Wikipedia tnwiki https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsebe_ya_konokono MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.13 first-letter Pego Faphegileng Puisano Modirisi Puisano ya modirisi Wikipedia Puisano ya Wikipedia Setshwantsho Puisano ya setshwantsho MediaWiki Puisano ya MediaWiki Tempolete Puisano ya tempolete Thuso Puisano ya thuso Karolo Puisano ya karolo TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Ian Khama Seretse Khama 0 3108 53707 53574 2026-07-31T04:52:01Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53707 wikitext text/x-wiki  '''Seretse Khama Ian Khama'''; <ref>[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=57671&dir=2016/february/11 "President Khama has a new official name"]. ''Mmegi Online''. 11 February 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2017.</ref>o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e le masome a mabedi le bosupa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le boraro (1953) <ref>[http://www.pretorianews.co.za/index.php?fArticleId=4330211 "True to tradition, Khama is born to rule Botswana",] Sapa-AFP (''Pretoria News''), 1 April 2008.</ref>ke radipolotiki wa Motswana e bile e le modiredi wa pele wa sesole yo o kileng a nna Tautona wa bone wa Botswana go tloga ka kgwedi ya Moranang e thola bongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi (2008) go fitlha ka kgwedi ya [[Botswana Defence Force|Moranang]] e thola bongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi (2018). Morago ga go direla ele moeteledi pele wa sesole sa Botswana, o ne a tsenelela polotiki, abo a nna [[Mothusa Tautona wa Botswana|mothusa tautona wa Botswana]] go simolola ka ngwaga wa 1998 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi (2008), morago ga moo a tlhatlhama ppp[[Festus Mogae]] jaaka Tautona ka kgwedi ya Moranang e thola bongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi (2008). O fentse paka e e tletseng mo [[Ditlhopho tsa ngwaga wa 2009 tsa lefatshe la Botswana|ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe(2009)]] mme a tlhophiwa gape ka kgwedi ya Phalane ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014). <ref>{{Cite web |title=H.E. Lt General Serêtsê Khama Ian Khama {{!}} The AAS |url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/he-lt-general-seretse-khama-ian-khama |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416093446/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/he-lt-general-seretse-khama-ian-khama |archive-date=16 April 2021 |access-date=2021-04-16 |website=www.aasciences.africa}}</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe jwa pele == Ian Khama ke ngwana wa bobedi wa ga Seretse Khama (yo neng a tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e thola bongwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le bongwe (1921) a bo a tlhokafala ka kgwedi ya Phukwi le le lesome le boraro ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le borobabobedi (1980), moeteledipele wa Botswana wa boipuso le mopresidente wa gagwe go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borataro (1966) go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete , makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi (1980), le Lady Khama. O belegetswe kwa Chertsey, Surrey, fa rraagwe a ne a nna kwa botshwarong kwa United Kingdom, ka ntlha ya kganetso ya puso ya bokoloniale le puso e e neng e sa tswa go tlhongwa ya tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa ka ntlha ya lenyalo la gagwe le mosadi wa mosweu.<ref>Arnold, Guy (29 May 2002)[https://www.theguardian.com/news/2002/may/29/guardianobituaries . "Obituary: Lady Ruth Khama".] ''The Guardian''.</ref> Gape ke setlogolo sa ga [[Sekgoma II]] (o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro le borobabongwe (1869) a bo a thokafala ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le botlhano (1925), yo e neng e le moeteledipele wa batho ba [[Bangwato|Bamangwato,]] le setlogolo sa ga [[Khama III]] (o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mararo le bosupa (1837) a bo a thokafala ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le boraro (1923), kgosi ya bone. Rragomogolo wa gagwe wa Kgosikgolo Sekgoma I e ne e le tlhogo ya batho ba Bamangwato (o tshotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le lesome le botlhano (1815) a bo a thokafala ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le botlhano (1885). Leina "Seretse" le raya "mmu o o kopanyang" mme o ne wa fiwa rraagwe go keteka poelano ya ga rraagwe le rremogoloagwe; poelano eno e ne ya tlhomamisa gore Seretse Khama o tlhatlogela mo setulong sa bogosi fa rraagwe yo o tsofetseng a ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le botlhano (1925). Ian Seretse Khama o teeletswe ka rraagwe go tsweletsa boswa jono jwa hisetori. Gape o itsiwe ka leina Ian Khama go farologanya ene le rraagwe. [[Tshekedi Khama II|Tshekedi Khama II,]] morwarraagwe Ian Khama, o ne a teeletswe ka malome wa bone, Tshekedi Khama yo e neng e le motlhokomedi le motlhokomedi wa ga [[Seretse Khama]], Tautona wa ntlha wa [[Botswana]].<ref>[https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/president-seretse-khama "President Seretse Khama &#x7C; South African History Online".] ''www.sahistory.org.za''.</ref> == Thuto le tiro ya sesole == Ian Khama o ne a rutwa kwa [[Waterford Kamhlaba]], United World College kwa [[Mbabane]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120414133341/http://www.waterford.sz/information/waterford_kamhlaba_background/ "Waterford Kamhlaba Background".] Archived from the original on 14 April 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2010.</ref>le kwa Royal Military Academy Sandhurst.<ref>[http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=68&art_id=nw20080330125727131C535360 Gordon Bell "Botswana's leader to keep winning formula",] Reuters (''IOL''), 30 March 2008.</ref>Ke mokgweetsi wa sefofane yo o nang le bokgoni.<ref>[https://www.sundaystandard.info/inside-how-khamaocos-love-for-flying-took-away-botswanaocos-innocence/ "Inside how Khama's love for flying took away Botswana's innocence | Sunday Standard".] 11 November 2018. Retrieved 21 May 2024.</ref>Ka kgwedi ya Moranang wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bosupa (1977), Khama o ne a tlhophiwa jaaka brigadier general a le dingwaga di le masome a mabedi le bone ka nako ya Bo Tautona jwa ga [[Seretse Khama|Sir Seretse Khama]], a mo dira Motlatsa Molaodi wa Motlatsa Tautona wa maloba [[Lt. Gen. Mompati Merafh]]<nowiki/>e. Moragonyana o ne a direla jaaka Molaodi wa [[Botswana Defence Force (BDF)]] go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe (1989 )go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi (1998). Ka nako eno, Khama o ne a amogela ditlotla tsa sesole, go akaretsa le Founder Officer Medal ka go nna karolo ya Botswana Defence Force fa e ne e tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bosupa (1977), Duty Code Order ka go ineela mo tirong, le Distinguished Service Medal ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bosupa (1997) morago ga dingwaga di le masome a mabedi tsa tirelo.<ref>[https://www.weekendpost.co.bw/18290/news/khama-barred-from-using-bdf-facilities/ "Khama barred from using BDF facilities".] ''Botswana Weekend Post''. 24 June 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2024.</ref> == Tiro ya sepolotiki == Khama ka nako ya ketelo ya semmuso kwa Chile ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa (2017) Khama, yo o neng a direla jaaka Molaodi wa Botswana Defence Force, o ne a itsise ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e le lesome le borataro ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bosupa (1997) gore o tla tlogela tiro ya gagwe ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e le masome a mararo le bongwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi (1998). Ka gore e ne e le letlha le le tshwanang le la go tlogela tiro ga Tautona Quett Masire, e ne ya tsosa dikakanyo tsa sepolotiki ka ga Khama.<ref>"Botswana: Army commander announces he will retire at end of March 1998", SAPA news agency (nl.newsbank.com), 18 December 1997. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Khama#cite_note-10]</ref>Ka kgwedi ya Moranang e thola bongwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi (1998), fa Motlatsa-Tautona Festus Mogae a ne a tlhatlhama Masire jaaka Tautona, Khama o ne a tlhophiwa jaaka motlatsa-Tautona e yo mošwa. Le fa go ntse jalo, Khama o ne a se na setilo mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba, mme ka jalo o ne a sa kgone go simolola tiro ya gagwe jaaka motlatsa-Tautona . Kwa tshimologong ya kgwedi ya Phukwi ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi (1998) o ne a fenya ditlhopho ka bontsi kwa Serowe North, a amogela dithopho di le dikete tse pedi le makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borataro kgatlhanong le dithopho di le masome a robabobedi le borataro tsa moemedi wa lekoko la kganetso la Botswana National Front.<ref>"Botswana: Ian Khama wins by-election and can therefore be vice-president", SAPA news agency (nl.newsbank.com), 6 July 1998. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Khama#cite_note-11]</ref>Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e le lesome le boraro , o ne a tsaya setilo sa gagwe mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba mme a ikana jaaka motlatsa-Tautona.<ref>"Botswana: Ian Khama takes parliamentary seat, sworn in as vice-president", SAPA news agency (nl.newsbank.com), 13 July 1998.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Khama#cite_note-12]</ref>Ka ditiro tse, o ne a tlogela maemo a gagwe a go nna tlhogo ya morafe a a neng a ise a ke a a tseye, ka gore dikgosi tsa molaotheo tsa Botswana wa segompieno di thibetswe semolao go nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa makoko. Bontsi jwa Bamangwato ba setso ba ne ba tswelela go mo tsaya jaaka moeteledipele wa bone.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7325400.stm "Botswana's new high flyer"]. ''BBC''. 2 April 2008. Retrieved 21 May 2024.</ref> Morago ga phenyo ya Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) mo ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa kgwedi ya Phalane ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe (1999), Khama o ne a sala e le motlatsa-Tautona mmogo le Tona ya Merero ya BoTautona le Tsamaiso ya Setšhaba. <ref>Ernest Chilisa, [http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=84&art_id=ct19991022203723103B320924 "Major shake-up after Botswana poll",] ''Saturday Star'' (''IOL''), 22 October 1999.</ref><ref>"Botswana: President Mogae appoints new cabinet", Radio Botswana (nl.newsbank.com), 21 October 1999.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Khama#cite_note-15]</ref> Mogae o ne a fa Khama ngwaga o le mongwe wa khunologo moragonyana mo ngwageng oo, tshwetso e e neng ya tshwaiwa phoso thata ke lekoko la Botswana Congress Party<ref name=":0">"Botswana: President Mogae faces court action", PANA news agency (nl.newsbank.com), 23 December 1999.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Khama#cite_note-Court-16]</ref><ref>"Botswana: Vice-president's year-long sabbatical leave criticized", PANA news agency (nl.newsbank.com), 3 January 2000.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Khama#cite_note-Year-17]</ref>le Lekgotla la Botswana la Mekgatlho e e seng ya Puso. Khama's leave e ne ya simolola go dira ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e thola bongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi (2000).<ref name=":0" /> O ne a boela mo tirong ya gagwe jaaka motlatsa-Tautona ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e thola bongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi (2000), le fa a ne a emisediwa jaaka Tona ya Merero ya Tautona le Tsamaiso ya Setšhaba ka nako eo.<ref>"Botswana: Vice-president "resumes duty"; cabinet reshuffle reported", Radio Botswana (nl.newsbank.com), 30 August 2000.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Khama#cite_note-18]</ref> Khama, yo e neng e setse e le leloko la BDP Central Committee,<ref name=":1">[http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=44427 "BOTSWANA: Feature{{spaced ndash}}leadership contest may test stability",] IRIN, 19 June 2003.</ref>o ne a tlhophiwa jaaka Modulasetilo wa BDP ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le boraro (2003) kwa bokopano jwa mokgatlho; o ne a fenya modulasetilo wa pele, [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]], a amogela diboutu di le makgolo a matlhano le lesome le bobedi kgatlhanong le di le makgolo a mabedi le lesome le borobabongwe tsa Kedikilwe.Khama o ne a tshegeditswe ke Tautona Mogae mo maemong a gagwe, go bula tsela ya gore Khama kgabagare a tlhatlhame Mogae jaaka Tautona.<ref name=":1" /><ref>[http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=45114 "BOTSWANA: Khama win eases Mogae's concerns",] IRIN, 23 July 2003.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bosupa (2007), Khama o ne a tlhagelela mo thelebišeneng ya British mo thulaganyong ya dikoloi ya BBC ya Top Gear, a kopana le ba ba neng ba le teng fa ba ne ba ipaakanyetsa go kgabaganya [[Makgadikgadi Pan]] kwa bokone jwa Botswana ka koloi ya Top Gear: Botswana Special.<ref>[[:en:Top_Gear:_Botswana_Special|Top Gear: Botswana Special, Top Gear Series 10, episode 4, BBC]], broadcast 4 November 2007.</ref> == BoTautona == === Paka ya nakwana, 2008 - 2009 === Mogae o ne a tlogela maemo a gagwe, jaaka a ne a boletse gore o tla dira jalo,<ref>[http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=84&art_id=nw20070715145732985C233999 "Botswana's Mogae set to retire"], AFP (''IOL''), 15 July 2007.</ref>ka kgwedi ya Moranang e le bongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi (2008); Khama o ne a mo tlhatlhama jaaka Tautona. Kwa moletlong wa gagwe wa go ikana kwa Gaborone, Khama o ne a re go tla nna le tswelelopele mo pholising mme ga go na "diphetogo tse di tseneletseng", le fa a rile "phetogo ya setaele le kgatelelo e e kgethegileng mo mererong e le mmalwa" e ka nna ya bonala, mme a gatelela boineelo jwa gagwe mo temokerasing.<ref>[http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=3045&art_id=nw20080401141813169C274076 "New president calms nerves",] AFP (''IOL''), 1 April 2008.</ref> Ka bonako fela o ne a dira phetogo e kgolo mo kabineteng, mme a tlhoma [[Mompati Merafhe,]] yo e neng e le Tona ya Merero ya Selegae, jaaka mothusa-Tautona yo mošwa.<ref>[http://www.mmegi.bw/2008/April/Wednesday2/129.php "Khama fires five ministers"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001212957/http://www.mmegi.bw/2008/April/Wednesday2/129.php|date=2017-10-01}}, ''Mmegi Online'', 2 April 2008.</ref> Fa a sena go nna Tautona, Khama o ne a tlogela maemo a gagwe jaaka Modulasetilo wa BDP; [[Daniel Kwelagobe]] o ne a tlhophiwa go mo emisetsa.<ref>[http://www.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20080408&i=DK_is_BDP_chairman "DK is BDP chairman",] BOPA, 8 April 2008.</ref> Khama ga a ka a tlhophiwa go nna Tautona mo ngwageng wa gagwe wa ntlha a le mo kantorong, o ne a tlhophiwa ka ntlha ya maemo a gagwe jaaka motlatsa Tautona. Babegadikgang bangwe ba sepolotiki jaaka [[Kenneth Good]] ba bona seno jaaka phoso mo tsamaisong ya ditlhopho mo Botswana.<ref>Good, Kenneth (2008). ''Diamonds, Dispossession and Democracy in Botswana''. London: African Issues [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Khama#cite_note-29]</ref> Tautona Khama o ne a tlhalosa ka tlhamalalo keletso ya gagwe ya go tlhoma lekgetho la bojalwa la 70%,<ref name=":2">Pitso, Joseph M. N.; Obot, Isidore S. (2011). "Botswana alcohol policy and the presidential levy controversy". ''Addiction''. '''106''' (5): 898–905. doi:[[doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03365.x|10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03365.x]]. ISSN&#x20;1360-0443. PMID&#x20;21477246.</ref>le le ikaeletsweng go lwantsha bothata jwa go nwa bojalwa go feta tekano kwa Botswana.<ref name=":2" />Go ise go ye kae, go ne ga lemogiwa gore go duedisiwa lekgetho leo go ne go tla nna le ditlamorago tse di sa siamang mo madirelong a bojalwa, a a neng a gana go duedisiwa lekgetho leo, mmogo le dibareng le mafelo a mangwe a go nwa. Moragonyana Tautona o ne a tlhoma lekgetho la 30% morago ga go buisana le baeteledipele ba madirelo, go akaretsa le Botswana Confederation of Commerce, Industry and Manpower. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250304230715/https://clubofmozambique.com/news/khama-the-jihadist-who-battled-alcohol/ "Khama, the jihadist who battled alcohol"]. ''Club of Mozambique''. 22 March 2016. Archived from the original on 4 March 2025. Retrieved 11 June 2020.</ref>[[SAB Miller]] o ne a tlhomamisa kemedi ya sedipolomate sa Borithane go leka go fokotsa lekgetho.<ref>[https://www.ft.com/content/dc6381e4-3e90-11de-9a6c-00144feabdc0 "Botswana sobers up"]. ''Financial Times''.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi (2008), molao wa Media Practitioners Act o ne wa fetisetswa mo molaong wa Botswana,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240226132956/https://www.researchictafrica.net/countries/botswana/Media_Practitioners_Act_2008.pdf "Media Practitioners Act, 2008"] (PDF). Parliament of Botswana. 22 December 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2020.</ref>mme o ne wa tshwaiwa diphoso jaaka o o kgoreletsang kgololosego ya puo ke metswedi e le mmalwa ya dikgang.<ref>[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=80548&dir=2019/april/15 "Mmegi Online :: Media Practitioners Act: MISA disappointed".] ''Mmegi Online''. 15 April 2019</ref>Puo ya molao e batla go rotloetsa maemo a bobegadikgang a a nang le botswerere. Molao o itshupile o le bokete go o diragatsa kgotsa go o diragatsa.<ref>Lesemela, Keikantse (29 January 2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20211203222748/https://www.botswanaguardian.co.bw/news/item/3957-pressure-mounts-on-masisi-to-repeal-draconian-media-practitioners-act.html "Pressure mounts on Masisi to repeal draconian Media Practitioners' Act".] ''Botswana Guardian''. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2020.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009), Khama o ne a tlhagelela mo go [[CNN's African Voices]] e e neng e bontsha setshwantsho se se siameng sa Khama, mme ya re Botswana ke "kgang ya katlego" ya Aforika.<ref>[https://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/03/05/av.iankhama/index.html "African Voices: Ian Khama".] ''CNN''</ref> === Ditlhopho tsa 2009 === Mo ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa Botswana tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009), Khama o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Tautona wa ntlha mo pakeng tse pedi. Ka tsela ya sepolotiki, letsholo la ditlhopho la ga Khama le ne le laolwa ke go ngangisana ga ka fa gare ga [[Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP),<ref>[http://www.times.co.sz/feed/letters/8999-is-multi-party-politics-democracy.txt "Is Multi-Party Politics Democracy?"]. ''Times Of Swaziland''. 6 September 2009</ref>e e neng e kgaogantswe ka makoko a mabedi a magolo, A-Team<ref>[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=1122&dir=2010/March/Monday22/ "Mmegi Online :: The BDP split: End of an era?"]. ''Mmegi Online''. 22 March 2010. Retrieved 25 May 2020</ref> le makoko a Barata Phati.<ref>Lotshwao, Kebapetse (2014). [[doi:10.2139/ssrn.2497797|"Donor Assistance and Democracy in Botswana".]] ''SSRN Working Paper Series''. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2497797. ISSN&#x20;1556-5068. S2CID&#x20;155532700.</ref><ref>[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=1904&dir=2010/April/Friday23 "Mmegi Online :: We are almost there: Barata-Phathi"]. ''Mmegi Online''. 23 April 2010. Retrieved 25 May 2020</ref>A-Team e ne e eteletswe pele ke Tautona Khama, [[Jacob Nkate]], yo e kileng ya bo e le tona ya thuto, le motlatsa Tautona wa pele wa moswi [[Mompati Merafhe]]. Lekoko la Barata Phati le ne le eteletswe pele ke Mokwaledi Kakaretso wa BDP wa maloba [[Daniel Kwelagobe]], yo pele e neng e le modulasetilo wa lekoko, moswi Gomolemo Motswaledi, le motlatsa Tautona wa maloba yo o tlogetseng tiro [[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]], yo o neng a eletsa go tlisa diphetogo tsa molaotheo eseng fela mo BDP mme gape le mo molaotheong wa naga. Pele ga ditlhopho tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009), Motswaledi, yo a neng a tlogela maikemisetso a gagwe a go lwela setilo kwa Serowe gore a tle a kgone go bulela morwarraagwe Ian Khama, Tshekedi Khama II tsela, le ene o ne a sa letlelelwa go emela Gaborone fa a ne a thulana le Tautona Khama.<ref>Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Zara; Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo (2011). "Limited freedom and intolerance in Botswana". ''Journal of Contemporary African Studies''. '''29''' (3): 331–348. doi:[[doi:10.1080/02589001.2011.581501|10.1080/02589001.2011.581501]]. S2CID&#x20;153771262.</ref> Motswaledi o ne a latlhegelwa ke kgetsi kgatlhanong le Khama fa Kgotlatshekelo Kgolo e ne ya atlhola gore Tautona o ne a itumelela tshireletso ya molaotheo go tswa mo kgotlatshekelo ka ntlha ya maemo a gagwe.<ref>Party Systems and Democracy in Africa, Doorenspleet, R., Nijzink, [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Khama#cite_note-42]</ref>Morago ga tiragalo e, batshwayadiphoso ba ne ba latofatsa Khama ka go nna le mekgwa ya go busa ka thata; Go feta halofo ya BDP Central Committee ka nako nngwe ba ne ba akanya gore Khama o ne a dira go feta maatla a gagwe.<ref name=":3">[https://www.sundaystandard.info/khama-reinstates-motswaledi/ "Khama reinstates Motswaled".] ''Sunday Standard''. 1 September 2009.</ref>Ba bangwe, go akarediwa Khama le baemedi ba gagwe ba semolao, ba rile o ne a tsenya kgalemo fela jaaka karolo ya seabe sa gagwe jaaka tlhogo ya lekoko.<ref name=":3" /> Khama o fentse 53.26% ya diboutu, le bontsi jwa ditulo mo bokopano jwa setšhaba.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20221116071459/https://www.eisa.org/wep/bot2009presults.htm "EISA Botswana: 2009 National Assembly election results".] ''www.eisa.org''.</ref> === Paka ya ntlha, 2009-2014 === Morago ga ditlhopho tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009), Motswaledi o ne a tswa mo BDP go bopa lekoko le lengwe la sepolotiki, [[Botswana Movement for Democracy]] (BMD).<ref>Lotshwao, Kebapetse; Suping, Kekgaoditse (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310771824 "The 2010 split of the Botswana Democratic Party"]. ''Botswana Journal of African Studies'' (27). PULA &#x2013; via ResearchGate.</ref> Khama o ne a baya thibelo ya go tsoma ditlou ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014).<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-51413420 "Botswana auctions off permits to hunt elephants"]. ''BBC News''. 7 February 2020.</ref> Loso lwa ga John Kalifatis, yo loso lwa gagwe lo diragetseng ka nako ya dipatlisiso tsa bogodu, lo diragetse kwa tshimologong ya botlhogo jwa ga Khama.<ref>[https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-africa-byo-69629.html "Who murdered Botswana's John Kalafatis".] ''Bulawayo24 News''.</ref> Polelo ya sepodisi ka ga Kalifatis e balega jaana: "Moswi, John Kalafatis, o ne a na le lekwalo la go mo tshwara le le neng le ntshitswe kgatlhanong le ene ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e le lesome le bobedi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009) ka ntlha ya bogodu jwa dibetsa gareng ga tse dingwe. Ka nako eo yotlhe, o ne a ntse a tshaba tshiamiso".<ref name=":4">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200610220632/http://www.elaws.gov.bw/desplaylrpage.php?id=4601&dsp=2 "STATE v MOTHOBI AND OTHERS 2011 2 BLR 330 HC"]. ''High Court, Lobatse''. 22 June 2011. Archived from the original on 10 June 2020.</ref>Batlhankedi ba ba amegang ba ne ba bolela gore ba ne ba dumela ka phoso gore o ne a batla go tshwara tlhobolo ya gagwe ka nako ya go thuntshiwa.<ref>PIET, BAME (31 March 2017). [http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=67880&dir=2017/march/31 "Mmegi Online :: Kalafatis brother demands P16million from govt"]. ''Mmegi Online''.</ref> Metswedi e mengwe e ganetsa se, e bile e bolela gore Kalafatis o bolailwe ke maloko a Botswana Defense Force. <ref>PIET, BAME (31 March 2017). [http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=67880&dir=2017/march/31 "Mmegi Online :: Kalafatis brother demands P16million from govt"]. ''Mmegi Online''.</ref>Maloko a mararo a BDF a a neng a le molato wa loso lwa ga Kalifatis a ne a bonwa molato wa polao, mme mongwe le mongwe a atlholelwa dingwaga di le lesome le motso mo kgolegelong.<ref name=":4" /> Ba amogetse boitshwarelo jwa mopresidente go tswa go Khama ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi(2012). Se se ne sa bonwa jaaka bosupi ke metswedi mengwe gore Khama o ne a na le seabe mo polaong.<ref>[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=763&dir=2012/June/Tuesday5 "Mmegi Online :: Khama frees Kalafatis killers"]. ''Mmegi Online''. 8 March 2010.</ref> Mmueledi wa mosekisi wa ga Kalifatis o ne a re "Ke eng se a se kgatlhegelang thata mo batlhaseding bano, re ka se belaele jang gore o ne a kgatlhegela kgetsi eno ka namana...?"<ref>[https://www.sundaystandard.info/khama-sets-kalafatis-killers-free/ "Khama sets Kalafatis killers free"]. ''Sunday Standard''. 7 June 2012.</ref> == Ditlhopho tsa 2014 == Mo ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa Botswana tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014), Khama o ne a fenya paka ya gagwe ya bobedi. Lekoko la gagwe le amogetse 46.45% ya diboutu, le bontsi jwa ditulo mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230325074535/https://www.eisa.org/wep/bot2014results.htm "EISA Botswana: 2014 National Assembly election results".] ''www.eisa.or''</ref>Pele ga ditlhopho, radipolotiki wa kganetso [[Gomolemo Motswaledi]] o ne a tlhokafala mo thulanong ya pharakano ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e le masome a mararo ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014). Le fa go ne go na le kakanyo ya gore tiragalo e e ne e tlhotlhelediwa ke sepolotiki, mapodisi a ne a swetsa ka gore loso e ne e le kotsi. <ref>[https://www.sundaystandard.info/diss-whistleblower-claims-motswaledi-was-assassinated/ "DISS whistleblower claims Motswaledi was assassinated".] ''Sunday Standard''. 1 September 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-africa-byo-51431.html "President Khama election rival killed in car accident".] Bulawayo24 News. 30 July 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2014.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150923212614/http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=13332 "Gomolemo Motswaledi passes on"]. ''Botswana Daily News''. Radio Botswana. 30 July 2014. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2014.</ref><ref name=":5">[http://www.bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-africa-byo-51601.html "Gomolemo Motswaledi killed?".] ''Bulawayo24''. Bulabayo24. 3 August 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2014.</ref><ref name=":5" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140808072823/http://www.botswanaguardian.co.bw/news/971-was-motswaledi-killed.html "Was Gomolemo Motswaledi killed?".] ''Botswana Guardian''. Botswana Guardian. 3 August 2014. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2014.</ref> === Paka ya bobedi, 2014-2018 === Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano (2015), Khama o ne a fiwa kemo ya bongaka ya tlotlo mo go tsa saense ya sepolotiki go tswa kwa Yunibesithing ya Konkuk kwa Korea Borwa.<ref>[http://www.botswanaguardian.co.bw/news/item/1565-dr-ian-khama-the-politics-ofhonorary-degrees.html "Dr Ian Khama; the politics of honorary degrees – Botswana Guardian".] ''www.botswanaguardian.co.bw''.</ref>Morago ga go amogela degree, sereto sa semmuso sa ga Khama e ne e le "Motlotlegi Tautona Lefotenente Kakaretso Ngaka Seretse Khama Ian Khama".<ref>[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=57671&dir=2016/february/11 "Mmegi Online :: President Khama has a new official name".] ''Mmegi Online''. 11 February 2016.</ref> === Maikutlo a sepolotiki === Khama o ne a nna kgatlhanong le puso ya Zimbabwe, segolo thata [[Robert Mugabe]]. <ref>[["Botswana's Khama tells Mugabe to go"]]. ''Reuters''. 17 November 2017 &#x2013; via www.reuters.com.</ref>O ne a dira jalo ka go gana go amogela puso ntle le fa e ne e na le maloko a [[Movement for Democratic Change]] (MDC) e e eteletsweng pele ke [[Morgan Tsvangirai.]] <ref>Banya, Nelson (14 August 2008). [https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-zimbabwe-crisis-idUKWEA608420080814 "Khama to boycott summit if no Zimbabwe deal".] ''Reuters'' &#x2013; via www.reuters.com.</ref>Khama o ne gape a kgala tiro ya Tautona ya Sudan Omar al-Bashir mo kgaolong ya Darfur<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200610204521/http://iccnow.org/?mod=newsdetail&news=3368 Article Title]</ref>mme a nna moganetsi wa dipuso tsa bosetlhogo mo Afrika mmogo le Tautona Jakaya Kikwete wa Tanzania le Tautona Levy Mwanawasa wa Zambia.<ref>[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2008/05/liberation-leaders-who-become-tyrants/ "Liberation leaders who become tyrants".] ''www.thezimbabwean.co''. Retrieved 21 May 2024.</ref> Khama o ne a tshwaiwa diphoso ke batho bangwe ka go tsaya ditshwetso tse di sa siamang, go akaretsa le Tautona wa maloba Quett Masire, yo a neng a re BDP e ne ya tsewa ke batho ba ba batlang go solegelwa molemo ke maemo a a kwa godimo a puso.<ref>Morton, Barry. [https://www.academia.edu/33661982 "President Masire's Final Message to Botswana"] &#x2013; via www.academia.edu</ref> Ka fa tlase ga Khama, puso e tlhomile gape le Directorate of Intelligence and Security Services (DISS) e e nang le dithata tsa sepodisi, e e tsewang e le e e tshwanang le ya Botswana ya Federal Bureau of Investigation kwa United States. Le fa gone mofuta ono wa mekgatlho e se mosha e bile o fitlhelwa mo dinageng di le dintsi, o na le baganetsi kwa Botswana ba ba bolelang gore go na le matshosetsi a sekae fela a mo gae kana a a tsenang mo dinageng tse dingwe a mapodise le masole a sa kgoneng go a laola. Bangwe, go akaretswa le motsamaisi wa Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa, Siphosami Malunga, ba ne ba ganetsa gore setheo, se kwa tshimologong se neng se eteletswe pele ke tsala ya ga Tautona Khama, Issac Kgosi, se ka nna sa tsiediwa motlhofo le go dirisiwa kgatlhanong le baba ba sepolotiki kgotsa ba bangwe ba ba tshwayang Tautona kgotsa tsamaiso ya gagwe diphoso.