore bokgoni jwa go dira le go tshameka diletswa tsa setso bo nyeletse mo baaging ba le bantsi.<ref name=":4" /> == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Botswana]] 4gr4pt79wxrwe1ja6xontq6xwc6e3x4 0 14386 53304 52917 2026-07-26T19:50:07Z RighteousCoyote384 13026 53304 wikitext text/x-wiki Lefatshe la [[Botswana]] le tsaya tirisanommogo mo go tsa itsholelo le polotiki mo borwa jwa [[Aferika|Aforika]] ka tlhwaafalo. Le lekile go dira gore lekgotla la [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC), le bereke mo go tsa tlhabololo itsholelo, gape le tokafaditse maiteko a go dira gore kgaolo e itirele melao fa go tsena mo go tsa tirisanommogo, go rarabolola tlhoka kutlwisisano, le boteledipele jo bo siameng. == Botsalano jwa polotiki == Mafatshe a a nang le botsalano le la Botswana mo go tsa sepolotiki: {| class="wikitable" |+ ! colspan="3" |[[Setshwantsho:Diplomatic relations of Botswana.svg|center|frameless|350x350px]] |- |# |'''Lefatshe''' |'''Kgwedi'''<ref>[https://digitallibrary.un.org/search?ln=en&as=1&m1=p&p1=Diplomatic%20relations%20between%20Botswana%20and%20...&f1=series&op1=a&m2=a&p2=&f2=&op2=a&m3=a&p3=&f3=&dt=&d1d=&d1m=&d1y=&d2d=&d2m=&d2y=&rm=&sf=year&so=a&rg=50&c=United%20Nations%20Digital%20Library%20System&of=hb&fti=0&fti=0 "Diplomatic relations between Botswana and ..."] United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |1 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the United Kingdom (3-5).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[United Kingdom]] |Lwetse a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro<ref name=":1">''The Diplomatic Service List''. Great Britain. Diplomatic Service Administration Office. 1970. pp.&nbsp;136–149.</ref> |- |2 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Japan.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Japan]] |Lwetse a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220801145836/https://guardiansun.co.bw/News/botswana-and-japan-celebrate-50-years-of-diplomatic-relations "Botswana And Japan Celebrate 50 Years of Diplomatic Relations".] [[Botswana Guardian|''Botswana Guardian''.]] 5 August 2016. Archived from [https://guardiansun.co.bw/News/botswana-and-japan-celebrate-50-years-of-diplomatic-relations the original] on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |3 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[United States of America]] |Lwetse a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro<ref>[https://history.state.gov/countries/all "All Countries".] ''Office of the Historian''. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |4 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Germany.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Germany]] |Phalane a rogwa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro<ref>[https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/service/laender/botsuana-node/botsuana-219506 "Botsuana: Steckbrief".] ''Auswärtiges Amt'' (in German). Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |5 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Zambia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Zambia]] |Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro<ref name=":0">''Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997''. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. pp.&nbsp;82–87.</ref> |- |6 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of France.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[France]] |Tlhakole a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le bosupa<ref>[https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr "Liste Chronologique des Ambassadeurs, Envoyés Extraordinaires, Ministres Plénipotentiaires et Chargés D'Affaires de France à L'Étranger Depuis 1945"] (PDF) (in French). p.&nbsp;44.</ref> |- |7 |[[Setshwantsho:War Flag of the Philippines.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Philippines]] |Tlhakole a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le bosupa<ref>[https://x.com/DFAPHL/status/828400555722756096 "Today we celebrate 50 years of formal diplomatic relations with Botswana!".] 6 February 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |8 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Israel.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Israel]] |Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le bone ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le bosupa<ref>[https://www.sundaystandard.info/outspoken-botswana-loses-its-voice-on-israel/ "Outspoken Botswana loses its voice on Israel".] ''Sunday Standard''. 3 November 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231103014414/https://www.sundaystandard.info/outspoken-botswana-loses-its-voice-on-israel/ Archived] from the original on 3 November 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |9 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Malawi.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Malawi]] |Phukwi a rogwa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le bosupa<ref>''Report''. Malawi. Police Force. 1968. p.&nbsp;2.</ref> |- |10 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Netherlands]] |Phatwe a le lesome, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le bosupa<ref>''Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken Volumes 86-90'' (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1967. p.&nbsp;152.</ref> |- |11 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Switzerland.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Switzerland]] |Phatwe a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le bosupa<ref>[https://dodis.ch/32532 "Ernennung eines schweizerischen Botschafters in Botswana und Lesotho. Sitz in Pretoria".] ''dodis.ch'' (in German). 22 August 1967. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |12 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Ethiopia (1996–2009).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Ethiopia]] |Phalane a le lesome le borobabongwe ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le bosupa<ref name=":0" /> |- |13 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Kenya.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Kenya]] |Phalane a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a le marataro le bosupa<ref name=":0" /> |- |14 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Norway.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Norway]] |Ngwanatsele a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robbaongwe, masome a marataro le bosupa<ref>[https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/departementene/ud/vedlegg/protokoll/diplomatiske_forbindelser.pdf "Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater"] (PDF). ''regjeringen.no'' (in Norwegian). 27 April 1999. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |15 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Sweden.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Sweden]] |Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marararo le borobabobedi.<ref>[https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstreams/c2f5a602-de12-4d98-b2c4-11de6ac633b9/download "Sveriges statskalender 1969"] (in Swedish). p.&nbsp;46. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |16 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of South Korea.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[South Korea]] |Moranang a le lesome le borobabobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabobedi<ref>[https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/nation/m_4902/list.do "Countries & Regions"]. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |17 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Austria.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Austria]] |Morule a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabobedi<ref>''Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa, Capetown Volume 2''. 1970. p.&nbsp;458. <q>Austrian Ambassador , Paul Zedwitz , presenting his credentials to Sir Seretse Khama , 5 Dec. 1968 . at Gaberones</q></ref><ref>''Diplomatic, Consular and International Organisations List''. Republic of Botswana. 1971. p.&nbsp;1. <q>5.12.68 His Excellency Dr. Paul Zedtwitz, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Austria (Resident in Pretoria).</q></ref> |- |18 | [[Setshwantsho:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Canada]] |Morule a le lesome le borobabongwe ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabobedi<ref>Linwood, DeLong (January 2020). [https://www.cgai.ca/a_guide_to_canadian_diplomatic_relations_1925_2019 "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019".] Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |19 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Nigeria.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Nigeria]] |Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le bone ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa<ref>''Kutlwano, 9-10''. Bechuanaland Protectorate. Information Branch, Botswana. Information Services. 1974. p.&nbsp;4.</ref> |- |20 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Czech Republic]] |Mopitlo a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa<ref name=":0" /> |- |21 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Russia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Russia]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa<ref>''Africa Quarterly''. Vol.&nbsp;10. Indian Centre for Africa. 1970. p.&nbsp;37.</ref> |- |22 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Denmark.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Denmark]] |Motsheganong a le lesome le bobedi ngwaga wa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa<ref>''[https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/910992.pdf Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender 1971]'' (PDF) (in Danish). 1971. p.&nbsp;23.</ref> |- |23 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Serbia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Serbia]] |Lwetse a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa<ref>Presse, Agence France (1970). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=Muo0AQAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y Africa]''. Agence France-Presse. p.&nbsp;32.</ref> |- |24 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Italy.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Italia]] |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/281137451918748/photos/a.292204164145410/1151053924927092/?type=3&_rdr "Dr. Filippo Scammacca Del Murgo e Dell Agnone presented his credentials to Dr. Sertese Khama Ian Khama".] ''Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Botswana in Facebook''. 16 March 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |25 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Romania.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Romania]] |Phalane a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le motso<ref>[https://www.mae.ro/en/node/2187 "Diplomatic Relations of Romania".] Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |26 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Belgium]] |Ngwanatsele a le malatsi a robabongwe, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le motso<ref>''Diplomatic, Consular and International Organisations List''. Republic of Botswana. 1971. p.&nbsp;2.</ref> |- |27 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Tanzania.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Tanzania]] |Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le bobedi |- |28 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of India.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[India]] |Morule a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le bobedi<ref>''Asia & Africa Review''. Vol.&nbsp;12. Independent Publishing Company. 1972. p.&nbsp;15.</ref> |- |29 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Egypt.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Egypt]] |Mopitlo a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a supa, masome a supa le boraro<ref>''ARR, Arab Report and Record''. Vol.&nbsp;1–18, 21–24. 1973. p.&nbsp;7.</ref> |- |30 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Lesotho.svg|frameless|30x30px]][[Lesotho]] |Moranang ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le boraro<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230623071827/https://istmat.org/files/uploads/55959/003_zarubezhnye_strany.pdf "Ежегодник Большой Советской Энциклопедии. 1974. Выпуск восемнадцатый: Зарубежные страны"] (PDF) (in Russian). p.&nbsp;322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |31 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Australia (converted).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Australia]] |Phukwi a le malatsi a robabongwe ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le boraro<ref>''Facts and Figures of Australia at War''. Vol.&nbsp;119. Australian News and Information Bureau, Department of the Interior. 1973. p.&nbsp;95.</ref> |- |32 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of North Korea (March 2026-).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[North Korea]] (e seegetswe kwa thoko ka nakwana) |Morule a le masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le bone<ref>[https://ghostarchive.org/archive/2rX2V "DPRK Diplomatic Relations"] (PDF). NCNK. 2016. pp.&nbsp;8–9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |33 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[China]] |Firikgong a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le botlhano<ref>[https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/system/index_17321.shtml "Joint Communique Regarding the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Botswana".] 25 April 2002. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |34 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Ghana.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Ghana]] |Phalane a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le botlhano<ref>[https://gna.org.gh/2025/05/botswana-delegation-visits-ghana-to-study-transformative-tvet-framework-and-policies/ "Botswana Delegation Visits Ghana to Study Transformative TVET Framework and Policies".] 11 May 2025. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |35 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Guyana.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Guyana]] |Phalane a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le botlhano<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20191224073504/http://www.minfor.gov.gy/diplomatic-relations/ "Diplomatic relations".] Archived from the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |36 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Mexico.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Mexico]] |Morule a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le botlhano<ref>''Informe de labores – Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores'' (in Spanish). Mexico. Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores. 1976. pp.&nbsp;26 and 36–37.</ref> |- |37 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Mozambique.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Mozambique]] |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le botlhano<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/281137451918748/photos/the-high-commissioner-of-mozambique-his-excellency-domingos-fernades-presenting-/1125072150858603/ "The High Commissioner of Mozambique, His Excellency Domingos Fernades presenting his Letters of Credence to the President of Botswana, His Excellency Lt. Gen. Dr. Seretse Khama Ian Khama, on 2 February 2016"]. 4 February 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2026&#x2013; via Facebook.</ref> |- |38 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Eswatini.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Eswatini]] |Motsheganong a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borataro<ref>''Directory of the Diplomatic Corps and International Organizations''. Botswana, Botswana. Office of the President. External Affairs. 1978. p.&nbsp;3.</ref> |- |39 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Libya.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Libya]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le bone ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bosupa<ref>''ARR: Arab Report and Record''. Economic Features, Limited. 1977. p.&nbsp;165.</ref> |- |40 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Luxembourg.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Luxemborg|Luxembourg]] |Lwetse a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le bosupa<ref>[https://aei.pitt.edu/52731/1/B0795.pdf "CORPS DIPLOMATIQUE accrédité auprès des Communautés européennes"] (PDF) (in French). 30 September 1977. pp.&nbsp;1, 29. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref><ref>[[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.146909/page/n926/mode/1up|''The Europa Year Book 1978 A World Survey Vol.-i''. Europa]] Publication Limited. 1978.</ref> |- |41 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Cuba.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Cuba]] |Morule a robabongwe ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bosupa<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220707064931/https://www.minrex.gob.cu/es/node/1944 "Firman Cuba y Botswana acuerdo de cooperación en sector de Salud"] (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |42 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Argentina.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Argentina]] |Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi |- |43 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Greece (1970–1975).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Greece]] |Moranang a le lesome ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabobedi |- |44 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Finland.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Finland]] |Phukwi a rogwa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180330044440/http://formin.finland.fi/Public/default.aspx?nodeid=17195&contentlan=2&culture=en-US "Countries and regions A–Z"]. Archived from the original on 30 March 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |45 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Poland.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Poland]] |Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi |- |46 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Algeria.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Algeria]] |Ngwanatsele a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabongwe<ref>Slimane Chikh (1980). ''Le Maghreb et l'Afrique subsaharienne'' (in French). Editions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique. p.&nbsp;10. <q>Botswana (30/11/79) Mohamed Chellali Khouri</q></ref> |- |47 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Angola.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Angola]] |Mopitlo a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi<ref>''Sub-Saharan Africa Report Issues 2243-2247''. United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1980. p.&nbsp;7. <q>7 Mar 80 ] ANGOLA - BOTSWANA DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS -- The governments of Botswana and Angola have decided to establish diplomatic relations .</q></ref> |- |48 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Portugal (official).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Portugal]] |Moranang a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi<ref>[https://portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt/relacoesbilaterais/paises "Países".] ''Portal Diplomático'' (in Portuguese). Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |49 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Hungary.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Hungary]] |Moranang a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi<ref>''Hungary – Page 170''. Pannonia Press, 1980</ref> |- |50 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Turkey.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Turkey]] |Firikgong a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le motso |- |51 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Spain (1785–1873, 1875–1931).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Spain]] |Moranang a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe ngwaga wa Sekete makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le motso<ref>[https://www.exteriores.gob.es/es/Comunicacion/Paginas/Ficha.aspx "Ficha de paises y territorios"] (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |52 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Jamaica.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Jamaica]] |Motsheganong a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le bobedi |- |53 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Bulgaria]] |Phatwe a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le bobedi<ref>''Keesing's Contemporary Archives – Page 32055''. Keesing's Limited., 1983.</ref> |- |54 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Albania.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Albania]] |Phatwe a le masome a marataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le bobedi<ref>''Keesing's Contemporary Archives – Page 32055''. Keesing's Limited., 1983.</ref> |- |55 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Zimbabwe]] |Motsheganong a le masome mararo le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robaongwe, masome a robabobedi le boraro<ref>''Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997''. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. p.&nbsp;103</ref> |- |56 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Bangladesh.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Bangladesh]] |Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le boraro<ref>''News Review on South Asia and Indian Ocean''. Institute for Defence Studies & Analyses., 1983. p.&nbsp;442.</ref> |- |57 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Brazil.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Brazil]] |Lwetse a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le botlhano |- |58 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Thailand.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Thailand]] |Ngwanatsele e a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le botlhano<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240816013201/https://www.mfa.go.th/th/content-category/5d5bcb4e15e39c3060006875 "อเมริกาและแปซิฟิก"] (in Thai). Archived from [https://www.mfa.go.th/th/content-category/5d5bcb4e15e39c3060006875 the original] on 16 August 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |59 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Iraq (2008).png|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Iraq]] |Phukwi a le lesome ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le borataro<ref>''[https://archive.org/details/jprs-report_jprs-ssa-86-086/page/n13/mode/1up?q=credentials Sub-Saharan Africa Report]''. United States Joint Publications Research Service. 18 August 1986. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |60 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Pakistan.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Pakistan]] |Phatwe a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le borataro<ref>''Pakistan Horizon – Volume 39''. Pakistan Institute of International Affairs. 1986. p.&nbsp;108.</ref> |- |61 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of New Zealand.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[New Zealand]] |ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le bosupa<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090122004704/http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Embassies/3-NZ-Ambassadors/countries-b.php "New Zealand Heads of Overseas Missions – B".] ''mfat.govt.nz''. Archived from the original on 22 January 2009.</ref> |- |62 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Seychelles.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Seychelles]] |Lwetse a le masome mararo, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le borobabobedi |- |63 |[[Setshwantsho:State flag of Iran (1964–1980).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Iran]] |Lwetse ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le borobabobedi<ref>''Directory of Iranian Officials''. 1991. p.&nbsp;69.</ref> |- |64 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Vanuatu (official).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Vanuatu]] |Ngwanatsele a rogwa, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le borobabobedi<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240925183844/https://mfaicet.gov.vu/images/documents/VANUATU_NATIONAL_FOREIGN_POLICY.pdf "Vanuatu Diplomatic Relations"] (PDF). ''mfaicet.gov.vu''. p.&nbsp;50. Archived from [https://mfaicet.gov.vu/images/documents/VANUATU_NATIONAL_FOREIGN_POLICY.pdf the original] (PDF) on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |65 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Uganda.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Uganda]] |Mopitlo a le malatsi a robabongwe, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe<ref name=":3">''Diplomatic List 1995''. Botswana, Botswana. Department of Foreign Affairs. 1995. pp.&nbsp;xiii.</ref> |- |66 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Gran Colombia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Colombia]] |Moranang a le masome mabedi le botlhano ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe |- |67 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Somalia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Somalia]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe<ref name=":3" /> |- |68 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Iceland.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Iceland]] |Moranang a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe<ref>Thorsteinsson, Pétur J. (1992). ''Utanríkisþjónusta Íslands og utanríkismál: sögulegt yfirlit'' (in Icelandic). pp.&nbsp;1065–1066.</ref> |- |69 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Namibia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Namibia]] |Phukwi a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe<ref>Mushelenga, Samuel Abraham Peyavali (2008). [https://uir.unisa.ac.za/service-interruption.html?sequence=4&isAllowed=y "Foreign policy-making in Namibia : the dynamics of the smallness of a state"] (PDF). pp.&nbsp;254–259.</ref> |- |70 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Malaysia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Malaysia]] |Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe<ref>[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=oVrVK2ElINMC&dq=26+Nov.+1990+Diplomatic+relations+are+established+with+Malaysia&pg=PA108&redir_esc=y ''Southern African Political History A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997''.] Greenwood Press. 1999. p.&nbsp;108. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780313302473|<bdi>9780313302473</bdi>.]] Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |71 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Tunisia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Tunisia]] |Ngwanatsele a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le bobedi |- |72 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Singapore.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Singapore]] |Phatwe a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le boraro<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230314222839/https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Overseas-Missions/-/media/D74B3129AEFA44BB8FC411746F005489.ashx "Diplomatic & consular list".] ''Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Singapore''. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |73 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of South Africa.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Aforika Borwa]] |Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le bone<ref>[https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/index.php/site/q/03lv02167/04lv02168/05lv02169.htm "1994".] ''The O’Malley archive''. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |74 |[[Kuwait]] |Seetebosigo a le lesome ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borataro<ref>''Daily Report: Africa (Sub-Sahara)''. Vol.&nbsp;96. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1996. <q>Botswana: Diplomatic Relations With Kuwait Established</q></ref> |- |75 |[[Ireland]] |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borataro<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/281137451918748/photos/the-minister-of-international-affairs-and-cooperation-speaks-with-the-irish-mini/3338393609526435/ "The Minister of International Affairs And Cooperation Speaks with the Irish Minister of Foreign Affairs And Trade".] 1 June 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2026 &#x2013; via Facebook.</ref> |- |76 |[[Chile]] |Phalane a le lesome le boraro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le bosupa<ref>"Reseña histórica de la presencia chilena en África" (in Spanish). p.&nbsp;6. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |77 |[[Trinidad and Tobago]] |Motsheganong a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi |- |78 |[[Slovakia]] |Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa dikete pedi le motso<ref>[https://www.mzv.sk/staty "Štáty a teritóriá"] (in Slovak). Retrieved 16 July 2026</ref> |- |79 |[[Mauritius]] |Moranang a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bobedi<ref>''Diplomatic List''. Botswana. Department of Foreign Affairs. 2003. p.&nbsp;111.</ref> |- |80 |[[Latvia]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le boraro<ref>[https://www.mfa.gov.lv/en/dates-establishment-and-renewal-diplomatic-relations "Dates of establishment and renewal of diplomatic relations".] ''mfa.gov.lv''. 1 July 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |81 |[[Estonia]] |Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mararo ngwaga wa dikete pedi le boraro<ref>[https://www.vm.ee/suhted-teiste-riikide-ja-organisatsioonidega/suhted-teiste-riikidega/diplomaatiliste-suhete "Diplomaatiliste suhete (taas)kehtestamise kronoloogia"] (in Estonian). 30 January 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |82 |[[Lithuania]] |Tlhakole a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bone<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220110123939/https://jp.mfa.lt/default/en/list-of-countries-with-which-lithuania-has-established-diplomatic-relations "List of countries with which Lithuania has established diplomatic relations".] Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |83 |[[Ukraine]] |Mopitlo a le malatsi a mane ngwaga dikete pedi le bone<ref>[https://mfa.gov.ua/en/about-ukraine/bilateral-cooperation/middle-east-and-africa "Middle East and Africa". ''M'']''inistry of Foreign Affairs''. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |84 |[[Rwanda]] |Lwetse, ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bone<ref>[https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/81051 "Rwanda Botswana relations symbiotic".] 11 August 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |85 |[[Malta]] |Firikgong a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi le botlhano<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211224125943/https://foreignandeu.gov.mt/en/Treaties%20Series/Pages/Treaties%20Documents/Botswana---Agreement-on-the-establishment-of-Diplomatic-Relations-between-the-Republic-of-Malta-and-the-Republic-of-Botswan.aspx "Botswana – Agreement on the establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the Republic of Malta and the Republic of Botswana".] Archived from [https://foreign.gov.mt/ the original] on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |86 |[[Cyprus]] |Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le botlhano |- |87 |[[Morocco]] |Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le botlhano |- |88 |[[Slovenia]] |Phukwi a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le botlhano |- |89 |[[Madagascar]] |Phatwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi le botlhano<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170220194957/https://newsmada.com/2017/02/15/cooperation-le-botswana-sinteresse-a-la-grande-ile "Coopération : le Botswana s'intéresse à la Grande île".] ''newsmada.com'' (in French). 15 February 2017. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20170220194957/https://newsmada.com/2017/02/15/cooperation-le-botswana-sinteresse-a-la-grande-ile the original] on 20 February 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |90 |[[Croatia]] |Lwetse a le malatsi a robabongwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi le botlhano<ref>[https://mvep.gov.hr/foreign-policy/bilateral-relations/date-of-recognition-and-establishment-od-diplomatic-relations/22800 "Bilateral relations – Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations"]. ''Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Croatia''. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |91 |[[Belarus]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro |- |92 |[[United Arab Emirates]] |Moranang a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga w dikete pedi le borataro<ref>[https://www.wam.ae/en/details/1395227642979 "UAE and Botswana establish diplomatic relations".] 29 April 2006.</ref> |- |93 |[[Bahamas]] |Motsheganong ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro<ref>[http://www.bahamasuncensored.com/ConsCorpsXmas06_MFA.html "Mitchell addresses Diplomats Christmas Luncheon".] 13 December 2006. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |94 |[[Dominican Republic]] |Phalane a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171004004739/http://enlacecongreso.mirex.gob.do/ecc/Lists/Establecimiento%20de%20Relaciones%20Diplomticas/AllItems.aspx "Establecimiento De Relaciones Diplomáticas"] (in Spanish). Archived from [http://enlacecongreso.mirex.gob.do/ecc/Lists/Establecimiento%20de%20Relaciones%20Diplomticas/AllItems.aspx the original] on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |95 |[[Republic of the Congo]] |Ngwanatsele a robabongwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro |- |96 |[[Qatar]] |Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro |- |97 |[[Equatorial Guinea]] |Morule a le lesome le boraro ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro<ref>[https://minexteriores.gob.gq/wp-content/uploads/ACUERDOS-GUINEA-ECUATORIAL-BOTSUANA.pdf "Acuerdos Firmados Entre Guinea Euatorial Y Botswana"] (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |98 |[[Barbados]] |Morule a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro |- |99 |[[Gabon]] |Morule a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro |- |100 |[[Niger]] |Morule a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro |- |101 |[[Sudan]] |Firikgong a le lesome ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |102 |[[Burkina Faso]] |Firikgong a le lesome le bobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |103 |[[Benin]] |Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |104 |[[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] |Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |105 |[[Saudi Arabia]] |Mopitlo a rogwa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230817201141/https://sp.spa.gov.sa/viewfullstory.php?lang=en&newsid=429339 "Saudi Arabia, Botswana Establish Diplomatic Relations".] 1 March 2007. Archived from [https://sp.spa.gov.sa/viewfullstory.php?lang=en&newsid=429339 the original] on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |106 |[[Burundi]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le boraro ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |107 |[[Djibouti]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le bone ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130818144121/http://www.djibdiplomatie.dj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=439&Itemid=17 "Etat des relations".] ''Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres et de la Cooperation Internationale Djibouti'' (in French). Archived from [http://www.djibdiplomatie.dj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=439&Itemid=17 the original] on 18 August 2013. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |108 |[[Guinea]] |Moranang a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |109 |[[Uruguay]] |Motsheganong a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa<ref>''Keesing's Contemporary Archives – Page 32055''. Keesing's Limited., 1983.</ref> |- |110 |[[Guatemala]] |Motsheganong a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |111 |[[Mauritania]] |Motsheganong a le malatsi a robabongwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |112 |[[Ecuador]] |Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |113 |[[Mali]] |Seetebosigo a le malatis a matlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |114 |[[Ivory Coast]] |Seetebosigo a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |115 |[[Venezuela]] |Phukwi a robabongwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |116 |[[Paraguay]] |Phukwi a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |117 |[[Honduras]] |Phukwi a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |118 |[[Dominica]] |Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boraro ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |119 |[[Nicaragua]] |Phatwe a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |120 |[[Costa Rica]] |Lwetse a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa<ref>[https://x.com/CRcancilleria/status/1304499050432135172 "Celebramos 13 años de relaciones diplomáticas con la República de Botsuana y Costa rica"] (in Spanish). 11 September 2020.</ref> |- |121 |[[Antigua and Barbuda]] |Morule a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |122 |[[Suriname]] |Morule a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |123 |[[Belize]] |Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161222155933/http://www.mofaic.gov.bw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=134:bilateral-relations-b&catid=2&Itemid=43 "Bilateral Relations: B".] Botswana: Ministry of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation. Archived from [http://www.mofaic.gov.bw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=134:bilateral-relations-b&catid=2&Itemid=43 the original] on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |124 |[[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] |Lwetse a le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi |- |125 |[[Sri Lanka]] |Phalane a le masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi |- |126 |[[Holy See]] |Ngwanatsele a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi<ref>[https://holyseemission.org/contents/mission/diplomatic-relations-of-the-holy-see.php "Diplomatic relations of the Holy See"]. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |127 |[[Nepal]] |Firikgong a le malatsi a robabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe |- |128 |[[Vietnam]] |Tlhakole a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe |- |129 |[[Saint Kitts and nevis]] |Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le botlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe |- |130 |[[North Macedonia]] |Lwetse a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe |- |131 |[[Panama]] |Morule a le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe |- |132 |[[Georgia]] |Firikgong a le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi, le lesome |- |133 |[[Samoa]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi, le lesome |- |134 |[[Guinea-Bissau]] |Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi, le lesome |- |135 |[[Montenegro]] |Phukwi a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi, le lesome |- |136 |[[Liberia]] |Lwetse a le masome mabedi le motso ngwagawa dikete pedi, le lesome |- |137 |[[Solomon Islands]] |Ngwanatsele a le lesome le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi, le lesome |- |138 |[[Papua New Guinea]] |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi, le lesome |- |139 |[[Monaco]] |Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le bone ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le motso |- |140 |[[Fiji]] |Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le motso |- |141 |[[South Sudan]] |Phukwi a robabongwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le motso |- |142 |[[Indonesia]] |Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le bobedi |- |143 |[[Chad]] |Tlhakole a le malatsi a robabongwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le botlhano |- |144 |[[Sierra Leone]] |Tlhakole a le leome le borataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le botlhano |- |145 |[[Senegal]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le botlhano |- |146 |[[State of Palestine]] |Mopitlo a robabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bosupa |- |147 |[[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] |Motsheganong a le masome mararo le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le borobabobedi |- |148 |[[Comoros]] |Lwetse a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi |- |149 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Togo (3-2).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Togo]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le motso |- |150 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Central African Republic]] |Phalane a le lesome le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le motso<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/lepotentielcentrafricain/posts/2944388082541603/?locale=hi_IN&_rdr "L'ambassadeur Nzapayeke est accredite aupres de la Republique du Botswana".] ''Le Potentiel Centrafricain.com'' (in French). Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |151 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] |Tlhakole a le malatsi a robabongwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le boraro<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/BWPresidency/videos/arrival-of-ambassador-designate-mrs-emillie-a-mushobekwa-of-the-democratic-repub/525396969660843/ "Arrival of Ambassador Designate Mrs Emillie A. Mushobekwa of the Democratic Republic of Congo, for Presentation of Letters of Credence at the Office of The President, Gaborone".] 9 February 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2026 &#x2013; via Facebook.</ref> |- |152 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Mongolia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Mongolia]] |Morule a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le boraro |- |153 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Saint Lucia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Saint Lucia]] |Morule a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le boraro |- |154 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Tajikistan.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Tajikistan]] |Morule a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le boraro |- |155 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Laos.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Laos]] |Morule a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le boraro |- |156 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Maldives.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Maldives]] |Morule a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le boraro |- |157 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Armenia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Armenia]] |Morule a le lesome le bone ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le boraro<ref>[https://armenpress.am/en/article/1126252 "Diplomatic relations established between Armenia and Botswana".] ''[[:en:Armenpress|Armenpress]]''. 14 December 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |158 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of The Gambia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[The Gambia]] |Tlhakole a le lesome le boraro ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone<ref>[https://www.instagram.com/bwpresidency/p/C3S5SkFNZDZ/?img_index=1 "President Masisi recieves &#x5B;sic&#x5D; letters of credence from ambassador designates".] ''bwpresidency''. 13 February 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |159 |[[Setshwantsho:Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Bolivia]] |Phatwe a rogwa ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone |- |160 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Turkey.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Uzbekistan]] |Lwetse a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone<ref>[https://www.tengritimes.com/en/post/uzbekistan-establishes-diplomatic-relations-with-another-african-country-botswana "Uzbekistan establishes diplomatic relations with another African country - Botswana".] ''Times Tenrgi''. 26 September 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |161 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Liechtenstein.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Liechtenstein]] |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone<ref>[https://www.llv.li/serviceportal2/amtsstellen/stabstelle-regierungskanzlei/rechenschaftsbericht-2024.pdf "Landtag, Regierung und Gerichte 2024"] (PDF) (in German). 2025. p.&nbsp;153.</ref> |- |162 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Kyrgyzstan]] |Mopitlo a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le botlhano<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=1063928925778499&id=100064842032316&_rdr "Botswana and Kyrgyz Republic establish diplomatic relations".] ''Ministry of International Relations, Botswana on Facebook''. 5 March 2025. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |163 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Oman.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Oman]] |Phalane a le lesome le bone ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le botlhano |- |164 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Turkmenistan]] |Phalane a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le botlhano |- |165 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Kazakhstan]] |Phalane a le masome mararo ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome mabedi le botlhano |- |166 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Azerbaijan]] |Ngwanatsele a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le botlhano |- |167 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Cape Verde (10-17).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Cape Verde]] |Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le botlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome mabedi le borataro<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/Presidencia.cv/posts/pfbid02pbCw2AhzDQwXmCuRaA6VwH5s23rDvgJ2B25jsnAdgBrWz7T1QYTJvxUVS3xvnjKyl "PR recebe Cartas Credenciais da nova Embaixadora de Botswana".] ''Presidência da República de Cabo Verde'' (in Portuguese). 25 February 2026. Retrieved 13 July 2026.</ref> |- |168 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of El Salvador.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[El Salvador]] |Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le botlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le borataro |- |169 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Moldova.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Moldova]] |Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le botlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le borataro |- |170 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Bahrain.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Bahrain]] |Seetebosigo a le masome mararo ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le borataro<ref>[https://www.bna.bh/en/BahrainBotswanaestablishdiplomaticrelations.aspx?cms=q8FmFJgiscL2fwIzON1%2bDpZCGkNlmsjjveUvx%2fDgvs4%3d "Bahrain, Botswana establish diplomatic relations".] ''Bahrain News Agency''. 30 June 2026. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |} == Botsalano gareng ga mafatshe a mabedi == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Lefatshe !Tshimologo ya botsalano !Dintlha |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Australia (converted).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Australia]] |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le boraro | *Lefatshe la [[Australia]] le amogetswe ke la Botswana go tswa kwa ofising ya boemedi kwa [[Pretoria (Pitori)]], [[Aforika Borwa]], ka |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[China]] |Firikgong a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le botlhano |Mafatshe a mabedi a dirile botsalano ka Firikgong a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le botlhano<ref>[https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ "Joint Communique Regarding the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Botswana (MFA People's Republic of China)".]</ref> Bona [[Botsalano jwa Botswana le China]] * Lefatshe la Botswana le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa Beijing * Lefatshe la China le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa Gaborone |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Greece (1970–1975).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Greece]] |Moranang a le lesome ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi |Mafatshe o o mabedi a dirile botsalano ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi kgwedi ya Moranang e le lesome<ref>[https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1486125?ln=en "Diplomatic relations between Greece and Botswana as of 10 Apr. 1978 (UN Digital Library)".] 10 April 1978.</ref> * Lefatshe la Botswana le dumeletswe ke la Greece go dirisa diofisi kgolo tsa kemedi ya sennela ruri kwa Geneva, Switzerland * Lefatshe la Greece le dumeletswe ke la Botswana go dirisa diofisi tsa kemedi kwa Pretoria, Aforika Borwa.<ref>[https://www.mfa.gr/en/bilateral-relations/botswana/ "Greece's Bilateral Relations".]</ref> |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of India.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[India]] |Firkgong a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa sekete, amkgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le bobedi |Bona [[Botsalano jwa Botswana le India]] * Lefatshe la Botswana le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa [[New Dehli]] * Lefatshe la India le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa Gaborone |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Indonesia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Indonesia]] |Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le bobedi |Mafatshe a ka bobedi a tlhamile botsalano ka Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le borobaobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le bobedi * Leaftshe la Botswana le dumeletswe ke la Indonesia go dirisia diofisi tse di kwa Canberra, Australia<ref>[https://kemlu.go.id/portal/en/kedutaan "Missions &#x7C; Portal Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia".]</ref> * Lefatshe al Indonesia le dumeletswe ke la Botswana go dirisa ofisi ya lne e e kwa Pretoria, Aforika Borwa<ref>[https://kemlu.go.id/portal/en/kedutaan "Missions &#x7C; Portal Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia".]</ref><ref>[https://kemlu.go.id/pretoria/en "Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia Pretoria Accredited to the Republic of Botswana, Kingdom of Eswatini, and the Kingdom of Lesotho South Africa"].</ref> |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Israel.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Israel]] | |Bona [[Botsalano jwa Botswana le Israel]] * Lefatshe la Botswana le dumeletswe ke la Israel go nna le diofisi kwa London, United Kingdom * Lefatshe la Israel le dumeletswe ke la Botswana go dirisa diofisi tsa lone kwa Pretoria, Aforika Borwa |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Kenya.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Kenya]] |Phalane a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe,masome a marataro le bosupa<ref>''Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997''. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. p.&nbsp;83.</ref> |Bona [[Botsalano jwa Botswana le Kenya]] * Lefatshe la Botswana le na le ofisi ya moemedi kwa [[Nairobi]] * Lefatshe la Kenya le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa Gaborone |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Mexico.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Mexico]] |Morule a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le botlhano |Mafatshe o o mabedi a dirile botsalano jwa polotiki ka Morule a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le botlhano.<ref>[https://centrogilbertobosques.senado.gob.mx/docs/NI_Nombramientos_Senado_270218.pdf "Nombramientos Diplomáticos De Reciente Ingreso Al Senado De La Republica En Africa,el Caribe Y Europa Page 8]" (PDF). [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/DgAjG Archived] (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</ref> * Lefatshe la Botswana le dumeletswe ke la Mexico kwa ofising ya lone kwa Washinton D.C kwa United States le na le ofisi kwa toropo ya Mexico City<ref>[https://www.botswanaembassy.org/ "Welcome to Embassy of the Republic of Botswana in Washington, D.C. | Embassy of the Republic of Botswana in Washington, D.C."] ''botswanaembassy.org''. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> * Lefatshe la Botswana le dumeletswe ke ofisi ya lone kwa Pretoria Aforika Borwa.<ref>[https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/sudafrica/ "Inicio".] ''embamex.sre.gob.mx''. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Namibia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Namibia]] |Lwetse a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe |Bona [[Botsalano jwa Botswana le Namibia]] Botsalano jwa Botswana le Namibia ke jwa kutlwano, mafatshe a mabedi a a mabapi a, a dirisana mo go tsa tlhabololo itsholelo. Lefatshe la Botswana le tsere boipuso go tswa mo go la Britain ka Lwetse ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro. Lefatshe la Namibia le stere boipuso mo go la Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe morago ga ntwa ya molelwane ya Aforika Borwa. * Lefatshe la Botswana le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa [[Windhoek]] * Lefatshe la Namibia le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa Gaborone |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of North Korea (2026–present).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[North Korea]] |Morule a le masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le bone, <ref>[https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.ncnk.org/sites/default/files/issue-briefs/DPRK_Diplo_Relations_August2016.pdf "DPRK Diplomatic Relations"] (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</ref> mme ga emisiwa ka Tlhakole a le lesome le borobabongwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le bone<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=586061304809865&id=148228411926492 "Botswana Severs Ties With Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea)"] &#x2013; via Facebook.</ref> |Bona [[Botsalano jwa Botswana le North Korea]] |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Oman.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Oman]] |Phalane a le lesome le bone ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le botlhano |Bona Botsalano jwa Botswana le Oman Mafatshe a mabedi a dirile botsalano ka Phalane a le lesome le bone ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le botlhano.<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/MinistryofInternationalAffairsBW/posts/botswana-establishes-diplomatic-relations-with-the-sultanate-of-oman-on-14th-oct/1246185160886207/ "Botswana establishes diplomatic relations with the Sultanate of Oman"]. ''Ministry of International Relations, Botswana''. 16 October 2025. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> * Ka Moranang a le lesome le boraro ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le borataro, tautona [[Duma Boko]] o ne a sireletsa ditumalano le Oman tsa go sekaseka ditswammung, dikago tsa go baya lookwane, le kgothetso.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/climate-energy/botswana-signs-energy-mineral-exploration-deals-with-oman-2026-04-13/ "Botswana signs energy and mineral exploration deals with Oman"]. ''Reuters''. 13 April 2026. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> * Lefatshe la Botswana le itsisitse ka maano a lone a go bula ofisi ya boemedi kwa Muscat.<ref>[https://www.fm.gov.om/en/42099/ "Botswana confirms plans to open an embassy in Muscat".] ''Foreign Ministry of Oman''. 13 April 2026. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Russia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Russia]] |Mopitlo a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a supa |Bona [[Botsalano jwa Botswana le Russia]] Lefatshe la Botswana le Soviet Union a ne a tlhama botsalano jwa sepolotiki ka Mopitlo a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a supa. Le ntswa le utlwana le mafatshe a bophirima, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la tsaya karolo mo metshamekong ya Olympics ya selemo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi. Botsalano jwa gompieno gareng ga mafatshe a mabedi bo supiwa bo le lorato ebile bo tswa bogologolong. Ka Mopitlo, mafatshe a mabedi a ne a ipelela dingwaga di le masome a mararo le botlhano a ntse a utlwana. Go ya ka tona wa mafatshe a sele, lefatshe la Russia ke lengwe la mafatshe a ntlha go nna le botsalano jo bo tletseng jwa sepolotiki le Botswana.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170202131955/http://www.botswana.mid.ru/articles_relations_e_09.html "We Must Exploit Russia's Potential".] Archived from [http://www.botswana.mid.ru/articles_relations_e_09.html the original] on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> Tirisanommogo ya kgwebo le itsholelo gareng ga mafatshe a Russia le Botswana e supiwa ke tumalano ya kgwebo ya ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le bosupa le tumalano ya itsholelo le setegeniki ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le borobabobedi. Puso ya Russian Federation le puso ya Botswana di ne tsa baya monwana tumalano ya ngwao, maranyane le thuto ka Lwetse ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe. Mafatshe a Russia le Botswana a nnile le tirisanommogo e e duleng maduo mo dikarolong tse di farologaneng, bogolojang mo go tlhabololeng babereki. Lefatshe la Russia le santse le e fa Batswana sebaka sa go ithutela kwa lefatsheng la bone mo dikarolong tsa botlhokwa di tshwana le botsogo, mohama o o itemogelang tlhaelo ya babereki e e kwa godimo. Lefatshe la Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a banni ba Russia ba sa tlhokeng teseletso ya mosepele go ya kwa go lone. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090329052738/http://www.botswana.mid.ru/relations_e.html "Botswana-Russia relations".] Archived from [http://www.botswana.mid.ru/relations_e.html the original] on 29 March 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref>Lefatshe la Russia le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa Gaborone, fa la Botswana le le ka fa tlase ga ofisi e e kwa Stockholm (Sweden) le ofisi kwa Moscow. |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of South Africa.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Aforika Borwa]] |Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le bone |Mafatshe a ka bobedi jwa one a dirile notsalano jwa sepolotiki ka Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le bone. Bona [[Botsalano jwa Botswana le Aforika Borwa]] * Lefatshe la Botswana le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa [[Pretoria (Pitori)]] le mookamedi wa kakaretso kwa [[Cape Town]] le [[Johannesburg]] * Lefatshe la Aforika Borwa le na le ofisi ya kemedi kwa Gaborone |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of South Korea.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[South Korea]] |Moranang a le lesome le borobabobedi ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabobedi |Go tlhamiwa ga botsalano jwa sepolotiki gareng ga Republic of Korea le Republic of Botswana go simologile ka Moranang a robabobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabobedi.<ref>[https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/nation/m_4902/view.do?seq=133 "Countries & Regions (MFA Republic of Korea)".]</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le motso palo ya batho ba South korea ba ba neng ba nna kwa Botswana e ne e le lekgolo, masome a marataro le boraro.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150904015758/http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/middleeast/countries/20070804/1_24503.jsp?menu=m_30_50 "Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea-Middle East and Africa"]. 4 September 2015. Archived from [http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/middleeast/countries/20070804/1_24503.jsp?menu=m_30_50 the original] on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le bone, puso ya Botswana e ne e lemoga ROK e le yone puso ya Korea ya nnete.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150106001946/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Ministry-of-Foreign-Affairs-and-International-Cooperation/News/BOTSWANA-CUT-TIES-WITH-NORTH-KOREA/ "Botswana Cuts Ties with North Korea".] ''gov.bw''. Ministry of [[:en:Politics_of_Botswana|Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation]]. 20 February 2014. Archived from [https://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Ministry-of-Foreign-Affairs-and-International-Cooperation/News/BOTSWANA-CUT-TIES-WITH-NORTH-KOREA/ the original] on 6 January 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Turkey.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Turkey]] |Firikgong a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le motso<ref>[https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1636698?ln=en "Diplomatic relations between Botswana and Turkey as of 20 Jan. 1981 (UN Digital Library)".] 20 January 1981.</ref> | * Kemedi ya sennela ruri ya Botswana kwa ofising ya UN kwa Geneva e tlhomamisitswe ke Turkey. * Lefatshe la Turkey le na le ofisi ya kemedi kwa Gaborone<ref name=":2">[https://www.mfa.gov.tr/default.en.mfa Relations between Turkey and Botswana".]</ref> * Madi a kgwebo gareng ga mafatshe o o mabedi e ne e le didikadike di le pedi ka ngwag wa dikete pedi, lesome le borobabongwe.<ref name=":2" /> |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the United Kingdom (3-5).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[United Kingdom]] |Lwetse a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro |[[Setshwantsho:Foreign Secretary visits Botswana (6886371565).jpg|thumb|Mokwaledi wa mafatshe a sele William Hague kwa Botswana, Tlhakole ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le bobedi]]Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse botsalano le tirisanommogo le la [[United Kingdom]] ka Lwetse a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robbaongwe, masome a marataro le borataro.<ref name=":1" /> * Lefatshe la Botswana le na le ofisi ya kemedi kwa Lontone.<ref>Diplomat Magazine (4 September 2017). "[https://diplomatmagazine.com/heads-of-mission/africa/botswana/ Botswana"]. ''Diplomat Magazine''. Archived from the original on 13 May 2025. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> * Lefatshe la United Kingdom le dirisana mmogo le la Botswana ka ofisi ya kemedi kwa Gaborone.<ref>[https://www.gov.uk/world/organisations/british-high-commission-gaborone "British High Commission Gaborone".] ''[[:en:Gov.uk|GOV.UK]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240506171421/https://www.gov.uk/world/organisations/british-high-commission-gaborone Archived] from the original on 6 May 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> Lefatshe la UK le ne le eteletse pele la Botswana go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le botlhano go tsena ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro, fa le tsaya boipuso. Mafatshe a ka bobedi ke maloko a mafatshe a selekanye, kgotlatshekelo ya mafatshefatshe ya molao, le lekgotla la go gweba ga mafatshe, ga mmogo le tumalano ya kopano ya itsholelo ya SACUM-UK.<ref>Bavier, Joe (11 September 2019). "[https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-africa-trade-idUKKCN1VW1N5 Britain agrees post-Brexit trade deal with southern Africa]". ''Reuters''. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> Mafatshe a ka bobedi jwa one a na le bokopano jwa go kgetha gabedi.<ref>[[:en:HM_Revenue_and_Customs|HM Revenue and Customs]] (3 February 2014). "[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/botswana-tax-treaties Botswana: tax treaties]". ''GOV.UK''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250408171729/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/botswana-tax-treaties Archived] from the original on 8 April 2025. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[USA]] |Lwetse a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a maratyaro le borataro<ref>[https://history.state.gov/countries/botswana "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Botswana"].</ref> |Bona [[Botsalano jwa mafatshe a Botswana le United States]][[Setshwantsho:Embassy of Botswana, Washington, D.C..jpg|thumb|Ofisi ya Botswana kwa [[Washington, D.C.]]]]Lefatshe la United States le bona la Botswana e le mmueledi gape e le sekao sa go ritibala mo [[Aferika|Aforika]], le tswa kgakala le berekisana le la Botswana mo ditlhabololong fa e sale ka boipuso. U.S Peace corps ba ne ba boela Botswana ka Phatwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bobedi ka maikaelelo a go dira mananeo a a lebaganeng le HIV/AIDS morago ga go fetsa dingwaga tse di masome mararo a go thusa mo go tsepameng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le bosupa.Ka mo go tshwanang, USAID e ne ya emisa bokopano jwa sebaka se seleele le Botswana ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le borataro, morago ga mananeo a a atlegileng a thuto, katiso, kgwebo, go okamela tikologo, le botsogo jwa pelegi. Lefatshe la Botswana, le fa go ntse jalo, lone le mafatshe a a mabapi, le tswelela ka go anywa mo lenaneong la USAID la borwa jwa Aforika, le jaanong le leng kwa [[Pretoria (Pitori)]], le ofisi ya go phadisana ga borwa jwa Aforika ya USAID e diofisikgolo tsa yone di leng kwa Gaborone. Lekgotla la mafatshefatshe la United States la babega dikgang le na le setaitane sa Voice of America mo Botswana le le thusang bontsi jwa mafatshe a a mo Aforika. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le botlhano, lekgotla le le laolang malwetsi la CDC le ne la simolola porojeke ya BOTUSA le kopane le lephata la [[botsogo mo Botswana]] go ntsha dintlha go tokafatsa maiteko a go laola kgotlholo e tona mo Botswana le mafatshe a mangwe ka nako ya fa kgotlholo e tona le HIV/AIDS di tlhasetse. Ka nako ya lenaneo la ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe la boeteledipele jwa U.S mo go lwantsheng segajaja, CDC ka BOTUSA e ne ya dira diporojeke tse dintsi gape e thusitse makgolta a mantsi mo go lwantsheng HIV/AIDS mo Botswana. Lefatshe la Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a a lesome le botlhano a lenaneo la ga tautona la tshoganyetso go lwantsha HIV, le amogetse didikadike tsa di dolara di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a mararo fa e sale lenaneo leo le simolola ka Firikgong ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bone go tsena Lwetse ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa. Thuso ya PEPFAR kwa Botswana, e e neng e le madi otlhe a a kanang ka didikadike di le masome a supa le borataro kwa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa, le thusa go thibela, go alafa le go tlhokomela balwetse ba HIV/AIDS. Puso ya Botswana le ya United States ba stene mo tumalanong ka Phukwi ngwag wa dikete pedi go tlhama sekolo sa katisetso molao kwa Gaborone. Sekolo se, se dipuso tse di pataganetseng go ntsha madi a sone le go se okamela, se katisa mapodisi le matona a puso mo Aforika. Dikago tsa sekolo di kwa Otse, kwa ntle ga Gaborone, se bustwe ka Mopitlo ngwaga wa dikete pedi le boraro. Batho ba molao ba ka nna dikete tharo mo Aforika ba katisitswe mo sekolong se fa se sale se simolola go ruta ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le motso. * Lefatshe la Botswana le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa [[Washington, D.C.]] * Lefatshe la United States le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa Gaborone |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Zimbabwe]] |Motsheganong a le masome mararo le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le boraro |Mafatshe a ka bobedi a nnile le tirisanommogo ka Motsheganong a le masome mararo le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le boraro.<ref>''Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997''. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. p.&nbsp;103.</ref> Lefatshe la Botswana le santse le sokola ka go tswala molelwane, le tswalela dikete tsa batho ba Zimbabwe ba ba tshabang go phutlhama ga itsholelo le pogiso ya sepolotiki. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le botlhano, batho ba Zimbabwe ba le dikete di le masome mabedi le bobedi ba ne ba tshwarwa ba bo ba busediwa gae. Dipalo tsa batho ba ba buseditsweng gae di ne tsa oketsega go nna dikete di le masome mabedi le borobabongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>Dube, Mqondisi (14 August 2019). [https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_botswana-battles-influx-zimbabwean-illegal-immigrants/6173868.html "Botswana Battles Influx of Zimbabwean Illegal Immigrants"]. ''Voice of America''. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> * Lefatshe la Botswana le na le ofisi ya kemedi kwa [[Harare]] * Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa [[Gaborone]] |} == Botswana le FOSS == Lefatshe la Botswana le sale le nna leloko la bokopano jwa mafatshe a mannye (Forum of Small States) fa setlhopha seo se tlhamiwa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a obabongwe le bobedi.<ref>''50 Years of Singapore and the United Nations''. World Scientific. 2015. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-981-4713-03-0|978-981-4713-03-0]]</bdi>.access-date=13 July 2026</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Dithomo tsa botsalano jwa sepolotiki mo Botswana]] * [[Dithomo tsa botsalano jwa sepolotiki tsa Botswana]] == Metswedi == tqrkeycmjudfe35l8v2rhyp0i6pc7z1 53308 53304 2026-07-26T20:05:52Z RighteousCoyote384 13026 /* Botsalano jwa polotiki */ 53308 wikitext text/x-wiki Lefatshe la [[Botswana]] le tsaya tirisanommogo mo go tsa itsholelo le polotiki mo borwa jwa [[Aferika|Aforika]] ka tlhwaafalo. Le lekile go dira gore lekgotla la [[Southern African Development Community]] (SADC), le bereke mo go tsa tlhabololo itsholelo, gape le tokafaditse maiteko a go dira gore kgaolo e itirele melao fa go tsena mo go tsa tirisanommogo, go rarabolola tlhoka kutlwisisano, le boteledipele jo bo siameng. == Botsalano jwa polotiki == Mafatshe a a nang le botsalano le la Botswana mo go tsa sepolotiki: {| class="wikitable" |+ ! colspan="3" |[[Setshwantsho:Diplomatic relations of Botswana.svg|center|frameless|350x350px]] |- |# |'''Lefatshe''' |'''Kgwedi'''<ref>[https://digitallibrary.un.org/search?ln=en&as=1&m1=p&p1=Diplomatic%20relations%20between%20Botswana%20and%20...&f1=series&op1=a&m2=a&p2=&f2=&op2=a&m3=a&p3=&f3=&dt=&d1d=&d1m=&d1y=&d2d=&d2m=&d2y=&rm=&sf=year&so=a&rg=50&c=United%20Nations%20Digital%20Library%20System&of=hb&fti=0&fti=0 "Diplomatic relations between Botswana and ..."] United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |1 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the United Kingdom (3-5).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[United Kingdom]] |Lwetse a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro<ref name=":1">''The Diplomatic Service List''. Great Britain. Diplomatic Service Administration Office. 1970. pp.&nbsp;136–149.</ref> |- |2 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Japan.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Japan]] |Lwetse a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220801145836/https://guardiansun.co.bw/News/botswana-and-japan-celebrate-50-years-of-diplomatic-relations "Botswana And Japan Celebrate 50 Years of Diplomatic Relations".] [[Botswana Guardian|''Botswana Guardian''.]] 5 August 2016. Archived from [https://guardiansun.co.bw/News/botswana-and-japan-celebrate-50-years-of-diplomatic-relations the original] on 1 August 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |3 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[United States of America]] |Lwetse a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro<ref>[https://history.state.gov/countries/all "All Countries".] ''Office of the Historian''. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |4 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Germany.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Germany]] |Phalane a rogwa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro<ref>[https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/service/laender/botsuana-node/botsuana-219506 "Botsuana: Steckbrief".] ''Auswärtiges Amt'' (in German). Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |5 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Zambia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Zambia]] |Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro<ref name=":0">''Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997''. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. pp.&nbsp;82–87.</ref> |- |6 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of France.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[France]] |Tlhakole a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le bosupa<ref>[https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr "Liste Chronologique des Ambassadeurs, Envoyés Extraordinaires, Ministres Plénipotentiaires et Chargés D'Affaires de France à L'Étranger Depuis 1945"] (PDF) (in French). p.&nbsp;44.</ref> |- |7 |[[Setshwantsho:War Flag of the Philippines.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Philippines]] |Tlhakole a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le bosupa<ref>[https://x.com/DFAPHL/status/828400555722756096 "Today we celebrate 50 years of formal diplomatic relations with Botswana!".] 6 February 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |8 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Israel.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Israel]] |Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le bone ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le bosupa<ref>[https://www.sundaystandard.info/outspoken-botswana-loses-its-voice-on-israel/ "Outspoken Botswana loses its voice on Israel".] ''Sunday Standard''. 3 November 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231103014414/https://www.sundaystandard.info/outspoken-botswana-loses-its-voice-on-israel/ Archived] from the original on 3 November 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |9 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Malawi.