<ref>[https://www.theafricareport.com/16645/botswana-unravels-unmasking-africas-democracy-poster-child/ "Botswana unravels: unmasking Africa's democracy poster child"]. ''The Africa Report.com''. 28 August 2019.</ref> Mo letlhakoreng la ikonomi, Khama e ntse e le mmueledi wa go tlosa Botswana mo go ikaegeng thata ka ditaemane le go farologanya ikonomi ya yone, segolo thata mo lephateng la temothuo le bojanala.<ref>[https://www.sardc.net/en/southern-african-news-features/botswana-determined-to-diversify-its-economy/ "Botswana determined to diversify its economy".] 13 October 2009.</ref> Khama o ne a thibela go tsoma ditlou ka nako ya fa e ne e le tautona, mme a tshegetsa maiteko a go di sireletsa kwa Botswana. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi (2018), o ne a tshwaya phoso [[Tautona Donald Trump]] ka go rotloetsa go thukhutha ditlou.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43435013 "Botswana's Ian Khama: Trump encouraging elephant poaching".] ''BBC News''. 16 March 2018.</ref> E re ka Khama e ne e le motho yo o neng a sa nwe bojalwa, o ne a le kgatlhanong thata le bojalwa, a bo tsaya e le bothata jo bo masisi. <ref>[https://www.healthdata.org/news-events/insights-blog/acting-data/president-ian-khama-emboldened-evidence-reduce-harms-alcohol "President Ian Khama: Emboldened by evidence to reduce harms of alcohol use in Botswana".] Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 11 May 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2025.</ref> O ne a tsaya kgato e e gagametseng mo dikgannyeng tsa ditshwanelo tsa batho tsa kwa Korea Bokone. Morago ga go kgaola dikamano le Korea Bokone ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014) ka ntlha ya go tlola ditshwanelo tsa botho, o ne a tlhalosa bosetlhogo jwa ditshwanelo tsa botho mo bogosing jwa motshabi 'jo bo maswe go feta mathata a batshabi ba Aforika', segolobogolo ka nako ya leuba le legolo ka bo ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe (1990). O ne a fa Yonhap News Agency potsolotso ka nako ya ketelo ya gagwe kwa Seoul, South Korea ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano (2015), a tshwaya diphoso baeteledipele ba Bokone ka go 'tshela mo nakong ya Stone Age' mme a bitsa ditiro tsa bona tsa go nna dikgoka di sa amogelesege.<ref>[https://cnnews.chosun.com/client/news/print.asp?cate=c01&mcate=&nNewsNumb=20140338965 "北韩人权惨无人道 竟不如非洲难民 韩国之眼 朝鲜日报网"] (in Korean).</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151024165837/http://www.yonhapnews.co.kr/bulletin/2015/10/23/0200000000AKR20151023161000043.HTML "보츠와나 대통령 "北 인권후퇴, 관계유지 가치 없었다""] (in Korean). 23 October 2015. Archived from the original on 24 October 2015.</ref> == Go tlogela tiro == Ka kgwedi ya Moranang e thola bongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi (2018), [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] o ne a ikana jaaka Tautona wa botlhano wa Botswana, a tlhatlhama Ian Khama le dingwaga tsa gagwe tse di lesome tsa boporesidente. Morago ga go sa utlwane le Masisi ka makgetlo a le mmalwa, segolo thata go mo latofatsa ka go nna le mekgwa ya go busa ka tsela e e gagametseng,<ref>[https://www.ft.com/content/b7362496-f71a-11e9-9ef3-eca8fc8f2d65 "President Mokgweetsi Masisi holds on to power in Botswana poll".] ''Financial Times''. 25 October 2019.</ref> Khama o ne a swetsa go tlogela BDP mme a tsenela Botswana Patriotic Front (BPF), e e neng e sa tswa go tlhamiwa e e neng e kgaogane le BDP. O ne a lwela BPF, e e neng ya fenya ditulo di le tharo mo ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019) kwa kgaolong ya Serowe.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/place/Botswana "Botswana – Botswana since independence".] ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. Retrieved 26 May 2020.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi (2018), morago ga go tlogela maemo a botautona, Khama o ne a nna leloko la Boto ya Bolaodi ya Conservation International, e e leng mokgatlho wa kwa United States, o gape o dirang kwa Botswana.<ref>Co, Maverick Maven (25 July 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190520100700/http://botswanaunplugged.com/10895/khama-joins-conservation-international-as-a-distinguished-fellow/ "Khama joins Conservation International as a Distinguished Fellow"]. ''BotswanaUnplugged''. Archived from the original on 20 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2020.</ref>Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe (2021), Khama o ne a ya kwa botshwarong ka boene, ka nako eo a neng a bolela gore go ne go na le leano la go mo tsenya botlhole.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4gr0p1000go "How friends became foes in Africa's diamond state".] ''BBC News''. 9 October 2024. Retrieved 9 October 2024.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022) kgotlatshekelo ya kwa Botswana e ne ya ntsha lekwalo la go tshwara Khama ka ntlha ya go nna le dibetsa tse tlhano tse di seng ka fa molaong morago ga go retelelwa ke go tlhagelela kwa kgotlatshekelo.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-64124882 "Ian Khama: Botswana issues arrest warrant for former president".] ''BBC News''. 30 December 2022. Retrieved 31 December 2022.</ref>Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le lesome le boraro ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024), Ian Khama o ne a boela kwa Botswana morago ga dingwaga di le tharo a le kwa botshwarong, go tla go tlhagelela kwa kgotlatshekelo le go kopa go gololwa fa a santse a emetse tsheko.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd0509kke8mo.amp "Surprise return to Botswana by ex-president to face trial"]. ''BBC News''. 13 September 2024. Retrieved 14 September 2024.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele e le masome a mararo ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024), o tsere maemo a gagwe gape jaaka Kgosikgolo wa BamaNgwato, a tsaya leina la bogosi Khama IV, mo gare ga meletlo kwa Serowe Sports Complex e e neng e tsenetswe ke batlotlegi ba bosetšhaba le ba boditšhabatšhaba, go khutlisa lekgolo la dingwaga la puso ya BamaNgwato.<ref>Sechele, Sechele (22 November 2024). [https://www.mmegi.bw/news/khama-iv-finally-breaks-bangwato-royal-jinx/news "Khama IV finally breaks BaNgwato royal jinx".] ''Mmegi''. Mahalapye. Retrieved 26 January 2025.</ref>Puso e e tlang morago ga ditlhopho tsa Botswana tsa 2024 e ne ya latlha ditatofatso tsa dibetsa, tse Khama a neng a re ke maano a sepolotiki a puso ya pele ya ga Masisi.<ref>Makhaiza, Larona (2 December 2024). [https://www.mmegi.bw/news/still-not-safe-for-tshekedi-and-anthony/news "'Still not safe for Tshekedi and Anthony'".] ''Mmegi''. Retrieved 26 January 2025.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e le masome a mabedi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano (2025), Khama o ne a ikana jaaka leloko la Ntlo ya Dikgosi, lekgotla la bagakolodi ba ditlhogo tsa boswa ba ba gakololang Palamente. <ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=98QCPvLy1QA "Ian Khama Returns as Paramount Chief Sworn into Ntlo ya Dikgosi".] ''SnapFlash''. 21 January 2025. Retrieved 26 January 2025.</ref>Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le botlhano (2025), jaaka karolo ya leano la mokgatlho la go atamalana le Khama ka fa tlase ga boeteledipele jwa Mpho Balopi, BDP e ne ya itsise go phimolwa ga go lelekwa ga Khama ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019) go tswa mo mokgatlhong, ka go dira jalo ya busetsa botokololo jwa gagwe. <ref>Basimanebotlhe, Tsaone (25 September 2025). [https://www.mmegi.bw/news/bdp-rescinds-khamas-membership-termination/news "BDP rescinds Khama's membership termination".] ''Mmegi Online''. Retrieved 25 September 2025</ref> == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Tautona wa Botswana]] 4c5c5f5x0yzl4m5qitlossnpfr7ycab Mokgweetsi Masisi 0 4994 53712 53575 2026-07-31T05:52:34Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|image=Mokgweetsi Masisi May 2023.jpg|name=Mokgweetsi Masisi|caption=Masisi in 2023|order=5th|office=Tautona wa Botswana|country2=Botswana|predecessor=[[Ian Khama]]|term_start=1 April 2018|term_end=1 November 2024|successor=[[Duma Boko]]|vicepresident15=[[Slumber Tsogwane]]|birth_name=Mokgweetsi Eric Keabetswe Masisi|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=y|1961|07|21}}|birth_place=[[Moshupa]], [[Bechuanaland Protectorate|Bechuanaland]]<br />(now [[Botswana]])}} '''Mokgweetsi Eric Keabetswe Masisi''' ([[:en:Help:IPA/English|/mɔːkˈweɪtsi/]] (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e le masome a mabedi le bongwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bonngwe (1961) ke mopolotiki wa Botswana yo o dirileng jaaka [[Tautona wa Botswana|tautona wa botlhano wa lefatshe la Botswana]] go simolola ka kgwedi ya Moranang e thola bongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi (2018 )go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024)<ref>[https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-03-who-is-botswanas-new-president-mokgweetsi-masisi/ "Who is Botswana's new President Mokgweetsi Masisi?".] ''The M&G Online''. 3 April 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2019.</ref><ref name=":0">[https://www.dw.com/en/botswana-mokgweetsi-masisi-takes-over-presidency-amid-opposition-resurgence/a-43206610 "Botswana: Mokgweetsi Masisi takes over presidency amid opposition resurgence".] ''Deutsche Welle''. 31 March 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2019.</ref><ref>[https://www.france24.com/en/20180401-botswana-inaugurates-new-president-masisi-smooth-handover "Botswana inaugurates new president Masisi in smooth handover".] ''France 24''. 1 April 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2019.</ref>. O setse a kile a dira e le tona wa thuto ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014), mme a dira gape e le tona wa tsa bodiredi mo ofising ya ga tautona le tsa merafe go simolola ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le motso (2011) go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014). O ne a tlhophiwa lantlha go ya palamêntêng ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009). Kwa tshimologong o ne a na le kamano e e siameng leTautona wa maloba [[Ian Khama]], yo o neng a tlhoma Masisi go nna motlatsa moporesidente, ba babedi bano ba ne ba thulana morago ga moo ka ntlha ya thibelo ya go tsoma ditlou, mme Khama o ne a latofatsa Masisi ka go re o "kgapa batho ba ba sa dumalaneng le ene". Fa ba ne ba simolola go busa mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019), baganetsi ba ne ba re go na le tlolomolao le tsietso ya ditlhopho. Le fa go ntse jalo, mokgatlho wa African Union o ne wa bega gore ditlhopho di ne di tshwerwe ka tsela e e phepa e bile di tsamaisana le melao ya mafatshefatshe. Puso ya gagwe e ne ya okamela tsela e naga e tsibogelang leroborobo la [[COVID-19]] ka yone. Mo gare ga leroborobo, Masisi o ne a busa ka molao go tloga ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi (2020) go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe (2021(, le fa a ne a ganediwa ke setšhaba le makoko a kganetso. == Botshelô le dithuto == Rre Mokgweetsi Masisi ke morwa wa ga [[:en:Edison_Masisi|Edson Masisi]](yo tshotsweg ka gwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le boraro (1923) a bo a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le boraro (2003), yo o neng e le leloko la palamêntê kwa motseng wa [[Moshupa]].<ref name=":1">[https://mg.co.za/article/2018-04-03-who-is-botswanas-new-president-mokgweetsi-masisi/ Who is Botswana's new President Mokgweetsi Masisi?".] ''The Mail & Guardian''. 3 April 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2020</ref> Rre Masisi o goletse mo torôpôkgôlô [[Gaborone]], a tsena sekolo se se botlana kwa Thornhill Primary School mme a ya go tsweledisa see segolwane kwa [[Maru a Pula School|Maru A Pula Schoo]]<nowiki/>l.<ref name=":1" /> Kwa sekolong o ne a tsenelela dikgaisano tsa kgwele ya dinao le thênêsê, mme kwa bofelong a felela a kgatlhêgela tsa kgatô. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bone (1984) o ne a akgolelwa kêtêlêlo pele ya gagwe ya tlhamô ya mo Gaborone ya Cry the Beloved Country, mme a galaletswa ke Alan Paton ka tiragatsô ya gagwe. Fa go tswêlêtswêle ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi (1980) o ne a nna moanêlwamogolo wa go dira le metshamekô, mme gape a nna karolô ya di filimi tsa South Africa B-Movies. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi (1980) Rre Masisi o ne a nna morutabana wa dithuto tsa social studies dingwaga di le mmalwa morago fa a sena go aloga kwa [[Mmadikolo wa Botswana|mmadikolong wa Botswana]] ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bone (1984) mo go tsa Sekgowa le Ditsô. Mme a tswelela ka go ya go ruta kwa sekolong se se golwane sa Mmanaana ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bone (1984) mo motsaneng wa Moshupa pele fa a simolola le mmadikolo wa Botswana ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bosupa (1987) e le moitseanape wa tsa kgolô ya dithutô tsa sekolo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250605063938/https://www.weforum.org/people/mokgweetsi-eric-keabetswe-masisi/ "Mokgweetsi Eric Keabetswe Masisi"]. ''World Economic Forum''. Archived from the original on 5 June 2025. Retrieved 11 August 2025.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe (1989) o ne a ya kwa [[:en:Florida_State_University|Florida State University]] <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200227084904/https://news.fsu.edu/news/university-news/2018/09/20/florida-state-welcomes-president-of-botswana-for-official-visit/ "Florida State welcomes president of Botswana for official visit".] ''Florida State University News''. 20 September 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2020</ref>go ithutela bonkge jwa digerata tsa Thutô, mme morago a thapiwa ke [[:en:UNICEF|UNICEF]] mo Botswana<ref name=":2">[https://www.bbc.com/afrique/region-43611238 "Botswana : investiture du nouveau président"]. ''BBC News Afrique'' (in French). 1 April 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2020.</ref>.Ka sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe (1999), o ne a bona dikirii ya morago ga kalogo ya Ikonomi le Pholisi ya Loago kwa Yunibesithing ya Manchester, kwa e neng e le moithuti wa Chevening gone.<ref name=":2" /> == Tiro == Rre Masisi o ne a seka a bona tlhôphô ya [[:en:Botswana_Democratic_Party|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) go emela kgaolô ya botlhophi mo [[:en:Moshupa|Moshupa]] ka di [[:en:Botswana_general_election,_2004|ditlhopho tsa ngwaga wa )dikete tse pedi le bone (2004]]. <ref name=":3">[https://web.archive.org/web/20180721075010/http://www.weekendpost.co.bw/wp-column-details.php?col_id=707 "Weekend Post :: The making of a president: HH Mokgweetsi Masisi".] ''weekendpost.co.bw''. Retrieved 27 February 2020.</ref>Le fa go ntse jalo, o ne a tsaya tlhôphô ya BDP pele ga [[:en:Botswana_general_election,_2009|ditlhôphô tsa ngwaga wa 2009]] mme a fenya setilô. Mme ka bofefo o ne a tlhôphiwa go nna mothusa tona wa tsa bodiredi kwa ofising ya ga tautona le bodiredi jwa tsa merafe ka kgwedi ya Phalane ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009)<ref name=":3" />. Moragonyana ga ngwaga e le mothusa tona wa tsa bodiredi jwa ofisi ya ga tautona le tsa merafe ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le motso (2011).<ref name=":0" /> Rre Masisi o ne a nna tona wa thutô le tlhabololô ya tsa boitseanape a tshwareletse ka kgwedi ya Moranang ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014); o ne a tlhôphiwa gape mo setilông sa palamêntê ka kgwedi ya Phalane ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesoe le bone (2014),<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180401113831/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-04/01/c_137081027.htm "Profile: Botswana's new president Mokgweetsi Masisi - Xinhua | English.news.cn".] ''www.xinhuanet.com''. Archived from the original on 1 April 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2020.</ref> mme a thapiwa go nna tona wa thutô le tlhabololô ya tsa boitseanape ka kgwedi ya Phalane e le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi , ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014).Rre Masisi o ne a thapiwa ke moetêlêdipele [[:en:Ian_Khama|Ian Khama]] go nna mothusa tautona wa Botswana ka kgwedi ya Ngwanaatsele ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014)fa a santse a tshwareletse e le tona wa tsa Thutô.<ref>[http://www.weekendpost.co.bw/wp-column-details.php?col_id=22 "Weekend Post :: Bolope (bootlicking) has paid for Masisi!".] ''www.weekendpost.co.bw''. Retrieved 27 February 2020.</ref> Tautona wa pele Rre Khama o ne a thapa Rre Masisi go nna tonakgolo wa mmadikolo wa Botswana ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa (2017).Tlhôphô e, e ne e ikaegile ka karolô ya bosupa ya molao motheo<ref>http://www.gov.bw/globalassets/moe/acts/chapter-5701-university-of-botswana.pdf</ref> wa Madikolo wa Botswana ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi (2008), e ne ele ya sebaka sa dingwaga tse tlhano<ref>https://www.ub.bwnewsdet/nid/4290/Vice-President-Masisi-appointed-UB-Chancellor/</ref>. == Tautona (2018-2024) == Ka kgwedi ya Moranang, ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi (2018) o ne a ikanisiwa go nna [[:en:President_of_Botswana|tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana]]<ref name=":0" /> wa botlhano, yo mo bogompienong a direlang e le tautona wa [[:en:Republic_of_Botswana|lefatshe la Botswana]].Fa a sena go tlhatlogela kwa maemong a boporesidente, yo o neng a mo eteletse pele Ian Khama o ne a tlogela lekoko le le busang la Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) go ya go tlhoma lekoko la Botswana Patriotic Front (BPF).<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN1SV0GY/ "Former Botswana president quits ruling party in row with ex-ally".] ''Reuters''.</ref>Khama o ne a kgala Masisi ka go tlosa thibelo ya go tsoma ditlou mme a bitsa tshwetso ya gagwe ya go tlhoma Masisi go nna motlhatlhami wa gagwe "phoso".<ref>[https://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/botswanas-former-president-ian-khama-quits-ruling-party-24015747 "Botswana's former president Ian Khama quits ruling party".] ''IOL''. Agence France-Presse. 25 May 2019.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Phalane e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le boraro, ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi (2018), Masisi o ne a amogela dikirii ya bongaka ya tlotlo go tswa kwaMadikolo wa Botswana. Batshwaedi bangwe ba kgadile tshwetso e, mme ba bolela fa thulaganyo e e nepagetseng e ne e sa latelwa.<ref>Basimanebotlhe, Tsaone (12 October 2018). [https://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=77954&dir=2018/october/12 "Issues raised about Masisi's honorary doctorate"]. ''Mmegi''. Gaborone.</ref> === Pholisi ya ikonomi === Puso ya ga Masisi e amogetse le go rotloetsa dipholisi tsa ikonomi tse di ikaegileng ka mebaraka, tse di gololesegileng go farologanya ikonomi go tswa mo go ikaegeng ka ditaemane.<ref>[https://country.eiu.com/botswana "Botswana Economy, Politics and GDP Growth Summary - The Economist Intelligence Unit".] ''country.eiu.com''. Retrieved 28 October 2024</ref> Mo pusong ya ga Masisi, naga e ka nna ya tsaya dikgato tsa go somarela madi ka ntlha ya go fokotsega ga ditaemane, e leng thomelontle e kgolo ya Botswana, seelo sa diperesente di le masome a mane le botlhano sa basha ba ba sa direng, le se radipolotiki wa kganetso a se kgadileng jaaka tlhaelo ya ntlha ya tekanyetsokabo ya naga mo dingwageng di le masome a mane.<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/botswana-election-vote-masisi-diamonds-c6878e9caaeeb92ea0407c250d619563 "Diamond-rich Botswana holds an election with new economic challenges for a long-ruling party".] ''AP News''. 28 October 2024. Retrieved 28 October 2024.</ref> === Ditlhopho tsa 2019 === Ka kgwedi ya Phalane ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019), Masisi o ne a tlhophiwa gape go nna tautona morago ga gore BDP e lebane le matshosetsi a magolo a kutlwano ya yone mo dingwageng di feta masome a matlhano, morago ga go fudugela ga ga Khama kwa lekokong la kganetso, a latofatsa Masisi ka bobusaesi.<ref>[https://www.ft.com/content/b7362496-f71a-11e9-9ef3-eca8fc8f2d65 "President Mokgweetsi Masisi holds on to power in Botswana poll"]. ''Financial Times''. London. 25 October 2019.</ref> Mo ditlhophong setshaba tsa Botswana tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019), Masisi o ne a bona bontsi jwa ditlhopho ka 52.65% mme a bona bontsi jwa ditilo mo palamenteng ya setshaba. Ditlhopho tsa Botswana tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019) di ne tsa ganetsanwa ka tlhoafalo, mme kganetso e kgolo, Umbrella for Democratic Change e ne ya tlhatlhela dikgwetlho tse dintsi kwa kgotlatshekelong e latofatsa ka go sa dire dilo ka tshwanelo le tsietso ya ditlhopho.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-botswana-politics-idUSKBN1Y00QO "Botswana opposition challenges election result in court".] ''Reuters''. 21 March 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2021.</ref>Kgotlatshekelokgolo e ne ya atlhola kgatlhanong le ditatofatso tseno mme ditlhopho di ne tsa tsewa di ikanyega ke balebeledi ba boditšhabatšhaba.<ref>Karrim, Azarrah. [https://www.news24.com/news24/massive-vote-rigging-uncovered-in-botswana-elections-claims-opposition-leader-duma-boko-20191205 "Massive vote rigging uncovered in Botswana elections, claims opposition leader Duma Boko".] ''News24''. Retrieved 4 May 2024.</ref>Letsholo la Tebelelo ya Ditlhopho la Kopano ya Aforika (AUEOM) le konoseditse gore ditlhopho di ne di le mo pepeneneng e bile di dirilwe ka kagiso.<ref>[https://www.news24.com/news24/massive-vote-rigging-uncovered-in-botswana-elections-claims-opposition-leader-duma-boko-20191205 Karrim, Azarrah. "Massive vote rigging uncovered in Botswana elections, claims opposition leader Duma Boko"]. ''News24''. Retrieved 4 May 2024.</ref> Ditlhopho di ne di tsamaisana le mekgwa le maemo a a siameng a boditšhabatšhaba le a kgaolo.<ref>[https://au.int/sites/default/files/documents/38699-doc-report_of_the_african_union_election_observation_mission_to_the_23_october_2019_general_elections_in_the_republic_of_botswana.pdf "African Union Election Observation Mission To The 23 October 2019 General Elections In The Republic Of Botswana"] (PDF). ''au.int''. African Union. November 2019. p.&#x20;22. Retrieved 10 July 2022.</ref> Gareng ga ditsholofetso tsa gagwe tsa ditlhopho, o ne a tshitshinya go tlosa thibelo ya go tsoma ditlou le go dira gore bosodoma e nne bosenyi.<ref>Chutel, Chutel (23 October 2019). [https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/25/world/africa/botswana-election-mokgweetsi-masisi.html "Botswana Election Won by President, Despite Rift with Predecessor"]. ''New York Times''.</ref>Fa Mmueledi Mogolo wa Botswana a ne a ikuela kgatlhanong le tshwetso ya kgotlatshekelo e e neng e tlosa go ratana ka bong joe se molato moragonyana mo ngwageng oo, Masisi (Tautona wa nako eo) o ne a bua a ema nokeng taelo ya kgotlatshekelo.<ref name=":4">[https://www.washingtonblade.com/2021/10/18/botswana-attorney-general-seeks-to-recriminalize-homosexuality/ Katlego K Kolanyane-Kesupile (18 October 2021). "Botswana attorney general seeks to recriminalize homosexuality".] ''Washington Blade''. Retrieved 29 November 2021.</ref><ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/6/11/botswanas-high-court-rejects-laws-criminalising-homosexuality "Botswana's High Court rejects laws criminalising homosexuality"]. ''Al Jazeera''. 11 June 2019. Retrieved 29 November 2021.</ref> === Go tsibogela bolwetse jwa COVID-19 (2020-22) === Kwa tshimologong ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2020), COVID-19 e ne ya anama mo Botswana ka nako ya fa Masisi a ne a le mo setulong. Tautona o ne a tsibogela leroborobo ka go goeletsa maemo a tshoganyetso ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e le masome a mararo le bongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2020).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20220120151201/https://botswanalaws.com/subsidiary-legislation/constitution-of-botswana-subsidiary-legislation#Constitution_STATEOFPUBLICEMERGENCY "CONSTITUTION OF BOTSWANA: SUBSIDIARY LEGISLATION &#x7C; Subsidiary Legislation".] ''botswanalaws.com''.</ref>Morago ga kgoeletso, dithata tsa tshoganyetso di letleletse Masisi go busa ka molao ka sebaka sa dikgwedi di le lesome le borobabobedi go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe (2021), le fa go na le ditshupetso go tswa mo makokong mangwe a kganetso. <ref>[https://yourbotswana.com/2020/10/01/botswana-parliament-votes-to-extend-covid-state-of-emergency-to-march-2021/ "Botswana Parliament votes to extend covid state of emergency to March 2021".] ''Your Botswana''. Gaborone. 19 January 2021.</ref>Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole, Botswana e fitlhetse bosupi jwa mogare o moša, o o neng wa dira gore go tlhongwe molao wa gore go se ka ga tswalwa gape go tloga ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e le masome a mabedi le bone ka ngwga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2020) go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e thola boraro ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe (2021).<ref>[https://www.mmegi.bw/index.php/2013_website/widgets/2013_website/banners/index.php?aid=88228&dir=2020/december/23 "Masisi imposes nationwide curfew".] ''Mmegi''. 30 September 2021.</ref> Morago ga dingwaga tse di ka nnang pedi tsa maemo a tshoganyetso a setšhaba le matshosetsi a ditshupetso go tswa mo setshabeng le makoko a kganetso, Masisi o ne a itsise gore ga a kitla a ntšhwafatsa maemo a tshoganyetso a setšhaba, a a neng a mmona a busa ka molao mo nakong eno, gape a fedisa nako ya go tswa mo ntlong e e neng e le teng kwa bokhutlong jwa kgwedi ya Lwetse ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe (2021). Masisi o ne a latofadiwa ke baganetsi ba bangwe ka go nna le maikutlo a go busa, le go thusa go koafatsa demokerasi mo Botswana.<ref>Basimanebotlhe, Tsaone (20 February 2020). [https://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=84659&dir=2020/february/28 "Botswana democracy under siege".] ''Mmegi''. Gaborone</ref> Tautona wa maloba Ian Khama, yo o neng a sa utlwane le Masisi fa e sale a tlhophiwa, o ne a bolela fa Masisi a ne a "kgapa batho ba ba sa dumeleng" mo potsolotsong le Financial Times, mme a tlatsa ka gore leina la Botswana le ne le senngwa mo nageng le mo lefatsheng ka bophara, le gore temokerasi e ne e ntse e fokotsega.<ref>[https://www.ft.com/content/fda4c8e4-f1be-11e9-bfa4-b25f11f42901 "Botswana's ex-president hits out at successor ahead of election".] ''Financial Times''. London.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e thola boraro ka ngwga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022), go ne ga itsisiwe gore Masisi o ne a le kwa a neng a patelesega go itlhaola morago ga go tlhatlhobiwa gore o na le COVID-19 ka nako ya diteko tsa ka metlha. Mothusa Tautona [[Slumber Tsogwane]] o ne a tsaya maikarabelo a moporesidente fa a ne a le kwa thoko.<ref>[https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/africa/2022-01-03-botswanas-president-in-isolation-after-testing-positive-for-covid-19/ "Botswana's president in isolation after testing positive for COVID-19".] ''The Star''. Retrieved 3 January 2022.</ref> === Ditlhopho tsa 2024 === Mo ditlhophong setshaba tsa gwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024), phathi ya Botswana Democratic Party e ne ya latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa bontsi jwa yone mo palamenteng ya bosetshaba e le lantlha mo ditso tsa lefatshe leno.Rre Masisi o ne a amogela go fenngwa ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele e thola bongwe , mme a solofetsa phetiso ya puso ka kagiso.<ref>Motseta, Sello (1 November 2024). [https://apnews.com/article/botswana-election-masisi-concedes-80951b62fdb7169f073c2b13acaff1b6 "Seismic change in Botswana as party that ruled for 58 years loses power".] ''AP News''. Retrieved 1 November 2024</ref>O ne a tlhatlhangwa jaaka Tautona ke [[Duma Boko]]. == Dikakanyo tsa sepolotiki == Rre Masisi o ne a tshwaela gore go tlosiwe thibelo ya go tsoma ditlou le go dira gore go ratana ka bong jo bongwe go se ka gwa nna molato.<ref name=":4" /> Masisi o tshegetsa go tsoma ditlou mo Botswana, mme o dumela gore go letla kgwebisano nngwe ya ditlou go tla letla matlole a mantsi a maiteko a tshomarelo le tshireletso. Ka ngwaga wa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019), o ne a naya baeteledipele ba bomafatshe ba [[Namibia,]] [[Zambia]] le [[Zimbabwe]] mantle a a dirilweng ka dinao tsa tlou, e leng kgato e e neng ya kgalwa ke metswedi ya dikgang ya mafatshefatshe.[37][38][39] Masisi o ne a busetsa morago thibelo ya go tsoma ditlou e e neng e beilwe ke moeteledipele wa gagwe, mme a tlosa pholisi ya Botswana ya "Shoot to Kill" e e kgatlhanong le go tsoma ditlou.<ref>O'Grady, Siobhán (23 May 2019). "[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2019/05/23/botswana-overturns-ban-elephant-hunting/ Botswana overturns ban on elephant hunting".] ''The Washington Post''.</ref> == Botshelo jwa lelwapa == Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bobedi (2002) Masisi o ne a nyala Neo Maswabi yo e neng e le mmalamatlotlo yo morago a neng a direla lekgotla la Ditšhabakopano kwa New York le kwa Addis Ababa. Ba na le morwadi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190809140926/https://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/uploaded-documents/Staff_Union/Staff_Voice/uneca-staff-voice_issue12.pdf Staff corner - Profile"] (PDF). ''UN Staff Voice''. No.&#x20;6. June 2018. pp.&#x20;36–39. Retrieved 9 August 2019.</ref> Masisi ka puo ya tlwaelo o bidiwa "Sisiboy" mo bathong, motshameko wa mafoko ka leina la lelapa la gagwe.<ref>Morton, Barry (6 November 2019). [https://theconversation.com/how-masisi-outsmarted-khama-to-take-the-reins-in-botswana-126150 "How Masisi outsmarted Khama to take the reins in Botswana".] ''The Conversation''. Retrieved 27 February 2020.</ref> == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} == Di linki tse di kwa ntle == * Government of Botswana.[https://web.archive.org/web/20200609211710/https://internationaldataweek.org/his-excellency-president-dr-mokgweetsi-eric-keabetswe-masisi "His Excellency President Dr. Mokgweetsi Eric Keabetswe Masisi"]. ''International Data Week''. {| class="wikitable" |+ ! colspan="3" |'''Diofisi tsa politiki''' |- |A eteletswe pele ke Ponatshego Kedikilwe |Mothusa tautona wa Botswana |A setswe morago ke Slumber tsogwane |- |A eteletswe pele ke Ian Khama |Tautona wa Botswana |A setswe morago ke Duma Boko |} [[Karolo:Matsalo a 1961]] [[Karolo:Mapolotiki a Botswana Democratic Party]] [[Karolo:Barutabana ba Botswana]] [[Karolo:Dialogane tsa Florida State University]] [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]] [[Karolo:Maloko a khuduthamaga ya Botswana]] [[Karolo:Botautona ba Botswana]] [[Karolo:Dialogane tsa Unibesithi ya Botswana]] [[Karolo:Bathusa tautona ba Botswana]] [[Karolo:Batho ba Moshupa]] [[Karolo:Batho ba Gaborone]] [[Karolo:Mapolotiki a dingwaga tse di kete pedi le bongwe]] [[Karolo:BoTautona ba Botswana]] lhvvqotv1z6jw66ol3forb2twhefmj3 Molelwane wa Botswana le Aferika Borwa 0 8492 53719 48195 2026-07-31T07:22:43Z JudithShe 9421 Ke okeditse thanolo ya tsebe ya molelwane wa Botswana le Aferika Borwa #Wikipedia25BW 53719 wikitext text/x-wiki Molelwane o o fa gare ga lefatshe la [[Botswana]] le la [[Aforika Borwa|Aferika Borwa]] o dikhilometara di le sekete, makgolo a mabedi le masome a mabedi le boraro ka sekgele. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210110042951/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/south-africa South Africa]. ''[[:en:The_World_Factbook|The World Factbook]]''. [[:en:Central_Intelligence_Agency|Central Intelligence Agency]].</ref>Selekanyo sa masome a ferabongwe mo lekgolong sa molelwane o, se setse morago dinoka, tse di akaretsang [[noka ya Nossob]], [[noka ya Molopo]], [[noka ya Marico]] le [[noka ya Limpopo]].<ref name=":0">Brownlie,Ian.(1979)."Botswana–South Africa" ''African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopaedia.'' London. C. Hurst & Co.pp.1091–1097.ISBN 0903983877</ref> == Popego == Bofelelo jwa kwa bophirima jwa molelwane ke kwa mafatshe a mabedi a kopanang teng le la [[Namibia]], kwa noka ya Nossob e kgabaganyang meridian wa masome a mabedi kwa botlhaba. Go tswa kwa bofelelong jo, molelwane o ya kwa borwa-botlhaba go bapisa noka ya Nossob go ya kwa e kopanelang teng le ya noka ya Molopo; mo lefelong le, molelwane o ralala [[Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park]]. Go tswa kwa bokopanong molelwane o ya kwa botlhaba go bapa le noka ya Molopo go ya bokgakala jwa [[Ramatlabama]], o tlhatloga go goroga kwa lekadibeng la Ramatlabama.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120919144100/http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS122.pdf Botswana–South Africa Boundary] (PDF) (Report). International Boundary Study No. 122. United States Department of State. 12 May 1972. Archived from [https://law.fsu.edu/library/collection/limitsinseas/IBS122.pdf the original] (PDF) on 19 September 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> Go tswa kwa Ramatlabama molelwane o ya kwa bokone, o na le mela e e tlhamalatseng e le mentsi go ralala Matlhase, Sebataole, Schaapkuil, le Pytlanganyane go ya Sengoma kwa [[Noka ya Notwane|nokeng ya Ngotwane]]. O tlaa bo o sala morago noka ya Ngotwane go kgabaganya [[Ramotswa]] go ya kwa e kopanang teng le molapo wa Metsemaswaane. Molelwane o fapogela kwa botlhaba go bapisa metseletsele ya mela e e tlhamaletseng e e kopanang le dipone mo thabeng ya Moshweu, Widebeeskop le dithaba tsa Sikwane go ya Derdepoort mo nokeng ya Marico.  Go tswa foo e sala morago noka ya Marico kwa e kopanang teng le [[Noka ya Crocodile (Limpopo)|noka ya Crocodile]]. Dinoka tsa Marico le Crocodile di kopana go tlhama noka ya Limpopo, molelwane o tsamaya le noka ya Limpopo go ya kwa e kopanang teng le [[noka ya Shashe]], kwa mafatshe a kopanang teng le la [[Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Ditso == Bontlha jo bo kwa bophirima jwa molelwane go tswa kwa mafatshe a mabedi a, a kopanang teng le la Namibia go ya Ramatlabama, e ne e le molelwane gareng ga [[British Bechuanaland]] kwa borwa le [[Bechuanaland]] Protectorate kwa bokone. British Bechuanaland e ne e le kolone ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabobedi le botlhano, le tsenya masimo a Batswana kwa borwa jwa noka ya Molopo, kwa bophirima jwa South African Republic (Transvaal) e ise e nne bontlha jwa kolone ya Kapa. Masimo a [[Batswana]] kwa bokone jwa Molopo a ne a supiwa e le a Bechuanaland Protectorate mo tshireletsong ya Britain.<ref name=":1" /> British Bechuanaland o ne a kopanngwa le kolone ya Kapa ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabongwe le botlhano.<ref name=":1" /> Molao mo khanseleng o o neng o tlhomamisa go tsenngwa mo koloneng e nngwe mo, o ne gape wa atolosa molelwane kwa bokone go akaretsa lefatshe le le fa gare ga dinoka tsa Molopo le Nossob,<ref name=":0" /> kwa jaanong e leng kgaolo ya Mier le bontlha jwa Kgalagadi Transfrontier bo bo kwa Aforika Borwa. Molao wa khansele wa Phalane a le malatsi a mararo ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabongwe le botlhano o ne o tlhalosa molelwane wa bokone wa British Bechuanaland e le ...kwa bokone, fa nokeng ya Nossob kwa e kopanang teng le ya Molopo, kwa e kopanang teng le Ramatlabama, le kwa e kopanang teng le South African Republic.<ref name=":0" /> Borwa jwa molelwane go tswa kwa Ramatlabama go ya kwa mafatshe a mabedi a kopanang teng le Zimbabwe e ne e le molelwane gareng ga South African Republic (ZAR) le Bechuanaland Protectorate,  o ne o supiwa ke bokopano Jwa [[Pretoria (Pitori)|Pretoria]] jwa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabobedi le motso le bokopano kwa Lontone jwa ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabobedi le bone e e neng e emela ya pele.<ref name=":0" /> Dikopano tse di ne di supa kwa ZAR e felelang teng, go fitlhelela le kopanngwa le bogosi jwa Britain ka nako ya ntwa ya bobedi ya Maburu, go nna kolone ya Transvaal. Bokopano jwa Lontone bo ne bo tllhalosa molelwane o o kwa bophirima wa ZAR e le Kwa godimo ga noka ya Limpopo go ya kwa noka ya Marico e welang mo go yone. Kwa godimo ga noka ya Marico go ya Derde Poort kwa e kgabaganyang dithaba tse dinnye tse di bidiwang Sikwane, pone ya bo lesome e agiwa mo godimo ga dithaba tseo, kwa bophirima jwa lotshitshi lwa noka, mo moleng o o tlhamaletseng go kgabaganya dipone go ya kwa go ya borobabongwe e e kwa godimo ga dithaba tseo, diyards di ka nna sekete le makgolo a supa go tswa kwa poneng ya lesome go tlhamalala go ya kwa poneng ya borobabobedi e e kwa godimo ga thaba e e e kwa tlhakoreng ya Dikgagong kgotsa Eildebeest Kop kwa borwa botlhaba. == Kwa go tlolwang teng == Molelwane o na le palo e ngsi ya mafelo a a tlhomamisitsweng go tlolwa kwa go one, le le botlhokwa thata ke kgoro ya Skilpadshek kgotsa Pioneer mo tseleng ya Trans-Kalahari le ya Ramatlabama mo tseleng le seporo go tswa [[Mahikeng]] go ya [[Gaborone]]. Mafelo a go tlolwang kwa go one go tswa bophirima go ya borwa a mo tafoleng e e fa tlase.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150828043959/http://www.home-affairs.gov.za/index.php/immigration-services/south-african-ports-of-entry "South African Ports of Entry".] Department of Home Affairs. Archived from [http://www.home-affairs.gov.za/index.php/immigration-services/south-african-ports-of-entry the original] on 28 August 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Border Crossing at Martinsdrift.jpg|thumb|175x175px|kwa go tlolwang molelwane teng kwa Martin's Drift]] [[Setshwantsho:Skilpadshek Pioneer Gate Border Checkpoint.JPG|thumb|175x175px|Kgoro ya Skilpadshek kgotsa Pioneer ya molelwane e go tsenwang ka yone]] {| class="wikitable" |+ ! colspan="2" |Botswana ! colspan="2" |Dioura tsa go bula ! rowspan="2" |Nako ya go bula ! rowspan="2" |Dintlha ! rowspan="2" |Lefelo |- |'''Tsela''' |'''Molelwane''' |'''Tsela''' |'''molelwane''' |- | |Twee Rivirien |R360 |Twee Rivirien |nako ya bosupa e fitilwe ke metsotso e le masome a mararo mo mosong go tsena nako ya bone mo tshokologong |Bajanala ba tlola kwa Kgalagadi TransfroNtier Park | |- | |[[Middlepits]] | |[[Middlepits]] |nako ya bosupa e fitilwe ke metsotso e le masome a mararo mo mosong go tsena nako ya bone mo tshokologong | | |- |B210 |McCarthy's Rest |R380 |McCarthy's Rest |nako ya borataro mo mosong go tsena nako ya borataro mo maitseboeng | | |- |A20 |[[Makopong]] |R375 |Makopong |nako ya borobabobedi mo mosong go stena ya bone mo maitseboeng | | |- | |[[Bray]] |R375 |Bray |nako ya bosupa mo mosong go tsena ya bone mo tshokologong | | |- |A1 |[[Ramatlabama]] |N18 |Ramatlabama |nako ya borataro mo mosong go tsena ya lesome bosigo |seporo sa [[Botswana Railways]] se kgabaganya molelwane fa | |- |A2 |[[Pioneer Gate]] |N4 |[[Skilpadshek]] |nako ya borataro mo mosong go tsena ya lesome le motso bosigogare |Trans-Kalahari Corridor | |- |A11 |[[Ramotswa]] | |Swartkopfontein |nako ya borataro mo mosong go tsena ya lesome bosigo | | |- |A12 |[[Tlokweng]] |R49 |Kopfontein |nako ya borataro mo mosong go tsena ya lesome le bobedi bosigogare | | |- | |[[Sikwane]] | |Derdepoort |nako ya borataro mo mosong go tsena ya bosupa mo maitseboeng | | |- |B145 |[[Parr's Halt]] |R572 |[[Stockpoort]] |nako ya botlhano mo mosong go tsena ya borataro mo maitseboeng | | |- |B140 |[[Martin's Drift]] |N11 |[[Groblersbrug]] |nako ya borataro mo mosong go tsena ya lesome bosigo | | |- | |[[Zanzibar]] |R561 |Zanzibar |nako ya borobabobedi mo mosong go tsena ya bone mo tshokologong |e tswetswe ka nakwana - ga go kgone go tlolwa kwa go one fa [[noka ya Limpopo]] e tletse | |- | |[[Platjan]] | |Platjan |nako ya borobabobedi mo mosong go tsena ya bone mo tshokologong |a go kgone go tlolwa kwa go one fa noka ya Limpopo e tletse | |- | |[[Pontdrif]] |R521 |Pontdrif |nako ya borobabbobedi mo mosong go tsena ya bone maitseboa |dikoloi ga di tlole fa noka ya Limpopo e tletse; kolotsana e tsaya bapagami | |} == Metswedi == 134bpy0994sutwt2ofz5uih6euj5fn3 Botswana Defence Force 0 8508 53640 47431 2026-07-30T12:36:57Z JudithShe 9421 ke okeditse thanolo ya tsebe ya Botswana Defence Force #Wikipedia25BW 53640 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Flag of the Botswana Defence Force.svg|thumb| '''Botswana Defence Force''']] [[:en:Botswana_Defence_Force|Botswana Defence Force]] ke lekgotla la sesole sa [[Botswana]]. Karolo e e botlhokwa ke ya lephata le le berekelang mo lefatsheng ([[:en:Botswana_Ground_Force|Ground Force]]) go na gape le karolo ya ba ba berekelang mo go tsa difofane (air wing) le lephata la metsi (riverine) le le dirisang dikepe tsa Panther di le lesome le tse pedi tsa Boston Whaler Raider Class. <ref>Pike,John. "''[https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/botswana/bdf.htm Botswana Defence Force (BDF)]".'' globalsecurity.org. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20180328102907/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/botswana/bdf.htm the original] on 28 March 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.</ref> <ref>Pike,John."''[https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/botswana/navy.htm Botswana Navy"].'' globalsecurity.org. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20180328231158/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/botswana/navy.htm the original] on 28 March 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018</ref> <ref>Martin, Guy. [http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=29364:botswana&catid=119:african-militaries&Itemid=255 "''Botswana – defenceWeb"'']. defenceweb.co.za. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20180721221806/http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=29364:botswana&catid=119:african-militaries&Itemid=255 the original] on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.</ref> == Ditso == [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Defence Force - Colt Canada MRR.jpg|thumb|Kapare ya BDF]] [[Setshwantsho:2 BDF soldiers on raid in Bakaara Market 1993-01-30.JPEG|left|thumb|Masole a sesole sa Botswana ba dira tlhaselo kwa marekisetsong a Bakara kwa Mogadishu ka nako ya letsholo la go busetsa tsholofel ka ngwaga wa 1993]] E rile fa lefatshe la [[Botswana]] le tsaya boipuso ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabaongwe masome a marataro le borataro, la tsaya tshwetso ya go se ke le simolodise sesole mme la itebaganya le ditlhabololo le nyeletso lehuma, le ne la simolola lephata le le botlana la sepodise sa sesole ele tsela ya go sireletsa lefatshe. <ref>''[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2194&dat=19760603&id=yKIyAAAAIBAJ&pg=854,1465032 "Ottawa Citizen – Google News Archive Search"].''Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20151102090611/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2194&dat=19760603&id=yKIyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tO0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=854,1465032 the original] on 2 November 2015.Retrieved 16 June 2015</ref>Mme e ne yare makgotla a tshireletso a mafatshe a [[:en:Rhodesia|Rhodesia]] le [[Aforika Borwa]] a sena go sutlhelela molelwane ka dingwaga tsa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa, puso ya tsaya tshwetso ya gore lefatshe le tlhoka sesole go sireletsa moteledipele wa lone. BDF e simolotswe ke puso ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabaongwe masome a supa le bosupa, Moranang a le malatsi a le lesome le botlhano. <ref>https://oldsite.issafrica.org/uploads/OURSELVESKENOSI.PDF {{Dead link|date=March 2022}}</ref> Sesole sa [[Botswana]] se ne sa simolola go disa molelwane wa [[:en:Rhodesia|Rhodesia]] ka dingwaga tsa fa ntwa ya [[:en:Rhodesia|Rhodesia]] le batho basweu e ya bokhutlong. E ne ya re ntwa e e fela lefatshe la [[Zimbabwe]] le tsaya boipuso, sesole se sa simolola go tlhoma leitlho lefatshe la [[Aforika Borwa]]. Ditlhopha tse di kgatlhanong le tlhaolele di ne di tshabela mo lefatsheng la Botswana, mme se sa baka go sutlhelela molelwane ga kgapetsakgapetsa ga sesole sa [[Aforika Borwa]]. Go tlhasela diofisi tsa [[:en:UMkhonto_we_Sizwe|Umkhonto we Sizwe]] kwa [[Gaborone]] ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le botlhano, kgwedi ya Seetebogiso e le malatsi a le lesome le bone, go ne ga tsisa diphetogo. Sesole sa [[Botswana|Botswan]]<nowiki/>a se ne sa nna mo kgatelelong ya go emisa tlhaselo e, mme sa retelelwa ke go hula masole a [[Aforika Borwa]]. Sesole sa [[Botswana]] se ne sa tswala ditsela sa bo sa iletsa mesepele e le tsela ya go thibela ditlhaselo tse. Morago ga phetogo ya tsa sepolotiki kwa [[Aforika Borwa]] le mo kgaolong, sesole sa [[Botswana]] se ne sa itebaganya le go thibela bogodu jwa diphologolo, go ipaakanyetsa le go thibela go tlhagoga ga matlhotlhapelo, (go akaretsa go batla le go golola ba ba amegileng), le go ema nokeng baeteledipele ba lefatshe le go tsisa kagiso gareng ga lefatshe la [[Botswana]] le a mangwe. Ka jaana e ne ele lekgotla le le ne le tshephiwa ke baeteledipele ba sepolotiki, ditiro tsa sesole sa [[Botswana]] di ne tsa oketsega go akaretsa tse di sa tlwaelesegang jaaka go tsibogela matlhotlhapelo le go nonotsha sepodise ka malatsi a boitapoloso le a borukutlhi bo yang ko godimo ka one. Go dira tiro ka botswapelo le go atlega mo ditirong tse puso e di neelang sesole, go ne ga baka go imetsa sesole tiro mo go eme nokeng baeteledipele. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le botlhano, sesole sa Botswana se na sa fira e le lantlha masole a basadi a ma private.<ref>''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201502021311.html "allAfrica.com: Botswana: BDF Recruits First Women Privates"].'' allAfrica.com. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20150203161719/http://allafrica.com/stories/201502021311.html the original] on 3 February 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2015</ref> === Go tokafatsa le go ntshafatsa didirisiwa === Go tswa ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le motso lefatshe la Botswana le dirisitse didikadike mo letsholong la go ntshafatsa sesole sa sone. BDF e ikaelela go reka didirisiwa tse disha di tshwana le difofane, dikoloi, le didirisiwa tsa tshireletso ga mmogo le go katisa mainjeniere le ba botegeniki. Sesole sa Botswana (BDF) se solofelwa go tswelela ka go reka didirisiwa, bogolo jang difofane tsa ntwa le tsa katiso, mafaratlhatlha a go itshereletsa ka go lebela kgakala, ditanka tsa ntwa le ditlhobolo. Ditheko tse dingwe di akaretsa tumalano ya dikoloi tse di sireleditsweng di le masome a mane le botlhano rtsa Piranha III go tswa kwa komponeng ya Swiss ya GDELS-Mowag, didirisiwa tsa marumo go tswa kwa Elbit Systems kwa Israel, lefatshe la Botswana ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le ne la amogela mafaratlhatlha a tshireletso ya difofane VL MICA a a nnang fa fatshe. === Dithomo tsa mo gae === Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le botlhano, sesole sa Botswana se ne sa diragatsa thomo ya go namola batho mo merwaleleng e e neng ya ama mafelo ka bontsi mo lefatsheng. <ref name=":0">''[https://www.gov.bw/en/PrintingVersion/?printid=1623 Printing].'' Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20110826140108/http://www.gov.bw/en/PrintingVersion/?printid=1623 the original] on 26 August 2011. </ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, ba ne ba romela masole le didirisiwa kwa [[:en:Sua_Pan|Sua Pan]] ka lenaneo la go boloka Sua (Operation save Sua) go itsa go phutlhama ga lebotana la Botswana Ash Plant le le neng le gomagomediwa ke go phutlhamisiwa ke merwalela. Masole a ne a baya dikgetsi tsa motlhaba di le dikete tse di masome a ferabongwe, le dithaere di le dikete tse di lesome le bobedi kwa thomong eo. <ref name=":0" /> Ka nako ya merwalela e tlhasela motse wa [[Ramotswa]] le metsana e e mabapi ka Tlhakole ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro ditlhopha tsa sesole sa [[Botswana]] di ne tsa golola le go boloka matshelo a batho a le makgolokgolo.<ref name=":0" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe, sesole sa Botswana se na sa isa dithuso kwa sechabeng sa Kasane se se neng se tlhasetswe ke merwalela.<ref name=":0" /> Sesole sa [[Botswana]] se tsaya karolo gape mo lenaneong la go sireletsa diphologolo le go thibela bogodu jwa diphologo. Masole a [[Botswana]] a neetswe tetla ya go hula le go bolaya magodu a diphologo, ba nnile le dintwa tsa go hulana le magodu a diphologo a a neng a tshotse ditlhobolo. Magodu a diphologolo ka bontsi a bolailwe fa bangwe ba tshwerwe mo dithomong tse tsa sesole. <ref>Henk, Dan (2005). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09592310500079924?mobileUi=0 "''The Botswana Defence Force and the War against Poachers in Southern Africa"'']. Small Wars & Insurgencies.16 (2): 170–191.[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09592310500079924 doi 10.1080/09592310500079924.] S2CID [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Botswana-Defence-Force-and-the-War-against-in-Henk/02d487da8a0c4724746507d84b6d367f68ae6ed7 143297356]</ref> <ref>editor,Online.(11 June 2015)." ''[https://www.sundaystandard.info/bdf-commander-justifies-ocyshoot-to-killoco-against-poachers/ BDF commander justifies 'shoot to kill' against poachers {{!}} Sunday Standard"]'' . Retrieved 2021-07-28. </ref>Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi, lesole ga mmogo le legodu la diphologo le ne la bolawa kwa [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] fa masole ba ne ba hulana le magodu.<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20220819174452/https://africasustainableconservation.com/2020/03/11/botswana-on-soldier-and-one-poacher-killed-in-clash-on-chiefs-island/ "Botswana – one soldier and one poacher killed in clash on Chief's Island"].'' (2020-03-11). Africa Sustainable Conservation News. Retrieved 2021-07-28.</ref> === Dithomo tsa go tsisa kagiso fa gare ga Botswana le mafatshefatshe === Setlhopha sa sesole sa [[:en:United_Nations_Operation_in_Somalia_II|United Nations Operations in Somalia II (UNOSOM II)]] se ne sa neelwa marapo a go tsaya karolo mo letsomong la go tsosolosa kagiso le la [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] ka nako ya ntwa kwa Somali ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabaongwe masome a robabongwe le bobedi go ema ka sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le boraro, le wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borarogo ema ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabaongwe le botlhano. Se se ne se dirwa ka tirisano mmogo le le sesole se se neng se eteletswe pele ke lefatshe la [[:en:United_States|Amerika.]] [[Setshwantsho:Botswanatroopsboardplane.png|left|thumb|go romelwa ga sesole sa Botswana kwa [[Mozambique]] ka Phukwi ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso]] Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le boraro ditlhopha tsa masole (United Nations Operation in [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] - ONUMOZ) a Botswana di ne tsaya karolo mo letsomong la go busetsa kagiso mo mannong la ba [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]] kwa Mozambique. Setlhopha sa masole a Botswana sa United Nations Assistance Mission for [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] (UNAMIR II) se ne sa tsaya karolo ka go nna baela ditlhoko mo letsomong la go busetsa kagiso kwa [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robbaongwe masome a robabongwe le boraro go ema ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabaongwe masome a robabaongwe le bone<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110817153046/http://www.gov.bw/en/Citizens/Sub-Audiences/Charity-Workers/BDF-Charities/Peace-Keeping-Missions/ "Republic of Botswana - Government portal".] Archived from the original on 17 August 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref>. Mo letsomong la [[:en:Southern_African_Development_Community|Southern African Development Community]] intervention in [[Lesotho]] (Operation Boleas) sesole sa Botswana se ne sa tsaya karolo ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabaongwe masome a robabaongwe le borobabobedi go ema ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabaongwe le borobabaongwe. Maitlamo a letsholo le e ne ele go ritibatsa dikgogakgogano kwa [[Lesotho]]. <ref name=":1">''[http://www.gov.bw/en/Citizens/Sub-Audiences/Charity-Workers/BDF-Charities/Peace-Keeping-Missions/ "Republic of Botswana - Government portal"].'' Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20110817153046/http://www.gov.bw/en/Citizens/Sub-Audiences/Charity-Workers/BDF-Charities/Peace-Keeping-Missions/ the original] on 17 August 2011. Retrieved 2011-01-10.</ref> Lefatshe la [[Botswana]] le ne la busetsa sesole sa lone mono gae fa seemo se sena go ritibala, se sa tlhole se ba tlhoka. Ka Kgwedi ya Phukwi, ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la romela masole kwa [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] go nna bontlha bongwe jwa letsholo la sesole sa [[:en:Southern_African_Development_Community|Southern African Development Community (SADC)]] go ema nokeng lefatshe la Mozambique mo go emiseng matshosetsi a ditsoolodi kwa kgaolong ya [[:en:Cape_Delgado|Cabo Delgado]]. Letsholo le la bidiwa Southern African Development Community Mission in Mozambique (SAMIM). <ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20221103133617/https://www.africanews.com/2021/08/05/south-african-military-deploys-troops-to-pemba-to-fight-insurgency//#:~:text=Already%2C%20Botswana%20has%20deployed%20296,and%20wrecked%20the%20country's%20economy. "South African military deploys troops to Pemba, northern Mozambique"].'' Retrieved 5 August 2021</ref> '''Dithomo tse di potlana''' - Sesole sa Botswana se ne gape sa romelwa go tsisa kagiso kwa Somalia le kwa Darfur kwa Sudan. <ref>''[http://www.irinnews.org/country.aspx?CountryCode=BW&RegionCode=SAF IRIN • humanitarian news and analysis from Africa, Asia and the Middle East].'' IRIN. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20080323101505/http://www.irinnews.org/country.aspx?CountryCode=BW&RegionCode=SAF the original] on 23 March 2008.</ref>Se rometse gape badiri go bereka le ba [[:en:African_Union|African Union]] kwa [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] le [[:en:Eritrea|Eritrea]], mme le na le balebeledi kwa [[:en:Darfur|Darfur]] le [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] le ba [[:en:United_Nations–African_Union_Mission_in_Darfur|UNAMID]]. <ref name=":1" /> == Thulaganyo == [[Setshwantsho:U.S., Botswana Special Forces train together (7535318442).jpg|thumb|150x150px]] [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Defence Force Target Practice.jpg|thumb|150x150px|Katiso ya sesole sa Botswana]] Sesole sa Botswana sa ditiragalo tsa fa fatshe le agailwe ka mekgatlho e e latelang: <ref>"The Military Balance 2021publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies". (2021 ed). 25 February 2021. pp.450–451.ISBN 9781032012278 </ref> * Setlhopha sa under-strength armored brigade se le sengwe * Ditlhopha tsa light infantry di le pedi * Setlhopha sa artillery brigade * Setlhopha sa under-strength air defense se le sengwe * Kompone ya bo engeneere e le nngwe * Kompone ya signals e le nngwe * Setlhopha sa logistics se le senngwe Balaodi le sekolo sa badiri se kwa Glenn Valley. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140203213531/http://www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=16912 BDF receives accolades for professionalism] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203213531/http://www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=16912|date=3 February 2014}}, 19 May 2013.</ref> == Dithuto le katiso ya sesole == Go katisiwa ga babereki ba mo diofising go tsaya sebaka sa dikgwedi di le lesome le bobedi kwa sekolong sa Paje Officer Academy. Dithuto di akaretsa tsa motheo le tsa boeteledipele. Moikopeditiro o tshanetse gore a bo a na le thuto ya [[:en:Bachelor's_degree|bachelor's degree]]. <ref>''[http://168.167.134.123/en-gb/Citizens-Residents/Law%20and%20Justice/Pages/Training-Officer-Cadets.aspx "Training Officer Cadets".].'' 168.167.134.123. Government of Botswana.Retrieved 27 August 2020. </ref> Madi a dithuso tsa dithuto le bokatisi jwa sesole go tswa kwa [[:en:United_States|Amerika]] di botlhokwa mo lenaneong la go katisa badiri mo Botswana. Badiri ba Botswana ba feta masome a matlhano ba amogela bokatisi jwa sesole kwa [[:en:United_States|Amerika]] ngwaga le ngwaga, ka ngwaga wa sekeet makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabaongwe le borobabongwe, go bolelwa fa badiredi ba sesole ba ka nna diperesente di le masome a ferabobedi le botlhano ba katisitswe ka lenaneo le. Mafelo a ithutintsho - mafelo a go rutelwang kwa go one mo sesoleng sa Botswana a akaretsa Military College, Defence Command and Staff College, Sekolo se se rutelang go kgweetsa difofane (Flying Training School), Technical Training School, Peace Support Training Centre, All Arms Battle School le Joint Technical Training School. <ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20220327083534/https://online.bdf.org.bw/commands "Botswana Defence Force".].'' online.bdf.org.bw. Retrieved 2021-05-20.</ref> == Sesole sa difofane sa sesole sa Botswana == ''Tsebekgolo: [[Sesole sa difofane (Botswana)]]'' [[Setshwantsho:190620-A-NV3840071 (48103101828).jpg|thumb]] Sesole sa difofane se tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bosupa, ke bontlha jwa sesole sa Botswana. Ditlhopha tsotlhe di filwe letshwao la Z le le dirisiwang go emela "setlhopha". Bothibelelo bo gaufi le [[Molepolole]] bo agilwe ke dikompone tsa mafatshe a sele gareng ga dingwaga tsa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bobedi go tsena ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabaongwe le borataro. Bothibelelo ke porojeke ya magato a mantsi e e akaretsang go dira tsela e difofane di tabogang mo go yone, marulelo a a tseneletseng le lefelo le le bayang didirisiwa, ofisikgolo, le matlo a le mantsi a boroko ga mmogo le dikago tse di a emang nokeng. Gantsi bo bidiwa porojeke ya Eagle, bothibelelo bo itemogetse ditlhabololo tse di tsweletseng fa e sale bo agiwa. Maemelo a mangwe a difofane a a dirisiwang ke a [[Sir Seretse Khama International Airport|Sir Seretse khama International Airport]] kwa [[Gaborone]] le a [[Phillip Gaonwe Matante International Airport]] kwa [[Francistown]]. Sefofane segolo se se dirisiwang ke sesole sa difofane ke sa Canada sa pele sa CF-116 tse mo gae di filweng lotshwao lwa BF-5. Difofane tsa CF-116 di ne tsa rekiwa ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabaongwe masome a robabaongwe le boraatro go emelela sa Strikemasters, ka tse dingwe tsa ditilo tse di ikemetseng le tse pedi tse di tsisitsweng ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi. Go tsaya mesepele, sesole sa difofane se dirisa difofane tsa Britten-Norman Defenders, CASA C-212 Aviocars, CASA CN-235 le C-130B Hercules. Tse disha tse di sa tswang go rekiwa tsa mesepele ke tsa AMARC C-130 Hercules go tlaleleletsa tse di teng tse pedi. Tlhakanyo ya difofane tsa tlhoo tomo tsa Bell 412EP le 412SP di kgweediwa ke setlhopha sa Z21 go dira ditirelo di le dintsi jaaka; go batla le go falotsa, tsa botsogo, go nna kgatlhanong le go tsoma diphologolotsa naga, le go tsamaisa sesole le batlotlegi. == Metswedi == jm7ep1qkaxjwnzlylx864wutd8xnab5 53642 53640 2026-07-30T12:41:09Z JudithShe 9421 Ke tsentse setshwantsho mo tsebeng e #Wikipedia25BW 53642 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Flag of the Botswana Defence Force.svg|thumb| '''Botswana Defence Force''']] [[:en:Botswana_Defence_Force|Botswana Defence Force]] ke lekgotla la sesole sa [[Botswana]]. Karolo e e botlhokwa ke ya lephata le le berekelang mo lefatsheng ([[:en:Botswana_Ground_Force|Ground Force]]) go na gape le karolo ya ba ba berekelang mo go tsa difofane (air wing) le lephata la metsi (riverine) le le dirisang dikepe tsa Panther di le lesome le tse pedi tsa Boston Whaler Raider Class. <ref>Pike,John. "''[https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/botswana/bdf.htm Botswana Defence Force (BDF)]".'' globalsecurity.org. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20180328102907/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/botswana/bdf.htm the original] on 28 March 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.