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Malawi]] |Phukwi a rogwa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le bosupa<ref>''Report''. Malawi. Police Force. 1968. p.&nbsp;2.</ref> |- |10 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Netherlands]] |Phatwe a le lesome, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le bosupa<ref>''Jaarboek van het Departement van Buitenlandse Zaken Volumes 86-90'' (in Dutch). Netherlands. Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken. 1967. p.&nbsp;152.</ref> |- |11 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Switzerland.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Switzerland]] |Phatwe a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le bosupa<ref>[https://dodis.ch/32532 "Ernennung eines schweizerischen Botschafters in Botswana und Lesotho. Sitz in Pretoria".] ''dodis.ch'' (in German). 22 August 1967. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |12 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Ethiopia (1996–2009).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Ethiopia]] |Phalane a le lesome le borobabongwe ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le bosupa<ref name=":0" /> |- |13 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Kenya.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Kenya]] |Phalane a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a le marataro le bosupa<ref name=":0" /> |- |14 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Norway.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Norway]] |Ngwanatsele a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robbaongwe, masome a marataro le bosupa<ref>[https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/departementene/ud/vedlegg/protokoll/diplomatiske_forbindelser.pdf "Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater"] (PDF). ''regjeringen.no'' (in Norwegian). 27 April 1999. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |15 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Sweden.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Sweden]] |Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marararo le borobabobedi.<ref>[https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstreams/c2f5a602-de12-4d98-b2c4-11de6ac633b9/download "Sveriges statskalender 1969"] (in Swedish). p.&nbsp;46. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |16 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of South Korea.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[South Korea]] |Moranang a le lesome le borobabobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabobedi<ref>[https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/nation/m_4902/list.do "Countries & Regions"]. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |17 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Austria.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Austria]] |Morule a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabobedi<ref>''Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa, Capetown Volume 2''. 1970. p.&nbsp;458. <q>Austrian Ambassador , Paul Zedwitz , presenting his credentials to Sir Seretse Khama , 5 Dec. 1968 . at Gaberones</q></ref><ref>''Diplomatic, Consular and International Organisations List''. Republic of Botswana. 1971. p.&nbsp;1. <q>5.12.68 His Excellency Dr. Paul Zedtwitz, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Austria (Resident in Pretoria).</q></ref> |- |18 | [[Setshwantsho:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Canada]] |Morule a le lesome le borobabongwe ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabobedi<ref>Linwood, DeLong (January 2020). [https://www.cgai.ca/a_guide_to_canadian_diplomatic_relations_1925_2019 "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019".] Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |19 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Nigeria.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Nigeria]] |Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le bone ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa<ref>''Kutlwano, 9-10''. Bechuanaland Protectorate. Information Branch, Botswana. Information Services. 1974. p.&nbsp;4.</ref> |- |20 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Czech Republic]] |Mopitlo a le malatsi a mabedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa<ref name=":0" /> |- |21 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Russia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Russia]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa<ref>''Africa Quarterly''. Vol.&nbsp;10. Indian Centre for Africa. 1970. p.&nbsp;37.</ref> |- |22 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Denmark.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Denmark]] |Motsheganong a le lesome le bobedi ngwaga wa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa<ref>''[https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/910992.pdf Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender 1971]'' (PDF) (in Danish). 1971. p.&nbsp;23.</ref> |- |23 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Serbia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Serbia]] |Lwetse a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa<ref>Presse, Agence France (1970). ''[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=Muo0AQAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y Africa]''. Agence France-Presse. p.&nbsp;32.</ref> |- |24 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Italy.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Italia]] |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/281137451918748/photos/a.292204164145410/1151053924927092/?type=3&_rdr "Dr. Filippo Scammacca Del Murgo e Dell Agnone presented his credentials to Dr. Sertese Khama Ian Khama".] ''Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Botswana in Facebook''. 16 March 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |25 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Romania.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Romania]] |Phalane a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le motso<ref>[https://www.mae.ro/en/node/2187 "Diplomatic Relations of Romania".] Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |26 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Belgium (civil).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Belgium]] |Ngwanatsele a le malatsi a robabongwe, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le motso<ref>''Diplomatic, Consular and International Organisations List''. Republic of Botswana. 1971. p.&nbsp;2.</ref> |- |27 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Tanzania.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Tanzania]] |Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le bobedi |- |28 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of India.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[India]] |Morule a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le bobedi<ref>''Asia & Africa Review''. Vol.&nbsp;12. Independent Publishing Company. 1972. p.&nbsp;15.</ref> |- |29 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Egypt.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Egypt]] |Mopitlo a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a supa, masome a supa le boraro<ref>''ARR, Arab Report and Record''. Vol.&nbsp;1–18, 21–24. 1973. p.&nbsp;7.</ref> |- |30 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Lesotho.svg|frameless|30x30px]][[Lesotho]] |Moranang ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le boraro<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230623071827/https://istmat.org/files/uploads/55959/003_zarubezhnye_strany.pdf "Ежегодник Большой Советской Энциклопедии. 1974. Выпуск восемнадцатый: Зарубежные страны"] (PDF) (in Russian). p.&nbsp;322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 June 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |31 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Australia (converted).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Australia]] |Phukwi a le malatsi a robabongwe ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le boraro<ref>''Facts and Figures of Australia at War''. Vol.&nbsp;119. Australian News and Information Bureau, Department of the Interior. 1973. p.&nbsp;95.</ref> |- |32 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of North Korea (2026–present).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[North Korea]] (e seegetswe kwa thoko ka nakwana) |Morule a le masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le bone<ref>[https://ghostarchive.org/archive/2rX2V "DPRK Diplomatic Relations"] (PDF). NCNK. 2016. pp.&nbsp;8–9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |33 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[China]] |Firikgong a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le botlhano<ref>[https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/system/index_17321.shtml "Joint Communique Regarding the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Botswana".] 25 April 2002. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |34 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Ghana.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Ghana]] |Phalane a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le botlhano<ref>[https://gna.org.gh/2025/05/botswana-delegation-visits-ghana-to-study-transformative-tvet-framework-and-policies/ "Botswana Delegation Visits Ghana to Study Transformative TVET Framework and Policies".] 11 May 2025. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |35 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Guyana.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Guyana]] |Phalane a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le botlhano<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20191224073504/http://www.minfor.gov.gy/diplomatic-relations/ "Diplomatic relations".] Archived from the original on 24 December 2019. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |36 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Mexico.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Mexico]] |Morule a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le botlhano<ref>''Informe de labores – Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores'' (in Spanish). Mexico. Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores. 1976. pp.&nbsp;26 and 36–37.</ref> |- |37 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Mozambique.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Mozambique]] |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le botlhano<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/281137451918748/photos/the-high-commissioner-of-mozambique-his-excellency-domingos-fernades-presenting-/1125072150858603/ "The High Commissioner of Mozambique, His Excellency Domingos Fernades presenting his Letters of Credence to the President of Botswana, His Excellency Lt. Gen. Dr. Seretse Khama Ian Khama, on 2 February 2016"]. 4 February 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2026&#x2013; via Facebook.</ref> |- |38 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Eswatini.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Eswatini]] |Motsheganong a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borataro<ref>''Directory of the Diplomatic Corps and International Organizations''. Botswana, Botswana. Office of the President. External Affairs. 1978. p.&nbsp;3.</ref> |- |39 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Libya.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Libya]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le bone ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bosupa<ref>''ARR: Arab Report and Record''. Economic Features, Limited. 1977. p.&nbsp;165.</ref> |- |40 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Luxembourg.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Luxemborg|Luxembourg]] |Lwetse a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le bosupa<ref>[https://aei.pitt.edu/52731/1/B0795.pdf "CORPS DIPLOMATIQUE accrédité auprès des Communautés européennes"] (PDF) (in French). 30 September 1977. pp.&nbsp;1, 29. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref><ref>[[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.146909/page/n926/mode/1up|''The Europa Year Book 1978 A World Survey Vol.-i''. Europa]] Publication Limited. 1978.</ref> |- |41 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Cuba.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Cuba]] |Morule a robabongwe ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bosupa<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220707064931/https://www.minrex.gob.cu/es/node/1944 "Firman Cuba y Botswana acuerdo de cooperación en sector de Salud"] (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |42 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Argentina.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Argentina]] |Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi |- |43 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Greece (1970–1975).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Greece]] |Moranang a le lesome ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabobedi |- |44 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Finland.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Finland]] |Phukwi a rogwa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180330044440/http://formin.finland.fi/Public/default.aspx?nodeid=17195&contentlan=2&culture=en-US "Countries and regions A–Z"]. Archived from the original on 30 March 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |45 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Poland.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Poland]] |Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi |- |46 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Algeria.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Algeria]] |Ngwanatsele a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabongwe<ref>Slimane Chikh (1980). ''Le Maghreb et l'Afrique subsaharienne'' (in French). Editions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique. p.&nbsp;10. <q>Botswana (30/11/79) Mohamed Chellali Khouri</q></ref> |- |47 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Angola.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Angola]] |Mopitlo a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi<ref>''Sub-Saharan Africa Report Issues 2243-2247''. United States. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1980. p.&nbsp;7. <q>7 Mar 80 ] ANGOLA - BOTSWANA DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS -- The governments of Botswana and Angola have decided to establish diplomatic relations .</q></ref> |- |48 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Portugal (official).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Portugal]] |Moranang a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi<ref>[https://portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt/relacoesbilaterais/paises "Países".] ''Portal Diplomático'' (in Portuguese). Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |49 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Hungary.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Hungary]] |Moranang a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi<ref>''Hungary – Page 170''. Pannonia Press, 1980</ref> |- |50 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Turkey.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Turkey]] |Firikgong a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le motso |- |51 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Spain (1785–1873, 1875–1931).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Spain]] |Moranang a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe ngwaga wa Sekete makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le motso<ref>[https://www.exteriores.gob.es/es/Comunicacion/Paginas/Ficha.aspx "Ficha de paises y territorios"] (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |52 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Jamaica.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Jamaica]] |Motsheganong a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le bobedi |- |53 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Bulgaria]] |Phatwe a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le bobedi<ref>''Keesing's Contemporary Archives – Page 32055''. Keesing's Limited., 1983.</ref> |- |54 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Albania.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Albania]] |Phatwe a le masome a marataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le bobedi<ref>''Keesing's Contemporary Archives – Page 32055''. Keesing's Limited., 1983.</ref> |- |55 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Zimbabwe]] |Motsheganong a le masome mararo le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robaongwe, masome a robabobedi le boraro<ref>''Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997''. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. p.&nbsp;103</ref> |- |56 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Bangladesh.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Bangladesh]] |Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le boraro<ref>''News Review on South Asia and Indian Ocean''. Institute for Defence Studies & Analyses., 1983. p.&nbsp;442.</ref> |- |57 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Brazil.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Brazil]] |Lwetse a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le botlhano |- |58 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Thailand.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Thailand]] |Ngwanatsele e a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le botlhano<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240816013201/https://www.mfa.go.th/th/content-category/5d5bcb4e15e39c3060006875 "อเมริกาและแปซิฟิก"] (in Thai). Archived from [https://www.mfa.go.th/th/content-category/5d5bcb4e15e39c3060006875 the original] on 16 August 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |59 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Iraq (2008).png|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Iraq]] |Phukwi a le lesome ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le borataro<ref>''[https://archive.org/details/jprs-report_jprs-ssa-86-086/page/n13/mode/1up?q=credentials Sub-Saharan Africa Report]''. United States Joint Publications Research Service. 18 August 1986. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |60 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Pakistan.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Pakistan]] |Phatwe a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le borataro<ref>''Pakistan Horizon – Volume 39''. Pakistan Institute of International Affairs. 1986. p.&nbsp;108.</ref> |- |61 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of New Zealand.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[New Zealand]] |ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le bosupa<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090122004704/http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Embassies/3-NZ-Ambassadors/countries-b.php "New Zealand Heads of Overseas Missions – B".] ''mfat.govt.nz''. Archived from the original on 22 January 2009.</ref> |- |62 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Seychelles.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Seychelles]] |Lwetse a le masome mararo, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le borobabobedi |- |63 |[[Setshwantsho:State flag of Iran (1964–1980).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Iran]] |Lwetse ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le borobabobedi<ref>''Directory of Iranian Officials''. 1991. p.&nbsp;69.</ref> |- |64 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Vanuatu (official).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Vanuatu]] |Ngwanatsele a rogwa, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le borobabobedi<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240925183844/https://mfaicet.gov.vu/images/documents/VANUATU_NATIONAL_FOREIGN_POLICY.pdf "Vanuatu Diplomatic Relations"] (PDF). ''mfaicet.gov.vu''. p.&nbsp;50. Archived from [https://mfaicet.gov.vu/images/documents/VANUATU_NATIONAL_FOREIGN_POLICY.pdf the original] (PDF) on 25 September 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |65 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Uganda.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Uganda]] |Mopitlo a le malatsi a robabongwe, ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe<ref name=":3">''Diplomatic List 1995''. Botswana, Botswana. Department of Foreign Affairs. 1995. pp.&nbsp;xiii.</ref> |- |66 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Gran Colombia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Colombia]] |Moranang a le masome mabedi le botlhano ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe |- |67 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Somalia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Somalia]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe<ref name=":3" /> |- |68 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Iceland.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Iceland]] |Moranang a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe<ref>Thorsteinsson, Pétur J. (1992). ''Utanríkisþjónusta Íslands og utanríkismál: sögulegt yfirlit'' (in Icelandic). pp.&nbsp;1065–1066.</ref> |- |69 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Namibia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Namibia]] |Phukwi a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe<ref>Mushelenga, Samuel Abraham Peyavali (2008). [https://uir.unisa.ac.za/service-interruption.html?sequence=4&isAllowed=y "Foreign policy-making in Namibia : the dynamics of the smallness of a state"] (PDF). pp.&nbsp;254–259.</ref> |- |70 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Malaysia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Malaysia]] |Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe<ref>[https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=oVrVK2ElINMC&dq=26+Nov.+1990+Diplomatic+relations+are+established+with+Malaysia&pg=PA108&redir_esc=y ''Southern African Political History A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997''.] Greenwood Press. 1999. p.&nbsp;108. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780313302473|<bdi>9780313302473</bdi>.]] Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |71 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Tunisia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Tunisia]] |Ngwanatsele a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le bobedi |- |72 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Singapore.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Singapore]] |Phatwe a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le boraro<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230314222839/https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Overseas-Missions/-/media/D74B3129AEFA44BB8FC411746F005489.ashx "Diplomatic & consular list".] ''Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Singapore''. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |73 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of South Africa.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Aforika Borwa]] |Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le bone<ref>[https://omalley.nelsonmandela.org/index.php/site/q/03lv02167/04lv02168/05lv02169.htm "1994".] ''The O’Malley archive''. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |74 |[[Kuwait]] |Seetebosigo a le lesome ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borataro<ref>''Daily Report: Africa (Sub-Sahara)''. Vol.&nbsp;96. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1996. <q>Botswana: Diplomatic Relations With Kuwait Established</q></ref> |- |75 |[[Ireland]] |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borataro<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/281137451918748/photos/the-minister-of-international-affairs-and-cooperation-speaks-with-the-irish-mini/3338393609526435/ "The Minister of International Affairs And Cooperation Speaks with the Irish Minister of Foreign Affairs And Trade".] 1 June 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2026 &#x2013; via Facebook.</ref> |- |76 |[[Chile]] |Phalane a le lesome le boraro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le bosupa<ref>"Reseña histórica de la presencia chilena en África" (in Spanish). p.&nbsp;6. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |77 |[[Trinidad and Tobago]] |Motsheganong a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi |- |78 |[[Slovakia]] |Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe, ngwaga wa dikete pedi le motso<ref>[https://www.mzv.sk/staty "Štáty a teritóriá"] (in Slovak). Retrieved 16 July 2026</ref> |- |79 |[[Mauritius]] |Moranang a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bobedi<ref>''Diplomatic List''. Botswana. Department of Foreign Affairs. 2003. p.&nbsp;111.</ref> |- |80 |[[Latvia]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le boraro<ref>[https://www.mfa.gov.lv/en/dates-establishment-and-renewal-diplomatic-relations "Dates of establishment and renewal of diplomatic relations".] ''mfa.gov.lv''. 1 July 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |81 |[[Estonia]] |Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mararo ngwaga wa dikete pedi le boraro<ref>[https://www.vm.ee/suhted-teiste-riikide-ja-organisatsioonidega/suhted-teiste-riikidega/diplomaatiliste-suhete "Diplomaatiliste suhete (taas)kehtestamise kronoloogia"] (in Estonian). 30 January 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |82 |[[Lithuania]] |Tlhakole a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bone<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220110123939/https://jp.mfa.lt/default/en/list-of-countries-with-which-lithuania-has-established-diplomatic-relations "List of countries with which Lithuania has established diplomatic relations".] Archived from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |83 |[[Ukraine]] |Mopitlo a le malatsi a mane ngwaga dikete pedi le bone<ref>[https://mfa.gov.ua/en/about-ukraine/bilateral-cooperation/middle-east-and-africa "Middle East and Africa". ''M'']''inistry of Foreign Affairs''. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |84 |[[Rwanda]] |Lwetse, ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bone<ref>[https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/81051 "Rwanda Botswana relations symbiotic".] 11 August 2024. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |85 |[[Malta]] |Firikgong a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi le botlhano<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211224125943/https://foreignandeu.gov.mt/en/Treaties%20Series/Pages/Treaties%20Documents/Botswana---Agreement-on-the-establishment-of-Diplomatic-Relations-between-the-Republic-of-Malta-and-the-Republic-of-Botswan.aspx "Botswana – Agreement on the establishment of Diplomatic Relations between the Republic of Malta and the Republic of Botswana".] Archived from [https://foreign.gov.mt/ the original] on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2026</ref> |- |86 |[[Cyprus]] |Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le botlhano |- |87 |[[Morocco]] |Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le botlhano |- |88 |[[Slovenia]] |Phukwi a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le botlhano |- |89 |[[Madagascar]] |Phatwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi le botlhano<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170220194957/https://newsmada.com/2017/02/15/cooperation-le-botswana-sinteresse-a-la-grande-ile "Coopération : le Botswana s'intéresse à la Grande île".] ''newsmada.com'' (in French). 15 February 2017. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20170220194957/https://newsmada.com/2017/02/15/cooperation-le-botswana-sinteresse-a-la-grande-ile the original] on 20 February 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |90 |[[Croatia]] |Lwetse a le malatsi a robabongwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi le botlhano<ref>[https://mvep.gov.hr/foreign-policy/bilateral-relations/date-of-recognition-and-establishment-od-diplomatic-relations/22800 "Bilateral relations – Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations"]. ''Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Croatia''. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |91 |[[Belarus]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro |- |92 |[[United Arab Emirates]] |Moranang a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga w dikete pedi le borataro<ref>[https://www.wam.ae/en/details/1395227642979 "UAE and Botswana establish diplomatic relations".] 29 April 2006.</ref> |- |93 |[[Bahamas]] |Motsheganong ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro<ref>[http://www.bahamasuncensored.com/ConsCorpsXmas06_MFA.html "Mitchell addresses Diplomats Christmas Luncheon".] 13 December 2006. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |94 |[[Dominican Republic]] |Phalane a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171004004739/http://enlacecongreso.mirex.gob.do/ecc/Lists/Establecimiento%20de%20Relaciones%20Diplomticas/AllItems.aspx "Establecimiento De Relaciones Diplomáticas"] (in Spanish). Archived from [http://enlacecongreso.mirex.gob.do/ecc/Lists/Establecimiento%20de%20Relaciones%20Diplomticas/AllItems.aspx the original] on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |95 |[[Republic of the Congo]] |Ngwanatsele a robabongwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro |- |96 |[[Qatar]] |Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro |- |97 |[[Equatorial Guinea]] |Morule a le lesome le boraro ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro<ref>[https://minexteriores.gob.gq/wp-content/uploads/ACUERDOS-GUINEA-ECUATORIAL-BOTSUANA.pdf "Acuerdos Firmados Entre Guinea Euatorial Y Botswana"] (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |98 |[[Barbados]] |Morule a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro |- |99 |[[Gabon]] |Morule a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro |- |100 |[[Niger]] |Morule a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro |- |101 |[[Sudan]] |Firikgong a le lesome ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |102 |[[Burkina Faso]] |Firikgong a le lesome le bobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |103 |[[Benin]] |Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |104 |[[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] |Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |105 |[[Saudi Arabia]] |Mopitlo a rogwa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230817201141/https://sp.spa.gov.sa/viewfullstory.php?lang=en&newsid=429339 "Saudi Arabia, Botswana Establish Diplomatic Relations".] 1 March 2007. Archived from [https://sp.spa.gov.sa/viewfullstory.php?lang=en&newsid=429339 the original] on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |106 |[[Burundi]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le boraro ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |107 |[[Djibouti]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le bone ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130818144121/http://www.djibdiplomatie.dj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=439&Itemid=17 "Etat des relations".] ''Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres et de la Cooperation Internationale Djibouti'' (in French). Archived from [http://www.djibdiplomatie.dj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=439&Itemid=17 the original] on 18 August 2013. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |108 |[[Guinea]] |Moranang a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |109 |[[Uruguay]] |Motsheganong a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa<ref>''Keesing's Contemporary Archives – Page 32055''. Keesing's Limited., 1983.</ref> |- |110 |[[Guatemala]] |Motsheganong a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |111 |[[Mauritania]] |Motsheganong a le malatsi a robabongwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |112 |[[Ecuador]] |Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |113 |[[Mali]] |Seetebosigo a le malatis a matlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |114 |[[Ivory Coast]] |Seetebosigo a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |115 |[[Venezuela]] |Phukwi a robabongwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |116 |[[Paraguay]] |Phukwi a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |117 |[[Honduras]] |Phukwi a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |118 |[[Dominica]] |Phukwi a le masome mabedi le boraro ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |119 |[[Nicaragua]] |Phatwe a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |120 |[[Costa Rica]] |Lwetse a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa<ref>[https://x.com/CRcancilleria/status/1304499050432135172 "Celebramos 13 años de relaciones diplomáticas con la República de Botsuana y Costa rica"] (in Spanish). 11 September 2020.</ref> |- |121 |[[Antigua and Barbuda]] |Morule a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |122 |[[Suriname]] |Morule a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa |- |123 |[[Belize]] |Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161222155933/http://www.mofaic.gov.bw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=134:bilateral-relations-b&catid=2&Itemid=43 "Bilateral Relations: B".] Botswana: Ministry of Foreign Affairs & International Cooperation. Archived from [http://www.mofaic.gov.bw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=134:bilateral-relations-b&catid=2&Itemid=43 the original] on 22 December 2016. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |124 |[[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] |Lwetse a le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi |- |125 |[[Sri Lanka]] |Phalane a le masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi |- |126 |[[Holy See]] |Ngwanatsele a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi<ref>[https://holyseemission.org/contents/mission/diplomatic-relations-of-the-holy-see.php "Diplomatic relations of the Holy See"]. Retrieved 14 July 2026</ref> |- |127 |[[Nepal]] |Firikgong a le malatsi a robabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe |- |128 |[[Vietnam]] |Tlhakole a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe |- |129 |[[Saint Kitts and nevis]] |Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le botlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe |- |130 |[[North Macedonia]] |Lwetse a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe |- |131 |[[Panama]] |Morule a le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe |- |132 |[[Georgia]] |Firikgong a le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi, le lesome |- |133 |[[Samoa]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi, le lesome |- |134 |[[Guinea-Bissau]] |Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi, le lesome |- |135 |[[Montenegro]] |Phukwi a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi, le lesome |- |136 |[[Liberia]] |Lwetse a le masome mabedi le motso ngwagawa dikete pedi, le lesome |- |137 |[[Solomon Islands]] |Ngwanatsele a le lesome le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi, le lesome |- |138 |[[Papua New Guinea]] |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi, le lesome |- |139 |[[Monaco]] |Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le bone ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le motso |- |140 |[[Fiji]] |Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le motso |- |141 |[[South Sudan]] |Phukwi a robabongwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le motso |- |142 |[[Indonesia]] |Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le bobedi |- |143 |[[Chad]] |Tlhakole a le malatsi a robabongwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le botlhano |- |144 |[[Sierra Leone]] |Tlhakole a le leome le borataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le botlhano |- |145 |[[Senegal]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le botlhano |- |146 |[[State of Palestine]] |Mopitlo a robabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bosupa |- |147 |[[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] |Motsheganong a le masome mararo le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le borobabobedi |- |148 |[[Comoros]] |Lwetse a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi |- |149 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Togo (3-2).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Togo]] |Mopitlo a le lesome le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le motso |- |150 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Central African Republic]] |Phalane a le lesome le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le motso<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/lepotentielcentrafricain/posts/2944388082541603/?locale=hi_IN&_rdr "L'ambassadeur Nzapayeke est accredite aupres de la Republique du Botswana".] ''Le Potentiel Centrafricain.com'' (in French). Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |151 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] |Tlhakole a le malatsi a robabongwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le boraro<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/BWPresidency/videos/arrival-of-ambassador-designate-mrs-emillie-a-mushobekwa-of-the-democratic-repub/525396969660843/ "Arrival of Ambassador Designate Mrs Emillie A. Mushobekwa of the Democratic Republic of Congo, for Presentation of Letters of Credence at the Office of The President, Gaborone".] 9 February 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2026 &#x2013; via Facebook.</ref> |- |152 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Mongolia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Mongolia]] |Morule a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le boraro |- |153 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Saint Lucia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Saint Lucia]] |Morule a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le boraro |- |154 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Tajikistan.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Tajikistan]] |Morule a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le boraro |- |155 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Laos.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Laos]] |Morule a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le boraro |- |156 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Maldives.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Maldives]] |Morule a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le boraro |- |157 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Armenia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Armenia]] |Morule a le lesome le bone ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le boraro<ref>[https://armenpress.am/en/article/1126252 "Diplomatic relations established between Armenia and Botswana".] ''[[:en:Armenpress|Armenpress]]''. 14 December 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |158 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of The Gambia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[The Gambia]] |Tlhakole a le lesome le boraro ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone<ref>[https://www.instagram.com/bwpresidency/p/C3S5SkFNZDZ/?img_index=1 "President Masisi recieves &#x5B;sic&#x5D; letters of credence from ambassador designates".] ''bwpresidency''. 13 February 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |159 |[[Setshwantsho:Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Bolivia]] |Phatwe a rogwa ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone |- |160 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Turkey.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Uzbekistan]] |Lwetse a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone<ref>[https://www.tengritimes.com/en/post/uzbekistan-establishes-diplomatic-relations-with-another-african-country-botswana "Uzbekistan establishes diplomatic relations with another African country - Botswana".] ''Times Tenrgi''. 26 September 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |161 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Liechtenstein.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Liechtenstein]] |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone<ref>[https://www.llv.li/serviceportal2/amtsstellen/stabstelle-regierungskanzlei/rechenschaftsbericht-2024.pdf "Landtag, Regierung und Gerichte 2024"] (PDF) (in German). 2025. p.&nbsp;153.</ref> |- |162 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Kyrgyzstan]] |Mopitlo a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le botlhano<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=1063928925778499&id=100064842032316&_rdr "Botswana and Kyrgyz Republic establish diplomatic relations".] ''Ministry of International Relations, Botswana on Facebook''. 5 March 2025. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |163 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Oman.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Oman]] |Phalane a le lesome le bone ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le botlhano |- |164 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Turkmenistan]] |Phalane a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le botlhano |- |165 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Kazakhstan.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Kazakhstan]] |Phalane a le masome mararo ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome mabedi le botlhano |- |166 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Azerbaijan]] |Ngwanatsele a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le botlhano |- |167 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Cape Verde (10-17).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Cape Verde]] |Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le botlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome mabedi le borataro<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/Presidencia.cv/posts/pfbid02pbCw2AhzDQwXmCuRaA6VwH5s23rDvgJ2B25jsnAdgBrWz7T1QYTJvxUVS3xvnjKyl "PR recebe Cartas Credenciais da nova Embaixadora de Botswana".] ''Presidência da República de Cabo Verde'' (in Portuguese). 25 February 2026. Retrieved 13 July 2026.</ref> |- |168 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of El Salvador.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[El Salvador]] |Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le botlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le borataro |- |169 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Moldova.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Moldova]] |Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le botlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le borataro |- |170 |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Bahrain.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Bahrain]] |Seetebosigo a le masome mararo ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le borataro<ref>[https://www.bna.bh/en/BahrainBotswanaestablishdiplomaticrelations.aspx?cms=q8FmFJgiscL2fwIzON1%2bDpZCGkNlmsjjveUvx%2fDgvs4%3d "Bahrain, Botswana establish diplomatic relations".] ''Bahrain News Agency''. 30 June 2026. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |} == Botsalano gareng ga mafatshe a mabedi == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Lefatshe !Tshimologo ya botsalano !Dintlha |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Australia (converted).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Australia]] |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le boraro | *Lefatshe la [[Australia]] le amogetswe ke la Botswana go tswa kwa ofising ya boemedi kwa [[Pretoria (Pitori)]], [[Aforika Borwa]], ka |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[China]] |Firikgong a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le botlhano |Mafatshe a mabedi a dirile botsalano ka Firikgong a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le botlhano<ref>[https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ "Joint Communique Regarding the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Botswana (MFA People's Republic of China)".]</ref> Bona [[Botsalano jwa Botswana le China]] * Lefatshe la Botswana le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa Beijing * Lefatshe la China le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa Gaborone |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Greece (1970–1975).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Greece]] |Moranang a le lesome ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi |Mafatshe o o mabedi a dirile botsalano ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi kgwedi ya Moranang e le lesome<ref>[https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1486125?ln=en "Diplomatic relations between Greece and Botswana as of 10 Apr. 1978 (UN Digital Library)".] 10 April 1978.</ref> * Lefatshe la Botswana le dumeletswe ke la Greece go dirisa diofisi kgolo tsa kemedi ya sennela ruri kwa Geneva, Switzerland * Lefatshe la Greece le dumeletswe ke la Botswana go dirisa diofisi tsa kemedi kwa Pretoria, Aforika Borwa.<ref>[https://www.mfa.gr/en/bilateral-relations/botswana/ "Greece's Bilateral Relations".]</ref> |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of India.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[India]] |Firkgong a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa sekete, amkgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le bobedi |Bona [[Botsalano jwa Botswana le India]] * Lefatshe la Botswana le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa [[New Dehli]] * Lefatshe la India le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa Gaborone |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Indonesia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Indonesia]] |Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le bobedi |Mafatshe a ka bobedi a tlhamile botsalano ka Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le borobaobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le bobedi * Leaftshe la Botswana le dumeletswe ke la Indonesia go dirisia diofisi tse di kwa Canberra, Australia<ref>[https://kemlu.go.id/portal/en/kedutaan "Missions &#x7C; Portal Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia".]</ref> * Lefatshe al Indonesia le dumeletswe ke la Botswana go dirisa ofisi ya lne e e kwa Pretoria, Aforika Borwa<ref>[https://kemlu.go.id/portal/en/kedutaan "Missions &#x7C; Portal Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia".]</ref><ref>[https://kemlu.go.id/pretoria/en "Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia Pretoria Accredited to the Republic of Botswana, Kingdom of Eswatini, and the Kingdom of Lesotho South Africa"].</ref> |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Israel.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Israel]] | |Bona [[Botsalano jwa Botswana le Israel]] * Lefatshe la Botswana le dumeletswe ke la Israel go nna le diofisi kwa London, United Kingdom * Lefatshe la Israel le dumeletswe ke la Botswana go dirisa diofisi tsa lone kwa Pretoria, Aforika Borwa |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Kenya.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Kenya]] |Phalane a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe,masome a marataro le bosupa<ref>''Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997''. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. p.&nbsp;83.</ref> |Bona [[Botsalano jwa Botswana le Kenya]] * Lefatshe la Botswana le na le ofisi ya moemedi kwa [[Nairobi]] * Lefatshe la Kenya le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa Gaborone |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Mexico.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Mexico]] |Morule a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le botlhano |Mafatshe o o mabedi a dirile botsalano jwa polotiki ka Morule a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le botlhano.<ref>[https://centrogilbertobosques.senado.gob.mx/docs/NI_Nombramientos_Senado_270218.pdf "Nombramientos Diplomáticos De Reciente Ingreso Al Senado De La Republica En Africa,el Caribe Y Europa Page 8]" (PDF). [https://ghostarchive.org/archive/DgAjG Archived] (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</ref> * Lefatshe la Botswana le dumeletswe ke la Mexico kwa ofising ya lone kwa Washinton D.C kwa United States le na le ofisi kwa toropo ya Mexico City<ref>[https://www.botswanaembassy.org/ "Welcome to Embassy of the Republic of Botswana in Washington, D.C. | Embassy of the Republic of Botswana in Washington, D.C."] ''botswanaembassy.org''. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> * Lefatshe la Botswana le dumeletswe ke ofisi ya lone kwa Pretoria Aforika Borwa.<ref>[https://embamex.sre.gob.mx/sudafrica/ "Inicio".] ''embamex.sre.gob.mx''. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Namibia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Namibia]] |Lwetse a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe |Bona [[Botsalano jwa Botswana le Namibia]] Botsalano jwa Botswana le Namibia ke jwa kutlwano, mafatshe a mabedi a a mabapi a, a dirisana mo go tsa tlhabololo itsholelo. Lefatshe la Botswana le tsere boipuso go tswa mo go la Britain ka Lwetse ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro. Lefatshe la Namibia le stere boipuso mo go la Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe morago ga ntwa ya molelwane ya Aforika Borwa. * Lefatshe la Botswana le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa [[Windhoek]] * Lefatshe la Namibia le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa Gaborone |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of North Korea (2026–present).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[North Korea]] |Morule a le masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le bone, <ref>[https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.ncnk.org/sites/default/files/issue-briefs/DPRK_Diplo_Relations_August2016.pdf "DPRK Diplomatic Relations"] (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</ref> mme ga emisiwa ka Tlhakole a le lesome le borobabongwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le bone<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=586061304809865&id=148228411926492 "Botswana Severs Ties With Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea)"] &#x2013; via Facebook.</ref> |Bona [[Botsalano jwa Botswana le North Korea]] |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Oman.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Oman]] |Phalane a le lesome le bone ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le botlhano |Bona Botsalano jwa Botswana le Oman Mafatshe a mabedi a dirile botsalano ka Phalane a le lesome le bone ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le botlhano.<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/MinistryofInternationalAffairsBW/posts/botswana-establishes-diplomatic-relations-with-the-sultanate-of-oman-on-14th-oct/1246185160886207/ "Botswana establishes diplomatic relations with the Sultanate of Oman"]. ''Ministry of International Relations, Botswana''. 16 October 2025. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> * Ka Moranang a le lesome le boraro ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le borataro, tautona [[Duma Boko]] o ne a sireletsa ditumalano le Oman tsa go sekaseka ditswammung, dikago tsa go baya lookwane, le kgothetso.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/climate-energy/botswana-signs-energy-mineral-exploration-deals-with-oman-2026-04-13/ "Botswana signs energy and mineral exploration deals with Oman"]. ''Reuters''. 13 April 2026. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> * Lefatshe la Botswana le itsisitse ka maano a lone a go bula ofisi ya boemedi kwa Muscat.<ref>[https://www.fm.gov.om/en/42099/ "Botswana confirms plans to open an embassy in Muscat".] ''Foreign Ministry of Oman''. 13 April 2026. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Russia.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Russia]] |Mopitlo a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a supa |Bona [[Botsalano jwa Botswana le Russia]] Lefatshe la Botswana le Soviet Union a ne a tlhama botsalano jwa sepolotiki ka Mopitlo a le malatsi a marataro ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a supa. Le ntswa le utlwana le mafatshe a bophirima, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la tsaya karolo mo metshamekong ya Olympics ya selemo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi. Botsalano jwa gompieno gareng ga mafatshe a mabedi bo supiwa bo le lorato ebile bo tswa bogologolong. Ka Mopitlo, mafatshe a mabedi a ne a ipelela dingwaga di le masome a mararo le botlhano a ntse a utlwana. Go ya ka tona wa mafatshe a sele, lefatshe la Russia ke lengwe la mafatshe a ntlha go nna le botsalano jo bo tletseng jwa sepolotiki le Botswana.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170202131955/http://www.botswana.mid.ru/articles_relations_e_09.html "We Must Exploit Russia's Potential".] Archived from [http://www.botswana.mid.ru/articles_relations_e_09.html the original] on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> Tirisanommogo ya kgwebo le itsholelo gareng ga mafatshe a Russia le Botswana e supiwa ke tumalano ya kgwebo ya ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le bosupa le tumalano ya itsholelo le setegeniki ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le borobabobedi. Puso ya Russian Federation le puso ya Botswana di ne tsa baya monwana tumalano ya ngwao, maranyane le thuto ka Lwetse ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe. Mafatshe a Russia le Botswana a nnile le tirisanommogo e e duleng maduo mo dikarolong tse di farologaneng, bogolojang mo go tlhabololeng babereki. Lefatshe la Russia le santse le e fa Batswana sebaka sa go ithutela kwa lefatsheng la bone mo dikarolong tsa botlhokwa di tshwana le botsogo, mohama o o itemogelang tlhaelo ya babereki e e kwa godimo. Lefatshe la Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a banni ba Russia ba sa tlhokeng teseletso ya mosepele go ya kwa go lone. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090329052738/http://www.botswana.mid.ru/relations_e.html "Botswana-Russia relations".] Archived from [http://www.botswana.mid.ru/relations_e.html the original] on 29 March 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref>Lefatshe la Russia le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa Gaborone, fa la Botswana le le ka fa tlase ga ofisi e e kwa Stockholm (Sweden) le ofisi kwa Moscow. |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of South Africa.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Aforika Borwa]] |Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le bone |Mafatshe a ka bobedi jwa one a dirile notsalano jwa sepolotiki ka Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le bone. Bona [[Botsalano jwa Botswana le Aforika Borwa]] * Lefatshe la Botswana le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa [[Pretoria (Pitori)]] le mookamedi wa kakaretso kwa [[Cape Town]] le [[Johannesburg]] * Lefatshe la Aforika Borwa le na le ofisi ya kemedi kwa Gaborone |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of South Korea.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[South Korea]] |Moranang a le lesome le borobabobedi ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabobedi |Go tlhamiwa ga botsalano jwa sepolotiki gareng ga Republic of Korea le Republic of Botswana go simologile ka Moranang a robabobedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabobedi.<ref>[https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/nation/m_4902/view.do?seq=133 "Countries & Regions (MFA Republic of Korea)".]</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le motso palo ya batho ba South korea ba ba neng ba nna kwa Botswana e ne e le lekgolo, masome a marataro le boraro.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150904015758/http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/middleeast/countries/20070804/1_24503.jsp?menu=m_30_50 "Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea-Middle East and Africa"]. 4 September 2015. Archived from [http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/middleeast/countries/20070804/1_24503.jsp?menu=m_30_50 the original] on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le bone, puso ya Botswana e ne e lemoga ROK e le yone puso ya Korea ya nnete.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150106001946/http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Ministry-of-Foreign-Affairs-and-International-Cooperation/News/BOTSWANA-CUT-TIES-WITH-NORTH-KOREA/ "Botswana Cuts Ties with North Korea".] ''gov.bw''. Ministry of [[:en:Politics_of_Botswana|Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation]]. 20 February 2014. Archived from [https://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/Ministry-of-Foreign-Affairs-and-International-Cooperation/News/BOTSWANA-CUT-TIES-WITH-NORTH-KOREA/ the original] on 6 January 2015. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Turkey.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Turkey]] |Firikgong a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le motso<ref>[https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1636698?ln=en "Diplomatic relations between Botswana and Turkey as of 20 Jan. 1981 (UN Digital Library)".] 20 January 1981.</ref> | * Kemedi ya sennela ruri ya Botswana kwa ofising ya UN kwa Geneva e tlhomamisitswe ke Turkey. * Lefatshe la Turkey le na le ofisi ya kemedi kwa Gaborone<ref name=":2">[https://www.mfa.gov.tr/default.en.mfa Relations between Turkey and Botswana".]</ref> * Madi a kgwebo gareng ga mafatshe o o mabedi e ne e le didikadike di le pedi ka ngwag wa dikete pedi, lesome le borobabongwe.<ref name=":2" /> |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the United Kingdom (3-5).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[United Kingdom]] |Lwetse a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro |[[Setshwantsho:Foreign Secretary visits Botswana (6886371565).jpg|thumb|Mokwaledi wa mafatshe a sele William Hague kwa Botswana, Tlhakole ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le bobedi]]Lefatshe la Botswana le simolotse botsalano le tirisanommogo le la [[United Kingdom]] ka Lwetse a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robbaongwe, masome a marataro le borataro.<ref name=":1" /> * Lefatshe la Botswana le na le ofisi ya kemedi kwa Lontone.<ref>Diplomat Magazine (4 September 2017). "[https://diplomatmagazine.com/heads-of-mission/africa/botswana/ Botswana"]. ''Diplomat Magazine''. Archived from the original on 13 May 2025. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> * Lefatshe la United Kingdom le dirisana mmogo le la Botswana ka ofisi ya kemedi kwa Gaborone.<ref>[https://www.gov.uk/world/organisations/british-high-commission-gaborone "British High Commission Gaborone".] ''[[:en:Gov.uk|GOV.UK]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240506171421/https://www.gov.uk/world/organisations/british-high-commission-gaborone Archived] from the original on 6 May 2024. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> Lefatshe la UK le ne le eteletse pele la Botswana go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le botlhano go tsena ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro, fa le tsaya boipuso. Mafatshe a ka bobedi ke maloko a mafatshe a selekanye, kgotlatshekelo ya mafatshefatshe ya molao, le lekgotla la go gweba ga mafatshe, ga mmogo le tumalano ya kopano ya itsholelo ya SACUM-UK.<ref>Bavier, Joe (11 September 2019). "[https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-africa-trade-idUKKCN1VW1N5 Britain agrees post-Brexit trade deal with southern Africa]". ''Reuters''. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> Mafatshe a ka bobedi jwa one a na le bokopano jwa go kgetha gabedi.<ref>[[:en:HM_Revenue_and_Customs|HM Revenue and Customs]] (3 February 2014). "[https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/botswana-tax-treaties Botswana: tax treaties]". ''GOV.UK''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250408171729/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/botswana-tax-treaties Archived] from the original on 8 April 2025. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[USA]] |Lwetse a le masome mararo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a maratyaro le borataro<ref>[https://history.state.gov/countries/botswana "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Botswana"].</ref> |Bona [[Botsalano jwa mafatshe a Botswana le United States]][[Setshwantsho:Embassy of Botswana, Washington, D.C..jpg|thumb|Ofisi ya Botswana kwa [[Washington, D.C.]]]]Lefatshe la United States le bona la Botswana e le mmueledi gape e le sekao sa go ritibala mo [[Aferika|Aforika]], le tswa kgakala le berekisana le la Botswana mo ditlhabololong fa e sale ka boipuso. U.S Peace corps ba ne ba boela Botswana ka Phatwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bobedi ka maikaelelo a go dira mananeo a a lebaganeng le HIV/AIDS morago ga go fetsa dingwaga tse di masome mararo a go thusa mo go tsepameng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le bosupa.Ka mo go tshwanang, USAID e ne ya emisa bokopano jwa sebaka se seleele le Botswana ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le borataro, morago ga mananeo a a atlegileng a thuto, katiso, kgwebo, go okamela tikologo, le botsogo jwa pelegi. Lefatshe la Botswana, le fa go ntse jalo, lone le mafatshe a a mabapi, le tswelela ka go anywa mo lenaneong la USAID la borwa jwa Aforika, le jaanong le leng kwa [[Pretoria (Pitori)]], le ofisi ya go phadisana ga borwa jwa Aforika ya USAID e diofisikgolo tsa yone di leng kwa Gaborone. Lekgotla la mafatshefatshe la United States la babega dikgang le na le setaitane sa Voice of America mo Botswana le le thusang bontsi jwa mafatshe a a mo Aforika. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le botlhano, lekgotla le le laolang malwetsi la CDC le ne la simolola porojeke ya BOTUSA le kopane le lephata la [[botsogo mo Botswana]] go ntsha dintlha go tokafatsa maiteko a go laola kgotlholo e tona mo Botswana le mafatshe a mangwe ka nako ya fa kgotlholo e tona le HIV/AIDS di tlhasetse. Ka nako ya lenaneo la ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe la boeteledipele jwa U.S mo go lwantsheng segajaja, CDC ka BOTUSA e ne ya dira diporojeke tse dintsi gape e thusitse makgolta a mantsi mo go lwantsheng HIV/AIDS mo Botswana. Lefatshe la Botswana ke lengwe la mafatshe a a lesome le botlhano a lenaneo la ga tautona la tshoganyetso go lwantsha HIV, le amogetse didikadike tsa di dolara di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a mararo fa e sale lenaneo leo le simolola ka Firikgong ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bone go tsena Lwetse ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa. Thuso ya PEPFAR kwa Botswana, e e neng e le madi otlhe a a kanang ka didikadike di le masome a supa le borataro kwa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa, le thusa go thibela, go alafa le go tlhokomela balwetse ba HIV/AIDS. Puso ya Botswana le ya United States ba stene mo tumalanong ka Phukwi ngwag wa dikete pedi go tlhama sekolo sa katisetso molao kwa Gaborone. Sekolo se, se dipuso tse di pataganetseng go ntsha madi a sone le go se okamela, se katisa mapodisi le matona a puso mo Aforika. Dikago tsa sekolo di kwa Otse, kwa ntle ga Gaborone, se bustwe ka Mopitlo ngwaga wa dikete pedi le boraro. Batho ba molao ba ka nna dikete tharo mo Aforika ba katisitswe mo sekolong se fa se sale se simolola go ruta ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le motso. * Lefatshe la Botswana le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa [[Washington, D.C.]] * Lefatshe la United States le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa Gaborone |- |[[Setshwantsho:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg|left|frameless|30x30px]][[Zimbabwe]] |Motsheganong a le masome mararo le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le boraro |Mafatshe a ka bobedi a nnile le tirisanommogo ka Motsheganong a le masome mararo le motso ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabongwe le boraro.<ref>''Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997''. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. p.&nbsp;103.</ref> Lefatshe la Botswana le santse le sokola ka go tswala molelwane, le tswalela dikete tsa batho ba Zimbabwe ba ba tshabang go phutlhama ga itsholelo le pogiso ya sepolotiki. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le botlhano, batho ba Zimbabwe ba le dikete di le masome mabedi le bobedi ba ne ba tshwarwa ba bo ba busediwa gae. Dipalo tsa batho ba ba buseditsweng gae di ne tsa oketsega go nna dikete di le masome mabedi le borobabongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi, lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>Dube, Mqondisi (14 August 2019). [https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_botswana-battles-influx-zimbabwean-illegal-immigrants/6173868.html "Botswana Battles Influx of Zimbabwean Illegal Immigrants"]. ''Voice of America''. Retrieved 13 July 2026</ref> * Lefatshe la Botswana le na le ofisi ya kemedi kwa [[Harare]] * Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa [[Gaborone]] |} == Botswana le FOSS == Lefatshe la Botswana le sale le nna leloko la bokopano jwa mafatshe a mannye (Forum of Small States) fa setlhopha seo se tlhamiwa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a obabongwe le bobedi.<ref>''50 Years of Singapore and the United Nations''. World Scientific. 2015. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-981-4713-03-0|978-981-4713-03-0]]</bdi>.access-date=13 July 2026</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Dithomo tsa botsalano jwa sepolotiki mo Botswana]] * [[Dithomo tsa botsalano jwa sepolotiki tsa Botswana]] == Metswedi == 490lem9uw3iy8lg1se1ch1x6httvxyb 0 14576 53288 53261 2026-07-26T16:44:53Z Khumo Batolomi 11767 Created by translating the section "Reversing desertification" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364346865|Desertification]]" 53288 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Global_distribution_of_dryland_subtypes_based_on_the_aridity_index.png|thumb|dikgaolo tsa lefatshe le le omeletseng di bontshiwa mo moalong lefatshe ka bophara , go lebilwe seelo sa komelelo se se badilweng mo palogareng ya dingwaga di le masome a mararo ka 1981 go ya go 2010. Dikaka tse di tlwaelesegileng di supiwa ke setlhopha sa hyper-arid (serolwana/mmala wa lephutshe yo o sa gatelelang). ]] [[File:Somalia,_Mudug,_Dhinowda_(02).jpg|right|thumb|234x234px|Go nna sekaka ga lefelo mo go feteletseng kwa Somalia]] '''Go nna sekaka ga lefelo''' ke mofuta wa go senyega ga lefatshe mo go diragalang ka iketlo mo lefatshe le le nonneng go fetoga go nna sekaka se se omeletseng ka ntlha ya kopano ya ditiragalo tsa tlholego le ditiro tsa batho. Selo se se bakang go nna sekaka gantsi ke go latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa dimela. Se se bakwa ke dintlha di le mmalwa, di le nosi kgotsa di kopantswe, jaaka komelelo, diphetogo tsa loapi, go epa mmu go dira temothuo, go fudisa go feta selekanyo le go rengwa ga dikgwa go bona lookwane kgotsa didirisiwa tsa kago. Le fa dimela di na le seabe se segolo mo go tlhomamiseng popego ya mmu, dithutopatlisiso di bontshitse gore, mo ditikologong tse dintsi, seelo sa kgothego le go elela ga metsi se fokotsega ka bontsi fa go khurumetsa mmu ga dimela go oketsega. <ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Geeson, Nichola |year=2002 |title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-84448-9 |page=58 |display-authors=etal |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mmu yo o sa sirelediwang fa godimo, le yo omeletseng e fokwa ke phefo kgotsa e gogolwa ke merwalela ya tshoganyetso, mo go tlogelang mmu yo o ka fa tlase yo o sa nonang thata gore o nne mo letsatsing mme o felele o omelela thata o ka seke o ungwe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref> <ref name="Zeng L17401">{{Cite journal |last=Zeng |first=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Banni ba kana masome a le boferabongwe mo lekgolong (90%) ba mafelo a a omeletseng ba nna mo mafatsheng a a santseng a tlhabologa, a mo go one gape ba sokodisiwang ke diemo tsa itsholelo le morafe. <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Seemo se se gakadiwa ke go fokotsega boleng jwa lefatshe mo go fokotsang go ungwa ga lone, go sa tlhomamang ga methale ya go itshetsa le go nna dingalo gore batho ba fitlhelele metswedi ya madi le ditshono. Dikgaolo mo lefatsheng tse di amegang thata di mo Aforika ( kgaolo ya Sahel ), Asia ( Sekaka sa Gobi le Mongolia ) le dikarolo tsa Amerika Borwa . Lefatshe le le omeletseng le tsaya mo e ka nnang masome a mane go ya go a le mane le bongwe mo lekgolong (40–41%) ya lefatshe la Lefatshe (Earth's land) mme ke legae la&nbsp;batho ba le dibilione di le pedi. Ditlamorago tsa go fetoga ga lefelo go nna sekaka di akaretsa ditsuatsue tsa motlhaba le lerole, go tlhoka go tshepha go nna teng ga dijo, le lehuma . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Carvalho |first=Keegan |date=2024-12-03 |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=Earth.Org |language=en}}</ref> Methale ya go fokotsa kgotsa go busetsa morago go nna sekaka ga lefelo go akaretsa go tokafatsa boleng jwa mmu, go dira dikaka ditala, go laola mafulo, le go jala ditlhare ( go jala dikgwa sesha le go jala dikgwa ) <ref>{{Cite web |last=N.V |first=GREEN EARTH GROUP |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=www.green.earth |language=en}}</ref> Mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa popego ya lefatshe, go nna teng ga dikaka go diragetse ka tlholego mo nakong e e telele thata. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}</ref> Thuto ya segompieno ya go fetoga sekaka ga mafelo e tlhagile go tswa mo thutong ya komelelo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980 kwa Sahel . <ref name=":6">{{Cite book |date=2016 |title=The End of Desertification? |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |issn=2197-9596 |editor-last2=Mortimore |editor-first2=Michael}}</ref> == Ditlhaloso == Go nna sekaka ga lefelo ke tiragalo e e diregang ka iketlo ya go oketsega ga komelelo ya mmu . Go nna sekaka ga lefelo go tlhalositswe mo mokwalong wa Tumalano ya Ditšhabakopano ya go Lwantsha go Nna Sekaka (UNCCD) jaaka "go latlhegelwa ke boleng ga mmu mo dikgaolong tse di omileng, tse di omeletseng go le sekae le tse di omileng mme di na le bokgola jo bo kwa tlase mo go bakiwang ke mabaka a a farologaneng, go akaretsa le dipharologano tsa seemo sa loapi le ditiro tsa batho." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hulme |first=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Tlhaloso ya Sekaka – Lefelo mo lefatsheng le selekanyo sa pula le kapoko se leng kwa tlase thata go na le mafelo a mangwe, le palogare ya pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga e leng kwa tlase ga disenthimithara di le masome a mabedi le botlhano. Tlhaloso ka UNO (1995) – Go latlhegelwa ke boleng ga lefatshe mo mafelong a a senang sepe, a a bokgola le a a seng bokgola ka ntlha ya phetogo ya loapi le ditiro tsa batho go bidiwa go nna sekaka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> Go tloga ka 2005, go ne go na le kganetsano e tona ka ga tlhaloso e e siameng ya lefoko ''desertification(go nna sekaka)'' ka ditlhaloso tse di fetang lekgolo tsa semmuso tse di neng di le teng. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut |date=1 October 2017 |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}</ref> E e neng ya amogelwa thata ke ya thanodi ya Sekolo sa dithuto tse di kgolwane sa Princeton e e neng ya e tlhalosa jaaka " tiragalo e lefatshe le le nonneng ''le fetogang sekaka'' ka ntlha ya go rengwa ga dikgwa, [[Leuba|komelelo]] kgotsa temothuo e e sa siamang ".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2026)">citation needed</span>'' &#x5D;</sup> Tlhaloso e e bontshitse ka tlhamalalo kgolagano ya go fetoga ga lefatshe go nna sekaka le ditiro tsa batho, segolobogolo tiriso ya lefatshe le mekgwa ya taolo ya lefatshe. E ne gape ya tlhagisa ditlamorago tsa itsholelo, loago le tikologo tsa go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo. Le fa go ntse jalo, tlhaloso e ya ntlha ya gore go nna sekaka ga lefelo go ne go akaretsa go atolosiwa ga dikaka ke batho e gannwe ka gonne mogopolo o o ne wa tswelela ka go fetoga fa e sale ka nako eo. Gape go na le dikganetsano dingwe mabapi le go aroganngwa ga mefuta ya sekaka, go akaretsa, boammaaruri le mosola wa tlhaloso ya mafoko a a a tshwanang le "sekaka se se dirilweng ke batho" le "sekaka se se senang moalo". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geist |first=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == tse di bakang go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo == === tsa pele/ntlha fela === Selo se se bakang go nna sekaka ga lefelo ga ntlha fela ke go latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa dimela. Se se bakwa ke dintlha di le mmalwa, di le nosi kgotsa di kopantswe, jaaka komelelo, diphetogo tsa seemo sa loapi, go epa mmu go lema, go fudisa go feta selekanyo le go rengwa ga dikgwa go bona lookwane kgotsa didirisiwa tsa kago. Le fa dimela di na le seabe se segolo mo go tlhomamiseng popego ya mmu, dithutopatlisiso di bontshitse gore, mo ditikologong tse dintsi, seelo sa kgothego ya mmu le go elela ga metsi se fokotsega ka bontsi fa go khurumetsa ga dimela go oketsega. <ref name=":8"/> Mmu yo o fa godimo yo o sa sirelediwang, le yo o omeletseng e fokwa ke phefo kgotsa di gogolwa ke merwalela ya tshoganyetso, mo go tlogelang dikarolo tse di kwa tlase tsa mmu go fisiwa ke letsatsi mme di omelele thata di palelwe ke go ungwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2003-09-01 |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |journal=Resources Policy |language=en |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414114519/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |archive-date=2022-04-14}}</ref> === Tlhotlheletso ya ditiro tsa batho === Dithutopatlisiso tsa ntlha di ne di nganga gore nngwe ya dilo tse di tlwaelesegileng tse di bakang go nna sekaka ga lefelo e ne e le go fudisa go feta selekanyo, go ja dimela go feta selekanyo ke dikgomo le diruiwa tse dingwe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-status=live |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |access-date=24 May 2022}}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, seabe sa tiriso e e feteletseng ya selegae mo go bakang go nna sekaka ga mafelo mo nakong e e fetileng ya bosheng go na le dikganetsano. <ref name=":6"/> Jaanong go akanngwa gore komelelo mo kgaolong ya Sahel e bakilwe thata ke go fetoga ga seelo sa pula ka dipaka tse di dirwang ke go fetoga ga mogote wa metsi a fa godimo a lewatle, mo go bakwang thata ke go fetogafetoga ga tlholego le go ntshiwa ga di-aerosol ( dikarolwana tsa sulfate tse di bonaletsang ) le digase tse di bakiwang ke batho. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |article-number=e591}}</ref> Ka ntlha ya se, go fetoga ga mogote wa lewatle le go fokotsega ga mesi ya sulfate go dirile gore kgaolo e e nne tala gape. <ref name=":3" /> Se se dirile gore barutegi bangwe ba bolele gore go latlhegelwa ke dimela mo go bakiwang ke temothuo ke selo se sennye se se ka dirang gore lefelo le fetoge sekaka. <ref name=":6" /> Diphetogo tsa palo ya batho di na le ditlamorago tse di tona mo go fudiseng go feta selekanyo, go lema go feta selekanyo le go rengwa ga dikgwa, mekgwa ye ya pele e e neng e amogelesega lantlha e setse e sena tswelelopele jaanong. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Epule |first=Terence Epule |last2=Peng |first2=Changhui |last3=Lepage |first3=Laurent |date=February 2015 |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward |journal=GeoJournal |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=79–92 |bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z |issn=0343-2521 |s2cid=154503204}}</ref> Go na le mabaka a mantsi a balemibarui ba dirisang temothuo e e tseneletseng go na le temothuo e e tswelelang fela lebaka le legolo ke go oketsa thobo. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> Ka go oketsa thobo, ba tlhoka menontshane e mentsi thata, dibolaya-ditshedi le badiri go tlhokomela didirisiwa. Tiriso e e tswelelang e ya lefatshe e fetsa ka bonako dikotla tsa mmu mo go dirang gore go nna sekaka ga legelo go aname. <ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Intensive agriculture |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture |archive-date=24 June 2008 |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> === Dipharologanyo tsa tlholego === Baitseanape ba maranyane ba dumalana gore go nna teng ga sekaka mo lefelong le sekaka sa Sahara se leng mo go lone jaanong ke ka ntlha ya dipharologanyo tsa tlholego tsa letsatsi ka ntlha ya go dikologa ga Lefatshe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tierney |first=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352 |article-number=e1601503}}</ref> Dipharologanyo tse di tshwanang le tse di tlhotlheletsa maatla a Monsoon ya Aforika Bophirima, mo go bakang gore dimela di fetoge gape le go ntsha lerole le le di godisang go gefoga fa seemo sa loapi, pula e na gape go tla go nna le komelelo mo Sahara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pausata |first=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gape go na le kakanyo ya gore phetogo ya Sahara go tswa mo savanna go ya kwa sekakeng ka nako ya bogareng jwa Holocene e ne e le ka bontlhabongwe ka ntlheng ya go fulwa go feta selekanyo ke dikgomo tsa baagi ba lefelo le. <ref name="Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period">{{Cite journal |last=K. Wright |first=David |last2=Rull |first2=Valenti |last3=Roberts |first3=Richard |last4=Marchant |first4=Rob |last5=Gil-Romera |first5=Graciela |date=26 January 2017 |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |page=4 |bibcode=2017FrEaS...5....4W |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Baitseanape ba tsweletse ka go ithuta dikgaolo tse di botlhokwa, ba netefatsa gore ditiro tsa batho le boitekanelo jwa mmu di kopanela le mabaka a bosa jaaka dilo tse ditona tse di nang le seabe mo go nneng sekaka ga lefelo. Mo Sekakeng sa Mu Us, boitekanelo jwa mmu bo dira 37% ya ditiragalo tsa go nna sekaka fa ditiro tsa bosa le tsa batho di dira go lwantsha tiragalo e ka 46% le 17%, ka go latelana. Go nna sekaka mo teng ga Mongolia go tlhaolwa ka 24% ya mabaka a tsa bosa le 34.7% ya melemo ya mmu mo tikologong e yotlhe. Shaanxi ke sekai se se ganetsenang se mo go sone mabaka a bosa a berekang kgatlhanong le go nna sekaka mme mmu o one o gakatsa seemo, mo go supang ditlhotlheletso tse di farologaneng tsa mabaka a tlholego go tsamaya ka dikgaolo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Jiaying |last2=Li |first2=Yu |last3=Wang |first3=Xuhui |last4=Ma |first4=Zhongxu |date=22 October 2024 |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.9154L |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Phetogo ya seemo sa loapi === Dipatlisiso ka ga go fetoga ga legelo go nna sekaka di farologane, mme ga go na seelo se le sengwe se se ka tlhalosang dintlha tsotlhe. Le fa go ntse jalo, phetogo e e tseneletseng ya seemo sa bosa e santse e solofetswe go oketsa mafelo a a omeletseng mo dikontinenteng tsa Lefatshe: go tswa go 38% kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga la bomasome mabedi go ya go 50% kgotsa 56% kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga, ka fa tlase ga Ditsela tsa Boemedi tsa "mo bogareng" le tse di thuthafetseng thata tsa dipalo 4.5 le 8.5. Bontsi jwa katoloso bo tla bonwa mo dikgaolong tse di tshwanang le "borwabophirima jwa Amerika Bokone, ntlha e e kwa bokone jwa Aforika, borwa jwa Aforika, le Australia". <ref name=":52"/> Dikgaolo tse di omeletseng di tsere 41% ya moalo jwa lefatshe mme di akaretsa 45% ya lefatshe la temothuo mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Dikgaolo tse di gareng ga dithulaganyo tsa tikologo tse di mo kotsing thata ya phetogo ya [[Phetogo ya Seemo sa Loapi|seemo sa loapi]] le tiriso ya lefatshe e e bakiwang ke batho ka jalo di mo kotsing ya go fetoga sekaka. Thutopatlisiso e e ikaegileng ka go lebelela seemo ya go nna sekaka ga mafelo e ne ya dirwa ka 2020 mme e ne ya tlhalosa phetogo ya seemo sa loapi, go fetogafetoga ga seemo sa loapi, menontshane ya CO2 mmogo le diphetogo tsa tikologo tse di bakiwang ke tiriso ya lefatshe ka iketlo le ka bonako. <ref name="Burrell" /> Thutopatlisiso e e ne ya bona gore, magareng ga 1982 le 2015, 6% ya mafatshe a a omeletseng a lefatshe a ne a fetoga go nna sekaka mo go bakilweng ke mekgwa ya tiriso ya lefatshe e e senang tswelelopele e e neng e okeditswe ke phetogo ya seemo sa loapi e e bakiwang ke batho. Le fa go nna tala ga lefatshe ka bophara go le teng, phetogo ya seemo sa loapi e e bakiwang ke batho e digile boleng jwa lefatshe ka 12.6% ( 5.43 milione ya km ² ) mo nageng e e omeletseng eo, mo go nang le seabe mo go fetogeng ga naga go nna sekaka le go ama batho ba le didikadike di le makgolo a mabedi le lesome le boraro , 93% ya bone e le ba ba nnang mo diitsholelong tse di santseng tlhabologang . <ref name="Burrell" /> === Temothuo le ditiro tsa temothuo === Ditiro tsa temothuo jaaka go fudisa go feta selekanyo di baka go nna sekaka ga lefelo. Mo tirong e ya temothuo, diruiwa tse di tshwanang le dikgomo di letlelelwa go fula mo karolong ya lefatshe e le nngwe ka nako e telele ntle le go jala bojang go busetsa jo bo fudilweng. Ka ntlha ya se, lefatshe le nna lebala fela, mo go dirang gore le betswe ke mogoten o o tswang mo letsatsing o o dirang gore le thatafale, phefo e e bokete gape le yone e dira gore lefatshe le latlhegelwe ke dikotla tsa lone. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Otterman |first=Joseph |date=1974-11-08 |title=Baring High-Albedo Soils by Overgrazing: A Hypothesized Desertification Mechanism |url=https://doi.org/10.1126/science.186.4163.531 |journal=Science |volume=186 |issue=4163 |pages=531–533 |doi=10.1126/science.186.4163.531 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> Go lemolola mmu go feta selekanyo le go jwala mofuta o le mongwe wa semela ke ditiro tse dingwe tsa temothuo tse di bakang go nna sekaka ga lefelo mo Aforika. Go jala semela se le sengwe kgapetsakgapetsa mo lefatsheng le le lengwe go ntsha dikotla tse di botlhokwa mo lefatsheng. Fa mmu o setse o fedile boleng, o latlhegelwa ke menontshane ya one ya tlholego le bokgoni jwa go boloka bokgola, mme se se dire gore mmu o thatafale le go phanyega. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2011-12-30 |title=Desertification, its Causes and why it Matters |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119977759.ch1 |journal=Desertification, Land Degradation and Sustainability |pages=3–39 |doi=10.1002/9781119977759.ch1}}</ref> == Ditlamorago == === Ditsuatsue tsa motlhaba le lerole === [[File:SHB-Red-Dust.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa Borogo jwa Boemadikepe jwa Sydney jo bo khurumeditsweng ke lerole]] Go nnile le koketsego ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong (25%) ya lerole mo lefatsheng e le dipalo tsa ngwaga le ngwaga magareng ga bokhutlo jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesomeleboferabongwe go fitlha gompieno. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanelle |first=Tanja |last2=Bey |first2=Isabelle |last3=Raddatz |first3=Thomas |last4=Reick |first4=Christian |last5=Tegen |first5=Ina |date=16 December 2014 |title=Anthropogenically induced changes in twentieth century mineral dust burden and the associated impact on radiative forcing |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |language=en |volume=119 |issue=23 |pages=13,526–13,546 |bibcode=2014JGRD..11913526S |doi=10.1002/2014JD022062 |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0024-A9A2-C |s2cid=128663108 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Koketsego ya go nna sekaka ga mafelo gape go okeditse selekanyo sa motlhaba o o motlhofo le lerole le phefo e ka le tsayang la felela le nna setsuatsue. Ka sekai, ditsuatsue tsa lerole kwa Botlhabagare "di nna kgapetsakgapetsa le go nna maatla mo dingwageng tsa bosheng jaana" ka gore "phokotsego ya pula ya paka e telele [e baka] bokgola jo bo kwa tlase jwa mmu le phokotsego ya khurumetso ya dimela ". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Namdari |first=Soodabeh |last2=Karimi |first2=Neamat |last3=Sorooshian |first3=Armin |last4=Mohammadi |first4=GholamHasan |last5=Sehatkashani |first5=Saviz |date=1 January 2018 |title=Impacts of climate and synoptic fluctuations on dust storm activity over the Middle East |journal=Atmospheric Environment |volume=173 |pages=265–276 |bibcode=2018AtmEn.173..265N |doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.016 |issn=1352-2310 |pmc=6192056 |pmid=30344444}}</ref> Difefo tsa lerole di ka nna le seabe mo malwetseng mangwe a go hema jaaka nyumonia, malwetsi a letlalo, khupelo le a mangwe a mantsi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudie |first=Andrew S. |date=1 February 2014 |title=Desert dust and human health disorders |journal=Environment International |volume=63 |pages=101–113 |bibcode=2014EnInt..63..101G |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.011 |issn=0160-4120 |pmid=24275707}}</ref> Di ka kgotlela metswedi ya metsi e e bulegileng , tsa fokotsa go atlega ga maiteko a lookwane/maatla a a phepa, le go emisa bontsi jwa mefuta ya dipalamo. Ditsuatsue tsa lerole le motlhaba di ka nna le ditlamorago tse di sa siamang mo seemong sa loapi mo go ka dirang gore go nna sekaka ga lefelo go nne maswe le go feta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hu |first=Tiantian |last2=Wu |first2=Di |last3=Li |first3=Yaohui |last4=Wang |first4=Chenghai |date=28 March 2017 |title=The Effects of Sandstorms on the Climate of Northwestern China |journal=Advances in Meteorology |language=en |volume=2017 |issue=1 |bibcode=2017AdMet201735609H |doi=10.1155/2017/4035609 |issn=1687-9309 |doi-access=free |article-number=e4035609}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wu |first=Yao |last2=Wen |first2=Bo |last3=Li |first3=Shanshan |last4=Guo |first4=Yuming |date=1 June 2021 |title=Sand and dust storms in Asia: a call for global cooperation on climate change |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |language=English |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=e329–e330 |bibcode=2021LanPH...5.e329W |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00082-6 |issn=2542-5196 |pmid=33915087 |s2cid=233460168 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dikarolwana tsa lerole mo phefong di phatlalatsa marang a a tsenang go tswa mo letsatsing (Hassan, 2012). Lerole le le ka dira khurumetso ya nakwana ya mogote yo o fa fatshe mme fela mogote wa lefaufau one o tla oketsega. Se se ka senya le go khutshwafatsa botshelo jwa maru se se ka felelang se baka pula e e nnye. <ref name=":52"/> === Go tlhoka go tsepama ga seemo sa go nna teng ga dijo === Go nna le dijo mo lefatsheng lotlhe go tshosediwa ke go fetoga ga naga go nna sekaka. Fa palo ya batho e gola, go tshwanetse ga jalwa dijo tse dintsi . Kgwebo ya temothuo e fudusiwa go tswa mo lefatsheng le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. Sekai, Yuropa ka palogare e reka dijo tsa bone di feta sephatlo mo lekgolong go tswa kwa ntle. Mme jalo, 44% ya lefatshe la temothuo le fitlhelwa mo mafatsheng a a omeletseng mme a tlamela ka 60% ya dijo tsa lefatshe lotlhe ka bophara. Go fetoga ga mafelo go nna sekaka go fokotsa selekanyo sa lefatshe le le nang le tswelelopele la tiriso ya temothuo mme letlhoko la dijalo le tsweletse ka go gola. Mo isagong e e gaufi, letlhoko le tlaa feta thobo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=WAD {{!}} World Atlas of Desertification |url=https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209170553/https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |archive-date=9 December 2019 |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu}}</ref> Dikgotlhang tse di maswe tsa badisa le balemibarui kwa Nigeria, Sudan, Mali le mafatshe a mangwe mo kgaolong ya Sahel di gakaditswe ke [[Phetogo ya Seemo sa Loapi|phetogo ya seemo sa loapi]], go senyega ga lefatshe le kgolo ya palo ya batho . <ref>{{Cite news|date=22 January 2019|title=The battle on the frontline of climate change in Mali|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487|access-date=18 December 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=6 August 2018|title=Farmer-Herder Conflicts on the Rise in Africa|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa|access-date=18 December 2021}}</ref> === Koketsego ya lehuma === [[File:Soil_erosion,_Southfield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_367917.jpg|thumb|Kgothego ya mmu kwa ntle ga Leuchars]] Palo e ka nna 90% ya baagi ba mafatshe a a omeletseng ba nna mo mafatsheng a a santseng a tlhabologa, a mo go one gape ba sokolang ka ntlha ya maemo a a bokoa a itsholelo le lefatshe. <ref name=":9"/> Seemo se se gakadiwa ke go latlhegelwa ke boleng jwa lefatshe ka ntlha ya phokotsego ya bokgoni jwa lone jwa go ungwa, go sa tlhomamang ga maemo a botshelo le bothata jwa go fitlhelela metswedi le ditshono tsa go fetola diemo tse. Mafatshe a a sa tlhabologang ka bontsi a amiwa ke seemo sa go fudisa go feta selekanyo, go lapa ga lefatshe le go ntsha metsi a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe go feta selekanyo ka ntlha ya dikgatelelo tsa go dirisa mafelo a a omeletseng a a kwa thoko go dira temothuo. Batsaa ditshwetso ga ba rate go beeletsa mo dikgaolong tse di omeletseng tse di nang le bokgoni jo bo kwa tlase. Go tlhoka dipeeletso mo go dira gore dikgaolo tse di kgaphelwe kwa thoko. Fa diemo tse di siamang tsa temothuo-seemo sa loapi di kopanngwa le go tlhoka mafaratlhatlha le phitlhelelo ya mebaraka, ga mmogo le mekgwa ya go lema dijo e e sa tlwaelesegang sentle le setšhaba se se sa jesiweng sentle gape se se sa rutegang sentle, bontsi jwa dikgaolo tse di ntseng jaana di kgaphelwa thoko mo tlhabololong. <ref name="csf-desertification.org">{{Cite web |title=Cornet A., 2002. Desertification and its relationship to the environment and development: a problem that affects us all. In: Ministère des Affaires étrangères/adpf, Johannesburg. World Summit on Sustainable Development. 2002. What is at stake? The contribution of scientists to the debate: 91–125.. |url=http://www.csf-desertification.org/index.php/bibliotheque/doc_details/119-cornet-antoine-2002-desertification-and-its-relationship-to-the-environment-and-development |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809142606/http://www.csf-desertification.org/index.php/bibliotheque/doc_details/119-cornet-antoine-2002-desertification-and-its-relationship-to-the-environment-and-development |archive-date=9 August 2009}}</ref> Go fetoga ga lefelo go nna sekaka gantsi go dira gore mafelo a a kwa magaeng a se ka a kgona go tshegetsa palo ya batho e e tshwanang le ya pele e e neng e nna gone mo lefelong. Se se felela se baka khudugo ya bontsi mo tswa mo magaeng go ya kwa ditoropong segolobogolo mo Aforika mo go dirang letlhoko la ditiro le mekhukhu . <ref>{{Cite book |last=Pasternak, Dov |year=2001 |title=Combating desertification with plants |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-i8-DPf6xgC&pg=PA20 |last2=Schlissel, Arnold |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-306-46632-8 |page=20 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://books.google.com/books?id=B-i8-DPf6xgC&pg=PA20 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Briassoulis, Helen |year=2005 |title=Policy integration for complex environmental problems: the example of Mediterranean desertification |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CpYnV45hVRsC&pg=PA161 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=978-0-7546-4243-5 |page=161 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161052/https://books.google.com/books?id=CpYnV45hVRsC&pg=PA161 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Palo ya batshabi ba ba diemo tsa tikologo e a gola ngwaga le ngwaga, mme diponelopele tsa Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara di bontsha koketsego e e ka nnang teng go tswa mo didikadikeng di le lesome le bone ka 2010 go ya go didikadike di ka nna makgolo a mabedi ka 2050. Se se dira mathata kwa pele mo kgaolong e, ka gore ditšhaba tse di mabapi ga di na bokgoni jwa go tshegetsa palo ya batho ba le bantsi ya batshabi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Myers |first=Norman |date=29 April 2002 |title=Environmental refugees: a growing phenomenon of the 21st century |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |volume=357 |issue=1420 |pages=609–613 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0953 |pmc=1692964 |pmid=12028796}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Epule |first=Terence Epule |last2=Peng |first2=Changhui |last3=Lepage |first3=Laurent |date=5 February 2014 |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward |journal=GeoJournal |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=79–92 |bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z |s2cid=154503204}}</ref> Kwa Mongolia, 90% ya lefatshe ke le le omileng le le bokoa, se se dirang gore badisa ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa toropong go ya go bereka. Ka ditsompelo tse di lekanyeditsweng thata, badisa ba ba nnang mo lefatsheng le le omeletseng ba fudisa ka kelotlhoko thata gore ba kgone go somarela lefatshe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2018 |title=Mongolia's nomadic way of life under threat |url=https://gulfnews.com/lifestyle/mongolias-nomadic-way-of-life-under-threat-1.2259998 |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref> Temothuo ke nngwe ya metswedi e megolo ya lotseno mo merafeng ya banni ba sekaka mo Aforika. Koketsego ya go nna sekaka ga mafelo mo dikgaolong tse go sentse lefatshe mo e leng gore batho ga ba tlhole ba kgona go lema le go rua ka tsela e e nang le thobo le go dira dipoelo. Se se amile itsholelo ka tsela e e sa siamang le go oketsa seelo sa lehuma. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stringer |first=Lindsay C. |last2=Dyer |first2=Jen C. |last3=Reed |first3=Mark S. |last4=Dougill |first4=Andrew J. |last5=Twyman |first5=Chasca |last6=Mkwambisi |first6=David |year=2009 |title=Adaptations to climate change, drought and desertification: local insights to enhance policy in southern Africa |journal=Environmental Science & Policy |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=748–765 |bibcode=2009ESPol..12..748S |doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2009.04.002}}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, go na le go oketsega ga bobueledi jwa lefatshe ka bophara, sekai ba UN SDG 15 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Goal 15 targets |url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904001634/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-date=4 September 2017 |access-date=24 September 2020 |website=UNDP |language=en}}</ref> go lwantsha go fetoga ga mafelo go nna sekaka le go buseletsa mafatshe a a setseng a amegile. == Mafelo a amegileng == Mafelo a a omeletseng a tsaya mo e ka nnang 40–41% ya kgaolo ya lefatshe lotlhe mme ke magae a batho ba ka feta dibilione di le pedi. <ref name=":4">{{Cite book |date=2006 |title=Governing global desertification: linking environmental degradation, poverty and participation |publisher=Ashgate [u.a.] |isbn=978-0-7546-4359-3 |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Pierre-Marc |series=Global environmental governance series |location=Aldershot |editor-last2=Johnson |editor-first2=Pierre Marc}}</ref> Go nnile le palo kakanyetso ya gore mo e ka nnang 10–20% ya mafelo a a omeletseng a setse a latlhegetswe ke boleng, lefelo lotlhe le le amilweng ke go fetoga sekaka ga mafelo le fa gare ga disekwerekhilomithara di le didikadike di le thataro le lesome le bobedi, gore mo e ka nnang 1–6% ya banni ba mafelo a a omeletseng ba nna mo mafelong a a sekaka, le gore batho ba le bilione ba mo kotsing ya go nna fa go fetogelang go nna sekaka go ya pele. <ref name="holtz">{{Cite web |date=10 October 2017 |title=UNCCD: Impact and role of drylands |url=https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107121026/https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-date=7 November 2019 |access-date=7 November 2019 |website=UNCCD}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=World Bank |year=2009 |title=Gender in agriculture sourcebook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&pg=PA454 |publisher=World Bank Publications |isbn=978-0-8213-7587-7 |page=454 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160546/https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&pg=PA454 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Sahel === Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya loapi le ditiro tsa batho mo go fetogeng sekaka ga lefelo di bonala mo kgaolong ya Sahel ya Aforika. Kgaolo e e tlhaolwa ka seemo sa loapi se se omeletseng go le mogote thata, dipalo tsa mogote tse di kwa godimo le pula e e kwa tlase (100–600&nbsp;mm ka ngwaga). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicholson |first=Sharon E. |date=17 February 2013 |title=The West African Sahel: A Review of Recent Studies on the Rainfall Regime and Its Interannual Variability |journal=International Scholarly Research Notices |language=en |volume=2013 |doi=10.1155/2013/453521 |doi-access=free |article-number=e453521}}</ref> Ka jalo, komelelo e a laola mo kgaolong ya Sahel. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Riebeek |first=Holli |date=3 January 2007 |title=Defining Desertification: Feature Articles |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201211259/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |archive-date=1 December 2016 |access-date=30 November 2016 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}</ref> Sahel e latlhegetswe ke lefatshe le ka nna botona jwa ba 650 000&nbsp;km ² ya lefatshe la yone la temothuo le le nang le dipoelo mo dingwageng di le 50 tse di fetileng; go anama ga go nna sekaka mo lefelong le go bonala thata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicholson |first=S. E. |last2=Tucker |first2=C. J. |last3=Ba |first3=M. B. |date=1 May 1998 |title=Desertification, Drought, and Surface Vegetation: An Example from the West African Sahel |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=815–830 |bibcode=1998BAMS...79..815N |doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<0815:DDASVA>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Resource Stresses and Desertification in Africa |url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401055308/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=24 November 2020 |website=United States Department of Agriculture}}</ref> [[File:Village_Telly_in_Mali.jpg|thumb|Kgaolo ya Sahel ya Mali]] Seemo sa loapi sa Sahara se nnile le diphetogo tse dikgolo mo dingwageng di le dikete di le makgolo tse di fetileng, <ref name="Lakes">{{Cite journal |last=Kevin White |last2=David J. Mattingly |year=2006 |title=Ancient Lakes of the Sahara |journal=American Scientist |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=58–65 |doi=10.1511/2006.57.983}}</ref> se fetogafetoga fa gare ga go metsi (naga ya bojang) le go omelela (sekaka) dingwaga dingwe le dingwe di le dikete di le masome a mabedi, <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Jennifer Chu|date=2 January 2019|title=A "pacemaker" for North African climate|url=http://news.mit.edu/2019/study-regulating-north-african-climate-0102|access-date=20 January 2020|publisher=MIT News}}</ref> (tiragalo e go dumelwa gore e bakilwe ke diphetogo tsa nako e telele mo Seemong sa loapi sa Aforika Bokone, se se fetolang tsela ya Monsooni wa Aforika Bokone , mo e ka nnang ga dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mane, mo go one go sekama ga axis ya lefatshe go fetogang fa gare ga 22° le 24,5°). <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite book |last=Houérou |first=Henry N. |date=10 December 2008 |title=Bioclimatology and Biogeography of Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Rvs7NkfeLEC&q=Sahara+rainfall+virtually+zero&pg=PA16 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-540-85192-9 |language=en |access-date=11 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160547/https://books.google.com/books?id=_Rvs7NkfeLEC&q=Sahara+rainfall+virtually+zero&pg=PA16 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Dipalopalo dingwe di supile gore, fa e sale ka 1900, Sahara e atologile ka dikholomithara di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano go ya kwa borwa mo godimo ga karolo ya lefatshe mme go tswa kwa bophirima go ya kwa botlhaba ka dikete di le thataro tsa dikholomithara ka boleele. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Christian Bouquet |date=December 2017 |title=Le Sahara entre ses deux rives. Éléments de délimitation par la géohistoire d'un espace de contraintes |url=http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001607/http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=25 January 2018 |website=Géoconfluences |quote=Mais il aurait progressé de 250 km vers le sud depuis 1900 (Mainguet, 2003), et dépasserait donc 9 millions de km² soit 30 % de la superficie totale du continent africain.}}</ref> Letsha la Chad, le le mo kgaolong ya Sahel, le ile la kgala ka ntlha ya go gogwa ga metsi mo go lone go nosetsa le go fokotsega ga selekanyo sa pula. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Okpara |first=Uche T. |last2=Stringer |first2=Lindsay C. |last3=Dougill |first3=Andrew J. |date=November 2016 |title=Lake drying and livelihood dynamics in Lake Chad: Unravelling the mechanisms, contexts and responses |journal=Ambio |volume=45 |issue=7 |pages=781–795 |bibcode=2016Ambio..45..781O |doi=10.1007/s13280-016-0805-6 |pmc=5055484 |pmid=27371137}}</ref> Letsha le le ngotlegile ka go feta 90% fa e sale ka 1987, mme se sa fudusa didikadike tsa banni. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jiang |first=Ingrid |date=12 August 2022 |title=A Remarkable Size Shrinking in Lake Chad |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/e63a90f8552d4e5f98f4c56a56c06f9d |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=ArcGIS StoryMaps |language=en-ca |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002062620/https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/e63a90f8552d4e5f98f4c56a56c06f9d |url-status=dead }}</ref> Maiteko a mo bosheng a kgonne go dira kgatelopele nngwe mo go tsosoloseng go le buseletsa mme go sa ntse go tsewa fa le le mo kotsing ya go nyelela gotlhelele. <ref name="Remote sensing appraisal of Lake Ch">{{Cite journal |last=Onamuti |first=Olapeju Y. |last2=Okogbue |first2=Emmanuel C. |last3=Orimoloye |first3=Israel R. |date=8 November 2017 |title=Remote sensing appraisal of Lake Chad shrinkage connotes severe impacts on green economics and socio-economics of the catchment area |journal=Royal Society Open Science |volume=4 |issue=11 |bibcode=2017RSOS....471120O |doi=10.1098/rsos.171120 |pmc=5717671 |pmid=29291097 |doi-access=free |article-number=171120}}</ref> Go fokotsa go nna sekakaga mafelo, letsholo la Great Green Wall (Aforika) le ne la simololwa ka 2007 mme le ne le akaretsa go jala dimela mo karolong e e ka nnang dikholomithara di le dikete di le bosupa le makgolo a le bosupa le masome a masupa le botlhano (7 775 .&nbsp;km), dikholomithara di le lesome le botlhano ka bophara, go akaretswa mo lenaneong le mafatshe a le masome a mabedi le bobedi go fitlha ka 2030. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Green Wall Initiative |url=https://www.unccd.int/our-work/ggwi |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=UNCCD |language=en}}</ref> Maikaelelo a letsholo le ke tona le la go jala dimela ke go tokafatsa go boloka metsi mo mmung morago ga pula ya paka, ka jalo go rotloetsa tsosoloso ya lefatshe le temothuo ya mo bokamosong. [[Senegal]] e setse e tsentse letsogo mo lenaneong le ka go jala ditlhare tsa diheketara di le dikete di le masome a matlhano. Go bolelwa fa se se tokafaditse boleng jwa lefatshe le go baka koketsego ya tshono ya go gola ga itsholelo mo kgaolong e. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Great Green Wall &#124; National Geographic Society |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/great-green-wall/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222164123/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/great-green-wall/ |archive-date=22 December 2022 |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> == Aforika == [[File:View_over_Bani_-_Sahel_Region_-_Burkina_Faso.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa Bani - Kgaolo ya Sahel - Burkina Faso]] === Kgaolo ya Sahel === Sahel, e leng kgaolo ya dikholomithara di dikete di le tlhano le makgolo a le mane e tsanaisana le phetogo ya seemo sa loapi sa Sekaka sa Sahara le dikgwa tse di bokgola tsa Sudan, e emela ngwe ya dikgaolo tsa lefatshe tse di ka tlhaselwang ke go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo ka bofefo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Case Study: Drought and Desertification in the Sahel |url=https://simplestudy.com/ie/leaving-cert/geography/revision-notes/option-atmosphere-ocean/climate-characteristics-and-economic-development/case-study-drought-and-desertification-in-the-sahel |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=SimpleStudy}}</ref> Go ya ka dipelo go tswa kwa Lenaneong la Tikologo la Ditšhabakopano (UNEP), go senyega ga tikologo le go nna sekaka go ama mo e ka nnang 45% ya karolo yotlhe ya lefatshe mo teng ga Sahel, e leng mo e ka nnang disekwerekhilomithara di le didikadike di le 2.43 tsa lefatshe le le senyegileng. Dilo tse di bakang go nna sekaka kwa Sahel ke ditiro tsa batho le seemo sa loapi. Le fa dipalo tsa mogote mo kgaolong e di ile tsa oketsega ka 0,5°C go ya go 1,5°C mo lekgolong le le fetileng la dingwaga—tse di bakileng dipaka tse di sa tlhomamang thata tsa dipula tsa monsoon—go oketsega ga palo ya batho go ile ga oketsa kgatelelo ya tikologo le gone. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Re-Greening of the Sahel |url=https://adaptation.climate.columbia.edu/content/re-greening-sahel |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=Columbia Climate School}}</ref> Ka palo ya batho ba kgaolo e e akanyediwang go atologa thata ka 2050, letlhoko la lefatshe le le ka lengwang le la go rua le dirile gore go feta 70% ya mafulo a Sahel a fulwe thata le 80% ya mafatshe a temothuo a itemogele go fokotsega mo go tseneletseng ga dikotla. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 3, 2026 |title=Desertification - Sahel case study |url=https://www.green.earth/blog/desertification-sahel-case-study |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=Green Earth}}</ref> Tatlhegelo e ya khurumetso ya dimela e dira gore mmu o o senang sepe o amiwe ke diphefo tse di omileng tsa Harmattan, mme se se itlhaganedisa go atologa go ya kwa borwa, maemo a go fetoga sekaka se se omileng thata. Dikgato tsa go lwantsha se, segolobogolo letsholo la Great Green Wall, di ikaelela go busetsa diheketara di le didikadike di le lekgolo tsa lefatshe le le senyegileng le ka 2030. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 15, 2022 |title=Desertification in Africa: Causes, Effects and Solutions |url=https://earth.org/desertification-in-africa/ |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=Earth.org}}</ref> == Dithutopatlisiso == === Sahel === Mo kgaolong ya Sahel—e e simololang kwa Senegal go ya kwa Chad—go nna sekaka ga legelo go bakwa thata ke kgatelelo e e tseneletseng ya batho e kopantswe le go fetofetoga ga seelo sa pula. Dithutopatlisiso tsa tikologo tsa mo bosheng di supa gore go latlhegelwa ke boleng ga lefatshe mo kgaolong e ke ga popego e bile go a oketsega. <ref>{{Citation|last=Osborne|first=Chetwynd|title=Achieving Land Degradation Neutrality through Active Restoration|date=2021-08-12|work=World Environment Day 2021: Essay Series on United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021-2030|pages=13–15|url=https://doi.org/10.52377/mxya1412|access-date=2026-06-19|publisher=Journal of Academic Research and Essays}}</ref> * '''Selekanyo sa go latlhegelwa ke boleng:''' Go ya ka tshedimosetso go tswa kwa Lenaneong la Tikologo la Ditšhabakopano (UNEP), go feta 45% ya kgaolo ya lefatshe kwa Sahel e amiwa thata ke go fetoga lefelo go nna sekaka, mme mo e ka nnang 80% ya masimo a temothuo a kgaolo e a setswe a laotswe gore a latlhegetswe ke boleng. * '''Go Sutela kwa Borwa (Mafelo a Nigeria a a kwa Pele):''' Kwa "mafelong a a kwa pele" a bokonebotlhaba jwa Nigeria (a a tshwanang le lefelo la Yobe), Sekaka sa Sahara se tsenelela kwa borwa. Tshedimosetso ya go tlhotlhomisa go tswa kgakala e bontsha gore go anama ga dithota tsa motlhaba go oketsegile go menagane go nna gabedi mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di sa tswang go feta, go ya kwa tlase ka seelo sa palo kakanyetso ya dikholomithara di le 0.6 ka ngwaga le go feta diheketara di ka nna dikete di le makgolo a mararo le masome a matlhano le bongwe tsa lefatshe la dijalo ka ngwaga. * '''Ditiro tsa batho tse di bakamg go fetiga sekaka ga lefelo tsa konokono:''' Le fa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e na le seabe, dithutopatlisiso mo mafelong ao di supa gore kgolo ya palo ya batho, lehuma la itsholelo le mekgwa mengwe ya temothuo e e tseneletseng ke tsone tse di dirang gore lefelo e nne sekaka ka bofefo. Go fudisa go feta selekanyo fela ka bo gone go dira mo e ka nnang 58% ya tshenyego ya lefatshe go ralala dikgaolo tse di omeletseng go le se kae, ka dipalopalo tsa leruo di apola khurumetso ya dimela tse di sireletsang mmu ka bonako go feta ka fa dimela tse di boang gape di gola ka bo tsone. === Lenaka la Aforika === Kwa Botlhaba jwa Lenaka la Afrika (bogolo jang Somalia, Ethiopia le Kenya), go nna sekaka ga mafelo go ile ga fefoswa thata ke diemo tsa seemo sa loapi tse di iseng di ko di nne teng e bile di latelana, e se ka ntlheng ya ditiro tsa batho fela. <ref>{{Citation|last=Osborne|first=Chetwynd|title=Achieving Land Degradation Neutrality through Active Restoration|date=2021-08-12|work=World Environment Day 2021: Essay Series on United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021-2030|pages=13–15|url=https://doi.org/10.52377/mxya1412|access-date=2026-06-19|publisher=Journal of Academic Research and Essays}}</ref> * '''Kgakgamatso ya seemo sa bosa ya dingwaga di le masome a masupa:''' Magareng ga 2020 le 2023, kgaolo e e ne ya nna le leuba le le sa tlwaelesegang mo ditsong la dingwaga di le dintsi le le neng le bakwa ke tiragalo ya La Niña e e neng ya tswelela dingwaga di le tharo. Se se ne sa felela ka gore go nne le dipaka tsa pula di le tlhano tse di latelanang tse di sa atlegang—e leng paka e e maswe go gaisa tsotlhe ya komelelo e e tsereng nako e telele mo kgaolo e e kileng ya gatisiwa mo dingwageng di le masome a masupa tse di fetileng. * '''Bokete jwa go sa sireletsega ga lefatshe:''' Go tlhaela ga bokgola jwa mmu mo go feteletseng go dirile gore dimela di swe ka bonako. Kwa Somalia, mo e ka nnang 49% ya lefatshe lotlhe mo bogompienong e itemogela go senyega ga tikologo mo go fa gare, fa 30% e arogantswe jaaka e e senyegileng thata mme e fetogela ka bonako go nna sekaka sa sennela ruri. * '''Tsa itsholelo ya batho:''' Mekgatlho e e elang tlhoko diemo tsa tikologo di bolela gore ka nako ya leuba/komeleo e e kwa godimo yeo, go feta 95% ya matsha a mannye a metsi a a kwa godimo ga lefatshe a ne a kgala mo dikgaolong tse di omeletseng. Se se ne sa pateletsa merafe ya badisa go tsamaya sekgala se se fa gare ga dikholomithara di le 8.6 le 17.6 go batla metswedi ya metsi e e ka dirisiwang, e e emelang koketsego ya 38% go feta palogare mo ditsong. * '''Tse di fefosang gore go nne le komelelo:''' Go ya ka ditso, dikomelelo tse di tona mo Lenakeng la Aforika di ne di diragala mo go ka nnang gangwe mo dingwageng dingwe le dingwe di le thataro. Fa e sa le ka 2005, dipalo tse di oketsegile go menagane go nna gabedi; dikomelelo tse di feteletseng jaanong di a ipoeletsa gangwe mo dingwageng dingwe le dingwe di le tharo, mme se ga se fe mmu yo o fa godimo nako e e lekaneng go buseletsa menontshane ya one ya tlholego kgotsa go boloka dikotla. === Tshwantshanyo ya Dikgaolo === Lenaneo le le latelang le farologanya tse di bakang go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo le ditlamorago tsa go latlhegelwa ke boleng ga lefatshe go ralala dikgaolo ka bobedi : <ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Release: World AIDS Day - 2014 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-5133-2014042 |access-date=2026-06-19 |website=Human Rights Documents online}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Tshwantshanyo ya Diphetogo tsa go Nna Sekaka ga lefelo !Kgaolo !Lebaka la konokono !Dipalo !Ditlamorago tsa Konokono |- |'''Sahel''' |Ditiro tsa batho (Go fudisa go feta selekanyo, temothuo e e tseneletseng, kgatelelo ya palo ya batho) |masome a le boferabobedi mo lekgolong (80%) ya masimo a a senyegile kana a latlhegetswe ke boleng |Go tsenelela ga dithota tsa motlhaba go ya kwa borwa ka 0.6 km ngwaga le ngwaga |- |'''Lenaka la Aforika''' |Diemo tsa bosa tse di maswe thata (Komelelo e e ipoeletsang ya dingwaga di le dintsi, La Niña) |tshenyo ya masome a le mararo mo lekgolong (30%) e e masisi ya lefatshe (Somalia) |Go kgala ga 95% ya metswedi ya metsi e e godimo ga lefatshe; go swa ka bonako ga dimela. |} === Lenaka la Aforika === Mo Lenakeng la Aforika, go nna sekaka ga lefelo go bonala itshupa ka go phutlhama ga thulaganyo ya go tshela ga diphologolo tsa tikologo mo go bakwang ke diemo tse di latelanang, tse di di masisi tsa komelelo. Go nna mo kotsing ga mafulo a kgaolo a a omileng go sekae go ne ga supiwa ke go palelwa mo go tseneletseng ga dipaka tsa dipula tse di latelanang fa gare ga 2023 le 2025, mo go neng ga senya khurumetso ya dimela le go itlhaganedisa go omelela ga mmu o o fa godimo go ralala Somalia, botlhaba jwa Kenya, le borwa jwa Ethiopia. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 16, 2025 |title=Alert: An Extremely Poor October to December 2025 Rainfall Season in the Horn of Africa |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/alert-extremely-poor-october-december-2025-rainfall-season-horn-africa-urgent-action-needed-now-address-severe-food-security-risks-16-december-2025 |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=Food Security and Nutrition Working Group via ReliefWeb}}</ref> Morago ga go palelwa gotlhelele ga dipula tsa bofelo jwa 2025, Somalia e ne ya itsise gore go na le seemo sa tshoganetso sa setšhaba sa komelelo, ka go senyega ga lefatshe le go latlhegelwa ke metswedi ya metsi a leruo go ne ga fudusa badisa ba ba fetang dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le botlhano kwa bofelong jwa 2025 le tshimologo ya 2026. Go fetoha ga mafelo a bojang a a ungwang go nna mafelo a a tshwanang le sekaka kwa Afrika Botlhaba go gakadiwa ke go rengwa ga dikgwa mo lefelong le go dira magala le go kgaoganngwa ga ditsela tsa setso tsa go fuduga ga batho, mo go bakang gore go nne le leruo le le ntsi mo mafulong a a bokoa. Go tsibogela seemo sa tatlhegelo ya mmu se se anameng, dipuso tsa dikgaolo di fetogetse kwa go direng ditekanyetso-kakanyetso tsa triro ya madi tse di ka kgonang go emelana le seemo sa bosa; ka sekai, maiteko a lefatshe mo diemong tsa tikologo kwa Kenya a remeletse thata mo tsosolosong ya ditikologo tsa mafulo tse di dirisitsweng go feta selekanyo go fokotsa go senyega ga mmu mo go tswelelang, gape le go thibela letlhoko le le tona la dijo mo itsholelong. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 11, 2026 |title=Desertification and Drought Day 2026: Insights from evidence of climate-resilient development across Africa and Asia |url=https://clareprogramme.org/update/desertification-and-drought-day-2026-insights-from-evidence-of-climate-resilient-development-across-africa-and-asia/ |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=CLARE Programme}}</ref> === Sekaka sa Gobi le Mongolia === Lefelo le lengwe le le tona le le amiwang ke go fetoga ga sekaka ga lefelo ke Sekaka sa Gobi se se kwa Bokone jwa China le kwa Borwa jwa Mongolia. Sekaka sa Gobi ke sekaka se se atologang ka bonako go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng, ka gore se fetola go feta disekwerekhilomithara di le dikete di le tharo tsa naga ya bojang go nna naga e e latlhegetsweng ke boleng ngwaga le ngwaga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rechtschaffen |first=Daniel |title=How China's Growing Deserts Are Choking The Country |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrechtschaffen/2017/09/18/how-chinas-growing-deserts-are-choking-the-country/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216110308/https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrechtschaffen/2017/09/18/how-chinas-growing-deserts-are-choking-the-country/ |archive-date=16 February 2022 |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> Le fa Sekaka sa Gobi ka bosone se sa ntse se le kgakala le [[Beijing]], dipego go tswa mo dithutong tsa lefelo di bolela gore go na le dithota tse ditona tsa motlhaba tse di ipopang sekgala sa dikholomithara di le masome a le bosupa fela kwa ntle ga toropo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2020 |title=Gobi Desert: A Complete Guide to East Asia's Largest Desert |url=https://www.youngpioneertours.com/gobi-desert-guide/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160548/https://www.youngpioneertours.com/gobi-desert-guide/ |archive-date=30 July 2023 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=Young Pioneer Tours |language=en}}</ref> Kwa Mongolia, mo e ka nnang 90% ya naga ya bojang e tsewa e le e e ka nnang sekaka ke UN . Palokakanyetso ya 13% ya go nna sekaka ga lefelo kwa Mongolia e bakwa ke mabaka a tlholego; a mangwe ke ka ntlha ya tlhotlheletso ya ditiro tsa batho segolobogolo go fudisa go feta selekanyo le kgothego ya mmu e e oketsegileng mo mafelong a a lemilweng. <ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Desertification and How Does It Impact Mongolia? |url=https://breathemongolia.org/en/news-article/desertification-impact-mongolia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401180828/https://breathemongolia.org/en/news-article/desertification-impact-mongolia |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=Breathe Mongolia – English |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Han |first=Jie |last2=Dai |first2=Han |last3=Gu |first3=Zhaolin |date=1 December 2021 |title=Sandstorms and desertification in Mongolia, an example of future climate events: a review |journal=Environmental Chemistry Letters |language=en |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=4063–4073 |bibcode=2021EnvCL..19.4063H |doi=10.1007/s10311-021-01285-w |issn=1610-3661 |pmc=8302971 |pmid=34335128}}</ref> Mo pakeng ya 1940 go ya go 2015, palogare ya mogote wa phefo e ne ya oketsega ka 2.24&nbsp;°C. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Han |first=Jie |last2=Dai |first2=Han |last3=Gu |first3=Zhaolin |date=1 December 2021 |title=Sandstorms and desertification in Mongolia, an example of future climate events: a review |journal=Environmental Chemistry Letters |language=en |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=4063–4073 |bibcode=2021EnvCL..19.4063H |doi=10.1007/s10311-021-01285-w |issn=1610-3661 |pmc=8302971 |pmid=34335128}}</ref> Paka e e bothitho thata ya dingwaga di le lesome e ne e le mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di sa tswang go feta mo bosheng go fitlha ka 2021. Pula e fokotsegile ka 7% mo pakeng e e mo go bakileng koketsego ya diemo tsa komelelo go ralala Mongolia. Sekaka sa Gobi se tswelela ka go atologa go ya kwa bokone, ka lefatshe le le fetang 70% la Mongolia le le senyegileng ka ntlha ya go fulwa go feta selekanyo, go rengwa ga dikgwa le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa. Mo godimo ga moo, puso ya Mongolia e kwadile melelo ya dikgwa, go swa ga dimela, ditiro tsa dikgwa tse di sa tsweleleng pele le tsa meepo jaaka dilo tse di bakang go fetoga ga naga sekaka mo nageng e . Phetogo go tswa mo temothuong ya dinku go ya kwa go ya dipodi gore go kgonwe go fitlhelela ditlhokego tsa go rekisa kwa ntle boboa jwa cashmere go bakile go senyega ga lefatshe la mafulo. Fa di bapisiwa le dinku, dipodi di dira tshenyo e ntsi mo mafulong ka go ja medi le dithunya. <ref>{{Citation|last1=Dorj|first1=O.|date=2013|pages=217–229|editor-last=Heshmati|editor-first=G. Ali|place=Dordrecht|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-94-007-6652-5_11|isbn=978-94-007-6651-8|last2=Enkhbold|first2=M.|last3=Lkhamyanjin|first3=S.|last4=Mijiddorj|first4=Kh.|last5=Nosmoo|first5=A.|last6=Puntsagnamil|first6=M.|last7=Sainjargal|first7=U.|title=Combating Desertification in Asia, Africa and the Middle East|chapter=Mongolia: Country Features, the Main Causes of Desertification and Remediation Efforts|editor2-last=Squires|editor2-first=Victor R.}}</ref> Go fokotsa ditlamorago tsa letlhoko la madi ka ntlheng ya go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo kwa Inner Mongolia, Bai Jingying o ruta basadi go loga dilo tsa setso, tse morago ga moo ba di rekisang gore ba nne le lotseno lo lo oketsegileng. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Community threads together |url=https://www.chinadailyhk.com/hk/article/252552#Community-threads-together-2021-12-20 |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=chinadailyhk |language=en}}</ref> [[File:10-4-26_沙尘暴_-_panoramio_-_阿留申.jpg|thumb|Ditsuatsue tsa lerole kwa China tse di amanngwang le go fetoga ga lefelo go nna sekaka mo dikgaolong tsa yone tse di kwa bokone le kwa bokonebophirima]] === Amerika Borwa === Amerika Borwa ke lefelo le lengwe le le mo kotsing ya go fetoga sekaka, ka 25% ya lefatshe e tlhaolwa jaaka mafelo a a omeletseng <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2016 |title=Soil Degradation Threatens Nutrition in Latin America - World |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/soil-degradation-threatens-nutrition-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403121753/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/soil-degradation-threatens-nutrition-latin-america |archive-date=3 April 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}</ref> mme go feta 68% ya lefatshe le nnile le kgothego ya mmu ka ntlha ya go rengwa ga dikgwa le go fudisa go feta selekanyo. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2018 |title=Why We Should Invest in Land Management in Latin America |url=https://www.nrdc.org/bio/carolina-herrera/why-we-should-invest-land-management-latin-america |access-date=25 September 2023 |website=www.nrdc.org |language=en}}</ref> 27 go ya go 43% ya mafelo a lefatshe kwa Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador le Peru a mo kotsing ka ntlha ya go fetoga sekaka. Kwa Argentina, Mexico le Paraguay, lefelo le le fetang sephatlo sa lefatshe le sentswe ke go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo mme ga se le le ka dirisetswang temothuo. Kwa Amerika Bogare, komelelo e bakile go oketsega ga letlhoko la ditiro le go fokotsega ga pabalesego ya go nna teng ga dijo - gape e baka le go fuduga ga batho. Go ile ga bonwa ditlamorago tse di tshwanang le tse kwa magaeng a Mexico kwa botona jwa disekwerekhilomithara di le sekete tsa lefatshe di latlhegileng ngwaga le ngwaga ka ntlha ya go nna sekaka. <ref name=":0" /> Kwa Argentina, go fetoga ga sekaka ga lefelo go na le bokgoni jwa go kgoreletsa ditlamelo tsa dijo tsa lefatshe . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Torres |first=Laura |last2=Abraham |first2=Elena M. |last3=Rubio |first3=Clara |last4=Barbero-Sierra |first4=Celia |last5=Ruiz-Pérez |first5=Manuel |date=7 July 2015 |title=Desertification Research in Argentina |journal=Land Degradation & Development |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=433–440 |bibcode=2015LDeDe..26..433T |doi=10.1002/ldr.2392 |hdl=11336/48401 |s2cid=129476957 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Go busetsa morago seemo sa go fetoga ga lefelo go nna sekaka == [[File:Harsh_Vardhan_addressing_at_the_inauguration_of_the_United_Nations_Convention_to_Combat_Desertification_(UNCCD)_Asia-Pacific_four-day_Regional_Workshop,_in_New_Delhi_(1).JPG|thumb|Bokopano ka 2018 kwa New Delhi jo bo neng bo amana le Tumalano ya Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng ya go Lwantsha go Nna Sekaka]] [[File:North_Sahara._Anti-sand_shields.jpg|thumb|Ditshireleretso kgatlhanong le motlhaba kwa bokone jwa Sahara, [[Tunisia|kwa Tunisia]]]] [[File:GreeningdesertTharIndia.jpg|thumb|Ditshimo tsa jojoba, jaaka di supiwa, di nnile le seabe mo go lwantsheng ditlamorago tsa go nna sekaka ga lefelo mo Sekaka sa Thar, India . ]] [[File:Tamarisk_planted_along_roads_in_Xinjiang_near_Cherchen_to_slow_desertification.jpg|thumb|Saxaul e jetswe go bapa le ditsela kwa Xinjiang gaufi le Cherchen go fokotsa go nna sekaka ga lefelo ]] Mekgwa le dikgato tsa go lwantsha fokotsa kgotsa go busetsa morago go fetoga go nna sekaka ga lefelo e teng. Mo dikgatong dingwe tse, go na le dikgoreletsi di le dintsi tse di itsang go diragatswa ga tsone. Mme le fa go ntse jalo, mo go tse dingwe tharabololo e tlhoka fela gore batho ba dirise ditlhaloganyo tsa bone. Mogopolo mongwe wa go thusa seemo ke gore ditshenyegelo tsa go amogela mekgwa ya temothuo e e tswelelang ka dinako dingwe di feta dipoelo tsa balemibarui ka bongwe jwa bone, le fa di le mosola mo morafeng le mo tikologong. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Drost |first=Daniel |last2=Long |first2=Gilbert |last3=Wilson |first3=David |last4=Miller |first4=Bruce |last5=Campbell |first5=William |date=1 December 1996 |title=Barriers to Adopting Sustainable Agricultural Practices |url=https://www.joe.org/joe/1996december/a1.php |journal=Journal of Extension |volume=34 |issue=6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222053123/https://www.joe.org/joe/1996december/a1.php |archive-date=22 February 2017 |access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref> Kgang e nngwe ke go tlhoka keletso ya sepolotiki, le go tlhoka madi a go tshegetsa mananeo a go tsosolosa lefatshe le go lwantsha go fetoga ga lefatshe go nna sekaka. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Briassoulis, Helen |year=2005 |title=Policy integration for complex environmental problems: the example of Mediterranean desertification |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CpYnV45hVRsC&pg=PA237 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=978-0-7546-4243-5 |page=237}}</ref> Go nna sekaka ga lefelo go lemogwa jaaka matshosetsi a matona mo mefuteng ya ditshedi . Mafatshe a mangwe a tlhamile maano a tiro a mefutafuta ya ditshedi go lwantsha ditlamorago tsa seemo se, segolobogolo mabapi le tshireletso ya dimela le diphologolo tse di mo kotsing ya go nyelela . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Desert reclamation projects |url=http://www.gsafweb.org/TrusteeNews/desertdevelopmen.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103172821/http://www.gsafweb.org/TrusteeNews/desertdevelopmen.html |archive-date=3 January 2009}}</ref> === Go tokafatsa boleng jwa mmu === Mekgwa ya go dira se e remetse mo dintlheng tse pedi: tlamelo ya metsi, le go baakanya le go nontsha mmu thata. Go baakanya mmu gantsi go dirwa ka tiriso ya dipopoma tsa tshireletso, ditsha tsa dikgong le dithibelaphefo . Dithibelaphefo di dirwa ka ditlhare le matlhare mme di dirisiwa go fokotsa kgothego ya mmu le go latlhegelwa ke metsi ga dimela . Mebu e mengwe (sekai, mmopa ), ka ntlha ya go tlhoka metsi e ka nna e e kopaneng go na le go nna le motlhofo (jaaka mmu wa motlhaba). Mekgwa e mengwe jaaka zaï kgotsa go epa di tlaabo morago go letla go lengwa ga dijalo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Good Earth – National Geographic Magazine |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/soil/mann-text.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425181742/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/soil/mann-text.html |archive-date=25 April 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref> Mokgwa o mongwe ke go epa mesele . Se se diragala ka go epa mesele ya boleele jwa dimithara di le lekgolo le masomea matlhano le mithara o le mongwe wa boteng mo mmung. Mesele e e tlaabo e dirwa go tsamaisana le mela ya bogodimo jwa naga, go thibela metsi go elela mo teng ga mesela go baka kgothego ya mmu. Go bewa mabota a matlapa go dikologa mesele go thibela gore e seka ya tswalega gape. Mokgwa o o tlhamilwe ke Peter Westerveld. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home – Justdiggit |url=http://nagafoundation.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402205707/https://nagafoundation.org/ |archive-date=2 April 2016 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref> Go humisa mmu le go buseletsa menontshane ya one gantsi go fitlhelelwa ke dimela. Mo go tsone, dimela tsa dinawa tse di ntshang naeterojene mo phefong le go e tsenya mo mmung, dimela tse di matute (jaaka Opuntia ), <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nefzaoui |first=Ali |date=30 January 2014 |title=Cactus as a Tool to Mitigate Drought and to Combat Desertification |journal=Journal of Arid Land Studies |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=121–124 |hdl=20.500.11766/7319 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> le dijalo/ditlhare tsa dijo jaaka digrains, barley, dinawa le di-date ke tsone tse di botlhokwa thata. Dithota tsa motlhaba di ka dirisiwa gape go laola go suta ga mmu le kgothego ya motlhaba. Tsela e nngwe ya go busetsa menontshane ya mmu ke ka tiriso ya monontshane o o nang le naeterojene e ntsi. Ka ntlha ya tlhwatlhwa e e kwa godimo ya monontshane o, balemibarui ba le bantsi ba dipolasepotlana ba palelwa ke go o dirisa, segolobogolo mo dikgaolong tse temothuo ya go ja mo lwapeng e tlwaelesegileng. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Krah |first=Kwabena |last2=Michelson |first2=Hope |last3=Perge |first3=Emilie |last4=Jindal |first4=Rohit |date=1 December 2019 |title=Constraints to adopting soil fertility management practices in Malawi: A choice experiment approach |journal=World Development |volume=124 |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104651 |s2cid=202302505 |article-number=104651}}</ref> Mafatshe a le mmalwa, a akaretsa India, Zambia le Malawi a ile a tsibogela se ka go tsenya mo tirisong dithuso tsa madi go thusa go kgothatsa batho gore ba dirise mokgwa o. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Duflo |first=Esther |last2=Kremer |first2=Michael |last3=Robinson |first3=Jonathan |date=October 2011 |title=Nudging Farmers to Use Fertilizer: Theory and Experimental Evidence from Kenya |url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w15131.pdf |url-status=live |journal=American Economic Review |volume=101 |issue=6 |pages=2350–2390 |doi=10.1257/aer.101.6.2350 |hdl=1721.1/63964 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002053100/http://www.nber.org/papers/w15131.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2015 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Mafelo mangwe a dipatlisiso (sekai lefelo la Patlisiso la Bel-Air IRD/ISRA/UCAD) le one a dira ditekeletso tsa go kenta mefuta ya ditlhare ka mycorrhiza mo dikgaolong tse di omeletseng. Di-mycorrhiza tota ke di-fungi tse di itshwarelelang mo meding ya dimela. Ka jalo di dira botsalano jwa tirisanommogo le ditlhare, di oketsa bophara jwa medi ya setlhare thata (mo go letlelelang setlhare go kokoanya dikotla tse dintsi thata go tswa mo mmung). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Département Biologie Végétale – Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie IRD-ISRA-UCAD |url=http://196.1.95.4/fst/biologie-vegetale/labo_commun.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624015819/http://196.1.95.4/fst/biologie-vegetale/labo_commun.htm |archive-date=24 June 2016 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref> Boenjenere jwa ditshedi jwa ditshedi tse dinnye tsa mmu, segolobogolo tse di thusang go dira dijo tsa dimela, le tsone di boletswe le go tshwantshiwa jaaka mokgwa wa go sireletsa mafelo a a omeletseng. Maikaelelo e le go tokafatsa mekgwa ya tirisanommogo e e leng teng magareng ga ditshedi tse dinnye tsa mmu le dimela. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bioengineered soil microbes may help prevent desertification |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-08-bioengineered-soil-microbes-desertification.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827204631/https://phys.org/news/2020-08-bioengineered-soil-microbes-desertification.html |archive-date=27 August 2020 |access-date=26 August 2020 |website=phys.org |language=en}}</ref> === Go dira sekaka gore se nne setala === Ka gore go na le mefuta e mentsi e e farologaneng ya dikaka, go na gape le mefuta e e farologaneng ya mekgwa ya go tsosolosa dikaka . Sekai sa se ke dipane tsa letswai kwa sekakeng sa Rub' al Khali kwa Saudi Arabia . Dipane tse tsa letswai ke dingwe tsa mafelo a a solofetsang thata mo kgaolong ya sekaka go thusa ka temothuo ya metsi a lewatle e bile di ka tsosolosiwa ntle le tiriso ya metsi a a phepa kgotsa maatla a mantsi. Tsosoloso ya tlholego e e laolwang ke balemibarui (FMNR) ke mokgwa o mongwe o o ntshitseng maduo a a atlegileng a go leka go buseletsa lefatshe la sekaka. Fa e sa le ka 1980, mokgwa o wa go lema ditlhare mo lefatsheng le le senyegileng o ntse o dirisiwa ka katlego e e rileng kwa Niger. Mokgwa o o motlhofo yoo gape o sa ture o letleleletse balemibarui gore ba kgone go tsosolosa disekwerekhilomithara di ka nna dikete di le masome a marataro kwa Niger. Thulaganyo e e akaretsa go kgontsha kgolo ya ditlhare ka go kgaola matlhare a dimela mo go kgethegileng. Masalela go tswa mo ditlhareng tse di kgaotsweng a ka dirisiwa go tlamela ka go bewa fa godimo ga lefatshe le le lemilweng mo masimong ka jalo go oketsa go tshwara metsi ga mmu le go fokotsa go latlhegelwa ke metsi ga mmu. Mo godimo ga moo, ditlhare tse di katoganeng sentle le go kgaolwa dikala di ka oketsa thobo ya dijalo. Lenaneo la Tsosoloso e e Thusiwang ke Humbo e e dirisang mekgwa ya FMNR kwa Ethiopia e amogetse madi go tswa kwa Letloleng la BioCarbon la Banka ya Lefatshe, le le tshegetsang mananeo a a tshwarang kgotsa a somarelang khabone mo dikgweng kgotsa mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo tsa temothuo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2011 |title=Sprouting Trees From the Underground Forest — A Simple Way to Fight Desertification and Climate Change – Water Matters – State of the Planet |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/10/18/sprouting-trees-from-the-underground-forest-a-simple-way-to-fight-desertification-and-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623022554/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/10/18/sprouting-trees-from-the-underground-forest-a-simple-way-to-fight-desertification-and-climate-change/ |archive-date=23 June 2012 |access-date=11 August 2012 |publisher=Blogs.ei.columbia.edu}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa Dijo le Temothuo wa Ditšhaba tse di Kopaneng o simolodisitse Letsholo la Tsosoloso ya Mafatshe a a Omeletseng la FAO ka 2012 go kopanya dithuto le kitso ka go tsosolosa mafatshe a a omeletseng. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Drylands Restoration Initiative |url=http://www.fao.org/forestry/aridzone/restoration/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723220152/http://www.fao.org/forestry/aridzone/restoration/en/ |archive-date=23 July 2016 |access-date=14 April 2016 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> Ka 2015, FAO e gatisitse dikaelo tsa lefatshe ka bophara tsa go tsosolosa dikgwa le lefatshe la naga le le senyegileng mo mafelong a a omeletseng, ka tirisanommogo le Lephata la Dikgwa le Merero ya Metsi la Turkey le Mokgatlho wa Tirisanommogo le Kgokaganyo wa Turkey. <ref>{{Cite book |date=June 2015 |title=Global guidelines for the restoration of degraded forests and landscapes in drylands |url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5036e.pdf |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |isbn=978-92-5-108912-5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423203240/http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5036e.pdf |archive-date=23 April 2016 |url-status=live<!-- |access-date=June 2015 -->}}</ref> " Lebota le letala la China " ke sekai sa maemo a a kwa godimo sa mokgwa mongwe o o ntseng o bona katlego mo ntweng e ya go fetoga ga mafelo go nna sekaka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=desertification 3D environment |url=https://b2b.partcommunity.com/community/knowledge/en/detail/9815/Desertification#knowledge_article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228141238/https://b2b.partcommunity.com/community/knowledge/en/detail/9815/Desertification#knowledge_article |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=25 September 2020}}</ref> Lebota le ke mofuta o motona thata wa se balemibarui ba Amerika ba se dirileng ka dingwaga tsa bo1930 go emisa seelo sa lerole la Bophirmagare. Leano le le ne ntshiwa kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo1970, mme le fetogile lenaneo le le tona la boenjenere jwa tikologo le go sa solofelweng gore le ka ema pele ga ngwaga wa 2055. Go ya ka dipego tsa China, go lemilwe di ka nna dibilione di le masome a marataro mo leboteng le legolo le letala la China. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2017 |title=China's 'Great Green Wall' Fights Expanding Desert |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/04/china-great-green-wall-gobi-tengger-desertification/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813110737/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/04/china-great-green-wall-gobi-tengger-desertification/ |archive-date=13 August 2017 |access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref> Lebota le letala la China le fokoditse lefatshe la sekaka kwa China ka palogare ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya disekwerekhilomithara di le sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe le masome a le boferabobedi. <ref>{{Cite news|date=26 May 2018|title=Across China: A guardian of the great green wall against China's second largest desert|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/26/c_137207841.htm}}</ref> Dipalo tsa ditsuatsue tsa motlhaba lefatshe ka bophara di wetse tlase ka masome a mabedi mo lekgolong (20%) ka ntlha ya lebota le letala. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beiser |first=Vince |date=1 September 2017 |title=A tree grows in China: can a "Green Great Wall" stop sand from devouring the countryside? |journal=Mother Jones |volume=83 |issue=4}}</ref> Ka ntlha ya katlego e China e ntseng e e bona mo go emiseng go anama ga go fetoga ga lefelo go nna sekaka, maano mo Aforika go simolola "lebota" go bapa le melelwane ya sekaka sa Sahara mmogo le go tlamelwa ka matlole ke Mokgatlho wa Tikologo sa Lefatshe Lotlhe sa Ditšhabakopano a ntse a dirwa mo nakong ya gompieno. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gadzama |first=Njidda Mamadu |date=2017 |title=Attenuation of the effects of desertification through sustainable development of Great Green Wall in the Sahel of Africa |journal=World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=279–289 |doi=10.1108/WJSTSD-02-2016-0021}}</ref> [[File:Great_green_wall_map.svg|thumb|Lebota le legolo le letala, mafatshe a a tsayang karolo le Sahel . Ka Lwetse 2020, go ne ga begwa gore GGW e ne ya kgona go lema fela 4% ya lefelo le le neng le rulaganyeditswe tiro ye. ]] Ka 2024, palo e e ne e oketsegile go fitlha kwa go 30% wa seelo se se beilweng mme e a oketsega. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Heath |first=Victoria |date=2024-10-22 |title=Will Africa's Great Green Wall ever be finished? |url=https://geographical.co.uk/science-environment/will-africas-great-green-wall-ever-be-finished |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=Geographical |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ka 2007 [[African Union|Kopano ya Aforika]] e ne ya simolola lenaneo la Lebota le Legolo le le Tala la Aforika gore e kgone go lwantsha go fetoga ga sekaka ga mafelo mo mafatsheng a le masome a mabedi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Green Wall{{!}}Action Against Desertification{{!}}Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url=https://www.fao.org/in-action/action-against-desertification/overview/great-green-wall/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127153831/https://www.fao.org/in-action/action-against-desertification/overview/great-green-wall/en/ |archive-date=27 January 2022 |access-date=27 February 2022 |website=www.fao.org}}</ref> Lebota le le dikholomithara di le dikete di le boferabobedi ka bophara, le anama go ralala bophara jotlhe jwa kontinente mme go na le didolara di le dibilione di le boferabobedi go tshegetsa lenaneo le. Lenaneo le le tsosolositse diheketara di le didikadike di le masome a mararo le borataro tsa lefatshe, mme ka 2030 letsholo le le rulaganyetsa go busetsa palogotlhe ya diheketara di le didikadike di le lekgolo tsa lefatshe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gadzama |first=Njidda |date=2017 |title=Attenuation of the Effects of Desertification through Sustainable Development of Great Green Wall in the Sahel of Africa |journal=World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=279–289 |doi=10.1108/WJSTSD-02-2016-0021}}</ref> Lebota le Legolo le le Tala le tlhodile ditshono di le tse dintsi tsa ditiro mo mafatsheng a a tsayang karolo, ka ditiro di feta dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di tlhamilweng kwa Nigeria fela. <ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification |date=2019 |title=The Great Green Wall Initiative |url=https://www.unccd.int/actions/great-green-wall-initiative |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202120122/https://www.unccd.int/actions/great-green-wall-initiative |archive-date=2 December 2019 |access-date=3 December 2019 |website=United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification}}</ref> === Go fudisa leruo mo go laolwang sentle === Dikgaolo tsa bojang tse di tsosolositsweng di boloka CO ₂ go tswa mo lefaufaung jaaka sediriswa sa menontshane ya dimela. Diruiwa tse di fulang, gantsi di sa tlogelwe go ya kwa le kwa, di ja bojang mme di fokotsa kgolo ya jone. <ref name="Tlovell">{{Cite news|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/environment/2011/01/lovell-carbon-ward-climate|title=How fences could save the planet|publisher=newstatesman.com|access-date=5 May 2013|date=13 January 2011}}</ref> Mokgwa o o akantsweng wa go tsosolosa mafudiso bojang o dirisa magora go kgaogantswe go dira mafulo a mantsi a mannye , go sutisiwa leruo go tswa mafulong a mangwe go ya kwa go a mangwe morago ga letsatsi kgotsa a mabedi gore go kgonwe go dirwa nkare ke mafulo a tlholego mme se se letle bojang go gola ka botlalo. <ref name="Tlovell" /> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2008/02/restoring-soil-carbon-can-reverse-global-warming-desertification-and-biodiversity-loss/|title=Restoring soil carbon can reverse global warming, desertification and biodiversity loss|publisher=mongabay.com|access-date=2 May 2026|date=21 February 2008}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1953692,00.html|title=How eating grass-fed beef could help fight climate change|publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=11 May 2013|date=25 January 2010}}</ref> Ba ba dumalanang le mekgwa ya go fudisa e e laolwang sentle ba bolela gore go oketsa mokgwa o go ka oketsa diteng tsa khabone mo mebung ya lefatshe ya diheketara di le dibilione di le tharo le sephatlo tsa naga ya bojang jwa temothuo le go fokotsa dingwaga di ka nna lesome le bobedi tsa mesi ya CO ₂ . <ref name="Tlovell" /> Le fa go ntse jalo, babatlisisi ba le bantsi ba ile ba ganetsa dipolelo tse di ntseng jalo mme ba bolela gore ga di busetse morago go nna sekaka ga lefelo e bile ga di fokotse digase tse di ntshiwang ke tsone. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Briske |first=David D. |last2=Bestelmeyer |first2=Brandon T. |last3=Brown |first3=Joel R. |last4=Fuhlendorf |first4=Samuel D. |last5=Wayne Polley |first5=H. |date=Oct 2013 |title=The Savory Method Can Not Green Deserts or Reverse Climate Change |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0190052813500320 |journal=Rangelands |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=72–74 |doi=10.2111/RANGELANDS-D-13-00044.1 |hdl=10150/639967 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Temothuo ya tiriso ya motlakase === Babatlisisi kwa bokone jwa China ba akantshitse gore dithulaganyo tsa agrivoltaic tse di beilweng sentle di ka tshegetsa tiro ya thulaganyo ya tikologo ya mo dikakeng, le mo mafelong a a nang le pula e nnye tota. Thutopatlisiso ya 2025 e e sekasekilweng ke balekane e e gatisitsweng mo ''Scientific Reports'' e begile gore palo ya ditshed tse dinnye, boleng jwa mmu le diteng tsa dikotla di tokafetse "ka tsela e e bonalang thata" ka fa tlase ga dithulaganyo tse di kopantsweng tsa agrivoltaic, fa di bapisiwa le dijalo tse di sa diriseng marang a letsatsi le tse di dirisang letsatsi fela mo sekakeng sa Kubuqui, se se amogelang 300mm ya pula fela ngwaga le ngwaga. Babatlisisi ba ne ba amanya dipharologano tse le moriti o o tswang mo diphaneleng, o o neng wa fokotsa mogote wa mmu le go lekanyetsa selekanyo sa metsi a a tswang mo mmung, le tiro ya go thibela phefo ya diphanele, tse di neng di thibela motlhaba go katela dimela, le tirisanommogo le ditlhare tse di lemilweng, tse mmogo di neng tsa dira seemo sa bosa se se siameng go feta dithulaganyo tse dingwe fa di bapisiwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lawrence |first=Kristen |date=2026-01-10 |title=Scientists make incredible discovery after pairing solar panels with crops in desert: 'An effective pathway' |url=https://www.thecooldown.com/green-tech/agrivoltaics-solar-panels-improves-desert-soil-quality/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=The Cool Down |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ma |first=Mingjie |last2=Yang |first2=Fan |last3=Zheng |first3=Xiannian |last4=Yang |first4=Xinghua |last5=Mamtimin |first5=Ali |last6=Zhou |first6=Chenglong |last7=Li |first7=Chaofan |last8=Huo |first8=Wen |last9=Zheng |first9=Xinqian |last10=Wang |first10=Tianhe |last11=He |first11=Peng |last12=Gong |first12=Qing |date=2025-11-29 |title=Integrated photovoltaic-agriculture systems enhance soil health in desert ecosystems: evidence from microbial biomass and nutrient synergies |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12775456/ |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=472 |doi=10.1038/s41598-025-29815-4 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=12775456 |pmid=41318781}}</ref> smvltwaeci21cghogge8uyak4v4ut53 53294 53288 2026-07-26T18:23:05Z Khumo Batolomi 11767 Created by translating the section "History" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364346865|Desertification]]" 53294 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Global_distribution_of_dryland_subtypes_based_on_the_aridity_index.png|thumb|dikgaolo tsa lefatshe le le omeletseng di bontshiwa mo moalong lefatshe ka bophara , go lebilwe seelo sa komelelo se se badilweng mo palogareng ya dingwaga di le masome a mararo ka 1981 go ya go 2010. Dikaka tse di tlwaelesegileng di supiwa ke setlhopha sa hyper-arid (serolwana/mmala wa lephutshe yo o sa gatelelang). ]] [[File:Somalia,_Mudug,_Dhinowda_(02).jpg|right|thumb|234x234px|Go nna sekaka ga lefelo mo go feteletseng kwa Somalia]] '''Go nna sekaka ga lefelo''' ke mofuta wa go senyega ga lefatshe mo go diragalang ka iketlo mo lefatshe le le nonneng go fetoga go nna sekaka se se omeletseng ka ntlha ya kopano ya ditiragalo tsa tlholego le ditiro tsa batho. Selo se se bakang go nna sekaka gantsi ke go latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa dimela. Se se bakwa ke dintlha di le mmalwa, di le nosi kgotsa di kopantswe, jaaka komelelo, diphetogo tsa loapi, go epa mmu go dira temothuo, go fudisa go feta selekanyo le go rengwa ga dikgwa go bona lookwane kgotsa didirisiwa tsa kago. Le fa dimela di na le seabe se segolo mo go tlhomamiseng popego ya mmu, dithutopatlisiso di bontshitse gore, mo ditikologong tse dintsi, seelo sa kgothego le go elela ga metsi se fokotsega ka bontsi fa go khurumetsa mmu ga dimela go oketsega. <ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Geeson, Nichola |year=2002 |title=Mediterranean desertification: a mosaic of processes and responses |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-470-84448-9 |page=58 |display-authors=etal |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161049/https://books.google.com/books?id=G_0qg0f49GQC&pg=PA58 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Mmu yo o sa sirelediwang fa godimo, le yo omeletseng e fokwa ke phefo kgotsa e gogolwa ke merwalela ya tshoganyetso, mo go tlogelang mmu yo o ka fa tlase yo o sa nonang thata gore o nne mo letsatsing mme o felele o omelela thata o ka seke o ungwe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable development of drylands and combating desertification |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804222104/http://www.fao.org/docrep/v0265e/v0265e01.htm |archive-date=4 August 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref> <ref name="Zeng L17401">{{Cite journal |last=Zeng |first=Ning |last2=Yoon |first2=Jinho |date=1 September 2009 |title=Expansion of the world's deserts due to vegetation-albedo feedback under global warming |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=17 |page=L17401 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3617401Z |doi=10.1029/2009GL039699 |issn=1944-8007 |s2cid=1708267 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Banni ba kana masome a le boferabongwe mo lekgolong (90%) ba mafelo a a omeletseng ba nna mo mafatsheng a a santseng a tlhabologa, a mo go one gape ba sokodisiwang ke diemo tsa itsholelo le morafe. <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=2010–2020: UN Decade for Deserts and the Fight against Desertification |url=https://www.un.org/en/events/desertification_decade/index.shtml |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref> Seemo se se gakadiwa ke go fokotsega boleng jwa lefatshe mo go fokotsang go ungwa ga lone, go sa tlhomamang ga methale ya go itshetsa le go nna dingalo gore batho ba fitlhelele metswedi ya madi le ditshono. Dikgaolo mo lefatsheng tse di amegang thata di mo Aforika ( kgaolo ya Sahel ), Asia ( Sekaka sa Gobi le Mongolia ) le dikarolo tsa Amerika Borwa . Lefatshe le le omeletseng le tsaya mo e ka nnang masome a mane go ya go a le mane le bongwe mo lekgolong (40–41%) ya lefatshe la Lefatshe (Earth's land) mme ke legae la&nbsp;batho ba le dibilione di le pedi. Ditlamorago tsa go fetoga ga lefelo go nna sekaka di akaretsa ditsuatsue tsa motlhaba le lerole, go tlhoka go tshepha go nna teng ga dijo, le lehuma . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Carvalho |first=Keegan |date=2024-12-03 |title=What Is Desertification? Causes, Effects, And Solutions |url=https://earth.org/what-is-desertification/ |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=Earth.Org |language=en}}</ref> Methale ya go fokotsa kgotsa go busetsa morago go nna sekaka ga lefelo go akaretsa go tokafatsa boleng jwa mmu, go dira dikaka ditala, go laola mafulo, le go jala ditlhare ( go jala dikgwa sesha le go jala dikgwa ) <ref>{{Cite web |last=N.V |first=GREEN EARTH GROUP |title=Green Earth {{!}} How to combat desertification |url=https://www.green.earth/desertification |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=www.green.earth |language=en}}</ref> Mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa popego ya lefatshe, go nna teng ga dikaka go diragetse ka tlholego mo nakong e e telele thata. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}</ref> Thuto ya segompieno ya go fetoga sekaka ga mafelo e tlhagile go tswa mo thutong ya komelelo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980 kwa Sahel . <ref name=":6">{{Cite book |date=2016 |title=The End of Desertification? |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |issn=2197-9596 |editor-last2=Mortimore |editor-first2=Michael}}</ref> == Ditlhaloso == Go nna sekaka ga lefelo ke tiragalo e e diregang ka iketlo ya go oketsega ga komelelo ya mmu . Go nna sekaka ga lefelo go tlhalositswe mo mokwalong wa Tumalano ya Ditšhabakopano ya go Lwantsha go Nna Sekaka (UNCCD) jaaka "go latlhegelwa ke boleng ga mmu mo dikgaolong tse di omileng, tse di omeletseng go le sekae le tse di omileng mme di na le bokgola jo bo kwa tlase mo go bakiwang ke mabaka a a farologaneng, go akaretsa le dipharologano tsa seemo sa loapi le ditiro tsa batho." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hulme |first=Mike |last2=Kelly |first2=Mick |date=1993 |title=Exploring the links between Desertification and Climate Change |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |journal=Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development |language=en |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=4–45 |bibcode=1993ESPSD..35f...4H |doi=10.1080/00139157.1993.9929106 |issn=0013-9157 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Tlhaloso ya Sekaka – Lefelo mo lefatsheng le selekanyo sa pula le kapoko se leng kwa tlase thata go na le mafelo a mangwe, le palogare ya pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga e leng kwa tlase ga disenthimithara di le masome a mabedi le botlhano. Tlhaloso ka UNO (1995) – Go latlhegelwa ke boleng ga lefatshe mo mafelong a a senang sepe, a a bokgola le a a seng bokgola ka ntlha ya phetogo ya loapi le ditiro tsa batho go bidiwa go nna sekaka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Desert |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/desert |access-date=2026-06-23 |website=education.nationalgeographic.org |language=en}}</ref> Go tloga ka 2005, go ne go na le kganetsano e tona ka ga tlhaloso e e siameng ya lefoko ''desertification(go nna sekaka)'' ka ditlhaloso tse di fetang lekgolo tsa semmuso tse di neng di le teng. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Geist |first=Helmut |date=1 October 2017 |title=The Causes and Progression of Desertification |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315240855/causes-progression-desertification-helmut-geist |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-24085-5 |location=London |doi=10.4324/9781315240855}}</ref> E e neng ya amogelwa thata ke ya thanodi ya Sekolo sa dithuto tse di kgolwane sa Princeton e e neng ya e tlhalosa jaaka " tiragalo e lefatshe le le nonneng ''le fetogang sekaka'' ka ntlha ya go rengwa ga dikgwa, [[Leuba|komelelo]] kgotsa temothuo e e sa siamang ".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2026)">citation needed</span>'' &#x5D;</sup> Tlhaloso e e bontshitse ka tlhamalalo kgolagano ya go fetoga ga lefatshe go nna sekaka le ditiro tsa batho, segolobogolo tiriso ya lefatshe le mekgwa ya taolo ya lefatshe. E ne gape ya tlhagisa ditlamorago tsa itsholelo, loago le tikologo tsa go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo. Le fa go ntse jalo, tlhaloso e ya ntlha ya gore go nna sekaka ga lefelo go ne go akaretsa go atolosiwa ga dikaka ke batho e gannwe ka gonne mogopolo o o ne wa tswelela ka go fetoga fa e sale ka nako eo. Gape go na le dikganetsano dingwe mabapi le go aroganngwa ga mefuta ya sekaka, go akaretsa, boammaaruri le mosola wa tlhaloso ya mafoko a a a tshwanang le "sekaka se se dirilweng ke batho" le "sekaka se se senang moalo". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Geist |first=Helmut J. |last2=Lambin |first2=Eric F. |date=2004 |title=Dynamic Causal Patterns of Desertification |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=54 |issue=9 |page=817 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0817:DCPOD]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == tse di bakang go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo == === tsa pele/ntlha fela === Selo se se bakang go nna sekaka ga lefelo ga ntlha fela ke go latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa dimela. Se se bakwa ke dintlha di le mmalwa, di le nosi kgotsa di kopantswe, jaaka komelelo, diphetogo tsa seemo sa loapi, go epa mmu go lema, go fudisa go feta selekanyo le go rengwa ga dikgwa go bona lookwane kgotsa didirisiwa tsa kago. Le fa dimela di na le seabe se segolo mo go tlhomamiseng popego ya mmu, dithutopatlisiso di bontshitse gore, mo ditikologong tse dintsi, seelo sa kgothego ya mmu le go elela ga metsi se fokotsega ka bontsi fa go khurumetsa ga dimela go oketsega. <ref name=":8"/> Mmu yo o fa godimo yo o sa sirelediwang, le yo o omeletseng e fokwa ke phefo kgotsa di gogolwa ke merwalela ya tshoganyetso, mo go tlogelang dikarolo tse di kwa tlase tsa mmu go fisiwa ke letsatsi mme di omelele thata di palelwe ke go ungwa. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2003-09-01 |title=Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |journal=Resources Policy |language=en |volume=29 |issue=3-4 |doi=10.1016/j.re |issn=0301-4207 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220414114519/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0301420704000340 |archive-date=2022-04-14}}</ref> === Tlhotlheletso ya ditiro tsa batho === Dithutopatlisiso tsa ntlha di ne di nganga gore nngwe ya dilo tse di tlwaelesegileng tse di bakang go nna sekaka ga lefelo e ne e le go fudisa go feta selekanyo, go ja dimela go feta selekanyo ke dikgomo le diruiwa tse dingwe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charney |first=J. G. |date=April 1975 |title=Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-status=live |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |language=en |volume=101 |issue=428 |pages=193–202 |bibcode=1975QJRMS.101..193C |doi=10.1002/qj.49710142802 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/qj.49710142802 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |access-date=24 May 2022}}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, seabe sa tiriso e e feteletseng ya selegae mo go bakang go nna sekaka ga mafelo mo nakong e e fetileng ya bosheng go na le dikganetsano. <ref name=":6"/> Jaanong go akanngwa gore komelelo mo kgaolong ya Sahel e bakilwe thata ke go fetoga ga seelo sa pula ka dipaka tse di dirwang ke go fetoga ga mogote wa metsi a fa godimo a lewatle, mo go bakwang thata ke go fetogafetoga ga tlholego le go ntshiwa ga di-aerosol ( dikarolwana tsa sulfate tse di bonaletsang ) le digase tse di bakiwang ke batho. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Biasutti |first=Michela |date=July 2019 |title=Rainfall trends in the African Sahel: Characteristics, processes, and causes |journal=WIREs Climate Change |language=en |volume=10 |issue=4 |bibcode=2019WIRCC..10E.591B |doi=10.1002/wcc.591 |issn=1757-7780 |pmc=6617823 |pmid=31341517 |article-number=e591}}</ref> Ka ntlha ya se, go fetoga ga mogote wa lewatle le go fokotsega ga mesi ya sulfate go dirile gore kgaolo e e nne tala gape. <ref name=":3" /> Se se dirile gore barutegi bangwe ba bolele gore go latlhegelwa ke dimela mo go bakiwang ke temothuo ke selo se sennye se se ka dirang gore lefelo le fetoge sekaka. <ref name=":6" /> Diphetogo tsa palo ya batho di na le ditlamorago tse di tona mo go fudiseng go feta selekanyo, go lema go feta selekanyo le go rengwa ga dikgwa, mekgwa ye ya pele e e neng e amogelesega lantlha e setse e sena tswelelopele jaanong. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Epule |first=Terence Epule |last2=Peng |first2=Changhui |last3=Lepage |first3=Laurent |date=February 2015 |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward |journal=GeoJournal |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=79–92 |bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z |issn=0343-2521 |s2cid=154503204}}</ref> Go na le mabaka a mantsi a balemibarui ba dirisang temothuo e e tseneletseng go na le temothuo e e tswelelang fela lebaka le legolo ke go oketsa thobo. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2019 |title=Explainer: Desertification and the role of climate change |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001559/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-desertification-and-the-role-of-climate-change |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=22 October 2019 |website=Carbon Brief |language=en}}</ref> Ka go oketsa thobo, ba tlhoka menontshane e mentsi thata, dibolaya-ditshedi le badiri go tlhokomela didirisiwa. Tiriso e e tswelelang e ya lefatshe e fetsa ka bonako dikotla tsa mmu mo go dirang gore go nna sekaka ga legelo go aname. <ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations |title=World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought |url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/desertification-day |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Intensive agriculture |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/intensive-agriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624184604/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9042533/intensive-agriculture |archive-date=24 June 2008 |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> === Dipharologanyo tsa tlholego === Baitseanape ba maranyane ba dumalana gore go nna teng ga sekaka mo lefelong le sekaka sa Sahara se leng mo go lone jaanong ke ka ntlha ya dipharologanyo tsa tlholego tsa letsatsi ka ntlha ya go dikologa ga Lefatshe. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tierney |first=Jessica E. |last2=Pausata |first2=Francesco S. R. |last3=deMenocal |first3=Peter B. |date=6 January 2017 |title=Rainfall regimes of the Green Sahara |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |bibcode=2017SciA....3E1503T |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1601503 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=5242556 |pmid=28116352 |article-number=e1601503}}</ref> Dipharologanyo tse di tshwanang le tse di tlhotlheletsa maatla a Monsoon ya Aforika Bophirima, mo go bakang gore dimela di fetoge gape le go ntsha lerole le le di godisang go gefoga fa seemo sa loapi, pula e na gape go tla go nna le komelelo mo Sahara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pausata |first=Francesco S. R. |last2=Messori |first2=Gabriele |last3=Zhang |first3=Qiong |date=15 January 2016 |title=Impacts of dust reduction on the northward expansion of the African monsoon during the Green Sahara period |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |language=en |volume=434 |pages=298–307 |bibcode=2016E&PSL.434..298P |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2015.11.049 |issn=0012-821X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Gape go na le kakanyo ya gore phetogo ya Sahara go tswa mo savanna go ya kwa sekakeng ka nako ya bogareng jwa Holocene e ne e le ka bontlhabongwe ka ntlheng ya go fulwa go feta selekanyo ke dikgomo tsa baagi ba lefelo le. <ref name="Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period">{{Cite journal |last=K. Wright |first=David |last2=Rull |first2=Valenti |last3=Roberts |first3=Richard |last4=Marchant |first4=Rob |last5=Gil-Romera |first5=Graciela |date=26 January 2017 |title=Humans as Agents in the Termination of the African Humid Period |journal=Frontiers in Earth Science |volume=5 |page=4 |bibcode=2017FrEaS...5....4W |doi=10.3389/feart.2017.00004 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Baitseanape ba tsweletse ka go ithuta dikgaolo tse di botlhokwa, ba netefatsa gore ditiro tsa batho le boitekanelo jwa mmu di kopanela le mabaka a bosa jaaka dilo tse ditona tse di nang le seabe mo go nneng sekaka ga lefelo. Mo Sekakeng sa Mu Us, boitekanelo jwa mmu bo dira 37% ya ditiragalo tsa go nna sekaka fa ditiro tsa bosa le tsa batho di dira go lwantsha tiragalo e ka 46% le 17%, ka go latelana. Go nna sekaka mo teng ga Mongolia go tlhaolwa ka 24% ya mabaka a tsa bosa le 34.7% ya melemo ya mmu mo tikologong e yotlhe. Shaanxi ke sekai se se ganetsenang se mo go sone mabaka a bosa a berekang kgatlhanong le go nna sekaka mme mmu o one o gakatsa seemo, mo go supang ditlhotlheletso tse di farologaneng tsa mabaka a tlholego go tsamaya ka dikgaolo. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Jiaying |last2=Li |first2=Yu |last3=Wang |first3=Xuhui |last4=Ma |first4=Zhongxu |date=22 October 2024 |title=Exploring the Spatial-Temporal Patterns, Drivers, and Response Strategies of Desertification in the Mu Us Desert from Multiple Regional Perspectives |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=16 |issue=21 |pages=9154 |bibcode=2024Sust...16.9154L |doi=10.3390/su16219154 |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Phetogo ya seemo sa loapi === Dipatlisiso ka ga go fetoga ga legelo go nna sekaka di farologane, mme ga go na seelo se le sengwe se se ka tlhalosang dintlha tsotlhe. Le fa go ntse jalo, phetogo e e tseneletseng ya seemo sa bosa e santse e solofetswe go oketsa mafelo a a omeletseng mo dikontinenteng tsa Lefatshe: go tswa go 38% kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga la bomasome mabedi go ya go 50% kgotsa 56% kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga, ka fa tlase ga Ditsela tsa Boemedi tsa "mo bogareng" le tse di thuthafetseng thata tsa dipalo 4.5 le 8.5. Bontsi jwa katoloso bo tla bonwa mo dikgaolong tse di tshwanang le "borwabophirima jwa Amerika Bokone, ntlha e e kwa bokone jwa Aforika, borwa jwa Aforika, le Australia". <ref name=":52"/> Dikgaolo tse di omeletseng di tsere 41% ya moalo jwa lefatshe mme di akaretsa 45% ya lefatshe la temothuo mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Dikgaolo tse di gareng ga dithulaganyo tsa tikologo tse di mo kotsing thata ya phetogo ya [[Phetogo ya Seemo sa Loapi|seemo sa loapi]] le tiriso ya lefatshe e e bakiwang ke batho ka jalo di mo kotsing ya go fetoga sekaka. Thutopatlisiso e e ikaegileng ka go lebelela seemo ya go nna sekaka ga mafelo e ne ya dirwa ka 2020 mme e ne ya tlhalosa phetogo ya seemo sa loapi, go fetogafetoga ga seemo sa loapi, menontshane ya CO2 mmogo le diphetogo tsa tikologo tse di bakiwang ke tiriso ya lefatshe ka iketlo le ka bonako. <ref name="Burrell" /> Thutopatlisiso e e ne ya bona gore, magareng ga 1982 le 2015, 6% ya mafatshe a a omeletseng a lefatshe a ne a fetoga go nna sekaka mo go bakilweng ke mekgwa ya tiriso ya lefatshe e e senang tswelelopele e e neng e okeditswe ke phetogo ya seemo sa loapi e e bakiwang ke batho. Le fa go nna tala ga lefatshe ka bophara go le teng, phetogo ya seemo sa loapi e e bakiwang ke batho e digile boleng jwa lefatshe ka 12.6% ( 5.43 milione ya km ² ) mo nageng e e omeletseng eo, mo go nang le seabe mo go fetogeng ga naga go nna sekaka le go ama batho ba le didikadike di le makgolo a mabedi le lesome le boraro , 93% ya bone e le ba ba nnang mo diitsholelong tse di santseng tlhabologang . <ref name="Burrell" /> === Temothuo le ditiro tsa temothuo === Ditiro tsa temothuo jaaka go fudisa go feta selekanyo di baka go nna sekaka ga lefelo. Mo tirong e ya temothuo, diruiwa tse di tshwanang le dikgomo di letlelelwa go fula mo karolong ya lefatshe e le nngwe ka nako e telele ntle le go jala bojang go busetsa jo bo fudilweng. Ka ntlha ya se, lefatshe le nna lebala fela, mo go dirang gore le betswe ke mogoten o o tswang mo letsatsing o o dirang gore le thatafale, phefo e e bokete gape le yone e dira gore lefatshe le latlhegelwe ke dikotla tsa lone. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Otterman |first=Joseph |date=1974-11-08 |title=Baring High-Albedo Soils by Overgrazing: A Hypothesized Desertification Mechanism |url=https://doi.org/10.1126/science.186.4163.531 |journal=Science |volume=186 |issue=4163 |pages=531–533 |doi=10.1126/science.186.4163.531 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> Go lemolola mmu go feta selekanyo le go jwala mofuta o le mongwe wa semela ke ditiro tse dingwe tsa temothuo tse di bakang go nna sekaka ga lefelo mo Aforika. Go jala semela se le sengwe kgapetsakgapetsa mo lefatsheng le le lengwe go ntsha dikotla tse di botlhokwa mo lefatsheng. Fa mmu o setse o fedile boleng, o latlhegelwa ke menontshane ya one ya tlholego le bokgoni jwa go boloka bokgola, mme se se dire gore mmu o thatafale le go phanyega. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2011-12-30 |title=Desertification, its Causes and why it Matters |url=https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119977759.ch1 |journal=Desertification, Land Degradation and Sustainability |pages=3–39 |doi=10.1002/9781119977759.ch1}}</ref> == Ditlamorago == === Ditsuatsue tsa motlhaba le lerole === [[File:SHB-Red-Dust.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa Borogo jwa Boemadikepe jwa Sydney jo bo khurumeditsweng ke lerole]] Go nnile le koketsego ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong (25%) ya lerole mo lefatsheng e le dipalo tsa ngwaga le ngwaga magareng ga bokhutlo jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesomeleboferabongwe go fitlha gompieno. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanelle |first=Tanja |last2=Bey |first2=Isabelle |last3=Raddatz |first3=Thomas |last4=Reick |first4=Christian |last5=Tegen |first5=Ina |date=16 December 2014 |title=Anthropogenically induced changes in twentieth century mineral dust burden and the associated impact on radiative forcing |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |language=en |volume=119 |issue=23 |pages=13,526–13,546 |bibcode=2014JGRD..11913526S |doi=10.1002/2014JD022062 |hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0024-A9A2-C |s2cid=128663108 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Koketsego ya go nna sekaka ga mafelo gape go okeditse selekanyo sa motlhaba o o motlhofo le lerole le phefo e ka le tsayang la felela le nna setsuatsue. Ka sekai, ditsuatsue tsa lerole kwa Botlhabagare "di nna kgapetsakgapetsa le go nna maatla mo dingwageng tsa bosheng jaana" ka gore "phokotsego ya pula ya paka e telele [e baka] bokgola jo bo kwa tlase jwa mmu le phokotsego ya khurumetso ya dimela ". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Namdari |first=Soodabeh |last2=Karimi |first2=Neamat |last3=Sorooshian |first3=Armin |last4=Mohammadi |first4=GholamHasan |last5=Sehatkashani |first5=Saviz |date=1 January 2018 |title=Impacts of climate and synoptic fluctuations on dust storm activity over the Middle East |journal=Atmospheric Environment |volume=173 |pages=265–276 |bibcode=2018AtmEn.173..265N |doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.11.016 |issn=1352-2310 |pmc=6192056 |pmid=30344444}}</ref> Difefo tsa lerole di ka nna le seabe mo malwetseng mangwe a go hema jaaka nyumonia, malwetsi a letlalo, khupelo le a mangwe a mantsi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudie |first=Andrew S. |date=1 February 2014 |title=Desert dust and human health disorders |journal=Environment International |volume=63 |pages=101–113 |bibcode=2014EnInt..63..101G |doi=10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.011 |issn=0160-4120 |pmid=24275707}}</ref> Di ka kgotlela metswedi ya metsi e e bulegileng , tsa fokotsa go atlega ga maiteko a lookwane/maatla a a phepa, le go emisa bontsi jwa mefuta ya dipalamo. Ditsuatsue tsa lerole le motlhaba di ka nna le ditlamorago tse di sa siamang mo seemong sa loapi mo go ka dirang gore go nna sekaka ga lefelo go nne maswe le go feta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hu |first=Tiantian |last2=Wu |first2=Di |last3=Li |first3=Yaohui |last4=Wang |first4=Chenghai |date=28 March 2017 |title=The Effects of Sandstorms on the Climate of Northwestern China |journal=Advances in Meteorology |language=en |volume=2017 |issue=1 |bibcode=2017AdMet201735609H |doi=10.1155/2017/4035609 |issn=1687-9309 |doi-access=free |article-number=e4035609}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wu |first=Yao |last2=Wen |first2=Bo |last3=Li |first3=Shanshan |last4=Guo |first4=Yuming |date=1 June 2021 |title=Sand and dust storms in Asia: a call for global cooperation on climate change |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |language=English |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=e329–e330 |bibcode=2021LanPH...5.e329W |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00082-6 |issn=2542-5196 |pmid=33915087 |s2cid=233460168 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Dikarolwana tsa lerole mo phefong di phatlalatsa marang a a tsenang go tswa mo letsatsing (Hassan, 2012). Lerole le le ka dira khurumetso ya nakwana ya mogote yo o fa fatshe mme fela mogote wa lefaufau one o tla oketsega. Se se ka senya le go khutshwafatsa botshelo jwa maru se se ka felelang se baka pula e e nnye. <ref name=":52"/> === Go tlhoka go tsepama ga seemo sa go nna teng ga dijo === Go nna le dijo mo lefatsheng lotlhe go tshosediwa ke go fetoga ga naga go nna sekaka. Fa palo ya batho e gola, go tshwanetse ga jalwa dijo tse dintsi . Kgwebo ya temothuo e fudusiwa go tswa mo lefatsheng le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. Sekai, Yuropa ka palogare e reka dijo tsa bone di feta sephatlo mo lekgolong go tswa kwa ntle. Mme jalo, 44% ya lefatshe la temothuo le fitlhelwa mo mafatsheng a a omeletseng mme a tlamela ka 60% ya dijo tsa lefatshe lotlhe ka bophara. Go fetoga ga mafelo go nna sekaka go fokotsa selekanyo sa lefatshe le le nang le tswelelopele la tiriso ya temothuo mme letlhoko la dijalo le tsweletse ka go gola. Mo isagong e e gaufi, letlhoko le tlaa feta thobo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=WAD {{!}} World Atlas of Desertification |url=https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209170553/https://wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu/globalagriculture |archive-date=9 December 2019 |access-date=19 November 2019 |website=wad.jrc.ec.europa.eu}}</ref> Dikgotlhang tse di maswe tsa badisa le balemibarui kwa Nigeria, Sudan, Mali le mafatshe a mangwe mo kgaolong ya Sahel di gakaditswe ke [[Phetogo ya Seemo sa Loapi|phetogo ya seemo sa loapi]], go senyega ga lefatshe le kgolo ya palo ya batho . <ref>{{Cite news|date=22 January 2019|title=The battle on the frontline of climate change in Mali|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487|access-date=18 December 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=6 August 2018|title=Farmer-Herder Conflicts on the Rise in Africa|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/farmer-herder-conflicts-rise-africa|access-date=18 December 2021}}</ref> === Koketsego ya lehuma === [[File:Soil_erosion,_Southfield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_367917.jpg|thumb|Kgothego ya mmu kwa ntle ga Leuchars]] Palo e ka nna 90% ya baagi ba mafatshe a a omeletseng ba nna mo mafatsheng a a santseng a tlhabologa, a mo go one gape ba sokolang ka ntlha ya maemo a a bokoa a itsholelo le lefatshe. <ref name=":9"/> Seemo se se gakadiwa ke go latlhegelwa ke boleng jwa lefatshe ka ntlha ya phokotsego ya bokgoni jwa lone jwa go ungwa, go sa tlhomamang ga maemo a botshelo le bothata jwa go fitlhelela metswedi le ditshono tsa go fetola diemo tse. Mafatshe a a sa tlhabologang ka bontsi a amiwa ke seemo sa go fudisa go feta selekanyo, go lapa ga lefatshe le go ntsha metsi a a ka fa tlase ga lefatshe go feta selekanyo ka ntlha ya dikgatelelo tsa go dirisa mafelo a a omeletseng a a kwa thoko go dira temothuo. Batsaa ditshwetso ga ba rate go beeletsa mo dikgaolong tse di omeletseng tse di nang le bokgoni jo bo kwa tlase. Go tlhoka dipeeletso mo go dira gore dikgaolo tse di kgaphelwe kwa thoko. Fa diemo tse di siamang tsa temothuo-seemo sa loapi di kopanngwa le go tlhoka mafaratlhatlha le phitlhelelo ya mebaraka, ga mmogo le mekgwa ya go lema dijo e e sa tlwaelesegang sentle le setšhaba se se sa jesiweng sentle gape se se sa rutegang sentle, bontsi jwa dikgaolo tse di ntseng jaana di kgaphelwa thoko mo tlhabololong. <ref name="csf-desertification.org">{{Cite web |title=Cornet A., 2002. Desertification and its relationship to the environment and development: a problem that affects us all. In: Ministère des Affaires étrangères/adpf, Johannesburg. World Summit on Sustainable Development. 2002. What is at stake? The contribution of scientists to the debate: 91–125.. |url=http://www.csf-desertification.org/index.php/bibliotheque/doc_details/119-cornet-antoine-2002-desertification-and-its-relationship-to-the-environment-and-development |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809142606/http://www.csf-desertification.org/index.php/bibliotheque/doc_details/119-cornet-antoine-2002-desertification-and-its-relationship-to-the-environment-and-development |archive-date=9 August 2009}}</ref> Go fetoga ga lefelo go nna sekaka gantsi go dira gore mafelo a a kwa magaeng a se ka a kgona go tshegetsa palo ya batho e e tshwanang le ya pele e e neng e nna gone mo lefelong. Se se felela se baka khudugo ya bontsi mo tswa mo magaeng go ya kwa ditoropong segolobogolo mo Aforika mo go dirang letlhoko la ditiro le mekhukhu . <ref>{{Cite book |last=Pasternak, Dov |year=2001 |title=Combating desertification with plants |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-i8-DPf6xgC&pg=PA20 |last2=Schlissel, Arnold |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-306-46632-8 |page=20 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161050/https://books.google.com/books?id=B-i8-DPf6xgC&pg=PA20 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=Briassoulis, Helen |year=2005 |title=Policy integration for complex environmental problems: the example of Mediterranean desertification |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CpYnV45hVRsC&pg=PA161 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=978-0-7546-4243-5 |page=161 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161052/https://books.google.com/books?id=CpYnV45hVRsC&pg=PA161 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Palo ya batshabi ba ba diemo tsa tikologo e a gola ngwaga le ngwaga, mme diponelopele tsa Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara di bontsha koketsego e e ka nnang teng go tswa mo didikadikeng di le lesome le bone ka 2010 go ya go didikadike di ka nna makgolo a mabedi ka 2050. Se se dira mathata kwa pele mo kgaolong e, ka gore ditšhaba tse di mabapi ga di na bokgoni jwa go tshegetsa palo ya batho ba le bantsi ya batshabi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Myers |first=Norman |date=29 April 2002 |title=Environmental refugees: a growing phenomenon of the 21st century |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences |volume=357 |issue=1420 |pages=609–613 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0953 |pmc=1692964 |pmid=12028796}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Epule |first=Terence Epule |last2=Peng |first2=Changhui |last3=Lepage |first3=Laurent |date=5 February 2014 |title=Environmental refugees in sub-Saharan Africa: a review of perspectives on the trends, causes, challenges and way forward |journal=GeoJournal |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=79–92 |bibcode=2015GeoJo..80...79E |doi=10.1007/s10708-014-9528-z |s2cid=154503204}}</ref> Kwa Mongolia, 90% ya lefatshe ke le le omileng le le bokoa, se se dirang gore badisa ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa toropong go ya go bereka. Ka ditsompelo tse di lekanyeditsweng thata, badisa ba ba nnang mo lefatsheng le le omeletseng ba fudisa ka kelotlhoko thata gore ba kgone go somarela lefatshe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2018 |title=Mongolia's nomadic way of life under threat |url=https://gulfnews.com/lifestyle/mongolias-nomadic-way-of-life-under-threat-1.2259998 |access-date=4 October 2023 |website=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref> Temothuo ke nngwe ya metswedi e megolo ya lotseno mo merafeng ya banni ba sekaka mo Aforika. Koketsego ya go nna sekaka ga mafelo mo dikgaolong tse go sentse lefatshe mo e leng gore batho ga ba tlhole ba kgona go lema le go rua ka tsela e e nang le thobo le go dira dipoelo. Se se amile itsholelo ka tsela e e sa siamang le go oketsa seelo sa lehuma. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stringer |first=Lindsay C. |last2=Dyer |first2=Jen C. |last3=Reed |first3=Mark S. |last4=Dougill |first4=Andrew J. |last5=Twyman |first5=Chasca |last6=Mkwambisi |first6=David |year=2009 |title=Adaptations to climate change, drought and desertification: local insights to enhance policy in southern Africa |journal=Environmental Science & Policy |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=748–765 |bibcode=2009ESPol..12..748S |doi=10.1016/j.envsci.2009.04.002}}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, go na le go oketsega ga bobueledi jwa lefatshe ka bophara, sekai ba UN SDG 15 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Goal 15 targets |url=https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904001634/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-15-life-on-land/targets.html |archive-date=4 September 2017 |access-date=24 September 2020 |website=UNDP |language=en}}</ref> go lwantsha go fetoga ga mafelo go nna sekaka le go buseletsa mafatshe a a setseng a amegile. == Mafelo a amegileng == Mafelo a a omeletseng a tsaya mo e ka nnang 40–41% ya kgaolo ya lefatshe lotlhe mme ke magae a batho ba ka feta dibilione di le pedi. <ref name=":4">{{Cite book |date=2006 |title=Governing global desertification: linking environmental degradation, poverty and participation |publisher=Ashgate [u.a.] |isbn=978-0-7546-4359-3 |editor-last=Johnson |editor-first=Pierre-Marc |series=Global environmental governance series |location=Aldershot |editor-last2=Johnson |editor-first2=Pierre Marc}}</ref> Go nnile le palo kakanyetso ya gore mo e ka nnang 10–20% ya mafelo a a omeletseng a setse a latlhegetswe ke boleng, lefelo lotlhe le le amilweng ke go fetoga sekaka ga mafelo le fa gare ga disekwerekhilomithara di le didikadike di le thataro le lesome le bobedi, gore mo e ka nnang 1–6% ya banni ba mafelo a a omeletseng ba nna mo mafelong a a sekaka, le gore batho ba le bilione ba mo kotsing ya go nna fa go fetogelang go nna sekaka go ya pele. <ref name="holtz">{{Cite web |date=10 October 2017 |title=UNCCD: Impact and role of drylands |url=https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107121026/https://www.unccd.int/un-decade-deserts-and-fight-against-desertification-impact-and-role-drylands |archive-date=7 November 2019 |access-date=7 November 2019 |website=UNCCD}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book |last=World Bank |year=2009 |title=Gender in agriculture sourcebook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&pg=PA454 |publisher=World Bank Publications |isbn=978-0-8213-7587-7 |page=454 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160546/https://books.google.com/books?id=XxBrq6hTs_UC&pg=PA454 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> === Sahel === Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya loapi le ditiro tsa batho mo go fetogeng sekaka ga lefelo di bonala mo kgaolong ya Sahel ya Aforika. Kgaolo e e tlhaolwa ka seemo sa loapi se se omeletseng go le mogote thata, dipalo tsa mogote tse di kwa godimo le pula e e kwa tlase (100–600&nbsp;mm ka ngwaga). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicholson |first=Sharon E. |date=17 February 2013 |title=The West African Sahel: A Review of Recent Studies on the Rainfall Regime and Its Interannual Variability |journal=International Scholarly Research Notices |language=en |volume=2013 |doi=10.1155/2013/453521 |doi-access=free |article-number=e453521}}</ref> Ka jalo, komelelo e a laola mo kgaolong ya Sahel. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Riebeek |first=Holli |date=3 January 2007 |title=Defining Desertification: Feature Articles |url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201211259/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/Desertification/desertification2.php |archive-date=1 December 2016 |access-date=30 November 2016 |website=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}</ref> Sahel e latlhegetswe ke lefatshe le ka nna botona jwa ba 650 000&nbsp;km ² ya lefatshe la yone la temothuo le le nang le dipoelo mo dingwageng di le 50 tse di fetileng; go anama ga go nna sekaka mo lefelong le go bonala thata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicholson |first=S. E. |last2=Tucker |first2=C. J. |last3=Ba |first3=M. B. |date=1 May 1998 |title=Desertification, Drought, and Surface Vegetation: An Example from the West African Sahel |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=79 |issue=5 |pages=815–830 |bibcode=1998BAMS...79..815N |doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<0815:DDASVA>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Land Resource Stresses and Desertification in Africa |url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401055308/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/use/?cid=nrcs142p2_054025 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=24 November 2020 |website=United States Department of Agriculture}}</ref> [[File:Village_Telly_in_Mali.jpg|thumb|Kgaolo ya Sahel ya Mali]] Seemo sa loapi sa Sahara se nnile le diphetogo tse dikgolo mo dingwageng di le dikete di le makgolo tse di fetileng, <ref name="Lakes">{{Cite journal |last=Kevin White |last2=David J. Mattingly |year=2006 |title=Ancient Lakes of the Sahara |journal=American Scientist |volume=94 |issue=1 |pages=58–65 |doi=10.1511/2006.57.983}}</ref> se fetogafetoga fa gare ga go metsi (naga ya bojang) le go omelela (sekaka) dingwaga dingwe le dingwe di le dikete di le masome a mabedi, <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Jennifer Chu|date=2 January 2019|title=A "pacemaker" for North African climate|url=http://news.mit.edu/2019/study-regulating-north-african-climate-0102|access-date=20 January 2020|publisher=MIT News}}</ref> (tiragalo e go dumelwa gore e bakilwe ke diphetogo tsa nako e telele mo Seemong sa loapi sa Aforika Bokone, se se fetolang tsela ya Monsooni wa Aforika Bokone , mo e ka nnang ga dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mane, mo go one go sekama ga axis ya lefatshe go fetogang fa gare ga 22° le 24,5°). <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite book |last=Houérou |first=Henry N. |date=10 December 2008 |title=Bioclimatology and Biogeography of Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Rvs7NkfeLEC&q=Sahara+rainfall+virtually+zero&pg=PA16 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-540-85192-9 |language=en |access-date=11 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160547/https://books.google.com/books?id=_Rvs7NkfeLEC&q=Sahara+rainfall+virtually+zero&pg=PA16 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Dipalopalo dingwe di supile gore, fa e sale ka 1900, Sahara e atologile ka dikholomithara di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano go ya kwa borwa mo godimo ga karolo ya lefatshe mme go tswa kwa bophirima go ya kwa botlhaba ka dikete di le thataro tsa dikholomithara ka boleele. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Christian Bouquet |date=December 2017 |title=Le Sahara entre ses deux rives. Éléments de délimitation par la géohistoire d'un espace de contraintes |url=http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210001607/http://geoconfluences.ens-lyon.fr/informations-scientifiques/dossiers-regionaux/afrique-dynamiques-regionales/articles-scientifiques/sahara-entre-deux-rives |archive-date=10 February 2022 |access-date=25 January 2018 |website=Géoconfluences |quote=Mais il aurait progressé de 250 km vers le sud depuis 1900 (Mainguet, 2003), et dépasserait donc 9 millions de km² soit 30 % de la superficie totale du continent africain.}}</ref> Letsha la Chad, le le mo kgaolong ya Sahel, le ile la kgala ka ntlha ya go gogwa ga metsi mo go lone go nosetsa le go fokotsega ga selekanyo sa pula. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Okpara |first=Uche T. |last2=Stringer |first2=Lindsay C. |last3=Dougill |first3=Andrew J. |date=November 2016 |title=Lake drying and livelihood dynamics in Lake Chad: Unravelling the mechanisms, contexts and responses |journal=Ambio |volume=45 |issue=7 |pages=781–795 |bibcode=2016Ambio..45..781O |doi=10.1007/s13280-016-0805-6 |pmc=5055484 |pmid=27371137}}</ref> Letsha le le ngotlegile ka go feta 90% fa e sale ka 1987, mme se sa fudusa didikadike tsa banni. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jiang |first=Ingrid |date=12 August 2022 |title=A Remarkable Size Shrinking in Lake Chad |url=https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/e63a90f8552d4e5f98f4c56a56c06f9d |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=ArcGIS StoryMaps |language=en-ca |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002062620/https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/e63a90f8552d4e5f98f4c56a56c06f9d |url-status=dead }}</ref> Maiteko a mo bosheng a kgonne go dira kgatelopele nngwe mo go tsosoloseng go le buseletsa mme go sa ntse go tsewa fa le le mo kotsing ya go nyelela gotlhelele. <ref name="Remote sensing appraisal of Lake Ch">{{Cite journal |last=Onamuti |first=Olapeju Y. |last2=Okogbue |first2=Emmanuel C. |last3=Orimoloye |first3=Israel R. |date=8 November 2017 |title=Remote sensing appraisal of Lake Chad shrinkage connotes severe impacts on green economics and socio-economics of the catchment area |journal=Royal Society Open Science |volume=4 |issue=11 |bibcode=2017RSOS....471120O |doi=10.1098/rsos.171120 |pmc=5717671 |pmid=29291097 |doi-access=free |article-number=171120}}</ref> Go fokotsa go nna sekakaga mafelo, letsholo la Great Green Wall (Aforika) le ne la simololwa ka 2007 mme le ne le akaretsa go jala dimela mo karolong e e ka nnang dikholomithara di le dikete di le bosupa le makgolo a le bosupa le masome a masupa le botlhano (7 775 .&nbsp;km), dikholomithara di le lesome le botlhano ka bophara, go akaretswa mo lenaneong le mafatshe a le masome a mabedi le bobedi go fitlha ka 2030. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Green Wall Initiative |url=https://www.unccd.int/our-work/ggwi |access-date=22 September 2023 |website=UNCCD |language=en}}</ref> Maikaelelo a letsholo le ke tona le la go jala dimela ke go tokafatsa go boloka metsi mo mmung morago ga pula ya paka, ka jalo go rotloetsa tsosoloso ya lefatshe le temothuo ya mo bokamosong. [[Senegal]] e setse e tsentse letsogo mo lenaneong le ka go jala ditlhare tsa diheketara di le dikete di le masome a matlhano. Go bolelwa fa se se tokafaditse boleng jwa lefatshe le go baka koketsego ya tshono ya go gola ga itsholelo mo kgaolong e. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Great Green Wall &#124; National Geographic Society |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/great-green-wall/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222164123/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/great-green-wall/ |archive-date=22 December 2022 |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref> == Aforika == [[File:View_over_Bani_-_Sahel_Region_-_Burkina_Faso.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa Bani - Kgaolo ya Sahel - Burkina Faso]] === Kgaolo ya Sahel === Sahel, e leng kgaolo ya dikholomithara di dikete di le tlhano le makgolo a le mane e tsanaisana le phetogo ya seemo sa loapi sa Sekaka sa Sahara le dikgwa tse di bokgola tsa Sudan, e emela ngwe ya dikgaolo tsa lefatshe tse di ka tlhaselwang ke go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo ka bofefo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Case Study: Drought and Desertification in the Sahel |url=https://simplestudy.com/ie/leaving-cert/geography/revision-notes/option-atmosphere-ocean/climate-characteristics-and-economic-development/case-study-drought-and-desertification-in-the-sahel |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=SimpleStudy}}</ref> Go ya ka dipelo go tswa kwa Lenaneong la Tikologo la Ditšhabakopano (UNEP), go senyega ga tikologo le go nna sekaka go ama mo e ka nnang 45% ya karolo yotlhe ya lefatshe mo teng ga Sahel, e leng mo e ka nnang disekwerekhilomithara di le didikadike di le 2.43 tsa lefatshe le le senyegileng. Dilo tse di bakang go nna sekaka kwa Sahel ke ditiro tsa batho le seemo sa loapi. Le fa dipalo tsa mogote mo kgaolong e di ile tsa oketsega ka 0,5°C go ya go 1,5°C mo lekgolong le le fetileng la dingwaga—tse di bakileng dipaka tse di sa tlhomamang thata tsa dipula tsa monsoon—go oketsega ga palo ya batho go ile ga oketsa kgatelelo ya tikologo le gone. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Re-Greening of the Sahel |url=https://adaptation.climate.columbia.edu/content/re-greening-sahel |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=Columbia Climate School}}</ref> Ka palo ya batho ba kgaolo e e akanyediwang go atologa thata ka 2050, letlhoko la lefatshe le le ka lengwang le la go rua le dirile gore go feta 70% ya mafulo a Sahel a fulwe thata le 80% ya mafatshe a temothuo a itemogele go fokotsega mo go tseneletseng ga dikotla. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 3, 2026 |title=Desertification - Sahel case study |url=https://www.green.earth/blog/desertification-sahel-case-study |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=Green Earth}}</ref> Tatlhegelo e ya khurumetso ya dimela e dira gore mmu o o senang sepe o amiwe ke diphefo tse di omileng tsa Harmattan, mme se se itlhaganedisa go atologa go ya kwa borwa, maemo a go fetoga sekaka se se omileng thata. Dikgato tsa go lwantsha se, segolobogolo letsholo la Great Green Wall, di ikaelela go busetsa diheketara di le didikadike di le lekgolo tsa lefatshe le le senyegileng le ka 2030. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 15, 2022 |title=Desertification in Africa: Causes, Effects and Solutions |url=https://earth.org/desertification-in-africa/ |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=Earth.org}}</ref> == Dithutopatlisiso == === Sahel === Mo kgaolong ya Sahel—e e simololang kwa Senegal go ya kwa Chad—go nna sekaka ga legelo go bakwa thata ke kgatelelo e e tseneletseng ya batho e kopantswe le go fetofetoga ga seelo sa pula. Dithutopatlisiso tsa tikologo tsa mo bosheng di supa gore go latlhegelwa ke boleng ga lefatshe mo kgaolong e ke ga popego e bile go a oketsega. <ref>{{Citation|last=Osborne|first=Chetwynd|title=Achieving Land Degradation Neutrality through Active Restoration|date=2021-08-12|work=World Environment Day 2021: Essay Series on United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021-2030|pages=13–15|url=https://doi.org/10.52377/mxya1412|access-date=2026-06-19|publisher=Journal of Academic Research and Essays}}</ref> * '''Selekanyo sa go latlhegelwa ke boleng:''' Go ya ka tshedimosetso go tswa kwa Lenaneong la Tikologo la Ditšhabakopano (UNEP), go feta 45% ya kgaolo ya lefatshe kwa Sahel e amiwa thata ke go fetoga lefelo go nna sekaka, mme mo e ka nnang 80% ya masimo a temothuo a kgaolo e a setswe a laotswe gore a latlhegetswe ke boleng. * '''Go Sutela kwa Borwa (Mafelo a Nigeria a a kwa Pele):''' Kwa "mafelong a a kwa pele" a bokonebotlhaba jwa Nigeria (a a tshwanang le lefelo la Yobe), Sekaka sa Sahara se tsenelela kwa borwa. Tshedimosetso ya go tlhotlhomisa go tswa kgakala e bontsha gore go anama ga dithota tsa motlhaba go oketsegile go menagane go nna gabedi mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di sa tswang go feta, go ya kwa tlase ka seelo sa palo kakanyetso ya dikholomithara di le 0.6 ka ngwaga le go feta diheketara di ka nna dikete di le makgolo a mararo le masome a matlhano le bongwe tsa lefatshe la dijalo ka ngwaga. * '''Ditiro tsa batho tse di bakamg go fetiga sekaka ga lefelo tsa konokono:''' Le fa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e na le seabe, dithutopatlisiso mo mafelong ao di supa gore kgolo ya palo ya batho, lehuma la itsholelo le mekgwa mengwe ya temothuo e e tseneletseng ke tsone tse di dirang gore lefelo e nne sekaka ka bofefo. Go fudisa go feta selekanyo fela ka bo gone go dira mo e ka nnang 58% ya tshenyego ya lefatshe go ralala dikgaolo tse di omeletseng go le se kae, ka dipalopalo tsa leruo di apola khurumetso ya dimela tse di sireletsang mmu ka bonako go feta ka fa dimela tse di boang gape di gola ka bo tsone. === Lenaka la Aforika === Kwa Botlhaba jwa Lenaka la Afrika (bogolo jang Somalia, Ethiopia le Kenya), go nna sekaka ga mafelo go ile ga fefoswa thata ke diemo tsa seemo sa loapi tse di iseng di ko di nne teng e bile di latelana, e se ka ntlheng ya ditiro tsa batho fela. <ref>{{Citation|last=Osborne|first=Chetwynd|title=Achieving Land Degradation Neutrality through Active Restoration|date=2021-08-12|work=World Environment Day 2021: Essay Series on United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 2021-2030|pages=13–15|url=https://doi.org/10.52377/mxya1412|access-date=2026-06-19|publisher=Journal of Academic Research and Essays}}</ref> * '''Kgakgamatso ya seemo sa bosa ya dingwaga di le masome a masupa:''' Magareng ga 2020 le 2023, kgaolo e e ne ya nna le leuba le le sa tlwaelesegang mo ditsong la dingwaga di le dintsi le le neng le bakwa ke tiragalo ya La Niña e e neng ya tswelela dingwaga di le tharo. Se se ne sa felela ka gore go nne le dipaka tsa pula di le tlhano tse di latelanang tse di sa atlegang—e leng paka e e maswe go gaisa tsotlhe ya komelelo e e tsereng nako e telele mo kgaolo e e kileng ya gatisiwa mo dingwageng di le masome a masupa tse di fetileng. * '''Bokete jwa go sa sireletsega ga lefatshe:''' Go tlhaela ga bokgola jwa mmu mo go feteletseng go dirile gore dimela di swe ka bonako. Kwa Somalia, mo e ka nnang 49% ya lefatshe lotlhe mo bogompienong e itemogela go senyega ga tikologo mo go fa gare, fa 30% e arogantswe jaaka e e senyegileng thata mme e fetogela ka bonako go nna sekaka sa sennela ruri. * '''Tsa itsholelo ya batho:''' Mekgatlho e e elang tlhoko diemo tsa tikologo di bolela gore ka nako ya leuba/komeleo e e kwa godimo yeo, go feta 95% ya matsha a mannye a metsi a a kwa godimo ga lefatshe a ne a kgala mo dikgaolong tse di omeletseng. Se se ne sa pateletsa merafe ya badisa go tsamaya sekgala se se fa gare ga dikholomithara di le 8.6 le 17.6 go batla metswedi ya metsi e e ka dirisiwang, e e emelang koketsego ya 38% go feta palogare mo ditsong. * '''Tse di fefosang gore go nne le komelelo:''' Go ya ka ditso, dikomelelo tse di tona mo Lenakeng la Aforika di ne di diragala mo go ka nnang gangwe mo dingwageng dingwe le dingwe di le thataro. Fa e sa le ka 2005, dipalo tse di oketsegile go menagane go nna gabedi; dikomelelo tse di feteletseng jaanong di a ipoeletsa gangwe mo dingwageng dingwe le dingwe di le tharo, mme se ga se fe mmu yo o fa godimo nako e e lekaneng go buseletsa menontshane ya one ya tlholego kgotsa go boloka dikotla. === Tshwantshanyo ya Dikgaolo === Lenaneo le le latelang le farologanya tse di bakang go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo le ditlamorago tsa go latlhegelwa ke boleng ga lefatshe go ralala dikgaolo ka bobedi : <ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Release: World AIDS Day - 2014 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-5133-2014042 |access-date=2026-06-19 |website=Human Rights Documents online}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Tshwantshanyo ya Diphetogo tsa go Nna Sekaka ga lefelo !Kgaolo !Lebaka la konokono !Dipalo !Ditlamorago tsa Konokono |- |'''Sahel''' |Ditiro tsa batho (Go fudisa go feta selekanyo, temothuo e e tseneletseng, kgatelelo ya palo ya batho) |masome a le boferabobedi mo lekgolong (80%) ya masimo a a senyegile kana a latlhegetswe ke boleng |Go tsenelela ga dithota tsa motlhaba go ya kwa borwa ka 0.6 km ngwaga le ngwaga |- |'''Lenaka la Aforika''' |Diemo tsa bosa tse di maswe thata (Komelelo e e ipoeletsang ya dingwaga di le dintsi, La Niña) |tshenyo ya masome a le mararo mo lekgolong (30%) e e masisi ya lefatshe (Somalia) |Go kgala ga 95% ya metswedi ya metsi e e godimo ga lefatshe; go swa ka bonako ga dimela. |} === Lenaka la Aforika === Mo Lenakeng la Aforika, go nna sekaka ga lefelo go bonala itshupa ka go phutlhama ga thulaganyo ya go tshela ga diphologolo tsa tikologo mo go bakwang ke diemo tse di latelanang, tse di di masisi tsa komelelo. Go nna mo kotsing ga mafulo a kgaolo a a omileng go sekae go ne ga supiwa ke go palelwa mo go tseneletseng ga dipaka tsa dipula tse di latelanang fa gare ga 2023 le 2025, mo go neng ga senya khurumetso ya dimela le go itlhaganedisa go omelela ga mmu o o fa godimo go ralala Somalia, botlhaba jwa Kenya, le borwa jwa Ethiopia. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 16, 2025 |title=Alert: An Extremely Poor October to December 2025 Rainfall Season in the Horn of Africa |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/alert-extremely-poor-october-december-2025-rainfall-season-horn-africa-urgent-action-needed-now-address-severe-food-security-risks-16-december-2025 |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=Food Security and Nutrition Working Group via ReliefWeb}}</ref> Morago ga go palelwa gotlhelele ga dipula tsa bofelo jwa 2025, Somalia e ne ya itsise gore go na le seemo sa tshoganetso sa setšhaba sa komelelo, ka go senyega ga lefatshe le go latlhegelwa ke metswedi ya metsi a leruo go ne ga fudusa badisa ba ba fetang dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le botlhano kwa bofelong jwa 2025 le tshimologo ya 2026. Go fetoha ga mafelo a bojang a a ungwang go nna mafelo a a tshwanang le sekaka kwa Afrika Botlhaba go gakadiwa ke go rengwa ga dikgwa mo lefelong le go dira magala le go kgaoganngwa ga ditsela tsa setso tsa go fuduga ga batho, mo go bakang gore go nne le leruo le le ntsi mo mafulong a a bokoa. Go tsibogela seemo sa tatlhegelo ya mmu se se anameng, dipuso tsa dikgaolo di fetogetse kwa go direng ditekanyetso-kakanyetso tsa triro ya madi tse di ka kgonang go emelana le seemo sa bosa; ka sekai, maiteko a lefatshe mo diemong tsa tikologo kwa Kenya a remeletse thata mo tsosolosong ya ditikologo tsa mafulo tse di dirisitsweng go feta selekanyo go fokotsa go senyega ga mmu mo go tswelelang, gape le go thibela letlhoko le le tona la dijo mo itsholelong. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 11, 2026 |title=Desertification and Drought Day 2026: Insights from evidence of climate-resilient development across Africa and Asia |url=https://clareprogramme.org/update/desertification-and-drought-day-2026-insights-from-evidence-of-climate-resilient-development-across-africa-and-asia/ |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=CLARE Programme}}</ref> === Sekaka sa Gobi le Mongolia === Lefelo le lengwe le le tona le le amiwang ke go fetoga ga sekaka ga lefelo ke Sekaka sa Gobi se se kwa Bokone jwa China le kwa Borwa jwa Mongolia. Sekaka sa Gobi ke sekaka se se atologang ka bonako go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng, ka gore se fetola go feta disekwerekhilomithara di le dikete di le tharo tsa naga ya bojang go nna naga e e latlhegetsweng ke boleng ngwaga le ngwaga. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rechtschaffen |first=Daniel |title=How China's Growing Deserts Are Choking The Country |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrechtschaffen/2017/09/18/how-chinas-growing-deserts-are-choking-the-country/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216110308/https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielrechtschaffen/2017/09/18/how-chinas-growing-deserts-are-choking-the-country/ |archive-date=16 February 2022 |access-date=28 August 2022 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> Le fa Sekaka sa Gobi ka bosone se sa ntse se le kgakala le [[Beijing]], dipego go tswa mo dithutong tsa lefelo di bolela gore go na le dithota tse ditona tsa motlhaba tse di ipopang sekgala sa dikholomithara di le masome a le bosupa fela kwa ntle ga toropo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2020 |title=Gobi Desert: A Complete Guide to East Asia's Largest Desert |url=https://www.youngpioneertours.com/gobi-desert-guide/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160548/https://www.youngpioneertours.com/gobi-desert-guide/ |archive-date=30 July 2023 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=Young Pioneer Tours |language=en}}</ref> Kwa Mongolia, mo e ka nnang 90% ya naga ya bojang e tsewa e le e e ka nnang sekaka ke UN . Palokakanyetso ya 13% ya go nna sekaka ga lefelo kwa Mongolia e bakwa ke mabaka a tlholego; a mangwe ke ka ntlha ya tlhotlheletso ya ditiro tsa batho segolobogolo go fudisa go feta selekanyo le kgothego ya mmu e e oketsegileng mo mafelong a a lemilweng. <ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Desertification and How Does It Impact Mongolia? |url=https://breathemongolia.org/en/news-article/desertification-impact-mongolia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401180828/https://breathemongolia.org/en/news-article/desertification-impact-mongolia |archive-date=1 April 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=Breathe Mongolia – English |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Han |first=Jie |last2=Dai |first2=Han |last3=Gu |first3=Zhaolin |date=1 December 2021 |title=Sandstorms and desertification in Mongolia, an example of future climate events: a review |journal=Environmental Chemistry Letters |language=en |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=4063–4073 |bibcode=2021EnvCL..19.4063H |doi=10.1007/s10311-021-01285-w |issn=1610-3661 |pmc=8302971 |pmid=34335128}}</ref> Mo pakeng ya 1940 go ya go 2015, palogare ya mogote wa phefo e ne ya oketsega ka 2.24&nbsp;°C. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Han |first=Jie |last2=Dai |first2=Han |last3=Gu |first3=Zhaolin |date=1 December 2021 |title=Sandstorms and desertification in Mongolia, an example of future climate events: a review |journal=Environmental Chemistry Letters |language=en |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=4063–4073 |bibcode=2021EnvCL..19.4063H |doi=10.1007/s10311-021-01285-w |issn=1610-3661 |pmc=8302971 |pmid=34335128}}</ref> Paka e e bothitho thata ya dingwaga di le lesome e ne e le mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di sa tswang go feta mo bosheng go fitlha ka 2021. Pula e fokotsegile ka 7% mo pakeng e e mo go bakileng koketsego ya diemo tsa komelelo go ralala Mongolia. Sekaka sa Gobi se tswelela ka go atologa go ya kwa bokone, ka lefatshe le le fetang 70% la Mongolia le le senyegileng ka ntlha ya go fulwa go feta selekanyo, go rengwa ga dikgwa le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa. Mo godimo ga moo, puso ya Mongolia e kwadile melelo ya dikgwa, go swa ga dimela, ditiro tsa dikgwa tse di sa tsweleleng pele le tsa meepo jaaka dilo tse di bakang go fetoga ga naga sekaka mo nageng e . Phetogo go tswa mo temothuong ya dinku go ya kwa go ya dipodi gore go kgonwe go fitlhelela ditlhokego tsa go rekisa kwa ntle boboa jwa cashmere go bakile go senyega ga lefatshe la mafulo. Fa di bapisiwa le dinku, dipodi di dira tshenyo e ntsi mo mafulong ka go ja medi le dithunya. <ref>{{Citation|last1=Dorj|first1=O.|date=2013|pages=217–229|editor-last=Heshmati|editor-first=G. Ali|place=Dordrecht|publisher=Springer Netherlands|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-94-007-6652-5_11|isbn=978-94-007-6651-8|last2=Enkhbold|first2=M.|last3=Lkhamyanjin|first3=S.|last4=Mijiddorj|first4=Kh.|last5=Nosmoo|first5=A.|last6=Puntsagnamil|first6=M.|last7=Sainjargal|first7=U.|title=Combating Desertification in Asia, Africa and the Middle East|chapter=Mongolia: Country Features, the Main Causes of Desertification and Remediation Efforts|editor2-last=Squires|editor2-first=Victor R.}}</ref> Go fokotsa ditlamorago tsa letlhoko la madi ka ntlheng ya go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo kwa Inner Mongolia, Bai Jingying o ruta basadi go loga dilo tsa setso, tse morago ga moo ba di rekisang gore ba nne le lotseno lo lo oketsegileng. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Community threads together |url=https://www.chinadailyhk.com/hk/article/252552#Community-threads-together-2021-12-20 |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=chinadailyhk |language=en}}</ref> [[File:10-4-26_沙尘暴_-_panoramio_-_阿留申.jpg|thumb|Ditsuatsue tsa lerole kwa China tse di amanngwang le go fetoga ga lefelo go nna sekaka mo dikgaolong tsa yone tse di kwa bokone le kwa bokonebophirima]] === Amerika Borwa === Amerika Borwa ke lefelo le lengwe le le mo kotsing ya go fetoga sekaka, ka 25% ya lefatshe e tlhaolwa jaaka mafelo a a omeletseng <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2016 |title=Soil Degradation Threatens Nutrition in Latin America - World |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/world/soil-degradation-threatens-nutrition-latin-america |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403121753/https://reliefweb.int/report/world/soil-degradation-threatens-nutrition-latin-america |archive-date=3 April 2022 |access-date=3 April 2022 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}</ref> mme go feta 68% ya lefatshe le nnile le kgothego ya mmu ka ntlha ya go rengwa ga dikgwa le go fudisa go feta selekanyo. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=15 June 2018 |title=Why We Should Invest in Land Management in Latin America |url=https://www.nrdc.org/bio/carolina-herrera/why-we-should-invest-land-management-latin-america |access-date=25 September 2023 |website=www.nrdc.org |language=en}}</ref> 27 go ya go 43% ya mafelo a lefatshe kwa Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador le Peru a mo kotsing ka ntlha ya go fetoga sekaka. Kwa Argentina, Mexico le Paraguay, lefelo le le fetang sephatlo sa lefatshe le sentswe ke go fetoga sekaka ga lefelo mme ga se le le ka dirisetswang temothuo. Kwa Amerika Bogare, komelelo e bakile go oketsega ga letlhoko la ditiro le go fokotsega ga pabalesego ya go nna teng ga dijo - gape e baka le go fuduga ga batho. Go ile ga bonwa ditlamorago tse di tshwanang le tse kwa magaeng a Mexico kwa botona jwa disekwerekhilomithara di le sekete tsa lefatshe di latlhegileng ngwaga le ngwaga ka ntlha ya go nna sekaka. <ref name=":0" /> Kwa Argentina, go fetoga ga sekaka ga lefelo go na le bokgoni jwa go kgoreletsa ditlamelo tsa dijo tsa lefatshe . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Torres |first=Laura |last2=Abraham |first2=Elena M. |last3=Rubio |first3=Clara |last4=Barbero-Sierra |first4=Celia |last5=Ruiz-Pérez |first5=Manuel |date=7 July 2015 |title=Desertification Research in Argentina |journal=Land Degradation & Development |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=433–440 |bibcode=2015LDeDe..26..433T |doi=10.1002/ldr.2392 |hdl=11336/48401 |s2cid=129476957 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Go busetsa morago seemo sa go fetoga ga lefelo go nna sekaka == [[File:Harsh_Vardhan_addressing_at_the_inauguration_of_the_United_Nations_Convention_to_Combat_Desertification_(UNCCD)_Asia-Pacific_four-day_Regional_Workshop,_in_New_Delhi_(1).JPG|thumb|Bokopano ka 2018 kwa New Delhi jo bo neng bo amana le Tumalano ya Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng ya go Lwantsha go Nna Sekaka]] [[File:North_Sahara._Anti-sand_shields.jpg|thumb|Ditshireleretso kgatlhanong le motlhaba kwa bokone jwa Sahara, [[Tunisia|kwa Tunisia]]]] [[File:GreeningdesertTharIndia.jpg|thumb|Ditshimo tsa jojoba, jaaka di supiwa, di nnile le seabe mo go lwantsheng ditlamorago tsa go nna sekaka ga lefelo mo Sekaka sa Thar, India . ]] [[File:Tamarisk_planted_along_roads_in_Xinjiang_near_Cherchen_to_slow_desertification.jpg|thumb|Saxaul e jetswe go bapa le ditsela kwa Xinjiang gaufi le Cherchen go fokotsa go nna sekaka ga lefelo ]] Mekgwa le dikgato tsa go lwantsha fokotsa kgotsa go busetsa morago go fetoga go nna sekaka ga lefelo e teng. Mo dikgatong dingwe tse, go na le dikgoreletsi di le dintsi tse di itsang go diragatswa ga tsone. Mme le fa go ntse jalo, mo go tse dingwe tharabololo e tlhoka fela gore batho ba dirise ditlhaloganyo tsa bone. Mogopolo mongwe wa go thusa seemo ke gore ditshenyegelo tsa go amogela mekgwa ya temothuo e e tswelelang ka dinako dingwe di feta dipoelo tsa balemibarui ka bongwe jwa bone, le fa di le mosola mo morafeng le mo tikologong. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Drost |first=Daniel |last2=Long |first2=Gilbert |last3=Wilson |first3=David |last4=Miller |first4=Bruce |last5=Campbell |first5=William |date=1 December 1996 |title=Barriers to Adopting Sustainable Agricultural Practices |url=https://www.joe.org/joe/1996december/a1.php |journal=Journal of Extension |volume=34 |issue=6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222053123/https://www.joe.org/joe/1996december/a1.php |archive-date=22 February 2017 |access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref> Kgang e nngwe ke go tlhoka keletso ya sepolotiki, le go tlhoka madi a go tshegetsa mananeo a go tsosolosa lefatshe le go lwantsha go fetoga ga lefatshe go nna sekaka. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Briassoulis, Helen |year=2005 |title=Policy integration for complex environmental problems: the example of Mediterranean desertification |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CpYnV45hVRsC&pg=PA237 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=978-0-7546-4243-5 |page=237}}</ref> Go nna sekaka ga lefelo go lemogwa jaaka matshosetsi a matona mo mefuteng ya ditshedi . Mafatshe a mangwe a tlhamile maano a tiro a mefutafuta ya ditshedi go lwantsha ditlamorago tsa seemo se, segolobogolo mabapi le tshireletso ya dimela le diphologolo tse di mo kotsing ya go nyelela . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Desert reclamation projects |url=http://www.gsafweb.org/TrusteeNews/desertdevelopmen.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103172821/http://www.gsafweb.org/TrusteeNews/desertdevelopmen.html |archive-date=3 January 2009}}</ref> === Go tokafatsa boleng jwa mmu === Mekgwa ya go dira se e remetse mo dintlheng tse pedi: tlamelo ya metsi, le go baakanya le go nontsha mmu thata. Go baakanya mmu gantsi go dirwa ka tiriso ya dipopoma tsa tshireletso, ditsha tsa dikgong le dithibelaphefo . Dithibelaphefo di dirwa ka ditlhare le matlhare mme di dirisiwa go fokotsa kgothego ya mmu le go latlhegelwa ke metsi ga dimela . Mebu e mengwe (sekai, mmopa ), ka ntlha ya go tlhoka metsi e ka nna e e kopaneng go na le go nna le motlhofo (jaaka mmu wa motlhaba). Mekgwa e mengwe jaaka zaï kgotsa go epa di tlaabo morago go letla go lengwa ga dijalo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Good Earth – National Geographic Magazine |url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/soil/mann-text.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425181742/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/soil/mann-text.html |archive-date=25 April 2017 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref> Mokgwa o mongwe ke go epa mesele . Se se diragala ka go epa mesele ya boleele jwa dimithara di le lekgolo le masomea matlhano le mithara o le mongwe wa boteng mo mmung. Mesele e e tlaabo e dirwa go tsamaisana le mela ya bogodimo jwa naga, go thibela metsi go elela mo teng ga mesela go baka kgothego ya mmu. Go bewa mabota a matlapa go dikologa mesele go thibela gore e seka ya tswalega gape. Mokgwa o o tlhamilwe ke Peter Westerveld. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home – Justdiggit |url=http://nagafoundation.org/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402205707/https://nagafoundation.org/ |archive-date=2 April 2016 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref> Go humisa mmu le go buseletsa menontshane ya one gantsi go fitlhelelwa ke dimela. Mo go tsone, dimela tsa dinawa tse di ntshang naeterojene mo phefong le go e tsenya mo mmung, dimela tse di matute (jaaka Opuntia ), <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nefzaoui |first=Ali |date=30 January 2014 |title=Cactus as a Tool to Mitigate Drought and to Combat Desertification |journal=Journal of Arid Land Studies |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=121–124 |hdl=20.500.11766/7319 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> le dijalo/ditlhare tsa dijo jaaka digrains, barley, dinawa le di-date ke tsone tse di botlhokwa thata. Dithota tsa motlhaba di ka dirisiwa gape go laola go suta ga mmu le kgothego ya motlhaba. Tsela e nngwe ya go busetsa menontshane ya mmu ke ka tiriso ya monontshane o o nang le naeterojene e ntsi. Ka ntlha ya tlhwatlhwa e e kwa godimo ya monontshane o, balemibarui ba le bantsi ba dipolasepotlana ba palelwa ke go o dirisa, segolobogolo mo dikgaolong tse temothuo ya go ja mo lwapeng e tlwaelesegileng. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Krah |first=Kwabena |last2=Michelson |first2=Hope |last3=Perge |first3=Emilie |last4=Jindal |first4=Rohit |date=1 December 2019 |title=Constraints to adopting soil fertility management practices in Malawi: A choice experiment approach |journal=World Development |volume=124 |doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104651 |s2cid=202302505 |article-number=104651}}</ref> Mafatshe a le mmalwa, a akaretsa India, Zambia le Malawi a ile a tsibogela se ka go tsenya mo tirisong dithuso tsa madi go thusa go kgothatsa batho gore ba dirise mokgwa o. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Duflo |first=Esther |last2=Kremer |first2=Michael |last3=Robinson |first3=Jonathan |date=October 2011 |title=Nudging Farmers to Use Fertilizer: Theory and Experimental Evidence from Kenya |url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w15131.pdf |url-status=live |journal=American Economic Review |volume=101 |issue=6 |pages=2350–2390 |doi=10.1257/aer.101.6.2350 |hdl=1721.1/63964 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002053100/http://www.nber.org/papers/w15131.pdf |archive-date=2 October 2015 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Mafelo mangwe a dipatlisiso (sekai lefelo la Patlisiso la Bel-Air IRD/ISRA/UCAD) le one a dira ditekeletso tsa go kenta mefuta ya ditlhare ka mycorrhiza mo dikgaolong tse di omeletseng. Di-mycorrhiza tota ke di-fungi tse di itshwarelelang mo meding ya dimela. Ka jalo di dira botsalano jwa tirisanommogo le ditlhare, di oketsa bophara jwa medi ya setlhare thata (mo go letlelelang setlhare go kokoanya dikotla tse dintsi thata go tswa mo mmung). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Département Biologie Végétale – Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie IRD-ISRA-UCAD |url=http://196.1.95.4/fst/biologie-vegetale/labo_commun.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624015819/http://196.1.95.4/fst/biologie-vegetale/labo_commun.htm |archive-date=24 June 2016 |access-date=21 June 2016}}</ref> Boenjenere jwa ditshedi jwa ditshedi tse dinnye tsa mmu, segolobogolo tse di thusang go dira dijo tsa dimela, le tsone di boletswe le go tshwantshiwa jaaka mokgwa wa go sireletsa mafelo a a omeletseng. Maikaelelo e le go tokafatsa mekgwa ya tirisanommogo e e leng teng magareng ga ditshedi tse dinnye tsa mmu le dimela. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bioengineered soil microbes may help prevent desertification |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-08-bioengineered-soil-microbes-desertification.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200827204631/https://phys.org/news/2020-08-bioengineered-soil-microbes-desertification.html |archive-date=27 August 2020 |access-date=26 August 2020 |website=phys.org |language=en}}</ref> === Go dira sekaka gore se nne setala === Ka gore go na le mefuta e mentsi e e farologaneng ya dikaka, go na gape le mefuta e e farologaneng ya mekgwa ya go tsosolosa dikaka . Sekai sa se ke dipane tsa letswai kwa sekakeng sa Rub' al Khali kwa Saudi Arabia . Dipane tse tsa letswai ke dingwe tsa mafelo a a solofetsang thata mo kgaolong ya sekaka go thusa ka temothuo ya metsi a lewatle e bile di ka tsosolosiwa ntle le tiriso ya metsi a a phepa kgotsa maatla a mantsi. Tsosoloso ya tlholego e e laolwang ke balemibarui (FMNR) ke mokgwa o mongwe o o ntshitseng maduo a a atlegileng a go leka go buseletsa lefatshe la sekaka. Fa e sa le ka 1980, mokgwa o wa go lema ditlhare mo lefatsheng le le senyegileng o ntse o dirisiwa ka katlego e e rileng kwa Niger. Mokgwa o o motlhofo yoo gape o sa ture o letleleletse balemibarui gore ba kgone go tsosolosa disekwerekhilomithara di ka nna dikete di le masome a marataro kwa Niger. Thulaganyo e e akaretsa go kgontsha kgolo ya ditlhare ka go kgaola matlhare a dimela mo go kgethegileng. Masalela go tswa mo ditlhareng tse di kgaotsweng a ka dirisiwa go tlamela ka go bewa fa godimo ga lefatshe le le lemilweng mo masimong ka jalo go oketsa go tshwara metsi ga mmu le go fokotsa go latlhegelwa ke metsi ga mmu. Mo godimo ga moo, ditlhare tse di katoganeng sentle le go kgaolwa dikala di ka oketsa thobo ya dijalo. Lenaneo la Tsosoloso e e Thusiwang ke Humbo e e dirisang mekgwa ya FMNR kwa Ethiopia e amogetse madi go tswa kwa Letloleng la BioCarbon la Banka ya Lefatshe, le le tshegetsang mananeo a a tshwarang kgotsa a somarelang khabone mo dikgweng kgotsa mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo tsa temothuo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 October 2011 |title=Sprouting Trees From the Underground Forest — A Simple Way to Fight Desertification and Climate Change – Water Matters – State of the Planet |url=http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/10/18/sprouting-trees-from-the-underground-forest-a-simple-way-to-fight-desertification-and-climate-change/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623022554/http://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2011/10/18/sprouting-trees-from-the-underground-forest-a-simple-way-to-fight-desertification-and-climate-change/ |archive-date=23 June 2012 |access-date=11 August 2012 |publisher=Blogs.ei.columbia.edu}}</ref> Mokgatlho wa Dijo le Temothuo wa Ditšhaba tse di Kopaneng o simolodisitse Letsholo la Tsosoloso ya Mafatshe a a Omeletseng la FAO ka 2012 go kopanya dithuto le kitso ka go tsosolosa mafatshe a a omeletseng. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Drylands Restoration Initiative |url=http://www.fao.org/forestry/aridzone/restoration/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723220152/http://www.fao.org/forestry/aridzone/restoration/en/ |archive-date=23 July 2016 |access-date=14 April 2016 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations}}</ref> Ka 2015, FAO e gatisitse dikaelo tsa lefatshe ka bophara tsa go tsosolosa dikgwa le lefatshe la naga le le senyegileng mo mafelong a a omeletseng, ka tirisanommogo le Lephata la Dikgwa le Merero ya Metsi la Turkey le Mokgatlho wa Tirisanommogo le Kgokaganyo wa Turkey. <ref>{{Cite book |date=June 2015 |title=Global guidelines for the restoration of degraded forests and landscapes in drylands |url=http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5036e.pdf |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |isbn=978-92-5-108912-5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423203240/http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5036e.pdf |archive-date=23 April 2016 |url-status=live<!-- |access-date=June 2015 -->}}</ref> " Lebota le letala la China " ke sekai sa maemo a a kwa godimo sa mokgwa mongwe o o ntseng o bona katlego mo ntweng e ya go fetoga ga mafelo go nna sekaka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=desertification 3D environment |url=https://b2b.partcommunity.com/community/knowledge/en/detail/9815/Desertification#knowledge_article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228141238/https://b2b.partcommunity.com/community/knowledge/en/detail/9815/Desertification#knowledge_article |archive-date=28 February 2021 |access-date=25 September 2020}}</ref> Lebota le ke mofuta o motona thata wa se balemibarui ba Amerika ba se dirileng ka dingwaga tsa bo1930 go emisa seelo sa lerole la Bophirmagare. Leano le le ne ntshiwa kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo1970, mme le fetogile lenaneo le le tona la boenjenere jwa tikologo le go sa solofelweng gore le ka ema pele ga ngwaga wa 2055. Go ya ka dipego tsa China, go lemilwe di ka nna dibilione di le masome a marataro mo leboteng le legolo le letala la China. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2017 |title=China's 'Great Green Wall' Fights Expanding Desert |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/04/china-great-green-wall-gobi-tengger-desertification/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813110737/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/04/china-great-green-wall-gobi-tengger-desertification/ |archive-date=13 August 2017 |access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref> Lebota le letala la China le fokoditse lefatshe la sekaka kwa China ka palogare ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya disekwerekhilomithara di le sekete le makgolo a le boferabongwe le masome a le boferabobedi. <ref>{{Cite news|date=26 May 2018|title=Across China: A guardian of the great green wall against China's second largest desert|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/26/c_137207841.htm}}</ref> Dipalo tsa ditsuatsue tsa motlhaba lefatshe ka bophara di wetse tlase ka masome a mabedi mo lekgolong (20%) ka ntlha ya lebota le letala. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beiser |first=Vince |date=1 September 2017 |title=A tree grows in China: can a "Green Great Wall" stop sand from devouring the countryside? |journal=Mother Jones |volume=83 |issue=4}}</ref> Ka ntlha ya katlego e China e ntseng e e bona mo go emiseng go anama ga go fetoga ga lefelo go nna sekaka, maano mo Aforika go simolola "lebota" go bapa le melelwane ya sekaka sa Sahara mmogo le go tlamelwa ka matlole ke Mokgatlho wa Tikologo sa Lefatshe Lotlhe sa Ditšhabakopano a ntse a dirwa mo nakong ya gompieno. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gadzama |first=Njidda Mamadu |date=2017 |title=Attenuation of the effects of desertification through sustainable development of Great Green Wall in the Sahel of Africa |journal=World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=279–289 |doi=10.1108/WJSTSD-02-2016-0021}}</ref> [[File:Great_green_wall_map.svg|thumb|Lebota le legolo le letala, mafatshe a a tsayang karolo le Sahel . Ka Lwetse 2020, go ne ga begwa gore GGW e ne ya kgona go lema fela 4% ya lefelo le le neng le rulaganyeditswe tiro ye. ]] Ka 2024, palo e e ne e oketsegile go fitlha kwa go 30% wa seelo se se beilweng mme e a oketsega. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Heath |first=Victoria |date=2024-10-22 |title=Will Africa's Great Green Wall ever be finished? |url=https://geographical.co.uk/science-environment/will-africas-great-green-wall-ever-be-finished |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=Geographical |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ka 2007 [[African Union|Kopano ya Aforika]] e ne ya simolola lenaneo la Lebota le Legolo le le Tala la Aforika gore e kgone go lwantsha go fetoga ga sekaka ga mafelo mo mafatsheng a le masome a mabedi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Green Wall{{!}}Action Against Desertification{{!