</ref> <ref>Pike,John."''[https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/botswana/navy.htm Botswana Navy"].'' globalsecurity.org. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20180328231158/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/botswana/navy.htm the original] on 28 March 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018</ref> <ref>Martin, Guy. [http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=29364:botswana&catid=119:african-militaries&Itemid=255 "''Botswana – defenceWeb"'']. defenceweb.co.za. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20180721221806/http://www.defenceweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=29364:botswana&catid=119:african-militaries&Itemid=255 the original] on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 21 July 2018.</ref> == Ditso == [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Defence Force - Colt Canada MRR.jpg|thumb|Kapare ya BDF]] [[Setshwantsho:2 BDF soldiers on raid in Bakaara Market 1993-01-30.JPEG|left|thumb|Masole a sesole sa Botswana ba dira tlhaselo kwa marekisetsong a Bakara kwa Mogadishu ka nako ya letsholo la go busetsa tsholofel ka ngwaga wa 1993]] E rile fa lefatshe la [[Botswana]] le tsaya boipuso ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabaongwe masome a marataro le borataro, la tsaya tshwetso ya go se ke le simolodise sesole mme la itebaganya le ditlhabololo le nyeletso lehuma, le ne la simolola lephata le le botlana la sepodise sa sesole ele tsela ya go sireletsa lefatshe. <ref>''[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2194&dat=19760603&id=yKIyAAAAIBAJ&pg=854,1465032 "Ottawa Citizen – Google News Archive Search"].''Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20151102090611/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2194&dat=19760603&id=yKIyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tO0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=854,1465032 the original] on 2 November 2015.Retrieved 16 June 2015</ref>Mme e ne yare makgotla a tshireletso a mafatshe a [[:en:Rhodesia|Rhodesia]] le [[Aforika Borwa]] a sena go sutlhelela molelwane ka dingwaga tsa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa, puso ya tsaya tshwetso ya gore lefatshe le tlhoka sesole go sireletsa moteledipele wa lone. BDF e simolotswe ke puso ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabaongwe masome a supa le bosupa, Moranang a le malatsi a le lesome le botlhano. <ref>https://oldsite.issafrica.org/uploads/OURSELVESKENOSI.PDF {{Dead link|date=March 2022}}</ref> Sesole sa [[Botswana]] se ne sa simolola go disa molelwane wa [[:en:Rhodesia|Rhodesia]] ka dingwaga tsa fa ntwa ya [[:en:Rhodesia|Rhodesia]] le batho basweu e ya bokhutlong. E ne ya re ntwa e e fela lefatshe la [[Zimbabwe]] le tsaya boipuso, sesole se sa simolola go tlhoma leitlho lefatshe la [[Aforika Borwa]]. Ditlhopha tse di kgatlhanong le tlhaolele di ne di tshabela mo lefatsheng la Botswana, mme se sa baka go sutlhelela molelwane ga kgapetsakgapetsa ga sesole sa [[Aforika Borwa]]. Go tlhasela diofisi tsa [[:en:UMkhonto_we_Sizwe|Umkhonto we Sizwe]] kwa [[Gaborone]] ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le botlhano, kgwedi ya Seetebogiso e le malatsi a le lesome le bone, go ne ga tsisa diphetogo. Sesole sa [[Botswana|Botswan]]<nowiki/>a se ne sa nna mo kgatelelong ya go emisa tlhaselo e, mme sa retelelwa ke go hula masole a [[Aforika Borwa]]. Sesole sa [[Botswana]] se ne sa tswala ditsela sa bo sa iletsa mesepele e le tsela ya go thibela ditlhaselo tse. Morago ga phetogo ya tsa sepolotiki kwa [[Aforika Borwa]] le mo kgaolong, sesole sa [[Botswana]] se ne sa itebaganya le go thibela bogodu jwa diphologolo, go ipaakanyetsa le go thibela go tlhagoga ga matlhotlhapelo, (go akaretsa go batla le go golola ba ba amegileng), le go ema nokeng baeteledipele ba lefatshe le go tsisa kagiso gareng ga lefatshe la [[Botswana]] le a mangwe. Ka jaana e ne ele lekgotla le le ne le tshephiwa ke baeteledipele ba sepolotiki, ditiro tsa sesole sa [[Botswana]] di ne tsa oketsega go akaretsa tse di sa tlwaelesegang jaaka go tsibogela matlhotlhapelo le go nonotsha sepodise ka malatsi a boitapoloso le a borukutlhi bo yang ko godimo ka one. Go dira tiro ka botswapelo le go atlega mo ditirong tse puso e di neelang sesole, go ne ga baka go imetsa sesole tiro mo go eme nokeng baeteledipele. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le botlhano, sesole sa Botswana se na sa fira e le lantlha masole a basadi a ma private.<ref>''[http://allafrica.com/stories/201502021311.html "allAfrica.com: Botswana: BDF Recruits First Women Privates"].'' allAfrica.com. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20150203161719/http://allafrica.com/stories/201502021311.html the original] on 3 February 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2015</ref> === Go tokafatsa le go ntshafatsa didirisiwa === [[Setshwantsho:MBDA MICA VL Lanceur terrestre Paris Air Show 2015.JPG|left|thumb|Mafaratlhatlha a tshireletso a MBDA MICA VL]] Go tswa ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le motso lefatshe la Botswana le dirisitse didikadike mo letsholong la go ntshafatsa sesole sa sone. BDF e ikaelela go reka didirisiwa tse disha di tshwana le difofane, dikoloi, le didirisiwa tsa tshireletso ga mmogo le go katisa mainjeniere le ba botegeniki.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":2" /> Sesole sa Botswana (BDF) se solofelwa go tswelela ka go reka didirisiwa, bogolo jang difofane tsa ntwa le tsa katiso, mafaratlhatlha a go itshereletsa ka go lebela kgakala, ditanka tsa ntwa le ditlhobolo. Ditheko tse dingwe di akaretsa tumalano ya dikoloi tse di sireleditsweng di le masome a mane le botlhano tsa Piranha III go tswa kwa komponeng ya Swiss ya GDELS-Mowag, didirisiwa tsa marumo go tswa kwa Elbit Systems kwa [[Israel,]] lefatshe la Botswana ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le ne la amogela mafaratlhatlha a tshireletso ya difofane VL MICA a a nnang fa fatshe. === Dithomo tsa mo gae === Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le botlhano, sesole sa Botswana se ne sa diragatsa thomo ya go namola batho mo merwaleleng e e neng ya ama mafelo ka bontsi mo lefatsheng. <ref name=":0">''[https://www.gov.bw/en/PrintingVersion/?printid=1623 Printing].'' Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20110826140108/http://www.gov.bw/en/PrintingVersion/?printid=1623 the original] on 26 August 2011. </ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, ba ne ba romela masole le didirisiwa kwa [[:en:Sua_Pan|Sua Pan]] ka lenaneo la go boloka Sua (Operation save Sua) go itsa go phutlhama ga lebotana la Botswana Ash Plant le le neng le gomagomediwa ke go phutlhamisiwa ke merwalela. Masole a ne a baya dikgetsi tsa motlhaba di le dikete tse di masome a ferabongwe, le dithaere di le dikete tse di lesome le bobedi kwa thomong eo. <ref name=":0" /> Ka nako ya merwalela e tlhasela motse wa [[Ramotswa]] le metsana e e mabapi ka Tlhakole ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borataro ditlhopha tsa sesole sa [[Botswana]] di ne tsa golola le go boloka matshelo a batho a le makgolokgolo.<ref name=":0" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe, sesole sa Botswana se na sa isa dithuso kwa sechabeng sa Kasane se se neng se tlhasetswe ke merwalela.<ref name=":0" /> Sesole sa [[Botswana]] se tsaya karolo gape mo lenaneong la go sireletsa diphologolo le go thibela bogodu jwa diphologo. Masole a [[Botswana]] a neetswe tetla ya go hula le go bolaya magodu a diphologo, ba nnile le dintwa tsa go hulana le magodu a diphologo a a neng a tshotse ditlhobolo. Magodu a diphologolo ka bontsi a bolailwe fa bangwe ba tshwerwe mo dithomong tse tsa sesole. <ref>Henk, Dan (2005). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09592310500079924?mobileUi=0 "''The Botswana Defence Force and the War against Poachers in Southern Africa"'']. Small Wars & Insurgencies.16 (2): 170–191.[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09592310500079924 doi 10.1080/09592310500079924.] S2CID [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Botswana-Defence-Force-and-the-War-against-in-Henk/02d487da8a0c4724746507d84b6d367f68ae6ed7 143297356]</ref> <ref name=":2">editor,Online.(11 June 2015)." ''[https://www.sundaystandard.info/bdf-commander-justifies-ocyshoot-to-killoco-against-poachers/ BDF commander justifies 'shoot to kill' against poachers {{!}} Sunday Standard"]'' . Retrieved 2021-07-28. </ref>Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi, lesole ga mmogo le legodu la diphologo le ne la bolawa kwa [[:en:Moremi_Game_Reserve|Moremi Game Reserve]] fa masole ba ne ba hulana le magodu.<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20220819174452/https://africasustainableconservation.com/2020/03/11/botswana-on-soldier-and-one-poacher-killed-in-clash-on-chiefs-island/ "Botswana – one soldier and one poacher killed in clash on Chief's Island"].'' (2020-03-11). Africa Sustainable Conservation News. Retrieved 2021-07-28.</ref> === Dithomo tsa go tsisa kagiso fa gare ga Botswana le mafatshefatshe === Setlhopha sa sesole sa [[:en:United_Nations_Operation_in_Somalia_II|United Nations Operations in Somalia II (UNOSOM II)]] se ne sa neelwa marapo a go tsaya karolo mo letsomong la go tsosolosa kagiso le la [[:en:Somalia|Somalia]] ka nako ya ntwa kwa Somali ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bobedi go ema ka sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le boraro, le wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borarogo ema ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabaongwe le botlhano. Se se ne se dirwa ka tirisano mmogo le le sesole se se neng se eteletswe pele ke lefatshe la [[:en:United_States|Amerika.]] [[Setshwantsho:Botswanatroopsboardplane.png|left|thumb|go romelwa ga sesole sa Botswana kwa [[Mozambique]] ka Phukwi ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso]] Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le boraro ditlhopha tsa masole (United Nations Operation in [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] - ONUMOZ) a Botswana di ne tsaya karolo mo letsomong la go busetsa kagiso mo mannong la ba [[:en:United_Nations|United Nations]] kwa Mozambique. Setlhopha sa masole a Botswana sa United Nations Assistance Mission for [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] (UNAMIR II) se ne sa tsaya karolo ka go nna baela ditlhoko mo letsomong la go busetsa kagiso kwa [[:en:Rwanda|Rwanda]] ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robbaongwe masome a robabongwe le boraro go ema ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabaongwe masome a robabaongwe le bone<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110817153046/http://www.gov.bw/en/Citizens/Sub-Audiences/Charity-Workers/BDF-Charities/Peace-Keeping-Missions/ "Republic of Botswana - Government portal".] Archived from the original on 17 August 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref>. Mo letsomong la [[:en:Southern_African_Development_Community|Southern African Development Community]] intervention in [[Lesotho]] (Operation Boleas) sesole sa Botswana se ne sa tsaya karolo ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabaongwe masome a robabaongwe le borobabobedi go ema ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabaongwe le borobabaongwe. Maitlamo a letsholo le e ne ele go ritibatsa dikgogakgogano kwa [[Lesotho]]. <ref name=":1">''[http://www.gov.bw/en/Citizens/Sub-Audiences/Charity-Workers/BDF-Charities/Peace-Keeping-Missions/ "Republic of Botswana - Government portal"].'' Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20110817153046/http://www.gov.bw/en/Citizens/Sub-Audiences/Charity-Workers/BDF-Charities/Peace-Keeping-Missions/ the original] on 17 August 2011. Retrieved 2011-01-10.</ref> Lefatshe la [[Botswana]] le ne la busetsa sesole sa lone mono gae fa seemo se sena go ritibala, se sa tlhole se ba tlhoka. Ka Kgwedi ya Phukwi, ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la romela masole kwa [[:en:Mozambique|Mozambique]] go nna bontlha bongwe jwa letsholo la sesole sa [[:en:Southern_African_Development_Community|Southern African Development Community (SADC)]] go ema nokeng lefatshe la Mozambique mo go emiseng matshosetsi a ditsoolodi kwa kgaolong ya [[:en:Cape_Delgado|Cabo Delgado]]. Letsholo le la bidiwa Southern African Development Community Mission in Mozambique (SAMIM). <ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20221103133617/https://www.africanews.com/2021/08/05/south-african-military-deploys-troops-to-pemba-to-fight-insurgency//#:~:text=Already%2C%20Botswana%20has%20deployed%20296,and%20wrecked%20the%20country's%20economy. "South African military deploys troops to Pemba, northern Mozambique"].'' Retrieved 5 August 2021</ref> === '''Dithomo tse di potlana''' === Sesole sa Botswana se ne gape sa romelwa go tsisa kagiso kwa [[Somalia]] le kwa Darfur kwa [[Sudan]]. <ref>''[http://www.irinnews.org/country.aspx?CountryCode=BW&RegionCode=SAF IRIN • humanitarian news and analysis from Africa, Asia and the Middle East].'' IRIN. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20080323101505/http://www.irinnews.org/country.aspx?CountryCode=BW&RegionCode=SAF the original] on 23 March 2008.</ref>Se rometse gape badiri go bereka le ba [[:en:African_Union|African Union]] kwa [[:en:Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] le [[:en:Eritrea|Eritrea]], mme le na le balebeledi kwa [[:en:Darfur|Darfur]] le [[:en:Sudan|Sudan]] le ba [[:en:United_Nations–African_Union_Mission_in_Darfur|UNAMID]]. <ref name=":1" /> == Thulaganyo == [[Setshwantsho:U.S., Botswana Special Forces train together (7535318442).jpg|thumb|150x150px]] [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Defence Force Target Practice.jpg|thumb|150x150px|Katiso ya sesole sa Botswana]] Sesole sa Botswana sa ditiragalo tsa fa fatshe le agailwe ka mekgatlho e e latelang: <ref>"The Military Balance 2021publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies". (2021 ed). 25 February 2021. pp.450–451.ISBN 9781032012278 </ref> * Setlhopha sa under-strength armored brigade se le sengwe * Ditlhopha tsa light infantry di le pedi * Setlhopha sa artillery brigade * Setlhopha sa under-strength air defense se le sengwe * Kompone ya bo engeneere e le nngwe * Kompone ya signals e le nngwe * Setlhopha sa logistics se le senngwe Balaodi le sekolo sa badiri se kwa Glenn Valley. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140203213531/http://www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=16912 BDF receives accolades for professionalism] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203213531/http://www.sundaystandard.info/article.php?NewsID=16912|date=3 February 2014}}, 19 May 2013.</ref> == Dithuto le katiso ya sesole == Go katisiwa ga babereki ba mo diofising go tsaya sebaka sa dikgwedi di le lesome le bobedi kwa sekolong sa Paje Officer Academy. Dithuto di akaretsa tsa motheo le tsa boeteledipele. Moikopeditiro o tshanetse gore a bo a na le thuto ya [[:en:Bachelor's_degree|bachelor's degree]]. <ref>''[http://168.167.134.123/en-gb/Citizens-Residents/Law%20and%20Justice/Pages/Training-Officer-Cadets.aspx "Training Officer Cadets".].'' 168.167.134.123. Government of Botswana.Retrieved 27 August 2020. </ref> Madi a dithuso tsa dithuto le bokatisi jwa sesole go tswa kwa [[:en:United_States|Amerika]] di botlhokwa mo lenaneong la go katisa badiri mo Botswana. Badiri ba Botswana ba feta masome a matlhano ba amogela bokatisi jwa sesole kwa [[:en:United_States|Amerika]] ngwaga le ngwaga, ka ngwaga wa sekeet makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabaongwe le borobabongwe, go bolelwa fa badiredi ba sesole ba ka nna diperesente di le masome a ferabobedi le botlhano ba katisitswe ka lenaneo le. Mafelo a ithutintsho - mafelo a go rutelwang kwa go one mo sesoleng sa Botswana a akaretsa Military College, Defence Command and Staff College, Sekolo se se rutelang go kgweetsa difofane (Flying Training School), Technical Training School, Peace Support Training Centre, All Arms Battle School le Joint Technical Training School. <ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20220327083534/https://online.bdf.org.bw/commands "Botswana Defence Force".].'' online.bdf.org.bw. Retrieved 2021-05-20.</ref> == Sesole sa difofane sa sesole sa Botswana == ''Tsebekgolo: [[Sesole sa difofane (Botswana)]]'' [[Setshwantsho:190620-A-NV3840071 (48103101828).jpg|thumb]] Sesole sa difofane se tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bosupa, ke bontlha jwa sesole sa Botswana. Ditlhopha tsotlhe di filwe letshwao la Z le le dirisiwang go emela "setlhopha". Bothibelelo bo gaufi le [[Molepolole]] bo agilwe ke dikompone tsa mafatshe a sele gareng ga dingwaga tsa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bobedi go tsena ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabaongwe le borataro. Bothibelelo ke porojeke ya magato a mantsi e e akaretsang go dira tsela e difofane di tabogang mo go yone, marulelo a a tseneletseng le lefelo le le bayang didirisiwa, ofisikgolo, le matlo a le mantsi a boroko ga mmogo le dikago tse di a emang nokeng. Gantsi bo bidiwa porojeke ya Eagle, bothibelelo bo itemogetse ditlhabololo tse di tsweletseng fa e sale bo agiwa. Maemelo a mangwe a difofane a a dirisiwang ke a [[Sir Seretse Khama International Airport|Sir Seretse khama International Airport]] kwa [[Gaborone]] le a [[Phillip Gaonwe Matante International Airport]] kwa [[Francistown]]. Sefofane segolo se se dirisiwang ke sesole sa difofane ke sa Canada sa pele sa CF-116 tse mo gae di filweng lotshwao lwa BF-5. Difofane tsa CF-116 di ne tsa rekiwa ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabaongwe masome a robabaongwe le boraatro go emelela sa Strikemasters, ka tse dingwe tsa ditilo tse di ikemetseng le tse pedi tse di tsisitsweng ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi. Go tsaya mesepele, sesole sa difofane se dirisa difofane tsa Britten-Norman Defenders, CASA C-212 Aviocars, CASA CN-235 le C-130B Hercules. Tse disha tse di sa tswang go rekiwa tsa mesepele ke tsa AMARC C-130 Hercules go tlaleleletsa tse di teng tse pedi. Tlhakanyo ya difofane tsa tlhoo tomo tsa Bell 412EP le 412SP di kgweediwa ke setlhopha sa Z21 go dira ditirelo di le dintsi jaaka; go batla le go falotsa, tsa botsogo, go nna kgatlhanong le go tsoma diphologolotsa naga, le go tsamaisa sesole le batlotlegi. == Metswedi == rkkm6jy9lkditydalce1fhlsb4xq5cl Dithubaruba Cultural Festival 0 8601 53633 46754 2026-07-30T12:13:40Z Olgatladi2020 10646 ke tsentse infobox ya tsebe e #Wikipedia25BW 53633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox event|Event_Name=Dithubaruba Cultural Festival|image=The dances giving it all in the stadium.jpg|Image_Caption=[[Setapa#Types of Setapa Music Dance|Phathisi Dance]], the festival's main dance|type=Festival|venue=Ntsweng Heritage Site|Location=Near [[Molepolole]], Botswana}} '''Dithubaruba''' ke moletlo wa setso o o ipelelwang mo [[Botswana]]. Maikaelelo a moletlo o ke go tsosolosa ngwao ya [[Kweneng]] le go direla beng gae nako ya go itlosa bodutu.<ref name=":0">Tlhankane,Mompati.2017-09-01.''[https://search.proquest.com/docview/1934664618 "Reliving the past with Dithubaruba"].''Mmegi, Botswana.ProQuest [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1934664618?parentSessionId=R59cDfAfxtovKQuT%2FFUIpl%2BOof4CURyJpj9pFtVvkpA%3D 1934664618].Retrieved 2021-04-16</ref> == Motheo == Moletlo wa dithubaruba o itebagantse le ditso tsa Bakwena ba [[Molepolole]] le tiro e e dirilweng ke Kgosi wa bone wa pele o o neng a tlhokafala;[[:en:Sechele_I|Kgosi Sechele wa ntlha]] ka nako ya fa a santse a le mo setilong ka dingwaga tsa 1800. Moletlo o direlwa kwa lefelong la ngwao la Ntsweng Heritage Site, o rulagantswe ke lefelo la mabolokelo a ditso la Kgosi Sechele I. Moletlo o o rotloediwa ke ba [[Botswana Tourism Organisation]] (BTO) le lephata la [[Youth Empowerment, Sport and Culture Development]] (MYSC). Fa o sa le o simologa ka ngwaga wa 2007, o itlamile go rotloetsa le go tsosolosa ngwao ka go dira ditiragalo tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":1">Brook,Michael C.(2017).''[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1016442504 "Botswana : monuments, heritage sites and museums"].Gaborone, Botswana.ISBN 978-99968-0-566-0''. OCLC [https://www.worldcat.org/title/1016442504 1016442504]</ref> == Kgosi Sechele I == Kgosi Sechele wa ntlha o bonwe ka ngwaga wa 1812 a tlhokafala ka wa 1892.<ref name=":1" /> O nnile le seabe se segolo mo ditsong tsa Bakwena le mo tshimologong ya moletlo wa Dithubaruba. O ne a sireletsa [[Batswana]] kgatlhanong le batho ba lotso lwa Seburu ba kwa [[:en:Transvaal|Transvaal]] ka nako ya ntwa ya [[:en:Battle_of_Dimawe|Dimawe]] ka ngwaga wa 1852.<ref name=":1" /> Merafe e e neng ya sirelediwa mo ntweng e e akaretsa [[:en:Bangwaketse|Bangwaketse]], Bakgatla ba ga Mmanaana, Bakaa le [[:en:Koena_tribe|Bakwena]]. Sechele o ne a fudugela kwa Ntsweng ka ntlha ya go tlhagoga ga malwetse le mabaka a mangwe.<ref name=":0" /> == Ntsweng Heritage Site == Kgosi Sechele wa ntlha o ne a fuduga go tswa kwa Kolobeng go ya kwa Ntsweng ka ngwaga wa 1864. Ntlo ya kgosi e ne e agilwe kwa godimo ga thaba ka ntata ya gore go ne go na le kgonagalo ya gore maburu a tlhasele.<ref>Grant,Sandy.(2012).''[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/819074855 "Botswana and its national heritage"].(First ed).Cambridgeshire, UK:Melrose Books.pp 41–45.ISBN 978-1-907732-83-6''. OCLC [[819074855]].</ref> Lefelo la Ntsweng,le le kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Molepolole le ne la tlogelwa ka ngwaga wa 1934 fa Bakwena ba ne ba patelediwa go fuduga ke Kgosi Kgari wa bobedi le balaodi. Ntsweng wa gompieno ke lefelo le le golo, le le nang le matlapa le ntlo ya ga Mmakgosi e e neng e dirisiwa e le ofisi ya ga Sebele wa bobedi.<ref>Sekgarametso,Princess.(2001)."[http://digital.lib.msu.edu/projects/africanjournals/html/itemdetail.cfm?recordID=3147 An archaeological survey of Ntsweng in Molepolole"].Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies.15 (1):23–45 - Via African Journals</ref> == Kgosi Sechele I Museum == Lefelo la mabolokelo a ditso la [[:en:Kgosi_Sechele_I_Museum|Kgosi Sechele I Museum]] ke lengwe la mafelo a ngwao le setso a a kgatlhisang mo Molepolole. Le agilwe ka ngwaga wa 1902 mme tse di supiwang mo go lone ke tse di supang tshomarelo ya ditso tsa Bakwena. Mabolokelo a a na le motlobo wa dibuka o o nang le dibuka tsa ga [[Dr. A.M Merriweather]] o e neng e le moreri le ngaka kwa sepateleng sa [[:en:Scottish_Livingstone_Hospital|Scottish Livingstone]], mabolokelo a a na le bontlha bongwe jo bo seegetsweng fa thoko Kgosi Sechele wa ntlha.<ref name=":1" /> == Ditiragalo tsa letsatsi == Moletlo wa dithubaruba o ipelelwa ka ditiragalo tse di farologaneng di akaretsa dipina le mmino wa [[Setswana]], maboko, mmina wa motlha o o, di tshwantshetso, dijo tsa setso le metshameko.<ref name=":0" /> Mmino o o tlwaelesegileng thata ke wa phathisi o o bidiwang gotwe setapa o o binwang ke bomme le borre. Mmino o akaretsa go opela, go opa diatla le go letsa mogolokwane ke bomme fa borre bone ba bina ba bo ba letsa diphala. Mmino o o binwa go aperwe kapari ya setswana le matlhoa.<ref>Murphy,Alan.(2013).''[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/851388642 "Botswana & Namibia"].(3rd ed).Footscray, Vic.:Lonely Planet.<nowiki>ISBN 978-1-74321-648-4</nowiki>.OCLC [https://www.worldcat.org/title/851388642 851388642]''</ref> Ditlhopha tse di tlotlegileng le baopedi ba maemo jaaka [[:en:Culture_Spears|Culture Spears]], Dr.Vom,Shelley Mokokwe, Dipela tsa Kobokwe, Bana ba kwena, Shiqkaao, Giraffe, Dintsu tsa malwelwe le tse dingwe ba lalediwa go tla go diragatsa mo letsatsing leo.<ref>Tlhankane,Mompati.2019-09-09.[https://search.proquest.com/docview/2287278134 "Bakwena celebrate another successful Dithubaruba fest."].Mmegi.ProQuest [https://www.proquest.com/docview/2287278134 2287278134].Retrieved 2021-04-16.</ref> Bakwena ba ipelela letsatsi le ka moletlo wa go isa malebogo wa dikgafela. Bomme ba bagolwane ba rwala thobo le bojalwa jwa setswana bo bo tlhotlhilweng ka thobo e mo ditlhogong ba isa kwa kgotleng. Gantsi ba etelelwa pele ke monnamogolo a kua are "dikgafela tse o!". Nama ya mogatla wa kgomo e e bidiwang mokoto e jewa ke borre fela, fa bomme bone ba ja ngati.<ref name=":0" /> Dithubaruba e na le seabe mo kgolong ya itsholelo ya beng gae.<ref>Chebanne,Andy.(2020)."''[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1110655008 Cultural Festivals of Botswana Ethnic Communities: Business Values and Challenges"].Information Resources Management Association.Hershey, PA.pp.58–75.ISBN 978-1-7998-0424-6''.OCLC [https://www.worldcat.org/title/1110655008 1110655008]</ref> == Metswedi == hw1xzeelsusxmy64ru2zoj7vjgtntwi 53635 53633 2026-07-30T12:16:43Z Olgatladi2020 10646 Ke tsentse Karolo 53635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox event|Event_Name=Dithubaruba Cultural Festival|image=The dances giving it all in the stadium.jpg|Image_Caption=[[Setapa#Types of Setapa Music Dance|Phathisi Dance]], the festival's main dance|type=Festival|venue=Ntsweng Heritage Site|Location=Near [[Molepolole]], Botswana}} '''Dithubaruba''' ke moletlo wa setso o o ipelelwang mo [[Botswana]]. Maikaelelo a moletlo o ke go tsosolosa ngwao ya [[Kweneng]] le go direla beng gae nako ya go itlosa bodutu.<ref name=":0">Tlhankane,Mompati.2017-09-01.''[https://search.proquest.com/docview/1934664618 "Reliving the past with Dithubaruba"].''Mmegi, Botswana.ProQuest [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1934664618?parentSessionId=R59cDfAfxtovKQuT%2FFUIpl%2BOof4CURyJpj9pFtVvkpA%3D 1934664618].Retrieved 2021-04-16</ref> == Motheo == Moletlo wa dithubaruba o itebagantse le ditso tsa Bakwena ba [[Molepolole]] le tiro e e dirilweng ke Kgosi wa bone wa pele o o neng a tlhokafala;[[:en:Sechele_I|Kgosi Sechele wa ntlha]] ka nako ya fa a santse a le mo setilong ka dingwaga tsa 1800. Moletlo o direlwa kwa lefelong la ngwao la Ntsweng Heritage Site, o rulagantswe ke lefelo la mabolokelo a ditso la Kgosi Sechele I. Moletlo o o rotloediwa ke ba [[Botswana Tourism Organisation]] (BTO) le lephata la [[Youth Empowerment, Sport and Culture Development]] (MYSC). Fa o sa le o simologa ka ngwaga wa 2007, o itlamile go rotloetsa le go tsosolosa ngwao ka go dira ditiragalo tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":1">Brook,Michael C.(2017).''[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1016442504 "Botswana : monuments, heritage sites and museums"].Gaborone, Botswana.ISBN 978-99968-0-566-0''. OCLC [https://www.worldcat.org/title/1016442504 1016442504]</ref> == Kgosi Sechele I == Kgosi Sechele wa ntlha o bonwe ka ngwaga wa 1812 a tlhokafala ka wa 1892.<ref name=":1" /> O nnile le seabe se segolo mo ditsong tsa Bakwena le mo tshimologong ya moletlo wa Dithubaruba. O ne a sireletsa [[Batswana]] kgatlhanong le batho ba lotso lwa Seburu ba kwa [[:en:Transvaal|Transvaal]] ka nako ya ntwa ya [[:en:Battle_of_Dimawe|Dimawe]] ka ngwaga wa 1852.<ref name=":1" /> Merafe e e neng ya sirelediwa mo ntweng e e akaretsa [[:en:Bangwaketse|Bangwaketse]], Bakgatla ba ga Mmanaana, Bakaa le [[:en:Koena_tribe|Bakwena]]. Sechele o ne a fudugela kwa Ntsweng ka ntlha ya go tlhagoga ga malwetse le mabaka a mangwe.<ref name=":0" /> == Ntsweng Heritage Site == Kgosi Sechele wa ntlha o ne a fuduga go tswa kwa Kolobeng go ya kwa Ntsweng ka ngwaga wa 1864. Ntlo ya kgosi e ne e agilwe kwa godimo ga thaba ka ntata ya gore go ne go na le kgonagalo ya gore maburu a tlhasele.<ref>Grant,Sandy.(2012).''[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/819074855 "Botswana and its national heritage"].(First ed).Cambridgeshire, UK:Melrose Books.pp 41–45.ISBN 978-1-907732-83-6''. OCLC [[819074855]].</ref> Lefelo la Ntsweng,le le kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Molepolole le ne la tlogelwa ka ngwaga wa 1934 fa Bakwena ba ne ba patelediwa go fuduga ke Kgosi Kgari wa bobedi le balaodi. Ntsweng wa gompieno ke lefelo le le golo, le le nang le matlapa le ntlo ya ga Mmakgosi e e neng e dirisiwa e le ofisi ya ga Sebele wa bobedi.<ref>Sekgarametso,Princess.(2001)."[http://digital.lib.msu.edu/projects/africanjournals/html/itemdetail.cfm?recordID=3147 An archaeological survey of Ntsweng in Molepolole"].Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies.15 (1):23–45 - Via African Journals</ref> == Kgosi Sechele I Museum == Lefelo la mabolokelo a ditso la [[:en:Kgosi_Sechele_I_Museum|Kgosi Sechele I Museum]] ke lengwe la mafelo a ngwao le setso a a kgatlhisang mo Molepolole. Le agilwe ka ngwaga wa 1902 mme tse di supiwang mo go lone ke tse di supang tshomarelo ya ditso tsa Bakwena. Mabolokelo a a na le motlobo wa dibuka o o nang le dibuka tsa ga [[Dr. A.M Merriweather]] o e neng e le moreri le ngaka kwa sepateleng sa [[:en:Scottish_Livingstone_Hospital|Scottish Livingstone]], mabolokelo a a na le bontlha bongwe jo bo seegetsweng fa thoko Kgosi Sechele wa ntlha.<ref name=":1" /> == Ditiragalo tsa letsatsi == Moletlo wa dithubaruba o ipelelwa ka ditiragalo tse di farologaneng di akaretsa dipina le mmino wa [[Setswana]], maboko, mmina wa motlha o o, di tshwantshetso, dijo tsa setso le metshameko.<ref name=":0" /> Mmino o o tlwaelesegileng thata ke wa phathisi o o bidiwang gotwe setapa o o binwang ke bomme le borre. Mmino o akaretsa go opela, go opa diatla le go letsa mogolokwane ke bomme fa borre bone ba bina ba bo ba letsa diphala. Mmino o o binwa go aperwe kapari ya setswana le matlhoa.<ref>Murphy,Alan.(2013).''[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/851388642 "Botswana & Namibia"].(3rd ed).Footscray, Vic.:Lonely Planet.<nowiki>ISBN 978-1-74321-648-4</nowiki>.OCLC [https://www.worldcat.org/title/851388642 851388642]''</ref> Ditlhopha tse di tlotlegileng le baopedi ba maemo jaaka [[:en:Culture_Spears|Culture Spears]], Dr.Vom,Shelley Mokokwe, Dipela tsa Kobokwe, Bana ba kwena, Shiqkaao, Giraffe, Dintsu tsa malwelwe le tse dingwe ba lalediwa go tla go diragatsa mo letsatsing leo.<ref>Tlhankane,Mompati.2019-09-09.[https://search.proquest.com/docview/2287278134 "Bakwena celebrate another successful Dithubaruba fest."].Mmegi.ProQuest [https://www.proquest.com/docview/2287278134 2287278134].Retrieved 2021-04-16.</ref> Bakwena ba ipelela letsatsi le ka moletlo wa go isa malebogo wa dikgafela. Bomme ba bagolwane ba rwala thobo le bojalwa jwa setswana bo bo tlhotlhilweng ka thobo e mo ditlhogong ba isa kwa kgotleng. Gantsi ba etelelwa pele ke monnamogolo a kua are "dikgafela tse o!". Nama ya mogatla wa kgomo e e bidiwang mokoto e jewa ke borre fela, fa bomme bone ba ja ngati.<ref name=":0" /> Dithubaruba e na le seabe mo kgolong ya itsholelo ya beng gae.<ref>Chebanne,Andy.(2020)."''[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1110655008 Cultural Festivals of Botswana Ethnic Communities: Business Values and Challenges"].Information Resources Management Association.Hershey, PA.pp.58–75.ISBN 978-1-7998-0424-6''.OCLC [https://www.worldcat.org/title/1110655008 1110655008]</ref> == Metswedi == <references /> [[Karolo:Kweneng Distrcit]] n1cgxsfy3ma0e5y3phu81x9krcjlr1m 53636 53635 2026-07-30T12:18:38Z Olgatladi2020 10646 ke bbakantse thanolo 53636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox event|Event_Name=Dithubaruba Cultural Festival|image=The dances giving it all in the stadium.jpg|Image_Caption=[[Setapa#Types of Setapa Music Dance|Mmino wa Phathisi]], Mmino wa konokono mo moletlong|type=Festival|venue=Ntsweng Heritage Site|Location=Near [[Molepolole]], Botswana}} '''Dithubaruba''' ke moletlo wa setso o o ipelelwang mo [[Botswana]]. Maikaelelo a moletlo o ke go tsosolosa ngwao ya [[Kweneng]] le go direla beng gae nako ya go itlosa bodutu.<ref name=":0">Tlhankane,Mompati.2017-09-01.''[https://search.proquest.com/docview/1934664618 "Reliving the past with Dithubaruba"].''Mmegi, Botswana.ProQuest [https://www.proquest.com/docview/1934664618?parentSessionId=R59cDfAfxtovKQuT%2FFUIpl%2BOof4CURyJpj9pFtVvkpA%3D 1934664618].Retrieved 2021-04-16</ref> == Motheo == Moletlo wa dithubaruba o itebagantse le ditso tsa Bakwena ba [[Molepolole]] le tiro e e dirilweng ke Kgosi wa bone wa pele o o neng a tlhokafala;[[:en:Sechele_I|Kgosi Sechele wa ntlha]] ka nako ya fa a santse a le mo setilong ka dingwaga tsa 1800. Moletlo o direlwa kwa lefelong la ngwao la Ntsweng Heritage Site, o rulagantswe ke lefelo la mabolokelo a ditso la Kgosi Sechele I. Moletlo o o rotloediwa ke ba [[Botswana Tourism Organisation]] (BTO) le lephata la [[Youth Empowerment, Sport and Culture Development]] (MYSC). Fa o sa le o simologa ka ngwaga wa 2007, o itlamile go rotloetsa le go tsosolosa ngwao ka go dira ditiragalo tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":1">Brook,Michael C.(2017).''[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1016442504 "Botswana : monuments, heritage sites and museums"].Gaborone, Botswana.ISBN 978-99968-0-566-0''. OCLC [https://www.worldcat.org/title/1016442504 1016442504]</ref> == Kgosi Sechele I == Kgosi Sechele wa ntlha o bonwe ka ngwaga wa 1812 a tlhokafala ka wa 1892.<ref name=":1" /> O nnile le seabe se segolo mo ditsong tsa Bakwena le mo tshimologong ya moletlo wa Dithubaruba. O ne a sireletsa [[Batswana]] kgatlhanong le batho ba lotso lwa Seburu ba kwa [[:en:Transvaal|Transvaal]] ka nako ya ntwa ya [[:en:Battle_of_Dimawe|Dimawe]] ka ngwaga wa 1852.<ref name=":1" /> Merafe e e neng ya sirelediwa mo ntweng e e akaretsa [[:en:Bangwaketse|Bangwaketse]], Bakgatla ba ga Mmanaana, Bakaa le [[:en:Koena_tribe|Bakwena]]. Sechele o ne a fudugela kwa Ntsweng ka ntlha ya go tlhagoga ga malwetse le mabaka a mangwe.<ref name=":0" /> == Ntsweng Heritage Site == Kgosi Sechele wa ntlha o ne a fuduga go tswa kwa Kolobeng go ya kwa Ntsweng ka ngwaga wa 1864. Ntlo ya kgosi e ne e agilwe kwa godimo ga thaba ka ntata ya gore go ne go na le kgonagalo ya gore maburu a tlhasele.<ref>Grant,Sandy.(2012).''[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/819074855 "Botswana and its national heritage"].(First ed).Cambridgeshire, UK:Melrose Books.pp 41–45.ISBN 978-1-907732-83-6''. OCLC [[819074855]].</ref> Lefelo la Ntsweng,le le kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Molepolole le ne la tlogelwa ka ngwaga wa 1934 fa Bakwena ba ne ba patelediwa go fuduga ke Kgosi Kgari wa bobedi le balaodi. Ntsweng wa gompieno ke lefelo le le golo, le le nang le matlapa le ntlo ya ga Mmakgosi e e neng e dirisiwa e le ofisi ya ga Sebele wa bobedi.<ref>Sekgarametso,Princess.(2001)."[http://digital.lib.msu.edu/projects/africanjournals/html/itemdetail.cfm?recordID=3147 An archaeological survey of Ntsweng in Molepolole"].Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies.15 (1):23–45 - Via African Journals</ref> == Kgosi Sechele I Museum == Lefelo la mabolokelo a ditso la [[:en:Kgosi_Sechele_I_Museum|Kgosi Sechele I Museum]] ke lengwe la mafelo a ngwao le setso a a kgatlhisang mo Molepolole. Le agilwe ka ngwaga wa 1902 mme tse di supiwang mo go lone ke tse di supang tshomarelo ya ditso tsa Bakwena. Mabolokelo a a na le motlobo wa dibuka o o nang le dibuka tsa ga [[Dr. A.M Merriweather]] o e neng e le moreri le ngaka kwa sepateleng sa [[:en:Scottish_Livingstone_Hospital|Scottish Livingstone]], mabolokelo a a na le bontlha bongwe jo bo seegetsweng fa thoko Kgosi Sechele wa ntlha.<ref name=":1" /> == Ditiragalo tsa letsatsi == Moletlo wa dithubaruba o ipelelwa ka ditiragalo tse di farologaneng di akaretsa dipina le mmino wa [[Setswana]], maboko, mmina wa motlha o o, di tshwantshetso, dijo tsa setso le metshameko.<ref name=":0" /> Mmino o o tlwaelesegileng thata ke wa phathisi o o bidiwang gotwe setapa o o binwang ke bomme le borre. Mmino o akaretsa go opela, go opa diatla le go letsa mogolokwane ke bomme fa borre bone ba bina ba bo ba letsa diphala. Mmino o o binwa go aperwe kapari ya setswana le matlhoa.<ref>Murphy,Alan.(2013).''[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/851388642 "Botswana & Namibia"].(3rd ed).Footscray, Vic.:Lonely Planet.<nowiki>ISBN 978-1-74321-648-4</nowiki>.OCLC [https://www.worldcat.org/title/851388642 851388642]''</ref> Ditlhopha tse di tlotlegileng le baopedi ba maemo jaaka [[:en:Culture_Spears|Culture Spears]], Dr.Vom,Shelley Mokokwe, Dipela tsa Kobokwe, Bana ba kwena, Shiqkaao, Giraffe, Dintsu tsa malwelwe le tse dingwe ba lalediwa go tla go diragatsa mo letsatsing leo.<ref>Tlhankane,Mompati.2019-09-09.[https://search.proquest.com/docview/2287278134 "Bakwena celebrate another successful Dithubaruba fest."].Mmegi.ProQuest [https://www.proquest.com/docview/2287278134 2287278134].Retrieved 2021-04-16.</ref> Bakwena ba ipelela letsatsi le ka moletlo wa go isa malebogo wa dikgafela. Bomme ba bagolwane ba rwala thobo le bojalwa jwa setswana bo bo tlhotlhilweng ka thobo e mo ditlhogong ba isa kwa kgotleng. Gantsi ba etelelwa pele ke monnamogolo a kua are "dikgafela tse o!". Nama ya mogatla wa kgomo e e bidiwang mokoto e jewa ke borre fela, fa bomme bone ba ja ngati.<ref name=":0" /> Dithubaruba e na le seabe mo kgolong ya itsholelo ya beng gae.<ref>Chebanne,Andy.(2020)."''[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1110655008 Cultural Festivals of Botswana Ethnic Communities: Business Values and Challenges"].Information Resources Management Association.Hershey, PA.pp.58–75.ISBN 978-1-7998-0424-6''.OCLC [https://www.worldcat.org/title/1110655008 1110655008]</ref> == Metswedi == <references /> [[Karolo:Kweneng Distrcit]] gurmrvz9cl1g1873pg2agbbbwo1j23d Sir Seretse Khama International Airport 0 8654 53643 31764 2026-07-30T12:53:37Z JudithShe 9421 Ke okeditse thanolo ya tsebe e #Wikipedia25BW 53643 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sir Seretse Khama International Airport''' ([[:en:IATA_airport_code|IATA]]:GBE,[[:en:ICAO_airport_code|ICAO]]:FBSK), e e dikhilomithara di le lesome le botlhano kwa bokone jwa [[Gaborone]], ke maemelo magolo a difofane kwa toropokgolo ya [[Botswana]]. Maemelo a a difofane a biditswe jaaka tautona wa ntlha wa lefatshe la Botswana [[Seretse Khama|Sir Seretse Khama]].<ref name=":0">''[http://www.dca.gov.bw/index.php?sectid=198 "Ministry of Works & Transport. Department of Civil Aviation]''"(2005).Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20081003090219/http://www.dca.gov.bw/index.php?sectid=198 the original] on 3 October 2008.Department of Civil Aviation. Retrieved 5 September 2009.</ref> E butswe ka ngwaga wa 1984 go emela pharakano mo kgaolong le mo ditshabatshabeng. E na le motsamao wa bapagami o o kwa godimo mo lefatsheng la Botswana. Ka ngwaga wa 2017, maemelo a a ne a fiwa e le lantlha molao wa go laola kgwebo e ka mo go faphegileng go le pharologanyo mo mafatsheng a mangwe, e ee tla nnang le maphata a a latelang: [[:en:Civil_Aviation_Authority_of_Botswana|CAAB]], [https://www.bih.co.bw/ Botswana Innovation Hub], ITPA le diamond hub mo lekalaneng la diteemane.<ref>''[https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073753/https://www.royalhaskoningdhv.com/en-gb/south-africa/news/south-africa-news/appointment-for-sir-seretse-khama-international-airport/7158 "Appointment for Sir Seretse Khama International Airport"] (11 May 2017).''Royal HaskoningDHV.Retrieved 3 April 2018.</ref><ref>''[https://economist.com.na/24705/general-news/botswana-plans-special-economic-zone-to-house-diamond-trading-hub/ "Botswana plans Special Economic Zone to house diamond trading hub"].(15 May 2017).''Namibia Economist. Retrieved 3 April 2018.</ref> == Ditso == Maemelo a difofane a butswe lantlha ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabaobedi le bone, a reelelwa ka [[Seretse Khama]], tautona wa ntlha wa lefatshe la Botswana,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> o o eteletseng lefatshe pele go bona boipuso ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a maratato le borataro. Sefofane sa British Airways se ne sa simolola go fofela kwa maemelong a o a difofane ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bosupa go tswa kwa Lontone Heathrow go feta ka [[Johannesburg]], mme tsela e ne ya emisiwa ka Moranang ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabaongwe masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20010508171120/https://allafrica.com/stories/199901140020.html "British Airways Announces Pull-out From Botswana".] ''Panafrican News Agency''. 14 January 1999. Archived from the original on 8 May 2001. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi, maemelo a ne a simolola go atologa mo go golo.<ref>[https://opecfund.org/where-we-work/list/sir-seretse-khama-international-airport-upgrading-and-expansion-project "Sir Seretse Khama International Airport Upgrading and Expansion Project -OPEC Fund for International Development"]. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> Maemelo a magologolo a ne a tsenya batho ba le makgolo a mabedi masome a mabedi le botlhano ka nako e le nngwe. Selekanyo sa maemelo se ne sa oketsega go tswa mo dimithareng di le dikete tharo, lekgolo le masome a mane go nna dikete di le lesome le bosupa. Mafaratlhatlha a a tsenyang dithoto le go tlhola se se mo bekeng a ne a tsenngwa. Tsela e sefofane se tabogang mo go yone e ne ya ntshafadiwa, ga agiwa tsela ya dimithara di le dikete di le nne. == Difofane le mesepele == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Difofane !Mesepele |- |Air Botswana |[[Cape Town]], [[Durban]], <ref>[https://www.aeroroutes.com/eng/240903-bpsep24 "Air Botswana Network Expansion From Sep 2024".] ''Aeroroutes''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref>[[Francistown]], Harare,[[Johannesburg]]-O.R. Tambo,[[Kasane]], [[Lusaka]], [[Maun]], Windhoek-Hosea Kutako<ref name=":2" /> |- |Airlink |Cape-Town, Johannesburg-O.R. Tambo |- |Ethiopian Airlines |Addis Ababa <ref name=":0" /> |- |South African Airways |Johannesburg-O.R Tambo<ref>[https://topauto.co.za/news/135772/new-international-flight-for-south-africa-3/&#x3C;M https://topauto.co.za/news/135772/new-international-flight-for-south-africa-3/<M]</ref> |} == Ditiragalo le dikotsi == Ka ngwaga wa 1999, Phalane a le malatsi a a lesome le motso, mokgweesi wa difofane, Captain Chris Phatswe, o ne a kweetsa sefofane sa [[:en:ATR_42|Aerospatiale ATR 42 Aircraft A2-ABB]] kwa ntle ga teseletso mo mosong. Fa a setse a le mo phefong a kopa ka segowagowe go bua le tautona, moeteledipele wa [[Air Botswana]], Ramapodisi, seteishene sa mapodisi sa central le mokapelo wa gagwe. Ka tautona a ne a le kwa ntle ga lefatshe, o ne a letlelelwa go bua le mothusa tautona. Le ntswa ba ne ba lekile gantsi go mo kgotsofatsa gore a boele tlase ka sefofane go tlhatlhanggwe ka matshwenyego a gagwe, o ne a tlhalosa gore o ya go thudisanya sefofane se a se pagameng le se sengwe kwa maemelong a tson. Morago ga go fofa di oura di le pedi, o ne a dikologa gabedi mme a thula difofane tsa ATR 42 di le pedi kwa maemelong. O ne tlhokafala mme ga seka ga tlhokafala ope gape kwa ntle ga gagwe. Metswedi ya dikgang tsa Air Botswana ya re mokgweetsi o ne a sa letlelelwe go kgweetsa difofane ka nako e o ka mabaka a botsogo, o ne a gana go busediwa go fitlhelela ka ngwaga wa 2000 kgwedi ya Tlhakole. Ditsamaiso tsa Air Botswana di ne tsa amega ka e ne e na le sefofane se le sngwe se se setseng ka nakwana sa [[:en:British_Aerospace_146|BAe 146]] se se neng se sa bereka ka ntata ya mathata a maranyane.<ref name=":2">''[http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19991011-0 "ASN Aircraft accident ATR-42-320 A2-ABB Gaborone–Sir Seretse Khama International Airport (GBE)"].(18 November 2005).''Aviation Safety Network. Flight Safety Foundation. Retrieved 3 April 2018''.''</ref> == Dipalopalo == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Pego ya madi !Palo ya bapagami !Ref |- |2014/15 |740 733 |<ref name=":1">http://www.caab.co.bw/wp-content/uploads/12601-CAAB-Annual-Report-2015-2016-version-7-facing-pages.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> |- |2015/16 |727 912 |<ref>http://www.caab.co.bw/wp-content/uploads/12601-CAAB-Annual-Report-2015-2016-version-7-facing-pages.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> |} == Lephata la difofane la sesole sa Botswana == Lephata la difofane la sesole sa Botswana ([[:en:Botswana_Defence_Force_Air_Wing|Botswana Defence Force Air Wing]]) sa batlotlegi le kwa maemelong a a difofane. == Dipadi tse dingwe == * [http://www.gcmap.com/airport/GBE Tshedimosetso ka maemelo a difofane a Sir Seretse Khama International Airport] kwa Great Circle Mapper * [https://aviation-safety.net/database/airport/airport.php?id=GBE Ditso tsa dikotsi tsa difofane tsa Sir Seretse Khama International Airport] kwa A[[:en:Flight_Safety_Foundation#Aviation_Safety_Network|viation Safety Network]] == Metswedi == cx2gmzac8v6ynl4cmu5ywdfjuz6o7fk Chobe District 0 9284 53638 35240 2026-07-30T12:32:34Z Olgatladi2020 10646 Ke tsentse dinepe mo tsebeng e. #Wikipedia25BW 53638 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kgaolo ya Chobe''' Kgaolo ya Chobe ke kgaolo emo bokone jwa [[Botswana]], ofisi digolo tsa teng dimo [[Kasane]]. Ka ngwaga wa 2001 ene ya kopana le Ngamiland, ngwaga wa 2006 dirisana le [[:en:Kasane|Ngamiland]] emo kgaolong ya [[Bokone Bophirima|Bokone-Bophirima]]. [[Chobe National Park]] emo kgaolong ya Chobe. ka 2011, baagi ba kgaolo bane bale masome a mararo fago farologangwa le ngwaga wa 2001 baagi bale lesome le bofera bobedi. Kgolo ya baagi mo ngwageng tse lesome ene ele bobedi phesente. Babereki mo kgaolong bane bale makgolo a lesome le bobedi, masome a borataro ebong borre masome a matlhano ebong bomme, bontsi ba bone ba direla mo maphateng a puso. [[Kasane]] le [[Chobe National Park]], ke mafelo a bonni jwa diphologolo a matona mo lefatsheng, ken dikgaolo tsedi ngokang bajanala ba bantsi. Chobe National Park gape ena le ditlou tsedi ntsi mo [[Aferika|Aforika]]. Kgaolo e irisa molelwane le lefatshe la [[Namibia]] ga mmogo lela [[Zambia]] mo bokoni, [[Zimbabwe]] mo Botlhabatsatsi, le melelwane yadi kgaolo mo kgaolong ya bokoni botlhabatsatsi jwa lefatshe. Kgaolo e dirilwe ka ma gae ale boroba bongwe, e leng Kasane, Kachikau, Kazungula, Kavimba, Lesoma, mabele/Muchinje, Parakarungu, Pandamatenga le Satau.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chobe_District#cite_note-:0-2</ref> Kasane emo kgaolo ya sesha. == Lefatshe == [[Setshwantsho:Chobe National Park, elephants - panoramio - Frans-Banja Mulder.jpg|thumb|Lefelo la Diphologolo kwa [[:en:Chobe_National_Park|Chobe National Park]]]] Kasane, ChobeNationalPark, Seboba Water Rapids, Pandamatenga Farms, Lesoma Memorial Monument, Kasane Hot Springs le Noka ya Chobe ke mafelo ngokang bajanala ka dinomoro tse dintsi mo kgaolong.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chobe_District#cite_note-3</ref> == Metswedi == 26pcvo02915vm6b1rar80oq0m6n3euj 53639 53638 2026-07-30T12:33:36Z Olgatladi2020 10646 ke tsenttse bokoso 53639 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kgaolo ya Chobe''' Kgaolo ya Chobe ke kgaolo emo bokone jwa [[Botswana]], ofisi digolo tsa teng dimo [[Kasane]]. Ka ngwaga wa 2001 ene ya kopana le Ngamiland, ngwaga wa 2006 dirisana le [[:en:Kasane|Ngamiland]] emo kgaolong ya [[Bokone Bophirima|Bokone-Bophirima]]. [[Chobe National Park]] emo kgaolong ya Chobe. ka 2011, baagi ba kgaolo bane bale masome a mararo fago farologangwa le ngwaga wa 2001 baagi bale lesome le bofera bobedi. Kgolo ya baagi mo ngwageng tse lesome ene ele bobedi phesente. Babereki mo kgaolong bane bale makgolo a lesome le bobedi, masome a borataro ebong borre masome a matlhano ebong bomme, bontsi ba bone ba direla mo maphateng a puso. [[Kasane]] le [[Chobe National Park]], ke mafelo a bonni jwa diphologolo a matona mo lefatsheng, ken dikgaolo tsedi ngokang bajanala ba bantsi. Chobe National Park gape ena le ditlou tsedi ntsi mo [[Aferika|Aforika]]. Kgaolo e irisa molelwane le lefatshe la [[Namibia]] ga mmogo lela [[Zambia]] mo bokoni, [[Zimbabwe]] mo Botlhabatsatsi, le melelwane yadi kgaolo mo kgaolong ya bokoni botlhabatsatsi jwa lefatshe. Kgaolo e dirilwe ka ma gae ale boroba bongwe, e leng Kasane, Kachikau, Kazungula, Kavimba, Lesoma, mabele/Muchinje, Parakarungu, Pandamatenga le Satau.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chobe_District#cite_note-:0-2</ref> Kasane emo kgaolo ya sesha. == Lefatshe == [[Setshwantsho:Chobe National Park, elephants - panoramio - Frans-Banja Mulder.jpg|thumb|Lefelo la Diphologolo kwa [[:en:Chobe_National_Park|Chobe National Park]]|left]] Kasane, ChobeNationalPark, Seboba Water Rapids, Pandamatenga Farms, Lesoma Memorial Monument, Kasane Hot Springs le Noka ya Chobe ke mafelo ngokang bajanala ka dinomoro tse dintsi mo kgaolong.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chobe_District#cite_note-3</ref> == Metswedi == l3xuy6m3y8w9qqcjb4i9hlx2kg698zx 53641 53639 2026-07-30T12:40:40Z Olgatladi2020 10646 Ke tsentse thanolo ya ya tsebe e #Wikipedia25BW 53641 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kgaolo ya Chobe''' Kgaolo ya Chobe ke kgaolo emo bokone jwa [[Botswana]], ofisi digolo tsa teng dimo [[Kasane]]. Ka ngwaga wa 2001 ene ya kopana le Ngamiland, ngwaga wa 2006 dirisana le [[:en:Kasane|Ngamiland]] emo kgaolong ya [[Bokone Bophirima|Bokone-Bophirima]]. [[Chobe National Park]] emo kgaolong ya Chobe. ka 2011, baagi ba kgaolo bane bale masome a mararo fago farologangwa le ngwaga wa 2001 baagi bale lesome le bofera bobedi. Kgolo ya baagi mo ngwageng tse lesome ene ele bobedi phesente. Babereki mo kgaolong bane bale makgolo a lesome le bobedi, masome a borataro ebong borre masome a matlhano ebong bomme, bontsi ba bone ba direla mo maphateng a puso. [[Kasane]] le [[Chobe National Park]], ke mafelo a bonni jwa diphologolo a matona mo lefatsheng, ken dikgaolo tsedi ngokang bajanala ba bantsi. Chobe National Park gape ena le ditlou tsedi ntsi mo [[Aferika|Aforika]]. Kgaolo e irisa molelwane le lefatshe la [[Namibia]] ga mmogo lela [[Zambia]] mo bokoni, [[Zimbabwe]] mo Botlhabatsatsi, le melelwane yadi kgaolo mo kgaolong ya bokoni botlhabatsatsi jwa lefatshe. Kgaolo e dirilwe ka ma gae ale boroba bongwe, e leng Kasane, Kachikau, Kazungula, Kavimba, Lesoma, mabele/Muchinje, Parakarungu, Pandamatenga le Satau.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chobe_District#cite_note-:0-2</ref> Kasane emo kgaolo ya sesha. == Lefatshe == [[Setshwantsho:Chobe National Park, elephants - panoramio - Frans-Banja Mulder.jpg|thumb|Lefelo la Diphologolo kwa [[:en:Chobe_National_Park|Chobe National Park]]|left]] Kasane, ChobeNationalPark, Seboba Water Rapids, Pandamatenga Farms, Lesoma Memorial Monument, Kasane Hot Springs le Noka ya Chobe ke mafelo ngokang bajanala ka dinomoro tse dintsi mo kgaolong.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chobe_District#cite_note-3</ref>Karolo e kgolo ya Botswana e na le mekgokolosa e e tsamayang go tswa kwa botlhaba go ya kwa bophirima. Kgaolo eno e na le bogodimo jwa 915 m (3,002 ft) fa godimo ga bogodimo jwa lewatle. Mofuta wa dimela ke Savannah, e e nang le bojang jo boleele, ditlhatshana le ditlhare. Pula ya ngwaga le ngwaga e ka nna 65 cm (26 in), mme bontsi jwa yone e na ka paka ya selemo go tloga ka Ngwanatsele go fitlha ka Motsheganong. Bontsi jwa dinoka mo kgaolong eno di na le dipaka, mme noka ya Chobe, e e nang le dipula tse di boitshegang, ke yone e e itsegeng thata. Phaka ya Bosetšhaba ya Chobe ke phaka ya bosetšhaba ya bobedi ka bogolo mo nageng mme e na le palo e kgolo ya ditlou mo Afrika. Kgaolo e na le molelwane wa boditšhabatšhaba wa naga le Namibia le Zambia kwa bokone, Zimbabwe kwa botlhaba, le melelwane ya kgaolo go bapa le kgaolo ya Bokone-Bophirima ya naga.[ 2] == Metswedi == a0znklg54heo65duu6immkd623wvwjy Edwin Batshu 0 9315 53659 44632 2026-07-30T15:15:31Z Lucrucia98 12161 53659 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Edwin Jenamiso Batshu''' yoo tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le bosupa (1947.<ref>[https://archive.today/20150118164729/http://www.parliament.gov.bw/component/member/?view=memberdetails&id=22&Itemid=0 "Members of Parliament".] Archived from [http://www.parliament.gov.bw/component/member/?view=memberdetails&id=22&Itemid=0 the original] on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2015.</ref> kgwedi ya seetebosigo,ke lepolotiki lele diretseng goromente wa [[Botswana]] a le Tona wa lephata la bodiredi le selegae go simololeng ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le motso( 2011).A le leloko la party ee busang ya [[Botswana Democratic Party(BDP)|Botswana Democratic Party(BDP).]]Batshu ke leloko la kokoano ya bo sechaba mo botswana,o ne a nna leloko la komiti ee eteletseng pele tsa palamete ya [[SADC]] go simololeng ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009 )go itlhelela ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le motso (2011), Pele ga moo ene ele commisionera ya [[Botswana Police]] go simololeng ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bone (2004)go itlhelela ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bosupa (2007).<ref>[http://www.gov.bw/en/Ministries--Authorities/Ministries/State-President/Office-of-the-President/Tools--Services/Speeches-/HE-the-Presidents-at-the-opening-of--the-Commonwealth-Conference-for-Heads-of-African-Anti-Corruption-Agencies-/ "Office of the President (OP)".] 8 June 2011</ref> == Palamente == Edwin Batshu ke lepolotiki mo lefatsheng la Botswana. O ne a tlhophiwa go nna [[leloko la Kokoano Bosetšhaba]] ka Phalane 2009, a emetse lekoko le le busang la [[Botswana Democratic Party]].Batshu o tlhomilwe go nna Modulasetulo wa Komiti ya tlhokomelo ya Palamente ya [[Bokaedi jwa Botlhodi le Tshireletso|Bokaedi jwa Botlhale le Tshireletso]]. Batshu e ne e le Leloko la Komitikhuduthamaga ya Foramo ya Palamente ya SADC go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009)go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le motso(2011) . Edwin Batshu o ne a tlhomiwa go nna Tona ya Merero ya Badiri le Selegae ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le motso(2011) O ne a tlhomiwa gape mo go yone tiro e morago ga [[Ditlhophokakaretso tsa 2014 tsa Phalane|ditlhophokakaretso tsa 2014 tsa]] [[Ditlhophokakaretso tsa 2014 tsa Phalane|Phalane]] 2014, ke [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014). == Sepodisi sa Botswana == Edwin Batshu o tsene mo sepodising sa Botswana ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa (1970) e le lepodise. O ne a tlhatloga ka maemo go tlhomiwa go nna Mokomishinara wa Sepodisi ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bone (2004). Morago ga moo Batshu o ne a rola tiro a le dingwaga di le masome a marataro ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e le masome a mabedi le bongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bosupa (2007). Batshu e ne e le Motswana wa boraro go etelela pele Tirelo ya Sepodisi sa Botswana fa e sale boipuso, wa ntlha e le Simon Hirschfeld a latelwa ke Norman Mobobole. Fa a tsaya marapo mo go yo o neng a mo eteletse pele, Moleboge o ne a gatelela gore mapodisi a fetolwe go nna tirelo ya setshaba e e atamelesegang e e neng e leba le go lemoga setshaba jaaka bareki ba ba tshwanetseng go direlwa le go tlotliwa. E ne e le ka nako ya gagwe fa tirelo ya sepodisi e ne e simolola setlhopha se se kgethegileng sa mapodise. == Tse dingwe == Fa a ntse a direla mo tirelong, o ne a ithuta dikhoso di le mmalwa mo lefatsheng lotlhe. Ka nako nngwe, jaaka Mokhomišenara wa Sepodisi o ne a etelela pele yuniti ya Botlhodi, pele ga go tlhamiwa ga Bokaedi jwa Botlhodi le Tshireletsego ka 2008. Batshu o ne a tlhomiwa kwa Kgotlatshekelong ya Boikuelo ya Setso jaaka Moatlhodi ka kgwedi ya Phalane ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bosupa(2007) maemo a a neng a a tshwara go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi (2008) fa a ne a tsena mo sepolotiking.<ref>[http://mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=15&dir=2008/January/Friday18/ Batshu resigns".] 18 January 2008</ref> == Diawate == Batshu ke motlatsa tautona wa pele wa mokgatlho wa kgwele ya dinao wa Botswana (1991-1992).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150115101235/http://www.gov.bw/en/PrintingVersion/?printid=9397 Government of Botswana".] Archived from [http://www.gov.bw/en/PrintingVersion/?printid=9397 the original] on 15 January 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2015</ref> == Metswedi == m7wliy8g3pizgp1k91u2s9mkmn0aypm Simisani Mathumo 0 9340 53665 35439 2026-07-30T17:44:51Z Lucrucia98 12161 53665 wikitext text/x-wiki [[:en:Simisani_Mathumo|Simisani Mathumo]] ke motshameki wa kgwele ya dinao wa lefatshe la Botswana. O tshotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bongwe( 1991) ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le bongwe. <ref name=":0">[https://www.transfermarkt.com/simisani-mathumo/profil/spieler/383542 Simisani Mathumo] </ref> O tsholetswe ko Francistown. <ref name=":0" /> Simisani o simolotse tiro ya gagwe ya kgwele ya dinao kwa Township Rollers academy ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le botlhano (2005). O ne a fiwa ponalo ya gagwe ya ntlha ya maemo a a kwa godimo ke manejara wa nako eo Madinda Ndlovu a le dingwaga di le lesome le borataro. Morago ga go kgatlhisa Simisani o ne a tswelela go nna motheo mo tshireletsong ya Township Rollers FC, a ba tshamekela dingwaga tse di fetang lesome le bobedi mme a fenya dikgele tsotlhe tse di neng di le teng go akaretsa dikgele tse thataro tsa Premier League, FA Cup le Mascom Top 8 Cup. Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong wa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019), o ne a tlogela Township Rollers Football Club go tsenela Free State Stars ya Afrika Borwa, fela konteraka ya gagwe e ne ya fedisiwa fa setlhopha se sena go tswa mo Absa Premiership mme a boela kwa Township Rollers FC ka kgwedi ya Phatwe wa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019).<ref>[https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/sport/soccer/2019-05-11-mamelodi-sundowns-crowned-champions-free-state-stars-relegated/ "Mamelodi Sundowns crowned champions, Free State Stars relegated"]. SowetanLIVE. Retrieved 21 May 2024.</ref> == Tiro == Simisani o tshamekela setlhopha sa Township Rollers Football Club se se tshamekang mo kgaisanong e tona ya kgwele ya dinao kwa Botswana. <ref name=":0" /> Mathumo ke mosireletsi, yoo tshameka kwa morago mo legareng. == Dietsele == Motshameki wa setlha wa FUB: Botswana Premier League 2016/17<ref>[https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/38243 MATHUMO WINS FUB TOP AWARD]</ref> == Metswedi == mtznnr9bjfhmtv7w5cxu95w6a7rd19r Edison Masisi 0 11039 53663 48406 2026-07-30T17:20:19Z Lucrucia98 12161 53663 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Edison Setlhomo Keitshoketswe Masisi''' ( o tshotswe ka di 31 Mopitlwe 1921 – o tlhokafetse ka di 14 Tlhakole 2003)<ref>[https://www.rulers.org/indexm2.html "Index Man-Maz"]</ref>e ne e le radipolotiki le {{Infobox officeholder|name=Edison Setlhomo Keitshoketswe Masisi|office=Minister of Education, Labour and Social Services|office2=Minister of Mineral Resources and Water Affairs|party=[[Botswana Democratic Party]]|birth_date={{Birth date|1921|3|31|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Moshupa]], Bechuanaland Protectorate|death_date={{death date and age|2003|2|14|1921|3|31|df=y}}|death_place=[[Gaborone]], [[Botswana]]|nationality=[[Botswana|Motswana]]|residence=[[Botswana]]|alma_mater=Tiger Kloof Educational Institute{{!}}Tiger Kloof|term_end2=1964|term_start2=1957}} modipolomate mo [[Botswana]] gape ke rraagwe Tautona wa pele wa Botswana, [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]]. O ne a direla e le leloko la palamente ya [[Moshupa]] fa gare ga ngwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le botlhano (1965 )le ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe (1999). Masisi o ne a tsena kwa [[:en:Tiger_Kloof_Educational_Institute|Tiger Kloof]]<nowiki/>mmogo le Tautona [[:en:Quett_Masire|Quett Masire.]] Morago ga go tshwanelega jaaka morutabana, o ne a ruta kwa Moshupa (1950-1964),o ne a nna mogokgo ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le bosupa(1957) go ya ko ngwageng wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bone (1964). Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bone (1964), o ne a rola tiro go gaisanela setulo sa Moshupa mo theketeng ya [[:en:Botswana_Democratic_Party|BDP]]. Mo ngwageng o o latelang, o ne a fenya mo ditlhophong mme a tlhomiwa go nna mothusa Tona ya Thuto, Badiri le Ditirelo tsa Loago. O ne a dira jaaka tona ya bobedi ya puso ya Merero ya Dinaga di Sele mo Kantorong ya Tautona go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borobabongwe (1969)go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bongwe (1971). O ne a fudusediwa kwa Lephateng la Thuto ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bobedi (1972),moragonyana Lephata la Boitekanelo ka dingwaga tsa (1978-1979). Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe (1989), o ne a tlhophiwa go nna motlatsa-modulasetulo wa Kokoano Bosetšhaba, koo a neng a sala mo maemong ao go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe (1999).Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le boraro (1993), o ne a tlhomiwa go nna mothusa Tona ya Matlole le Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo. O ne a rola tiro mo dipolotiking tse di tlhagafetseng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe (1999).<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=PUwlAgAAQBAJ&q=masisi+botswana+historical+dictionary&pg=PA211 Historical Dictionary of Botswana]''. Scarecrow Press. 23 April 2008. p. 211. ISBN 9780810864047</ref> == Metswedi == [[Category:Matsalo a 1921]] [[Category:Loso lwa 2003]] [[Category:Boradipolotiki ba Botswana]] [[Category:Maloko a Ntlo ya Bosetšhaba ya Botswana]] [[Category:Ditona tsa Puso ya Botswana]] [[Category:Ditona tsa Merero ya Mafatshe a Sele tsa Botswana]] [[Category:Ditona tsa Thuto tsa Botswana]] [[Category:Ditona tsa Boitekanelo tsa Botswana]] [[Category:Batlatsa-Modulasetilo ba Ntlo ya Bosetšhaba ya Botswana]] [[Category:Baemedi ba Botswana kwa mafatsheng a sele]] [[Category:Barutabana ba Botswana]] [[Category:Batho ba ba tswang kwa Moshupa]] nrztpidcbzz1pb6q9n269ohrxy8s00z Phillip Gaonwe Matante International Airport 0 11778 53644 52504 2026-07-30T13:01:26Z JudithShe 9421 Ke okeditse le go baakanya metswedi #Wikipedia25BW 53644 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Phillip Gaonwe Matante International Airport''' (IATA: FRW, ICAO: FBPM), gape e itsiwe e le Francistown International Airport, e direla [[Francistown]], [[Botswana]]. Boemafofane jwa setšhaba, jo bo direlang difofane tsa kgwebo le tsa sesole, bo kwa ntlheng ya bophirima jwa toropo. Boemafofane bo ne bo reeletswe ka [[Philip Matante]].<ref>[https://thepatriot.co.bw/renaming-f-town-airport-politically-motivated/ "'Renaming F/town airport politically motivated'"]. 2 October 2019.</ref> == Ditlamelo == Kago e ntšhwa ya boemelo e ne ya bulwa ka gwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le motso (2011) mme boemelo jo bogologolo jo bo kwa ntlheng ya botlhaba jwa boemafofane bo ne jwa fetisetswa kwa [[Botswana Defence Force]].<ref>[https://www.mmegi.bw/editorial/magistrates-must-keep-time/news "Magistrates Must Keep Time".] 6 August 2007.</ref> Ga go na borogo jwa di dijet , ka jalo bapalami ba tshwanetse go tsamaya go tswa kwa boemelong go ya kwa mafelong a a beilweng a go pheka mo boemelong jo bo fa pele ga boemelo. Go ne ga agiwa tora e ntšha ya taolo gaufi le boemelakepe jo bosha. Lefelo la bapalami le na le ntlolehalahala ya ba ba gorogang le ba ba tswang. Lefelo le lennye la mabenkele le na le ditlamelo tsa go hirisa dikoloi, ATM le ofisi ya poso. Badiragatsi ba bangwe ba akaretsa Customs and Excise, Immigration, tepo loapi , Air BP Fuels, le offisi ya difofane ya Botswana. == Ditirelo tsa difofane le mafelo == Kwa Francistown go ya difofane tsa mo gae le tsa kgaolo (mo Aforika). {| class="wikitable" |+ !Difofane !Mafelo |- |Air Botswana |[[Gaborone]], Johannnesburg-OR Tambo |} == Mophato wa sesole sa Botswana wa difofane == Francistown ke legae la bothibelelo jwa difofane tsa sesole sa Botswana le sa Z3 sa mesepele le sa Z12. Bothibelelo bo kwa kagong e kgologolo kwa botlhaba jwa maemelo. == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Dipalamo tsa lefatshe la Botswana]] * [[Maemelo a difofane mo Botswana]] == Metswedi == [1] [http://www.gcmap.com/airport/FRW Airport information for FRW] at Great Circle Mapper. [2] "[https://thepatriot.co.bw/renaming-f-town-airport-politically-motivated/ 'Renaming F/town airport politically motivated]'". 2 October 2019. [3] "[https://www.mmegi.bw/editorial/magistrates-must-keep-time/news Magistrates Must Keep Time]". 6 August 2007 == Metswedi ya kwa ntle == • [https://web.archive.org/web/20190919104244/http://ourairports.com/airports/FBFT/pilot-info.html#general OurAirports – Francistown] • SkyVector – Francistown Archived 8 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine • [https://aviation-safety.net/database/airport/airport.php?id=FRW Accident history for Francistown] at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_Safety_Network Aviation Safety Network] • [http://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/weather/current/FBFT.html Current weather for Francistown] at NOAA/NWS 5f95v5fqlwhdmd2h7sow2vjsk3aq0ko 53645 53644 2026-07-30T13:02:02Z JudithShe 9421 53645 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Phillip Gaonwe Matante International Airport''' (IATA: FRW, ICAO: FBPM), gape e itsiwe e le Francistown International Airport, e direla [[Francistown]], [[Botswana]]. Boemafofane jwa setšhaba, jo bo direlang difofane tsa kgwebo le tsa sesole, bo kwa ntlheng ya bophirima jwa toropo. Boemafofane bo ne bo reeletswe ka [[Philip Matante]].<ref>[https://thepatriot.co.bw/renaming-f-town-airport-politically-motivated/ "'Renaming F/town airport politically motivated'"]. 2 October 2019.</ref> == Ditlamelo == Kago e ntšhwa ya boemelo e ne ya bulwa ka gwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le motso (2011) mme boemelo jo bogologolo jo bo kwa ntlheng ya botlhaba jwa boemafofane bo ne jwa fetisetswa kwa [[Botswana Defence Force]].<ref>[https://www.mmegi.bw/editorial/magistrates-must-keep-time/news "Magistrates Must Keep Time".] 6 August 2007.</ref> Ga go na borogo jwa di dijet , ka jalo bapalami ba tshwanetse go tsamaya go tswa kwa boemelong go ya kwa mafelong a a beilweng a go pheka mo boemelong jo bo fa pele ga boemelo. Go ne ga agiwa tora e ntšha ya taolo gaufi le boemelakepe jo bosha. Lefelo la bapalami le na le ntlolehalahala ya ba ba gorogang le ba ba tswang. Lefelo le lennye la mabenkele le na le ditlamelo tsa go hirisa dikoloi, ATM le ofisi ya poso. Badiragatsi ba bangwe ba akaretsa Customs and Excise, Immigration, tepo loapi , Air BP Fuels, le offisi ya difofane ya Botswana. == Ditirelo tsa difofane le mafelo == Kwa Francistown go ya difofane tsa mo gae le tsa kgaolo (mo Aforika). {| class="wikitable" |+ !Difofane !Mafelo |- |Air Botswana |[[Gaborone]], Johannnesburg-OR Tambo |} == Mophato wa sesole sa Botswana wa difofane == Francistown ke legae la bothibelelo jwa difofane tsa sesole sa Botswana le sa Z3 sa mesepele le sa Z12. Bothibelelo bo kwa kagong e kgologolo kwa botlhaba jwa maemelo. == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Dipalamo tsa lefatshe la Botswana]] * [[Maemelo a difofane mo Botswana]] == Metswedi ya kwa ntle == • [https://web.archive.org/web/20190919104244/http://ourairports.com/airports/FBFT/pilot-info.html#general OurAirports – Francistown] • SkyVector – Francistown Archived 8 November 2021 at the Wayback Machine • [https://aviation-safety.net/database/airport/airport.php?id=FRW Accident history for Francistown] at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviation_Safety_Network Aviation Safety Network] • [http://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/weather/current/FBFT.html Current weather for Francistown] at NOAA/NWS == Metswedi == jabr1duxnt21rdv3b7y429t66uaqm4a Ngwedi 0 12297 53704 49065 2026-07-31T03:57:59Z Omarius257 12570 /* */ 53704 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:FullMoon2010.jpg|thumb]] '''Ngwedi''' (letshwao: [[file:Moon decrescent symbol (fixed width).svg|20px|☾]]) ba re ngwedi o dirilwe ke Modimo go nna lesedi la bosigo, gore batho le diphologolo ba bone fa ba tsamaya mo lefifing. ke letsatsi le le nnye, mme gantsi go bolelwa fa e le mosadi. Fa ngwedi e le moswaana e galotse, go supa lorato le boitumelo, mme fa e roga (e simologa e le legaronyana le lesesane), go a bo go simologa kgwedi e ntsha.<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/40979758?seq=1</ref> Tumelo ya Setswana e ama mebala le maemo a ngwedi le dirigalo tsa botshelo; sekai, fa ngwedi o le mohibidu kgotsa o fifetse, go ka supa gore pula e gaufi kgotsa go na le kutlobotlhoko e e tlang. Batho ba rata go tshameka kwa ntle bosigo fa go na le lesedi la ngwedi.Ngwedi ke lesedi la botshelo Le Le sa feleng Le Ramasedi a re tshegofaditsheng ka lona gore re se timele mo lififng gore re kgone tee dingwe segolo segolo bosigo Le go dira Tse dintsi re sa boifi sepe. == Diane tsa Setswana ka ga ngwedi == * A ngwedi wa tla a tshege letsatsi, are o mosweu<ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA052550590_672</ref> * Moleta ngwedi ke moleta lefifi == Ditshupiso == [[category:Bolepadinaledi]] sp663clpbabnloq75h07chh1fldotbh Polanete 0 12317 53708 49063 2026-07-31T05:06:14Z Omarius257 12570 /* */ 53708 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Solar System True Color TN.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Tsamaiso ye Letsatsi]] '''Re''' na le dipolanete/naledi di le some a mabedi ka tsela e e latelang: * [[Mphatlalatsana]], [[Kopadilalelo]], [[Kopadilelo]] kgotsa [[Naledi ya masa]] (Venus) * [[Tsupa-nako]] kgotsa [[Namakgale]] * [[Tosa]] kgotsa [[Mokgalabje]] * [[Ntheka]] kgotsa [[Seboka]] * [[Motlhapheng]] * [[Motsemagauta]] * [[Namana ya dilo tshennye]] * [[Kgogamasigo]] (Arcturus or Sirius?) * [[Lefatshe]] * [[Ntsatsi]] kgotsa [[Moraki]] * [[Letsatsi]] * [[Ngwedi]]<ref>https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA052550590_800</ref> == Ditshupiso == [[category:Bolepadinaledi]] qfviv5rpr43xccdab6j3otplvutpxnn Kgotla Autlwetse 0 12663 53653 51788 2026-07-30T14:08:03Z Lucrucia98 12161 53653 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Kgotla Autlwetse|office=Minister of Local Government and Rural Development|predecessor10=[[Eric Molale]]|president7=[[Mokgweetsi Masisi]]|successor9=[[Ketlhalefile Motshegwa]]|term_start9=26 January 2022|term_end9=1 November 2024|office15=Assistant Minister of Local Government and Rural Development|birth_name=Kgotla Kenneth Autlwetse|birth_date={{Birth date|1949|01|04|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Serowe]], [[Bechuanaland Protectorate]] (now Botswana)|death_date={{Death date and age|2025|06|03|1949|01|04|df=y}}|death_place=[[Gaborone]], Botswana|nationality=Motswana|spouse=Gabalape Autlwetse|occupation=Teacher, politician|party=[[Botswana Democratic Party]]|honorific-prefix=Honourable}} Kgotla Kenneth Autlwetse (o ne a tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e thola bone ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le borobabongwe (1949 ) a bo a tlhokafala ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e thola boraro ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano (2025) e ne e le radipolotiki le morutabana wa Motswana yo o neng a dira jaaka Tona ya Pusoselegae le Tlhabololo ya Magae ya Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022) go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024).Jaaka leloko la nako e telele la lekgotla la sepolotiki la Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), o ile dula setilo khansele ya bogare, a bo a emela Serowe Bokone kwa Palamenteng magareng ga ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014) le ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019).<ref name=":0">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20231214121914/https://www.eisa.org/pdf/bot2014results.pdf General Elections 2014 Parliamentary Results"] (PDF). Independent Electoral Commission. Retrieved 4 June 2025.</ref> == Botshelo jwa ntlha le thuto == Autlwetse o tsholetswe kwa Serowe ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e thola bone ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le borobabongwe (1949). Morago ga go tshwanelega go nna morutabana mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa (1970) o ne a dira jaaka morutabana le motlhankedi wa thuto mo Kgaolong ya Bogare.<ref>[https://guardiansun.co.bw/Blog/autlwetse-s-long-walk-to-parliament "Autlwetse's long walk to Parliament"]. ''Guardian Sun''. 25 July 2013. Retrieved 4 June 2025</ref> == Tiro ya pusoselegae == Ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe (1990) Autlwetse o ne a tsena mo dipolotiking tsa selegae, a nna mokhanselara mme morago a nna modulasetulo wa Khansele ya Kgaolo ya Bogare, e leng puso e kgolo ya selegae ya Botswana.<ref>[https://web.facebook.com/SundayStandardBW/posts/2368036369989370?_rdc=1&_rdr# "Profile: Kgotla Autlwetse"]. ''Sunday Standard''. 7 August 2019. Retrieved 4 June 2025.</ref> == Tiro ya gagwe ya bopalamente == === Leloko la Palamente (2014–2019) === Morago ga go fenngwa gabedi mo ditlhophong tse di fetileng, Autlwetse o ne a fenya kgaolo ya Serowe Bokone ya BDP kwa ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa Botswana tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014) ka kgwedi ya Phalane e le masome mabedi le bone, a tlhopha diboutu di le dikete tse robabongwe le makgolo a marataro le lesome le bongwe(9,611 )(diperesente di le 85).<ref name=":0" /> Ka nako ya Palamente ya bo lesome le motso, o ne a nna mo dikomiting tse di neng di itebagantse le mafaratlhatlha a metseselegae le go thapa banana. O latlhegetswe ke se se sa bolong go tsewa e le setilo se se babalesegileng mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019), morago ga gore go nne le kgaogano phatlalatsa fa gare ga tautona wa pele Ian Khama le motlhatlhami wa gagwe, Tautona Mokgweetsi Masisi, e e neng ya dira gore bontsi jwa batlhophi ba Serowe ba latlhe phathi ya BDP. Moragonyana o ne a tlhomiwa go nna mopalamente yo o tlhophilweng ka tsela e e kgethegileng ke tautona Mokgweetsi Masisi morago ga go fenngwa ga gagwe.<ref>[https://www.mmegi.bw/news/khama-fingers-autlwetse-in-royal-infighting/news "Khama fingers Autlwetse in royal infighting"]. ''Mmegi Online''. 15 January 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2025.</ref> == Tiro ya Bodiredi == === Mothusa Tona === Tautona Mokgweetsi Masisi o ne a tlhoma Autlwetse go nna Mothusa Tona wa Pusoselegae le Tlhabololo ya Magae morago fela ga ditlhopho tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe(2019).<ref>[https://www.gov.bw/sites/default/files/2020-03/PRESS%20RELEASE%20-CABINET%20APPOINTMENTS.pdf "Cabinet Appointments"] (PDF) (Press release). Government of Botswana. 6 November 2019. Retrieved 4 June 2025.</ref> === Tona ya Pusoselegae le Tlhabololo ya Magae (2022–2024) === Ka kgwedi ya e le masome a mabedi le borataro ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022,) o ne a ikanisiwa jaaka tona e e tletseng, a tlhatlhama Eric Molale.<ref>[https://web.facebook.com/ThePatriotOnSunday/videos/732881467681912/?_rdc=1&_rdr# "Hon. Kgotla Autlwetse sworn in as Minister"]. The Patriot on Sunday. 6 April 2022. Retrieved 4 June 2025</ref> O ne a simolola Leano la Bosetšhaba la Botswana la go Phatlhalatsa Dipuso go dira go ya kwa pusong e e sa tlhomamang thata mme a tsereganya dikgotlhang tsa maemo a a kwa godimo tsa bogosi (bogosi).<ref>[https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/65122 "Government to speed up delivery"]. ''DailyNews''. 10 May 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2025.</ref>Autlwetse o tlogetse kabinete ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele a tlhola bongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024 ) morago ga go fenngwa ga BDP kwa ditlhophong tsa setshaba tsa Botswana tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024). == Leso == Autlwetse o tlhokafetse morago ga go lwala ka lobaka lo loleele kwa Gaborone, ka Kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e thola boraro ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano(2025), a le dingwaga di le masome a supa le borataro.<ref>[https://web.facebook.com/TheVoiceBW/posts/1105097954772857?_rdc=1&_rdr# "Former Minister Kgotla Autlwetse dies after long illness"]. The Voice Botswana. 3 June 2025. Retrieved 4 June 2025.</ref><ref>Mathala, Sharon (4 June 2025). [https://www.mmegi.bw/news/bdp-family-confirm-autlwetses-passing/news "BDP, family confirm Autlwetse's passing]". ''Mmegi Online''. Retrieved 4 June 2025.</ref> == Metswedi == <references /> [[Karolo:Matsalo a 1949]] [[Karolo:Maso a 2025]] [[Karolo:Mapolotiki a Botswana Democratic Party]] [[Karolo:Maloko a khuduthamaga ya Botswana]] [[Karolo:Matona a puso ya Botswana]] 13lsn7ue4touehxprsiz3cdtq4sk4p3 Modirisi:P'kaytee 2 12694 53673 53628 2026-07-30T19:13:49Z P'kaytee 12489 Created a draft 53673 wikitext text/x-wiki Leina la me la tiriso ke P'kaytee [[Modirisi:P'kaytee/|Draft 1]] * [[Modirisi:P'kaytee/|Draft 2]] * [[Modirisi:P'kaytee/|Draft 3]] gp9bdkvmdrgz6s07rpb15ny5onrkjbm Modirisi:P'kaytee/ 2 12695 53674 47648 2026-07-30T19:17:41Z P'kaytee 12489 Added a reference 53674 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Puo e e Didimetseng ya Bopelonomi''' Puo e e Didimetseng ya Bopelonomi ke kgopolo e e tlhalosang puisano ya kutlwelobotlhoko, kutlwelobotlhoko le tlotlo ka ditiro go na le ka mafoko a a buiwang kgotsa a a kwadilweng. Kgopolo e e akantsha gore maitsholo a mannye, a a akanyediwang a ka tlhagisa tlhokomelo le go tlhaloganya ka ditsela tse di fetang puo, setso le dipharologano tsa loago. E tlwaelegile go buiwa ka yone mabapi le botlhale jwa maikutlo, botsalano jwa batho, thutotlhaloganyo le boitekanelo jwa baagi.<ref><nowiki>https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557595/dare-to-dare-brene-brown-phd-msw/</nowiki></ref> [[https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setshwantsho:KindnessErnie.jpg|link=Setshwantsho:KindnessErnie.jpg|thumb|Puo e e Didimetseng ya Bopelonomi.]] '''Kakaretso''' Puo e e didimetseng ya bopelonomi e kaya go bontsha kutlwelobotlhoko le go rata batho ka ditiro tse di sa buiweng go na le ka mafoko a a buiwang. Maitsholo a a bonolo a a tshwanang le go nyenya, go thusa, go reetsa ka kelotlhoko, go bontsha bopelotelele le go tshwara ba bangwe ka tlotlo a bontsha gore o ba tlhokomela le go ba tlhaloganya. Ditiro tseno di thusa go aga go tshepana, go nonotsha botsalano, le go rotloetsa tirisano e e siameng ya loago. Kgopolo e gatelela gore ditiro tsa nnete tsa bopelonomi gantsi di na le tshusumetso e kgolo mo maikutlong go feta mafoko fela, ka gonne di bontsha boammaaruri ka boitshwaro jo bo nang le bokao.<ref><nowiki>https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557595/dare-to-dare-brene-brown-phd-msw/</nowiki></ref> '''Dipharologantsho''' Puo e e didimetseng ya bopelonomi e tlhomololwa ke go utlwela botlhoko, tlotlo, go sa ipone tsapa, go tlhomama le go lemoga maikutlo. Batho ba ba bontshang bopelonomi ba batla go tlhaloganya maitemogelo le maikutlo a batho ba bangwe, ba tshwara batho ka seriti go sa kgathalesege gore ba tswa kae kgotsa ba mo maemong afe, e bile ba ba thusa ba sa lebelela gore ba tla duelwa. Bopelonomi bo bonala gape ka boitshwaro jo bo tlhomameng jwa kutlwelobotlhoko le bokgoni jwa go lemoga fa go tlhokega tshegetso ya maikutlo kgotsa ya mosola.<ref><nowiki>https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557595/dare-to-dare-brene-brown-phd-msw/</nowiki></ref> '''Ditlamorago tsa Loago''' Babatlisisi ba thutotlhaloganyo le ba saense ya loago ba ile ba akantsha gore go itshwara ka bopelonomi go dira gore motho a nne le botsogo jo bo botoka mo tlhaloganyong, a nne le kamano e e nonofileng le go nna seoposengwe mo setšhabeng. Ditiro tsa bopelonomi di ka fokotsa maikutlo a go itlhaola, tsa kgothaletsa tirisanommogo le go rotloetsa tirisano e e siameng mo malapeng, mo dikolong, mo mafelong a tiro le mo baaging. Kgopolo eno gantsi e amanngwa le “phelelo ya go tlhotlhorega,” e ka yone tiro e le nngwe ya bopelonomi e tlhotlheletsang ditiro tse dingwe tsa bopelonomi, e dira gore go nne le melemo e e anameng ya loago fa nako e ntse e tsamaya.<ref><nowiki>https://academic.oup.com/bbok/3000</nowiki></ref> '''Dikopo''' Puo e e didimetseng ya bopelonomi e dirisiwa mo maemong a a farologaneng. Mo thutong, barutabana le baithuti ba dirisa bopelonomi go tlhama mafelo a go ithuta a a tshegetsang le go akaretsa. Mo tlhokomelong ya boitekanelo, puisano e e kutlwelobotlhoko le tlhokomelo e e ikaegileng ka molwetse di thusa mo go tokafatseng maitemogelo a molwetse. Mo mafelong a tiro, bopelonomi bo dira gore badiri ba buisane ka tlotlo, ba dirisane mmogo le gore ba nne le boitekanelo. Mekgatlho ya baagi e rotloetsa boithaopo le go tshegetsana, fa mo dikamano tsa botho, bopelonomi bo nonotsha go tshepana, go tlhaloganya, le kgolagano ya maikutlo ka ditiro tsa letsatsi le letsatsi tsa tlhokomelo le go akanyetsa. <ref><nowiki>https://www.gordontraining.com/free-workplace-articles/active-listening/</nowiki></ref>'''Kgalo''' Bakanoki bangwe ba bolela gore bopelonomi bo le bosi ga bo ka ke jwa rarabolola dikgwetlho tse di anameng tsa loago le tsa popego tse di jaaka lehuma, go sa lekalekane kgotsa go tlhaolwa. Ba tshegetsa gore le mororo ditiro tsa bopelonomi tsa motho ka bongwe di le botlhokwa, di tshwanetse go tsamaya le dipholisi, diphetogo tsa ditheo le maiteko a a kopanetsweng a a rarabololang dilo tse di bakang mathata a loago.<ref>https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/586992/the-war-for-kindness-by-jamil-zaki</ref> '''Tshupetso''' Brown, B. (2018). Dare to Lead. Random House. [https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557595/dare-to-dare-brene-brown-phd-msw/ https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557595/dare-to-dare-brene-brown-phd-msw] Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ. Bantam Books. [https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557595/dare-to-dare-brene-brown-phd-msw/ https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557595/dare-to-dare-brene-brown-phd-msw] Lyubomirsky, S. (2007). The How of Happiness. Penguin Press.[https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557595/dare-to-dare-brene-brown-phd-msw/ https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557595/dare-to-dare-brene-brown-phd-msw] Post, S. G. (Ed.). (2007). Altruism and Health: Perspectives from Empirical Research. Oxford University Press. [https://academic.oup.com/bbok/3000 https://academic.oup.com/bbok/300] Rogers, C. R., & Farson, R. E. (1987). Active Listening. University of Chicago, Industrial Relations Center.[https://www.gordontraining.com/free-workplace-articles/active-listening/ https://www.gordontraining.com/free-workplace-articles/active-listening] Zaki, J. (2019). The War for Kindness: Building Empathy in a Fractured World. Crown. [https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/586992/the-war-for-kindness-by-jamil-zaki https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/586992/the-war-for-kindness-by-jamil-zak] of0t38lbuzt2rujuxcf9oghxm7g7qyd Tlou ya Aforika 0 12736 53637 53622 2026-07-30T12:29:17Z Atsile Edith 11759 Ke senotse tsebe e #Wikipedia25BW 53637 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditlou tsa Aforika''' ke maloko a [[:en:Genus_(biology)|mofuta]] wa '''''Loxodonta''''' o o nang le [[:en:Species|mefuta]] e mebedi ya [[:en:Elephant|ditlou]] tse di tshelang, tlou ya [[:en:African_bush_elephant|sekgwa ya Aforika]] ( ''L. africana'' ) le [[:en:African_forest_elephant|tlou e nnye ya sekgwa sa Aforika]] ( ''L. cyclotis'' ) . Bobedi jo ke diphologolo tse di jang [[:en:Herbivore|ditlhatsana]] tse di nang le letlalo le le [[:en:Skin|bosetlha]] . Le fa go ntse jalo, di farologana ka bogolo le mmala wa [[:en:Tusk|lenaka]] ga mmogo le popego le bogolo jwa [[:en:Ear|ditsebe]] le [[:en:Skull|marapo a ditlhogo]] tsa tsone . Mefuta ka bobedi e mo kotsing ya go nyelela go ya ka [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|Lenaane le Lehibidu la IUCN;]] go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2021, tlou ya sekgwa e tsewa e le mo [[:en:Endangered_species|kotsing ya go nyelela]] fa tlou ya sekgwa yone e tsewa e le mo [[:en:Critically_endangered|kotsing e e masisi]]. Di tshosediwa ke go [[:en:Habitat_loss|latlhegelwa ke bonno]] le go kgaogana, mmogo le go [[:en:Poaching|tsomiwa]] ga [[:en:Ivory_trade|kgwebisano ya dinaka]] tsa tlou e e seng ka fa molaong mo dinageng di le mmalwa tsa mefutafuta. ''Loxodonta'' ke nngwe ya mefuta e mebedi e e santseng e le teng mo lelapeng la [[:en:Elephantidae|Elephantidae]]. Leina le le kaya leino le le thata le le bopegileng jaaka teemane ya meno a tsone a meno a akwa morago mo ganong. [[:en:Fossil|Masalela a masaledi]] a mefuta ya Loxodonta a fitlhetswe mo Aforika, go simolola ka nako ya bofelo ya motlha wa Miocene (go tloga ka dingwaga di ka nna didikadike di le supa go ya kwa boratarong tse di fetileng) go ya pele. == Thuto ya mafoko == Leina la ''Loxodonta'' le tswa mo mafokong a [[:en:Ancient_Greek|Segerika sa Bogologolo]] λοξός (''loxós'', "go sekamela", "go kgabaganya") le ὀδούς (odoús, "leino"), le le kayang enamele e e bopegileng jaaka teemane ([[:en:Lozenge_(shape)|lozenge]]) ya [[:en:Molar_teeth|meno a a ko morago mo ganong]], e e farologaneng thata le ya sebopego se se dikologang sa enamele ya [[:en:Asian_elephant|tlou ya Asia]].<ref>Cuvier, F. (1825). "[[iarchive:histoirenaturel6geof/page/n115|Éléphants d'Afrique]]". In Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, É.; Cuvier, F. (eds.). Histoire Naturelle des Mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans. Vol. Tome 6. Paris: A. Belain. pp. 117–118.</ref> == Thulaganyo ya ditshedi le thutotlhagelelo == [[:en:Scientific_description|Tlhaloso ya ntlha ya saense]] ya tlou ya Aforika e kwadilwe ka ngwaga wa 1797 ke [[:en:Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach|Johann Friedrich Blumenbach]], yo o neng a akantsha [[:en:Scientific_name|leina la saense]] la ''Elephas africanus''.<ref>Blumenbach, J. F. (1797). "[http://www.deutschestextarchiv.de/book/view/blumenbach_naturgeschichte_1797?p=147 2. Africanus]". Handbuch der Naturgeschichte [Handbook of Natural History] (Fifth ed.). Göttingen: Johann Christian Dieterich. p. 125.</ref> [[wiktionary:Loxodonta|''Loxodonte'']] e ne ya akantshiwa jaaka leina la kakaretso la tlou ya Aforika ke [[:en:Frédéric_Cuvier|Frédéric Cuvier]] ka ngwaga wa 1825. Mokwadi yo o sa itsiweng o ne a dirisa mopeleto wa Selatine wa ''Loxodonta'' ka ngwaga wa 1827.<ref>Anonymous (1827). "[[iarchive:zoologicaljourna318271828sowe/page/140|Analytical Notices of Books. Histoire Naturelle des Mammifères, avec des Figures originale, dessinées d'après des Animaux vivans; &c. Par MM. Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, et F. Cuvier. Livraison 52 et 53".]] The Zoological Journal. 3 (9): 140–143.</ref> Mokwadi yo o ne a amogelwa jaaka molaodi ke [[:en:International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature|Molao wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Maina a Diphologolo]] ka ngwaga wa 1999.<ref>[[:en:Jeheskel_Shoshani|Shoshani, J.]] (2005). "[http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=11500008 Genus Loxodonta]". In [[:en:Don_E._Wilson|Wilson, D.E.]]; Reeder, D.M (eds.). [http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA91 Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference] (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 91. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0|978-0-8018-8221-0.]] [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494 62265494].</ref> ''Elephas (Loxodonta'') cyclotis e ne ya tshitshinngwa ke [[:en:Paul_Matschie|Paul Matschie]] ka ngwaga wa 1900, yo o neng a tlhalosa [[:en:Zoological_specimen|dikao]] [[:en:Zoological_specimen|tsa diphologolo]] tse tharo tsa ditlou tsa Aforika go tswa kwa Cameroon tse [[:en:Skull|marapo a ditlhogo]] tsa tsone di neng di farologana ka popego le tsa ditlhogo tsa ditlou tse di kokoantsweng gongwe le gongwe mo Aforika.<ref>Matschie, P. (1900). [[iarchive:sitzungsberichte1900gese/page/194|"Geographische Abarten des Afrikanischen Elefanten"]]. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin. 3: 189–197.</ref>Ka ngwaga wa 1936, [[:en:Glover_Morrill_Allen|Glover Morrill Allen]] o ne a tsaya tlou e e le mofuta o o farologaneng mme a e bitsa 'tlou ya sekgwa';<ref>Allen, G. M. (1936). "Zoological results of the George Vanderbilt African Expedition of 1934. Part II — The forest elephant of Africa". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 88: 15–44. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4064188 4064188].</ref> bakwadi ba moragonyana ba ne ba e tsaya e le [[:en:Subspecies|mofutapotlana]].<ref name=":0">Laurson, B.; Bekoff, M. (1978). "[http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-092-01-0001.pdf Loxodonta africana]" (PDF). Mammalian Species (92): 1–8. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/3503889|10.2307/3503889]]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3503889 3503889]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253949585 253949585]. Retrieved 5 August 2010.</ref><ref>Estes, R. D. (1999). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=Xqp7poFviNcC&pg=PA223 Elephant ''Loxodonta africana'' Family Elephantidae, Order Proboscidea"]. ''The Safari Companion: A Guide to Watching African Mammals Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, and Primates'' (Revised and expanded&#x20;ed.). Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing Company. pp.&#x20;223–233. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/1-890132-44-6|<bdi>1-890132-44-6</bdi>.]]</ref>Ditshekatsheko tsa popego le tsa dijini fa e sa le di neelana ka bosupi jwa dipharologano tsa maemo a mefuta magareng ga tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika le tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika.<ref name=":2">Grubb, P.; Groves, C. P.; Dudley, J. P. & Shoshani, J. (2000). [[doi:10.22237/elephant/1521732169|"Living African elephants belong to two species: ''Loxodonta africana'' (Blumenbach, 1797) and ''Loxodonta cyclotis'' (Matschie, 1900)".]] ''Elephant''. '''2''' (4): 1–4. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.22237/elephant/1521732169|10.22237/elephant/1521732169.]]</ref><ref>Roca, A. L.; Georgiadis, N.; Pecon-Slattery, J. & O'Brien, S. J. (2001). "[https://zenodo.org/record/1230804 Genetic Evidence for Two Species of Elephant in Africa".] Science. 293 (5534): 1473–1477. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Sci...293.1473R :2001Sci...293.1473R]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1059936|10.1126/science.1059936]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11520983 11520983]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38285623 38285623].</ref><ref>Rohland, N.; Malaspinas, A.-S.; Pollack, J. L.; Slatkin, M.; Matheus, P. & Hofreiter, M. (2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1925134 "Proboscidean Mitogenomics: Chronology and Mode of Elephant Evolution Using Mastodon as Outgroup"]. PLOS Biology. 5 (8) e207. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050207|10.1371/journal.pbio.0050207]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1925134 1925134]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17676977 17676977].