}}Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url=https://www.fao.org/in-action/action-against-desertification/overview/great-green-wall/en/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127153831/https://www.fao.org/in-action/action-against-desertification/overview/great-green-wall/en/ |archive-date=27 January 2022 |access-date=27 February 2022 |website=www.fao.org}}</ref> Lebota le le dikholomithara di le dikete di le boferabobedi ka bophara, le anama go ralala bophara jotlhe jwa kontinente mme go na le didolara di le dibilione di le boferabobedi go tshegetsa lenaneo le. Lenaneo le le tsosolositse diheketara di le didikadike di le masome a mararo le borataro tsa lefatshe, mme ka 2030 letsholo le le rulaganyetsa go busetsa palogotlhe ya diheketara di le didikadike di le lekgolo tsa lefatshe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gadzama |first=Njidda |date=2017 |title=Attenuation of the Effects of Desertification through Sustainable Development of Great Green Wall in the Sahel of Africa |journal=World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=279–289 |doi=10.1108/WJSTSD-02-2016-0021}}</ref> Lebota le Legolo le le Tala le tlhodile ditshono di le tse dintsi tsa ditiro mo mafatsheng a a tsayang karolo, ka ditiro di feta dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di tlhamilweng kwa Nigeria fela. <ref>{{Cite web |last=United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification |date=2019 |title=The Great Green Wall Initiative |url=https://www.unccd.int/actions/great-green-wall-initiative |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202120122/https://www.unccd.int/actions/great-green-wall-initiative |archive-date=2 December 2019 |access-date=3 December 2019 |website=United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification}}</ref> === Go fudisa leruo mo go laolwang sentle === Dikgaolo tsa bojang tse di tsosolositsweng di boloka CO ₂ go tswa mo lefaufaung jaaka sediriswa sa menontshane ya dimela. Diruiwa tse di fulang, gantsi di sa tlogelwe go ya kwa le kwa, di ja bojang mme di fokotsa kgolo ya jone. <ref name="Tlovell">{{Cite news|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/environment/2011/01/lovell-carbon-ward-climate|title=How fences could save the planet|publisher=newstatesman.com|access-date=5 May 2013|date=13 January 2011}}</ref> Mokgwa o o akantsweng wa go tsosolosa mafudiso bojang o dirisa magora go kgaogantswe go dira mafulo a mantsi a mannye , go sutisiwa leruo go tswa mafulong a mangwe go ya kwa go a mangwe morago ga letsatsi kgotsa a mabedi gore go kgonwe go dirwa nkare ke mafulo a tlholego mme se se letle bojang go gola ka botlalo. <ref name="Tlovell" /> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2008/02/restoring-soil-carbon-can-reverse-global-warming-desertification-and-biodiversity-loss/|title=Restoring soil carbon can reverse global warming, desertification and biodiversity loss|publisher=mongabay.com|access-date=2 May 2026|date=21 February 2008}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1953692,00.html|title=How eating grass-fed beef could help fight climate change|publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=11 May 2013|date=25 January 2010}}</ref> Ba ba dumalanang le mekgwa ya go fudisa e e laolwang sentle ba bolela gore go oketsa mokgwa o go ka oketsa diteng tsa khabone mo mebung ya lefatshe ya diheketara di le dibilione di le tharo le sephatlo tsa naga ya bojang jwa temothuo le go fokotsa dingwaga di ka nna lesome le bobedi tsa mesi ya CO ₂ . <ref name="Tlovell" /> Le fa go ntse jalo, babatlisisi ba le bantsi ba ile ba ganetsa dipolelo tse di ntseng jalo mme ba bolela gore ga di busetse morago go nna sekaka ga lefelo e bile ga di fokotse digase tse di ntshiwang ke tsone. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Briske |first=David D. |last2=Bestelmeyer |first2=Brandon T. |last3=Brown |first3=Joel R. |last4=Fuhlendorf |first4=Samuel D. |last5=Wayne Polley |first5=H. |date=Oct 2013 |title=The Savory Method Can Not Green Deserts or Reverse Climate Change |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0190052813500320 |journal=Rangelands |language=en |volume=35 |issue=5 |pages=72–74 |doi=10.2111/RANGELANDS-D-13-00044.1 |hdl=10150/639967 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> === Temothuo ya tiriso ya motlakase === Babatlisisi kwa bokone jwa China ba akantshitse gore dithulaganyo tsa agrivoltaic tse di beilweng sentle di ka tshegetsa tiro ya thulaganyo ya tikologo ya mo dikakeng, le mo mafelong a a nang le pula e nnye tota. Thutopatlisiso ya 2025 e e sekasekilweng ke balekane e e gatisitsweng mo ''Scientific Reports'' e begile gore palo ya ditshed tse dinnye, boleng jwa mmu le diteng tsa dikotla di tokafetse "ka tsela e e bonalang thata" ka fa tlase ga dithulaganyo tse di kopantsweng tsa agrivoltaic, fa di bapisiwa le dijalo tse di sa diriseng marang a letsatsi le tse di dirisang letsatsi fela mo sekakeng sa Kubuqui, se se amogelang 300mm ya pula fela ngwaga le ngwaga. Babatlisisi ba ne ba amanya dipharologano tse le moriti o o tswang mo diphaneleng, o o neng wa fokotsa mogote wa mmu le go lekanyetsa selekanyo sa metsi a a tswang mo mmung, le tiro ya go thibela phefo ya diphanele, tse di neng di thibela motlhaba go katela dimela, le tirisanommogo le ditlhare tse di lemilweng, tse mmogo di neng tsa dira seemo sa bosa se se siameng go feta dithulaganyo tse dingwe fa di bapisiwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lawrence |first=Kristen |date=2026-01-10 |title=Scientists make incredible discovery after pairing solar panels with crops in desert: 'An effective pathway' |url=https://www.thecooldown.com/green-tech/agrivoltaics-solar-panels-improves-desert-soil-quality/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=The Cool Down |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ma |first=Mingjie |last2=Yang |first2=Fan |last3=Zheng |first3=Xiannian |last4=Yang |first4=Xinghua |last5=Mamtimin |first5=Ali |last6=Zhou |first6=Chenglong |last7=Li |first7=Chaofan |last8=Huo |first8=Wen |last9=Zheng |first9=Xinqian |last10=Wang |first10=Tianhe |last11=He |first11=Peng |last12=Gong |first12=Qing |date=2025-11-29 |title=Integrated photovoltaic-agriculture systems enhance soil health in desert ecosystems: evidence from microbial biomass and nutrient synergies |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12775456/ |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=472 |doi=10.1038/s41598-025-29815-4 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=12775456 |pmid=41318781}}</ref> == Ditso == Dikaka tse di itsegeng thata mo lefatsheng di bopilwe ke ditiragalo tsa tlholego tse di dirigatseng mo nakong e telele. Mo bontsing jwa dinako tse, dikaka di ile tsa gola le go ngotlega ka botsone go sa laolwe ke ditiro tsa batho. Dikaka tsa bogologolo ke mawatle a matona a motlhaba a jaanong a sa direng sepe ka gonne a baakantswe ke dimela, dingwe di feta melelwane ya mo bogompienong ya dikaka tsa konokono, tse di tshwanang le Sahara, sekaka se setona e bile se le mogote go di gaisa tsotlhe. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Desertification |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/desertification/ |access-date=11 September 2023 |website=pubs.usgs.gov}}</ref> Bosupi jwa ditso bo bontsha gore go senyega ga lefatshe mo go masisi le mo go tseneletseng mo go neng ga diragala makgolokgolo a dingwaga a a fetileng mo dikgaolong tse di omeletseng go ne go na le mafelo a mararo: Mediterranean, Mogorogoro wa Mesopotamia le Loess Plateau ya China, kwa palo ya batho e neng e le ntsi teng. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Dregne |first=H.E. |title=Desertification of Arid Lands |url=http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/docs/002-193/002-193.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428120939/http://www.ciesin.columbia.edu/docs/002-193/002-193.html |archive-date=28 April 2023 |access-date=3 December 2013 |publisher=Columbia University}}</ref> Puisano ya ntlha e e itsiweng ka ga kgang e e ne ya tlhagelela ka bonako fela morago ga gore Aforika Bophirima e nne kolone ya Fora, fa Comité d'Etudes e ne e laela gore go dirwe patlisiso ka ga ''desséchement progressif'' go sekaseka go atologa ga Sekaka sa Sahara pele ga ditso. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Mortimore, Michael |year=1989 |title=Adapting to drought: farmers, famines, and desertification in West Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx89AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-32312-3 |page=12 |access-date=16 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730160046/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dx89AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 |archive-date=30 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Thuto ya segompieno ya go fetoga ga mafelo go nna sekaka e tlhagile go tswa mo thutong ya komelelo ya dingwaga tsa bo1980 kwa Sahel . <ref name=":6">{{Cite book |date=2016 |title=The End of Desertification? |isbn=978-3-642-16013-4 |editor-last=Behnke |editor-first=Roy |series=Springer Earth System Sciences |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-16014-1 |issn=2197-9596 |editor-last2=Mortimore |editor-first2=Michael}}</ref> t5x4hu4q7x6v9d35zja43bfnplj8xbk 0 14634 53321 53196 2026-07-27T07:45:50Z JudithShe 9421 ke tsentse metswedi mo tsebeng e #Wikipedia25BW 53321 wikitext text/x-wiki Teemane ya '''Sewelo k'''e teemane e e sa rethefadiwang ya bone ka botona go bonwa. Teemane e, e upulotswe ka Moranang ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe ke ba koporase ya diteemane ya [[Lucara]] kwa moepong wa yone wa [[Karowe]] kwa [[Botswana]]. Teemane e e na le dikharete di le sekete, makgolo a supa masome a matlhano le borobabobedi e bokete jwa dikereme di le makgolo a mararo masome a matlhano le bobedi kgotsa 12.39oz.<ref>Lucara finds largest uncut diamond in recent history in Botswana mine". ''Reuters''. 25 April 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2026</ref> Ka nako e e bonweng ka yone, Sewelo e ne e le yone teemane e tona go fetisa tse dingwe mo ditsong tsa Botswana, e feta ya [[Lesedi La Rona|Lesedi la Rona]] ya dikharete di le sekete, lekgolo,lesome le motso, dikereme di le makgolo a mabedi masome a mabedi le bobedi e e epilweng kwa moepong o le mongwe le e ka Ngwanatsele a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le botlhano. Lesedi la Rona e ne e le teemane ya bone ka botona go bonwa, e le ya boraro ya ka botona ya boleng joo. Lejwana le le filwe leina ka kgaisano e e neng e tshwerwe ke Lucara. Mo go a a tsisitsweng a le dikete di le masome a mabedi le bobedi, leina sewelo le ne la tlhophiwa, le le ranolwang gotwe pono e e tlwaelesegang kgotsa ya sewelo ka [[Setswana]].<ref>[https://www.miningreview.com/diamonds-gems/lucara-announces-the-naming-of-the-1758-carat-sewelo-diamond/ "Lucara announces the naming of the 1,758 carat Sewelô Diamond".] ''Miningreview.com''. 19 July 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> Ka Firikgong ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi go ne ga itsisiwe fa kompone ya [[Louis Vuitton]] e rekile teemane e ka madi a a sa buiwang.<ref>Friedman, Vanessa (15 January 2020). [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/15/style/sewelo-diamond.html "The second-biggest diamond in history has a new owner".] ''The New York Times''. ISSN&nbsp;0362-4331. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref><ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-01-16/second-biggest-diamond-ever-will-become-louis-vuitton-jewelry "Second-biggest diamond ever will become Louis Vuitton Jewelry".] ''Bloomberg.com''. 16 January 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> Kompone e ya Louis Vuitton e tlaa bereka le [[HB Antwerp]] go phatsimisa teemane le go e kgaola go nna majwana a mannye.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/louis-vuitton-sewelo-diamond-biggest-jewellery-lucara-diamond-corp-a9287186.html "The second-biggest diamond in the world was just purchased by Louis Vuitton".] ''The Independent''. 16 January 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref><ref name=":0">[https://www.awdc.be/news/press "HB Company: The Antwerp manufacturer tasked to cut Sewelô diamond for Louis Vuitton".] ''The Diamond Loupe''. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref><ref name=":1">Hope, Alan (22 January 2020). [https://www.brusselstimes.com/all-news/business/90892/antwerp-company-will-work-on-worlds-second-largest-diamond-louis-vuitton-luxury-goods-botswana-africa-precious-stones "Antwerp company will work on world's second-largest diamond".] ''The Brussels Times''. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> Lejwe le, le apesitswe ke carbon e ntsho e e galalelang e le tshesane fela, fa godimo e na le mahuti. E kana ka bolo ya thenase mme e bokete jwa yone garataro.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">The Diamond Loupe (23 January 2020). [https://www.awdc.be/news/press "HB Company: The Antwerp Manufacturer Tasked to Cut Sewelô Diamond for Louis Vuitton".] ''The Diamond Loupe''.</ref> Kompone ya HB e dirisitse mekgwa ya go dira mebepe e dirisa maranyane a AI go baakanya sebopego le go netefatsa gore e kgone go atlega mo go kgaoleng teemane e.<ref name=":2" /> Teemane e, e tlhalositswe e le lejwana la boleng jo bo farologaneng, e akaretsa dintlha dingwe tsa boleng jo bo kwa godimo, ke teemane ya madirelo e e nang le dikarolo tse di ka ntshang majwana a boleng jo bo kwa godimo. Tshekatsheko e e tseneletseng e ne e tsweletse ka Moranang ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso.<ref>[https://www.awdc.be/news/press "Lucara Recovers Second Largest Diamond in History: 1,758 Carats, Near-Gem Quality".] ''The Diamond Loupe''. 24 April 2021.</ref><ref>Tulsidas, Karishma (19 December 2020). [https://robbreport.com.sg/rare-gems-louis-vuittons-plans-for-the-sewelo-and-sethunya-diamonds-acquired-from-the-karowe-mine-in-botawana/ "Rare gems: Louis Vuitton's plans for the Sewelô and Sethunya diamonds, acquired from the Karowe mine in Botawana".] ''Robb Report Singapore''.</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Lesedi La Rona|Lesedi la Rona]] * [[Diteemane]] * Diteemane tse ditona tse di sa rethefadiwang * [[Meepo mo Botswana]] == Metswedi == 3fecrpr4hvkoc5soklo4882j073jym2 0 14648 53324 53217 2026-07-27T08:21:35Z JudithShe 9421 Ke okeditse thanolo ya tsebe e #Wikipedia25BW 53324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=[[Dithapelo Keorapetse]]|image=Dithapelo Keorapetse 2025.jpg|office=Motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente|term_start=Ngwanatsele a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bone|deputy=[[Helen Manyeneng]]|predecessor=[[Phandu Skelemani]]|predecessor1=[[Gladys Kokorwe]]|predecessor3=[[Margaret Nasha]]|predecessor4=[[Patrick Balopi]]|predecessor5=[[Matlapeng Ray Molomo]]|predecessor6=[[Moutlakgola P. K. Nwako]]|predecessor7=[[James G. Haskins]]|predecessor8=[[Albert Frank Lock]]|predecessor9=[[Alfred Merriweather]]}} '''Motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente''' ke mmereki wa puso wa [[palamente ya Botswana]]. Fa e sale lefatshe la [[Botswana]] le tsaya boipuso go tswa mo go la [[United Kingdom]] ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro botlhano, banna le basadi ba robabobedi ba berekile e le batsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente. Wa ntlha, [[Alfred Merriweather]], morongwa wa lotso lwa Scottish gape e le ngaka, o berekile go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le botlhano go tsena ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borobabobedi. Motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente wa gompieno ebong [[Dithapelo Keorapetse|Dithapelo Keorapetse,]] o simolotse go nna motsamaisa dipuisano fa e sale ka Ngwanatsele a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bone. == Batsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Leina !Ofisi !Phathi ! |- |[[Alfred Merriweather]] OBE |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le botlhano go tsena ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borobabobedi |[[Botswana Democratic Party]] | |- |[[Albert Frank Lock]] |ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borobabobedi go tsena ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabongwe |[[Botswana Democratic Party]] | |- |[[James G Haskins]] OBE |ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabongwe go tsena ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe |[[Botswana Democratic Party]] | |- |[[Moutlakgola P.K. Nwako|Moutlakgola P K Nwako]] |ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe go tsena ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe |[[Botswana Democratic Party]] | |- |[[Matlapeng Ray Molomo]] |ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe go tsena ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bone |[[Botswana Democratic Party]] | |- |[[Patrick Balopi]] |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bone go tsena ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe |[[Botswana Democratic Party]] | |- |[[Margaret Nasha]] |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe go tsena ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bone |[[Botswana Democratic Party]] | |- |[[Gladys Kokorwe]] |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bone go stena ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe |[[Botswana Democratic Party]] | |- |[[Phandu Skelemani]] |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe go tsena ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome mabedi le bone |[[Botswana Democratic Party]] | |- |[[Dithapelo Keorapetse]] |Ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bone go tsena gompieno |[[Umbrella for Democratic Change]] | |} == Metswedi == is2mgmzzc5fg6j3m0ipxh3b5dbalonm 0 14650 53323 53219 2026-07-27T08:06:08Z JudithShe 9421 Ke okeditse thanolo ya tsebe e le go tsenya metswedi #Wikipedia25BW 53323 wikitext text/x-wiki Patlo maikutlo ya phetolo ya tsamaiso ditlhopho e ne e tshwaretswe kwa Botswana ka Phalane a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bosupa. Patlo maikutlo e, e ne e na le ditshetlana tse tharo tse di farologaneng, ebile di tsile di sala morago ditsholofetso tse di dirilweng ke tautona [[Quett Masire]] morago ga megwanto e e dikgoka ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le botlhano.<ref>[https://www.eisa.org.za/WEP/bot1997overview.htm Botswana: Constitutional and electoral reform] EISA</ref> Ditshetlana tsotlhe ka boraro di ne tsa fetisiwa, le ntswa batlhophi ba ba iponagaditseng ba ne ba le lesome le bosupa fela mo lekgolong.<ref name=":0">[http://africanelections.tripod.com/bw_2.html#1997_Referendum Elections in Botswana: Botswana Referendums] African Elections Database</ref> == Potso ya ntlha == Potso ya ntlha e ne e botsa batlhophi gore a ba dumalana le go fetolwa ga molaomotheo, le go emeletsa maemo a mookamedi wa ditlhopho, a a simolodisitsweng morago ga tlhopho ya ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le bosupa, ba a emisetsa ka lekgotla le le ikemetseng la tlhopho.<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Se se tlhophilweng !Palo ya ditlhopho !% |- |Ba ba dumalanang |dikete di le masome a mane le botlhano, lekgolo masome a mabedi le bobedi |73.16 |- |Ba ba kgatlhanong |dikete di le lesome le borataro, makgolo a matlhano le masome a matlhano |26.84 |- |Tse di senyegileng |makgolo a mabedi le motso | - |- |Palo yotlhe |dikete di le masome a marataro le motso, makgolo a robabobedi masome a supa le boraro |lekgolo |- |Batlhophi ba ba ikwadisitseng |dikete di le makgolo a mararo masome a supa, lekgolo masome a supa le boraro |16.76 |- |Motswedi |[http://africanelections.tripod.com/bw_2.html#1997_Referendum African Elections Database] | |} == Potso ya bobedi == Potso ya bobedi e ne e botsa batlhophi gore a ba dumalana le go fetolwa ga molaomotheo go letla Batswana ba ba nnang kea mafatsheng a sele go tlhopha.<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable" !Se se tlhophilweng !Palo ya ditlhopho !% |- |Ba ba dumalanang |dikete di le masome a mane le boraro, makgolo a matlhano masome a matlhano le botlhano |70.42 |- |Ba ba kgatlhanong |dikete di le lesome le borobabobedi, makgolo a mabedi masome a robabongwe le botlhano |29.58 |- |Tse di senyegileng |lekgolo masome a robabongwe le bosupa | - |- |Palo yotlhe |dikete di le masome a marataro le bobedi, masome a mane le bosupa |lekgolo |- |Batlhophi ba ba ikwadisitseng |dikete di le makgolo a mararo masome a supa, lekgolo masome a supa le boraro |16.76 |- |Motswedi |[http://africanelections.tripod.com/bw_2.html#1997_Referendum African Elections Database] | |} == Potso ya boraro == Potso ya boraro e ne e botsa batlhophi gore a ba dumalana le go fetolwa ga molaomotheo go fokotsa dingwaga tsa motho o o nang le tshwanelo ya go tlhopha go tswa kwa go masome a mabedi le motso go nna lesome le borobabobedi.<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable" !Se se tlhophilweng !Palo ya ditlhopho !% |- |Ba ba dumalanang |dikete di le masome a mararo le borataro, makgolo a mabedi masome a supa le botlhano |58.74 |- |Ba ba kgatlhanong |dikete di le masome a mabedi le botlhano makgolo a mane masome a supa le botlhano |41.26 |- |Tse di senyegileng |lekgolo masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi | - |- |Palo yotlhe |dikete di le masome a marataro le bobedi, makgolo a robabongwe masome a mane le borobabobedi |lekgolo |- |Batlhophi ba ba ikwadisitseng |dikete di le makgolo a mararo masome a supa, lekgolo masome a supa le boraro |16.73 |- |Motswedi |[http://africanelections.tripod.com/bw_2.html#1997_Referendum African Elections Database] | |} == Metswedi == 2ppnu3ojs3ezpoarf55jvp9gzjx2afy 0 14651 53330 53220 2026-07-27T09:17:37Z JudithShe 9421 Ke okeditse thanolo le go tSenya metswedi #Wikipedia25BW 53330 wikitext text/x-wiki Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso di ne di tshwaretswe kwa [[Bechuanaland]] Protectorate ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le motso. == Tse di diragetseng pele == Molaomotheo o mosha o simolotse go tsena mo tirisong ka Morule ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro, o o neng wa tlhama khansele ya molao le khansele ya bogakolodi ya Aforika.<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190805115131/https://www.eisa.org.za/wep/botoverview4.htm Botswana: Late British colonialism] (1945-1966) EISA</ref> Khansele ya molao e ne e na le maloko a feta masome a mararo; matona a kolone a le lesome, batho bantsho ba le lesome, batho basweu ba le lesome, motho wa lotso lwa Asia a le mongwe le maloko a mangwe a a tlhophilweng. <ref name=":0" />Maloko a a lesome a mantsho a ne a tlhophiwa ke khansele ya Aforika, fa batho basweu ba ba lesome le wa Asia ba ne ba tlhophilwe ka tlhamalalo.<ref name=":0" /> Khansele ya Aforika e ne e na le bagogi ba magosi a Batswana ba robabobedi le maloko a a tlhophilweng.<ref name=":0" /> == Maduo == [[Seretse Khama]] o ne a amogela ditlhopho tse dintsi mo tlhophong ya baemedi ba bantsho,<ref name=":1">"Seretse Khama Gains Most Votes" ''The Times'', 18 May 1961, p12, issue 55084</ref> Khansele e ne ya tlhomamisiwa semmuso ka Seetebosigo.<ref name=":1" /> == Metswedi == pmj9ipdo6lpo8mn0fxxezauvhnsl91y 0 14652 53319 53222 2026-07-27T07:15:42Z JudithShe 9421 Ke baakantse le go tsenya metswedi mo tsebeng e #Wikipedia25BW 53319 wikitext text/x-wiki Thomo ya ga tautona ya go sekaseka dikarolo tsa masome a supa le bosupa, masome a supa le borobabobedi le masome a supa le borobabongwe tsa [[molaomotheo wa Botswana]], e e itsegeng gape ka leina la '''thomo ya ga Balopi''' e reeletswe ka modulasetilo wa thomo [[Patrick Balopi]], ke thomo ya [[Botswana]] ya go dira tshekatsheko e e tlhomilweng ka Phukwi a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi go tsibogela tlhoko tekatekano ya merafe gareng ga [[Merafe ya Botswana|merafe ya Batswana]] e e mentsi le merafe e mebotlana jaaka wa [[Wayeyi]]. == Tse di diragetseng pele == {{Quote|quote=Sir Seretse Khama o ne a le kgatlhanong le kgethololo ebile a ka se letle kgethololo epe mo molaomotheong. O ne a sa rate bogosi ka o ne a re bo a tlhaola. Go ya ka ene, go bua ka batho o re ba merafe e metona kgotsa ba merafe e mebotlana e ne e ka nna matlhapa.|by=[[Quett Masire]] tautona wa bobedi wa Botswana|cite=http://dspace.ucalgary.ca/bitstream/1880/48426/5/UofCPress_AfricanChieftaincy_2011.pdf}} Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le botlhano, [[Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo]], motlhatlhelela dithuto kwa [[Mmadikolo wa Botswana|Mmadikolo wa Botswana,]] o ne a tlhama lekgotla la Kamanakao, le maikaelelo a lone e neng e le go tlhabolola le go tshegetsa puo ya Shiyeyi le ngwao.<ref>[http://kamanakao.tripod.com/thekamanakaoassociation/id4.html "Our Objectives".] The Kamanakao Association. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> Wayeyi ke setlhopha se sebotlana sa batho bantsho ka fa tlase ga [[Batawana]].<ref name=":0">Gulbrandsen, Ørnulf (2012). ''The State and the Social: State Formation in Botswana and Its Pre-Colonial and Colonial Genealogies''. Berghahn Books. p.&nbsp;340. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780857452986|<bdi>9780857452986</bdi>.]]</ref> Ka ntlha ya maikutlo a kgatelelo ka fa tlase ga Batawana, morafe wa Wayeyi, ka thuso ya lekgotla la Kamanakao, ba ne ba tlhoma kgosikgolo wa bone Shikati Calvin Kamanakao, ka Moranang a le masome mabedi le bone ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe, mo go neng go le kgatlhanong le molao wa bogosi, le karolo ya masome a supa le bosupa go tsena e le masome a supa le borobabongwe ya [[molaomotheo wa Botswana]].<ref name=":0" /> Mothusa moatlhodimogolo Ian Kirby o ne a fetola Wayeyi ka lokwalo ka Phukwi a le lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa sekete makgoll a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe, a kwala gore ka Wayeyi e le morafe o o sa lemogiweng, ga ba ka ke ba nna le kgosi ya bone.<ref>[https://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrc/docs/RETENG_MCB.pdf "Alternative Report Submitted to the Human Rights Committee on the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights"] (PDF). Reteng: The Multicultural Coalition of Botswana. May 2007. Retrieved 27 July 2026.</ref> Ka ntlha ya kgotlhang ya Wayeyi le tshutiso ya palamente ya ga [[Olifant Mfa]] ka Tlhakole a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le botlhano go kwalolola dikarolo tsa masome a supa le bosupa go tsena masome a supa le borobabongwe tsa molaomotheo gore di akaretse merafe yotlhe, tautona [[Festus Mogae]] o ne a tlhopha batho ba le masome a mabedi le motso mo thomong ya ga tautona ya tshekatsheko ya dikarolo tsa masome a supa le bosupa, masome a supa le borobabobedi le masome a supa le borobabongwe tsa molaomotheo wa Botswana, e e neng gape e bidiwa thomo ya ga Balopi, e reeletswe ka Patrick Balopi modulasetolo wa thomo eo. Thomo e o e ne e ya go diragatsa dilo di le tharo: go kanoka dikgaolo tsa masome a supa le bosupa, masome a supa le borobabobedi le masome a supa le borobabongwe tsa molaomotheo wa Botswana le go batla tsela e e tlaa ntshang go bona dikgaolo tseo di kgetholola; (b) go kanoka le go tswa ka mokgwa o o siameng wa go tlhopha maloko a [[Ntlo ya Dikgosi tsa Botswana|ntlo ya dikgosi]]; le (c) go tswa ka dikakanyo le mekgwa ya go atolosa go diragatsa ka botswapelo ga Ntlo ya Dikgosi.<ref>Ray, Donald I.; Quinlan, Tim; Sharma, Keshav; Clarke, Tacita A.O., eds. (2011). [http://dspace.ucalgary.ca/bitstream/1880/48426/5/UofCPress_AfricanChieftaincy_2011.pdf "The Role of the House of Chiefs (''Ntlo ya Dikgosi'') in Botswana"]. ''Reinventing African Chieftaincy in the Age of AIDS, Gender, Governance, and Development'' (PDF). Africa, Missing Voices. Vol.&nbsp;8. Calgary: University of Calgary Press. hdl:1880/48426. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>978-1-55238-537-1</bdi>. ISSN&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:1703-1826 1703-1826]. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> == Mekgwa == Go tsaya maikutlo a setshaba, maloko a thomo a ne a etela metse le ditoropo di le masome a mane le bongwe, ya tshwara dikopano di le masome a mane le boraro,  ba reetsa dikopano tsa setshaba di le masome a mararo le borobabobedi, ba amogela dikwalo tsa  ditlhopha di le lesome le tsa batho ba le masome a mane. Dikopano di ne di tshwaretswe kwa dikgotleng tsa merafe.<ref>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780857452986|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&nbsp;216.</ref> == Dikgakololo == Thomo e ne ya dira dikgakololo tse di latelang mo pegong ya ntlha ya ngwaga wa dikete pedi le motso: * Le fa dikarolo tsa masome a supa le bosupa go tsena tsa masome a supa le borobabongwe di sokamela mo lotlhakoreng longwe, tsone le go kaiwa ga morafe ope fela di tshwanetse go ntshiwa mo molaomotheong ka ntlha ya ka fa beng gae ba di bonang di tlhaola ka teng. * Lefoko "chief" mo molaomotheong, masalela  a bogosi jwa Britain, le tshwanetse go beelelwa ka la Kgosi. * House of Chiefs ya Botswana e tshwanetse go tswelela ka go nna teng  ka e emetse tshwaragano ya lefatshe, e tshwanetse go fetolwa leina go nna Ntlo ya Dikgosi, mo puso e neng ya go dira ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi ka molao wa Bogosi. * Maloko a House of Chiefs ga a tshwanela go letlelelwa go nna maloko a diphathi dipe tsa sepolotiki * Maloko a tshwanetse go tlhophiwa go ya ka mafelo a bone a bogosi, e le tsela ya go tlhama kemedi ya tikologo eseng mofuta o mogologolo wa go tlhopha merafe e e tshwanetseng go nna le maloko mo ntlong. == Ditsibogo == Tautona o ne a galalediwa maiteko a gagwe ke morafe o mmotlana se [[Batswapong]] kwa botlhaba jwa Botswana mme o ne a kgalwa thata ke [[Bangwato|Bamangwato]] ka ba ne ba dumela gore a tlaa baya kgodikgolo wa bone (le mothusa tautona wa nako e o wa Botswana) Ian Khama mo selekanyong se le sengwe le magosi a merafe e mebotlana.<ref>[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780857452986|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&nbsp;217.</ref> [[Molao wa Bogosi (Botswana)|Molao wa bogosi]] o ne wa fetisiwa ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi, o emelela molao wa pele. Molao o o ne o ntsha tiriso ya lefoko chief o le fetolela kwa go Kgosi. === Phetolo === Phetolo ya dikgakololo e dirilwe ka Moranang ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bobedi ka setlhogo sa pego ya bobedi ya ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bobedi e e tlhophileng go tlogela tlhopho ya magosi e ntse e tshwana: dikgosi tse di robangbobedi tsa merafe e metona di tlaa nna mo maemong a tsone, tshutiso e House of Chiefs ka bo yone e e tlhomamisitseng.<ref>Ray, Donald I.; Quinlan, Tim; Sharma, Keshav; Clarke, Tacita A.O., eds. (2011). [http://dspace.ucalgary.ca/bitstream/1880/48426/5/UofCPress_AfricanChieftaincy_2011.pdf "The Role of the House of Chiefs (''Ntlo ya Dikgosi'') in Botswana]". ''Reinventing African Chieftaincy in the Age of AIDS, Gender, Governance, and Development'' (PDF). Africa, Missing Voices. Vol.&nbsp;8. Calgary: [[:en:University_of_Calgary_Press|University of Calgary]] Press. hdl:1880/48426. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>978-1-55238-537-1</bdi>. ISSN&nbsp;1703-1826. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> Tautona Mogae o ne a tsaya maeto a mangwe go dikologa lefatshe ka Motsheganong ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bobedi go tshwara dingangisano ka diphetogo tsa mo isagong tsa molaomotheo, mme bontsi jwa beng gae ba ne ba ntse ba sa kgotsofala. Tona wa botsogo [[Joy Phumaphi]] o ne a re phetolo ke maiteko ga e ntshe kgethololo. Matona a mangwe a ne a dumela gore ga ba na nako e e lekaneng go ntsha mafatlha a bone ka tsamaiso ya phetolo.<ref>Ray, Donald I.; Quinlan, Tim; Sharma, Keshav; Clarke, Tacita A.O., eds. (2011). [http://dspace.ucalgary.ca/bitstream/1880/48426/5/UofCPress_AfricanChieftaincy_2011.pdf "The Role of the House of Chiefs (''Ntlo ya Dikgosi'') in Botswana".] ''Reinventing African Chieftaincy in the Age of AIDS, Gender, Governance, and Development'' (PDF). Africa, Missing Voices. Vol.&nbsp;8. Calgary: University of Calgary Press. hdl:1880/48426. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>978-1-55238-537-1</bdi>. ISSN&nbsp;1703-1826. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> Tshekatsheko ya ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa ya Mmadikolo wa Botswana e ne ya lemoga fa palo e e bonalang ya bafetodi e supa fa molaomotheo o tshwanetse go fetolwa gore o lemoge merafe yotlhe e e mo Botswana ka tekatekano.<ref>Nyati-Ramahobo, Lydia (7 January 2009). [https://www.minorityrights.org/download.php?id=622 ''Minority Tribes in Botswana: the Politics of Recognition''.] London: Minority Rights Group International. p.&nbsp;16. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-904584-83-4|978-1-904584-83-4]]</bdi>. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Molao wa Bogosi (Botswana)|Molao wa Bogosi]] * [[Ntlo ya Dikgosi tsa Botswana|Ntlo ya Dikgosi]] * [[Kgosi]] == Metswedi == ca2ox6vhezzuv1s2isilftgz3c0s6b5 0 14653 53326 53223 2026-07-27T09:02:16Z JudithShe 9421 Ke okeditse thanolo ya tsebe e#Wikipedia25BW 53326 wikitext text/x-wiki Ditlhopho tsa khansele ya Yuropa ya bogakolodi di ne di tshwaretswe kwa [[Bechuanaland]] Protectorate ka Morule ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mararo<ref name=":0">[https://libsysdigi.library.illinois.edu/ilharvest/Africana/Books2011-05/466540/466540_1930/466540_1930_opt.pdf Bechuanaland Protectorate Report for 1930] Colonial Reports</ref> == Tsamaiso ya ditlhopho == Khansele ya Yuropa ya bogakolodi e ne e na le maloko a supa a a tlhophilweng, botlhe ba tlhophilwe go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa botlhophi tsa bontlhopheng ba le bangwe.<ref name=":0" /> Batlhophi e ne e le batlhanka ba Britain fela ba lotso la Yuropa, ba ba ntseng mo lefatsheng le le sireleditsweng sebaka sa ngwaga pele ga ditlhopho gape ba:<ref name=":0" /> * Na le lefatshe kgotsa ba le adimilwe ka tlhwatlhwa ya diponto di le makgolo a mabedi * Ba na le didirisiwa tsa temothuo tsa tlhwatlhwa ya diponto di le makgolo a mabedi * Ba ne ba teseletso ya lebentlele potlana. * Ba na le letseno la ngwaga la diponto di feta makgolo a mabedi go tswa mo metsweding ya lefatshe le le mo tshireletsong Bo ntlhopheng ba ne ba tlhokiwa gore ba bo ba tlhophilwe ke batho ba ba ikwadiseditseng ditlhopho ba le batlhano, le go ntsha madi a peeletso a diponto di le masome mabedi le botlhano. Madi a peeletso a ne a busiwa fela fa ba iponetse tlhopho e e fetang masome a mabedi mo lekgolong la tlhopho ya mofenyi.<ref name=":0" /> == Maduo == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kgaolo ya botlhophi !Ntlhopheng o o fentseng !Dintlha |- |[[Ghanzi]] le mafelo a a mabapi |Henry Weatherrilt |O tlhophilwe gape a sa ganediwe |- |[[Francistown]] |R McFarlane |O tlhophilwe gape a sa ganediwe |- |[[Tuli Block]] |WG Mason |O tlhophilwe gape a sa ganediwe |- |[[Ngwato tribe]], [[Ngamiland]], [[Chobe District]] |Robert Bailey |O tlhophilwe gape a sa ganediwe |- | |LS Glover |O tlhophilwe gape a sa ganediwe |- | |GFJ van Rensburg |O tlhophilwe gape a sa ganediwe |- |[[Bamalete]], [[Bakgatla -ba-ga- Kgafela]] [[Bakwena]] [[Bangwaketse]] le [[Barolong]] |RH Linton |O tlhophilwe |} == Ditlhopho tsa poeletso == Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a mararo le bobedi, Robert Bailey (wa kgaolo ya botlhophi ya bone) o ne a tlhokafala, RH Linton (wa kgaolo ya botlhopho ya bosupa) o ne a tswa mo lefatsheng. Mo ditlhophong tsa poeletso ste di tshwerweng moragonyana mo ngwageng o o, E Fodisch le RL Ciring ba ne ba tlhophiwa go ba emelela.<ref>[https://libsysdigi.library.illinois.edu/ilharvest/Africana/Books2011-05/466540/466540_1932/466540_1932_opt.pdf Annual Report on the Social and Economic Progress of the People of the Bechuanaland Protectorate], 1932 Colonial Reports</ref> == Metswedi == 4wo7n931pl3o9cxcelk7n3iynyzzhvu 53328 53326 2026-07-27T09:09:24Z JudithShe 9421 53328 wikitext text/x-wiki Ditlhopho tsa khansele ya Yuropa ya bogakolodi di ne di tshwaretswe kwa [[Bechuanaland]] Protectorate ka Morule ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a mararo<ref name=":0">[https://libsysdigi.library.illinois.edu/ilharvest/Africana/Books2011-05/466540/466540_1930/466540_1930_opt.pdf Bechuanaland Protectorate Report for 1930] Colonial Reports</ref> == Tsamaiso ya ditlhopho == Khansele ya Yuropa ya bogakolodi e ne e na le maloko a supa a a tlhophilweng, botlhe ba tlhophilwe go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa botlhophi tsa bontlhopheng ba le bangwe.<ref name=":0" /> Batlhophi e ne e le batlhanka ba Britain fela ba lotso la Yuropa, ba ba ntseng mo lefatsheng le le sireleditsweng sebaka sa ngwaga pele ga ditlhopho gape ba:<ref name=":0" /> * Na le lefatshe kgotsa ba le adimilwe ka tlhwatlhwa ya diponto di le makgolo a mabedi * Ba na le didirisiwa tsa temothuo tsa tlhwatlhwa ya diponto di le makgolo a mabedi * Ba ne ba teseletso ya lebentlele potlana. * Ba na le letseno la ngwaga la diponto di feta makgolo a mabedi go tswa mo metsweding ya lefatshe le le mo tshireletsong Bo ntlhopheng ba ne ba tlhokiwa gore ba bo ba tlhophilwe ke batho ba ba ikwadiseditseng ditlhopho ba le batlhano, le go ntsha madi a peeletso a diponto di le masome mabedi le botlhano. Madi a peeletso a ne a busiwa fela fa ba iponetse tlhopho e e fetang masome a mabedi mo lekgolong la tlhopho ya mofenyi.<ref name=":0" /> == Maduo == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kgaolo ya botlhophi !Ntlhopheng o o fentseng !Dintlha |- |[[Ghanzi]] le mafelo a a mabapi |Henry Weatherrilt |O tlhophilwe gape a sa ganediwe |- |[[Francistown]] |R McFarlane |O tlhophilwe gape a sa ganediwe |- |[[Tuli Block]] |WG Mason |O tlhophilwe gape a sa ganediwe |- |[[Ngwato tribe]], [[Ngamiland]], [[Chobe District]] |Robert Bailey |O tlhophilwe gape a sa ganediwe |- |Gaberone |LS Glover |O tlhophilwe gape a sa ganediwe |- |Lobatsi |GFJ van Rensburg |O tlhophilwe gape a sa ganediwe |- |[[Bamalete]], [[Bakgatla -ba-ga- Kgafela]] [[Bakwena]] [[Bangwaketse]] le [[Barolong]] |RH Linton |O tlhophilwe |} == Ditlhopho tsa poeletso == Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a mararo le bobedi, Robert Bailey (wa kgaolo ya botlhophi ya bone) o ne a tlhokafala, RH Linton (wa kgaolo ya botlhopho ya bosupa) o ne a tswa mo lefatsheng. Mo ditlhophong tsa poeletso ste di tshwerweng moragonyana mo ngwageng o o, E Fodisch le RL Ciring ba ne ba tlhophiwa go ba emelela.<ref>[https://libsysdigi.library.illinois.edu/ilharvest/Africana/Books2011-05/466540/466540_1932/466540_1932_opt.pdf Annual Report on the Social and Economic Progress of the People of the Bechuanaland Protectorate], 1932 Colonial Reports</ref> == Metswedi == 8xlrkcnf85q20y0fc2q3ny8lcsraj1o 0 14654 53327 53225 2026-07-27T09:08:23Z JudithShe 9421 Ke oekditse thanolo le go tsenya metswedi #Wikipedia25BW 53327 wikitext text/x-wiki Ditlhopho tsa khansele ya bogakolodi ya Yuropa di ne di tshwaretswe mo [[Bechuanaland]] Protectorate ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a mararo le boraro<ref name=":0">[https://libsysdigi.library.illinois.edu/ilharvest/Africana/Books2011-05/466540/466540_1933/466540_1933_opt.pdf Annual Report on the Social and Economic Progress of the People of the Bechuanaland Protectorate 1933] Colonial Reports</ref> == Tsamaiso ya ditlhopho == Khansele ya Yuropa ya bogakolodi e ne e na le maloko a a tlhophilweng a supa, botlhe ba ne ba tlhophilwe go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa ntlhopheng a le mongwe.<ref name=":0" /> Go tlhopha go ne go seegetswe kwa thoko batho ba e neng e le batlhanka ba Britain ba lotso lwa Yuropa ba ba nnileng mo lefatsheng le le sireleditsweng sebaka sa ngwaga pele ga ditlhopho, kgotsa batho ba ba sa nneng kwa Britain ba ba ntseng mo kgaolong e sebaka sa dingwaga di le tlhano. Batlhophi botlhe ba ne ba tlhokiwa gore ba bo ba:<ref name=":0" /> * Na le setsha kgotsa ba se tlhokometse, sa madi a diponto di le makgolo mabedi. * Ba na le didirisiwa tsa temo tsa tlhatlhwa ya diponto di feta makgolo a mabedi * Ba na le teseletso ya lebentle potlana kgotsa ba amogela madiba a fetang diponto di le makgolo mabedi ka ngwaga go tswa mo metsweding e e mo lefatsheng le le sireleditsweng. Bo ntlhopheng ba ne ba tlhokiwa go bo ba tlhophilwe ke batlhophi ba le batlhano ba ba ikwadisitseng.<ref name=":0" /> == Maduo == {| class="wikitable" !Kgaolo ya botlhophi !Ntlhopheng o o fentseng !Dintlha |- |[[Ghanzi]] le mafelo a a mabapi |Henry Weatherrilt |O tlhophilwe gape a sa ganediwe |- |[[Francistown]] |R McFarlane |O tlhophilwe gape a sa ganediwe |- |[[Tuli Block]] |WG Mason |O tlhophilwe gape a sa ganediwe |- |[[Ngwato tribe]], [[Ngamiland]], [[Chobe District]] |Robert Bailey |O tlhophilwe gape a sa ganediwe |- |Gaberone |LS Glover |O tlhophilwe gape a sa ganediwe |- |Lobatsi |GFJ van Rensburg |O tlhophilwe gape a sa ganediwe |- |[[Bamalete]], [[Bakgatla -ba-ga- Kgafela]] [[Bakwena]] [[Bangwaketse]] le [[Barolong]] |RH Linton |O tlhophilwe |} == Ditlhopho tsa poeletso == Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a mararo le bone G Haskins o ne a tlhokafala, Henry Weatherrilt a ithola marapo mo khanseleng. Ditlhopho tsa poeletso di ne tsa tshwarelwa dikgaolo tsa botlhophi tsa ntlha le bone, ga mmogo le kgaolo ya bolthopho ya boraro e e neng e sena motho. CK Going o ne a tlhophiwa a sa ganediwe kwa kgaolo ya boraro, CW Martin o ne a boela mo kgaolong ya boraro a sa ganediwe, go ne go sena bo ntlhopheng ba kgaolo ya bone.<ref>[https://libsysdigi.library.illinois.edu/ilharvest/Africana/Books2011-05/466540/466540_1934/466540_1934_opt.pdf Annual Report on the Social and Economic Progress of the People of the Bechuanaland Protectorate 1934] Colonial Reports</ref> == Metswedi == e7381oipquaonszxqunk38j6r2miein 0 14655 53329 53226 2026-07-27T09:14:31Z JudithShe 9421 Ke okeditse thanolo ya tsebe e #Wikipedia25BW 53329 wikitext text/x-wiki Patlo maikutlo ya tsamaiso ditlhopho e ne e tshwaretswe mo [[Botswana]] ka Phalane a le masome a mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa, e le lantlha go diriwa patlo maikutlo  mo lefatsheng leo.Molao kakanyetso o ne o akaretsa go tlhamiwa ga maemo a mookamedi wa ditlhopho, o o tlaa thapiwang ke puso. Patlo maikutlo e ne ya fetisiwa ka batlhophi ba le masome a supa le borobaobedi le motso o le mongwe mo lekgolong ba dumalana le mogopolo.<ref>[http://africanelections.tripod.com/bw_2.html#1987_Referendum Botswana Referenda] African Elections Database</ref> Morago ga patlo maikutlo e, ditlhopho tse di latelang tse di tshwerweng ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe, ba [[Botswana National Front]] ba ne ba seka ba tsaya karolo mo go tsone ka ntlha ya gore diphetogo di ne di sa akaretse lekgotla le le ikemetseng la ditlhopho. Diphetogo di ne tsa boelwa morago morago ga patlo maikutlo e nngwe ya ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bosupa. == Maduo == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Tlhopho !Dipalo !% |- |Ba ba dumalanang |dikete di le masome a mane le botlhano makgolo a mabedi le bobedi |78.1 |- |Ba ba kgatlhanong |dikete di le lesome le bobedi makgolo a marataro masome a robabobedi le motso |21.9 |- |Dipalo tsotlhe | | |- |Ba ba ikwadisitseng | | |- |Motswedi |[http://africanelections.tripod.com/bw_2.html#1987_Referendum African Elections Database] | |} == Metswedi == 5j05bjqubrg9k2nhze3eva8ka13ffzv 0 14657 53334 53229 2026-07-27T09:45:04Z JudithShe 9421 Ke okeditse thanolo ya tsebe e#Wikipedia25BW 53334 wikitext text/x-wiki Ditlhopho tsa patlo maikutlo ya phetogo ya kgotlatshekelo mo Botswana di tshwerwe ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le motso Ngwanatsele a le malatsi a mararo, pele di ne di rulaganyeditswe go tshwarwa ka Phalane a le malatsi a marataro mme tsa tlosolosiwa.<ref>[https://www.eisa.org.za/WEP/bot2001referendum.htm Botswana: 2001 Referendum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511040844/http://www.eisa.org.za/WEP/bot2001referendum.htm#|date=2010-05-11}} EISA</ref> Ditlhopho tse di ne di botsa dipotso di robabobedi tse di farologaneng ka baatlhodi le dikgotlatshekelo, tsotlhe di ne tsa tlhomamisiwa, di supa ka tlhopho e e fetileng masome a supa mo lekgolong. Batho ba ba neng ba tsile go tlhopha ba ne ba le bane le metso e robabongwe mo lekgolong, ditalama di dikete di le masome mabedi le bobedi le makgolo a marataro go tswa mo palong yotlhe ya batlhophi ya dikete di le makgolo a mane masome a marataro, makgolo a mabedi masome a matlhano le bobedi ba ba neng ba ikwadisitse. <ref name=":0">[http://africanelections.tripod.com/bw_2.html#2001_Referendum Botswana: 2001 referendum] African Elections Database</ref>Tlosoloso ya ditlhopho ke puso,go ema kgatlhanong ga setlhopha sa Pitso Ya Batswana, le go rotloetsa batho go sa tsenelele ditlhopho ga setlhopha se e ne e le mabaka a a neng a ka tswa a bakileng palo potlana ya batho ba ba tsileng go tlhopha.<ref name=":1">[https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/feature/2007/02/06/youth-and-migration Botswana: Ethnic tensions on the rise] IRIN, 8 November 2001</ref> Pitso Ya Batswana e ne e re ditlhopho tse ke maiteko a morafe wa [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Bakalaka]], go oketsa palo ya bone mo kgotlatshekelong le ntswa ba ne ba ntse ba na le palo e ntsi mo tsamaisong ya kgotlatshekelo.<ref name=":1" /> == Potso ya ntlha == Potso ya ntlha e ne e le mabapi le thuto ya batho ba ba tlaa thapiwang e le baatlodi kwa kgotlatshekelong kgolo. A o dumalana gore, gore motho a thapiwe e le moatlhodi kwa kgotlatshekelong kgolo, o tshwanetse gore a bo a lekane gape a na le tetla ya go bereka e le mmueledi dingwaga di se kwa tlase ga lesome, kgotsa a lekane go bereka e le mmueledi, a rutile molao mo sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro dingwaga di se kwa tlase ga lesome, kgotsa a nna makaseterata mogolo o o nnileng mo ofising eo dingwaga di se kwa tlase ga botlhano? Molao kakanyetso o ne wa fetisiwa ka tumalano ya masome a supa le bone le metso e mebedi mo lekgolong.<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Tlhopho !Ditalama !% |- |Ba ba dumalanang |dikete di le lesome le borataro masome a mararo le borobabobedi |74.2 |- |Ba ba kgatlhanong |dikete di le tlhano, makgolo a matlhano masome a supa le bone |25.8 |- |Tse di senyegileng |makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le botlhano | |- |Dipalo tsotlhe |dikete di le masome mabeei le bobedi makgolo a matlhano masome a robabongwe le bosupa |lekgolo |- |ba ba ikwadisitseng |dikete di le makgolo a mane masome a marataro, makgolo a mabedi masome a matlhano le bobedi |4.9 |- | colspan="3" |Motswedi: [http://africanelections.tripod.com/bw_2.html#2001_Referendum African Elections Database] |} == Potso ya bobedi == Potso ya bobedi e ne e le mabapi le thutego ya batho ba ba ka thapiwang e le baatlhodi lwa kgotlatshekelong ya boikuelo: A o dumalana gore, gore motho a thapiwe e le moatlhodi wa kgotlatshekelo ya boikuelo, o tshwanetse gore a bo a na le dithutego gape e le mmueledi o o ka diragatsang dingwaga di se kwa tlase ga lesome kgotsa a a na le tetla ya go bereka e le mmueledu, a rutile molao kwa sekolong se segolwane sa ithutelo ditiro, sebaka se se fetang ngwaga e le nngwe? Molao kakanyetso o ne wa fetisiwa ka tumalano ya masome a supa le bone, metso e robabobedi le motso.<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable" !Tlhopho !Ditalama !% |- |Ba ba dumalanang |dikete di le lesome le borataro, lekgolo masome a matlhano le bobedi |74.8 |- |Ba ba kgatlhanong |dikete di le tlhano, makgolo a mane masome a mararo le borataro |25.8 |- |Tse di senyegileng |makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le borobabobedi | |- |Dipalo tsotlhe |dikete di le masome mabedi le bobedi makgolo a matlhano masome a supa le borataro |lekgolo |- |ba ba ikwadisitseng |dikete di le makgolo a mane masome a marataro, makgolo a mabedi masome a matlhano le bobedi |4.9 |- | colspan="3" |Motswedi: [http://africanelections.tripod.com/bw_2.html#2001_Referendum African Elections Database] |} == Potso ya boraro == Potso ya boraro e ne e le mabapi le phetogo ya maemo a baatlhodi ba kgotlatshekelo kgolo: A o dumalana gore maemo a baatlhodi ba kgotlatshekelo a baatlhodi ba puisne a fetolwe go nna baatlhodi? Molao kakanyetso o ne wa fetisiwa ka tumalano ya masome a supa le borataro metso e supa le bone.<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable" !Tlhopho !Ditalama !% |- |Ba ba dumalanang |dikete di le lesome le borataro, makgolo a matlhano masome a marataro le botlhano |76.7 |- |Ba ba kgatlhanong |dikete di le tlhano, lesome le borobabongwe |23.3 |- |Tse di senyegileng |makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le botlhano | |- |Dipalo tsotlhe |dikete di le masome mabedi le bobedi makgolo a matlhano masome a supa le borobabongwe |lekgolo |- |ba ba ikwadisitseng |dikete di le makgolo a mane masome a marataro, makgolo a mabedi masome a matlhano le bobedi |4.9 |- | colspan="3" |Motswedi: [http://africanelections.tripod.com/bw_2.html#2001_Referendum African Elections Database] |} Potso ya bone e ne e le mabapi le go tsholetsa dingwaga tsa go tlogela tiro ka bogodi tsa baatlhodi ba kgotlatshekelo kgolo le kgotlatshekelo ya boikuelo A o dumalana gore dingwaga tsa go ithola tiro ka bogodi tsa baatlhodi ba kgotlatshekelo kgolo le kgotlatshekelo ya boikuelo e okediwe go tswa kwa masome a marataro le botlhano go ya kwa masome a supa? Molao kakanyetso o ne wa fetisiwa, le ntswa o ne o dumalanwe ke masome a matlhano le boraro le metso e robabongwe le boraro mo lekgolong fela, e le palo e e kwa tlase thata go na le dipotso tse dingwe.<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable" !Tlhopho !Ditalama !% |- |Ba ba dumalanang |dikete di le lesome le motso, makgolo a supa masome a matlhano le motso |53.9 |- |Ba ba kgatlhanong |dikete di le lesome, masome a mararo le bosupa |46.1 |- |Tse di senyegileng |makgolo a supa, masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe | |- |Dipalo tsotlhe |dikete di le masome mabedi le bobedi makgolo a matlhano masome a supa le bosupa |lekgolo |- |ba ba ikwadisitseng |dikete di le makgolo a mane masome a marataro, makgolo a mabedi masome a matlhano le bobedi |4.9 |- | colspan="3" |Motswedi: [http://africanelections.tripod.com/bw_2.html#2001_Referendum African Elections Database] |} == Potso ya botlhano == Potso ya botlhano e ne e le mabapi le go tlhophiwa ga maloko a lekgotla la bodiredi jwa kgotlatshekelo: A o dumalana gore maloko a lekgotla la ditirelo tsa kgotlatshekelo ba ba tlhophilweng ke lekgotla la molao kgotsa ba thapilwe ke tautona ba tshwanetse go bereka sekgala sa dingwaga tse pedi se se ka ntshafadiwang, gape ba ka ntshiwa ke lekgotla mo sekgaleng sa ntlha le ke tautona mo go sa bobedi fa ba sa dire tiro kgotsa ba sa itshware sentle? molao kakanyetso o ne wa fetisiwa ka masome a supa le bobedi le metso e le masome a mane le botlhano mo lekgolong.<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable" !Tlhopho !Ditalama !% |- |Ba ba dumalanang |dikete di le lesome le botlhano, makgolo a supa, masome a marataro le botlhano |72.5 |- |Ba ba kgatlhanong |dikete di le tlhano, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bone |23.3 |- |Tse di senyegileng |makgolo a robabobedi le bobedi | |- |Dipalo tsotlhe |dikete di le masome mabedi le bobedi makgolo a matlhano masome a marataro le motso |lekgolo |- |ba ba ikwadisitseng |dikete di le makgolo a mane masome a marataro, makgolo a mabedi masome a matlhano le bobedi |4.9 |- | colspan="3" |Motswedi: [http://africanelections.tripod.com/bw_2.html#2001_Referendum African Elections Database] |} == Potso ya borataro == Potso ya borataro e ne e le mabapi le lekgotla la ditirelo tsa kgotlatshekelo: A o dumalana gore maloko a lekgotla la ditirelo tsa kgotlatshekelo, a a tlaa tsayang tshwetso ka tlhopho ya bontsi, modulasetilo a na le tlhopho fa go ditlhopho di lekalekana, e tshwanetse go nna molaodimogolo e le modulasetilo, tautona kgotsa motlhaodi o motona wa kgotlatshekelo ya boikuelo, moatlhodimogolo, modulasetilo wa lekgotla la bodiredi kwa setshaba, leloko la lekgotla la molao a tlhophilwe ke lone, le motho wa tlhwatlhwa le kitso o e seng mmueledi o o thapilweng ke tautona? Molao kakanyetso o ne wa fetisiwa ka masome a supa le bobedi metso e le merataro le borobabobedi mo lekgolong.<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable" !Tlhopho !Ditalama !% |- |Ba ba dumalanang |dikete di le lesome le botlhano, makgolo a robabobedi masome a mararo le boraro |72.7 |- |Ba ba kgatlhanong |dikete di le tlhano, makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le motso |27.3 |- |Tse di senyegileng |makgolo a supa masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe | |- |Dipalo tsotlhe |dikete di le masome mabedi le bobedi makgolo a matlhano masome a supa le boraro |lekgolo |- |ba ba ikwadisitseng |dikete di le makgolo a mane masome a marataro, makgolo a mabedi masome a matlhano le bobedi |4.9 |- | colspan="3" |Motswedi: [http://africanelections.tripod.com/bw_2.html#2001_Referendum African Elections Database] |} == Potso ya bosupa == Potso ya bosupa e ne e le mabapi le kgotlatshekelo ya madirelo: A o dumalana gore kgotlatshekelo ya madirelo e tshwanetse go nna yone e tona? {| class="wikitable" !Tlhopho !Ditalama !% |- |Ba ba dumalanang |dikete di le lesome le borataro, makgolo a mabedi lesome le borataro |74.5 |- |Ba ba kgatlhanong |dikete di le tlhano, makgolo a matlhano masome a mane le borobabongwe |25.5 |- |Tse di senyegileng |makgolo a supa, masome a robabongwe le bobedi | |- |Dipalo tsotlhe |dikete di le masome mabedi le bobedi makgolo a matlhano masome a matlhano le bosupa |lekgolo |- |ba ba ikwadisitseng |dikete di le makgolo a mane masome a marataro, makgolo a mabedi masome a matlhano le bobedi |4.9 |- | colspan="3" |Motswedi: [http://africanelections.tripod.com/bw_2.html#2001_Referendum African Elections Database] |} == Potso ya borobabobedi == Potso ya borobabobedi ebile e le ya bofelo e ne e le mabapi le moatlhodimogolo A o dumalana gore moatlhodimogolo a neelwe dithata tsa go thapa komiti ya bogakolodi ya melao ya kgotlatshekelo go mo gakolola ka phetolo ya melao ya ditirelo le tsamaiso ya kgotlatshekelo e kgolo? Molao kakanyetso o fetisitswe ka tlhopho ya masome a supa le borataro metso e le masome a marataro le borobabobedi mo lekgolong, e le yone e e kwa godimo mo melao kakanyetsong yotlhe. {| class="wikitable" !Tlhopho !Ditalama !% |- |Ba ba dumalanang |dikete di le lesome le borataro, makgolo a matlhano masome a robabobedi le bone |76.9 |- |Ba ba kgatlhanong |dikete di le nne, makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabongwe le botlhano |23.1 |- |Tse di senyegileng |sekete, masome a mabedi le boraro | |- |Dipalo tsotlhe |dikete di le masome mabedi le bobedi makgolo a matlhano masome a robabongwe le bobedi |lekgolo |- |ba ba ikwadisitseng |dikete di le makgolo a mane masome a marataro, makgolo a mabedi masome a matlhano le bobedi |4.9 |- | colspan="3" |Motswedi: [http://africanelections.tripod.com/bw_2.html#2001_Referendum African Elections Database] |} == Metswedi == rvxcakq0hogsy1opdwh5es6xchoc1k1 0 14658 53322 53232 2026-07-27T07:50:24Z JudithShe 9421 Ke tsentse metswedi mo tsebeng e#Wikipedia25BW 53322 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Roy Warren Blackbeard''' (O o tshotsweng ka Moranang a le lesome le borataro ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le boraro – a tlhokafala ka Phatwe a le lesome le le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome mabedi le bone) e ne e le moemedi wa lefatshe gape e le mopolotiki wa Motswana. O berekile e le moemedj wa lefatshe la [[United Kingdom]] kwa [[Botswana]] go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[https://www.sundaystandard.info/roy-blackbeard-recalled-as-botswanaocos-high-commissioner-in-united-kingdom/ Roy Blackbeard recalled as Botswana's High Commissioner in United Kingdom], ''Sunday Standard'', 3rd May 2018</ref> Morago ga go berekela kompone ya De Beers le ya Price Waterhouse, gammogo le go tlhama kompone ya gagwe, o ne a nna leloko la khuduthamaga ya Botswana ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe, a emetse kgaolo ya botlhophi ya [[Serowe]] bokone e le ntlhopheng wa [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] . O ne a tlhomiwa go nna mothusa tona wa lephata la Temothuo ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bobedi, a tlhomiwa tona wa lephata leo ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bone, maemo a annileng mo go one go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bosupa; ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi, o ne a tswa mo palamenteng mme a tlhomiwa go nna moemedi yo mogolo kwa Lontone.<ref>Blackbeard, Roy Warren (b. 16 April 1953 - ). In ''Who's Who 2006''.</ref> Blackbeard o tlhokafetse ka Phatwe a le lesome le motso ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bone, a le dingwaga di le masome a supa le bobedi. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Blackbeard: Influential former BDP leader passes away|url=https://www.mmegi.bw/ampArticle/114100|access-date=13 August 2024|publisher=Mmegi Online|date=13 August 2024}}</ref> == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} 1fqqstlwpvr16piceav23yf7k7xhvvb 0 14665 53332 53244 2026-07-27T09:21:00Z JudithShe 9421 Ke golagantse tsebe le tse dingwe #Wikipedia25BW 53332 wikitext text/x-wiki Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo e le masome mabedi le borobabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi ke bone, bese ya bapagami e ne ya thula gaufi le Mmamatlakala kwa [[Kgaolo ya Limpopo|Limpopo]], kwa kgaolong e e kwa bokone jwa [[Aforika Borwa]], ya bolaya batho ba le masome a mane le botlhano mme ya tlogela mosetsana wa dingwaga di robabobedi, yo a neng a bone dikgobalo tse di masisi, e le ene fela yo o neng a falola. <ref name="BBC News">{{Cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Phelan|date=28 March 2024|title=South Africa: Girl, 8, only survivor as 45 killed in bus crash|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68690454|access-date=28 March 2024|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> <ref name="CNN">{{Cite news|last=Cassidy|first=Amy|date=28 March 2024|title=Bus carrying Easter worshippers falls off cliff killing 45 people in South Africa|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/28/africa/bus-carrying-easter-worshippers-falls-off-cliff-intl/index.html|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=28 March 2024}}</ref> Go ya ka lephata la dipalamo la kwa Aforika Borwa, tiragalo e e diragetse fa mokgweetsi a sena go latlhegelwa ke taolo. Bese e ne ya tlola borogo mme morago ga moo ya tuka. Bese e ne e tsamaisa baeti ba Paseka go tswa kwa [[Molepolole]], kwa Botswana, go ya kwa Moria, kwa Aforika Borwa. <ref name="BBC News" /> <ref name="CNN" /> <ref name="Reuters">{{Cite news|last=Sishi|first=Siyabonga|date=28 March 2024|title=Bus accident in South Africa kills at least 45, Transport Ministry says|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/bus-accident-south-africa-kills-least-45-transport-ministry-says-2024-03-28/|access-date=28 March 2024|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> == Tse di diragetseng pele == Lefatshe la Aforika Borwa le na le mafaratlhatlha a a tlhabologileng thata mo Aforika, mme le itsege ka dipalopalo tsa tlhoko pabalesego. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Bus plunges off South Africa bridge killing 45: ministry|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/bus-plunges-off-south-africa-bridge-killing-45-ministry/article68003917.ece|access-date=31 March 2024|work=The Hindu|date=29 March 2024}}</ref> Ka malatsi a boikhutso a paseka a mane ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le boraro, lefatshe le, le ne la bega ditiragalo di le lekgolo masome a robabobedi le botlhano tsa dikotsi tsa dikoloi tse di neng tsa baka dintsho di le makgolo mabedi masome a mabedi le botlhano. <ref name="DW">{{Cite news|date=28 March 2024|title=South Africa bus crash leaves dozens dead|url=https://www.dw.com/en/south-africa-bus-crash-leaves-dozens-dead/a-68695354|work=Deutsche Welle|access-date=28 March 2024}}</ref> Mo pegong e e dirilweng dioura di le mmalwa pele ga kotsi e, tautona [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] o ne a kopa batho ba Aforika Borwa go nna kelotlhoko mo ditseleng ka mafelo a beke a Paseka, a bolela gore moletlo o "ga o tlhoke go nna nako e re nnang fela re emetse go bona dipalopalo tsa masetlapelo kgotsa dikgobalo mo ditseleng tsa rona." <ref name="DW" /> [[Kereke ya Sion|Kereke ya Sekeresete ya sione (ZCC)]], e e leng yone go gaisa mo borwa jwa Aforika, e na le ofisikgolo kwa Moria mme e ngoka didikadike tsa Bakeresete go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa le mafatshe a a mabapi ka maeto a yone a bodumedi a ngwaga le ngwaga a Paseka. <ref name="The New York Times">{{Cite news|last=Eligon|first=John|newspaper=and|date=3 April 2024|title=Girl, 8, Is Sole Survivor of Bus Plunge: 'No One Can Explain This Miracle'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/29/world/africa/south-africa-botswana-bus-crash.html|access-date=29 March 2024|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Leeto la bodumedi la ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bone ne e le la ntlha le diragala mo toropong e fa e sale ka [[Bolwetse jwa Mogare wa Khorona 2019|segajaja sa COVID-19]] . <ref name="Associated Press">{{Cite news|last=Imray|first=Gerald|date=28 March 2024|title=Bus plunges off a bridge in South Africa, killing 45 people. An 8-year-old is only survivor|url=https://apnews.com/article/south-africa-bus-crash-dead-a5b31e9085a5f843f90d0582676ded37|access-date=29 March 2024|work=[[AP News]]}}</ref> <ref name="CBS News">{{Cite news|last=Dev|first=S.|date=28 March 2024|title=Bus in South Africa plunges off a bridge and catches fire, killing 45 people|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bus-crash-bridge-south-africa-botwana-45-dead/|access-date=28 March 2024|work=[[CBS News]]}}</ref> == Kotsi == [[Setshwantsho:Brug_in_die_Kloofpas,_Mogalakwena-pm,_Limpopo,_b.jpg|thumb| Borogo jwa Mma Matlakala ka 2021]] Bese e ne e na le dipalo tsa kwadiso tsa Botswana e ne e pegile baeng go tswa kwa kerekeng ys St Engenas Zion kwa Molepolole, oura go tswa kwa Gaborone, ba ba neng ba ya tirelobg ya kereke kwa Moria ya malatsi a paseka. E ne e pegile bapalami ba le masome a mane le borataro e tsamaya ka tsela ya 518 go ralala Kloof Pass, tsela e e dithaba e e fapoganh gantsi. Dipego tsa pele di ne di supa fa mokgweetsi a ne a seka a fapoga kwa a tshwanetseng teng go tsena mo tseleng e e boreledi ya N11.<ref name="The New York Times">{{Cite news|last1=Eligon|first1=John|last2=Mooka|first2=Yvonne|newspaper=and|date=3 April 2024|title=Girl, 8, Is Sole Survivor of Bus Plunge: 'No One Can Explain This Miracle'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/29/world/africa/south-africa-botswana-bus-crash.html|access-date=29 March 2024|work=[[The New York Times]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEligonMooka2024">Eligon, John and Mooka, Yvonne (3 April 2024). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required">[https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/29/world/africa/south-africa-botswana-bus-crash.html "Girl, 8, Is Sole Survivor of Bus Plunge: 'No One Can Explain This Miracle'"]</span>. ''[[The New York Times]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240329135733/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/29/world/africa/south-africa-botswana-bus-crash.html Archived] from the original on 29 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Smith|first1=Benedict|date=28 March 2024|title=Girl, 8, only survivor after South Africa bus crash kills 45|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/45-killed-bus-falls-bridge-190405806.html|access-date=28 March 2024|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Ledwaba|first1=Lucas|title=Botswana pilgrims' families wait in agony after Limpopo bus tragedy that killed 45|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2024-03-30-botswana-pilgrims-families-wait-in-agony-after-limpopo-bus-tragedy-that-killed-45/|access-date=31 March 2024|work=The Daily Maverick|date=30 March 2024}}</ref> Bese e ne ya wela mo letlhakoreng la borogo jwa Mmamatlakala, <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Eligon|first1=John|date=28 March 2024|title=8-Year-Old Survives Bus Plunge Off Bridge That Left 45 People Dead|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/28/world/africa/south-africa-bus-crash.html|access-date=28 March 2024|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> kwa Mmamatlakala fa gare ga Mokopane le [[Marken, South Africa|Marken]], <ref name="BBC News">{{Cite news|last1=Chatterjee|first1=Phelan|date=28 March 2024|title=South Africa: Girl, 8, only survivor as 45 killed in bus crash|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68690454|access-date=28 March 2024|work=[[BBC News]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFChatterjee2024">Chatterjee, Phelan (28 March 2024). [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68690454 "South Africa: Girl, 8, only survivor as 45 killed in bus crash"]. ''[[BBC News]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240328202657/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68690454 Archived] from the original on 28 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Mokoena|first1=Sophie|title=Eight-year-old survivor of Limpopo bus crash still in hospital|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/929347-2/|access-date=4 April 2024|work=SABC News|date=31 March 2024}}</ref> mme ya tsena mo mogogorong, ya tshwara molelo morago ga go thulana le matlapa a a ka nnang dimithara di le masome a matlhano kwa tlase ga borogo. <ref name="Associated Press">{{Cite news|last1=Imray|first1=Gerald|date=28 March 2024|title=Bus plunges off a bridge in South Africa, killing 45 people. An 8-year-old is only survivor|url=https://apnews.com/article/south-africa-bus-crash-dead-a5b31e9085a5f843f90d0582676ded37|access-date=29 March 2024|work=[[AP News]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFImray2024">Imray, Gerald (28 March 2024). [https://apnews.com/article/south-africa-bus-crash-dead-a5b31e9085a5f843f90d0582676ded37 "Bus plunges off a bridge in South Africa, killing 45 people. An 8-year-old is only survivor"]. ''[[AP News]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240328224626/https://apnews.com/article/south-africa-bus-crash-dead-a5b31e9085a5f843f90d0582676ded37 Archived] from the original on 28 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Lephata la dipalamo la Aforika Borwa le tlhalositse fa mokgweetsi a ne a latlhegelwa ke taolo ya bese, mme se sa dira gore e thulane le dikgoreletsi mme e tswe mo letlhakoreng la borogo. <ref name="BBC News" /> <ref name="The Guardian">{{Cite news|last1=Badshah|first1=Nadeem|date=28 March 2024|title=45 dead as bus plunges from bridge into ravine in South Africa|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/28/45-dead-as-bus-plunges-from-bridge-into-ravine-in-south-africa|access-date=28 March 2024|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> <ref name="Forbes">{{Cite web |last=Bushard |first=Brian |date=28 March 2024 |title=45 Killed In South Africa Bus Crash |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianbushard/2024/03/28/45-killed-in-south-africa-bus-crash/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328210458/https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianbushard/2024/03/28/45-killed-in-south-africa-bus-crash/ |archive-date=28 March 2024 |access-date=28 March 2024 |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> Gape e ne e goga letoroko, go ya ka babereki ba thuso ya potlako, le oketsa bokete.<ref name="CBS News">{{Cite news|last1=Dev|first1=S.|date=28 March 2024|title=Bus in South Africa plunges off a bridge and catches fire, killing 45 people|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bus-crash-bridge-south-africa-botwana-45-dead/|access-date=28 March 2024|work=[[CBS News]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDev2024">Dev, S. (28 March 2024). [https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bus-crash-bridge-south-africa-botwana-45-dead/ "Bus in South Africa plunges off a bridge and catches fire, killing 45 people"]. ''[[CBS News]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240328214218/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bus-crash-bridge-south-africa-botwana-45-dead/ Archived] from the original on 28 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Molelo o ne o akaretsa mabotlo a gase, a bapagami ba le bantsi ba neng ba a shotse go a dirisa go apaya. Bapalami ba ba neng ba falola ba ne ba tshearegile mo kotsing mme ba ne ba sa kgone go fitlhelelwa ka bonako ke bafalotsi pele ga ba fisiwa ke molelo ba ntse ba tshela. <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Giokos|first1=Heidi|date=28 March 2024|title=45 killed after bus plunges off bridge in Limpopo|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KWl6YpI5c4k|access-date=29 March 2024|work=BBC News}}</ref> Ditiro tsa go namola di ne tsa simolola mme tsa tswelela go fitlhelela maitseboa. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Arshad|first=Minnah|date=28 March 2024|title=Bus accident in South Africa kills at least 45, Transport Ministry says|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2024/03/28/bus-crash-south-africa-fatal/73136067007/|access-date=28 March 2024|work=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> == Dikgobalo == Batho ba le masome a mane le botlhano ba tlhokafetse mo kotsing. Mofalodi a le esi, mosetsana wa dingwaga di le robabobedi, o ne a robadiwa kwa kokelong ka dikgobalo tse di masisi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-03 |title=8-year-old lone survivor of South Africa bus crash will be discharged from hospital |url=https://apnews.com/article/south-africa-bus-crash-survivor-discharge-63c01782b86db7a90f53695e2c71abd2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404000456/https://apnews.com/article/south-africa-bus-crash-survivor-discharge-63c01782b86db7a90f53695e2c71abd2 |archive-date=4 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> O ne a patilwe ke mmaagwemogolo, o a neng a tlhokafala, mme moragonyana go ne ga begiwa fa a le mo seemong sa go ritibala, a na le dintho tse dinnye mo matsogong, mo maotong, mo tlhogong le mo mokwatleng. Mokgweetsi le bapalami botlhe e ne e le baagedi ba Botswana. <ref name="The New York Times">{{Cite news|newspaper=and}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEligonMooka2024">Eligon, John and Mooka, Yvonne (3 April 2024). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required">[https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/29/world/africa/south-africa-botswana-bus-crash.html "Girl, 8, Is Sole Survivor of Bus Plunge: 'No One Can Explain This Miracle'"]</span>. ''[[The New York Times]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240329135733/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/29/world/africa/south-africa-botswana-bus-crash.html Archived] from the original on 29 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Mosetsana yo o ne a gololwa ka Moranang a le malatsi a le mararo mme a busediwa kwa Botswana ka sefofane a patilwe ke mmaagwe. Mengwe mebele e ne e shele mo e neng e sa lemogiwe, fa e mengwe go ne go le thata go goroga kwa go yone ka ntlha ya matlakala a a neng a gasame mo lefelong la kotsi. <ref name="Forbes">{{Cite web |last=Bushard |first=Brian |date=28 March 2024 |title=45 Killed In South Africa Bus Crash |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianbushard/2024/03/28/45-killed-in-south-africa-bus-crash/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328210458/https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianbushard/2024/03/28/45-killed-in-south-africa-bus-crash/ |archive-date=28 March 2024 |access-date=28 March 2024 |website=[[Forbes]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBushard2024">Bushard, Brian (28 March 2024). [https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianbushard/2024/03/28/45-killed-in-south-africa-bus-crash/ "45 Killed In South Africa Bus Crash"]. ''[[Forbes]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240328210458/https://www.forbes.com/sites/brianbushard/2024/03/28/45-killed-in-south-africa-bus-crash/ Archived] from the original on 28 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Mosadi mongwe o tlhokafetse morago ga go rwalwa ka sefofane go tswa mo lefelong leo. Ka Mopitlo a le masome mabedi lr borobabonhwe, , go ne go bonwe mebele e le masome a mararo le bone kwa lefelong leo, ba robabongwe fela ke bone ba kgonneng go lemogiwa gore ke bomang. <ref name="The New York Times">{{Cite news|newspaper=and}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEligonMooka2024">Eligon, John and Mooka, Yvonne (3 April 2024). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required">[https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/29/world/africa/south-africa-botswana-bus-crash.html "Girl, 8, Is Sole Survivor of Bus Plunge: 'No One Can Explain This Miracle'"]</span>. ''[[The New York Times]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240329135733/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/29/world/africa/south-africa-botswana-bus-crash.html Archived] from the original on 29 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Ditlhatlhobo tsa batswasetlhabelo di dirilwe ka Moranang a le malatsi a mabedi Ka Motsheganong a le malatsi a mane, go ne ga tshwarwa thulaganyo ya phitlho ya batswasetlhabelo botlhe ba le masome a mane le bone kwa [[Molepolole]], Botswana. <ref>{{Cite news|date=5 May 2024|title=In Botswana, 44 victims of an Easter bus crash in South Africa are laid to rest|url=https://apnews.com/article/south-africa-easter-bus-crash-botswana-limpopo-b6b2bd237aeaeb09e5d1fe2d8ef25447|access-date=5 May 2024|work=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> == Ditsibogo == Tautona Ramaphosa o rometse matshediso kwa go tautona wa Botswana [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]], <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Imray|first1=Gerald|last2=Ntshangase|first2=Nqobile|newspaper=and|date=29 March 2024|title=Investigators search for bodies of Easter pilgrims in bus that crashed off a bridge in South Africa|url=https://apnews.com/article/south-africa-moria-bus-crash-accident-629834eb5a308166afe7cdbbd4c7de3d|access-date=29 March 2024|work=[[AP News]]}}</ref> mme a ikana go ema lefatshe nokeng. <ref name="Reuters">{{Cite news|last1=Sishi|first1=Siyabonga|date=28 March 2024|title=Bus accident in South Africa kills at least 45, Transport Ministry says|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/bus-accident-south-africa-kills-least-45-transport-ministry-says-2024-03-28/|access-date=28 March 2024|work=[[Reuters]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSishi2024">Sishi, Siyabonga (28 March 2024). [https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/bus-accident-south-africa-kills-least-45-transport-ministry-says-2024-03-28/ "Bus accident in South Africa kills at least 45, Transport Ministry says"]. ''[[Reuters]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Masisi o ne a romela matona a puso a le mabedi kwa Aforika Borwa go ya go ema nokeng malwapa a batswasetlhabelo. <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Mokoena|first1=Sophie|date=31 March 2024|title=Eight-year-old survivor of Limpopo bus crash still in hospital|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/929347-2/|access-date=8 April 2024|work=[[SABC]]}}</ref> Tona wa dipalamo ya kwa Aforika Borwa [[Sindisiwe Chikunga]] o ne a tsaya loeto go ya kwa lefelong la kotsi, kwa a neng a kopa gore go kgweediwe ka maikarabelo ka malatsi a boikhutso a paseka mme a isa matshediso le dithapelo kwa malwapeng a batswasetlhabelo. O ne a tlatsa ka gore puso ya Aforika Borwa e tlaa thusa go busetsa ditopo tseo kwa Botswana le go tshwara dipatlisiso tse di tletseng. <ref name="CNN">{{Cite news|last1=Cassidy|first1=Amy|date=28 March 2024|title=Bus carrying Easter worshippers falls off cliff killing 45 people in South Africa|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/28/africa/bus-carrying-easter-worshippers-falls-off-cliff-intl/index.html|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=28 March 2024}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCassidy2024">Cassidy, Amy (28 March 2024). [https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/28/africa/bus-carrying-easter-worshippers-falls-off-cliff-intl/index.html "Bus carrying Easter worshippers falls off cliff killing 45 people in South Africa"]. ''[[CNN]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240328210243/https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/28/africa/bus-carrying-easter-worshippers-falls-off-cliff-intl/index.html Archived] from the original on 28 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="CBS News">{{Cite news|last1=Dev|first1=S.