</ref><ref name=":3">Rohland, N.; Reich, D.; Mallick, S.; Meyer, M.; Green, R. E.; Georgiadis, N. J.; Roca, A. L. & Hofreiter, M. (2010). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3006346 "Genomic DNA sequences from mastodon and woolly mammoth reveal deep speciation of forest and savanna elephants"]. PLOS Biology. 8 (12) e1000564. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000564|10.1371/journal.pbio.1000564]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3006346 3006346]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21701575 21203580].</ref><ref>Murphy, W. J.; Ishida, Y.; Oleksyk, T. K.; Georgiadis, N. J.; David, V. A.; Zhao, K.; Stephens, R. M.; Kolokotronis, S.-O. & Roca, A. L. (2011). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3110795 "Reconciling Apparent Conflicts between Mitochondrial and Nuclear Phylogenies in African Elephants"]. PLOS ONE. 6 (6) e20642. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PLoSO...620642I :2011PLoSO...620642I.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020642|10.1371/journal.pone.0020642]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3110795 3110795]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21701575 21701575].</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1907, Richard Lydekker o ne a akantshanya mefuta e merataro ya ditlou tsa Aforika go ikaegilwe ka bogolo le dipopego tse di farologaneng tsa ditsebe tsa tsone.<ref>Lydekker, R. (1907). [[iarchive:proceedingsofzoo19071446zool/page/380|"The Ears as a Race-Character in the African Elephant"]]. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (January to April): 380–403. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1907.tb01824.x|10.1111/j.1096-3642.1907.tb01824.x]].</ref> Tsotlhe di tsewa di [[:en:Synonym_(taxonomy)|tshwana]] le tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika.[1] Mofuta wa boraro, tlou ya Afrika Bophirima, le one o tshitshintswe mme o tlhoka go tlhomamisiwa. Go akanngwa gore losika lono lo ntse lo kgaogantswe le ba bangwe dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi le makgolo a mane.<ref>Eggert, L.S.; Rasner, C.A. & Woodruff, D.S. (2002). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691127 "The evolution and phylogeography of the African elephant inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence and nuclear microsatellite markers"]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 269 (1504): 1993–2006. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2070|10.1098/rspb.2002.2070.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691127 1691127]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12396498 12396498].</ref> === Mefuta e e sa tlholeng e le teng le mefutapotlana === Magareng ga bofelo jwa lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabobedi le masome a mabedi a le mangwe la dingwaga, go ne ga tlhalosiwa ditlou tse di latelang tsa Afrika tse di sa tlholeng di le teng go ya ka [[:en:Fossil|masalela]] a dilo tse di epolotsweng: * [[:en:North_African_elephant|Tlou ya Bokone jwa Aforika]] († ''Loxodonta africana pharaohensis'' ) e e neng ya akantshiwa ke [[:en:Paulus_Edward_Pieris_Deraniyagala|Paulus Edward Pieris Deraniyagala]] ka ngwaga 1948 e ne e le sekao go tswa kwa [[:en:Fayum|Fayum]] kwa Egepeto.<ref>Deraniyagala, P. E. P. (1955). Some extinct elephants, their relatives, and the two living species. Colombo: Ceylon National Museums Publication.</ref> * † [[:en:Loxodonta_atlantica|''Loxodonta atlantica'']] e ne ya akantshiwa jaaka ''Elephas atlanticus'' ke [[:en:Auguste_Pomel|Auguste Pomel]] ka ngwaga wa 1879 go ikaegilwe ka [[:en:Skull|legata]] le marapo a a fitlhetsweng kwa [[:en:Tighennif|Ternifine]], kwa Algeria.<ref>Pomel, A. (1897). "[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k62754098/f48 Elephas atlanticus Pom.]". Les éléphants quaternaires. Paléontologie : monographies. Alger: P. Fontana & Co. pp. 42–59.</ref> * † [[:en:Loxodonta_exoptata|''Loxodonta exoptata'']] e e neng ya akantshiwa ke [[:de:Wilhelm Otto Dietrich|Wilhelm Otto Dietrich]] ka ngwaga wa 1941 e ne e ikaegile ka meno a a fitlhetsweng kwa [[:en:Laetoli|Laetoli]], kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]].<ref>Dietrich, W. O. (1941). "Die säugetierpaläontologischen Ergebnisse der Kohl-Larsen'schen Expedition 1937–1939 im nördlichen Deutsch-Ostafrika". ''Zentralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie''. '''B''' (8): 217–223. </ref> * † [[:en:Loxodonta_adaurora|''Loxodonta'']] [[:en:Loxodonta_adaurora|''adaurora'']] e e neng ya akantshiwa ke Vincent Maglio ka ngwaga wa 1970 e ne e le [[:en:Skeleton|lerapo le le feletseng]] le le neng la fitlhelwa kwa [[:en:Kanapoi|Kanapoi]], kwa Kenya.<ref>Maglio, V. J. (1970). [[iarchive:breviora326350harv/page/n291|"Four new species of Elephantidae from the Plio-Pleistocene of northwestern Kenya]]". ''Breviora'' (341): 1–43.</ref> * † [[:en:Loxodonta_cookei|''Loxodonta cookei'']] e e tshitshintsweng ke [[:en:William_J._Sanders|William J. Sanders]] ka ngwaga wa 2007 go ikaegilwe ka meno a a fitlhetsweng kwa Sebopegong sa Varswater kwa Langebaanweg, Aforika Borwa <ref>Sanders, W. (2007). [https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/billsanders/wp-content/uploads/sites/382/2016/04/AP-SANDERS-REVISED.pdf "Taxonomic review of fossil Proboscidea (Mammalia) from Langebaanweg, South Africa"] (PDF). Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 62 (1) (Online ed.): 1–16. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007TRSSA..62....1S :2007TRSSA..62....1S.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/00359190709519192|10.1080/00359190709519192.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27499106 27499106].</ref> === Kamano ya ditshika le tlhabologo === Dikamano tsa ditlou tse di tshelang le tse di nyeletseng tse di ikaegileng ka DNA, morago ga Palkopoulou et al. ngwaga wa 2018.<ref name=":1">Palkopoulou, E.; Lipson, M.; Mallick, S.; Nielsen, S.; Rohland, N.; Baleka, S.; Karpinski, E.; Ivancevic, A. M.; Thu-Hien To; Kortschak, R. D.; Raison, J. M.; Zhipeng, Q.; Tat-Jun C.; Alt, K. W.; Claesson, S.; Dalén, L.; MacPhee, R. D. E.; Meller, H.; Roca, A. L.; Ryder, O. A.; Heiman, D.; Young, S.; Breen, M.; Williams, C.; Aken, B. L.; Ruffier, M.; Karlsson, E.; Johnson, J.; Di Palma, F.; Alfoldi, J.; Adelson, D. L.; Mailund, T.; Munch, K.; Lindblad-Toh, K.; Hofreiter, M.; Poinar, H.; Reich, D. (2018). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5856550 "A comprehensive genomic history of extinct and living elephants"]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (11): E2566–E2574. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PNAS..115E2566P 2018PNAS..115E2566P.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.1720554115|10.1073/pnas.1720554115]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5856550 5856550]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29483247 29483247].</ref> Mofuta wa bogologolo wa ''Loxodonta'' o o itsiweng ke ''[[:en:Loxodonta_cookei|Loxodonta cookei]]'', ka masalela a mofuta o o itsiweng go tswa mo dingwageng di ka nna didikadike di le supa go ya kwa botlhanong tse di fetileng, go tswa mo masaleleng a a fitlhetsweng kwa Chad, Kenya, Uganda, le Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":4">Sanders, W. J. (2023). Evolution and Fossil Record of African Proboscidea (First ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 154, 205–208. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1201/b20016|10.1201/b20016.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-315-11891-8|978-1-315-11891-8.]]</ref> Tshekatsheko ya [[:en:DNA_sequences|tatelano ya DNA]] ya nuclear e supa gore [[:en:Genetic_divergence|pharologano ya dijini]] magareng ga ditlou tsa sekgwa le tsa sekgwa tsa Aforika e simolotse dingwaga di tlgoa ka didikadike di le pedi tsotlhe le dikete di le makgolo a marataro go ya go didikadike di le tlhano tsotlhe le dikete di le makgolo a marataro. tse di fetileng. Tlou ya sekgwa sa Aforika e fitlhetswe e na le mefutafuta e e kwa godimo ka dikirii ya pharologano ya dijini, e e ka tswang e bontsha go kgaogana ga bonno jwa yona ka nako le nako ka nako ya diphetogo tsa [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]].<ref name=":3" /> [[:en:Gene_flow|Go elela ga dijini]] fa gare ga mefuta e mebedi ya ditlou tsa Aforika go ne ga sekasekwa mo mafelong a le masome a mabedi le bongwe. Tshekatsheko e senotse gore ditlou di le mmalwa tsa sekgwa tsa Aforika di ne di na le [[:en:Mitochondrial_DNA|DNA e e fitlhelwang mo dikarolong tsa mmele tse di ntshang maatla tsa mitochondria]] ya ditlou tsa sekgwa sa Aforika, se se supang gore di ne tsa kopanngwa go tswa mo mefuteng e mebedi e e farologang mo kgaolong ya phetogo ya lefelo la bojang jo bontsi-sekgwa mo dinakong tsa bogologolo.<ref>Roca, A. L.; Georgiadis, N. & [[:en:Stephen_J._O'Brien|O'Brien, S. J.]] (2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20131127012455/http://planet.uwc.ac.za/nisl/Biodiversity/pdf/Nature%20Genet%202005%20Roca%20et%20al%20elephant%20phylgeogr.pdf "Cytonuclear genomic dissociation in African elephant species]" (PDF). Nature Genetics. 37 (1): 96–100. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/ng1485|10.1038/ng1485.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15592471 15592471]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10029589 10029589]. Archived from [http://planet.uwc.ac.za/nisl/Biodiversity/pdf/Nature%20Genet%202005%20Roca%20et%20al%20elephant%20phylgeogr.pdf the original] (PDF) on 27 November 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2019.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, le fa go ne go na le go kopana ga ditshedi kwa lefelong la kgolagano magareng ga mefuta e mebedi, go lebega go nnile le kelelo e nnye ya dijini e e atlegileng magareng ga mefuta e mebedi fa e sale e kgaogana ga yone la ntlha.<ref name=":1" /> [[Setshwantsho:Palaeoloxodon phylogeny.svg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa phylogeny se se bontshang maemo a [[:en:Straight-tusked_elephant|tlou ya dinaka tse di tlhamaletseng]] (''Palaeoloxodon antiquus'') fa e bapisiwa le mefuta e mengwe ya ba lelapa la ditlou, se ikaegile ka diphatsa tsa nuklei , go ya ka Palkopoulou le ba bangwe (ngwaga wa 2018). Se gape se bontsha [[:en:Hybrid_(biology)|pharologanyo ya diphatsa]] e e diragetseng ka ntlha ya go [[:en:Introgression|tsalana]] ga mefuta e e farologaneng , fa [[:en:Gene_flow|diphatsa di fetisiwa]] go tswa mo ditloung tsa sekgwa go ya mo ''[[:en:Palaeoloxodon|Palaeoloxodon]]'']] DNA go tswa mo tlou ya karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe e [[:en:Straight-tusked_elephant|e nang le mana a a tlhamaletseng]] (''Palaeoloxodon antiquus'') e supa gore mofuta wa tlou o o sa tlholeng o le teng wa [[:en:Palaeoloxodon|''Palaeoloxodon'']] o amana thata le ditlou tsa Afrika go na le ditlou tsa Asia kgotsa ditlou tse dikgolo. Tshekatsheko ya jenome ya ''P. antiquus'' gape e bontsha gore ''Palaeloxodon'' e [[:en:Hybrid_(biology)|kopantswe thata]] le ditlou tsa sekgwa sa Aforika, mme se sa felela ka [[:en:Hybrid_(biology)|kelelo ya dijini tse di tsenelelang]] go tswa mo ditloung tsa Aforika go ya kwa ''Palaeoloxodon'', ka jenome ya mitochondrial le go feta karolo ya masomea mararo mo lekgolong ya genome ya nyutlea ya ''P. antiquus'' e e tswang mo ''L.cyclotis'' . Losika lo lo gaufi le dipalopalo tsa segompieno tsa Aforika bophirima go na le dipalopalo tsa Aforika bogare tsa ditlou tsa sekgwa.<ref name=":1" /> Tshekatsheko ya di-mitogenome tsa ''[[:en:Palaeoloxodon_huaihoensis|Palaeoloxodon tsa China]]'' e supa gore losika lono lwa ditlou tsa sekgwa lo ne lo abelanwa thata mo ''mefuteng ya Palaeoloxodon''.<ref>Lin, H.; Hu, J.; Baleka, S.; Yuan, J.; Chen, X.; Xiao, B.; Song, S.; Du, Z.; Lai, X.; Hofreiter, M.; Sheng, G. (2023). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10353889 "A genetic glimpse of the Chinese straight-tusked elephants"]. Biology Letters. 19 (7) 20230078. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rsbl.2023.0078|10.1098/rsbl.2023.0078.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10353889 10353889]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37463654 37463654].</ref> == Tlhaloso == === Letlalo ,ditsebe le Selopo === [[Setshwantsho:Elephant skeleton.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa marapo a mmele wa tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika]] [[Setshwantsho:Loxodonta africana-cyclotis skulls PZSL.png|thumb|Papiso ya ditlhogo tsa ditlou tsa sekgwa (ka fa molemeng) le tsa sekgwa (ka fa mojeng) fa di bonwa kwa pele. Ela tlhoko tlhogo e khutshwane le e e bulegileng ya ''L. cyclotis'', e e nang le phatla e e tshesane mo boemong jwa phatla e e tshesane.]] [[Setshwantsho:African Bush Elephant Skull.jpg|thumb|Legata la tlou e tona ya mo sekgweng ya Aforika le bontshiwa kwa [[:en:Museum_of_Osteology|Lefelong la Polokelo la Thuto ya Marapo]]]] Ditlou tsa Aforika di na le letlalo le le menaganeng le le bosetlha le le bokima jwa di milimetara di le masome a mararo (boleele jwa di inch di le nngwe ntlha pedi ) le le khurumeditsweng ke moriri o o sa tlhomamang, o o nang le ditlhale o o borokwa jo bo gateletseng go ya go bontshong. Moriri o mokhutshwane o o kgonang go amiwa o gola mo selopong , se se nang le dithulaganyo tse pedi tse di tshwanang le menwana kwa ntlheng, fa ditlou tsa Asia tsone di na le e le nngwe fela.<ref name=":0" /> Ditsebe tsa tsone tse dikgolo di thusa go fokotsa mogote wa mmele. Go di phaphatha go dira gore go nne le metsi a mowa mme go senola matlhakore a a kafa teng a ditsebe kwa ditshika tse dikgolo tsa madi di oketsang tatlhegelo ya mogote ka nako ya maemo a bosa a a mogote. Selopo sa tlou ke katoloso e e kgonang go [[:en:Prehensile|tshwara]] ya molomo wa yone o o kwa godimo le nko. Tokololo e, e e nang le kutlo e kgolo e laolwa thata ke tshika wa kutlo ya [[:en:Trigeminal_nerve|trigeminal]], mme go akanngwa gore e tsamaisiwa ke mesifa e e ka nnang dikete di le masome a mane go ya go dikete di le masome a marataro. Ka ntlha ya popego e ya mesifa, selopo sa tlou se nonofile thata mo e leng gore tlou e ka kgona go tsholetsa mo e ka nnang karolo ya boraro mo lekgolong ka bokete jwa mmele wa yone ka sone. Ditlou di dirisa selopo sa tsone go dupa, go ama, go ja, go nwa, go iphara ka lerole, go ntsha medumo, go rwala dilo, go itshireletsa le go tlhasela.<ref name=":5">Shoshani, J. (1978). [[doi:10.22237/elephant/1491234053|"General information on elephants with emphasis on tusks"]]. Elephant. 1 (2) elephant.eP1016: 20–31. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.22237/elephant/1491234053|10.22237/elephant/1491234053]].</ref> Ka dinako dingwe, ditlou di thuma ka fa tlase ga metsi mme di dirisa selopo sa tsone jaaka tšhupu ya go hema ([[:en:Snorkel_(swimming)|snorkel]])<ref>West, J.B. (2002). "[[doi:10.1152/nips.01374.2001|Why doesn't the elephant have a pleural space?".]] News in Physiological Sciences. 17 (2): 47–50. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1152/nips.01374.2001|10.1152/nips.01374.2001]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11909991 11909991]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27321751 27321751].</ref> == Dinaka le meno a a ko morago == Ditlou tse ditonanyana le tse di namagadi tsa Aforika ka bobedi di na le dinaka tse di golang go tswa mo [[:en:Deciduous_teeth|menong a a tlhotlhoregang]] a a bidiwang tushes, a a emisediwang ke meno fa dinamane di ka nna ngwaga o le mongwe. Dinaka di bopilwe ka [[:en:Dentin|dentin]], e e bopang dipopego tse dinnye tsa sebopego sa teemane mo gare ga mana a a nnang magolo mo matlhakoreng a lone.<ref name=":5" /> Dinaka di dirisiwa thata go epa medi le go apola lekwati la ditlhare go bona dijo, go lwa ka nako ya go nyala, le go iphemela kgatlhanong le dibatana tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe. Dinaka tse di bokete jo bo tswang mo dikilogram di le masome a mabedi le boraro go ya go masome a mane le botlhano (bokete jwa di ponto di le masome a matlhano le bongwe go ya masome a borobabongwe le bongwe) mme a ka nna boleele jwa di meter di le bongwe le sephatlho go ya kwa bobedi le ntlha nne (boleele jwa leoto bo le botlhano go ya kwa borobabobeding). Di bobegetse kwa pele mme di tswelela go gola mo botshelong jotlhe jwa tlou.<ref name=":6">Burnie, D. (2001). Animal. London: [[:en:Dorling_Kindersley|Dorling Kindersley]].</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Loxodonta africana - Molar of an adult.JPG|thumb|Leino le legolo la tlou ya sekgwa sa Aforika, le le bontshang di-mekoti e e naleng phefo mo marapong a sefatlhego tsa sebopego sa loxodont/lozenge/dithapo tsa boalo jwa bogodimo jwa leino]] [[Setshwantsho:Loxodonta molar diagram.svg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa boalogodimo jwa leino la tlou ya Aforika]] Popego ya meno (dental formula) ya tlou ke:1.0.3.3/0.0.3.3× 2 = 26 (Nngwe, lefela, boraro, boraro/ lefela, lefela, boraro , boraro, tsotlhe di menagantswe gabedi, a bo tsotlhe di lekana le meno a le masome a mabedi le marataro)<ref name=":5" />Tlou e na le meno a magolo a le mane. Leino lengwe le lengwe le bokete jwa dikilogerama di le tlhano ( ponto tse lesome le bongwe) mme le boleele jwa disentimetara di le masome a mararo (inch di le lesome le bobedi). Fa meno a a kwa pele a senyega mme a wa ka dikarolwana, a a kwa morago a sutela kwa pele, mme meno a matona a mabedi a masha a mela kwa morago ga molomo. Ditlou di fetola meno a yone gararo go ya go garataro mo botshelong jwa tsone. Fa e fitlha mo dingwageng di ka nna masome a mane go ya go masome a marataro, e latlhegelwa ke meno a yone a bofelo mme gantsi e swa ka ntlha ya tlala, e leng sengwe sa mabaka a a tlwaelesegileng a loso. Ditlou tsa Aforika di na le meno a le masome a mabedi le mane ka kakaretso, a le marataro mo karolong nngwe le nngwe ya lotlhaya. Dikarolo tsa boalo jo bo ha godimo mo menong a magolo di dinnye ka palo fa di bapisiwa le tsa ditlou tsa Asia.<ref>[[:en:Juliet_Clutton-Brock|Clutton-Brock, J.]] (1987). A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals. Cambridge University Press. p. 208. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-521-34697-5|0-521-34697-5]].</ref> Boalo jwa ya meno a magolo bo apara e bo bo nna le sebopego sa taemane (<>), e leng letshwao le le tlwaelesegileng mo ditloung tsotlhe tsa mofuta wa ''Loxodonta''.<ref name=":4" /> Le fa mefuta mengwe ya ''Loxodonta'' e e nyeletseng e ne e santse e na le meno a sa feleng a [[:en:Premolar|leino le le fa gare ga leino la go gagola le leino la go sila]], meno ao ga sa tlhole a le teng mo mefuteng e mebedi e e sa ntseng e tshela.<ref>Sanders, W. J. (2018). "Horizontal tooth displacement and premolar occurrence in elephants and other elephantiform proboscideans". Historical Biology. 30 (1–2): 137–156. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018HBio...30..137S 2018HBio...30..137S]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/08912963.2017.1297436|10.1080/08912963.2017.1297436]].</ref> === Bogolo === Tlou ya naga ya Aforika ke yone phologolo e e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe tse di [[:en:Terrestrial_animal|tshelang mo lefatsheng]]. Fa maemo a siame mme e ka gola ka botlalo, ditlou tse di godileng tsotlhe di nna boleele jwa dimetara di le pedi tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a mane le bosupa go ya go dimetara di le pedi tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a supa le boraro mo magetleng (boleele jwa leoto bo le borobaobedi le intšhi e le nngwe go ya go boleele jwa leoto bo le borobabobedi le diintšhi di le lesome le bongwe), mme di nna bokete jwa ditone di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le thataro go ya go ditone di le tharo tsotlhe le dikarolo di le botlhano (ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le thataro go ya go ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le tharo tsotlhe le dikarolo di le nne; ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robongwe go ya go ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le tharo tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robongwe) fa dipoo tse di godileng tsotlhe di nna boleele jwa dimetara di le tharo tsotlhe le disentimetara di le nne go ya go dimetara di le tharo tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a mararo le borataro (boleele jwa leoto bo le lesome tsotlhe go ya go difaete di le lesome le bongwe), mme ka palogare di nna bokete jwa ditone di le tlhano tsotlhe le dikarolo di le pedi go ya go ditone di le thataro tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robongwe (ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le tlhano tsotlhe le karolo e le nngwe go ya go ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le thataro tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robedi; ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le tlhano tsotlhe le dikarolo di le supa go ya go ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le supa tsotlhe le dikarolo di le thataro).Poo e kgolo go tsotlhe e e kileng ya rekotiwa e ne e le boleele jwa dimetara di le tharo tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a robongwe le borataro mo magetleng (boleele jwa leoto bo le lesome le boraro), mme go akanngwa gore e ne e le bokete jwa ditone di le lesome tsotlhe le dikarolo di le nne (ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le lesome tsotlhe le dikarolo di le pedi; ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le lesome le nngwe tsotlhe le dikarolo di le botlhano).<ref>Larramendi, A. (2016). [[doi:10.4202/app.00136.2014|"Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans"]]. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 61 (3): 537–574. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AcPaP..61..537L 2016AcPaP..61..537L]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4202/app.00136.2014|10.4202/app.00136.2014]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2092950 2092950].</ref>Mokwatla wa yone o kobegile go ya teng gare, fa mokwatla wa tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika o batla o tlhamaletse.<ref name=":2" />Tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika e nnye thata fa e bapisiwa le ya naga. Fa maemo a siame mme e gola ka botlalo, dipoo tsa tlou ya sekgwa di akanngwa gore ka palogare di nna boleele jwa dimetara di le pedi tsotlhe le disentimetara di le robongwe go ya go dimetara di le pedi tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a mararo le bongwe (boleele jwa leoto bo le thataro tsotlhe le diintšhi di le robongwe go ya go boleele jwa leoto bo le supa tsotlhe le diintšhi di le thataro), mme di nna bokete jwa ditone tsotlhe di le nngwe tsotlhe le dikarolo di le supa go ya go ditone tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le tharo (ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le nngwe tsotlhe le dikarolo di le supa go ya go ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le tharo; ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le nngwe tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robongwe go ya go ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le botlhano) == Phatlalatso le bonno == [[Setshwantsho:African elephants, World, 2015 (cropped).svg|thumb|Ditlou tsa Aforika]] Ditlou tsa Aforika di anamisitswe kwa [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Afrika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara]], kwa di nnang mo dikgaolong tsa [[:en:Scrubland|ditlhatshana]] tsa [[:en:Sahel|Sahelian]] le tse di [[:en:Arid|omileng]], [[:en:Tropical_rainforest|dikgwa tsa pula tsa boboatsatsi]], [[:en:Woodland|dikgwa]] tsa [[:en:Mopane|mopane]] le tsa [[:en:Miombo|miombo]]. Ditlou tsa sekgwa sa Aforika di bonwa fela mo Aforika Bogare le Bophirima.<ref>Blanc, J. J.; Thouless, C. R.; Hart, J. A.; Dublin, H. T.; Douglas-Hamilton, I.; Craig, G. C.; Barnes, R. F. W. (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z418bsp0fQoC African Elephant Status Report 2002: An update from the African Elephant Database]. Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 29. Gland and Cambridge: IUCN. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0707-5|978-2-8317-0707-5.]]</ref> == Boitshwaro le tikologo == === Lelwapa === [[Setshwantsho:Serengeti Elefantenherde2.jpg|thumb|Ditlou tse di namagadi tsa sekgwa kwa Tanzania]] [[Setshwantsho:Bee-Threat-Elicits-Alarm-Call-in-African-Elephants-pone.0010346.s004.ogv|thumb|Lelapa le tsibogela modumo wa tlhagiso ya dinotshe]] Mefuta ka bobedi ya ditlou tsa Aforika e nna mo ditlhopa tsa malapa tse di nang le dikgomo di le mmalwa tse di godileng, barwadi ba tsone le barwa ba tsona ba ba sa ntseng ba gola. Setlhopa se ngwe le sengwe sa lelapa se eteletswe pele ke kgomo e e godileng e e bidiwang [[:en:Matriarch|matriarch]].<ref name=":7">Douglas-Hamilton, I. (1973). "On the ecology and behaviour of the Lake Manyara elephants". African Journal of Ecology. 11 (3–4): 401–403. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973AfJEc..11..401D 1973AfJEc..11..401D.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1973.tb00101.x|10.1111/j.1365-2028.1973.tb00101.x.]]</ref> <ref name=":8">Turkalo, A.; Barnes, R. (2013). [https://books.google.com/books?id=B_07noCPc4kC&pg=PA195 "Loxodonta cyclotis Forest Elephant"]. In Kingdon, J.; Happold, D.; Hoffmann, M.; Butynski, T.; Happold, M.; Kalina, J. (eds.). The Mammals of Africa. Vol. I. Introductory Chapters and Afrotheria. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 195–200. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-8996-2|978-1-4081-8996-2.]]</ref>Ditlhopha tsa ditlou tsa sekgwa sa Aforika ga di kopane thata jaaka ditlhopha tsa ditlou tsa sekgwa tsa Aforika, gongwe ka ntlha ya go tlhoka dibatana tsa tlholego tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe.<ref name=":8" /> Fa ditlhopa tsa malapa tse di kgaoganeng di golagana, di bopa ditlhopha tsa losika kgotsa tsa kgolagano. Morago ga [[:en:Puberty|go gola]], ditlou tse ditonanyana di na le go dira dikgolagano tse di gaufi le tse dingwe tse ditonanyana. Le fa ditlou tse di namagadi e le tsone tse di matlhagatlhaga thata mo ditlhopheng tsa ditlou tsa Aforika, ditlou tse ditonanyana le tse di namagadi di kgona go farologanya makgolokgolo a dipitso tse di farologaneng tsa [[:en:Infrasonic|infrasonic]] tsa makhubu a a kwa tlase go buisana le go tlhaolana.<ref>McComb, K.; Moss, C.; Sayialel, S.; Baker, L. (2000). "Unusually extensive networks of vocal recognition in African elephants". Animal Behaviour. 59 (6): 1103–1109. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000AnBeh..59.1103M 2000AnBeh..59.1103M]. [[:en:CiteSeerX_(identifier)|CiteSeerX]] [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.332.7064 10.1.1.332.7064]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1006/anbe.2000.1406|10.1006/anbe.2000.1406]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10877888 10877888]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17628123 17628123].</ref><ref>McComb, K.; Moss, C.; Durant, S. M.; Baker, L.; Sayialel, S. (2001). "Matriarchs As Repositories of Social Knowledge in African Elephants". Science. 292 (5516): 491–494. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Sci...292..491M 2001Sci...292..491M.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1057895|10.1126/science.1057895.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11313492 11313492]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17594461 17594461].</ref> Ditlou di dirisa [[:en:Infrasound#Animal_reactions_to_infrasound|mantswe mangwe]] a a fetang bokgoni jwa go utlwa jwa batho,<ref>Herbst, C. T.; Stoeger, A. S.; Frey, R.; Lohscheller, J.; Titze, I.; Gumpenberger, M.; Fitch, W. T. (2012). "How Low Can You Go? Physical Production Mechanism of Elephant Infrasonic Vocalizations". Science. 337 (6094): 595–599. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Sci...337..595H 2012Sci...337..595H.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1219712|10.1126/science.1219712.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22859490 22859490]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32792564 32792564].</ref> go buisana go kgabaganya dikgala tse dikgolo. Dingwao tsa go nyalana tsa ditlou di akaretsa go loganya dikutu ka bonolo.<ref>Buss, I.; Smith, N. (1966). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150518072553/http://faculty.rio.edu/dalthoff/Courses/MA/TP-Buss%20and%20Smith-Elephant%20Repo%20Breeding%20Behavior-1966-JWM.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20150518072553/http://faculty.rio.edu/dalthoff/Courses/MA/TP-Buss%20and%20Smith-Elephant%20Repo%20Breeding%20Behavior-1966-JWM.pdf Observations on Reproduction and Breeding Behavior of the African Elephant] (PDF). Allen Press. Archived from [http://faculty.rio.edu/dalthoff/Courses/MA/TP-Buss%20and%20Smith-Elephant%20Repo%20Breeding%20Behavior-1966-JWM.pdf the original] (PDF) on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2013.</ref> Dipoo di ne di dumelwa fa e le diphologolo tse di nnang di le tsosi, di ikemela ka nosi fa di setse di godile. Dipatlisiso tse dišwa di tlhagisa gore dipoo di boloka kitso ya tikologo ya motlhape, go tlhofofatsa go tshela fa di batla dijo le metsi, se gape se solegelang dipoo tse dinnye tse di amanang le tsona molemo. Dipoo di boela fela mo motlhapeng go ya go tsala kgotsa go itsalanya; ga di neele bana ba tsona tlhokomelo ya botsadi kgotsa go ba godisa, mme go na le moo di tshameka karolo ya borre ka kakaretso mo dipoong tse dinnye go supa taolo.<ref>Briggs, H. (2020). "[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-54018133 Secrets of male elephant society revealed in the wild"]. BBC News. Retrieved 7 September 2020.</ref> === Boitshwaro jwa kgaolo le tiriso ya sebaka === Ditlou tsa Aforika ga di nne le kgaolo fela mme di bontsha mefuta e e farologaneng ya mekgwa ya tiriso ya sebaka tse di tlhotlhelediwang ke popego ya loago, pharologano ya dipaka le seemo sa bosa, le go nna teng ga didirisiwa.<ref name=":9">Wittemyer, G.; Getz, W. M.; Vollrath, F.; Douglas-Hamilton, I. (2007). "Social dominance, seasonal movements, and spatial segregation in African elephants: a contribution to conservation behavior". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 61 (12): 1919–1931. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00265-007-0432-0|10.1007/s00265-007-0432-0.]]