|date=28 March 2024|title=Bus in South Africa plunges off a bridge and catches fire, killing 45 people|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bus-crash-bridge-south-africa-botwana-45-dead/|access-date=28 March 2024|work=[[CBS News]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDev2024">Dev, S. (28 March 2024). [https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bus-crash-bridge-south-africa-botwana-45-dead/ "Bus in South Africa plunges off a bridge and catches fire, killing 45 people"]. ''[[CBS News]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240328214218/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bus-crash-bridge-south-africa-botwana-45-dead/ Archived] from the original on 28 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Tona wa merero ya mafatshe a sele wa kwa Botswana, [[Lemogang Kwape]] o biditse tiragalo eo a re ke matlhotlhapelo, mme a re o amogetse mogala go tswa go molekane wa gagwe wa Aforika Borwa [[Naledi Pandor]] go mmaya mo dinakong ka seemo seo. <ref name="The New York Times">{{Cite news|last1=Eligon|first1=John|last2=Mooka|first2=Yvonne|newspaper=and|date=3 April 2024|title=Girl, 8, Is Sole Survivor of Bus Plunge: 'No One Can Explain This Miracle'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/29/world/africa/south-africa-botswana-bus-crash.html|access-date=29 March 2024|work=[[The New York Times]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEligonMooka2024">Eligon, John and Mooka, Yvonne (3 April 2024). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required">[https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/29/world/africa/south-africa-botswana-bus-crash.html "Girl, 8, Is Sole Survivor of Bus Plunge: 'No One Can Explain This Miracle'"]</span>. ''[[The New York Times]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240329135733/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/29/world/africa/south-africa-botswana-bus-crash.html Archived] from the original on 29 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Ka Moranang a le malatsi a mabedi, tona wa botsogo Joe Phaahla le molekane wa gagwe wa kgaolo Phophi Ramathuba ba ne ba etela mofalodi a le esi wa kotsi kwa [[Mokopane Hospital|kokelong ya Mokopane]] . Phaahla o tlhalositse go falola ga gagwe e le "kgakgamatso". <ref>{{Cite news|last1=Makungo|first1=Michael|date=3 April 2024|title=It's a miracle that one person survived Limpopo bus crash: Phaahla|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/its-a-miracle-that-one-person-survived-limpopo-bus-crash-phaahla/?hilite=limpopo|access-date=8 April 2024|work=[[SABC]]}}</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe ==   * [[Dipalamo kwa Aforika Borwa]] * [[Kotsi ya bese ya Venice ya 2023]] * [[Kotsi ya bese ya Centane ya 2020]] * [[Kotsi ya bese ya Chongqing ya 2018]] * [[Kotsi ya bese ya Letamo la Sol Plaatje]] == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Coordinates on Wikidata]] 53ts09ad83q2h80l2cef8uzo4i6mrur 0 14666 53317 53249 2026-07-27T06:49:42Z JudithShe 9421 Ke tsentse infobox mo tsebeng #Wikipedia25BW 53317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox event|event=Dipolao tsa ngwaga wa 2020 kwa molelwane wa Botswana-Namibia|date=Ngwantsele a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa dikete pedi le masome a mabedi|Location=[[Sedudu]] [[Noka ya Chobe]] [[Botswana]]|Deaths=batho ba le bane}} Ka Ngwanatsele a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa dikete pedi le masome a mabedi, masole a a lwantshanang le go tsoma diphologolo a [[Botswana Defence Force|Sesole sa Botswana]] ( BDF ) a ne a bolaya banna ba le bane kwa setlhaketlhakeng sa [[Sedudu]] kwa [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] kwa molelwaneng wa [[Botswana]] le [[Namibia]] . Banna ba e ne e le bana ba motho Tommy Nchindo, Martin Nchindo le Wamunyima Nchindo, le ntsalaabone Sinvula Munyeme. Se se ne sa baka tiragalo ya mafatshefatshe fa gare ga mafatshe a Botswana le Namibia. == Tse di diragetseng pele == Lefatshe la Botswana le tswa goo lowe le kgaratlhela go rarabolola go tsomiwa ga diphologolo tsa naga, puso e ne e rebotse masole go dirisa molao wa go thuntshetsa go bolaya go sireletsa ditshedi tsa koo. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Tau |first=Poloko |date=12 November 2020 |title=Namibia citizens up in arms over Botswana's 'shoot to kill' approach |url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/namibia-citizens-up-in-arms-over-botswanas-shoot-to-kill-approach-20201112 |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=City Press |language=en-US}}</ref> Molao o o, o tsositse mekubukubu mo kgaolong ya Borwa jwa Aforika, mme baganetsi ba one ba nganga gore o matshosetsi mo beng gae ba ba senang molato. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Rantsimako |first=Sesupo |date=1 December 2022 |title=Namibian Lives Matter accuses Botswana of legalising Atrocities |url=https://www.thegazette.news/news/namibian-lives-matter-accuses-botswana-of-legalising-atrocities/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Botswana Gazette |language=en}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi, batho ba le lesome le bobedi ba go belaelwang ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo ba ne ba bolawa ke sesole sa Botswana se se kgattlhanong le go tsomiwa ga diphologolo, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Konopo |first=Joel |date=2020-11-23 |title=Did Botswana execute 'poachers' ? |url=https://mg.co.za/africa/2020-11-23-botswana-execute-poachers/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> mme palo yotlhe ya baagedi ba Namibia ba le masome a mararo le bosupa ba ne ba bolawa mo ditlhaselong tsa go tsoma ka Morule ngwaga ws dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso. <ref name=":2" /> Mafatshe a Botswana le Namibia a na le [[Botsalano jwa mafatshe a Botswana le Namibia|botsalano jo bo kwa godimo]] <ref name=":1" /> mme molao wa go thuntshetsa go bolaya o bakile dikgotlhang magareng ga dipuso tse pedi le baagedi ba one. <ref name=":2" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi, puso ya Botswana e ne ya thapa monna mongwe wa kwa Namibia go ela tlhoko ditiragalo mo [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] fa a ntse a bereka e le mokaedi wa bajanala . Mokaedi wa bajanala o ne a tsibosa BDF morago ga go bona banna ba le bane kwa nokeng ya Chobe. Morwarraagwe mongwe wa batswasetlhabelo o o santseng a tshela o bolela fa mokaedi wa bajanala a ne a itse lelwapa loora Nchindo ka namana pele ga dipolao tseo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kooper |first=Lugeretzia |date=2023-01-04 |title='We are forced to coexist with our brothers' killers' |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/index.php?page=read&id=118657 |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=The Namibian |language=en}}</ref> == Dipolao == Ka nako e e ka nnang lesome le motso bosigo ka Ngwanatsele a le malatsi a mane ngwaga wa dikete pedi le masome a mabedi, batsalammogo Tommy Nchindo, Martin Nchindo, le Wamunyima Nchindo, le ntsalabone Sinvula Munyeme ba bolawa ke masole a Botswana a a lwantshang go tsomiwa ga diphologolo kwa setlhaketlhakeng sa [[Sedudu]] mo [[Noka ya Cuando|Nokeng ya Chobe]] kwa molelwaneng wa Botswana le Namibia . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Konopo |first=Joel |date=2020-11-23 |title=Did Botswana execute 'poachers' ? |url=https://mg.co.za/africa/2020-11-23-botswana-execute-poachers/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKonopo2020">Konopo, Joel (23 November 2020). [https://mg.co.za/africa/2020-11-23-botswana-execute-poachers/ "Did Botswana execute 'poachers' ?"]. ''The Mail & Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ba masika a bone ba ne ba re ga se batsomi ba diphologolo, mme tota ke bathwara ditlhaphi ba ba neng ba sa tshwara dibetsa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Tau |first=Poloko |date=12 November 2020 |title=Namibia citizens up in arms over Botswana's 'shoot to kill' approach |url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/namibia-citizens-up-in-arms-over-botswanas-shoot-to-kill-approach-20201112 |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=City Press |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTau2020">Tau, Poloko (12 November 2020). [https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/namibia-citizens-up-in-arms-over-botswanas-shoot-to-kill-approach-20201112 "Namibia citizens up in arms over Botswana's 'shoot to kill' approach"]. ''City Press''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> == Ditlamorago == Tiragalo eno e ne ya fetola botsalano magareng ga Botswana le Namibia mme ya simolola go ya magoletsa ga kganetsano ya sebaka se seleele ya ditiro tsa sesole sa BDF kwa molelwaneng wa Botswana–Namibia. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Rantsimako |first=Sesupo |date=2022-07-27 |title=Namibia probes alleged BDF Aggression |url=https://www.thegazette.news/news/namibia-probes-alleged-bdf-aggression/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Botswana Gazette |language=en}}</ref> Morago ga tiragalo eo, Tautona [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] wa Botswana le Tautona [[Hage Geingob]] wa Namibia ba ne ba buisana ka mogala ka ditlhotlhomiso tse di kopanetsweng, mme Geingob a amogela ba lelwapa la ba ba tlhokafetseng kwa ntlong ya puso. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Tau |first=Poloko |date=12 November 2020 |title=Namibia citizens up in arms over Botswana's 'shoot to kill' approach |url=https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/namibia-citizens-up-in-arms-over-botswanas-shoot-to-kill-approach-20201112 |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=City Press |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTau2020">Tau, Poloko (12 November 2020). [https://www.news24.com/citypress/news/namibia-citizens-up-in-arms-over-botswanas-shoot-to-kill-approach-20201112 "Namibia citizens up in arms over Botswana's 'shoot to kill' approach"]. ''City Press''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Geingob o ne a kgala molao wa go thuntshetsa go bolaya mme a dumalana le mafoko a gore banna ba ba bolailweng e ne e le baagedi ba ba se nang molato. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tjitemisa |first=Kuzeeko |date=2020-11-17 |title=Namibian lives matter - Geingob |url=https://neweralive.na/posts/namibian-lives-matter-geingob |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=New Era Live |language=en}}</ref> Dintlha tsa botsalano jwa mafatshe tsa tiragalo e di ne di dirilwe marara ke lefelo le dipolao di diragaletseng go lone kwa setlhaketlhakeng sa Sedudu, se se neng se kile sa nna lebaka la dikgogakgono tsa molelwane tse di tseneletseng dingwaga di le masome a mabedi le motso pele ga tiragalo e. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Charles |first=Thalefang |date=2020-11-13 |title=Sedudu killings reopen old wounds |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/features/sedudu-killings-reopen-old-wounds/news |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Mmegi Online |language=en}}</ref> Go tsibogela dipolao tseo, go ne ga nna le megwanto kgatlhanong le Botswana kwa ditoropong tsa Namibia tse di akaretsang Windhoek le Katima Mulilo . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Konopo |first=Joel |date=2020-11-23 |title=Did Botswana execute 'poachers' ? |url=https://mg.co.za/africa/2020-11-23-botswana-execute-poachers/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKonopo2020">Konopo, Joel (23 November 2020). [https://mg.co.za/africa/2020-11-23-botswana-execute-poachers/ "Did Botswana execute 'poachers' ?"]. ''The Mail & Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> [[Puso ya Botswana]] e itsisitse dipatlisiso ka dipolao tse ka Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso. [[Namibian Lives Matter]] e ne ya kgala kgato eno, ka go nganga gore e tshwanetse go isiwa kwa kgotlatshekong e kgolo ya Botswana e le tsheko ya polao . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Keleboge |first=Mpho |date=2021-10-22 |title=Botswana's rights body enters controversy over shot Namibians |url=https://www.sundaystandard.info/botswanas-rights-body-enters-controversy-over-shot-namibians/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Sunday Standard |language=en-GB}}</ref> Modulasetilo [[Taboka Mopipi]] o ne a atlhola ka Firikgong ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi gore dipolao tseo e ne e le tsela ya go iphemela morago ga go tlhomamisa gore banna ba ba bolailweng ke bone ba ntlha go thuntsha. Moeteledipele wa Namibian Lives Matter Sinvula Mudabeti o kgadile katlholo eo, a e tlhalosa e le "go senyegelwa ke tshiamiso", a nganga gore ga go na dibetsa tse di fitlhetsweng kwa lefelong leo. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Chiringa |first=Kelvin |date=2022-01-21 |title=Heartbreak Over BDF Killing of Nchindos |url=https://www.eaglefm.com.na/news/heartbreak-over-bdf-killing-of-nchindos/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Eagle FM |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Dikakanyetso tse disha di ne tsa dirwa ke puso ya Namibia ka Morule ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso gore banna ba ba bolailweng ba ne ba gapiwa ka dikgoka go tswa mo lefelong la Namibia ke sesole sa BDF mme ba isiwa Botswana go ya go ba bolaya, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lute |first=Aubrey |date=2021-12-13 |title=BDF abducted, murdered Namibian fishermen – report |url=https://www.weekendpost.co.bw/33021/news/bdf-abducted-murdered-namibian-fishermen-report/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Weekend Post |language=en-GB}}</ref> le fa ntlha e e ne ya amogelwa ke puso ya Namibia kwa bokhutlong jwa dipatlisiso. <ref name=":4" /> Komiti ya Namibia ya merero ya mafatshe a sele, tshireletso le tshireletsego e ne ya simolola dipatlisiso tsa yone tsa ditiro tsa sesole sa BDF mo Nokeng ya Chobe ka Phukwi ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Rantsimako |first=Sesupo |date=2022-07-27 |title=Namibia probes alleged BDF Aggression |url=https://www.thegazette.news/news/namibia-probes-alleged-bdf-aggression/ |access-date=2023-02-01 |website=Botswana Gazette |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRantsimako2022">Rantsimako, Sesupo (27 July 2022). [https://www.thegazette.news/news/namibia-probes-alleged-bdf-aggression/ "Namibia probes alleged BDF Aggression"]. ''Botswana Gazette''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> == Metswedi == {{Reflist}}8 ixmkhyiqxdgsv5gukvqe07mk5bv184u 0 14671 53280 53265 2026-07-26T14:26:18Z Atsile Edith 11759 Ke senotse tsebe e #Wikipedia25BW 53280 wikitext text/x-wiki Ditumelo le mekgwa ya batho ba Aforika di farologane thata e bile di akaretsa ditumelo tse di farologaneng tsa merafe. Ka kakaretso, ditso tsotlhe tseno ga di ikaege ka dibuka tse di kwadilweng, mme di fetisiwa go tswa mo kokomaneng e nngwe go ya go e nngwe ka dipolelo, dipina, dikgang tsa bogologolo le meletlo ya setso. Di akaretsa tumelo mo meoyeng le mo medimong e e kwa godimo le e e kwa tlase, tsotlhe dingwe di dumela gape mo Modimong yo Mogolo, mmogo le go tlotla badimo, tiriso ya boloi kgotsa maselamose, le kalafi ya setso ya Seaforika. Bontsi jwa ditumelo tseno bo ka tlhalosiwa e le ditumelo tsa semowa tse di dumelang gore tsotlhe mo tlholegong di na le mowa, mme gape di na le dikarolo tsa go dumela mo medimong e le mentsi le tsotlhe mo lefatsheng tsotlhe di amana le bomodimo. Karolo ya motho mo ditumelong tseno e tsewa e le go tshela ka kutlwano le tlholego mmogo le lefatshe la semowa. == Go anama le go kopana le ditumelo tsa ga Aborahame == Balatedi ba ditumelo tsa setso mo [[Aferika|Afrika]] ba anamisitswe mo mafatsheng a le 43 mme go fopholediwa gore ba feta dimilione di le lekgolo. Boislamo le Baebele, tse gantsi di tlositseng ditumelo tsa setso tsa Aforika, tsotlhe di fetolwa go dumalana le ditso le ditumelo tsa Maaforika. Batho ba le bantsi mo Aforika ba kopanya ditumelo tsa bone tsa setso le Baebele kgotsa Boislamo. Ditumelo tseno tse pedi tsa Baebele di anametse mo kontinenteng yotlhe ya Aforika, le fa bontsi jwa balatedi ba tsone bo fitlhelwa mo dikgaolong tse di farologaneng. Dikakanyo tsa Baebele, segolobogolo tsotlhe tse di amanang le go dumela mo Modimong a le mongwe fela, di ne tsa simolola go tsena mo ditumelong tsa setso tsa Aforika tse pele di neng di dumela mo medimong e le mentsi. Ditumelo tsa setso tsa Bophirima jwa Aforika di leka go tlhaloganya boammaaruri jwa botshelo, mme go farologana le Baebele, ga di ikaege mo dikakanyong tse di siametseng fela. Go na le moo, di leka go tlhalosa tsotlhe tse motho a di itemogelang mo botshelong ka maatla a semowa a a tshegetsang kagiso le tsamaiso e e siameng mo setšhabeng, mme a ganetsana le maatla a a ka tlisang tlhakatlhakano le tshenyo. Balatedi ba ditumelo tsa setso tsa Aforika ba fitlhelwa gape mo mafatsheng a le mantsi mo lefatsheng. Mo dinakong tsa bosheng, ditumelo tse di jaaka tumelo ya Baebele ya Yoruba, tumelo ya Odinala (e leng tumelo ya setso ya Ba-Igbo), le Gaboism di ntse di gola ka bonako. Ditumelo tsa Ba-Igbo le BaYoruba di tumile thata kwa Caribbean le mo dikarolong dingwe tsa Amerika Bogare le Amerika Borwa. Kwa United States of America, tumelo ya Voodoo e bonala thata mo dinageng tse di bapileng le Kgogometso ya Mexico (Gulf of Mexico). == Dilo tsa motheo == [[Setshwantsho:Ganvie_Voodoo_Dancer_(21596115932).jpg|thumb| Motantshi wa setso wa Vodun yo o kgatlhang medimo le meya, kwa Ganvie, kwa Benin]] [[Setshwantsho:Début_de_pas_de_danse_du_Zangbéto_-_Bénin.jpg|thumb| Moletlo wa selegae kwa Benin o o nang le zangbeto]]Ditumelo tsa setso tsa Aforika tse di raraaneng thata tse di ikaegileng ka tumelo ya gore tsotlhe mo tlholegong di na le mowa ke tsone motheo wa kgopolo ya ditumelo tsa setso tsa Aforika. Seno se akaretsa kobamelo ya medimo e e sireletsang batho kgotsa ditšhaba, kobamelo ya tlholego, go tlotla badimo le tumelo ya botshelo morago ga loso, e e tshwanang le ya ditumelo tse dingwe tsa setso mo lefatsheng. Le fa ditumelo dingwe di na le pono ya gore dilo tsotlhe di amana le bomodimo, di dumela mo Modimong yo Mogolo mmogo le medimo e mengwe le meoya, fa tse dingwe di latela tsamaiso ya go dumela mo medimong e le mentsi, meoyeng le dibopiweng tse dingwe tsa semowa. Ditumelo tsa setso tsa Aforika gape di na le dikarolo tsa ditotem, bošamane le go tlotla dilo tse di boitshepo tse di tlogetsweng ke bagologolo. Ditumelo tsa setso tsa Aforika, fela jaaka ditso tse dingwe tsa bogologolo mo lefatsheng, di ne di ikaegile ka dipolelo tsa molomo. Ditso tseno ga se melao ya bodumedi fela, mme ke boitshupo jwa setso jo bo fetisiwang ka dipolelo, mainane le dikgang tsa bogologolo go tswa mo kokomaneng e nngwe go ya go e nngwe. Setšhaba, lelapa la motho le tikologo di na le seabe se segolo mo botshelong jwa motho. Balatedi ba dumela mo kaelong le dithutong tsa meoya ya badimo ba bone. Mo ditumelong di le dintsi tsa setso tsa Aforika, go na le baeteledipele ba semowa le mefuta ya baperesiti ba ba botlhokwa mo go tsweletseng botshelo jwa semowa le jwa bodumedi jwa setšhaba. Gape go na le batho ba ba nang le bokgoni jwa semowa ba ba ikarabelang mo kalafing le mo go boneleng pele dilo kgotsa go naya kgakololo, e leng tiro e e tshwanang le ya bošamane. Dingaka tseno tsa setso di tshwanetse go bidiwa ke badimo kgotsa medimo gore di dire tiro ya tsone. Di tsena mo thutong e e gagametseng mme di ithuta bokgoni jo bontsi jo bo tlhokegang, go akaretsa tiriso ya ditlhare tsa tlholego mo kalafing le bokgoni jo bongwe jwa semowa, jaaka go bona sengwe se se fitlhilweng le fa di sa itse gore se fitlhilwe kae. Ditumelo tsa setso tsa Aforika di dumela gore badimo ba tswelela ba na le kamano ya semowa le ba losika lwa bone ba ba tshelang. Bontsi jwa meoya ya badimo bo tsewa e le molemo e bile bo na le bopelonomi. Ditiro tse di sa siamang tse di dirwang ke meoya ya badimo di ka baka malwetse a mannye e le tlhagiso ya gore batho ba fapogile tsela e e siameng. Matshwao a mangwe a tlhagiso a ka nna go runya ga malwetse, mme seno se dira gore batho ba lemoge gore ba kgopisitse medimo kgotsa badimo. [[Setshwantsho:Koku_Dancer.jpg|thumb| Motantshi wa setso wa Koku]]   [[Setshwantsho:West_african_religion.jpg|thumb| Kgotlatshekelo ya bodumedi kwa borwa jwa Ghana]] [[Setshwantsho:Statuette_protectrice_nkisi,_71.1892.52.2,_Musée_du_quai_Branly.jpg|thumb| Nkisi nkondi wa Bakongo . Ke setlhotshwana sa nkisi, dilo tse go dumelwa gore di agiwa ke meya, tse di tlwaelegileng go ralala Congo Basin .]] [[Setshwantsho:Masques_BaKongo.JPG|thumb| Dimaseke tsa Bakongo go tswa kwa Kongo Bogare]] [[Setshwantsho:Early_20th_century_Yoruba_divination_board.jpg|thumb| Boto ya go bolelela pele ya Bayoruba ya mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga]] [[Setshwantsho:Sangoma_reading_the_Bones.jpg|left|thumb| [[Dingaka tsa setso tsa Borwa jwa Aforika|Ngaka ya setso ya Aforika Borwa]] e dira boitseanape ka go buisa marapo]] miagxp4a1zc5jwvbi62tlkw9uag3125 53281 53280 2026-07-26T15:04:14Z Atsile Edith 11759 Ke senotse tsebe e #Wikipedia25BW 53281 wikitext text/x-wiki Ditumelo le mekgwa ya batho ba [[:en:Demographics_of_Africa|Aforika]] di farologane thata e bile di akaretsa [[:en:Ethnic_religion|ditumelo tsa merafe]] tse di farologaneng.<ref>Encyclopedia of African Religion (Sage, 2009) [[:en:Molefi_Kete_Asante|Molefi Kete Asante]]</ref> <ref>Ndlovu, Tommy Matshakayile (1995). ''Imikhuba lamasiko AmaNdebele''. Doris Ndlovu, Bekithemba S. Ncube. Gweru, Gasiya Zimbabwe: Mambo Press. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>0-86922-624-X</bdi>. OCLC&#x20;34114180.</ref>Ka kakaretso, [[:en:Tradition|ditso]] tsotlhe tseno ga di ikaege ka dibuka tse di kwadilweng, mme di fetisiwa go tswa mo kokomaneng e nngwe go ya go e nngwe ka dipolelo, dipina, dikgang tsa bogologolo le meletlo ya setso. Di akaretsa tumelo mo meoyeng le mo medimong e e kwa godimo le e e kwa tlase, tsotlhe dingwe di dumela gape mo Modimong yo Mogolo, mmogo le go tlotla badimo, tiriso ya boloi kgotsa maselamose, le kalafi ya setso ya Seaforika. Bontsi jwa ditumelo tseno bo ka tlhalosiwa e le ditumelo tsa semowa tse di dumelang gore tsotlhe mo tlholegong di na le mowa, mme gape di na le dikarolo tsa go dumela mo medimong e le mentsi le tsotlhe mo lefatsheng tsotlhe di amana le bomodimo. Karolo ya motho mo ditumelong tseno e tsewa e le go tshela ka kutlwano le tlholego mmogo le lefatshe la semowa. == Go anama le go kopana le ditumelo tsa ga Aborahame == Balatedi ba ditumelo tsa setso mo [[Aferika|Afrika]] ba anamisitswe mo mafatsheng a le 43 mme go fopholediwa gore ba feta didikadike di le lekgolo. Boislamo le Baebele, tse gantsi di tlositseng ditumelo tsa setso tsa Aforika, tsotlhe di fetolwa go dumalana le ditso le ditumelo tsa Maaforika. Batho ba le bantsi mo Aforika ba kopanya ditumelo tsa bone tsa setso le Baebele kgotsa Boislamo. Ditumelo tseno tse pedi tsa Baebele di anametse mo kontinenteng yotlhe ya Aforika, le fa bontsi jwa balatedi ba tsone bo fitlhelwa mo dikgaolong tse di farologaneng. Dikakanyo tsa Baebele, segolobogolo tsotlhe tse di amanang le go dumela mo Modimong a le mongwe fela, di ne tsa simolola go tsena mo ditumelong tsa setso tsa Aforika tse pele di neng di dumela mo medimong e le mentsi. Ditumelo tsa setso tsa Bophirima jwa Aforika di leka go tlhaloganya boammaaruri jwa botshelo, mme go farologana le Baebele, ga di ikaege mo dikakanyong tse di siametseng fela. Go na le moo, di leka go tlhalosa tsotlhe tse motho a di itemogelang mo botshelong ka maatla a semowa a a tshegetsang kagiso le tsamaiso e e siameng mo setšhabeng, mme a ganetsana le maatla a a ka tlisang tlhakatlhakano le tshenyo. Balatedi ba ditumelo tsa setso tsa Aforika ba fitlhelwa gape mo mafatsheng a le mantsi mo lefatsheng. Mo dinakong tsa bosheng, ditumelo tse di jaaka tumelo ya Baebele ya Yoruba, tumelo ya Odinala (e leng tumelo ya setso ya Ba-Igbo), le Gaboism di ntse di gola ka bonako. Ditumelo tsa Ba-Igbo le BaYoruba di tumile thata kwa Caribbean le mo dikarolong dingwe tsa Amerika Bogare le Amerika Borwa. Kwa United States of America, tumelo ya Voodoo e bonala thata mo dinageng tse di bapileng le Kgogometso ya Mexico (Gulf of Mexico). == Dilo tsa motheo == [[Setshwantsho:Ganvie_Voodoo_Dancer_(21596115932).jpg|thumb| Motantshi wa setso wa Vodun yo o kgatlhang medimo le meya, kwa Ganvie, kwa Benin]] [[Setshwantsho:Début_de_pas_de_danse_du_Zangbéto_-_Bénin.jpg|thumb| Moletlo wa selegae kwa Benin o o nang le zangbeto]]Ditumelo tsa setso tsa Aforika tse di raraaneng thata tse di ikaegileng ka tumelo ya gore tsotlhe mo tlholegong di na le mowa ke tsone motheo wa kgopolo ya ditumelo tsa setso tsa Aforika. Seno se akaretsa kobamelo ya medimo e e sireletsang batho kgotsa ditšhaba, kobamelo ya tlholego, go tlotla badimo le tumelo ya botshelo morago ga loso, e e tshwanang le ya ditumelo tse dingwe tsa setso mo lefatsheng. Le fa ditumelo dingwe di na le pono ya gore dilo tsotlhe di amana le bomodimo, di dumela mo Modimong yo Mogolo mmogo le medimo e mengwe le meoya, fa tse dingwe di latela tsamaiso ya go dumela mo medimong e le mentsi, meoyeng le dibopiweng tse dingwe tsa semowa. Ditumelo tsa setso tsa Aforika gape di na le dikarolo tsa ditotem, bošamane le go tlotla dilo tse di boitshepo tse di tlogetsweng ke bagologolo. Ditumelo tsa setso tsa Aforika, fela jaaka ditso tse dingwe tsa bogologolo mo lefatsheng, di ne di ikaegile ka dipolelo tsa molomo. Ditso tseno ga se melao ya bodumedi fela, mme ke boitshupo jwa setso jo bo fetisiwang ka dipolelo, mainane le dikgang tsa bogologolo go tswa mo kokomaneng e nngwe go ya go e nngwe. Setšhaba, lelapa la motho le tikologo di na le seabe se segolo mo botshelong jwa motho. Balatedi ba dumela mo kaelong le dithutong tsa meoya ya badimo ba bone. Mo ditumelong di le dintsi tsa setso tsa Aforika, go na le baeteledipele ba semowa le mefuta ya baperesiti ba ba botlhokwa mo go tsweletseng botshelo jwa semowa le jwa bodumedi jwa setšhaba. Gape go na le batho ba ba nang le bokgoni jwa semowa ba ba ikarabelang mo kalafing le mo go boneleng pele dilo kgotsa go naya kgakololo, e leng tiro e e tshwanang le ya bošamane. Dingaka tseno tsa setso di tshwanetse go bidiwa ke badimo kgotsa medimo gore di dire tiro ya tsone. Di tsena mo thutong e e gagametseng mme di ithuta bokgoni jo bontsi jo bo tlhokegang, go akaretsa tiriso ya ditlhare tsa tlholego mo kalafing le bokgoni jo bongwe jwa semowa, jaaka go bona sengwe se se fitlhilweng le fa di sa itse gore se fitlhilwe kae. Ditumelo tsa setso tsa Aforika di dumela gore badimo ba tswelela ba na le kamano ya semowa le ba losika lwa bone ba ba tshelang. Bontsi jwa meoya ya badimo bo tsewa e le molemo e bile bo na le bopelonomi. Ditiro tse di sa siamang tse di dirwang ke meoya ya badimo di ka baka malwetse a mannye e le tlhagiso ya gore batho ba fapogile tsela e e siameng. Matshwao a mangwe a tlhagiso a ka nna go runya ga malwetse, mme seno se dira gore batho ba lemoge gore ba kgopisitse medimo kgotsa badimo. Ditumelo tsa setso tsa Seaforika di ikaegile thata ka go tlotla badimo, tumelo ya gore go na le lefatshe la meoya, dibopiwa tsa semowa le kgololesego ya motho ya go itlhophela (go farologana le kgopolo ya tumelo e e neng ya tlhagelela moragonyana). Batho ba ba tlhokafetseng (mmogo le diphologolo kgotsa dilo tsa botlhokwa) ba dumelwa gore ba santse ba le teng mo lefatsheng la meoya mme ba ka ama kgotsa ba dirisana le lefatshe la batho ba ba tshelang. Mekgwa ya go dumela mo medimong e le mentsi e ne e anametse thata mo bontsing jwa dikarolo tsa Aforika ya bogologolo le dikarolo tse dingwe tsa lefatshe pele Boislamo, Bokeresete le Sejuta di tsena. Nngwe ya dilo tse di neng di sa tlwaelega e ne e le bodumedi jwa go dumela mo Modimong a le mongwe jo bo neng jwa tlhamiwa ke Faro Akhenaten ka nako e khutshwane, yo o neng a pateletsa batho go rapela modimo wa gagwe Aten (bona Atenism). Phetogo eno e e gakgamatsang mo bodumeding jwa setso jwa Egepeto e ne ya fetolwa gape ke morwawe yo mmotlana, Tutankhamun. Medimo e megolo, mmogo le medimo e mengwe e e nang le ditiro tse di kgethegileng, meoya ya badimo, meoya ya mafelo le dibopiwa tsa semowa, ke dikarolo tse di tlwaelegileng mo ditumelong tsa setso tsa Aforika, mme di bontsha setso se se raraaneng le se se tsweletseng pele sa Aforika ya bogologolo. Dipatlisiso dingwe di bontsha gore dikgopolo dingwe tsa go dumela mo Modimong a le mongwe, jaaka tumelo mo Modimong yo Mogolo kgotsa maatleng a magolo (mmogo le medimo e mengwe e mentsi, dibopiwa tsa semowa le meoya e ka dinako dingwe e tsewang e le batsereganyi magareng ga batho le Mmopi), di ne di setse di le teng mo Aforika pele ga go tlhagoga ga ditumelo tsa Baebele. Le fa go ntse jalo, dikgopolo tseno tsa setso sa selegae di ne di farologane le tumelo ya Modimo a le mongwe e e fitlhelwang mo ditumelong tsa Baebele. [[Setshwantsho:Koku_Dancer.jpg|thumb| Motantshi wa setso wa Koku]] Kalafi ya setso ya Seaforika le yone e amana ka tlhamalalo le ditumelo tsa setso tsa Aforika. Go ya ka Clemmont E. Vontress, ditumelo tse di farologaneng tsa setso tsa Aforika di kopanngwa ke tumelo ya motheo ya gore tsotlhe mo tlholegong di na le mowa. Go ya ka ene, tumelo mo meoyeng le mo badimong ke yone karolo e e botlhokwa thata ya ditumelo tsa Aforika. Medimo e ka tswa e itlhagisitse ka boyone kgotsa e ka tswa e tlhageletse go tswa mo meoyeng kgotsa mo badimong ba batho ba neng ba simolola go ba obamela. Gape o tlhalosa gore bontsi jwa ditumelo tsa segompieno tsa setso tsa Aforika di tlhotlheleditswe thata ke ditumelo tse e seng tsa Aforika, segolobogolo Bokeresete le Boislamo, mme ka ntlha ya moo di ka farologana le mefuta ya tsone ya bogologolo. Ditumelo tsa setso tsa Aforika gantsi di dumela mo botshelong morago ga loso (lefatshe la meoya kgotsa mafelo a semowa, kwa meoya mmogo le medimo di nnang gone), mme tse dingwe gape di na le kgopolo ya go tsalwa gape, moo batho ba ba tlhokafetseng ba ka tsalwang gape mo losikeng lwa bone (losika lwa madi), fa ba eletsa jalo kgotsa ba sa ntse ba na le sengwe se ba tshwanetseng go se diragatsa. Kgopolo ya Serer ya go tsalwa gape e gana mogopolo wa gore Modimo yo Mogolo le Mmopi, Roog, a ka tsalwa kgotsa a boe a tsalwe gape. Le fa go ntse jalo, go tsalwa gape ga Pangool kgotsa meoya go dumelwa thata mo semoweng sa Baserer.   [[Setshwantsho:West_african_religion.jpg|thumb| Kgotlatshekelo ya bodumedi kwa borwa jwa Ghana]] [[Setshwantsho:Statuette_protectrice_nkisi,_71.1892.52.2,_Musée_du_quai_Branly.jpg|thumb| Nkisi nkondi wa Bakongo . Ke setlhotshwana sa nkisi, dilo tse go dumelwa gore di agiwa ke meya, tse di tlwaelegileng go ralala Congo Basin .]] [[Setshwantsho:Masques_BaKongo.JPG|thumb| Dimaseke tsa Bakongo go tswa kwa Kongo Bogare]] [[Setshwantsho:Early_20th_century_Yoruba_divination_board.jpg|thumb| Boto ya go bolelela pele ya Bayoruba ya mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga]] [[Setshwantsho:Sangoma_reading_the_Bones.jpg|left|thumb| [[Dingaka tsa setso tsa Borwa jwa Aforika|Ngaka ya setso ya Aforika Borwa]] e dira boitseanape ka go buisa marapo]] 82faor0by9yno72cteiw55395igmkdd 53284 53281 2026-07-26T15:46:56Z Atsile Edith 11759 Ke senotse tsebe e #Wikipedia25BW 53284 wikitext text/x-wiki Ditumelo le mekgwa ya batho ba [[:en:Demographics_of_Africa|Aforika]] di farologane thata e bile di akaretsa [[:en:Ethnic_religion|ditumelo tsa merafe]] tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":0">Encyclopedia of African Religion (Sage, 2009) [[:en:Molefi_Kete_Asante|Molefi Kete Asante]]</ref> <ref>Ndlovu, Tommy Matshakayile (1995). ''Imikhuba lamasiko AmaNdebele''. Doris Ndlovu, Bekithemba S. Ncube. Gweru, Gasiya Zimbabwe: Mambo Press. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>0-86922-624-X</bdi>. OCLC&#x20;34114180.</ref>Ka kakaretso, [[:en:Tradition|ditso]] tsotlhe tseno ga di ikaege ka dibuka tse di [[:en:Religious_text|kwadilweng]], mme di fetisiwa go tswa mo kokomaneng e nngwe go ya go e nngwe ka [[:en:Narrative|dipolelo]], [[:en:Music_of_Africa|dipina]], [[:en:Myth|dikgang tsa bogologolo]] le [[:en:Category:Festivals_in_Africa_by_country|meletlo ya setso]].<ref>Juergensmeyer, Mark (2006). ''The Oxford handbook of global religions''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>0-19-513798-1</bdi>. OCLC&#x20;64084086. </ref><ref>Mbiti, John S. (1991). Introduction to African religion. Oxford [England]: Heinemann Educational Books. <nowiki>ISBN 0-435-94002-3</nowiki>. OCLC 24376978.</ref><ref>Nweke, Kizito Chinedu (2022-12-25). "Responding to new Imageries in African indigenous Spiritualties". ''Religious: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama dan Lintas Budaya''. '''6''' (3): 271–282. doi:10.15575/rjsalb.v6i3.20246. ISSN&#x20;2528-7249. S2CID&#x20;255213985.</ref> Di akaretsa tumelo mo [[:en:Spirit_(animating_force)|meoyeng]] le mo medimong e e kwa godimo le e e kwa tlase, tsotlhe dingwe di dumela gape mo [[:en:King_of_the_gods|Modimong yo Mogolo]], mmogo le go [[:en:Veneration_of_the_dead|tlotla badimo]], tiriso ya boloi kgotsa [[:en:Magic_(supernatural)|maselamose]], le kalafi ya setso ya Seaforika. Bontsi jwa ditumelo tseno bo ka tlhalosiwa e le ditumelo tsa semowa tse di dumelang gore tsotlhe mo [[:en:Animism|tlholegong]]<ref>Kimmerle, Heinz (2006-04-11). "The world of spirits and the respect for nature: towards a new appreciation of animism". The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa. 2 (2): 15. doi:10.4102/td.v2i2.277. ISSN 2415-2005.</ref><ref>Vontress, Clemmont E. (2005), "Animism: Foundation of Traditional Healing in Sub-Saharan Africa", Integrating Traditional Healing Practices into Counseling and Psychotherapy, SAGE Publications, Inc., pp. 124–137, doi:10.4135/9781452231648, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7619-3047-1</nowiki>, retrieved 2019-10-31</ref> di na le mowa, mme gape di na le dikarolo tsa go dumela mo [[:en:Polytheistic|medimong e le mentsi]] le tsotlhe mo lefatsheng tsotlhe di amana le bomodimo.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/index_section6.shtml An African Story] [[:en:BBC|BBC]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20151102074637/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/index_section6.shtml Archived] November 2, 2015, at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]].</ref> Karolo ya [[:en:Humanity_(virtue)|motho]] mo ditumelong tseno e tsewa e le go tshela ka kutlwano le tlholego mmogo le lefatshe la semowa.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://hts.org.za/index.php/HTS/article/view/341/758#17 What is religion? An African understanding] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160521115514/http://www.hts.org.za/index.php/HTS/article/view/341/758#17 Archived] May 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.</ref> == Go anama le go kopana le ditumelo tsa ga Aborahame == Balatedi ba ditumelo tsa setso mo [[Aferika|Afrika]] ba anamisitswe mo mafatsheng a le 43 mme go fopholediwa gore ba feta didikadike di le lekgolo.<ref>''Britannica Book of the Year'' (2003), ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica|Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' (2003) {{ISBN|978-0-85229-956-2}} p.306 According to the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', as of mid-2002, there were 480,453,000 Christians, 329,869,000 Muslims and 98,734,000 people who practiced traditional religions in Africa. [http://www.bellbookandcandlepublications.com/greenwoodsvillage/gor/islam.php Ian S. Markham, ''A World Religions Reader'' (1996) Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032618/http://www.bellbookandcandlepublications.com/greenwoodsvillage/gor/islam.php|date=March 4, 2016}} is cited by Morehouse University as giving the mid-1990s figure of 278,250,800 Muslims in Africa, but still as 40.8% of the total. These numbers are estimates, and remain a matter of conjecture (see Amadu Jacky Kaba). The spread of Christianity and Islam in Africa: a survey and analysis of the numbers and percentages of Christians, Muslims and those who practice indigenous religions. ''The Western Journal of Black Studies'', Vol 29, Number 2, (June 2005), discusses the estimations of various almanacs and encyclopedias, placing Britannica's estimate as the most agreed on figure. Notes the figure presented at the [http://www.afrikaworld.net/afrel/Statistics.htm ''World Christian Encyclopedia'', summarized here] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305222924/http://www.afrikaworld.net/afrel/Statistics.htm|date=March 5, 2016}}, as being an outlier. On rates of growth, Islam and Pentecostal Christianity are highest, see: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070521093323/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3835 The List: The World's Fastest-Growing Religions], Foreign Policy, May 2007.</ref><ref>Lugira, Aloysius M., ''African Traditional Religions'' (New York: Chelsea House, 2009), p. 36 [in] Varghese, Roy Abraham, ''Christ Connection: How the World Religions Prepared the Way for the Phenomenon of Jesus'', Paraclete Press (2011), p. 1935, {{ISBN|9781557258397}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=IH8JtLHnFkoC&pg=PA1935] (Retrieved 24 March 2019)</ref> [[:en:Islam_in_Africa|Boislamo]] le [[:en:Christianity_in_Africa|Bakeresiti]], tse gantsi di tlositseng ditumelo tsa setso tsa Aforika, tsotlhe di fetolwa go dumalana le ditso le ditumelo tsa Maaforika. Batho ba le bantsi mo Aforika ba kopanya ditumelo tsa bone tsa setso le Baebele kgotsa Boislamo. Ditumelo tseno tse pedi tsa Baebele di anametse mo kontinenteng yotlhe ya Aforika, le fa bontsi jwa balatedi ba tsone bo fitlhelwa mo dikgaolong tse di farologaneng. Dikakanyo tsa Baebele, segolobogolo tsotlhe tse di amanang le go dumela mo Modimong a le mongwe fela, di ne tsa simolola go tsena mo ditumelong tsa setso tsa Aforika tse pele di neng di dumela mo medimong e le mentsi. Ditumelo tsa setso tsa Bophirima jwa Aforika di leka go tlhaloganya boammaaruri jwa botshelo, mme go farologana le Baebele, ga di ikaege mo dikakanyong tse di siametseng fela. Go na le moo, di leka go tlhalosa tsotlhe tse motho a di itemogelang mo botshelong ka maatla a semowa a a tshegetsang kagiso le tsamaiso e e siameng mo setšhabeng, mme a ganetsana le maatla a a ka tlisang tlhakatlhakano le tshenyo. Balatedi ba ditumelo tsa setso tsa Aforika ba fitlhelwa gape mo mafatsheng a le mantsi mo lefatsheng. Mo dinakong tsa bosheng, ditumelo tse di jaaka tumelo ya Baebele ya Yoruba, tumelo ya Odinala (e leng tumelo ya setso ya Ba-Igbo), le Gaboism di ntse di gola ka bonako. Ditumelo tsa Ba-Igbo le BaYoruba di tumile thata kwa Caribbean le mo dikarolong dingwe tsa Amerika Bogare le Amerika Borwa. Kwa United States of America, tumelo ya Voodoo e bonala thata mo dinageng tse di bapileng le Kgogometso ya Mexico (Gulf of Mexico). == Dilo tsa motheo == [[Setshwantsho:Ganvie_Voodoo_Dancer_(21596115932).jpg|thumb| Motantshi wa setso wa Vodun yo o kgatlhang medimo le meya, kwa Ganvie, kwa Benin]] [[Setshwantsho:Début_de_pas_de_danse_du_Zangbéto_-_Bénin.jpg|thumb| Moletlo wa selegae kwa Benin o o nang le zangbeto]]Ditumelo tsa setso tsa Aforika tse di raraaneng thata tse di ikaegileng ka tumelo ya gore tsotlhe mo tlholegong di na le mowa ke tsone motheo wa kgopolo ya ditumelo tsa setso tsa Aforika. Seno se akaretsa kobamelo ya medimo e e sireletsang batho kgotsa ditšhaba, kobamelo ya tlholego, go tlotla badimo le tumelo ya botshelo morago ga loso, e e tshwanang le ya ditumelo tse dingwe tsa setso mo lefatsheng. Le fa ditumelo dingwe di na le pono ya gore dilo tsotlhe di amana le bomodimo, di dumela mo Modimong yo Mogolo mmogo le medimo e mengwe le meoya, fa tse dingwe di latela tsamaiso ya go dumela mo medimong e le mentsi, meoyeng le dibopiweng tse dingwe tsa semowa. Ditumelo tsa setso tsa Aforika gape di na le dikarolo tsa ditotem, bošamane le go tlotla dilo tse di boitshepo tse di tlogetsweng ke bagologolo. Ditumelo tsa setso tsa Aforika, fela jaaka ditso tse dingwe tsa bogologolo mo lefatsheng, di ne di ikaegile ka dipolelo tsa molomo. Ditso tseno ga se melao ya bodumedi fela, mme ke boitshupo jwa setso jo bo fetisiwang ka dipolelo, mainane le dikgang tsa bogologolo go tswa mo kokomaneng e nngwe go ya go e nngwe. Setšhaba, lelapa la motho le tikologo di na le seabe se segolo mo botshelong jwa motho. Balatedi ba dumela mo kaelong le dithutong tsa meoya ya badimo ba bone. Mo ditumelong di le dintsi tsa setso tsa Aforika, go na le baeteledipele ba semowa le mefuta ya baperesiti ba ba botlhokwa mo go tsweletseng botshelo jwa semowa le jwa bodumedi jwa setšhaba. Gape go na le batho ba ba nang le bokgoni jwa semowa ba ba ikarabelang mo kalafing le mo go boneleng pele dilo kgotsa go naya kgakololo, e leng tiro e e tshwanang le ya bošamane. Dingaka tseno tsa setso di tshwanetse go bidiwa ke badimo kgotsa medimo gore di dire tiro ya tsone. Di tsena mo thutong e e gagametseng mme di ithuta bokgoni jo bontsi jo bo tlhokegang, go akaretsa tiriso ya ditlhare tsa tlholego mo kalafing le bokgoni jo bongwe jwa semowa, jaaka go bona sengwe se se fitlhilweng le fa di sa itse gore se fitlhilwe kae. Ditumelo tsa setso tsa Aforika di dumela gore badimo ba tswelela ba na le kamano ya semowa le ba losika lwa bone ba ba tshelang. Bontsi jwa meoya ya badimo bo tsewa e le molemo e bile bo na le bopelonomi. Ditiro tse di sa siamang tse di dirwang ke meoya ya badimo di ka baka malwetse a mannye e le tlhagiso ya gore batho ba fapogile tsela e e siameng. Matshwao a mangwe a tlhagiso a ka nna go runya ga malwetse, mme seno se dira gore batho ba lemoge gore ba kgopisitse medimo kgotsa badimo. Ditumelo tsa setso tsa Seaforika di ikaegile thata ka go tlotla badimo, tumelo ya gore go na le lefatshe la meoya, dibopiwa tsa semowa le kgololesego ya motho ya go itlhophela (go farologana le kgopolo ya tumelo e e neng ya tlhagelela moragonyana). Batho ba ba tlhokafetseng (mmogo le diphologolo kgotsa dilo tsa botlhokwa) ba dumelwa gore ba santse ba le teng mo lefatsheng la meoya mme ba ka ama kgotsa ba dirisana le lefatshe la batho ba ba tshelang. Mekgwa ya go dumela mo medimong e le mentsi e ne e anametse thata mo bontsing jwa dikarolo tsa Aforika ya bogologolo le dikarolo tse dingwe tsa lefatshe pele Boislamo, Bokeresete le Sejuta di tsena. Nngwe ya dilo tse di neng di sa tlwaelega e ne e le bodumedi jwa go dumela mo Modimong a le mongwe jo bo neng jwa tlhamiwa ke Faro Akhenaten ka nako e khutshwane, yo o neng a pateletsa batho go rapela modimo wa gagwe Aten (bona Atenism). Phetogo eno e e gakgamatsang mo bodumeding jwa setso jwa Egepeto e ne ya fetolwa gape ke morwawe yo mmotlana, Tutankhamun. Medimo e megolo, mmogo le medimo e mengwe e e nang le ditiro tse di kgethegileng, meoya ya badimo, meoya ya mafelo le dibopiwa tsa semowa, ke dikarolo tse di tlwaelegileng mo ditumelong tsa setso tsa Aforika, mme di bontsha setso se se raraaneng le se se tsweletseng pele sa Aforika ya bogologolo. Dipatlisiso dingwe di bontsha gore dikgopolo dingwe tsa go dumela mo Modimong a le mongwe, jaaka tumelo mo Modimong yo Mogolo kgotsa maatleng a magolo (mmogo le medimo e mengwe e mentsi, dibopiwa tsa semowa le meoya e ka dinako dingwe e tsewang e le batsereganyi magareng ga batho le Mmopi), di ne di setse di le teng mo Aforika pele ga go tlhagoga ga ditumelo tsa Baebele. Le fa go ntse jalo, dikgopolo tseno tsa setso sa selegae di ne di farologane le tumelo ya Modimo a le mongwe e e fitlhelwang mo ditumelong tsa Baebele. [[Setshwantsho:Koku_Dancer.jpg|thumb| Motantshi wa setso wa Koku]] Kalafi ya setso ya Seaforika le yone e amana ka tlhamalalo le ditumelo tsa setso tsa Aforika. Go ya ka Clemmont E. Vontress, ditumelo tse di farologaneng tsa setso tsa Aforika di kopanngwa ke tumelo ya motheo ya gore tsotlhe mo tlholegong di na le mowa. Go ya ka ene, tumelo mo meoyeng le mo badimong ke yone karolo e e botlhokwa thata ya ditumelo tsa Aforika. Medimo e ka tswa e itlhagisitse ka boyone kgotsa e ka tswa e tlhageletse go tswa mo meoyeng kgotsa mo badimong ba batho ba neng ba simolola go ba obamela. Gape o tlhalosa gore bontsi jwa ditumelo tsa segompieno tsa setso tsa Aforika di tlhotlheleditswe thata ke ditumelo tse e seng tsa Aforika, segolobogolo Bokeresete le Boislamo, mme ka ntlha ya moo di ka farologana le mefuta ya tsone ya bogologolo. Ditumelo tsa setso tsa Aforika gantsi di dumela mo botshelong morago ga loso (lefatshe la meoya kgotsa mafelo a semowa, kwa meoya mmogo le medimo di nnang gone), mme tse dingwe gape di na le kgopolo ya go tsalwa gape, moo batho ba ba tlhokafetseng ba ka tsalwang gape mo losikeng lwa bone (losika lwa madi), fa ba eletsa jalo kgotsa ba sa ntse ba na le sengwe se ba tshwanetseng go se diragatsa. Kgopolo ya Serer ya go tsalwa gape e gana mogopolo wa gore Modimo yo Mogolo le Mmopi, Roog, a ka tsalwa kgotsa a boe a tsalwe gape. Le fa go ntse jalo, go tsalwa gape ga Pangool kgotsa meoya go dumelwa thata mo semoweng sa Baserer.   [[Setshwantsho:West_african_religion.jpg|thumb| Kgotlatshekelo ya bodumedi kwa borwa jwa Ghana]] [[Setshwantsho:Statuette_protectrice_nkisi,_71.1892.52.2,_Musée_du_quai_Branly.jpg|thumb| Nkisi nkondi wa Bakongo . Ke setlhotshwana sa nkisi, dilo tse go dumelwa gore di agiwa ke meya, tse di tlwaelegileng go ralala Congo Basin .]] [[Setshwantsho:Masques_BaKongo.JPG|thumb| Dimaseke tsa Bakongo go tswa kwa Kongo Bogare]] [[Setshwantsho:Early_20th_century_Yoruba_divination_board.jpg|thumb| Boto ya go bolelela pele ya Bayoruba ya mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga]] [[Setshwantsho:Sangoma_reading_the_Bones.jpg|left|thumb| [[Dingaka tsa setso tsa Borwa jwa Aforika|Ngaka ya setso ya Aforika Borwa]] e dira boitseanape ka go buisa marapo]] h3v8hh671u8ranc0xqp8hwmv8yep7vy 53296 53284 2026-07-26T18:39:32Z Atsile Edith 11759 Ke senotse tsebe e #Wikipedia25BW 53296 wikitext text/x-wiki Ditumelo le mekgwa ya batho ba [[:en:Demographics_of_Africa|Aforika]] di farologane thata e bile di akaretsa [[:en:Ethnic_religion|ditumelo tsa merafe]] tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":0">Encyclopedia of African Religion (Sage, 2009) [[:en:Molefi_Kete_Asante|Molefi Kete Asante]]</ref> <ref>Ndlovu, Tommy Matshakayile (1995). ''Imikhuba lamasiko AmaNdebele''. Doris Ndlovu, Bekithemba S. Ncube. Gweru, Gasiya Zimbabwe: Mambo Press. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>0-86922-624-X</bdi>. OCLC&#x20;34114180.</ref>Ka kakaretso, [[:en:Tradition|ditso]] tsotlhe tseno ga di ikaege ka dibuka tse di [[:en:Religious_text|kwadilweng]], mme di fetisiwa go tswa mo kokomaneng e nngwe go ya go e nngwe ka [[:en:Narrative|dipolelo]], [[:en:Music_of_Africa|dipina]], [[:en:Myth|dikgang tsa bogologolo]] le [[:en:Category:Festivals_in_Africa_by_country|meletlo ya setso]].<ref>Juergensmeyer, Mark (2006). ''The Oxford handbook of global religions''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>0-19-513798-1</bdi>. OCLC&#x20;64084086. </ref><ref>Mbiti, John S. (1991). Introduction to African religion. Oxford [England]: Heinemann Educational Books. <nowiki>ISBN 0-435-94002-3</nowiki>. OCLC 24376978.</ref><ref>Nweke, Kizito Chinedu (2022-12-25). "Responding to new Imageries in African indigenous Spiritualties". ''Religious: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama dan Lintas Budaya''. '''6''' (3): 271–282. doi:10.15575/rjsalb.v6i3.20246. ISSN&#x20;2528-7249. S2CID&#x20;255213985.</ref> Di akaretsa tumelo mo [[:en:Spirit_(animating_force)|meoyeng]] le mo medimong e e kwa godimo le e e kwa tlase, tsotlhe dingwe di dumela gape mo [[:en:King_of_the_gods|Modimong yo Mogolo]], mmogo le go [[:en:Veneration_of_the_dead|tlotla badimo]], tiriso ya boloi kgotsa [[:en:Magic_(supernatural)|maselamose]], le kalafi ya setso ya Seaforika. Bontsi jwa ditumelo tseno bo ka tlhalosiwa e le ditumelo tsa semowa tse di dumelang gore tsotlhe mo [[:en:Animism|tlholegong]]<ref>Kimmerle, Heinz (2006-04-11). "The world of spirits and the respect for nature: towards a new appreciation of animism". The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa. 2 (2): 15. doi:10.4102/td.v2i2.277. ISSN 2415-2005.</ref><ref>Vontress, Clemmont E. (2005), "Animism: Foundation of Traditional Healing in Sub-Saharan Africa", Integrating Traditional Healing Practices into Counseling and Psychotherapy, SAGE Publications, Inc., pp. 124–137, doi:10.4135/9781452231648, <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7619-3047-1</nowiki>, retrieved 2019-10-31</ref> di na le mowa, mme gape di na le dikarolo tsa go dumela mo [[:en:Polytheistic|medimong e le mentsi]] le tsotlhe mo lefatsheng tsotlhe di amana le bomodimo.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/index_section6.shtml An African Story] [[:en:BBC|BBC]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20151102074637/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/index_section6.shtml Archived] November 2, 2015, at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]].</ref> Karolo ya [[:en:Humanity_(virtue)|motho]] mo ditumelong tseno e tsewa e le go tshela ka kutlwano le tlholego mmogo le lefatshe la semowa.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://hts.org.za/index.php/HTS/article/view/341/758#17 What is religion? An African understanding] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160521115514/http://www.hts.org.za/index.php/HTS/article/view/341/758#17 Archived] May 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine.</ref> == Go anama le go kopana le ditumelo tsa ga Aborahame == Balatedi ba ditumelo tsa setso mo [[Aferika|Afrika]] ba anamisitswe mo mafatsheng a le 43 mme go fopholediwa gore ba feta didikadike di le lekgolo.<ref>''Britannica Book of the Year'' (2003), ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica|Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' (2003) {{ISBN|978-0-85229-956-2}} p.306 According to the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', as of mid-2002, there were 480,453,000 Christians, 329,869,000 Muslims and 98,734,000 people who practiced traditional religions in Africa. [http://www.bellbookandcandlepublications.com/greenwoodsvillage/gor/islam.php Ian S. Markham, ''A World Religions Reader'' (1996) Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032618/http://www.bellbookandcandlepublications.com/greenwoodsvillage/gor/islam.php|date=March 4, 2016}} is cited by Morehouse University as giving the mid-1990s figure of 278,250,800 Muslims in Africa, but still as 40.8% of the total. These numbers are estimates, and remain a matter of conjecture (see Amadu Jacky Kaba). The spread of Christianity and Islam in Africa: a survey and analysis of the numbers and percentages of Christians, Muslims and those who practice indigenous religions. ''The Western Journal of Black Studies'', Vol 29, Number 2, (June 2005), discusses the estimations of various almanacs and encyclopedias, placing Britannica's estimate as the most agreed on figure. Notes the figure presented at the [http://www.afrikaworld.net/afrel/Statistics.htm ''World Christian Encyclopedia'', summarized here] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305222924/http://www.afrikaworld.net/afrel/Statistics.htm|date=March 5, 2016}}, as being an outlier. On rates of growth, Islam and Pentecostal Christianity are highest, see: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070521093323/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=3835 The List: The World's Fastest-Growing Religions], Foreign Policy, May 2007.</ref><ref>Lugira, Aloysius M., ''African Traditional Religions'' (New York: Chelsea House, 2009), p. 36 [in] Varghese, Roy Abraham, ''Christ Connection: How the World Religions Prepared the Way for the Phenomenon of Jesus'', Paraclete Press (2011), p. 1935, {{ISBN|9781557258397}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=IH8JtLHnFkoC&pg=PA1935] (Retrieved 24 March 2019)</ref> [[:en:Islam_in_Africa|Boislamo]] le [[:en:Christianity_in_Africa|Bakeresiti]], tse gantsi di tlositseng ditumelo tsa setso tsa Aforika, tsotlhe di fetolwa go dumalana le ditso le ditumelo tsa Maaforika. Batho ba le bantsi mo Aforika ba [[:en:Syncretism|kopanya ditumelo]] tsa bone tsa setso le [[:en:Abrahamic_religions|Baebele kgotsa Boislamo.]]<ref>Mbiti, John S (1992). Introduction to African religion. East African Publishers. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-435-94002-7</nowiki>.When Africans are converted to other religions, they often mix their traditional religion with the one to which they are converted. In this way they are not losing something valuable, but are gaining something from both religious customs</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Riggs |first1=Thomas |year=2006 |title=Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices: Religions and denominations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uTMOAQAAMAAJ&q=%22many+African+Christians%22 |publisher=Thomson Gale |isbn=978-0-7876-6612-5 |page=1}}Although a large proportion of Africans have converted to Islam an Christianity, these two world religions have been assimilated into African culture, and many African Christians and Muslims maintain traditional spiritual beliefs</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gottlieb |first1=Roger S |date=2006-11-09 |title=The Oxford handbook of religion and ecology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_LldeLvqQNsC&pg=PA266 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-517872-2}}Even in the adopted religions of Islam and Christianity, which on the surface appear to have converted millions of Africans from their traditional religions, many aspect of traditional religions are still manifest</ref> <ref>{{cite web |title=US study sheds light on Africa's unique religious mix |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hpKESvthJtQeyjk57vyzOnY5l9cg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425190919/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hpKESvthJtQeyjk57vyzOnY5l9cg |archive-date=April 25, 2010 |publisher=AFP}}t doesn't seem to be an either-or for many people. They can describe themselves primarily as Muslim or Christian and continue to practice many of the traditions that are characteristic of African traditional religion," Luis Lugo, executive director of the Pew Forum, told AFP.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Quainoo |first1=Samuel Ebow |date=2000-01-01 |title=In Transitions and consolidation of democracy in Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-IDfqT6589kC&pg=PA40 |publisher=Global Academic |isbn=978-1-58684-040-2}}Even though the two religions are monotheistic, most African Christians and Muslims convert to them and still retain some aspects of their traditional religions</ref>Ditumelo tseno tse pedi tsa Baebele di anametse mo kontinenteng yotlhe ya Aforika, le fa bontsi jwa balatedi ba tsone bo fitlhelwa mo dikgaolong tse di farologaneng. Dikakanyo tsa Baebele, segolobogolo tsotlhe tse di amanang le go dumela mo Modimong a le mongwe fela, di ne tsa simolola go tsena mo ditumelong tsa setso tsa Aforika tse pele di neng di dumela mo medimong e le mentsi.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica. Britannica Book of the Year 2003. Encyclopædia Britannica, (2003) {{ISBN|9780852299562}} p.306. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, as of mid-2002, there were 376,453,000 Christians, 329,869,000 Muslims and 98,734,000 people who practiced traditional religions in Africa. [http://www.greenwoodsvillage.com/gor/islam.htm Ian S. Markham,(A World Religions Reader. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers, 1996.)] is cited by Morehouse University as giving the mid-1990s figure of 278,250,800 Muslims in Africa, but still as 40.8% of the total. These numbers are estimates, and remain a matter of conjecture. See Amadu Jacky Kaba. The spread of Christianity and Islam in Africa: a survey and analysis of the numbers and percentages of Christians, Muslims and those who practice indigenous religions. The Western Journal of Black Studies, Vol 29, Number 2, June 2005. Discusses the estimations of various almanacs and encyclopedium, placing Britannica's estimate as the most agreed figure. Notes the figure presented at the [http://www.afrikaworld.net/afrel/Statistics.htm World Christian Encyclopedia, summarized here], as being an outlier. [[:en:The_World_Book_Encyclopedia|The World Book Encyclopedia]] has estimated that in 2002 Christians formed 40% of the continent's population, with Muslims forming 45%. It was also estimated in 2002 that Christians form 45% of Africa's population, with Muslims forming 40.6%.</ref> Ditumelo tsa setso tsa Bophirima jwa Aforika di leka go tlhaloganya boammaaruri jwa botshelo, mme go farologana le Baebele, ga di ikaege mo dikakanyong tse di siametseng fela. Go na le moo, di leka go tlhalosa tsotlhe tse motho a di itemogelang mo botshelong ka maatla a semowa a a tshegetsang kagiso le tsamaiso e e siameng mo setšhabeng, mme a ganetsana le maatla a a ka tlisang tlhakatlhakano le tshenyo.<ref>Ajayi, J. F. Ade (1976). History of West Africa. Internet Archive. New York : Columbia University Press. pp. 100–101. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-231-04103-4</nowiki>.</ref> Balatedi ba ditumelo tsa setso tsa Aforika ba fitlhelwa gape mo mafatsheng a le mantsi mo lefatsheng. Mo dinakong tsa bosheng, ditumelo tse di jaaka tumelo ya Baebele ya [[:en:Yoruba_religion|Yoruba]], tumelo ya [[:en:Odinala|Odinala]] (e leng tumelo ya setso ya Ba-[[:en:Odinala|Igbo]]), le Gaboism di ntse di gola ka bonako. Ditumelo tsa Ba-Igbo le BaYoruba di tumile thata kwa Caribbean le mo dikarolong dingwe tsa Amerika Bogare le Amerika Borwa. Kwa United States of America, tumelo ya Voodoo e bonala thata mo dinageng tse di bapileng le Kgogometso ya Mexico (Gulf of Mexico).<ref>GT Obadiah, Gaboism, 2023, Brobadiah and Publishing House, Bwari, FCT-Abuja</ref> == Dilo tsa motheo == [[Setshwantsho:Ganvie_Voodoo_Dancer_(21596115932).jpg|thumb| Motantshi wa setso wa Vodun yo o kgatlhang medimo le meya, kwa Ganvie, kwa Benin]] [[Setshwantsho:Début_de_pas_de_danse_du_Zangbéto_-_Bénin.jpg|thumb| Moletlo wa selegae kwa Benin o o nang le zangbeto]]Ditumelo tsa setso tsa Aforika tse di raraaneng thata tse di ikaegileng ka tumelo ya gore tsotlhe mo tlholegong di na le mowa ke tsone motheo wa kgopolo ya ditumelo tsa setso tsa Aforika. Seno se akaretsa kobamelo ya medimo e e sireletsang batho kgotsa ditšhaba, kobamelo ya tlholego, go tlotla badimo le tumelo ya botshelo morago ga loso, e e tshwanang le ya ditumelo tse dingwe tsa setso mo lefatsheng. Le fa ditumelo dingwe di na le pono ya gore dilo tsotlhe di amana le bomodimo, di dumela mo Modimong yo Mogolo mmogo le medimo e mengwe le meoya, fa tse dingwe di latela tsamaiso ya go dumela mo medimong e le mentsi, meoyeng le dibopiweng tse dingwe tsa semowa. Ditumelo tsa setso tsa Aforika gape di na le dikarolo tsa ditotem, bošamane le go tlotla dilo tse di boitshepo tse di tlogetsweng ke bagologolo. Ditumelo tsa setso tsa Aforika, fela jaaka ditso tse dingwe tsa bogologolo mo lefatsheng, di ne di ikaegile ka dipolelo tsa molomo. Ditso tseno ga se melao ya bodumedi fela, mme ke boitshupo jwa setso jo bo fetisiwang ka dipolelo, mainane le dikgang tsa bogologolo go tswa mo kokomaneng e nngwe go ya go e nngwe. Setšhaba, lelapa la motho le tikologo di na le seabe se segolo mo botshelong jwa motho. Balatedi ba dumela mo kaelong le dithutong tsa meoya ya badimo ba bone. Mo ditumelong di le dintsi tsa setso tsa Aforika, go na le baeteledipele ba semowa le mefuta ya baperesiti ba ba botlhokwa mo go tsweletseng botshelo jwa semowa le jwa bodumedi jwa setšhaba. Gape go na le batho ba ba nang le bokgoni jwa semowa ba ba ikarabelang mo kalafing le mo go boneleng pele dilo kgotsa go naya kgakololo, e leng tiro e e tshwanang le ya bošamane. Dingaka tseno tsa setso di tshwanetse go bidiwa ke badimo kgotsa medimo gore di dire tiro ya tsone. Di tsena mo thutong e e gagametseng mme di ithuta bokgoni jo bontsi jo bo tlhokegang, go akaretsa tiriso ya ditlhare tsa tlholego mo kalafing le bokgoni jo bongwe jwa semowa, jaaka go bona sengwe se se fitlhilweng le fa di sa itse gore se fitlhilwe kae. Ditumelo tsa setso tsa Aforika di dumela gore badimo ba tswelela ba na le kamano ya semowa le ba losika lwa bone ba ba tshelang. Bontsi jwa meoya ya badimo bo tsewa e le molemo e bile bo na le bopelonomi. Ditiro tse di sa siamang tse di dirwang ke meoya ya badimo di ka baka malwetse a mannye e le tlhagiso ya gore batho ba fapogile tsela e e siameng. Matshwao a mangwe a tlhagiso a ka nna go runya ga malwetse, mme seno se dira gore batho ba lemoge gore ba kgopisitse medimo kgotsa badimo. Ditumelo tsa setso tsa Seaforika di ikaegile thata ka go tlotla badimo, tumelo ya gore go na le lefatshe la meoya, dibopiwa tsa semowa le kgololesego ya motho ya go itlhophela (go farologana le kgopolo ya tumelo e e neng ya tlhagelela moragonyana). Batho ba ba tlhokafetseng (mmogo le diphologolo kgotsa dilo tsa botlhokwa) ba dumelwa gore ba santse ba le teng mo lefatsheng la meoya mme ba ka ama kgotsa ba dirisana le lefatshe la batho ba ba tshelang. Mekgwa ya go dumela mo medimong e le mentsi e ne e anametse thata mo bontsing jwa dikarolo tsa Aforika ya bogologolo le dikarolo tse dingwe tsa lefatshe pele Boislamo, Bokeresete le Sejuta di tsena. Nngwe ya dilo tse di neng di sa tlwaelega e ne e le bodumedi jwa go dumela mo Modimong a le mongwe jo bo neng jwa tlhamiwa ke Faro Akhenaten ka nako e khutshwane, yo o neng a pateletsa batho go rapela modimo wa gagwe Aten (bona Atenism). Phetogo eno e e gakgamatsang mo bodumeding jwa setso jwa Egepeto e ne ya fetolwa gape ke morwawe yo mmotlana, Tutankhamun. Medimo e megolo, mmogo le medimo e mengwe e e nang le ditiro tse di kgethegileng, meoya ya badimo, meoya ya mafelo le dibopiwa tsa semowa, ke dikarolo tse di tlwaelegileng mo ditumelong tsa setso tsa Aforika, mme di bontsha setso se se raraaneng le se se tsweletseng pele sa Aforika ya bogologolo. Dipatlisiso dingwe di bontsha gore dikgopolo dingwe tsa go dumela mo Modimong a le mongwe, jaaka tumelo mo Modimong yo Mogolo kgotsa maatleng a magolo (mmogo le medimo e mengwe e mentsi, dibopiwa tsa semowa le meoya e ka dinako dingwe e tsewang e le batsereganyi magareng ga batho le Mmopi), di ne di setse di le teng mo Aforika pele ga go tlhagoga ga ditumelo tsa Baebele. Le fa go ntse jalo, dikgopolo tseno tsa setso sa selegae di ne di farologane le tumelo ya Modimo a le mongwe e e fitlhelwang mo ditumelong tsa Baebele. [[Setshwantsho:Koku_Dancer.jpg|thumb| Motantshi wa setso wa Koku]] Kalafi ya setso ya Seaforika le yone e amana ka tlhamalalo le ditumelo tsa setso tsa Aforika. Go ya ka Clemmont E. Vontress, ditumelo tse di farologaneng tsa setso tsa Aforika di kopanngwa ke tumelo ya motheo ya gore tsotlhe mo tlholegong di na le mowa. Go ya ka ene, tumelo mo meoyeng le mo badimong ke yone karolo e e botlhokwa thata ya ditumelo tsa Aforika. Medimo e ka tswa e itlhagisitse ka boyone kgotsa e ka tswa e tlhageletse go tswa mo meoyeng kgotsa mo badimong ba batho ba neng ba simolola go ba obamela. Gape o tlhalosa gore bontsi jwa ditumelo tsa segompieno tsa setso tsa Aforika di tlhotlheleditswe thata ke ditumelo tse e seng tsa Aforika, segolobogolo Bokeresete le Boislamo, mme ka ntlha ya moo di ka farologana le mefuta ya tsone ya bogologolo. Ditumelo tsa setso tsa Aforika gantsi di dumela mo botshelong morago ga loso (lefatshe la meoya kgotsa mafelo a semowa, kwa meoya mmogo le medimo di nnang gone), mme tse dingwe gape di na le kgopolo ya go tsalwa gape, moo batho ba ba tlhokafetseng ba ka tsalwang gape mo losikeng lwa bone (losika lwa madi), fa ba eletsa jalo kgotsa ba sa ntse ba na le sengwe se ba tshwanetseng go se diragatsa. Kgopolo ya Serer ya go tsalwa gape e gana mogopolo wa gore Modimo yo Mogolo le Mmopi, Roog, a ka tsalwa kgotsa a boe a tsalwe gape. Le fa go ntse jalo, go tsalwa gape ga Pangool kgotsa meoya go dumelwa thata mo semoweng sa Baserer.   [[Setshwantsho:West_african_religion.jpg|thumb| Kgotlatshekelo ya bodumedi kwa borwa jwa Ghana]] [[Setshwantsho:Statuette_protectrice_nkisi,_71.1892.52.2,_Musée_du_quai_Branly.jpg|thumb| Nkisi nkondi wa Bakongo . Ke setlhotshwana sa nkisi, dilo tse go dumelwa gore di agiwa ke meya, tse di tlwaelegileng go ralala Congo Basin .]] [[Setshwantsho:Masques_BaKongo.JPG|thumb| Dimaseke tsa Bakongo go tswa kwa Kongo Bogare]] [[Setshwantsho:Early_20th_century_Yoruba_divination_board.jpg|thumb| Boto ya go bolelela pele ya Bayoruba ya mo tshimologong ya lekgolo la bo20 la dingwaga]] [[Setshwantsho:Sangoma_reading_the_Bones.jpg|left|thumb| [[Dingaka tsa setso tsa Borwa jwa Aforika|Ngaka ya setso ya Aforika Borwa]] e dira boitseanape ka go buisa marapo]] c2y8rh4akgtlzrwg809jjymp4vom1zm 0 14673 53268 2026-07-26T12:04:52Z MmaBaggio 11091 #Wikipedia25BW KE RANOTSE TSEBE ya Mma Bontle wa Miss Earth Botswana 53268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization|name=Miss Earth Botswana|formation=2006|type=Mma Bontle|headquarters=[[Gaborone]]|location=Botswana|language=[[English language|English]]<br /> [[Tswana language|Setswana]]|leader_title=National Director}} Miss Earth Botswana ke kgaisano ya sechaba ya bontle mo Botswana e e neng ya tshwarwa lantlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borataro mme mofenyi o tla gaisana mo kgaisanong ya [[Miss Earth.]] Kgaisano eno ga e amane le dikgaisano tsa [[Miss Universe Botswana]] kgotsa [[Miss Botswana.]] == Kgaisano ya bontle == Botswana e ne ya simolola go tsaya karolo mo kgaisanong ya Miss Earth ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi. Mofenyi o na le seabe mo maitlhomong a mantsi a thuto ya tikologo, ka kgatelelo e kgolo mo go ruteng setšhaba ka kakaretso ka ga botlhokwa jwa tikologo e e phepa le e e bolokesegileng le go nna le seabe mo go jaleng ditlhare, matsholo a pabalesego ya tsela, le go tsaya karolo mo go ketekeng malatsi a a amanang le tikologo jaaka Letsatsi la [[Lefatshe la Tikologo]]. <ref>[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=7&aid=22&dir=2009/April/Wednesday8 "Mmegi Online :: Race for Miss Earth Botswana begins"]. ''Mmegi Online''. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref><ref>Molelekeng, Kgomotso. [http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=17286 "Mmegi Online :: Meet Nicole, Miss Earth 2014".] ''Mmegi Online''. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref>Ka tlwaelo, mofenyi wa Miss Earth Botswana o emela naga ya gagwe mo kgaisanong ya Miss Earth. Ka dinako tse dingwe, fa mofenyi a sa tshwanelegele go nna mofenyi (ka ntlha ya dingwaga tsa gagwe), go romelwa mongwe yo o tsayang maemo a bobedi. Kgaisano e e tshwaretswe kwa [[Gaborone]] mme e rulagantswe ke Mokaedi wa Naga, Tebogo Moagi le Mookamedi wa Papatso, Beatrice Barrows.<ref>[http://mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=7&aid=4363&dir=2010/August/Thursday26 Mmegi Online :: Miss Earth Botswana pageant in crying need of sponsorship".] ''Mmegi Online''. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref> Botswana ga e a ka ya tsenela dikgaisano ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe le ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro. Miss Earth Botswana wa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe , Tumisang Sebina, o ne a sa kgone go gaisana mo kgaisanong ya boditšhabatšhaba ka gore o ne a sa kgotsofatse ditlhokego tsa bogodimo jwa 164 cm (5 ft 4+1⁄2 in) tsa Miss Earth. Se se ne sa dira gore barulaganyi ba fetole melao ya kgaisano ya selegae e e sa letleng motho ope yo o kwa tlase ga boleele jo bo tlhokegang, go netefatsa gore Botswana e tla emelwa boditšhabatšhaba. <ref>[http://mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=7&aid=4363&dir=2010/August/Thursday26 "Mmegi Online :: Miss Earth Botswana pageant in crying need of sponsorship"]. ''Mmegi Online''. Retrieved 2017-09-16.</ref> == Metswedi == 5dnb2igs89lsk7ecfk8x7psxnndblrk 0 14674 53270 2026-07-26T12:23:41Z MmaBaggio 11091 #Wikipedia25BW KE RANOTSE TSEBE YA Mma Bontle wa Botswana 53270 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mma Bontle wa Botswana''' ke kgaisano ya sechaba ya bontle kwa Botswana. == Ditso == Bontle jwa Botswana bo tsamaisana le ditso tsa lefatshe leo. Le fa go ne go na le dikgaisano tsa bontle tse di neng di tshwerwe mo metseng e e farologaneng go ralala naga mo masimologong a dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro, kgaisano ya ntlha ya bontle ya Miss Botswana e ne ya tshwarwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bosupa, e tshwerwe jaaka karolo ya meletlo ya boipuso jwa Botswana.<ref>[https://www.weekendpost.co.bw/17690/news/ae%cb%9cmiss-botswana-queens-lack-premium-beauty-appealing-to-miss-world-judgesae/ "'Miss Botswana queens lack premium beauty appealing to Miss World judges'".] ''Weekend Post''. 2020-01-13. Retrieved 2020-05-27.</ref> Ka nako eo, go ne ga swetswa gore tiragalo ya ntlha ya bontle e ne e tlile go tlhopha moemedi yo o tshwanelang sentle wa bosadi jwa segompieno jwa setšhaba. Theresa Rantao o ne a nna mofenyi wa Mma Bontle wa Botswana wa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bosupa. Pelenyana ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bone, Veronica Magosi wa kwa [[Lobatse]] o ne a gapa korone ya Miss Bechuanaland. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le botlhano Lydia Tiyo o ne a gapa serwalo seo.<ref>[http://www.knowbotswana.com/botswana-pageantry.html "Botswana Pageantry".] Retrieved 2017-09-16</ref> Botswana e ne ya simolola go tsaya karolo mo kgaisanong ya Mmabontle ya Mafatshe ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bobedi . Go ya ka ngwao, mofenyi wa Miss Botswana o emela lefatshe la gagwe mo kgaisanong ya Miss World. Lekgotla la Basadi la Botswana le ikarabelela mo go rulaganyeng kgaisano eno. == Bafenyi == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Ngwaga !Mofenyi |- |1962 |Serwalo Gaseitsewe |- |1964 |Veronica Magosi |- |1965 |Lydia Tiyo |- |1967 |Theresa Rantao |- |1968 |Veronica Gaosi |- |1969 |Seanokeng Moranyane |- |1970 |Lilian Taunyane |- |1971 |Beauty Seloiso |- |1972 |Agnes Letshebe |- |1973 |Priscilla Molefè |- |1974 |Rosemary Molefi |- |1975 |Lucy Mosinyi |- |1976 |Ida Mpatane |- |1978 |Tshepho Chape |- |1979 |Doris Magula |- |1980 |Kefilwe Maribe |- |1981 |Shalike Kgalaeng |- |1982 |Peggy Lebum |- |1983 |Dineo Ratsatsi |- |1984 |Stella Podile |- |1985 |Keanole Radimo |- |1986 |Boitumelo Matlapeng |- |1987 |Tuduetso Tselayakgosi |- |1988 |Grace Mafoko |- |1989 |Natasha April |- |1990 |Malebogo Kgotso |- |1991 |Shale Ntsima |- |1992 |Boitumelo Ramponye |- |1993 |Mpho Lekoko |- |1994 |Hazel Kutlo Mmopi |- |1995 |Joyce Manase |- |1996 |Monica Semolekae |- |1997 |Mpule Kwelagobe |- |1998 |Earthen Mbulawa |- |1999 |Alimah Isaacs |- |2000 |Punah Serati |- |2001 |Masego Sebedi |- |2002 |Lomaswati Dlamini |- |2003 |Boingotlo Motlalakgosi |- |2004 |Judy Peacock |- |2005 |Lorato Tebogo |- |2006 |Malebogo Marumoagae |- |2007 |[[Itseng Kgomotso]] |- |2009 |[[Sumaiyah Marope]] |- |2010 |[[Emma Wareus]]<ref>[["Miss World 2010".]] Miss World 2010. Retrieved 8 October 2017.</ref> |- |2011 |Karabo Sampson |- |2012 |Tapiwa Anna-Marie Preston |- |2013 |Rosemary Keofitlhetse |- |2015 |Seneo Mabengano |- |2016 |Thata Kenosi |- |2017 |[[Nicole Gaelebale]] |- |2018 |Moitshepi Elias<ref>Tlhankane, Mompati (2018-11-23). [https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/miss-botswana-still-to-book-top-30-spot/news "Miss Botswana still to book top 30 spot".] ''Mmegi Online''. Retrieved 2026-02-01.</ref> |- |2019 |Oweditse Gofaone Phirinyane |- |2021 |Palesa Molefe<ref>[["Palesa Molefe: The Bald Queen"]]. ''The Business Weekly &#x26; Review''. 2021-11-16. Retrieved 2026-02-01.</ref> |- |2022 |[[Lesego Chombo]]<ref>Mathonsi, Boikanyo (2024-01-25)[https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/lesego-chombo-ranks-9th-in-miss-world-2023-predictions/news . "Lesego Chombo ranks 9th in Miss World 2023 predictions".] ''Mmegi Online''. Retrieved 2026-02-01.</ref> |- |2024 |Anicia Gaothusi<ref>Kgweetsi, Otlarongwa (2024-03-31). [https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/gaothusi-a-beacon-of-hope-for-botswana/news "Gaothusi: A Beacon of Hope for Botswana".] ''Mmegi Online''. Retrieved 2026-02-01.</ref> |- |2025 |Ruth Thomas<ref>Kgamanyane, Nnasaretha (2025-03-25). [https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/thomas-prophecy-on-winning-miss-botswana-comes-to-pass/news "Thomas prophecy on winning Miss Botswana comes to pass".] ''Mmegi Online''. Retrieved 2026-02-01.</ref> |} == Metswedi == 16t45kcigosfh3yibsvxgrd1uv4ahtl 0 14675 53271 2026-07-26T13:03:19Z MmaBaggio 11091 #Wikipedia25BW KE RANOTSE TSEBE ya Setlhare sa Mophane 53271 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Colophospermum mopane arbre MHNT, crop.jpg|thumb|Setlhare sa Mophane]] [[Setshwantsho:Colophospermum mopane00.jpg|thumb]] '''Mophane''' gantsi e bitswa '''mopane''',<ref name=":0">[https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=11181 "''Colophospermum mopane''"]. [[:en:Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network|''Germplasm Resources Information Network''.]] [[:en:Agricultural_Research_Service|Agricultural Research Service]], [[:en:United_States_Department_of_Agriculture|United States Department of Agriculture.]] Retrieved 15 December 2017.</ref> '''mopan'''i,<ref>[https://www.wood-database.com/mopane/ "Mopane | The Wood Database – Lumber Identification (Hardwood)".] Retrieved 25 June 2020.</ref> '''setlhare sa serurubele''',<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Quattrocchi, Umberto (1999)[https://books.google.com/books?id=esMPU5DHEGgC&pg=PA587 . "Colophospermum mopane Kirk ex J. Léonard". ''CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology''.] Vol.&nbsp;1. CRC Press. p.&nbsp;587. [[:en:Special:BookSources/9780849326752|ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780849326752</bdi>.]]</ref>setlhare sa turpentine,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> kgotsa setlhare sa balsam,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />ke setlhare sa legume (Fabaceae), se se golang mo mafelong a a mogote, a a omileng, a a kwa tlase, a a botelele jwa dimetara di le makgolo a mabedi go ya go di le sekete le makgolo a mabedi (660 go ya go 3,940 ft),<ref name=":2">[[:en:Mopane#CITEREFTimberlake1995|Timberlake (1995)]], p.&nbsp;7</ref> mo dikarolong tsa Borwa jwa Aforika. Setlhare seno se fitlhelwa fela mo Afrika mme ke sone fela sa mofuta wa Colophospermum. Matlhare a yone a a tlhomologileng a a bopegileng jaaka serurubele (a a nang le matlhare a mabedi) le peo e tshesane e e bopegileng jaaka diphilo/mo e batlang e le khutlonne<ref name=":3">Praciak, Andrew, ed. (2013). "Colophospermum mopane (Kirk ex Benth.) J. Leonard / Mopane". [https://books.google.com/books?id=cBf4AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA127 ''The CABI Encyclopedia of Forest Trees''.] CABI. pp.&nbsp;127–128. [[:en:Special:BookSources/9781780642369|ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9781780642369</bdi>]].</ref>e dira gore go nne motlhofo go e lemoga. Le fa e le thata e bile e le thata e bile go le thata go dira ka yone, e tsewa e le botlhokwa thata mo mefuteng yotlhe ya dikago ka ntlha ya gore e kgona go emelana le ditshoswane. <ref>Seely [et al.](1992), p. 33 apud [[:en:Mopane#CITEREFHangula1998|Hangula (1998),]] p.&nbsp;13</ref> <ref>Flower, Charlotte; Wardell-Johnson, G.; Jamieson, Andrew (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=V1MeAQAAIAAJ&q=flooring "Introduction"]. In Flower, Charlotte; Wardell-Johnson, G.; Jamieson, Andrew (eds.). ''Management of Mopane in Southern Africa: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Ogongo Agricultural College, Northern Namibia, 26th to 29th November, 1996''. Namibia. Directorate of Forestry. p.&nbsp;xviii. [./Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780869765098 ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9780869765098</bdi>.]</ref><ref name=":4">Lemmens, R.H.M.J.; Louppe, D.; Oteng-Amoako, A.A. (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=4MpmAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA211 "''Colophospermum mopane'' (Benth.) J. Léonard".] ''Timbers 2''. Wageningen, Netherlands: PROTA. p.&nbsp;211. [./Https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789290814955 ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9789290814955</bdi>.]</ref>Mmogo le motlhwa wa kamela le legong la leadwood, ke nngwe ya ditlhare tse tharo tse di botlhokwa mo kgaolong, ka ntlha ya mogote o o nnelang ruri, <ref>Mendelsohn, John M.; El Obeid, Selma (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZYfAQAAIAAJ&q=mopane+%22camel+thorn%22 ''Forests and Woodlands of Namibia''. Namibia.] Directorate of Forestry. p.&nbsp;63. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/9789991678030|<bdi>9789991678030</bdi>.]]</ref> mme dikgwa tseno gape ke dingwe tsa tse di dirisediwang go apaya.<ref>Biller, Hilary (2012). "Cook's notes". ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=IQlbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT7 Fuss-free Braais]''. Penguin Random House South Africa. p.&nbsp;PT7. ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>9781432301187</bdi>.</ref> == Lefelo le se fitlhelwang mo go lone == Mopane e fitlhelwa mo mafelong a a kwa tlase go tswa mo dimetareng di le makgolo a mabedi (660 ft) (Mozambique) go ya go tse sekete le makgolo a mabedi (3,900 ft) (Zimbabwe). <ref name=":2" /><ref>Another quote gives upper limit of 1000m (–1300m).</ref> === Tlholego ya Mophane === [[Setshwantsho:Colophospermum mopane feuilles MHNT.jpg|thumb|<nowiki>Matlhare a mabedi a papilionaceous ,ke dmoriti wa le lengwe mme o tswang mo letlhareng le le tshwanang. 12]</nowiki>]] O lholegile mo Borwa jwa Aforika, lefelo la yone la bonno le kgaogantswe ka dikgaolo tse pedi[[: "kgaolo ya Angola"]], ke gore, kgaolo ya dikgwa tsa mopane tsa Angola, e e akaretsang Borwa jwa Angola le bokonebophirima jwa Namibia, le "kgaolo ya Zambezian", ke gore kgaolo ya dikgwa tsa Zambezian le mopane e e anameng mo mafelong a a kwa tlase a [[Noka ya Zambezi]] le melatswana ya yona go kgabaganya dinaga tsa Zambia, Borwa jwa Malawi, dikarolo tse dingwe tsa [[Namibia]], [[Botswana]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Mozambique]], [[Eswatini]] / Swaziland le bokone jwa [[Aforika Borwa]]. <ref name=":4" /><ref>Shorrocks, Bryan; Bates, William (2015). [https://books.google.com/books?id=2NqSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 "Savannahs".] ''The Biology of African Savannahslocation=''. Oxford University Press. p.&nbsp;19. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780198702702|<bdi>9780198702702</bdi>.]]</ref><ref>[[:en:Brian_John_Huntley|Huntley, Brian John]] (2023). "15.1 Angolan Mopane Woodlands (Ecoregion 12)". [https://books.google.com/books?id=JpyyEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA341 ''Ecology of Angola: Terrestrial Biomes and Ecoregions''.] Springer Nature. pp.&nbsp;340–341 and Fig. 15.1. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/9783031189234|<bdi>9783031189234</bdi>.]]</ref> === Mmu le popego ya sone === Le fa se rata mmu wa letsopa o o boteng o o nang le esiti e nnye, e bile e le o o senyegang motlhofo,<ref name=":5">[[:en:Mopane#CITEREFLemmensLouppeOteng-Amoako2012|Lemmens, Louppe &#x26; Oteng-Amoako (2012)]], p.&nbsp;214</ref>se gola gape mo mebung e e nang le alkaline (e e nang le kalaka e ntsi) e e seng boteng e bile e se na metsi a a lekaneng.<ref name=":5" /> Gape se gola mo mmung wa alluvial (mmu o o beilweng ke dinoka).<ref name=":5" /> Fa e leng teng, gantsi ke mofuta wa ditlhare tse di laolang, gantsi e dira ditlhatshana tse di tshwanang.<ref name=":6">Shorrocks & Bates (2015): "The [southern African] 'tree and shrub' savannahs are characterised by the dominance of the mopane tree."; "Here [in the Zambezian region] the mopane tree is frequently the sole canopy species.."</ref> Mo kgaolong ya Zambezian e e tlhalositsweng fa godimo, boleele jwa ditlhare bo farologana fela thata, mme ditlhare tse dikgolo tse di nang le kutu e le nngwe tsa 10 go ya go 15 m (33 go ya go 49 ft) di fitlhelwa mo dikgweng tse di bulegileng tsa savannah mo mmung wa alluvial (wa motlhaba), di bopa dikgwa tsa kanopi, e bile di fitlha go 18m ka boleele mo go se se bidiwang "cathedral mopane" ya Zambia.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7">Scholtz, Clarke; Scholtz, Jenny; de Klerk, Hennie (2021). [https://books.google.com/books?id=vuUfEAAAQBAJ&pg=SA7-PA3 "7. Savanna Biome".] ''Pollinators, Predators & Parasites''. Penguin Random House South Africa. Mopane Woodland. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/9781775846321|<bdi>9781775846321</bdi>.]]</ref>Setlhare se se tshwanang gape se fitlhelwa se sa gola sentle jaaka (multi-stemmed<ref name=":8">Teshirogi, Koki (March 2010). [https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/96294/1/ASM_S_40_103.pdf "Influence of Geomorphology on the Physiognomy of Colophospermum mopane and its Effect on Browsing in Central Namibia"] (PDF). ''African Study Monographs'' (Suppl.40): 103.</ref><ref name=":6" />) shrubbery e e ka nnang 1 go ya go 2 kgotsa 3 m (3.3 go ya go 6.6 kgotsa 9.8 ft) mo mmung wa letsopa<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9">Thomas & Shaw (1991), citing Wellington (1955).</ref> kgotsa mmu o o sa tseneng wa alkaline.<ref name=":6" />Ka jalo metsi kgotsa kgelelo ya metsi go lebega e le selo se se bakang go sa gole sentle, le fa gone go na le mabaka a mangwe a a neng a akantshiwa.<ref name=":8" />Dikgolo tseno tse di sa goleng sentle ka dinako tse dingwe di bidiwa "mopane scrub" (go bua ka sekgwa).<ref name=":9" /> <ref name=":3" />Ditlhare ga di kitla di fetoga go nna dikgwa tse ditelele.<ref>[[:en:David_Thomas_(geographer)|Thomas, David S. G.]]; [[:en:Paul_A._Shaw|Shaw, Paul A.]] (1991). [https://books.google.com/books?id=mEgNfYvgEtUC&pg=PA105 "4. Climate, soils and vegetation of the Kalahari".] ''The Kalahari Environment''. Cambridge University Press. p.&nbsp;105. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/9780521370806|<bdi>9780521370806</bdi>.]]</ref> == Metswedi == mrjnb8q9tnf357twadawxduwzryko67 0 14676 53272 2026-07-26T13:21:43Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Moepo wa diteemane wa Karowe #Wikipedia25BW 53272 wikitext text/x-wiki Moepo wa diteemane wa Karowe ke moepo o o kwa Botswana. Ke moepo wa lehuti le le bulegileng. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso, kompone ya Lucara ya diteemane e ne ya ntsha madi a didikadike di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a mabedi a di dolara go isa moepo kwa tlase ga lefatshe. Ditso Moepo wa Karowe (Karowe ke lefoko la mo gae la Sesarwa le le rayang lejwana), o kwa bokone jwa Botswana, o upolotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa ke kompone ya De Beers, e e leng yone gape e e upolotseng moepo wa Orapa, o e leng one wa ntlha wa diteemane mo lefatsheng le, le meepo e mengwe e le meraro ka dingwaga tsa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa di le fa gare. De Beers e ne ya upolola kimberlite A/K6 mme tshekatsheko ya bone ya pele e ne ya supa botlhokwa jo bo kwa tlase mo itsholelong, moepo o le bophara jwa diheketara di le tharo fa godimo. Beng ba moepo ba fetogile makgetho a le mararo. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe, De Beers e ne ya rekisa masome a supa mo lekgolong a bontlha jwa moepo ba rekisetsa kompone ya kwa Canada ya Lucara ka didikadike di le masome a mane le borobabongwe. Morago, Lucara e ne ya nna bone fela beng ba moepo otlhe. Moepo o butswe ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bobedi. Ka Seetebosigo, thekiso ya ntlha ya diteemane tse di sa rethefadiwang go tswa mo moepong e ne ya tshwarwa. Ka kakaretso dingwaga tsa one tsa ntlha di tsamaile botoka thata. Kompone e dirisa didirisiwa tsa sesha, tse di ba fang bokgoni jwa go epa diteemane tse ditona tse moepo o itsegeng ka tsone. Sedirisiwa se sengwe ke sa X-Ray Transmission (XRT), se se simotseng go dirisiwa ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le botlhano, se morago se neng sa dira gore go epiwe diteemane di le mmalwa tsa dikharete di feta makgolo a mararo kgotsa digereme di le masome a marataro nngwe le nngwe ya tsone. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi o le fa gare, moepo o ne o thapa batho ba feta makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi mo lekgolong la bone e le baagedi ba mo gae. Diteemane tse di bongweng tsa tlhwatlhwa Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le botlhano, diteemane di supa di epilwe mo moepong o. Nngwe le nngwe ya tsone e feta dikereme di le masome a marataro (dikharete di le makgolo a mararo); tse tharo di epilwe mo sebakeng sa beke ka Ngwanatsele: "Lesedi la Rona" (e pele e neng e le dikereme di le makgolo a mabedi, masome a mabedi le bobedi (dikharete di le sekete, lekgolo lesome le motso); morago ga go tlhatswiwa, e le dikereme di le makgolo a mabedi masome a mabedi le motso (dikharete di le sekete, lekgolo le borobabongwe)) "The Constellation" (dikereme di le lekgolo masome a marataro (dikharete di le makgolo a robabobedi le boraro)) le lejwana le le sa fiwang leina la dikharete di le makgolo a mararo masome a supa le bone. Ga mmogo le ya "Queen of the Kalahari" e e bongweng pele ya dikereme di le masome a marataro le borobabobedi (dikharete di le makgolo a mararo masome a mane le bobedi), tsotlhe, di le bokete jo bo tlhakantsweng jwa dikereme do le makgolo a matlhano masome a mabedi le bosupa (dikharete di le dikete pedi, makgolo a marataro masome a mararo le borobabobedi) di rekisitswe ka didikadike di le lekgolo masome a matlhano le bone. "Lesedi la Rona" e ne e le lejwana la boleng jwa bobedi ka bogolo mo lefatsheng ka bophara ka nako eo, e sala morago teemane ya Cullinan e e upolotsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le botlhani mo Aforika Borwa wa gompieno. Ka nako eo gape e ne e le yone e tona mo Botswana, e feta e e bongweng kwa moepong wa Jwaneng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le boraro ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bosupa, e ne ya rekisediwa moitsenape wa mekgabisa wa kwa Lontone Graff didikadike di le makgolo a matlhano le boraro. Morago Lucara e ne ya feta seelo sa yone gabedi. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe, teemane ya Sewelo ya dikereme di le makgolo a mararo masome a matlhano le motso (dikharete di le sekete, makgolo a supa masome a matlhano le borobabobedi) e ne ya upololwa kwa moepong o o. Morago e ne ya rekiwa ke kompone ya Louis Vuitton ya kwa Francd ka madi a a sa buiwang. Ka Phatwe a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi, Lucara e ne ya itsise fa e upolotse teemane e e sa rethefadiwang ya dikereme di le makgolo a mane masome a robabongwe masome a robabobedi (dikharete di le dikete pedi, makgolo a mane, masome a robabongwe le bobedi) koo. Gompieno, ke yone teemane ya bobedi e tona ya boleng joo go bonwa, go ya ka puso ya Botswana, ke yone e tona thata go bonwa mo lefatsheng le. Metswedi j24tna7b9hvir6midr5jrmvdgpfvr24 53320 53272 2026-07-27T07:31:31Z JudithShe 9421 Ke tsentse metswedi le infobox mo tsebeng e #Wikipedia25BW 53320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox mine|name=Moepo wa diteemane wa Karowe|image=Botswana location map.svg|caption=Lefelo la moepo wa teemane wa Karowe|location=Kgaolo ya legare [[Botswana]]|products=Diteemane}} '''Moepo wa diteemane wa Karowe''' ke moepo o o kwa [[Botswana]].<ref>[https://lucaradiamond.com/operations/karowe-mine/ "Karowe Mine".] ''Lucara Diamond''. 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref><ref>[https://miningdataonline.com/property/545/Karowe-Mine.aspx "Major Mines & Projects | Karowe Mine".] ''miningdataonline.com''. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref><ref>[https://www.jdsmining.ca/projects/karowe-diamond-mine/ "Projects - Karowe Diamond Mine".] ''JDS Mining''. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref><ref>Corp, Lucara Diamond. [https://www.prnewswire.com/sv/pressmeddelanden/lucara-unveils-diamond-recoveries-from-its-karowe-mine-302067497.html "LUCARA UNVEILS DIAMOND RECOVERIES FROM ITS KAROWE MINE"]. ''www.prnewswire.com'' (in Swedish). Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref><ref>[https://www.mining.com/lucara-diamond-unearths-over-530-carats-at-karowe-mine-in-botswana/ "Lucara Diamond unearths over 530-carats at Karowe mine in Botswana".] ''MINING.COM''. 2024-02-21. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref><ref>[https://www.tomra.com/en/mining/media-center/customer-stories/lucara-karowe-diamond-mine "TOMRA's technology and partnership approach delivers record-breaking diamond recoveries for Lucara".] ''www.tomra.com''. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref><ref>[https://www.draglobal.com/projects/karowe-diamond-mine/ "DRA Global - Karowe Diamond Mine".] ''www.draglobal.com''. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> Ke moepo wa lehuti le le bulegileng.<ref>[https://lucaradiamond.com/operations/karowe-mine/karowe-overview/ "Karowe Overview".] ''Lucara Diamond''. 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso, kompone ya [[Lucara]] ya diteemane e ne ya ntsha madi a didikadike di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a mabedi a di dolara go isa moepo kwa tlase ga lefatshe.<ref>Graff, Michelle (2021-05-11). [https://nationaljeweler.com/articles/9783-lucara-secures-220m-in-financing-to-take-mine-underground "Lucara Secures $220M in Financing to Take Mine Underground".] ''National Jeweler''. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> == Ditso == Moepo wa Karowe (Karowe ke lefoko la mo gae la Sesarwa le le rayang lejwana), o kwa bokone jwa [[Botswana]], o upolotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa ke kompone ya [[De Beers]], e e leng yone gape e e upolotseng [[moepo wa Orapa]], o e leng one wa ntlha wa diteemane mo lefatsheng le, le meepo e mengwe e le meraro ka dingwaga tsa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa di le fa gare.<ref name=":0">[https://www.miningweekly.com/article/botswanas-karowe-mine-home-to-exceptional-diamonds-and-the-second-largest-diamond-in-history-2018-05-30 "Botswana's Karowe Mine – home to exceptional diamonds and the second largest diamond in history".] ''Mining Weekly''. May 30, 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> De Beers e ne ya upolola kimberlite A/K6 mme tshekatsheko ya bone ya pele e ne ya supa botlhokwa jo bo kwa tlase mo itsholelong, moepo o le bophara jwa diheketara di le tharo fa godimo. Beng ba moepo ba fetogile makgetho a le mararo. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe, De Beers e ne ya rekisa masome a supa mo lekgolong a bontlha jwa moepo ba rekisetsa kompone ya kwa Canada ya Lucara ka didikadike di le masome a mane le borobabongwe. Morago, [[Lucara]] e ne ya nna bone fela beng ba moepo otlhe.<ref name=":0" /> Moepo o butswe ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bobedi. Ka Seetebosigo, thekiso ya ntlha ya diteemane tse di sa rethefadiwang go tswa mo moepong e ne ya tshwarwa. Ka kakaretso dingwaga tsa one tsa ntlha di tsamaile botoka thata. Kompone e dirisa didirisiwa tsa sesha, tse di ba fang bokgoni jwa go epa diteemane tse ditona tse moepo o itsegeng ka tsone. <ref name=":0" />Sedirisiwa se sengwe ke sa X-Ray Transmission (XRT), se se simotseng go dirisiwa ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le botlhano,<ref name=":0" /> se morago se neng sa dira gore go epiwe diteemane di le mmalwa tsa dikharete di feta makgolo a mararo kgotsa digereme di le masome a marataro nngwe le nngwe ya tsone.<ref name=":1">[https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/04/26/world/offbeat-world/largest-uncut-diamond-found-recent-history-found-botswana-mine/ "Largest uncut diamond in recent history found in Botswana mine".] Reuters. April 26, 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2026 &#x2013; via The Japan Times.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi o le fa gare, moepo o ne o thapa batho ba feta makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi mo lekgolong la bone e le baagedi ba mo gae.<ref name=":0" /> == Diteemane tse di bongweng tsa tlhwatlhwa == Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le botlhano, diteemane di supa di epilwe mo moepong o. Nngwe le nngwe ya tsone e feta dikereme di le masome a marataro (dikharete di le makgolo a mararo); tse tharo di epilwe mo sebakeng sa beke ka Ngwanatsele: "[[Lesedi La Rona|Lesedi la Rona]]" (e pele e neng e le dikereme di le makgolo a mabedi, masome a mabedi le bobedi (dikharete di le sekete, lekgolo lesome le motso); morago ga go tlhatswiwa, e le dikereme di le makgolo a mabedi masome a mabedi le motso (dikharete di le sekete, lekgolo le borobabongwe)) <ref name=":2">Graff, Michelle (April 10, 2019)[https://nationaljeweler.com/articles/5566-graff-cut-this-302-carat-diamond-from-lesedi-la-rona . "Graff Cut This 302-Carat Diamond from Lesedi La Rona".] ''National Jeweler''. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref>"The Constellation" (dikereme di le lekgolo masome a marataro (dikharete di le makgolo a robabobedi le boraro)) le lejwana le le sa fiwang leina la dikharete di le makgolo a mararo masome a supa le bone. Ga mmogo le ya "Queen of the Kalahari" e e bongweng pele ya dikereme di le masome a marataro le borobabobedi (dikharete di le makgolo a mararo masome a mane le bobedi), tsotlhe, di le bokete jo bo tlhakantsweng jwa dikereme do le makgolo a matlhano masome a mabedi le bosupa (dikharete di le dikete pedi, makgolo a marataro masome a mararo le borobabobedi) di rekisitswe ka didikadike di le lekgolo masome a matlhano le bone.<ref name=":0" /> "Lesedi la Rona"<ref name=":2" /> e ne e le lejwana la boleng jwa bobedi ka bogolo mo lefatsheng ka bophara ka nako eo, e sala morago teemane ya Cullinan e e upolotsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le botlhani mo [[Aforika Borwa]] wa gompieno.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> Ka nako eo gape e ne e le yone e tona mo Botswana, e feta e e bongweng kwa moepong wa Jwaneng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le boraro ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bosupa, e ne ya rekisediwa moitsenape wa mekgabisa wa kwa Lontone Graff didikadike di le makgolo a matlhano le boraro.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> Morago Lucara e ne ya feta seelo sa yone gabedi. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe, teemane ya [[Sewelo]] ya dikereme di le makgolo a mararo masome a matlhano le motso (dikharete di le sekete, makgolo a supa masome a matlhano le borobabobedi) e ne ya upololwa kwa moepong o o. Morago e ne ya rekiwa ke kompone ya Louis Vuitton ya kwa France ka madi a a sa buiwang.<ref>[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/diamond-2nd-largest-ever-discovered-in-mine-botswana-officials-say/ "2nd largest diamond ever pulled from a mine unearthed in Botswana, officials say".] ''CBS News''. August 22, 2024. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> Ka Phatwe a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi, Lucara e ne ya itsise fa e upolotse teemane e e sa rethefadiwang ya dikereme di le makgolo a mane masome a robabongwe masome a robabobedi (dikharete di le dikete pedi, makgolo a mane, masome a robabongwe le bobedi) koo.<ref>Kolirin, Lianne (August 22, 2024). [https://edition.cnn.com/2024/08/22/style/diamond-botswana-scli-intl/index.html "Huge 2,492-carat diamond, believed to be world's second-largest, unearthed in Botswana".] ''CNN Style''. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> Gompieno, ke yone teemane ya bobedi e tona ya boleng joo go bonwa,<ref>Savage, Rachel (2024-08-22). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/aug/22/diamond-found-in-botswana-could-be-worlds-second-largest-gem "Botswana diamond could be second-largest gem-quality example ever found".] ''The Guardian''. ISSN&nbsp;0261-3077. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> go ya ka puso ya Botswana, ke yone e tona thata go bonwa mo lefatsheng le.<ref>Chothia, Farouk (August 22, 2024). [https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1w78rwlqvxo "World's second-largest diamond found in Botswana".] ''BBC News''. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> == Metswedi == shrmx8pafehogczp98oangfyi0v0tq8 0 14677 53273 2026-07-26T13:24:48Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Kgaisano ya Miss Grand Botswana 2014 #Wikipedia25BW 53273 wikitext text/x-wiki Miss Grand Botswana 2014 e ne e le kgaisano ya ntlha ya mmabontle wa Miss Grand Botswana, e e rulagantsweng ka Phatwe a robabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bone kwa Botswana National Youth Council (BNYC) kwa toropokgolo Gaborone. Bagaisani ba le lesome le boraro go tswa kwa dikgaolong le ditoropo tse di farologaneng tsa Botswana ba ne ba gaisanela maemo a. Mo go bone moithuti wa thutamarope wa dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe a emetse kgaolo ya borwa-botlhaba, Lillian Molose, o ne a nna ene mofenyi. Morago Molose o ne a emela lefatshe kwa kgaisanong ya mmabontle wa Miss Grand wa mafatshefatshe wa ngwaga wa masome mabedi lesome le bone e e neng e thswaretswe kwa Thailand ka Phalane a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bone, mme o ne a seka a fetela kwa pele. Kgaisano, e pele e neng e rulaganyeditswe go tshwarwa ka Phukwi a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bone kwa Cresta Lodge Hotel kwa Gaborone, o ne o rulagantswe ke mogwebi wa kwa Aforika Borwa a bidiwa Dinel Matlapeng. Le fa go ntse jalo, e ne ya tlosolosiwa go nna ka Phatwe a le malatsi a robabobedi ka mabaka a a sa itsagaleng. Maduo Metswedi nh44cbd81hwsd7eg7ru6badab975jf3 53325 53273 2026-07-27T08:49:58Z JudithShe 9421 Ke okeditse thanolo ya Kgaisano ya mmabontle wa Miss Grand Botswana ya ngwaga wa 2014 #Wikipedia25BW 53325 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Miss Grand Botswana 2014''' e ne e le kgaisano ya ntlha ya mmabontle wa [[Miss Grand Botswana]],<ref name=":0">Kgomotso Molelekeng (14 May 2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220318024540/https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/miss-grand-botswana-title-up-for-grabs/news "Miss Grand Botswana inaugural pageant billed for July 26, at Cresta Lodge will draw a bevy of beauties to compete for the crown".] ''Mmegi''. Archived from [https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/miss-grand-botswana-title-up-for-grabs/news the original] on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> e e rulagantsweng ka Phatwe a robabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bone kwa [[Botswana National Youth Council]] (BNYC) kwa toropokgolo [[Gaborone]].<ref name=":1">[https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=pfbid02choC9b6FNRDGH3UPeEQhW6yshFPaYnDqVUBc4XrS44f9SkrCHYq3mzeHiNW2BMXUl&id=810216302338721 "Come and have an exciting date with us. Miss Grand Botswana coronation night on the 8th at BNYC a show not to be missed. P350 student double and p250 standard. For enquiries call 74018731"]. Miss Grand International Botswana. 31 July 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2027</ref> Bagaisani ba le lesome le boraro go tswa kwa dikgaolong le ditoropo tse di farologaneng tsa [[Botswana]] ba ne ba gaisanela maemo a.<ref name=":0" /> Mo go bone moithuti wa thutamarope wa dingwaga di le lesome le borobabongwe a emetse kgaolo ya borwa-botlhaba, Lillian Molose, o ne a nna ene mofenyi.<ref name=":2">[https://www.sundaystandard.info/molose-poised-for-miss-grand-international/ "Molose poised for Miss Grand International".] ''Sunday Standard Botswana''. 22 August 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> Morago Molose o ne a emela lefatshe kwa kgaisanong ya mmabontle wa Miss Grand wa mafatshefatshe wa ngwaga wa masome mabedi lesome le bone e e neng e thswaretswe kwa [[Thailand]]<ref name=":2" /> ka Phalane a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bone, mme o ne a seka a fetela kwa pele.<ref>Arvin Ello (6 October 2014). [https://www.vintersections.com/2014/10/miss-grand-international-2014-winners.html "Miss Cuba is Miss Grand International 2014".] ''www.vintersections.com''. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> Kgaisano, e pele e neng e rulaganyeditswe go tshwarwa ka Phukwi a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bone kwa Cresta Lodge Hotel kwa Gaborone,<ref name=":0" /> o ne o rulagantswe ke mogwebi wa kwa Aforika Borwa a bidiwa Dineo Matlapeng.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[[iarchive:support-letter-miss-grand-international-botswana-beauty-pageant-event|"Botswana National Youth Council: Support Letter Miss Grand International Botswana Beauty Pageant Event".]] Botswana National Youth Council. 29 August 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2026&#x2013; via Internet Archive.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, e ne ya tlosolosiwa go nna ka Phatwe a le malatsi a robabobedi ka mabaka a a sa itsagaleng.<ref name=":1" /> == Maduo == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Maemo !Notsaya karolo |- |Mofenyi | * [[Borwa-botlhaba]] - Lillian Molose<ref name=":2" /> |- |wa maemo a ntlha | * [[Bokone-botlhaba]]- Carole Ngisi<ref name=":3">[https://web.archive.org/web/20250309233315/https://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=946063298754020&set=a.810911158935902 "1st Princess from Makaleng, the one and only Carole Ngisi".] ''Miss Grand International Botswana''. 11 August 2014. Archived from the original on 9 March 2025. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> |- |Maemo a bobedi | * [[Legare]]- Oweditse Phirinyane<ref name=":4">[https://web.archive.org/web/20250310000018/https://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=946060575420959&set=a.810911158935902 "Our stunning runner-up Oweditse Fafah Phirinyane".] ''Miss Grand International Botswana''. 11 August 2014. Archived from the original on 10 March 2025. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> |- |Maemo a ntlha a marataro<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250310000610/https://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=944532668907083&set=a.810911158935902 "Andreanne Gasebalwe our top 6 finalist".] ''Miss Grand International Botswana''. 9 August 2014. Archived from the original on 10 March 2025. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> | * [[Bokone Bophirima|Bokone-Bophirima]] - Tsaone Boikhutso * [[Kweneng]] - Onalenna Phofedi * [[Ghanzi]] - Andreanne Gasebalwe |- | colspan="2" | '''Seetsele se se faphegileng''' |- |O o tshwanelwang ke dinepe | * [[Bokone Bophirima|Bokone-Bophirima]] - Carole Ngisi<ref name=":3" /> |} == Batsaya Karolo == Batsaya karolo ba le lesome le boraro ba gaisanetse maemo a.<ref name=":5">[https://web.archive.org/web/20250310010613/https://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=pfbid0HMFVHGBk31cdoey4abV7mWKH8BzWtaxZ9gCPg2oWzRmZ6oBDsnSPsMC49scrcf69l&id=810216302338721 "Miss Grand International Botswana 2014: Official Finalists".] 10 April 2014. Archived from the original on 10 March 2025. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kgaolo e e emetsweng !Motsayakarolo !Dingwaga !Legae !Motswedi |- |Legare |Oweditse Phirinyane |lesome le borobabongwe |[[Serowe]] |<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250309234749/https://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=pfbid0ag6LU1W5xgPL2iJvCoYDS4MBuNNN7HxrJ64rV9s5Gj1gNrbLWcJU53euyxGYsj8El&id=810216302338721 "Oweditse Gofaone Phirinyane"]. ''Miss Grand International Botswana''. 4 May 2014. Archived from the original on 9 March 2025. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> |- |[[Chobe District]] |Gaolebale Lekau |masome a mabedi le motso |[[Kasane]] |<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250310001532/https://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=pfbid02s9njvLHghCqyWfkXWudNbjhDMYF7zqD7xGyStpsqUFcNFo5rMd4kfBabZkuh9hwfl&id=810216302338721 "Gaolebale Lekau".] ''Miss Grand International Botswana''. 4 May 2014. Archived from the original on 10 March 2025. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> |- |[[Francistown]] |Modeline Mbaakanyi |lesome le borobabongwe |[[Tutume]] |<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250310002721/https://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=pfbid02RKY3Dw5aPaJro4PbiHP3ACJtWGCQQs23EYZ6m8Bq14bRMCLJax9zqck7YxJyz2rjl&id=810216302338721 "Modeline Mbaakanyi"]. ''Miss Grand International Botswana''. 4 May 2014. Archived from the original on 10 March 2025. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> |- |[[Gaborone]] |Tebogo Lebanna |Lesome le borobabongwe |[[Gaborone]] |<ref>Mike Olivier (20 September 2016). [https://mg.co.za/2016-09-20-arts-and-culture-tebogo-lebanna/ "Arts and Culture – Tebogo Lebanna".] ''Mail & Guardian''. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> |- |[[Ghanzi]] |Andreanne Gasebalwe |Lesome le borobabongwe |[[Rakops]] |<ref name=":5" /> |- |[[Kgalagadi le dikgaolo tse di mabapi]] |Lebogang Kaisara |masome a mabedi le botlhano |[[Kalamare]] |<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250310003233/https://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=pfbid0n16oRFzF2tHaxC1snjoMN722v7mvxC3P92cJ9vtbRNuiJ88Vkp2A6uky6MuybMW7l&id=810216302338721 "Lebogang Kaisara".] ''Miss Grand International Botswana''. 4 May 2014. Archived from the original on 10 March 2025. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> |- |[[Kgatleng Botlhaba]] |Kefilwe Barobetse |masome a mabedi le bobedi |[[Lentsweletau]] |<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250310004010/https://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=pfbid0JsGqpcW6JG38xKv3P3WRvTfHBDLbhv6GE6ztQB1asJGMM3Z1GvpiR2Poy37ryHLpl&id=810216302338721 "Kefilwe Kerlyy".] ''Miss Grand International Botswana''. 5 May 2014. Archived from the original on 10 March 2025. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> |- |[[Kweneng]] |Onalenna Phofedi |masome a mabedi le motso |[[Letlhakeng]] |<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250310004559/https://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=pfbid02hNDzvJa3o6FE599b7gmfNHNPg3Rh3bnQPMfvFuzKh2NTRXsL6oakmcKwKmjt6pL5l&id=810216302338721 "Onalenna Phofedi".] ''Miss Grand International Botswana''. 5 May 2014. Archived from the original on 10 March 2025. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> |- |[[Bokone-Botlhaba]] |Carole Ngisi |masome a mabedi le motso |[[Mokaleng]] |<ref name=":4" /> |- |[[Bokone Bophirima]] |Tsaone Boikhutso |masome a mabedi le motso |[[Maun]] |<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250310001828/https://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=pfbid02CzY814q6MdN17K9AhvRZUH6RPfxWfpgzxNNn7D9oTK1mm9QFRtdyS1RSmuK4TUPAl&id=810216302338721 "Tsaone Boikhutso".] ''Miss Grand International Botswana''. 4 May 2014. Archived from the original on 10 March 2025. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> |- |[[Selebi-Phikwe]] |kelly Charles |masome a mabedi le motso |[[Mmadinare]] |<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250310005843/https://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=pfbid0Rc8tsxhUw8PeV7jJjBooAxSiLiu13hqYx6KTEM8e8fzLo1bH821xaBZinn77gqFBl&id=810216302338721 "Kelly Charles".] ''Miss Grand International Botswana''. 5 May 2014. Archived from the original on 10 March 2025. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> |- |[[Southern]] |Gomolemo Majafhe |masome a mabedi le motso |[[Mmankgodi]] |<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250310005059/https://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=pfbid02g31hqnLHbknjERcuFgRXF1b39U7N4eW7Mw3jkw9HwtDUCq3iyYGSbaEEv1Qs83RBl&id=810216302338721 "Gomolemo Majafhe".] ''Miss Grand International Botswana''. 5 May 2014. Archived from the original on 10 March 2025. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> |- |[[Borwa-botlhaba]] |Lillian Molose |Lesome le borobabongwe |[[Ramotswa]] |<ref name=":2" /> |} == Metswedi == grt5ye51is9tczzbxtz4zlq4vreufe5 0 14678 53274 2026-07-26T13:27:23Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Thoromo ya lefatshe mo Botswana ya ngwaga wa 2017 #Wikipedia25BW 53274 wikitext text/x-wiki Thoromo ya lefatshe ya bokete jwa borataro le metso e metlhano e ne ya nna kwa kgaolong ya legare la Botswana ka Moranang a le malatsi a mararo ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bosupa ka nako ya botlhano e siilwe ke metsotso e le masome a mane. Ke thoromo ya lefatshe ya bobedi ka botona go gatisiwa mo Botswana, morago ga ya Maun ya bokete jwa borataro le metso e supa ya ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le bobedi. Thoromo ya lefatshe Thoromo ya lefatshe e e diragetseng ka nako ya bosupa e fetilwe ke metsotso e le masome a mane ka nako ya mo gae go ya ka Geological Survey ya kwa United States. E utlwilwe sebaka sa sephatlho sa motsotso mo toropokgolo Gaborone, go begilwe fa e utlwilwe gape kwa mafatsheng a a mabapi a Aforika Borwa, Zimbabwe le Swaziland. Baithuti ba le masome a mararo le borataro ba ne ba gobala mo go tlhakatlhanong e e bakilweng ke thoromo. Popego Legare la lefelo la thoromo le apesitswe ke dilo tse di fokilweng ke phefo, ga gona sepe se se supang phoso fa godimo ga lefatshe pele ga thoromo. Go belaelwa e ne e le thoromo e e itiretsweng e e bakilweng ke ditirelo tsa go epa lookwane kwa Central Kalahari Game Reserve. Dipelaelo tse di ganeditswe ke lekgotla la Botswana Geoscience Institute le re thoromo e ne e le ya tlholego, ba etse tlhoko gore thoromo e kwadilwe e le boteng jwa dikhilomithara di le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe. Tshekatsheko ya popego ya legare la kgaolo e supa fa thoromo e ne e le ya tlholego, e amanngwa le metsi a a kwa teng ga lefatshe a ya kwa godimo a bo a baka tsosoloso ya go ya kwa godimo. Go relela kwa tlase go bakile go senyega go se kae ga lefatshe kwa godimo mo go bonalang fela ka maranyane a satellite radar. Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe Dithoromo tsa lefatshe tsa 2017 Popego ya Botswana Metswedi hl2r0p004bjbj13q1wnzv844nmqqbur 53338 53274 2026-07-27T10:06:42Z JudithShe 9421 Ke tsentse metswedi #Wikipedia25BW 53338 wikitext text/x-wiki Thoromo ya lefatshe ya bokete jwa borataro le metso e metlhano e ne ya nna kwa kgaolong ya legare la [[Botswana]] ka Moranang a le malatsi a mararo ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bosupa ka nako ya botlhano e siilwe ke metsotso e le masome a mane. Ke thoromo ya lefatshe ya bobedi ka botona go gatisiwa mo Botswana, morago ga ya [[Maun]] ya bokete jwa borataro le metso e supa ya ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le bobedi.<ref>Chida, Daniel (4 April 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170409201331/https://thevoicebw.com/earthquake-natural-geoscience-institute/ "The earthquake was natural- Geoscience Institute".] ''The Voice Newspaper Botswana''. Archived from the original on 9 April 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> == Thoromo ya lefatshe == Thoromo ya lefatshe e e diragetseng ka nako ya bosupa e fetilwe ke metsotso e le masome a mane ka nako ya mo gae go ya ka Geological Survey ya kwa [[USA|United States]]. E utlwilwe sebaka sa sephatlho sa motsotso mo toropokgolo [[Gaborone]], go begilwe fa e utlwilwe gape kwa mafatsheng a a mabapi a [[Aforika Borwa]], [[Zimbabwe]] le [[Swaziland]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170409201154/http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/strong-65-magnitude-quake-strikes-botswana-20170403 "Strong 6.5-magnitude quake strikes Botswana".] ''News24''. 3 April 2017. Archived from the original on 9 April 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> Baithuti ba le masome a mararo le borataro ba ne ba gobala mo go tlhakatlhanong e e bakilweng ke thoromo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170706125038/http://www.gabzfm.com/36-moiyabana-students-injured-stampede-following-earthquake "36 Moiyabana Students Injured in a Stampede Following an Earthquake".] ''GABZ FM''. April 4, 2017. Archived from the original on July 6, 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> == Popego == Legare la lefelo la thoromo le apesitswe ke dilo tse di fokilweng ke phefo, ga gona sepe se se supang phoso fa godimo ga lefatshe pele ga thoromo.<ref name=":0">Kolawole, F.; Atekwana, E. A.; Malloy, S.; Stamps, D. S.; Grandin, R.; Abdelsalam, M. G.; Leseane, K.; Shemang, E. M. (2017-09-09). "Aeromagnetic, gravity, and Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar analyses reveal the causative fault of the 3 April 2017 Mw6.5 Moiyabana, Botswana, earthquake". ''Geophysical Research Letters''. '''44''' (17): 8837–8846. Bibcode:2017GeoRL..44.8837K. doi:10.1002/2017gl074620. ISSN&nbsp;0094-8276. S2CID&nbsp;134584787.</ref> Go belaelwa e ne e le thoromo e e itiretsweng e e bakilweng ke ditirelo tsa go epa lookwane kwa Central Kalahari Game Reserve. Dipelaelo tse di ganeditswe ke lekgotla la [[Botswana Geoscience Institute]] le re thoromo e ne e le ya tlholego,<ref name=":0" /><ref>Gardonio, B.; Jolivet, R.; Calais, E.; Leclère, H. (2018-07-13). [https://hal.science/hal-02185463/file/2018_Gardonio_GRL.pdf "The April 2017 Mw6.5 Botswana Earthquake: An Intraplate Event Triggered by Deep Fluids"] (PDF). ''Geophysical Research Letters''. '''45''' (17): 8886–8896. Bibcode:2018GeoRL..45.8886G. doi:10.1029/2018gl078297. ISSN&nbsp;0094-8276. S2CID&nbsp;134667492.</ref> ba etse tlhoko gore thoromo e kwadilwe e le boteng jwa dikhilomithara di le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe. Tshekatsheko ya popego ya legare la kgaolo e supa fa thoromo e ne e le ya tlholego, e amanngwa le metsi a a kwa teng ga lefatshe a ya kwa godimo a bo a baka tsosoloso ya go ya kwa godimo.<ref name=":0" /> Go relela kwa tlase go bakile go senyega go se kae ga lefatshe kwa godimo mo go bonalang fela ka maranyane a satellite radar.<ref name=":0" /> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Dithoromo tsa lefatshe tsa 2017]] * [[Popego ya Botswana]] == Metswedi == 80hx2u9ajw6mxf2hk05rt717i9zkma7 0 14679 53276 2026-07-26T14:03:22Z JudithShe 9421 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361781783|Kasikili/Sedudu Island case]]" 53276 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tsheko e e amanang le Setlhaketlhake sa Kasikili/ Sedudu''' ( [[Botswana]] / [[Namibia]] ) e ne e le tsheko fa pele ga Kgotlatshekelo ya mafatshefatshe( ICJ ) e e neng e amana le kganetsano ya [[Sedudu|Setlhaketlhake sa Sedudu]] . Kgotlatshekelo e ne ya atlhola ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe gore setlhaketlhake seo ke kgaolo ya Botswana. == Kganetsano ya kgaolo == Kganetsano e ne ya tsoga ka ntlha ya mafoko a a sena boammaruri a tumalano e e amanang le molelwane wa bokone fa gare ga dikgaolo tsa bokolone tsa Jeremane le [[United Kingdom]] e e neng ya rarabolola dikgatlhego tsa thuto ya lefatshe fa gare ga Aforika Borwa-Bophirima jwa Jeremane le [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]] mo Tumalanong ya Heligoland-Zanzibar e e neng ya beiwa monwana ka Phukwi a rogwa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe. Tumalano eno e ne e balega jaana "kwa Borwabophirima jwa Aforika, lefelo la tlhotlheletso la Jeremane le kgaogantswe jaana":<blockquote>Go ya kwa botlhaba ka mola o o simololang kwa ntlheng e e umakilweng fa godimo mme o latela dikirii tsa masome a mabedi tsa longitute ya botlhaba go ya kwa ntlheng ya marakanelo a yone le dikirii tsa masome a mabedi le bobedi ya latitšhutu ya borwa . Mola o bo o latedisa selekanyo se sa latitšhutu go ya kwa botlhaba go ya kwa marakanelong a one le selekanyo sa masome a mabedi le motso sa boleele jwa botlhaba, o latela selekanyo se sa boleele go ya kwa bokone go ya kwa marakanelong a one le selekanyo sa lesome le borobabobedi sa latitšhutu ya borwa, o tsamaya go bapa le selekanyo seno sa latitšhutu go ya kwa botlhaba go ya kwa marakanelong a yone le [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] . Fano e fologa mo morading wa mosele o mogolo go fitlha e kopana le [[Zambesi|Zambezi]], kwa e felelang teng. Go tlhaloganngwa gore ka fa tlase ga thulaganyo eJeremane e tla neelwa tetla ya go tsena mahala go tswa kwa lefelong la yone le le sireleditsweng go ya kwa Zambezi ka go dirisa karolo ya lefatshe e e seng kwa tlase ga dikhilomithara di le masome a mararo&nbsp;ka bophara mo ntlheng epe fela. Kgaolo ya tlhotlheletso ya Great Britain e lekanyeditswe kwa bophirima le bokonebophirima ka mola o o tlhalositsweng mo nakong e e fetileng mme e akaretsa [[Letsha la Ngami]] . </blockquote>Lefatshe la Namibia wa gompieno e ne e le Jeremane Borwabophirima jwa Aforika ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabongwe; Ka nako eo lefatshe la Botswana le ne le itsege ka leina la [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]] . == Tshimologo ya ditsamaiso == Mafatshe a Namibia le Botswana a dirile tumalano e e faphegileng ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borataro go rarabolola kgotlhang ya bone ka go e isa kwa ICJ. Ka fa tlase ga dipeelo tsa tumalano e e faphegileng, mafatshe a mabedi a kopile Kgotlatshekelo go "tlhomamisa, mo motheong wa Tumalano ya Anglo-German ya Phukwi a rogwa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabongwe le melao le melawana ya molao wa mafatshefatshe wa molelwane magareng ga Namibia le Botswana go dikologa Setlhaketlhake sa Kasikili/Sedudu le maemo a semolao a setlhaketlhake". Mafatshe o o mabedi a ne a fetisetsa tumalano eno kwa Kgotlatshekelong ka lekwalo le le kopanetsweng la Motsheganong a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borataro. == Tshwetso ya Kgotlatshekelo == Go ya ka mokwalo wa Tumalano ya ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe, Great Britain le Jeremane di ne tsa bona mola o o kgaoganyang magareng ga dikarolo tsa tsonae tsa tlhotlheletso mo "moseleng o mogolo" wa Noka ya Chobe. Kganetsano ya nnete magareng ga mafatshe e ne e amana le lefelo la "mosele o mogolo" oo, ka Botswana, go ngangiwa gore ke mosele o o tsamayang kwa bokone jwa Setlhaketlhake sa Sedudu mme Namibia e re mosele o o tsamayang kwa borwa jwa setlhaketlhake. Le fa go ntse jalo, ka Tumalano ya ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe e ne e sa tlhalose kgopolo ya "mosele o mogolo", Kgotlatshekelo ka bo yone e ne ya tshwanelwa ke go tlhomamisa gore ke mosele ofe o mogolo wa Noka ya Chobe go dikologa setlhaketlhake. Go dira jalo, Kgotlatshekelo e ne ya akanyetsa boteng le bophara jwa mosele, kelelo (ke gore, selekanyo sa metsi a a rwalwang), thulaganyo ya moalo le go kgona go tsamaya mo moseleng. Morago ga go sekaseka dipalo tse di rometsweng ke mafatshe ka bobedi, mmogo le dipatlisiso tse di dirilweng mo lefelong ka dipaka tse di farologaneng, Kgotlatshekelo e ne ya atlhola ka gore "mosele o o kwa bokone wa Noka ya Chobe go dikologa Setlhaketlhake sa Kasikili/Sedudu o tshwanetse go tsewa e le mosele wa one o mogolo". Kgotlatshekelo e ne ya bolela gore e ka se kgone go tsaya tshwetso go tswa mo dilong tsa dimmepe "[i]n ka ntlha ya go tlhoka mmepe ope o o bontshang semmuso maikaelelo a batho ba ba neng ba le mo Tumalanong ya ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabongwe le "ka ntlha ya go sa tlhomamisegeng le go sa tlhomamang" ga dimmepe tse di rometsweng ke Botswana le Namibia. Kgotlatshekelo e ne ya sekaseka ngangisano e nngwe ya Namibia ya gore lone (le ba ba neng ba le teng pele ga lone) le ne le na le setlhogo se se laolang sa Setlhaketlhake sa Kasikili/Sedudu ka ntlha ya go dirisa taolo ya boipuso mo go sone go tloga kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la dingwaga, ka kitso e e tletseng le kamogelo ke balaodi ba Botswana (le ba ba neng ba le teng pele ga yone). Kgotlatshekelo e ne ya fitlhela gore le fa batho ba Subia ba Caprivi Strip (kgaolo e e leng ya Namibia) ka boammaruri ba ne ba dirisa setlhaketlhake se ka dingwaga di le dintsi, ba ne ba dira jalo ka dinako tse di rileng, go ya ka dipaka, le ka maikaelelo a temothuo fela, kwa ntle ga gore go tlhomamisege gore ba ne ba nna mo setlhaketlhakeng se sa go dira tiro ya puso ya balaodi ba Zambezi. Ka jalo Kgotlatshekelo e ne ya gana kgang e. Morago ga go fetsa ka gore molelwane fa gare ga Botswana le Namibia go dikologa Setlhaketlhake sa Kasikili/Sedudu o latela mola wa go dira dipatlisiso tse di kwa teng thata mo moseleng o o kwa bokone wa Chobe le gore setlhaketlhake se se bopile karolo ya kgaolo ya [[Kasane Communiqué|Botswana]], Kgotlatshekelo e ne ya gakologelwa gore, go ya ka dipeelano tsa tumalano e e dirilweng ka Motsheganong " ( go mongwe le mongwe gore go tla nna le go tsamaya ga dikepe go go sa kgorelediweng ga dikepe tsa baagi ba bone le difolaga mo meseleng e e dikologileng setlhaketlhake. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lenggenhager |first=Luregn |last2=Mogende |first2=Emmanuel |date=2024 |title=Nature conservation, borders and violence along the Chobe River between Botswana and Namibia in the twentieth and twenty-first century |journal=Journal of Borderlands Studies |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1080/08865655.2024.2415024 |issn=0886-5655 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Metswedi == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Namibia]] [[Karolo:Botswana]] dckxnfifp62o0monsvp1h92xer9dmdu 53277 53276 2026-07-26T14:06:19Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe e #Wikipedia25BW 53277 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tsheko e e amanang le Setlhaketlhake sa Kasikili/ Sedudu''' ( [[Botswana]] / [[Namibia]] ) e ne e le tsheko fa pele ga Kgotlatshekelo ya mafatshefatshe( ICJ ) e e neng e amana le kganetsano ya [[Sedudu|Setlhaketlhake sa Sedudu]] . Kgotlatshekelo e ne ya atlhola ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe gore setlhaketlhake seo ke kgaolo ya Botswana. == Kganetsano ya kgaolo == Kganetsano e ne ya tsoga ka ntlha ya mafoko a a sena boammaruri a tumalano e e amanang le molelwane wa bokone fa gare ga dikgaolo tsa bokolone tsa Jeremane le [[United Kingdom]] e e neng ya rarabolola dikgatlhego tsa thuto ya lefatshe fa gare ga Aforika Borwa-Bophirima jwa Jeremane le [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]] mo Tumalanong ya Heligoland-Zanzibar e e neng ya beiwa monwana ka Phukwi a rogwa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe. Tumalano eno e ne e balega jaana "kwa Borwabophirima jwa Aforika, lefelo la tlhotlheletso la Jeremane le kgaogantswe jaana":<blockquote>Go ya kwa botlhaba ka mola o o simololang kwa ntlheng e e umakilweng fa godimo mme o latela dikirii tsa masome a mabedi tsa longitute ya botlhaba go ya kwa ntlheng ya marakanelo a yone le dikirii tsa masome a mabedi le bobedi ya latitšhutu ya borwa . Mola o bo o latedisa selekanyo se sa latitšhutu go ya kwa botlhaba go ya kwa marakanelong a one le selekanyo sa masome a mabedi le motso sa boleele jwa botlhaba, o latela selekanyo se sa boleele go ya kwa bokone go ya kwa marakanelong a one le selekanyo sa lesome le borobabobedi sa latitšhutu ya borwa, o tsamaya go bapa le selekanyo seno sa latitšhutu go ya kwa botlhaba go ya kwa marakanelong a yone le [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] . Fano e fologa mo morading wa mosele o mogolo go fitlha e kopana le [[Zambesi|Zambezi]], kwa e felelang teng. Go tlhaloganngwa gore ka fa tlase ga thulaganyo eJeremane e tla neelwa tetla ya go tsena mahala go tswa kwa lefelong la yone le le sireleditsweng go ya kwa Zambezi ka go dirisa karolo ya lefatshe e e seng kwa tlase ga dikhilomithara di le masome a mararo&nbsp;ka bophara mo ntlheng epe fela. Kgaolo ya tlhotlheletso ya Great Britain e lekanyeditswe kwa bophirima le bokonebophirima ka mola o o tlhalositsweng mo nakong e e fetileng mme e akaretsa [[Letsha la Ngami]] . </blockquote>Lefatshe la Namibia wa gompieno e ne e le Jeremane Borwabophirima jwa Aforika ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabongwe; Ka nako eo lefatshe la Botswana le ne le itsege ka leina la [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]] . == Tshimologo ya ditsamaiso == Mafatshe a Namibia le Botswana a dirile tumalano e e faphegileng ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borataro go rarabolola kgotlhang ya bone ka go e isa kwa ICJ. Ka fa tlase ga dipeelo tsa tumalano e e faphegileng, mafatshe a mabedi a kopile Kgotlatshekelo go "tlhomamisa, mo motheong wa Tumalano ya Anglo-German ya Phukwi a rogwa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabongwe le melao le melawana ya molao wa mafatshefatshe wa molelwane magareng ga Namibia le Botswana go dikologa Setlhaketlhake sa Kasikili/Sedudu le maemo a semolao a setlhaketlhake". Mafatshe o o mabedi a ne a fetisetsa tumalano eno kwa Kgotlatshekelong ka lekwalo le le kopanetsweng la Motsheganong a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borataro. == Tshwetso ya Kgotlatshekelo == Go ya ka mokwalo wa Tumalano ya ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe, Great Britain le Jeremane di ne tsa bona mola o o kgaoganyang magareng ga dikarolo tsa tsonae tsa tlhotlheletso mo "moseleng o mogolo" wa Noka ya Chobe. Kganetsano ya nnete magareng ga mafatshe e ne e amana le lefelo la "mosele o mogolo" oo, ka Botswana, go ngangiwa gore ke mosele o o tsamayang kwa bokone jwa Setlhaketlhake sa Sedudu mme Namibia e re mosele o o tsamayang kwa borwa jwa setlhaketlhake. Le fa go ntse jalo, ka Tumalano ya ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe e ne e sa tlhalose kgopolo ya "mosele o mogolo", Kgotlatshekelo ka bo yone e ne ya tshwanelwa ke go tlhomamisa gore ke mosele ofe o mogolo wa Noka ya Chobe go dikologa setlhaketlhake. Go dira jalo, Kgotlatshekelo e ne ya akanyetsa boteng le bophara jwa mosele, kelelo (ke gore, selekanyo sa metsi a a rwalwang), thulaganyo ya moalo le go kgona go tsamaya mo moseleng. Morago ga go sekaseka dipalo tse di rometsweng ke mafatshe ka bobedi, mmogo le dipatlisiso tse di dirilweng mo lefelong ka dipaka tse di farologaneng, Kgotlatshekelo e ne ya atlhola ka gore "mosele o o kwa bokone wa Noka ya Chobe go dikologa Setlhaketlhake sa Kasikili/Sedudu o tshwanetse go tsewa e le mosele wa one o mogolo". Kgotlatshekelo e ne ya bolela gore e ka se kgone go tsaya tshwetso go tswa mo dilong tsa dimmepe" ka ntlha ya go tlhoka mmepe ope o o bontshang semmuso maikaelelo a batho ba ba neng ba le mo Tumalanong ya ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabongwe le "ka ntlha ya go sa tlhomamisegeng le go sa tlhomamang" ga dimmepe tse di rometsweng ke Botswana le Namibia. Kgotlatshekelo e ne ya sekaseka ngangisano e nngwe ya Namibia ya gore lone (le ba ba neng ba le teng pele ga lone) le ne le na le setlhogo se se laolang sa Setlhaketlhake sa Kasikili/Sedudu ka ntlha ya go dirisa taolo ya boipuso mo go sone go tloga kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la dingwaga, ka kitso e e tletseng le kamogelo ke balaodi ba Botswana (le ba ba neng ba le teng pele ga yone). Kgotlatshekelo e ne ya fitlhela gore le fa batho ba Subia ba Caprivi Strip (kgaolo e e leng ya Namibia) ka boammaruri ba ne ba dirisa setlhaketlhake se ka dingwaga di le dintsi, ba ne ba dira jalo ka dinako tse di rileng, go ya ka dipaka, le ka maikaelelo a temothuo fela, kwa ntle ga gore go tlhomamisege gore ba ne ba nna mo setlhaketlhakeng se sa go dira tiro ya puso ya balaodi ba Zambezi. Ka jalo Kgotlatshekelo e ne ya gana kgang e. Morago ga go fetsa ka gore molelwane fa gare ga Botswana le Namibia go dikologa Setlhaketlhake sa Kasikili/Sedudu o latela mola wa go dira dipatlisiso tse di kwa teng thata mo moseleng o o kwa bokone wa Chobe le gore setlhaketlhake se se bopile karolo ya kgaolo ya [[Kasane Communiqué|Botswana]], Kgotlatshekelo e ne ya gakologelwa gore, go ya ka dipeelano tsa tumalano e e dirilweng ka Motsheganong " ( go mongwe le mongwe gore go tla nna le go tsamaya ga dikepe go go sa kgorelediweng ga dikepe tsa baagi ba bone le difolaga mo meseleng e e dikologileng setlhaketlhake. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lenggenhager |first=Luregn |last2=Mogende |first2=Emmanuel |date=2024 |title=Nature conservation, borders and violence along the Chobe River between Botswana and Namibia in the twentieth and twenty-first century |journal=Journal of Borderlands Studies |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1080/08865655.2024.2415024 |issn=0886-5655 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Metswedi == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Namibia]] [[Karolo:Botswana]] q5ftis7i5ubhq5msdj8mt0a5kelry2a 53318 53277 2026-07-27T06:53:18Z JudithShe 9421 Ke tsentse metswedi mo tsebeng e #Wikipedia25BW 53318 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tsheko e e amanang le Setlhaketlhake sa Kasikili/ Sedudu''' ( [[Botswana]] / [[Namibia]] ) e ne e le tsheko fa pele ga Kgotlatshekelo ya mafatshefatshe( ICJ ) e e neng e amana le kganetsano ya [[Sedudu|Setlhaketlhake sa Sedudu]] . Kgotlatshekelo e ne ya atlhola ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe gore setlhaketlhake seo ke kgaolo ya Botswana.<ref>''Kasikili/Sedudu Island (Botswana/Namibia)'', Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1999, p. 1045.</ref> == Kganetsano ya kgaolo == Kganetsano e ne ya tsoga ka ntlha ya mafoko a a sena boammaruri a tumalano e e amanang le molelwane wa bokone fa gare ga dikgaolo tsa bokolone tsa Jeremane le [[United Kingdom]] e e neng ya rarabolola dikgatlhego tsa thuto ya lefatshe fa gare ga Aforika Borwa-Bophirima jwa Jeremane le [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]] mo Tumalanong ya Heligoland-Zanzibar e e neng ya beiwa monwana ka Phukwi a rogwa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe. Tumalano eno e ne e balega jaana "kwa Borwabophirima jwa [[Aferika|Aforika]], lefelo la tlhotlheletso la Jeremane le kgaogantswe jaana":<blockquote>Go ya kwa botlhaba ka mola o o simololang kwa ntlheng e e umakilweng fa godimo mme o latela dikirii tsa masome a mabedi tsa longitute ya botlhaba go ya kwa ntlheng ya marakanelo a yone le dikirii tsa masome a mabedi le bobedi ya latitšhutu ya borwa . Mola o bo o latedisa selekanyo se sa latitšhutu go ya kwa botlhaba go ya kwa marakanelong a one le selekanyo sa masome a mabedi le motso sa boleele jwa botlhaba, o latela selekanyo se sa boleele go ya kwa bokone go ya kwa marakanelong a one le selekanyo sa lesome le borobabobedi sa latitšhutu ya borwa, o tsamaya go bapa le selekanyo seno sa latitšhutu go ya kwa botlhaba go ya kwa marakanelong a yone le [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] . Fano e fologa mo morading wa mosele o mogolo go fitlha e kopana le [[Zambesi|Zambezi]], kwa e felelang teng. Go tlhaloganngwa gore ka fa tlase ga thulaganyo eJeremane e tla neelwa tetla ya go tsena mahala go tswa kwa lefelong la yone le le sireleditsweng go ya kwa Zambezi ka go dirisa karolo ya lefatshe e e seng kwa tlase ga dikhilomithara di le masome a mararo&nbsp;ka bophara mo ntlheng epe fela. Kgaolo ya tlhotlheletso ya Great Britain e lekanyeditswe kwa bophirima le bokonebophirima ka mola o o tlhalositsweng mo nakong e e fetileng mme e akaretsa [[Letsha la Ngami]] .<ref>[https://germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/pdf/eng/606_Anglo-German%20Treaty_110.pdf Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty of July 1, 1890, in: Das Staatsarchiv] (1891). ''Sammlung der offiziellen Aktenstücke zur Geschichte der Gegenwart.'' Vol. 51. Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot. p. 151.</ref> </blockquote>Lefatshe la Namibia wa gompieno e ne e le Jeremane Borwabophirima jwa Aforika ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabongwe; Ka nako eo lefatshe la Botswana le ne le itsege ka leina la [[Bechuanaland|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]] . == Tshimologo ya ditsamaiso == Mafatshe a Namibia le Botswana a dirile tumalano e e faphegileng ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borataro go rarabolola kgotlhang ya bone ka go e isa kwa ICJ. Ka fa tlase ga dipeelo tsa tumalano e e faphegileng, mafatshe a mabedi a kopile Kgotlatshekelo go "tlhomamisa, mo motheong wa Tumalano ya Anglo-German ya Phukwi a rogwa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabongwe le melao le melawana ya molao wa mafatshefatshe wa molelwane magareng ga Namibia le Botswana go dikologa Setlhaketlhake sa Kasikili/Sedudu le maemo a semolao a setlhaketlhake".<ref>''Kasikili/Sedudu Island'', para. 2.</ref> Mafatshe o o mabedi a ne a fetisetsa tumalano eno kwa Kgotlatshekelong ka lekwalo le le kopanetsweng la Motsheganong a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borataro. == Tshwetso ya Kgotlatshekelo == Go ya ka mokwalo wa Tumalano ya ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe, Great Britain le Jeremane di ne tsa bona mola o o kgaoganyang magareng ga dikarolo tsa tsonae tsa tlhotlheletso mo "moseleng o mogolo" wa Noka ya Chobe. Kganetsano ya nnete magareng ga mafatshe e ne e amana le lefelo la "mosele o mogolo" oo, ka Botswana, go ngangiwa gore ke mosele o o tsamayang kwa bokone jwa Setlhaketlhake sa Sedudu mme Namibia e re mosele o o tsamayang kwa borwa jwa setlhaketlhake. Le fa go ntse jalo, ka Tumalano ya ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe e ne e sa tlhalose kgopolo ya "mosele o mogolo", Kgotlatshekelo ka bo yone e ne ya tshwanelwa ke go tlhomamisa gore ke mosele ofe o mogolo wa Noka ya Chobe go dikologa setlhaketlhake. Go dira jalo, Kgotlatshekelo e ne ya akanyetsa boteng le bophara jwa mosele, kelelo (ke gore, selekanyo sa metsi a a rwalwang), thulaganyo ya moalo le go kgona go tsamaya mo moseleng. Morago ga go sekaseka dipalo tse di rometsweng ke mafatshe ka bobedi, mmogo le dipatlisiso tse di dirilweng mo lefelong ka dipaka tse di farologaneng, Kgotlatshekelo e ne ya atlhola ka gore "mosele o o kwa bokone wa [[Noka ya Chobe]] go dikologa Setlhaketlhake sa Kasikili/Sedudu o tshwanetse go tsewa e le mosele wa one o mogolo".<ref>''Kasikili/Sedudu Island'', para. 41.</ref> Kgotlatshekelo e ne ya bolela gore e ka se kgone go tsaya tshwetso go tswa mo dilong tsa dimmepe" ka ntlha ya go tlhoka mmepe ope o o bontshang semmuso maikaelelo a batho ba ba neng ba le mo Tumalanong ya ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabongwe le "ka ntlha ya go sa tlhomamisegeng le go sa tlhomamang" ga dimmepe tse di rometsweng ke Botswana le Namibia. Kgotlatshekelo e ne ya sekaseka ngangisano e nngwe ya Namibia ya gore lone (le ba ba neng ba le teng pele ga lone) le ne le na le setlhogo se se laolang sa Setlhaketlhake sa Kasikili/Sedudu ka ntlha ya go dirisa taolo ya boipuso mo go sone go tloga kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la dingwaga, ka kitso e e tletseng le kamogelo ke balaodi ba Botswana (le ba ba neng ba le teng pele ga yone). Kgotlatshekelo e ne ya fitlhela gore le fa batho ba Subia ba Caprivi Strip (kgaolo e e leng ya Namibia) ka boammaruri ba ne ba dirisa setlhaketlhake se ka dingwaga di le dintsi, ba ne ba dira jalo ka dinako tse di rileng, go ya ka dipaka, le ka maikaelelo a temothuo fela, kwa ntle ga gore go tlhomamisege gore ba ne ba nna mo setlhaketlhakeng se sa go dira tiro ya puso ya balaodi ba Zambezi. Ka jalo Kgotlatshekelo e ne ya gana kgang e.<ref>''Kasikili/Sedudu Island'', para. 87.</ref> Morago ga go fetsa ka gore molelwane fa gare ga Botswana le Namibia go dikologa Setlhaketlhake sa Kasikili/Sedudu o latela mola wa go dira dipatlisiso tse di kwa teng thata mo moseleng o o kwa bokone wa Chobe le gore setlhaketlhake se se bopile karolo ya kgaolo ya [[Kasane Communiqué|Botswana]], Kgotlatshekelo e ne ya gakologelwa gore, go ya ka dipeelano tsa tumalano e e dirilweng ka Motsheganong " ( go mongwe le mongwe gore go tla nna le go tsamaya ga dikepe go go sa kgorelediweng ga dikepe tsa baagi ba bone le difolaga mo meseleng e e dikologileng setlhaketlhake. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lenggenhager |first=Luregn |last2=Mogende |first2=Emmanuel |date=2024 |title=Nature conservation, borders and violence along the Chobe River between Botswana and Namibia in the twentieth and twenty-first century |journal=Journal of Borderlands Studies |pages=1–19 |doi=10.1080/08865655.2024.2415024 |issn=0886-5655 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Metswedi == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Namibia]] [[Karolo:Botswana]] 195f6avp3fda7mxihs02xs3n71ocpl7 0 14680 53278 2026-07-26T14:22:27Z JudithShe 9421 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329375376|Botswana National Olympic Committee]]" 53278 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Komiti ya lefatshe la Botswana ya metshameko ya di Olympic''' (khoutu ya IOC: '''BOT''' ) ke Komiti ya lefatshe metshameko ya Diolimpiki e e emetseng Botswana. Gape ke lekgotla le le rweleng maikarabelo a kemedi ya Botswana kwa Metshamekong ya mafatshe a selekane . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana at the Commonwealth Games |url=https://thecgf.com/countries/botswana/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927020717/https://thecgf.com/countries/botswana |archive-date=27 September 2021 |access-date=17 November 2012 |publisher=[[Commonwealth Games Federation]]}}</ref> Komiti ya Botswana ya metshameko ya diolympic ( BNOC ) e ntse e thusa Botswana go nna le seabe mo Metshamekong ya Diolimpiki tsa Selemo fa e sale ka ngwaga wa sekete makgoloba robabongwe masome a robabobedi, mme lefatshe leno le ntse le tsaya karolo fa e sale ka nako eo . Ga ba ise ba ko ba tseye karolo mo Diolimpiking tsa Mariga . BNOC ke yone e kgontshitseng lefatshe la Botswana go dumelelwa go direla metshameko ya bobedi ya banana ba Aforika, e lefatshe le e tshwereng go tswa ka masome a mabedi le bobedi le bobedi go tsena masomea mararo le motso Motsheganong ngwaga a dikete pedi lesome le bone.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Daily News .:. Sports – Others – Botswana grabs two silver medals |url=http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=13896 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305072653/http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=13896 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=30 June 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbssports.com/olympics/eye-on-olympics/19768921/countries-that-earned-their-first-olympic-medals-in-london|title=Countries that earned their first Olympic medals in London|access-date=2017-09-16}}</ref> == Dithshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Botswana kwa Metshamekong ya Diolimpiki|Botswana kwa Diolimpiking]] * Botswana kwa Metshamekong ya mafatshe a selekane == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} mletuap1pfw8499ov9bx93i0e2lxs6h 53279 53278 2026-07-26T14:24:22Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya komiti ya lefatshe la Botswana ya metshameko ya diolimphiki #Wikipedia25BW 53279 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Komiti ya lefatshe la Botswana ya metshameko ya di olimphiki'''(khoutu ya IOC: '''BOT''' ) ke Komiti ya lefatshe metshameko ya Diolimphiki e e emetseng Botswana. Gape ke lekgotla le le rweleng maikarabelo a kemedi ya Botswana kwa Metshamekong ya mafatshe a selekane . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana at the Commonwealth Games |url=https://thecgf.com/countries/botswana/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927020717/https://thecgf.com/countries/botswana |archive-date=27 September 2021 |access-date=17 November 2012 |publisher=[[Commonwealth Games Federation]]}}</ref> Komiti ya Botswana ya metshameko ya diolympic ( BNOC ) e ntse e thusa Botswana go nna le seabe mo Metshamekong ya Diolimpiki tsa Selemo fa e sale ka ngwaga wa sekete makgoloba robabongwe masome a robabobedi, mme lefatshe leno le ntse le tsaya karolo fa e sale ka nako eo . Ga ba ise ba ko ba tseye karolo mo Diolimpiking tsa Mariga . BNOC ke yone e kgontshitseng lefatshe la Botswana go dumelelwa go direla metshameko ya bobedi ya banana ba Aforika, e lefatshe le e tshwereng go tswa ka masome a mabedi le bobedi le bobedi go tsena masomea mararo le motso Motsheganong ngwaga a dikete pedi lesome le bone.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Daily News .:. Sports – Others – Botswana grabs two silver medals |url=http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=13896 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305072653/http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=13896 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=30 June 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbssports.com/olympics/eye-on-olympics/19768921/countries-that-earned-their-first-olympic-medals-in-london|title=Countries that earned their first Olympic medals in London|access-date=2017-09-16}}</ref> == Dithshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Botswana kwa Metshamekong ya Diolimpiki|Botswana kwa Diolimpiking]] * Botswana kwa Metshamekong ya mafatshe a selekane == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} co3uzs047oirkida32i2j503pfttqbc 53335 53279 2026-07-27T09:47:20Z JudithShe 9421 53335 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Komiti ya lefatshe la Botswana ya metshameko ya di olimphiki'''(khoutu ya IOC: '''BOT''' ) ke Komiti ya lefatshe metshameko ya Diolimphiki e e emetseng Botswana. Gape ke lekgotla le le rweleng maikarabelo a kemedi ya Botswana kwa Metshamekong ya mafatshe a selekane . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana at the Commonwealth Games |url=https://thecgf.com/countries/botswana/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927020717/https://thecgf.com/countries/botswana |archive-date=27 September 2021 |access-date=17 November 2012 |publisher=[[Commonwealth Games Federation]]}}</ref> Komiti ya Botswana ya metshameko ya diolympic ( BNOC ) e ntse e thusa Botswana go nna le seabe mo Metshamekong ya Diolimpiki tsa Selemo fa e sale ka ngwaga wa sekete makgoloba robabongwe masome a robabobedi, mme lefatshe leno le ntse le tsaya karolo fa e sale ka nako eo . Ga ba ise ba ko ba tseye karolo mo Diolimpiking tsa Mariga . BNOC ke yone e kgontshitseng lefatshe la Botswana go dumelelwa go direla metshameko ya bobedi ya banana ba Aforika, e lefatshe le e tshwereng go tswa ka masome a mabedi le bobedi le bobedi go tsena masomea mararo le motso Motsheganong ngwaga a dikete pedi lesome le bone.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Daily News .:. Sports – Others – Botswana grabs two silver medals |url=http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=13896 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305072653/http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=13896 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=30 June 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbssports.com/olympics/eye-on-olympics/19768921/countries-that-earned-their-first-olympic-medals-in-london|title=Countries that earned their first Olympic medals in London|access-date=2017-09-16}}</ref> == Dithshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Botswana kwa Metshamekong ya Diolimpiki|Botswana kwa Diolimpiking]] * [[Botswana kwa metshamekong ya mafatshe a selekane|Botswana kwa Metshamekong ya mafatshe a selekane]] == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} 5e9cag3zu2mim3c2fa7g4nn31pgia4p 53336 53335 2026-07-27T09:48:00Z JudithShe 9421 53336 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Komiti ya lefatshe la Botswana ya metshameko ya di olimphiki'''(khoutu ya IOC: '''BOT''' ) ke Komiti ya lefatshe metshameko ya Diolimphiki e e emetseng [[Botswana]]. Gape ke lekgotla le le rweleng maikarabelo a kemedi ya [[Botswana kwa metshamekong ya mafatshe a selekane|Botswana kwa Metshamekong ya mafatshe a selekane]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana at the Commonwealth Games |url=https://thecgf.com/countries/botswana/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927020717/https://thecgf.com/countries/botswana |archive-date=27 September 2021 |access-date=17 November 2012 |publisher=[[Commonwealth Games Federation]]}}</ref> Komiti ya Botswana ya metshameko ya diolympic ( BNOC ) e ntse e thusa Botswana go nna le seabe mo Metshamekong ya Diolimpiki tsa Selemo fa e sale ka ngwaga wa sekete makgoloba robabongwe masome a robabobedi, mme lefatshe leno le ntse le tsaya karolo fa e sale ka nako eo . Ga ba ise ba ko ba tseye karolo mo Diolimpiking tsa Mariga . BNOC ke yone e kgontshitseng lefatshe la Botswana go dumelelwa go direla metshameko ya bobedi ya banana ba Aforika, e lefatshe le e tshwereng go tswa ka masome a mabedi le bobedi le bobedi go tsena masomea mararo le motso Motsheganong ngwaga a dikete pedi lesome le bone.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Daily News .:. Sports – Others – Botswana grabs two silver medals |url=http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=13896 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305072653/http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=13896 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=30 June 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbssports.com/olympics/eye-on-olympics/19768921/countries-that-earned-their-first-olympic-medals-in-london|title=Countries that earned their first Olympic medals in London|access-date=2017-09-16}}</ref> == Dithshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Botswana kwa Metshamekong ya Diolimpiki|Botswana kwa Diolimpiking]] * [[Botswana kwa metshamekong ya mafatshe a selekane|Botswana kwa Metshamekong ya mafatshe a selekane]] == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} d50vcicy3yvo840gn2ffmapz1ayic6q 0 14681 53286 2026-07-26T16:20:28Z MmaBaggio 11091 #Wikipedia25BW KE RANOTSE TSEBE ya Yarona FM 53286 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:YARONA FM LOGO.gif|thumb|Letshwao la Yarona FM, Phatwe 1999 - Mopitlwe 2008]] Yarona FM ke kgaso ya sesha e e itebagantse le banana. [[Letshwao]] leno la radio ke kgwebo e e ikemetseng ka nosi e e simolotseng go dira ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe. E laolwa ke lekalana la [[BOCRA]] mme e ngoka bareetsi ba le dikete di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano beke le beke. == Ditso == Letshwao la seromamowa se le simolotse go gasa diura di le masome a mabedi le bone ka kgwedi ya Phatwe e le masome a mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe, e le sle letshwao la seromamowa la ntlha le le ikemetseng mo lefatsheng ,<ref>"Botswana TV delayed until 2000", ''Africa Film & TV Magazine'', nº. 22, September-October 1999</ref> mme kwa tshimologong e ne e le seboledi sa selegae mo Gaborone (toropokgolo ya Botswana) se se neng se akaretsa radius ya dikilometara di le masome a matlhano go tswa mo motsameding wa sone wa bogare. Go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bone e ne e le nngwe ya letshwao la seromamowa le le ikemetseng mo go tse pedi fela tse di nang le lditeseletso mo lefatsheng.[ Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bosupa letshwao le le ne la fiwa teseletso ya bosetšhaba ya kgaso ke [[Botswana Communications Regulatory Authority]] mme sa simolola go gasa bosetšhaba go akaretsa ditikwatikwe tse dikgolo tsa Botswana: [[Lobatse]], [[Mahalapye]], [[Serowe|Serowe,]] [[Palapye]], [[Selebi-Phikwe|Selibe Phikwe]], [[Francistown]] le [[Maun]]. Mo nakong e ntsi ditso tsa lone, thulaganyo ya yone e ne e remeletse thata mo botaking le mo setsong, mme e ne e na le mananeo a [[RnB]], [[Hip-hop|Hip Hop,]] [[Motswako]] le mmino wa Pop. == Sekano == Fa e sale le simololwa, Yarona FM e itshupile ka dipina tse di "freshest" le tse disha, tse di lebisitsweng kwa bareetsing ba banana Botswana. Mafoko a yone a ntlha e ne e le "Re tswhere vibe": Setswana for "we've got the vibe" le "blazing GC's most rocking tunes". Fa letshwao leno le ne le simolola go nna la sechaba ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi , leina la sone le ne la fetolwa go nna "Live the music". Yarona FM ke letshwao le le siameng, le le tsweletseng pele le le tsweletseng pele le le tsenyeletsang ditlhologelelo, setaele, puo, matshelo le isagwe ya Banana ba Botswana. == Babereki ba gompieno == Fox, MOG, DJ Sway, Melanie, Lerato Modiega, Luhle, Kat, Thabang Matlale, Katlego Rakola, Soso, Vincent Roman Matthys, DJ Kellz, Reitumetse, Kage, Mr Tee, VVA, Zoe Pilane == Matshwao ((Go tswa Borwa go ya Bokone) == Go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Moranang ,ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe, seteishene sa radio se ne se gasa ka segalo sa 106.6 FM, e e neng e le karolo ya letshwao la sone le letshwao la sone go fitlha go okediwa ka matshwao a mangwe a le supa. * [[Lobatse]]: 102.1 FM * [[Gaborone]]: 106.6 FM * [[Mahalapye]]: 99.9 FM * [[Serowe]]: 102.9 FM * [[Palapye]]: 105.1 FM * [[Selebi-Phikwe|Selibe Phikwe]] & [[Maun]]: 97.5 FM * [[Francistown|Francistown:]] 100.1 FM * [[Sojwe]]: 100.8 FM * [[Salajwe]] : 98.2 FM * [[Takatokwane]], [[Toropo ya Jwaneng|Jwaneng]] & [[Senyamadi]]: 104.9 FM * [[Malwelwe]] : 94.9 FM == Babereki ba ba Fitileng == [[Japs,]] Luzboy, Stups dawg, [[Big Duke]], Bonni Dintwa, Tumie Ramsden, DJ Izzy, Chawa Bale, Dollar Mac, King Bee, Tshepo Ntshole, Dig Nash, Otis Fraser, Kepi, O'neal, Junior Psy, Jazelle, Owen Rampha (Current Head of content), McD, Kedi Lezozo, Scar, Kingdom, Dum-luv, MduThaParty, and Big Fish ke maina a a itsegeng a a neng a amanngwa le leina la Yarona FM mo nakong e e fetileng. Bangwe ba bone jaanong ba fudugetse kwa diteisheneng tse dingwe tsa radio tsa mo lefelong leo kana ba tsenela dikgwebo tse dingwe. Bosheng jaana, ka ntlha ya maemo a a kwa godimo a Yarona FM, seteishene seno se fetogile lefelo la ntlha la go godisa ditalente mo gare ga ditheo tse dingwe tsa kgaso mo Botswana. Moanelwamogolo yo monnye go gaisa moditsong tsa seteishene ke Kabelo "Japs" Tlhomelang (a le dingwaga di le 15), yo o neng a gasa ka Phukwi 2000 le Kgosi "Dollar Mac" Kgosidintsi. r3x50j2hgn9rfim8k43xl5s6ns32jsp 0 14682 53291 2026-07-26T17:11:14Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tse ya Joe Morris (Mokwadi wa dipina) 53291 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Joseph Morris''' o tsholetswe kwa Palapye, Botswana ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borataro (1966).Kgatlhego ya gagwe mo mminong e simolotse go sa le gale, a tshameka moropa a le dingwaga di le 8, morago a tshameka katara a le lesome le bobedi , mme morago a tshameka piano a le lesome le bone.Ga jaana o na le studio ya go rekota ya kwa gae (Drum Boy Recording Studio) <ref>[http://www.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20040113&i=Gospel_lovers_to_taste_house_styled_album Gospel lovers to taste house styled album".] ''Daily News''. 13 January 2004. Retrieved 8 February 2010.</ref>mme o dirile alebamo di le masome a mararo.Nngwe ya dilo tse a di tlhagisitseng thata e ne e le pina ya gagwe ya "Ditlhopho Di Tsile" ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bone (2004),<ref>Matshediso, Tlotlo (23 November 2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20041220081953/http://www.midweeksun.co.bw/386478719298.html "Another Joe Morris offer".] ''The Midweek Sun''. Archived from the original on 20 December 2004. Retrieved 8 February 2010.</ref>pina e a e tlhagisitseng a bo a e tshameka ka taelo ya Independent Electoral Commission ya Botswana go phasalatsa ditlhopho tsa bosetšhaba ka maiteko a go fokotsa go sa kgatlhegele batlhophi. O ne a na le pina ya "Ntsha Nkgo" le Kast, pina ya [[Hip Hop/Folk]] e e neng ya gololwa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le boraro (2003). O nnile le seabe mo go godiseng intaseteri ya rekoto ya Botswana, ka tiro e e sa lemotshegeng mo ditirong tsa gagwe fela mme gape le mo bathong ba ba tshwanang le [[Socca Moruakgomo]] le alebamo ya "Khalahari" ya Afro Jazz, go tsalwa ga setlhopha sa pop Davet Crew le Kast go umaka di le mmalwa. == Metswedi == q0pmx3t51tzihknfxp3jc3nt84pfi9q 0 14683 53297 2026-07-26T18:47:35Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Botswana kwa metshamekong ya mafatshe a selekane #Wikipedia25BW 53297 wikitext text/x-wiki Lefatshe la Botswana le tsere karolo mo dikgaisanong tsa mafatshe a selekane e le lesome le bobedi, tsa ntlha di diragetse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bone. Ba ne ba seka ba tsaya karolo mo metshamekong ya selekane ya ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabobedi, mme ba tseneletse yotlhe e e lesome le bobedi fa e sale jalo. Lefatshe la Botswana le fentse dietsele di lesome le bobedi, di le thataro e le tsa motshameko wa mabole. Metshameko ya bone e ba atlegileng thata mp go yone ke ya ngwaga wa dikete pedi le lesome fa ba fenya dietsele di le dine, di akaretsa gouta ya ntlha ya Botswana e fentswe ke Amantle Montsho. Dietsele Metswedi 6m15gn2qc0lm2bgnhn9m6vp7ptkskgm 53337 53297 2026-07-27T10:01:55Z JudithShe 9421 Ke okeditse thanolo ya tsebe e#Wikipedia25BW 53337 wikitext text/x-wiki Lefatshe la [[Botswana]] le tsere karolo mo dikgaisanong tsa mafatshe a selekane e le lesome le bobedi, tsa ntlha di diragetse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bone. Ba ne ba seka ba tsaya karolo mo metshamekong ya selekane ya ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabobedi, mme ba tseneletse yotlhe e e lesome le bobedi fa e sale jalo. Lefatshe la Botswana le fentse dietsele di lesome le bobedi, di le thataro e le tsa motshameko wa mabole. Metshameko ya bone e ba atlegileng thata mp go yone ke ya ngwaga wa dikete pedi le lesome fa ba fenya dietsele di le dine, di akaretsa gouta ya ntlha ya Botswana e fentswe ke [[Amantle Montsho]].<ref>[https://www.commonwealthsport.com/countries/botswana "Botswana".] [[:en:Commonwealth_Sport|Commonwealth Games Federation.]] Retrieved 27 jULY 2026</ref> == Dietsele == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Metshameko !Gouta !Selefera !Boronse !Palo yotlhe |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bone kwa Christchurch |lefela |lefela |lefela |lefela |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabaongwe masome a supa le borobabobedi kwa Edmonton | colspan="4" |ga ba a tsenelela |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabaongwe masome a robabobedi le bobedi kwa Brisbane |lefela |lefela |lefela |lefela |- |Ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le borataro kwa Edinburgh |lefela |lefela |se sengwe |se sengwe |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe kwa Auckland |lefela |lefela |lefela |lefela |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabaongwe masome a robabongwe le bone kwa Victoria |lefela |lefela |se sengwe |se sengwe |- |Ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabaongwe le borobabobedi kwa Kuala Lumpur |lefela |lefela |lefela |lefela |- |Dikete pedi le bobedi kwa Manchester |lefela |tse pedi |se sengwe |tse tharo |- |dikete pedi le borataro kwa Melbourne |lefela |se sengwe |se sengwe |tse pedi |- |Dikete pedi le lesome kwa Dehli |se sengwe |se sengwe |tse pedi |tse nne |- |Dikete pedi le lesome le bone kwa Glasgow | |lefela |lefela |se sengwe |- |Dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi kwa Gold Coast |tse tharo |se sengwe |se sengwe |tse tlhano |- |Dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa Birmingham |lefela |se sengwe |se sengwe |tse pedi |- |'''Dipalo tsotlhe''' |'''botlhano''' |'''borataro''' |'''borobabobedi''' |'''lesome le borobabongwe''' |} == Metswedi == ef72yjacl8qv6fo44n9a0u7uicdbtez 0 14684 53298 2026-07-26T18:50:33Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Popego ya majwe a Botswana #Wikipedia25BW 53298 wikitext text/x-wiki Popego ya majwe a Botswana e na le seabe se setona mo itsholelong ya lefatshe. Majwe a a kwa tlase a poleiti ya Kaapvaal-Zimbabwe a atologela kwa Botswana, fa kwa botlhaba le borwa-botlhaba, majwe a metamorphic a motlha wa Archaean e le one a mantsi. Majwe a mannye a Karoo le a Cretaceous a setlhopha sa Kalahari a apesitse melelwane e e kwa bophirima jwa majwe a magologolo le mabante a proterozoic. Majwe a manye a, a adilwe mo kgampung ya Kalahari kwa tlase ga dikgaolo tse ditona tsa legare la lefatshe. Kwa bokone-bophirima jwa Botswana, majwe a mo bosheng a ikadile fa godimo ga a Meso le Neoproterozoic, a a ka tswang e le a lebante la Damara. Toropokgolo ya Orapa, e e kwa botlhaba jwa Botswana, e na le letsha la bogologolo le le nang le moalo wa taphocoenosis o o tshabelelwang ke ditshedinyana le dimela kwa gare ga Aforika. Popego ya itsholelo Moepo wa teemane wa Jwaneng, moepo o o humileng thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara. Go epiwa ga diteemane go botlhokwa thata mo itsholelong ya Botswana, e le kotara ya dipoelo tsa lefatshe ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa. Ka boammaruri lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le lone le le dirang diteemane le le eteletseng pele mafatshe otlhe ka boleng, e le labobedi go sala la Russia morago ka bokete. Go na le diphaephe tsa kimberlite di le masome a mabedi, bontsi e le tsa motlha wa cretaceous kwa Botswana, le ntswa phaephe ya diteemane ya Jwaneng e tswa bogologolong jwa permian. Lefatshe gape le ntsha kopore, gouta, nickel le cobalt fa magala le soda ash le tsone di le botlhokwa, mabeelo a tsone ke a bobedi a sala a United States of America morago. Mabeelo a magala kwa botlhaba jwa lefatshe a akanyediwa a ka nna dithane di le dibilone di le lesome le bosupa. Lefatshe la Botswana gape le ntsha letswai le majwana a mantle a akaretsa agate le carnelian. Metswedi tkwlzkoke9vrclw2io1weob5ig3qswg 0 14685 53300 2026-07-26T19:34:20Z JudithShe 9421 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1288795936|Botswana–South Africa relations]]" 53300 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Botsalano jwa Botswana le Aforikaborwa''' ke botsalano jwa mo ditsong le jwa gompieno jwa mafatshe a [[Botswana]] le [[Aforika Borwa|Aforikaborwa]] . Lefatshe la Botswana le na le ofisikgolo ya boemedi kwa Pretoria, mme la Aforika Borwa le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa [[Gaborone]] . Mafatshe o o mabedi ke dikolone tsa pele tsa Borithane le maloko a lekgotla la African Union, [[mafatshe a selekane]] le [[Southern African Development Community|Setšhaba sa Tlhabololo ya Borwa jwa Aforika]] ( SADC ) . == Ditso == Motheo wa botsalano jo o simolotse morago ga go tlhongwa ga [[Southern African Customs Union|Mokgatlho wa Melelwane wa Borwa jwa Aforika]] ( SACU ) ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le lesome . <ref>{{Cite web |title=SARPN - Botswana |url=http://www.sarpn.org.za/documents/d0001250/index.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322153410/http://www.sarpn.org.za/documents/d0001250/index.php |archive-date=2019-03-22 |access-date=2009-07-14 |website=www.sarpn.org.za}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le botlhano lefatshe la A[[Tlhaselo mo Gaborone|forika Borwa le ne la simolola letsholo la sesole go ya kwa Gaborone]], le tlhasela batho ba African National Congress kwa Botswana . Ditlhaselo tse di ne tsa kgalwa ke mmueledi wa ga tautona wa Amerika [[Ronald Reagan]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Boston.com Local Search - Boston Globe Archives |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=BG&p_theme=bg&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EADED821197B2AD&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |website=nl.newsbank.com}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le borataro Tautona [[Quett Masire]] wa Botswana o ne a re baagisani ba batho bantsho ba Aforika Borwa ba tlaa sotlega thata fa mafatshe a Bophirima a ka tsenya dikiletso tsa itsholelo mo Aforika Borwa. O rile, "Go bonala sentle gore ga re ka ke ra thibela Bophirima go tsenya dikiletso mo Aforika Borwa, mme re amogela mofuta mongwe le mongwe wa kgatelelo mo pusong [[Tlhaolele|ya tlhaolele]] ." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archives: Chicago Tribune - BOTSWANA FEARS IRE OF S. AFRICANS |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24918651.html?dids=24918651:24918651&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jul+09,+1986&author=Chicago+Tribune+wires&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=BOTSWANA+FEARS+IRE+OF+S.+AFRICANS&pqatl=google |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021143154/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24918651.html?dids=24918651:24918651&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jul+09,+1986&author=Chicago+Tribune+wires&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=BOTSWANA+FEARS+IRE+OF+S.+AFRICANS&pqatl=google |archive-date=October 21, 2012 |website=pqasb.pqarchiver.com}}</ref> Botsalano gareng ga Aforika Borwa le Botswana bo ne bo dirwa semmuso ka go tlhoma diofisi tsa boemedi mo mafatsheng ka bobedi ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bobedi. Go tlhabololwa ga botsalano go ya kwa maemong a a feletseng a botsalano go diragetse ka Seetebogiso a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bone. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of International Relations and Cooperation - South Africa |url=http://www.dfa.gov.za/foreign/bilateral/botswana.html |website=www.dfa.gov.za}}</ref> Mafatshe a mabedi a ne a na le botsalano jo bo siameng ka nako ya botautona jwa ga Thabo Mbeki le [[Festus Mogae]] . Ka nako ya botautona jwa ga [[Jacob Zuma]] le [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]], botsalano bo ne jwa wela tlase ka ntlha ya dipharologano ka go thapiwa ga [[African Union|Kopano ya Aforika]], tshwetso ya Aforika Borwa ya go ikgogela morago mo Kgotlatshekelong ya Bosenyi ya mafatshefatshe le Zimbabwe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=JIKA |first=THABO MOKONE and THANDUXULO |title=Zuma going nowhere, irate SA tells Khama |url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/stnews/2016/11/13/Zuma-going-nowhere-irate-SA-tells-Khama |access-date=2016-11-13 |website=Sunday Times}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe, [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]], phathi e e busang mo [[Botswana]], e ne ya tsenela Mekgatlho ya Kgololesego ya Pele ya Aforika Borwa, e gape e akaretsang ANC. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-29 |title=Obert Mpofu attends Botswana Democratic Party congress |url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-222870.html |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=Bulawayo24 News}}</ref> == Tirisanommogo == Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le boraro, tautona wa Aforikaborwa, Thabo Mbeki o ne a etela tautona wa Botswana [[Festus Mogae]] . Mafatshe a mabedi a ne a ntshitse kitsiso e e reng baeteledipele ba ba babedi ba mafatshe a mabedi ba sekasekile dintlha tsa mafatshe a mabedi, tsa kgaolo, le tsa mafatshefatshe tse di nang le dikgatlhego tse di tshwanang, jaaka Tumalano ya go Tlhoma komiti e e Kopanetsweng ya sennela ruri ya Tirisanommogo magareng ga Botswana le Aforika Borwa. Baeteledipele ba babedi ba gape ba tlhagisitse tlhokego ya "go thusa batho ba Zimbabwe go rarabolola mathata a a lebaneng le lefatshe la bone". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Apps - Access My Library - Gale |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-22699143_ITM |website=www.accessmylibrary.com}}</ref> Ka Ngwanaitseele ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi, Botautona ba mafatshe ka bobedi ba ne ba dumalana go bereka mmogo go rarabolola mathata a kwa [[Zimbabwe]] morago ga ditlhopho tsa botautona. == Ditumalano == * Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le boraro, mafatshe a mabedi a no a ne a baya monwana tumalano ya go duedisa lekgetho gabedi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana And South Africa Sign Double Taxation Agreement |url=http://www.tax-news.com/archive/story/Botswana_And_South_Africa_Sign_Double_Taxation_Agreement_xxxx13009.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926224804/http://www.tax-news.com/archive/story/Botswana_And_South_Africa_Sign_Double_Taxation_Agreement_xxxx13009.html |archive-date=2009-09-26 |access-date=2009-07-14 |website=www.tax-news.com}}</ref> * Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le botlhano, mafatshe a mabedi a a ne baya monwana ditumalano di le thataro tsa go tokafatsa tirisanommogo mo maphateng a a farologaneng, go akaretsa le temothuo, boitekanelo, pusoselegae, metshameko, setso le dipalamo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Apps - Access My Library - Gale |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-9803737_ITM |website=www.accessmylibrary.com}}</ref> * Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro, matona a tikologo a mafatshe a mabedi a, mmogo le Zimbabwe, ba ne ba baya monwana gore go nne le phaka e ntšha ya diphologolo tse di kgabaganyang melelwane e e bidiwang Lefelo la Tshomarelo la Limpopo-Shashe le le kgabaganyang melelwane ya Botswana, Aforika Borwa le Zimbabwe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=IOL: News for South Africa and the World |url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=84&art_id=vn20060622230411551C638841 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821113237/http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1 |archive-date=2010-08-21 |access-date=2009-07-14}}</ref> * Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa, [[Botswana Railways|Diterena tsa Botswana]] di ne tsa baya monwana tumalano le lephata la diterena tsa Aforikaborwa la Spoornet . Tumelano e tla felela ka kgwebo e e kopanetsweng le go nyalanya ditsholofelo go ya ka kabo ya didirisiwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mmegi Online :: BR, Spoornet sign business agreement |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=4&aid=20&dir=2007/April/Tuesday17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907132600/http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=4&aid=20&dir=2007%2FApril%2FTuesday17 |archive-date=2017-09-07 |access-date=2020-07-05}}</ref> Seno se ne sa latela dipuisano fa gare ga badirisi ba babedi bao ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mmegi Online - Business Week |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/August/Wednesday2/10051232661082.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223122341/http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/August/Wednesday2/10051232661082.html |archive-date=2012-02-23 |access-date=2009-07-14 |website=www.mmegi.bw}}</ref> == Dithsedimosetso tse dingwe == * Botsalano jwa lefatshe la Botswana le mafatshe a mangwe * Botsalano jwa lefatshe la Aforika Borwa le mafatshe a mangwe == Metswedi == {{Reflist|2}} [[Karolo:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Karolo:Articles with short description]] hp7xmbsars55a88lms01xtzms3zbb6w 53302 53300 2026-07-26T19:37:04Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya botsalano jwa Botswana le Aforika Borwa #Wikipedia25BW 53302 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Botsalano jwa Botswana le Aforikaborwa''' ke botsalano jwa mo ditsong le jwa gompieno jwa mafatshe a [[Botswana]] le [[Aforika Borwa|Aforikaborwa]] . Lefatshe la Botswana le na le ofisikgolo ya boemedi kwa Pretoria, mme la Aforika Borwa le na le ofisi ya boemedi kwa [[Gaborone]] . Mafatshe o o mabedi ke dikolone tsa pele tsa Britain le maloko a lekgotla la African Union, [[mafatshe a selekane]] le [[Southern African Development Community|Setšhaba sa Tlhabololo ya Borwa jwa Aforika]] ( SADC ) . == Ditso == Motheo wa botsalano jo o simolotse morago ga go tlhongwa ga [[Southern African Customs Union|Mokgatlho wa Melelwane wa Borwa jwa Aforika]] ( SACU ) ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le lesome . <ref>{{Cite web |title=SARPN - Botswana |url=http://www.sarpn.org.za/documents/d0001250/index.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322153410/http://www.sarpn.org.za/documents/d0001250/index.php |archive-date=2019-03-22 |access-date=2009-07-14 |website=www.sarpn.org.za}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le botlhano lefatshe la A[[Tlhaselo mo Gaborone|forika Borwa le ne la simolola letsholo la sesole go ya kwa Gaborone]], le tlhasela batho ba African National Congress kwa Botswana . Ditlhaselo tse di ne tsa kgalwa ke mmueledi wa ga tautona wa Amerika [[Ronald Reagan]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Boston.com Local Search - Boston Globe Archives |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=BG&p_theme=bg&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EADED821197B2AD&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |website=nl.newsbank.com}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le borataro Tautona [[Quett Masire]] wa Botswana o ne a re baagisani ba batho bantsho ba Aforika Borwa ba tlaa sotlega thata fa mafatshe a Bophirima a ka tsenya dikiletso tsa itsholelo mo Aforika Borwa. O rile, "Go bonala sentle gore ga re ka ke ra thibela Bophirima go tsenya dikiletso mo Aforika Borwa, mme re amogela mofuta mongwe le mongwe wa kgatelelo mo pusong [[Tlhaolele|ya tlhaolele]] ." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archives: Chicago Tribune - BOTSWANA FEARS IRE OF S. AFRICANS |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24918651.html?dids=24918651:24918651&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jul+09,+1986&author=Chicago+Tribune+wires&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=BOTSWANA+FEARS+IRE+OF+S.+AFRICANS&pqatl=google |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021143154/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24918651.html?dids=24918651:24918651&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jul+09,+1986&author=Chicago+Tribune+wires&pub=Chicago+Tribune+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=BOTSWANA+FEARS+IRE+OF+S.+AFRICANS&pqatl=google |archive-date=October 21, 2012 |website=pqasb.pqarchiver.com}}</ref> Botsalano gareng ga Aforika Borwa le Botswana bo ne bo dirwa semmuso ka go tlhoma diofisi tsa boemedi mo mafatsheng ka bobedi ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bobedi. Go tlhabololwa ga botsalano go ya kwa maemong a a feletseng a botsalano go diragetse ka Seetebogiso a le masome mabedi le bobedi ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bone. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of International Relations and Cooperation - South Africa |url=http://www.dfa.gov.za/foreign/bilateral/botswana.html |website=www.dfa.gov.za}}</ref> Mafatshe a mabedi a ne a na le botsalano jo bo siameng ka nako ya botautona jwa ga Thabo Mbeki le [[Festus Mogae]] . Ka nako ya botautona jwa ga [[Jacob Zuma]] le [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]], botsalano bo ne jwa wela tlase ka ntlha ya dipharologano ka go thapiwa ga [[African Union|Kopano ya Aforika]], tshwetso ya Aforika Borwa ya go ikgogela morago mo Kgotlatshekelong ya Bosenyi ya mafatshefatshe le Zimbabwe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=JIKA |first=THABO MOKONE and THANDUXULO |title=Zuma going nowhere, irate SA tells Khama |url=http://www.timeslive.co.za/sundaytimes/stnews/2016/11/13/Zuma-going-nowhere-irate-SA-tells-Khama |access-date=2016-11-13 |website=Sunday Times}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe, [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]], phathi e e busang mo [[Botswana]], e ne ya tsenela Mekgatlho ya Kgololesego ya Pele ya Aforika Borwa, e gape e akaretsang ANC. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-29 |title=Obert Mpofu attends Botswana Democratic Party congress |url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-222870.html |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=Bulawayo24 News}}</ref> == Tirisanommogo == Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le boraro, tautona wa Aforikaborwa, Thabo Mbeki o ne a etela tautona wa Botswana [[Festus Mogae]] . Mafatshe a mabedi a ne a ntshitse kitsiso e e reng baeteledipele ba ba babedi ba mafatshe a mabedi ba sekasekile dintlha tsa mafatshe a mabedi, tsa kgaolo, le tsa mafatshefatshe tse di nang le dikgatlhego tse di tshwanang, jaaka Tumalano ya go Tlhoma komiti e e Kopanetsweng ya sennela ruri ya Tirisanommogo magareng ga Botswana le Aforika Borwa. Baeteledipele ba babedi ba gape ba tlhagisitse tlhokego ya "go thusa batho ba Zimbabwe go rarabolola mathata a a lebaneng le lefatshe la bone". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Apps - Access My Library - Gale |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-22699143_ITM |website=www.accessmylibrary.com}}</ref> Ka Ngwanaitseele ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi, Botautona ba mafatshe ka bobedi ba ne ba dumalana go bereka mmogo go rarabolola mathata a kwa [[Zimbabwe]] morago ga ditlhopho tsa botautona. == Ditumalano == * Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le boraro, mafatshe a mabedi a no a ne a baya monwana tumalano ya go duedisa lekgetho gabedi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana And South Africa Sign Double Taxation Agreement |url=http://www.tax-news.com/archive/story/Botswana_And_South_Africa_Sign_Double_Taxation_Agreement_xxxx13009.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926224804/http://www.tax-news.com/archive/story/Botswana_And_South_Africa_Sign_Double_Taxation_Agreement_xxxx13009.html |archive-date=2009-09-26 |access-date=2009-07-14 |website=www.tax-news.com}}</ref> * Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le botlhano, mafatshe a mabedi a a ne baya monwana ditumalano di le thataro tsa go tokafatsa tirisanommogo mo maphateng a a farologaneng, go akaretsa le temothuo, boitekanelo, pusoselegae, metshameko, setso le dipalamo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Apps - Access My Library - Gale |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-9803737_ITM |website=www.accessmylibrary.com}}</ref> * Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro, matona a tikologo a mafatshe a mabedi a, mmogo le Zimbabwe, ba ne ba baya monwana gore go nne le phaka e ntšha ya diphologolo tse di kgabaganyang melelwane e e bidiwang Lefelo la Tshomarelo la Limpopo-Shashe le le kgabaganyang melelwane ya Botswana, Aforika Borwa le Zimbabwe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=IOL: News for South Africa and the World |url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=84&art_id=vn20060622230411551C638841 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821113237/http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1 |archive-date=2010-08-21 |access-date=2009-07-14}}</ref> * Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le bosupa, [[Botswana Railways|Diterena tsa Botswana]] di ne tsa baya monwana tumalano le lephata la diterena tsa Aforikaborwa la Spoornet . Tumelano e tla felela ka kgwebo e e kopanetsweng le go nyalanya ditsholofelo go ya ka kabo ya didirisiwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mmegi Online :: BR, Spoornet sign business agreement |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=4&aid=20&dir=2007/April/Tuesday17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907132600/http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=4&aid=20&dir=2007%2FApril%2FTuesday17 |archive-date=2017-09-07 |access-date=2020-07-05}}</ref> Seno se ne sa latela dipuisano fa gare ga badirisi ba babedi bao ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mmegi Online - Business Week |url=http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/August/Wednesday2/10051232661082.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223122341/http://www.mmegi.bw/2006/August/Wednesday2/10051232661082.html |archive-date=2012-02-23 |access-date=2009-07-14 |website=www.mmegi.bw}}</ref> == Dithsedimosetso tse dingwe == * Botsalano jwa lefatshe la Botswana le mafatshe a mangwe * Botsalano jwa lefatshe la Aforika Borwa le mafatshe a mangwe == Metswedi == {{Reflist|2}} [[Karolo:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Karolo:Articles with short description]] rpcl4bwizq84kfl48tiqil1nkxj652i 0 14686 53301 2026-07-26T19:35:04Z MmaBaggio 11091 #Wikipedia25BW KE RANOTSE TSEBE ya Khoisan(Baopedi) 53301 wikitext text/x-wiki Khoisan ke setlhopha sa Motswana Afro fusion duo go tswa kwa Gaborone, Botswana, se se bopilweng ke Thabang Rasefako le Oratile Kofa. Kwa {{Infobox musical artist|Name=Khoisan|Origin=[[Gaborone]], [[Botswana]]|Genre=[[Afro fusion]]|Years_active=2018–present|Label=Roc Lefatshe Records|current_member_of=Thabang Rasefako<br />Oratile Kofa|past_member_of=Mosimanegape Mosweu<br />Olerato Kennetseng<br />Nita Lempaletse}} tshimologong e ne ya bopiwa ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi jaaka setlhopha sa maloko a le matlhano ka fa tlase ga Roc Lefatshe Records, setlhopha se ne sa fokotswa go nna duo morago ga go rulaganngwa sesha ka fa teng. Ba itsege ka go tswakanya medumo ya segompieno le ya setso ya Seaforika mme dipina tsa bone di akaretsa Marabele, Sethubuge, Sananpopo, le Mpoledise. 1 Khoisan e ne ya tlhamiwa ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi fa baopedi ba le batlhano, Mosimanegape Mosweu, Thabang Rasefako, Olerato Kennetseng, Oratile Kofa, le Nita Lempaletse, ba ne ba kopana mmogo ka tlhatlhobo e e neng e dirilwe ke motlhami Suffocate wa Roc Lefatshe Records. Modumo wa setlhopha o ne wa tlhalosiwa jaaka motswako wa segompieno wa Afro-fusion le tlhotlheletso e e nonofileng ya setso sa Seaforika, e e neelang melaetsa e e ikaeletseng go godisa le go fodisa bareetsi. 2] Mo dikgweding di le tharo morago ga go tlhamiwa, setlhopha sa ntlha sa maloko a le matlhano se ne sa nna le dikgotlhang tsa ka fa gare tse di neng tsa dira gore se rulaganngwe sesha. Setlhopha se ne sa fokotswa go nna maloko a le mabedi, Rasefako le Kofa; ka tumelano magareng ga maloko le letshwao. Bobedi ba ne ba boloka leina la Khoisan le ditshwanelo tsa mmino mo direkotong tse di latelang, mme e ne e le fela pina ya ntlha ya Marabele e e neng e le ya setlhopha sa ntlha sa maloko a le matlhano. 1] Tiro Khoisan ba ne ba dira tumalano ya go gatisa le khamphani ya rekoto ya Afrika Borwa ya Muthaland ka pina ya bone ya ntlha e e bidiwang Marabele, e e neng ya tshameka le mo Mafikeng FM kwa porofenseng ya Afrika Borwa ya Bokone Bophirima. Setlhopha se ne sa etela porofense ya Bokone Bophirima ka bonako fela morago ga gore tumalano e itsisiwe. 3] Jaaka duo, Rasefako le Kofa ba ne ba tswelela go golola mmino ka Roc Lefatshe Records, go akaretsa le di-single tsa Sethubuge le Sananpopo. Pina ya bone ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe ya Mpoledise e ne ya nna nngwe ya dipina tse di neng di utlwiwa thata kwa Botswana mo ngwageng oo, mme ba ne ba lemoga gore ditlhogo tsa yone tsa boiketlo le go itshokelana di ne tsa utlwala mo bareetsing ka nako ya leroborobo la COVID-19, le fa pina e ne e sa kwalwa go tsibogela leroborobo leno. [1] 1] Bobedi jo bo ne ba tlhophiwa go tshameka kwa konsareteng ya FNB ya Letsatsi la Aforika ka thulaganyo ya go bouta ya setšhaba mo Botswana e neng ya bouta ka baopedi ba ba neng ba batla go bona ba emela naga mo seraleng sa kontinente. Ba ne ba kopanngwa le mophato wa Mophato Dance crew go diragatsa. 1] Khoisan o ne a tshameka gape kwa Yarona FM Music Awards (YAMAs) le mo kgaisanong ya Mma Bontle wa Botswana. Ka nako ya ditlhopho tsa bone tsa YAMA tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi,makgolo a mabedi le bongwe, ba ne ba tshwere ditlhopho di le pedi kwa YAMA le di le nne kwa Botswana Outstanding Music Awards (BOMUs).[ 1] Setlhopha se se tlhageletse mo thelebišeneng ya Afrika Borwa ya Mzansi Magic's Afropop Nation program. 4] Dipina tsa mmino A le nosi Marabele (2018) debut single, featuring the original five-member lineup Sethubuge Sananpopo Mpoledise (2021 s0es4n2i4x3rxtgjes8amhy7aimaalr 0 14687 53303 2026-07-26T19:46:03Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Moreetsi Gabang 53303 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Moreetsi Gabang''' ke motsamaisi wa difilimi wa Motswana, mokwadi wa ditlhamo le mokwadi. O ne a nna motlhami-mmogo wa Mainane Studios, e leng komponi ya go dira difilimi e e kwa Gaborone. O itsege thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara ka go tsamaisa Zombie Date Night in Tlokweng (2023), e leng filimi e khutshwane e e tshosang le e e tshegisang e e neng ya nna filimi ya ntlha ya Botswana go fenya NEFTI Africa Best Film Award kwa Durban FilmMart mo Afrika Borwa. Gape o fentse [[Bessie Head]] Literature Award gabedi.<ref>[https://www.thegazette.news/lifestyle/zombie-date-night-in-tlokweng-wins-big-at-durban-filmmart/ "Zombie Date Night in Tlokweng Wins Big at Durban FilmMart".] Botswana Gazette. 26 July 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2026.</ref><ref name=":0">[https://www.iol.co.za/sunday-tribune/entertainment/botswana-rising-star-moreetsi-gabang-bags-international-award-at-durban-filmmart-2023-4ee8f51b-9ea2-4805-9ad6-6ccd870da8f8 "Botswana rising star Moreetsi Gabang bags international award at Durban FilmMart 2023".] Independent Online (IOL). 24 July 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2026.</ref> == Tiro == === Mainane Studios === Gabang o ne a thaya Mainane Studios le Kabelo "K-Bos" Motlhatlhedi le Tricia Sello. Khamphane e tsepamisitse mogopolo mo go tsamaiseng difilimi, go tlhabolola dikgang, go di tlhagisa pele ga go dirwa difilimi, go di dira le go di gatisa morago ga go dirwa difilimi, mme maikaelelo a yone ke go dira difilimi tse di ikaegileng ka setso sa Botswana tse di ka dirisiwang ke babogedi ba mo gae le ba boditšhabatšhaba. Filimi e khutshwane e e fetileng ya studio, Baratani (The Hill of Lovers), e ne ya dira madi a tumalano go bapalami le badiri ba yone morago ga maiteko a go bapatsa le go dira botsalano.<ref>[https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/84893 "Trio tells stories through film".] ''Daily News (Botswana)''. Daily News (Botswana). 2025. Retrieved 12 April 2026.</ref> === Zombie Date Night in Tlokweng (2023) === Zombie Date Night in Tlokweng ke filimi e khutshwane e e tshosang le e e kgatlhang e e kwadilweng le go tsamaisiwa ke Gabang mme e dirilwe ke Frank Oteng. Kgang eno e bua ka banyalani bangwe ba basha ba bosigo jwa bone jwa go intsha bo kgorelediwang ke fa motho yo ba nnang le ene mo phaposing a boela gae morago ga go ya kwa thutong ya bodumedi mme a fitlhelwa a na le moya wa bodimona. Kgangkgolo ya filimi e ikaegile ka setso sa batho ba Batlokwa sa go fitlha baswi ba bone mo matlong a bone a bonno, a filimi e a tlhalosang e le go baakanyetsa go runya ga leroborobo la di-zombie. Filimi e ne ya gaisana mo kgaisanong ya NEFTI Africa kwa Durban FilmMart ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro (2023), mmogo le difilimi tse pedi tsa Aforika Borwa. NEFTI Africa ke kgaisano ya difilimi tse dikhutshwane e e tsamaisiwang ke NEFT Vodka, African Bank, Adobe, TikTok, le International Emerging Film Talents Association (IEFTA), e e diretsweng go tshegetsa batlhami ba difilimi ba ba sa emelwang sentle go tswa kwa dinageng tse di tlhabologang. Gabang o ne a gapa Sekgele sa Filimi e e Gaisang ($5,000) le Sekgele sa Kgetho ya Babogedi ($2,000), a mo dira motsamaisi wa ntlha wa Botswana go fenya kgaisano. Mo gare ga baatlhodi go ne go na le motshameki wa mosadi e bong Vivica A. Fox, motlhami wa Academy Award Bruce Cohen, le Disney/21st Century Fox Post-Production President Ted Gagliano.<ref>[https://deadline.com/2023/07/haifaa-al-mansour-vertigo-films-alula-moreetsi-gabang-nefti-durban-1235448350/ "Botswana Director Moreetsi Gabang Wins Durban NEFTI Award".] Deadline. 26 July 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2026.</ref><ref name=":1">[https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/local-film-to-premiere-in-durban/news "Local film to premiere in Durban".] Mmegi Online. 14 July 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2026.</ref> Moanegwa wa Afrika Borwa Marcus Mabusela, Gofaone Nkwane, mmamoratwa William Last KRM, le batshameki ba ba mmalwa ba metlae ba ba akaretsang Jethro "Umaga" Ndebele, Bambino Ndiwenyu, Triccs, Jonny Pula, Precious Olerile, Lebone Mokone, Mamelang Lefitlhile, le motshameki wa ngwana Olerato Kgalemang.<ref name=":1" /> === Dikgatiso === Gabang o ne a gapa Sekgele sa Bessie Head Literature gabedi. Moputso o reeletswe ka Bessie Head, mokwadi wa mo Aforika Borwa yo o tshetseng botshelo jwa gagwe jotlhe kwa Botswana mme o tsewa e le mongwe wa batho ba ba botlhokwa thata mo nageng ya Botswana. <ref name=":0" /> == Bona gape == * [[Bantu Film Festival]] * [[Bessie Head]] * [[Durban FilmMart]] == Metswedi == 89todh6b5eblebjjveysbp185pw52tg 0 14688 53307 2026-07-26T20:02:30Z MmaBaggio 11091 #wikipediaBW25 ke ranotse tsebe ya Botaki mo Botswana 53307 wikitext text/x-wiki Botaki jwa ditshwantsho jwa kwa Botswana bo farologane go ya ka merafe e e farologaneng le go ya ka ditso. Go ya ka ditso tse di welang mo ditlhopheng tse pedi tse ditona;ya batho ba San (e e itsegeng gape jaaka Bushmen) le ya batho ba ba tswang Bantu jaaka Batswana. == Botaki jwa Ba-San == Ya ntlha ke ya bogologolo thata mme e akaretsa mokgabiso wa didirisiwa le didirisiwa tse dintsi tse Ba-San ba neng ba di tlhoka gore ba tshele mo sekakeng. Dithoto tse di jaaka dikgapetla tsa dithaga, difiltere tsa metsi a letsopa, matlalo a diphologolo, metswi, bora le dipitsa gantsi di ne di okediwa ka mekgabiso e e kgabisitsweng kgotsa mekgabiso e e kgabisitsweng, mekgabiso ya letsopa e e gatisitsweng, go betlwa ka dibaga le go betlwa. Ditso tseno gape di ne di betla dilo tsa botaki tse di neng di se na tiro epe e nngwe, gantsi e le diphologolo. Botaki jwa bogologolo thata ke jwa botaki jwa San jwa mo mafikeng, jo bo tumileng thata: go ralala kgaolo ya Borwa-Botlhaba jwa Aforika, bagologolwane ba bone ba tlogetse ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo mafikeng le mo maboteng a magaga, tse di dirilweng ka mebala e e sa itsiweng le e e nonofileng thata e e sa bolong go nna teng ka diketekete tsa dingwaga. Ditshwantsho tsa diphologolo, tsa go tsoma, tsa meletlo le tsa go bina di tlwaelegile. Dithaba tsa Tsodilo kwa Botswana di ne tsa amogelwa jaaka Lefelo la Ngwao-Boswa ya Lefatshe la UNESCO ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bongwe, le le nang le ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo lefikeng di le dikete tse nne le makgolo a matlhano ka kakaretso; ga se botaki jotlhe jo bo akareditsweng ke leina leno jo bo dirilweng ke batho ba Ba-San kgotsa bagologolwane ba bone. Bontsi jwa ditshwantsho tse di takilweng di ka tswa di dirilwe dingwaga di le sekete kgotsa dikete tse pedi tse di fetileng, le fa gone go ka nna ga bolelwa gore di dirilwe dingwaga di le dintsi pele ga foo. [1] Go thata go bona letlha la ditshwantsho tse dintsi; gantsi mekgwa ya radiocarbon e ka dirisiwa go bona letlha la dilo tse di mo bodilong jwa lefelo la go iphitlha, mme e ka nna ya se ka ya amana le letlha la tiro ya botaki. [2] 2] == Botaki jwa Bantu == Botaki jwa Batswana le batho ba bangwe ba Banthu bo tshwana thata le jwa batho ba Banthu mo karolong e e setseng ya borwabotlhaba jwa Afrika. Ditshwantsho tse di betlilweng tse di raraaneng tsa maje le tsa logong (gantsi e le tsa diphologolo kgotsa tsa batho), ditshwantsho tse di gabilweng le tsa letsopa; ditshwantsho tse di dirilweng ka didirisiwa tsa mmino wa disco, dithobane tse di gabilweng, le mefuta e mengwe ya botaki. Tiro nngwe ya botaki e e tlhabolotsweng thata kwa Botswana ke go dira le go rekisa matlalo le boboa jo bo rokagantsweng mmogo, gantsi bo kopanngwa ka dipanele tse di kgabisang go dirisiwa mefuta e e farologaneng ya boboa le mebala ya diphologolo tse di farologaneng. Tseno le tsone di ka nna le tiriso e e rileng, e re ka di tswa kwa 'kaross' kana kobo ya sekaka e e siametseng maemo a a tsididi thata a Kalahari bosigo le mariga. Dikobo tse di dirilweng ka boboa le tse di logilweng ka mokgwa wa lefelo leo le tsone di ratiwa thata. Go logwa ga diroto le gone go dirwa ka botswerere le ka ditsela tse di farologaneng. 3] Go na le pharologano e tona magareng ga ditiro tsa botaki tsa ditlhopha tse pedi: sekao, terata, tshipi le dibaga tse di dirisitsweng mo dilwaneng tsa BaSan di ka bo di bonwe ka kgwebisano go tswa mo bathong ba Banthu, bao ka bobona ba ka bo ba bonwe dingwe tsa didiriswa tsa bone tsa botaki tse di tala jaaka matlalo le dinaka tsa diphologolo go tswa mo BaSan. Botaki jwa sesha Mo malatsing ano madirelo a botaki a atlega thata mo go direng dilwana tse di rekwang ke bajanala. Metsi a Okavango, dikarolo dingwe tsa tsela ya bojanala ya sekaka sa Kalahari le mafelo a a farologaneng a diphologolo tsa naga tsotlhe di tshegetsa madirelo a a tlhagafetseng a botaki a mo lefelong leo. Ditoropo tse ditona gape di na le mafelo a bojanala. 4] Bataki bangwe, go akaretsa baagi ba Botswana ba basweu, ba taka ditshwantsho tse pedi tsa diphologolo tsa naga mo mmarakeng o le mongwe, o o akaretsang gape le dilwana tse di farologaneng jaaka dikipara dithipa tsa go tsoma, ditlhako le dihutshe. Tiro ya letlalo le yone e tumile, fela jaaka dilo tse di dirilweng ka dilo tse di kgaotsweng ka molao kgotsa tse di dirisiwang mo metseng ya ditoropo tse di jaaka dikgamelo tsa mabotlolo le megala; meropa, dibaga, ditlhobolo, diletswa tsa mmino tse di jaaka mbira le diphologolo tse di nang le megala tse di jaaka dipalamonwana tsa moriri wa tlou. Ka nako ya tlhaolele, bataki ba Aforika Borwa ba ba neng ba le kwa botshwarong ba ne ba kopana kwa Botswana ka leina la Medu Art Ensemble go dira tiro ya botaki ya sepolotiki. [ 5] The National Art Gallery kwa Botswana National Museum e bontsha botaki jwa setso le jwa segompieno.[ 6] Metswedi ofcs0bjjk15ncmakmynu7zqzu7jcs94 0 14689 53309 2026-07-26T20:07:34Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Caitlin Davies 53309 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Caitlin Davies''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e le borataro ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bone (1964) ke mokwadi wa Moesemane, mokwaladitso mmegadikgang le morutabana. O kwadile dibuka di le mmalwa ka hisetori ya loago le hisetori ya basadi. Dithuto tsa gagwe tsa hisitori di bua thata ka batho ba ba neng ba thuma, magolegwa a basadi, dikebekwa tsa basadi le batlhatlhobi ba ba ikemetseng ba basadi. == Lelapa le botshelo jwa pele == Caitlin Davies o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e le borataro ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bone (1964), morwadia Hunter Davies le Margaret Forster, bobedi jwa bone e le bakwadi ba ba itsegeng.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-35520860 BBC: Author Margaret Forster dies from cancer aged 77] (accessed 8 February 2016)</ref> Hunter Davies o ne a kwala ka metlha ka ga Caitlin le morwarragwe Jake le kgaitsadie Flora mo makasineng wa Punch o o neng o gatisiwa mo dingwageng tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa (1970), a ba naya lesedi ka tsela e ba godisitsweng ka yone. Mo bosheng jwa gagwe, Auberon Waugh o ne a tlhola a bua ka ene mo diary ya gagwe ya Private Eye, koo a neng a dira letsholo la go batla gore a nyalwe ke Kgosana Charles. == Botshelo Kwa Botswana == Davies o ne a amana le Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe (1990) fa a ne a kopana le monna wa gagwe, yo e neng e le Mopalamente wa Botswana Ronald Ridge, fa a ne a ithutela dikirii ya Master ya Seesimane kwa Yunibesithing ya Clark, Worcester, Massachusetts. O ne a fudugela kwa Botswana mme a dira jaaka morutabana, mme morago a nna mmegadikgang yo o ikemetseng, o ne a kwalela lekwalodikgang la ntlha la Botswana la The Voice mme morago a nna morulaganyi wa The Okavango Newspaper. O ne a tshwarwa gabedi e le mmegadikgang, gangwe ka ntlha ya "go baka poifo le go tshosa", mme a se ka a bonwa molato. Ka ngwaga wa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi (2000), o ne a amogela sekgele go tswa go Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA) "go lebogelwa tiro ya gagwe ya bobegakgang e e tlhomameng le e e tlhomologileng". Fa a ntse a nna kwa Botswana, Davies o ne a kwala buka ya Jamestown Blues le buka ya hisitori ya The Return of El Negro. E re ka a ile a tlhaselwa ka tsela e e setlhogo le go betelelwa, o ne a dira dipatlisiso ka thubakanyo ya mo lelapeng kwa Botswana. E ne e le mongwe wa bathei ba Women Against Rape (WAR) kwa [[Maun]]. == Go Boela Kwa Engelane == Davies o ne a boela kwa Engelane le morwadie morago ga go tlhalana le monna wa gagwe mme a gatisa buka e e buang ka maitemogelo a gagwe, e e bidiwang Place of Reeds (2005). Davies ke mokwadi wa dibuka di le thataro; Jamestown Blues (1996), Black Mulberries (2008), Friends Like Us (2009), The Ghost of Lily Painter (2011), Family Likeness (2013), le Daisy Belle: Swimming Champion of the World (2018). Davies o kwadile buka e e nang le ditshwantsho e e seng ya ditlhamane e e buang ka matamo a go thuma le di-lido kwa Hampstead Heath,<ref>Cadwalladr, Carole (19 May 2012). [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/may/20/taking-waters-hampstead-heath-ponds-review "Taking the Waters by Caitlin Davies – review".] ''The Observer''. ISSN&#x20;0029-7712. Retrieved 26 June 2020.</ref> Taking the Waters: a swim around Hampstead Heath, le hisetori ya loago ya Camden Lock (2013). Tiro ya gagwe e tlhageletse mo The Sunday Times, The Daily Telegraph, The Mail on Sunday, Town and Country le Tate Etc. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano (2015), buka ya ga Davies ya non-fiction ya Downstream: a history and celebration of swimming the River Thames e ne ya phasaladiwa. E ne ya tlhalosiwa ke The Independent e le ditso tse re kgatlhisang tsa setso".<ref>Caitlin Davies (2 April 2015). ''Downstream: [https://books.google.com/books?id=dBHwBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT292 A History and Celebration of Swimming the River Thames]''[https://books.google.com/books?id=dBHwBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT292 . Aurum Press.] pp.&#x20;292–. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-78131-488-3</bdi>.</ref> E ne ya felela ka go thuma ga dibeke di le tharo kwa Thames kwa Musiamong wa London. Buka ya ga Davies ya non-fiction, Bad Girls, ke ditso tsa Kgolegelo ya Holloway kwa bokone jwa Lontone, e e kileng ya bo e le kgolegelo e kgolo ya basadi kwa Yuropa Bophirima. E ne e le mo lenaaneng le le telele la sekgele sa Orwell Prize for Political Writing 2019.<ref>[https://www.orwellfoundation.com/the-orwell-prizes/2019-prize/longlists/ "Longlists &#x7C; the Orwell Foundation".]</ref> Buka ya ga Davies ya Queens of the Underworld: a journey into the lives of female crooks e ne ya phasaladiwa ka kgwedi ya Phalane ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe (2021).<ref>[https://www.thebookseller.com/news/history-press-signs-book-forgotten-female-gangsters-1081411 "History Press lands journey into life of forgotten female gangsters &#x7C; the Bookseller".]</ref> O amogetse thuso go tswa kwa The Author's Foundation, e e tsamaisiwang ke Mokgatlho wa Bakwadi, go batlisisa buka eno. Buka ya gagwe ya bofelo ke Private Inquiries: [[The Secret History of Female Sleuths]], e e gatisitsweng ke The History Press ka ngwaga wa diketse tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro (2023). Go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014) go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa (2017), Davies o ne a dira jaaka Molekane wa Letlole la Bokwaledi la Royal kwa Yunibesithing ya Westminster. O ne a dira jaaka RLF Fellow kwa Victoria & Albert Museum le kwa Science Museum go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019) go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi (2020).<ref>[https://www.rlf.org.uk/fellowships/caitlin-davies/ "Caitlin Davies".] ''The Royal Literary Fund''.</ref> Ga jaana ke Mokwadi wa Molekane kwa Kent & Medway NHS le Social Care Partnership Trust. == Dikgatiso == == Metswedi == 0sjck7blog75vwyisrprkh0imsgh36r 0 14690 53310 2026-07-26T20:19:38Z MmaBaggio 11091 #Wikipedia25BW KE RANOTSE TSEBE ya Noka ya Bonwapitse 53310 wikitext text/x-wiki Bonwapitse ke noka e e mo bogare jwa lefatshe la Botswana. <ref>[https://www.fao.org/4/y5744e/y5744e07.htm Drought impact mitigation and prevention in the Limpopo River Basin".] ''www.fao.org''. Retrieved 23 June 2025. </ref>Noka e e lekanyeditswe go nna dimetara dile makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le borataro (2,907 ft) kwa godimo ga boalogodimo jwa lewatle, mme e na le bogolo jwa 1,202,985 ha. Leina la noka le teng ka ditsela di le mmalwa: Noka ya Bonapitse, Bonapitsi, Bonwapitse. Gompieno noka eno e elela mo nageng e e sephaphathi, e e omeletseng e e nang le bojang jwa savannah, ditlhatshana le ditlhare. Noka eno e a elela ka dinako dingwe ka paka ya dipula, e e simololang ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Moranang, mme mo nakong e e setseng ya ngwaga e nna e omile. E elela kwa tlase ga lefelo le e kopanelang kwa go lone le Noka ya Serorome. Metswedi 8vx4ixbmisf2ga5ho3ivcfbuuyziple 0 14691 53311 2026-07-26T20:49:22Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Siyanda Mohutsiwa 53311 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Siyanda Mohutsiwa''' (o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le boraro (1993) ke mokwadi wa puo ya Setswana go tsweng kwa Botswana.<ref>Mohutsiwa, Siyanda (6 March 2014). [http://mg.co.za/article/2014-03-06-african-writing-fact-fiction-or-faction "African writing: Fact, fiction, or faction?".] ''The M&G Online''. Retrieved 8 December 2016</ref> O ne a dira hashtag ya #IfAfricaWasABar e e neng ya anama thata ka selemo sa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano (2015).<ref>[http://tedx.amsterdam/2015/11/satire-fest-brought-on-by-ifafricawasabar-hashtag-an-interview-with-siyanda-moutsiwa/ "#IfAfricaWasABar TEDxAms speaker Siyanda Mohutsiwa would be the owner".] ''TEDxAmsterdam''. 25 November 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2016</ref><ref>[http://www.thegazette.news/?p=12443 "Motswana writer creates waves on social media"]. ''The Botswana Gazette''. 13 August 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2016.</ref> O itlhalosa jaaka Pan-Africanist.<ref>Friedman, Uri (29 July 2015). [https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/07/if-africa-was-a-bar-hashtag-twitter/399926/ "What If Africa Was a Bar?". ''The Atlantic''.] Retrieved 8 December 2016.</ref><ref name=":0">Mohutsiwa, Siyanda (24 March 2016). [https://www.ted.com/talks/siyanda_mohutsiwa_how_young_africans_found_a_voice_on_twitter/transcript?language=en "Transcript of "How young Africans found a voice on Twitter"".] ''TED''. Retrieved 8 December 2016.</ref> O ne a neela puo ya TED ya setlhogo se se reng "A Is Africa's Future Online?" Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano (2015),<ref>Mungai, Christine (29 December 2015). [http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/oped/-IfAfricaWasABar-trend--the-girl-behind-it-and-what-it-reveals/1840568-3013254-format-xhtml-10jyndh/index.html "#IfAfricaWasABar trend, the girl behind it and what it reveals".] Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania: The Citizen. Retrieved 10 December 2016.</ref>le e nngwe e bitswang "How young Africans found a voice on Twitter" ka kgwedi ya Hlakola ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro (2016).<ref name=":0" /> == Botshelo jwa gagwe jwa pele == Katlo Siyanda Mohutsiwa o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le boraro (1993) kwa [[Swaziland]], kwa mmaagwe a tswang teng mme a fudugela kwa Botswana, kwa rraagwe a tswang teng fa a ne a le monnye thata. Puo ya gagwe ya kwa tshimologong e ne e le [[Seswati]], mme go fuduga ga se fela go go fetotseng puo ya gagwe, mme go mo tliseditse temogo ya go latlhegelwa ke boitshupo jwa gagwe jwa Seswati le go nna karolo ya ditso tse di aroganeng ya boitshupo jwa Seaforika. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Vries, Keith (14 June 2016). [https://www.namibiansun.com/news/put-young-voices-behind-youth-policies "Put young voices behind youth policies".] ''Namibian Sun''. Windhoek, Namibia. Retrieved 10 December 2016.</ref>Fa a fudugela kwa Botswana, Mohutsiwa o ne a latlhegelwa ke bokgoni jwa go bua Seswati mme a nna sebui sa Setswana<ref name=":1" /> == Thuto == Mohutsiwa o weditse dithuto tsa gagwe ka dikirii ya Bachelor of Science mo dipalong go tswa kwa Yunibesithing ya Botswana ka kgwedi ya Phalane ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro (2016). <ref>Mohutsiwa, Siyanda. [https://twitter.com/SiyandaWrites/status/789862465546784768 "Siyanda Mohutsiwa on Twitter"]. ''Twitter''. Retrieved 8 December 2016.</ref>Siyanda Mohutsiwa o alogile kwa Iowa Writers Workshop kwa a amogetseng MFA go tswa kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Iowa]] ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi (2018). <ref>Phipps, Kinsey. [https://dailyiowan.com/2019/03/26/speaker-writer-mathematician-multifaceted-mohutsiwa-calls-iowa-city-home/ "Speaker, writer, mathematician: Multifaceted Mohutsiwa calls Iowa City home".] Retrieved Jun 1, 2021</ref>Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi (2020), o ne a tsenela lefapha la Sociology kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Chicag]]<nowiki/>o.<ref name=":2">[https://sociology.uchicago.edu/directory/siyanda-mohutsiwa "Siyanda Mohutsiwa &#x7C; Sociology &#x7C; The University of Chicago".] ''sociology.uchicago.edu''. Retrieved Jun 1, 2021.</ref> == Go kwala == Mohutsiwa o simolotse go kwala a le dingwaga di le tlhano mme fa a le dingwaga di le lesome le bobedi o ne a kwala dikholomo tsa maikutlo mo lokwalodikgannyeng tsa setšhaba. Fa a le dingwaga di le lesome le borataro, o ne a kwala blog e e neng e bua thata ka dikgang tse di jaaka kakanyo ya bantsho, ikonomi le tlhabololo, bosadi, le Pan-Africanism. Blog eno e ne ya tsewa ke diteishene di le mmalwa tsa radio tsa boditšhabatšhaba, go akaretsa le BBC. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro (2013), Mohutsiwa o ne a lalediwa go nna le seabe mo blog ya Zanews, e leng lefelo la boditšhabatšhaba la go ntsha dikakgelo go tswa mo Afrika Borwa. Gape ke mokwadi wa Mail & Guardian,<ref name=":2" /> Siyanda Mohutsiwa e ntse e le lentswe le le kwa godimo mo go kwaleng mo metsweding ya dikgang fa e sale ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014).<ref name=":3">Devichand, Mukul (20 January 2014). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-trending-25807724 "#BBCtrending: From #Kangkung to #africannationsinhighschool".] ''BBC News''. Retrieved 8 December 2016.</ref>mmogo le go nna Mmegadikgang yo o Kgethegileng wa Bašwa wa UNICEF, a kwala ka go thapiwa ga bašwa, HIV, kgatelelo ya balekane le ditlhogo tse dingwe.Jaaka karolo ya tiro ya gagwe ya go bega ka dikgang tsa baša, Mohutsiwa o tsere karolo jaaka sebui se se tlhagelelang mo dikhonferenseng, jaaka Khonferense ya bo masome a mabedi le bongwe ya Boditšhabatšhaba ya AIDS e e neng e tshwaretswe kwa Durban, Afrika Borwa.<ref>[http://www.unaids.org/fr/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2016/july/20160718_innovation_adolescents "Faire naître une génération sans sida avec et pour les adolescents". ''UNAIDS'' (in French).] Geneva Switzerland: United Nations. 18 July 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2016.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, bontsi jwa mekwalo ya gagwe e diragala mo Twitter, koo a lebileng mekgwa ya go dira mo metsweding ya dikgang le go nna le seabe mo dipuisanong tsa setšhaba sa inthanete. Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014), o simolotse hashtag ya tshotlo #africannationsinhighschool, e e neng ya tshwaiwa makgetlo a a fetang 50 000. <ref name=":3" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro (2016), Siyanda o ne a fudugela kwa Amerika go ya go ikwadisa kwa Iowa Writers Workshop kwa a ithutileng go kwala ka fa tlase ga Lan Samantha Chang, Ethan Canin, Ayana Mathis, Charles D'Ambrosio le Jess Walter.<ref name=":3" />Morago ga go amogela MFA ya gagwe, o ne a ya go dira kwa International Writing Program jaaka mogokaganyi wa Summer Institute<ref>[https://issuu.com/uiiwp/docs/summer_institute_program_program "2019 Summer Institute Program".] ''Issuu''. Retrieved Jun 1, 2021.</ref> === Fa e Le Gore Afrika E ne E le Sebaka sa Boitapoloso === Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e le masome a mabedi le bosupa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano (2015), Mohutsiwa o ne a kwala potso go tswa mo akhaontong ya gagwe ya Twitter:<ref>Mohutsiwa, Siyanda. [https://twitter.com/SiyandaWrites/status/625704255429713920 "Siyanda Mohutsiwa on Twitter"]. ''Twitter''. Retrieved 8 December 2016.</ref> "Fa Aforika e ne e le bareng, naga ya lona e ne e tla bo e nwa eng/e dira eng?" Potso e ne ya fetolwa ka bonako go nna hashtag jaaka batho go ralala kontinente ya Afrika ba ne ba simolola go tweeta dikarabo tsa bone, go akaretsa le letshwao la #IfAfricaWasABar. <ref>Gurkan, Esra (8 January 2016). [https://edition.cnn.com/2016/01/08/africa/african-hashtags-2015/ "The best African Twitter hashtags of 2015".] ''CNN''. Retrieved 8 December 2016.</ref> Hashtag e dirisitswe go feta makgetlho a le 61 000. <ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/magazine-33697019 "#BBCtrending: What would your country be doing if Africa was a bar?".] ''BBC Trending''. 28 July 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2016.</ref>Fa a bodiwa gore ke eng se se mo tlhotlheleditseng go kwala lekwalo la gagwe la ntlha, Mohutsiwa o ne a araba ka go re "Ke ne ke akanya gore e tla nna tsela e e monate ya gore Maaforika a itshege le go tshegisana ka go dira gore go nne monate go bua ka dipolotiki".<ref>Mohutsiwa, Siyanda. [https://twitter.com/SiyandaWrites/status/625933081304801280 "Siyanda Mohutsiwa on Twitter".] ''Twitter''. Retrieved 8 December 2016.</ref> Puisano e ne ya fetogela kwa seraleng se sengwe sa inthanete sa bobegakgang, TedTalks, fa Mohutsiwa a ne a lalediwa go buisana ka gore metswedi ya dikgang e dirisiwa jang go fetola dipuisano tsa loago. O ne a bua ka gore inthanete e fetotse tsela e batho ba tshwarang ka yone le mathata, bokgoni jwa bone jwa go tshwaya diphoso, dipuso tsa bone, dipholisi tsa bone, le boitshupo jwa bone.<ref>Zimela, Zukiswa (4 April 2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170906035906/http://www.destinyman.com/2016/04/04/african-youth/ "Young Africans are finding their voices thanks to social media".] ''Destiny Magazine''. Lonehill, South Africa: Ndalo Media. Archived from the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2016.</ref>O ne a bua ka mokgwa o metswedi ya dikgang e neng ya rotloetsa setso ka teng mo Twitter, e e neng ya tsopolwa gape jaaka tlhaloso e e maleba ke metswedi ya dikgang ya boditšhabatšhaba jaaka The Independent, BuzzFeed, Variety le tse dingwe.<ref>Roettgers, Janko (9 November 2016). [https://variety.com/2016/digital/opinion/election-2016-blame-facebook-twitter-reddit-1201913946/ "Blaming the Media for Trump? Don't Forget Facebook, Twitter and Reddit".] ''Variety''. Los Angeles, California. Retrieved 10 December 2016.</ref><ref>Tait, Amelia (11 November 2016). [http://www.newstatesman.com/science-tech/social-media/2016/11/how-burst-your-social-media-bubble "How to burst your social media bubble"]. ''New Statesman''. London, England. Retrieved 10 December 2016.</ref> == Metswedi == rqu8my4ocovgpjtbdfjfa4nw3y9bks2 0 14692 53314 2026-07-27T01:39:48Z Khumo Batolomi 11767 Created by translating the opening section from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354372214|Kalanga people]]" 53314 wikitext text/x-wiki '''BaKalaka''' kgotsa '''BaKalanga''' ke morafe wa Bantu wa borwa o o nnang thata mo Matebeleland kwa [[Zimbabwe]], kwa bokone jwa [[Botswana]], le dikarolo dingwe tsa [[Kgaolo ya Limpopo]] mo [[Aforika Borwa|Aforikaborwa]] . Bakalaka ba [[Botswana]] ke morafe wa bobedi ka botona mo lefatsheng, mme [[Sekalaka|puo ya bone ya Sekalaka]] e le ya bobedi e e buiwang thata mo lefatsheng (e aname thata kwa Bokone). Puo ya TjiKalanga ya Zimbabwe ke puo ya boraro e e buiwang thata mo lefatsheng le, le fa go ntse jalo, e amogelwa jaaka bontlha bongwe jwa Seshona sa Bophirima se le setlhopheng sa dipuo tsa Seshona. E dirisiwa le mo metsweding ya dikgang. 0o2ukh1m1la2yfa37hn3oj3lbpua5c3 0 14693 53315 2026-07-27T01:55:35Z Khumo Batolomi 11767 Created by translating the opening section from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363801259|Wikimedia movement]]" 53315 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia''' ke setšhaba sa lefatshe lotlhe sa batho ba ba nang le seabe mo mananeong a Wikimedia, go akaretsa le [[Wikipedia]] . <ref>{{Cite book |last=Koerner |first=Jackie |date=October 13, 2020 |title=Wikipedia @ 20: Stories of an Incomplete Revolution |last2=Reagle |first2=Joseph |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |isbn=9780262360609 |page=273 |quote=The Wikimedia movement has always been a movement of writers (and curators) rather than readers.}}</ref> Morafe o o aga le go tsamaisa mananeo a ka tlhamalalo <ref>{{Cite book |last=Kosseff |first=Jeff |date=April 15, 2019 |title=The Twenty-Six Words That Created the Internet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=faZzDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22wikimedia%22&pg=PT193 |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |isbn=9781501735790 |access-date=March 20, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429162843/https://books.google.com/books?id=faZzDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22wikimedia%22&pg=PT193 |archive-date=April 29, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> ba ineetse go fitlhelela se ba dirisa maemo a a bulegileng le sofotewere . <ref>{{Cite book |last=Proffitt |first=Merrilee |date=April 2, 2018 |title=Leveraging Wikipedia: Connecting Communities of Knowledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYZ8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 |publisher=[[American Library Association]] |isbn=9780838916322 |page=13}}</ref> E tlhamilwe la ntlha ke [[Morafe wa Wikipedia|setšhaba sa bakwadi ba baithaopi ba Wikipedia]] (Ba-Wikipedia), fa e sa le ka nako eo o atologetse kwa mananeong a mangwe jaaka Wikimedia Commons le Wikidata le baenjenere ba disofotewere ba ba ithaopileng le batlhabolodi ba ba nang le seabe mo diisofotewereng tse di dirisiwang go fa Wikimedia maatla, MediaWiki . dn65bzxt8gf0vgognxxcxkxj11raz1d 0 14694 53316 2026-07-27T02:26:44Z Khumo Batolomi 11767 Created by translating the opening section from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1234426052|Independent Electoral Commission (Botswana)]]" 53316 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lekgotla le le ikemetseng la ditlhopho''' ( '''IEC''' ) la [[Botswana]] ke lekgotla le le ikemetseng ka nosi la botsamaisi jwa ditlhopho le le tlhomilweng ka 1997 ka fa tlase ga Karolo ya mo bogompienong ya 65A ya [[Molaomotheo wa Botswana|Molaotheo]] ke Tautona wa pele [[Quett Masire|Ketumile Masire]] . E ikaeletse go laola boitshwaro jo bo siameng jwa ditlhopho tsa palamente le tsa makgotlana a selegae le ditlhopho tsa peo letlhokwa. Ga e na dithata tsa go kgaoganya dikgaolo tsa botlhophi kgotsa go tsereganya dikgotlhang tsa ditlhopho. IEC e direlwa ke Bokwaledi jo bo eteletsweng pele ke Mokwaledi yo o thapilweng ke [[Tautona wa Botswana|Tautona]], go ya ka Karolo ya bomasome a marataro le borataro. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2024, modulasetilo ke motlotlegi Moatlhodi Barenabase. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-21 |title=Botswana - Independent Electoral Commission |url=https://www.ecfsadc.org/members/botswana-independent-electoral-commission/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928112632/https://www.ecfsadc.org/members/botswana-independent-electoral-commission/ |archive-date=September 28, 2023 |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=The Electoral Commissions Forum of SADC Countries |language=en-US}}</ref> IEC e ikaegile ka [[Puso ya Botswana|puso]] ka ditsompelo tsa yone, di akaretsa le dikoloi/dipalamo, matlole a madi, le babereki. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Lekorwe |first=Mogopodi H. |title=The Role and Status of the Independent Electoral Commission |url=https://www.eisa.org/storage/2023/05/2006-journal-of-african-elections-v5n2-role-status-independent-electoral-commission-eisa.pdf?x81380 |journal=Journal of African Elections |publication-place=Gaborone, Botswana |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|page=74}} heiqn97fasq7gu6nzowf4npx6hwawxj 0 14695 53333 2026-07-27T09:42:29Z O Phelelo 12901 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1313524619|Usain Bolt Sports Complex]]" 53333 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lefelo la Metshameko la Usain Bolt''' ke lefelo la metshameko kwa khamphaseng ya Cavehill ya Yunibesithi ya kwa bophirima kwa Indies,kwa Barbados le le nang le lebala le le nang le setifikeiti sa (IAAF),le lebala la kgwele ya dinao le le nang le setifikeiti sa (FIFA),Moago o o raraaneng o akaretsa lebala la ga Ryan Brathwaite, lefelo la ga Obadele Thompson le lefelo la ga Kirani James,botlhe e le baatlelete ba ba tlhageletseng ba naga ya kwa Caribbean. Go tewa ga lefelo leno la metshameko leina go ne ga kgalwa ke batho bangwe ba Barbados ka gonne le ne le reeletswe ka moatlelete wa Jamaica, e bong Usain Bolt,go na le go rewa ka moatlelete wa Barbados.Mogokgo wa Yunibesiti,e leng Sir Hilary Beckles o rile go newa leina go ne go sa ikaelela go kgaphela batshameki ba Barbadian kwa thoko mme tshwetso e ne e ikaeletse go nna kgato e e neng e kaya go "keteka Baindia botlhe ba kwa Bophirima". O ne gape a oketsa ka gore yunibesithi ga se ya Barbados fela ka jalo "kganetsano ka Barbados, Jamaica kgotsa Trinidad" e ne e sa tshwanela go tlhagisiwa <ref>{{Cite news|title=Unease in Barbados over decision to name Cave Hill sports complex after Usain Bolt|url=http://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/news/20150102/unease-barbados-over-decision-name-cave-hill-sports-complex-after-usain-bolt|access-date=3 July 2015|publisher=The Gleaner|date=2 January 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=No Bajan Snub|url=http://www.nationnews.com/nationnews/news/61536/bajan-snub|access-date=3 July 2015|publisher=Nation News|date=2 January 2015}}</ref>{{Reflist}} lay3v5vf5ipovui9todrt71j23awk32 0 14696 53340 2026-07-27T10:37:00Z JudithShe 9421 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1333736409|Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo]]" 53340 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo''' (o o tshotsweng ka Phalane a le masome mabedi le bone ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le bosupa – a tlhokafala ka Motsheganong a robabngwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome mabedi le botlhano), a itsege gape ka leina la '''Lydia Saleshando''', e ne e le moitseanape wa dipuo le molweladitshwanelo wa ngwao wa merafe e e seng ya Batswana le morafe wa Wayeyi. E ne e le leloko le le tlhamileng lekgotla la Kamanakao. == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Nyati-Ramahobo o tshotswe ka Phalane a le masome mabedi le bone ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bosupa. [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] o9t93nj5c7i9lizpd8unx85fez86r3g 53341 53340 2026-07-27T11:01:52Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo #Wikipedia25BW 53341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo|image=Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo died 2025.jpg|birth_date=Phalane a le masome a mabedi le bone ngwaga wa 1957|birth_place=[[Botswana]]|death_date=Motsheganonga robabongwe ngwaga wa 2025|alma mater=[[University of Pennsylvania]]|occupation=Moitseanape wa dipuo, moolwela di tshwanelo|employer=[[Mmadikolo wa Botswana]]|organization=Lekgotla la Kamanakao}} '''Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo''' (o o tshotsweng ka Phalane a le masome mabedi le bone ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le bosupa – a tlhokafala ka Motsheganong a robabngwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome mabedi le botlhano), a itsege gape ka leina la '''Lydia Saleshando''', e ne e le moitseanape wa dipuo le molweladitshwanelo wa ngwao wa merafe e e seng ya [[Batswana]] le morafe wa [[Wayeyi]]. E ne e le leloko le le tlhamileng lekgotla la Kamanakao. == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Nyati-Ramahobo o tshotswe ka Phalane a le masome mabedi le bone ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bosupa mo Botswana.<ref name=":0">Pelontle, Kedirebofe (19 May 2025). "[https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/86460 Nyati-Ramahobo laid to rest".] ''Daily News Botswana''. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> O ithutetse di masters le PhD ya kitso ya dipuo kwa [[University of Pennsylvania]] kwa Philadelphia, [[USA|United States,]]<ref name=":1">[https://1000peacewomen.org/en/network/1000-peacewomen/lydia-nyati-ramahobo-1997 "Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo".] ''PeaceWomen Across the Globe''. 2005. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> a aloga ka doctorate ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le motso.<ref name=":2">Baldauf, Richard B.; Kaplan, Robert B. (2004). [https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Language_Planning_and_Policy_in_Africa/nVrsAmvjhNQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Lydia+Nyati-Ramahobo&pg=PT1&printsec=frontcover ''Language Planning and Policy in Africa''.] Multilingual Matters. p.&nbsp;282. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-725-1|<bdi>978-1-85359-725-1</bdi>.]]</ref> Nyati-Ramahobo o berekile kwa [[Mmadikolo wa Botswana]]<ref name=":3">Shone, Irene (21 May 2025). [https://www.pressreader.com/botswana/the-midweek-sun/20250521/281689735723817 "Academic giant falls, but"]. ''The Midweek Sun''. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> e le tlhogo ya lephata la thuto go tswa kwa moding gape e le moeteledipele wa lephata la thuto.<ref name=":2" /> Nyati-Ramahobo e ne e le leloko le modulasetilo wa lekgotla la Kamanakao,<ref>Melber, Henning (2003). [https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Limits_to_Liberation_in_Southern_Africa/K3-OAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Lydia+Nyati-Ramahobo&dq=Lydia+Nyati-Ramahobo&printsec=frontcover ''Limits to Liberation in Southern Africa: The Unfinished Business of Democratic Consolidation''.] HSRC Press. p.&nbsp;108. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7969-2025-6|<bdi>978-0-7969-2025-6</bdi>.]]</ref> le le tlhamilweng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le botlhano, setlhopha sa ditshwanelo tsa puo le ngwao ya morafe wa Wayeyi, se tlhabolola puo ya Seyeyi, le go somarela ngwao boswa ya bone.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> Le ntswa morafe wa Wayeyi batho ba one ba le bantsi mo Botswana, puo ya bone ke e potlana.<ref name=":2" /> O gatisitse buka ya ''The National Language: A Resource or a Problem? The Implementation of the Language Policy of Botswana'' ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le motso.<ref>[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14664200108668020 "Book Reviews".] ''Current Issues in Language Planning''. '''2''' (1): 119–132. 2001. doi:[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14664200108668020 10.1080/14664200108668020.] ISSN[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:1466-4208 &nbsp;1466-4208.] Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref><ref>Nyati-Saleshando, Lydia (16 February 2016). [https://www.macrothink.org/journal/index.php/jse/article/view/8243 "Cultural Diversity and African Language Education: The Role of Urbanization and Globalization"]. ''Journal of Studies in Education''. '''6''' (1): 160–170. doi:[https://www.macrothink.org/journal/index.php/jse/article/view/8243 10.5296/jse.v6i1.8243. ISSN&nbsp;2162-6952]. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> Nyati-Ramahobo o ne gape a ntsha matshwenyego ka melao ya puso ya go tsenya merafe e mebotlana mo go e metona<ref>Modise, Oliver (25 June 2007). [https://allafrica.com/stories/200706260734.html "Botswana: Appointed Chiefs Fake - Ramahobo".] ''Mmegi''. Retrieved 27 July 2026 &#x2013; via allAfrica.com.</ref>, dipotso tsa merafe tsa difomo tsa sepodisi,<ref>letsididi, Bashi (20 March 2009). [https://allafrica.com/stories/200903231378.html "Botswana: O Mo Kae? It Still Matters!".] ''Mmegi''. Retrieved 27 July 2026 &#x2013; via allAfrica.com.</ref> le go kgetholola tsamaiso ya tshekatsheko m,orago ga loso lwa ga Kgosikgolo, Shikati Calvin Kamanakao, o a neng a sa lemogiwe ke puso ka nako ya loso lwa gagwe.<ref>[https://minorityrights.org/botswana-tribal-coalition-calls-for-end-to-assimilationist-policies/?ki-cf-botcl=1 "Botswana tribal coalition calls for end to 'assimilationist policies'".] ''Minority Rights Group Blog''. 15 March 2004. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> Go ya ka maiteko a go lwela se ga ga Nyati-Ramahobo, tiro ya lekgotla la Kamanakao le go bereka mmogo ga merafe, [[puso ya Botswana]] e ne ya tlhoma [[thomo ya ga Balopi]] go sekaseka kgethololo le go ntshafatsa dikgaolo tsa masome a supa le bosupa, masome a supa le borobabobedi le masome a supa le borobabongwe tsa [[molaomotheo wa Botswana]]. <ref name=":2" />Thomo e ne ya lemoga fa ka fa House of the Chiefs e dirilweng ka teng e morago e neng ya fetolwa leina go nna Ntlo ya Dikgosi, go ka kgetholola, le gore [[Molao wa Bogosi (Botswana)|molao wa Bogosi]] o ne wa fetisiwa go tsibogela se.<ref>Sharma, Keshav C. [http://dspace.ucalgary.ca/bitstream/1880/48426/24/UofCPress_AfricanChieftaincy_2011_Chapter16.pdf "The Role of the House of Chiefs (Ntlo ya Dikgosi) in Botswana"] (PDF). In Ray, Donald I.; Quinlan, Tim; Sharma, Keshav; Clarke, Tacita A. O. (eds.). ''Reinventing African Chieftaincy in the Age of AIDS, Gender, Governance, and Development'' (PDF). Vol.&nbsp;8. University of Calgary Press. hdl:1880/48426. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-55238-537-1|<bdi>978-1-55238-537-1</bdi>.]] ISSN&nbsp;1703-1826. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le botlhano, Nyati-Ramahobo o ne a fiwa seetsele sa Nobel Peace sa bomme ba le sekete mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref name=":1" /> Nyati-Ramahobo o ne a tlhokafala ka Motsheganong a robabongwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le botlhano.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] q5cu1cfmcb8gftru6ncurjnegl105ut 0 14697 53342 2026-07-27T11:46:07Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya khansele ya botaki le bodiragatsi ya Botswana #Wikipedia25BW 53342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox government agency|name=Khansele ya botaki le bodiragatsi ya Botswana|formed=Lwetse a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le masome a mabedi|jurisdiction=[[Botswana]]|headquarters=[[Gaborone]] Botswana|parent_agency=Lephata la banana, bong, metshameko le ngwao|website=https://nacb.org.bw/}} '''Khansele ya botaki le bodiragatsi ya Botswana''' (NACB) ke lekgotla le le tlhamilweng ke [[palamente ya Botswana]] ka molao wa khansele ya botaki le bodiragatsi wa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le masome a mabedi. E bereka ka fa tlase ga lephata la banana, bong, metshameko le ngwao, e maikaelelo a yone e leng go tlhabolola, go rotloetsa le go sireletsa mohama wa botaki le bodiragatsi le ngwo mo Botswana ka melao, dithuso tsa madi le go kopana le makgotla a mangwe. NACB ke yone e e okametseng go rekisiwa ga botaki le bodiragatsi mo Botswana.<ref name=":0">[https://nacb.org.bw/About-Us.html "About Us"]. National Arts Council of Botswana. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref><ref>[https://www.unesco.org/creativity/en/policy-monitoring-platform/national-arts-council-botswana-act-2020 "National Arts Council of Botswana Act 2020".] UNESCO Policy Monitoring Platform. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> == Go tlhamiwa ga yone == Molao wa khansele ya botaki le bodiragatsi o fetisitswe kwa palamenteng ka Lwetse a le lesome le bosupa ngwaga wa dikete pedi le masome a mabedi, wa simolola go dirisiwa ka Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi. Molao o, o ne o tla e le ka ntlha ya dingwaga tsa go buelelwa ga mohama wa botaki go tswa om mohameng o oikemetseng go tshamaisa le go nsthetsa mohama madi. Mo babueleding ba go tlhamiwa ga khansele go ne go na le molweladitshwanelo gape e le seopedi sa mmino wa rap Kast, o o tsereng loeto lwa dikhilomithara di le sekete e le bontlha jwa letsholo leo.<ref name=":1">Sharon Mathala (17 October 2025). [https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/nacb-a-council-in-crisis/news "NACB a council in crisis".] Mmegi Online. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> NACB ene ya simolola go bereka ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi. Ofisi ya yone e tlhomilwe ka kemo nokeng go tswa kwa ofising ya boemedi ya France, e e ntshitseng didikadike di feta lesome le bobedi e ntshetsa go tlhamiwa ga lenaneo la pele le kago ya khansele.<ref name=":2">Moshe Galeragwe (8 September 2024). [https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/81619 "Parliament passes Bill to secure funding for NACB".] Daily News (Botswana). Retrieved 227 July 2026</ref> == Maikaelelo == NACB maikaelelo a yone ke go:<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://botswanalaws.com/consolidated-statutes/principle-legislation/national-arts-council-of-botswana "National Arts Council of Botswana Act".] Botswana Laws. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> * Tlhabolola, ema nokeng le go rulaganya ditirelo tsa botaki le bodiragatsi mo Botswana * Go ntsha madi le kemo nokeng ya madi mo mohameng wa botaki le bodiragatsi * Go rekisa le go godisa mohama wa botaki le bodiragatsi * Go rotloetsa le go sireletsa mehama ya Botswana ya botaki le bodiragatsi mo gae, mo kgaolong le mo lefatsheng ka bophara * Go dira melao ya mohama wa botaki le bodiragatsi == Madi == Karolo ya masome mabedi le bobedi ya molao wa botaki le bodiragatsi e ne e supa fa puso e tshwanetse go ntsha madi ka ditshetlana tsa khuduthamaga ya Botswana, mme pele e ne e ka na dingwaga di le tharo fela go stwa ka nako ya tshimolo ya molao. Ka NACB e ne e e ise e nne le letseno lepe ka nako eo, nako e e ne e tlaa fela, tona wa banana, bong, metshameko le ngwao [[Tumiso Rakgare]], o ne a simolodisa molao wa go fetola wa potlako ka Lwetse ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bone go ntsha seelo sa dingwaa tse tharo le go netefatsa go tswelela puso e ema nokeng khansele e. Palamente e ne ya dumalana le phetogo e. Tona o ne a supa fa NACB e amogetse didikadike di le masome a supa tsa go namola baopedi kle badiraagtsi mo segajajeng sa COVID-19, didkadike di le masome a mararo le borobabongwe go diragatsa, le didikadike di le lesome le bone go gatisa ga bataki le badiragatsi go kgabaganya lefatshe ka nako ya segajaja.<ref name=":2" /> == Tirisanommogo le mafatshe ka bophara == Ka Tlhakole ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bone, NACB e ne ya baya monwana tumalano ya tirisanommogo le khansele ya botaki le bodiragatsi ya [[Aforika Borwa]] kwa ofiskgolong ya NAC kwa Newtown [[Johannesburg]]. Tumalano e beilwe monwana ke mookamedi wa NACB wa mohama wa botaki le ngwap Obenne Mbaakanyi le mookamedi wa nakwana wa NACSA Julie Diphofa. Tumalano e akaretsa mananeo a neelano ngwao le botaki le bodiraagtsi, go somarela boswa, go kopanela thutu ya botaki le bodiragatsi le mananeo a thuto le dipatlisiso le tlhabololo.<ref>[https://www.nac.org.za/media-statement-the-nac-and-national-arts-council-of-botswana-signed-a-ground-breaking-memorandum-of-understanding/ "The NAC and National Arts Council of Botswana Signed a Ground-breaking Memorandum of Understanding".] National Arts Council of South Africa. 22 February 2024. Retrieved 27 July 2026</ref> == Go kgala == Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le botlhano, NACB e ne e amogetse go kgalwa go tswa mo mohamengwa botaki le bodiragatsi, Badiragatsi le baitseanape ba mohama ba ne ba tlhalosa khansele e e kganelwa ke dikgotlhang tsa mo diofising, go tsenelela ga polotiki, le menahune ya go tlhoka go tsamaisa sentle. Kwa palamenteng, tona wa metshameko le botaki le bodiragatsi [[Jacob Kelebeng]], o ne a dumalana gore go tlhoka melao ya tsamaiso e e tlhomamisitsweng go dirile gore khansele e seka ya bereka sentle. Badiragatsi ba ne ba re go phatlaladiwe maloko a lekgotla la gompieno. Pampiri ya Mmegi e tlhalositse khansele e le go selo se se sa berekeng sentle se se dirisiwang go bipa fela, ba re khansele e reteletswe ke go dira ditsholofetso tsa yone tsa go dira tsela gareng ga badiragatsi le puso.<ref name=":1" /> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Lephata la banana, bong, metshameko le ngwao (Botswana)]] * [[Mmino wa Botswana]] * Dietsele tsa mmino tsa Yarona FM == Metswedi == hq35to9af801fw9r56557jw80uqyyfz