</ref> Metlhape gantsi e nna mo [[:en:Home_range|mefuteng ya magae]] e e farologaneng go tswa go makgolo a le mmalwa go ya go dikete di le mmalwa tsa khutlonne ya dikilometara go ikaegile ka go nna teng ga didirisiwa le maemo a bonno; metlhape e latela ditsela tsa go fuduga le mekgwa ya motsamao e e golaganyang mafelo a a sireleditsweng le mafelo a mangwe a a tshwanetseng a a nang le seabe se se botlhokwa mo go tshegetseng kgolagano ya baagi le phitlhelelo ya metswedi e e botlhokwa jaaka dimela le metsi.<ref>Douglas-Hamilton, I.; Krink, T.; Vollrath, F. (2005). "Movements and corridors of African elephants in relation to protected areas". Naturwissenschaften. 92 (4): 158–163. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00114-004-0606-9|10.1007/s00114-004-0606-9.]]</ref> Dintlha tse dingwe jaaka taolo ya loago le dintlha tsa tikologo jaaka pula le ntshodikuno ya dimela le tsona di tlhotlheletsa kgaogano ya sebaka mo ditlhopheng mo teng ga kgaolo e le nngwe.<ref name=":9" /> ==== Go nna bogale, go lwa le go laola ==== Ditlou tsa Aforika di bontsha mekgwa e e raraaneng ya go nna bogale e e tsamayang le go nna le taolo, segolobogolo mo teng ga tse ditonanyana tse di godileng. Musth ke lereo le le kayang seemo sa mmele fa ditlou tse ditonanyana tsa Aforika di bontshang go tlhatloga go gogolo ga hormone ya bonna, tiro e e oketsegileng ya thobalano, le go nna bogale go go oketsegileng mme le lemogwa ka nako ya kgaisano ya banna le banna.<ref name=":10">Poole, J.H. (1989). "Announcing intent: the aggressive state of musth in African elephants". Animal Behaviour. 37: 140–152. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/0003-3472(89)90014-6|10.1016/0003-3472(89)90014-6.]]</ref> Mo pakeng e tlou e tona ya Aforika e dirang musth, di bontsha maitsholo a a tlwaelegileng a a akaretsang go ntsha kgeleswa ya nakwana, go elela ga moroto, le dipopego tse di rileng tse di tlhalosang seemo sa tsona mo bathong ba bangwe.<ref name=":10" /> Ka go dira maitsholo a, ditlou tse ditonanyana tsa Aforika di fokotsa tlhokego ya go thulana ka mmele ka go tlhaeletsana ka maemo a bolaodi. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo mabakeng a mofuta ono wa puisano o palelwang, dikopano tse di bogale tse di akaretsang go tlhotlhora le go kgarametsa di ka diragala fa go gaisana ka dinamagadi tse di amogelang.<ref name=":10" /> Tatelano ya taolo mo teng ga motlhape wa ditlou e tlhotlhelediwa thata e bile e ikaegile ka dingwaga, bogolo, le maemo a musth mme tse ditonanyana tse di godileng ka tlwaelo di feta tse dinnye kgotsa tse e seng tsa musth.<ref name=":10" /> === Go jesa tikologo le dijo === Ditlou tsa Aforika ke dijo tsa ditlhatshana ka kakaretso mme di ja mefuta e e farologaneng ya matlhare, bojang, makwati, le maungo, fela dimela tsa logong ka dipaka tsa komelelo.<ref>Rode, K.D.; Chiyo, P.I.; Chapman, C.A.; McDowell, L.R. (2006). "Nutritional ecology of elephants in Kibale National Park, Uganda, and its relationship with crop-raiding behaviour". Journal of Tropical Ecology. 22 (4): 441–449. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0266467406003233|10.1017/S0266467406003233.]]</ref> Fa di ntse di ja, di kgetla matlhare le go gagola dikala di dirisa meno, se se ka bakang tshenyo e kgolo mo matlhareng.<ref name=":6" /> [[:en:Fermentation|Go bedisa ga dijo]] go diragala mo [[:en:Hindgut|maleng a a kwa morago]], go kgontsha go ja dijo tse dintsi.<ref>Clauss, M.; Frey, R.; Kiefer, B.; Lechner-Doll, M.; Loehlein, W.; Polster, C.; Roessner, G. E.; Streich, W. J. (2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190608152406/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/2393/2/Oecologia_body_size_2003V.pdf "The maximum attainable body size of herbivorous mammals: morphophysiological constraints on foregut, and adaptations of hindgut fermenters]" (PDF). [[:en:Oecologia|Oecologia]]. 136 (1): 14–27. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Oecol.136...14C 2003Oecol.136...14C]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00442-003-1254-z|10.1007/s00442-003-1254-z.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12712314 12712314]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206989975 206989975]. Archived from [http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/2393/2/Oecologia_body_size_2003V.pdf the original] (PDF) on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019.</ref> Bogolo jo bogolo le mala a a kwa morago a tlou ya Aforika gape di letla tshilo ya dikarolo tse di farologaneng tsa semela, go akaretsa dikutu tse di nang le ditlhale, lekwati le medi.<ref>Owen-Smith, N.; Chafota, J. (2012). [[doi:10.1644/11-MAMM-A-350.1|"Selective feeding by a megaherbivore, the African elephant (Loxodonta africana)"]]. Journal of Mammalogy. 93 (3): 698–705. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1644/11-MAMM-A-350.1|10.1644/11-MAMM-A-350.1]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83726553 83726553].</ref> Ditlou tsa Aforika di thusa mo go meleng ga dipeo ka ntlha ya mala a tsone a magolo; ka di kgona go akaretsa lefelo le legolo mo letsatsing le le lengwe, di anamisa dipeo go tswa mo ditlhareng tse di farologaneng ka bonako. Ditlou di fula mo ditlhareng mme di ja dipeo tse di tswang mo go tsone, mme morago ga moo, fa peo e feta [[:en:Gastrointestinal_tract|mo tseleng ya mala]] mme morago ga moo e bo e tswa, dipeo di a nontshiwa mme di siametse go gola. Go mela ka ditlou go thibela kgaisano ya dimela mme go tlosa tlhokego ya gore dipeo dingwe di fokelwe ke phefo go gola, kgotsa thulaganyo ya go mela ka go sa rulaganngwa. Mefutafuta ya dimela le ditlhare tse di ka golang ka thulaganyo e le yona e a oketsega ka gonne dithotobolo tsa boloko di ka nna le mefuta e e farologaneng ya ditlhare e e fetang 10, mme dingwe di na le metlhala ya ditlhare di le 50 le kwa godimo.<ref>Campos-Arceiz, A. & Blake, S. (2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160427025644/http://www.santuariodeelefantes.org.br/docs/Campos_Arceiz_2011_Elephant_seed_dispersal.pdf "Megagardeners of the forest – the role of elephants in seed dispersal"] (PDF). Acta Oecologica. 37 (6): 542–553. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AcO....37..542C 2011AcO....37..542C.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.actao.2011.01.014|10.1016/j.actao.2011.01.014]]. Archived from [http://www.santuariodeelefantes.org.br/docs/Campos_Arceiz_2011_Elephant_seed_dispersal.pdf the original] (PDF) on 27 April 2016.</ref><ref>Poulsen, J. R.; Beirne, C.; Rundel, C.; Baldino, M.; Kim, S.; Knorr, J.; Minich, T.; Jin, Lingrong; Núñez, C. L.; Xiao, S.; Mbamy, W.; Obiang, G. N.; Masseloux, J.; Nkoghe, T. & Ebanega, M. O. (2021). "[[doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.789264|Long distance seed dispersal by forest eephants"]]. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 9 789264. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021FrEEv...989264P 2021FrEEv...989264P]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]][[doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.789264|:10.3389/fevo.2021.789264]].</ref> === Botlhale === ''Bona gape : [[:en:Elephant_cognition|Tlhaloganyo ya tlou]]'' [[Setshwantsho:Elephant scratching on a tree.jpg|thumb|Go ingwaa mo setlhareng go thusa go tlosa boalo jwa letlalo le le suleng le dinwa madi]] Ditlou tsa Aforika di botlhale thata.<ref>Plotnik, J. M.; De Waal, F. B.; Reiss, D. (2006). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636577 "Self-recognition in an Asian elephant".] Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (45): 17053–17057. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PNAS..10317053P 2006PNAS..10317053P.] doi:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.0608062103|10.1073/pnas.0608062103]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636577 1636577]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17075063 17075063].</ref> Di na le [[:en:Neocortex|neocortex]] e kgolo thata e e sothegileng thata, e leng selo se di nang le sone le [[:en:Humans|batho]] le [[:en:Apes|dikgabo]] tse dingwe, mmogo le mefuta mengwe ya di [[:en:Dolphin|dolphin]]. Di gareng ga mefuta e e botlhale thata mo lefatsheng. Ka bokete jo bo fetang fela kilgograme tse tlhano (ponto ye lesome le bongwe, [[:en:Elephant_cognition#Structure_of_the_brain|boboko jwa tlou]] bo bogolo go feta jwa phologolo epe e nngwe e e nnang mo lefatsheng. Boboko jwa tlou bo tshwana le [[:en:Human_brain|boboko jwa motho]] ka popego le go raraana ga tsone; [[:en:Cerebral_cortex|legogo]] la tlou le na le [[:en:Neurons|ditshika]] tse dintsi jaaka tsa boboko jwa motho,[<ref>Roth, G.; Stamenov, M. I.; Gallese, V. (2003). "Is the human brain unique?". Mirror Neurons and the Evolution of Brain and Language. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 63–76. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/0470867221.ch2|10.1002/0470867221.ch2.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-470-84960-6|978-0-470-84960-6.]]</ref> se se akantshang gore go nnile le [[:en:Convergent_evolution|thutotlhagelelo e e kopaneng]].<ref>Goodman, M.; Sterner, K.; Islam, M.; Uddin, M.; Sherwood, C.; Hof, P.; Hou, Z.; Lipovich, L.; Jia, H.; Grossman, L.; Wildman, D. (2009). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2791620 Phylogenomic analyses reveal convergent patterns of adaptive evolution in elephant and human ancestries]". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (49): 20824–20829. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PNAS..10620824G 2009PNAS..10620824G.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.0911239106|10.1073/pnas.0911239106.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2791620 2791620]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19926857 19926857].</ref> Ditlou di bontsha maitsholo a a farologaneng, go akaretsa le a a amanang le [[:en:Grief|khutsafalo]], [[:en:Learning|go ithuta]], [[:en:Mimicry|go etsisa]], [[:en:Art|botaki]], [[:en:Play_(activity)|motshameko]], go [[:en:Humor|tshegisa]], [[:en:Altruism|go sa ipone tsapa]], [[:en:Tools|tiriso ya didirisiwa]], [[:en:Compassion|kutlwelobotlhoko]], [[:en:Cooperation|tirisanommogo]],<ref name=":11">Plotnik, J. M.; Lair, R.; Suphachoksahakun, W.; De Waal, F. B. M. (2011). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3064331 Elephants know when they need assistance in a cooperative task".] Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (12): 5116–5121. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.1101765108|10.1073/pnas.1101765108.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3064331 3064331]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21383191 21383191].</ref> [[:en:Self-awareness|go itemoga]], [[:en:Memory|go gakologelwa]] le [[:en:Language|gongwe le puo.]]<ref>Parsell, D. L. (2003). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20071012170607/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/02/0221_030221_elephantvocal1.html In Africa, Decoding the 'Language' of Elephants"]. [[:en:National_Geographic_Magazine|National Geographic Magazine]] News. Archived from [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/02/0221_030221_elephantvocal1.html the original] on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 30 October 2007.</ref> Maitsholo a otlhe a supa mofuta o o botlhale thata o go akanngwang gore o lekana le [[:en:Cetaceans|di-cetacean]]<ref>Viegas, J. (2011). "[http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2011/03/08/3158077.htm Elephants smart as chimps, dolphins]". ABC Science. Retrieved 8 March 2011.</ref><ref name=":12">Viegas, J. (2011). [http://news.discovery.com/animals/elephants-intelligence-test-110307.html "Elephants Outwit Humans During Intelligence Test]". Discovery News. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110308093715/http://news.discovery.com/animals/elephants-intelligence-test-110307.html Archived] from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2011.</ref> le diphologolo tse di tshelang.<ref name=":12" /> Go raraana ga tlhaloganyo ga tlou ya Aforika go akaretsa maitsholo a a supang kutlwelobotlhoko, go rarabolola mathata, le maitsholo a setlhopha a a dirisanang mmogo. Diponagalo tseno di gatelela go kopana ga botlhale jwa thutotlhagelelo mo mefuteng yotlhe, go go tshwanang le go go bonwang mo diphologolong tse di tshelang le mo ditshedi tsa lewatle tsa cetaceans.<ref name=":11" /> === Go tsala === [[Setshwantsho:Bull elephants small.jpg|thumb|Ditlou tsa dipoo tse di bogale]] [[Setshwantsho:Elephant (Loxodonta africana) mating ritual composite.jpg|thumb|Moetlo wa go nyalana]] Ditlou tsa Aforika di kgona go [[:en:Fertility|tsala thata]] fa di le dingwaga di le masome a mabedi a le botlhano le masome a mane le botlhano. Dinamane ka tlwaelo di tsalwa morago ga paka ya [[:en:Gestation|boimana]] ya dikgwedi di le masome a mabedi le bobedi.<ref>Macdonald, D. (2001). The New Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford: [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]].</ref> Dinamane di tlhokomelwa ke mmaatsona le dinamane tse dingwe tse dinnye mo setlhopheng, se se itsegeng jaaka [[:en:Allomothering|allomothering]].<ref name=":7" /> Ditlou tse di namagadi tsa Aforika di kgona go simolola go tsala di le dingwaga di ka nna lesome go ya ko lesomeng le bobedi.<ref>Benedict, F. G. (1936). "The physiology of the elephant". ''Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. No. 474''. '''1'''.</ref> Morago ga go gola ka tlhakanelodikobo, banna ba simolola go itemogela [[:en:Musth|musth]], boemo jwa mmele le jwa maitsholo jo bo tlhaolwang ke testosterone e e kwa godimo, go nna bogale le tiro e ntsi ya thobalano.<ref>Hollister-Smith, J. A.; Poole, J. H.; Archie, E. A.; Vance, E. A.; Georgiadis, N. J.; [[:en:Cynthia_Moss|Moss, C. J]].; Alberts, S. C. (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150518085653/http://sites.biology.duke.edu/albertslab/pdfs/Hollister-Smith%26al_2007.pdf "Age, musth, and paternity success in wild male African elephants, Loxodonta africana"] (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 74 (2): 287–296. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AnBeh..74..287H 2007AnBeh..74..287H]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.12.008|10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.12.008.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54327948 54327948]. Archived from [http://sites.biology.duke.edu/albertslab/pdfs/Hollister-Smith%26al_2007.pdf the original] (PDF) on 18 May 2015.</ref><ref>[[:en:Raman_Sukumar|Sukumar, R.]] (2003). "Sexual selection and mate choice". The Living Elephants: Evolutionary Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation. Oxford, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 112–124. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-19-510778-0|0-19-510778-0.]]</ref> Musth gape o dira tiro ya go bitsa tlhokomelo go tse di namagadi gore ke tsa boleng jo bo siameng, mme ga e ka ke ya etsisiwa jaaka dipitso tse di rileng kgotsa medumo e ka nna. Ditona di tsala bana ba le mmalwa ka dipaka tse di se mo musth. Ka nako ya fa estrus e le fa gare, ditlou tse di namagadi di batla tse ditonanyana tse di mo musth go di disa. Dinamagadi di tla goa, ka tsela e e kwa godimo, e e kwa tlase go gogela tse ditonanyana go tswa kwa kgakala. Ditlou tse ditonanyana gape di kgona go dupelela monko wa dihoromone tsa e namagadi e e siametseng go tsala. Se se dira gore tse ditonanyana di gaisane go nyalana, se se felelang ka gore tse di namagadi di nyalane le tse ditonanyana tse di godileng, tse di itekanetseng.<ref name=":13">Poole, J. H. (1989). "Mate guarding, reproductive success and female choice in African elephants". Animal Behaviour. 37: 842–849. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989AnBeh..37..842P 1989AnBeh..37..842P.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/0003-3472(89)90068-7|10.1016/0003-3472(89)90068-7]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53150105 53150105].</ref> Dinamagadi di tlhopha go fitlha kwa ntlheng e e rileng gore di nyalana le mang, ka gonne ke tsone tse di lekang go dira gore tse ditonanyana di gaisane go di disa. Le fa go ntse jalo, tse di namagadi ga di disiwe mo dikgatong tsa ntlha le tsa morago tsa estrus, tse di ka letlang go nyalana ke tse ditonanyana tse dinnye e seng mo musth.<ref name=":13" /> pthsvu0s8a1ktfpq62sn2wq8svp0edj 53669 53637 2026-07-30T18:16:59Z Atsile Edith 11759 Ke senotse tsebe e #Wikipedia25BW 53669 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditlou tsa Aforika''' ke maloko a [[:en:Genus_(biology)|mofuta]] wa '''''Loxodonta''''' o o nang le [[:en:Species|mefuta]] e mebedi ya [[:en:Elephant|ditlou]] tse di tshelang, tlou ya [[:en:African_bush_elephant|sekgwa ya Aforika]] ( ''L. africana'' ) le [[:en:African_forest_elephant|tlou e nnye ya sekgwa sa Aforika]] ( ''L. cyclotis'' ) . Bobedi jo ke diphologolo tse di jang [[:en:Herbivore|ditlhatsana]] tse di nang le letlalo le le [[:en:Skin|bosetlha]] . Le fa go ntse jalo, di farologana ka bogolo le mmala wa [[:en:Tusk|lenaka]] ga mmogo le popego le bogolo jwa [[:en:Ear|ditsebe]] le [[:en:Skull|marapo a ditlhogo]] tsa tsone . Mefuta ka bobedi e mo kotsing ya go nyelela go ya ka [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|Lenaane le Lehibidu la IUCN;]] go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2021, tlou ya sekgwa e tsewa e le mo [[:en:Endangered_species|kotsing ya go nyelela]] fa tlou ya sekgwa yone e tsewa e le mo [[:en:Critically_endangered|kotsing e e masisi]]. Di tshosediwa ke go [[:en:Habitat_loss|latlhegelwa ke bonno]] le go kgaogana, mmogo le go [[:en:Poaching|tsomiwa]] ga [[:en:Ivory_trade|kgwebisano ya dinaka]] tsa tlou e e seng ka fa molaong mo dinageng di le mmalwa tsa mefutafuta. ''Loxodonta'' ke nngwe ya mefuta e mebedi e e santseng e le teng mo lelapeng la [[:en:Elephantidae|Elephantidae]]. Leina le le kaya leino le le thata le le bopegileng jaaka teemane ya meno a tsone a meno a akwa morago mo ganong. [[:en:Fossil|Masalela a masaledi]] a mefuta ya Loxodonta a fitlhetswe mo Aforika, go simolola ka nako ya bofelo ya motlha wa Miocene (go tloga ka dingwaga di ka nna didikadike di le supa go ya kwa boratarong tse di fetileng) go ya pele. == Thuto ya mafoko == Leina la ''Loxodonta'' le tswa mo mafokong a [[:en:Ancient_Greek|Segerika sa Bogologolo]] λοξός (''loxós'', "go sekamela", "go kgabaganya") le ὀδούς (odoús, "leino"), le le kayang enamele e e bopegileng jaaka teemane ([[:en:Lozenge_(shape)|lozenge]]) ya [[:en:Molar_teeth|meno a a ko morago mo ganong]], e e farologaneng thata le ya sebopego se se dikologang sa enamele ya [[:en:Asian_elephant|tlou ya Asia]].<ref>Cuvier, F. (1825). "[[iarchive:histoirenaturel6geof/page/n115|Éléphants d'Afrique]]". In Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, É.; Cuvier, F. (eds.). Histoire Naturelle des Mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans. Vol. Tome 6. Paris: A. Belain. pp. 117–118.</ref> == Thulaganyo ya ditshedi le thutotlhagelelo == [[:en:Scientific_description|Tlhaloso ya ntlha ya saense]] ya tlou ya Aforika e kwadilwe ka ngwaga wa 1797 ke [[:en:Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach|Johann Friedrich Blumenbach]], yo o neng a akantsha [[:en:Scientific_name|leina la saense]] la ''Elephas africanus''.<ref>Blumenbach, J. F. (1797). "[http://www.deutschestextarchiv.de/book/view/blumenbach_naturgeschichte_1797?p=147 2. Africanus]". Handbuch der Naturgeschichte [Handbook of Natural History] (Fifth ed.). Göttingen: Johann Christian Dieterich. p. 125.</ref> [[wiktionary:Loxodonta|''Loxodonte'']] e ne ya akantshiwa jaaka leina la kakaretso la tlou ya Aforika ke [[:en:Frédéric_Cuvier|Frédéric Cuvier]] ka ngwaga wa 1825. Mokwadi yo o sa itsiweng o ne a dirisa mopeleto wa Selatine wa ''Loxodonta'' ka ngwaga wa 1827.<ref>Anonymous (1827). "[[iarchive:zoologicaljourna318271828sowe/page/140|Analytical Notices of Books. Histoire Naturelle des Mammifères, avec des Figures originale, dessinées d'après des Animaux vivans; &c. Par MM. Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, et F. Cuvier. Livraison 52 et 53".]] The Zoological Journal. 3 (9): 140–143.</ref> Mokwadi yo o ne a amogelwa jaaka molaodi ke [[:en:International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature|Molao wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Maina a Diphologolo]] ka ngwaga wa 1999.<ref>[[:en:Jeheskel_Shoshani|Shoshani, J.]] (2005). "[http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=11500008 Genus Loxodonta]". In [[:en:Don_E._Wilson|Wilson, D.E.]]; Reeder, D.M (eds.). [http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA91 Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference] (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 91. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0|978-0-8018-8221-0.]] [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494 62265494].</ref> ''Elephas (Loxodonta'') cyclotis e ne ya tshitshinngwa ke [[:en:Paul_Matschie|Paul Matschie]] ka ngwaga wa 1900, yo o neng a tlhalosa [[:en:Zoological_specimen|dikao]] [[:en:Zoological_specimen|tsa diphologolo]] tse tharo tsa ditlou tsa Aforika go tswa kwa Cameroon tse [[:en:Skull|marapo a ditlhogo]] tsa tsone di neng di farologana ka popego le tsa ditlhogo tsa ditlou tse di kokoantsweng gongwe le gongwe mo Aforika.<ref>Matschie, P. (1900). [[iarchive:sitzungsberichte1900gese/page/194|"Geographische Abarten des Afrikanischen Elefanten"]]. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin. 3: 189–197.</ref>Ka ngwaga wa 1936, [[:en:Glover_Morrill_Allen|Glover Morrill Allen]] o ne a tsaya tlou e e le mofuta o o farologaneng mme a e bitsa 'tlou ya sekgwa';<ref>Allen, G. M. (1936). "Zoological results of the George Vanderbilt African Expedition of 1934. Part II — The forest elephant of Africa". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 88: 15–44. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4064188 4064188].</ref> bakwadi ba moragonyana ba ne ba e tsaya e le [[:en:Subspecies|mofutapotlana]].<ref name=":0">Laurson, B.; Bekoff, M. (1978). "[http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-092-01-0001.pdf Loxodonta africana]" (PDF). Mammalian Species (92): 1–8. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/3503889|10.2307/3503889]]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3503889 3503889]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253949585 253949585]. Retrieved 5 August 2010.</ref><ref>Estes, R. D. (1999). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=Xqp7poFviNcC&pg=PA223 Elephant ''Loxodonta africana'' Family Elephantidae, Order Proboscidea"]. ''The Safari Companion: A Guide to Watching African Mammals Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, and Primates'' (Revised and expanded&#x20;ed.). Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing Company. pp.&#x20;223–233. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/1-890132-44-6|<bdi>1-890132-44-6</bdi>.]]</ref>Ditshekatsheko tsa popego le tsa dijini fa e sa le di neelana ka bosupi jwa dipharologano tsa maemo a mefuta magareng ga tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika le tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika.<ref name=":2">Grubb, P.; Groves, C. P.; Dudley, J. P. & Shoshani, J. (2000). [[doi:10.22237/elephant/1521732169|"Living African elephants belong to two species: ''Loxodonta africana'' (Blumenbach, 1797) and ''Loxodonta cyclotis'' (Matschie, 1900)".]] ''Elephant''. '''2''' (4): 1–4. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.22237/elephant/1521732169|10.22237/elephant/1521732169.]]</ref><ref>Roca, A. L.; Georgiadis, N.; Pecon-Slattery, J. & O'Brien, S. J. (2001). "[https://zenodo.org/record/1230804 Genetic Evidence for Two Species of Elephant in Africa".] Science. 293 (5534): 1473–1477. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Sci...293.1473R :2001Sci...293.1473R]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1059936|10.1126/science.1059936]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11520983 11520983]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38285623 38285623].</ref><ref>Rohland, N.; Malaspinas, A.-S.; Pollack, J. L.; Slatkin, M.; Matheus, P. & Hofreiter, M. (2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1925134 "Proboscidean Mitogenomics: Chronology and Mode of Elephant Evolution Using Mastodon as Outgroup"]. PLOS Biology. 5 (8) e207. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050207|10.1371/journal.pbio.0050207]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1925134 1925134]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17676977 17676977].</ref><ref name=":3">Rohland, N.; Reich, D.; Mallick, S.; Meyer, M.; Green, R. E.; Georgiadis, N. J.; Roca, A. L. & Hofreiter, M. (2010). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3006346 "Genomic DNA sequences from mastodon and woolly mammoth reveal deep speciation of forest and savanna elephants"]. PLOS Biology. 8 (12) e1000564. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000564|10.1371/journal.pbio.1000564]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3006346 3006346]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21701575 21203580].</ref><ref>Murphy, W. J.; Ishida, Y.; Oleksyk, T. K.; Georgiadis, N. J.; David, V. A.; Zhao, K.; Stephens, R. M.; Kolokotronis, S.-O. & Roca, A. L. (2011). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3110795 "Reconciling Apparent Conflicts between Mitochondrial and Nuclear Phylogenies in African Elephants"]. PLOS ONE. 6 (6) e20642. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PLoSO...620642I :2011PLoSO...620642I.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020642|10.1371/journal.pone.0020642]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3110795 3110795]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21701575 21701575].</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1907, Richard Lydekker o ne a akantshanya mefuta e merataro ya ditlou tsa Aforika go ikaegilwe ka bogolo le dipopego tse di farologaneng tsa ditsebe tsa tsone.<ref>Lydekker, R. (1907). [[iarchive:proceedingsofzoo19071446zool/page/380|"The Ears as a Race-Character in the African Elephant"]]. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (January to April): 380–403. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1907.tb01824.x|10.1111/j.1096-3642.1907.tb01824.x]].</ref> Tsotlhe di tsewa di [[:en:Synonym_(taxonomy)|tshwana]] le tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika.[1] Mofuta wa boraro, tlou ya Afrika Bophirima, le one o tshitshintswe mme o tlhoka go tlhomamisiwa. Go akanngwa gore losika lono lo ntse lo kgaogantswe le ba bangwe dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi le makgolo a mane.<ref>Eggert, L.S.; Rasner, C.A. & Woodruff, D.S. (2002). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691127 "The evolution and phylogeography of the African elephant inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence and nuclear microsatellite markers"]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 269 (1504): 1993–2006. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2070|10.1098/rspb.2002.2070.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691127 1691127]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12396498 12396498].</ref> === Mefuta e e sa tlholeng e le teng le mefutapotlana === Magareng ga bofelo jwa lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabobedi le masome a mabedi a le mangwe la dingwaga, go ne ga tlhalosiwa ditlou tse di latelang tsa Afrika tse di sa tlholeng di le teng go ya ka [[:en:Fossil|masalela]] a dilo tse di epolotsweng: * [[:en:North_African_elephant|Tlou ya Bokone jwa Aforika]] († ''Loxodonta africana pharaohensis'' ) e e neng ya akantshiwa ke [[:en:Paulus_Edward_Pieris_Deraniyagala|Paulus Edward Pieris Deraniyagala]] ka ngwaga 1948 e ne e le sekao go tswa kwa [[:en:Fayum|Fayum]] kwa Egepeto.<ref>Deraniyagala, P. E. P. (1955). Some extinct elephants, their relatives, and the two living species. Colombo: Ceylon National Museums Publication.</ref> * † [[:en:Loxodonta_atlantica|''Loxodonta atlantica'']] e ne ya akantshiwa jaaka ''Elephas atlanticus'' ke [[:en:Auguste_Pomel|Auguste Pomel]] ka ngwaga wa 1879 go ikaegilwe ka [[:en:Skull|legata]] le marapo a a fitlhetsweng kwa [[:en:Tighennif|Ternifine]], kwa Algeria.<ref>Pomel, A. (1897). "[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k62754098/f48 Elephas atlanticus Pom.]". Les éléphants quaternaires. Paléontologie : monographies. Alger: P. Fontana & Co. pp. 42–59.</ref> * † [[:en:Loxodonta_exoptata|''Loxodonta exoptata'']] e e neng ya akantshiwa ke [[:de:Wilhelm Otto Dietrich|Wilhelm Otto Dietrich]] ka ngwaga wa 1941 e ne e ikaegile ka meno a a fitlhetsweng kwa [[:en:Laetoli|Laetoli]], kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]].<ref>Dietrich, W. O. (1941). "Die säugetierpaläontologischen Ergebnisse der Kohl-Larsen'schen Expedition 1937–1939 im nördlichen Deutsch-Ostafrika". ''Zentralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie''. '''B''' (8): 217–223. </ref> * † [[:en:Loxodonta_adaurora|''Loxodonta'']] [[:en:Loxodonta_adaurora|''adaurora'']] e e neng ya akantshiwa ke Vincent Maglio ka ngwaga wa 1970 e ne e le [[:en:Skeleton|lerapo le le feletseng]] le le neng la fitlhelwa kwa [[:en:Kanapoi|Kanapoi]], kwa Kenya.<ref>Maglio, V. J. (1970). [[iarchive:breviora326350harv/page/n291|"Four new species of Elephantidae from the Plio-Pleistocene of northwestern Kenya]]". ''Breviora'' (341): 1–43.</ref> * † [[:en:Loxodonta_cookei|''Loxodonta cookei'']] e e tshitshintsweng ke [[:en:William_J._Sanders|William J. Sanders]] ka ngwaga wa 2007 go ikaegilwe ka meno a a fitlhetsweng kwa Sebopegong sa Varswater kwa Langebaanweg, Aforika Borwa <ref>Sanders, W. (2007). [https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/billsanders/wp-content/uploads/sites/382/2016/04/AP-SANDERS-REVISED.pdf "Taxonomic review of fossil Proboscidea (Mammalia) from Langebaanweg, South Africa"] (PDF). Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 62 (1) (Online ed.): 1–16. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007TRSSA..62....1S :2007TRSSA..62....1S.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/00359190709519192|10.1080/00359190709519192.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27499106 27499106].</ref> === Kamano ya ditshika le tlhabologo === Dikamano tsa ditlou tse di tshelang le tse di nyeletseng tse di ikaegileng ka DNA, morago ga Palkopoulou et al. ngwaga wa 2018.<ref name=":1">Palkopoulou, E.; Lipson, M.; Mallick, S.; Nielsen, S.; Rohland, N.; Baleka, S.; Karpinski, E.; Ivancevic, A. M.; Thu-Hien To; Kortschak, R. D.; Raison, J. M.; Zhipeng, Q.; Tat-Jun C.; Alt, K. W.; Claesson, S.; Dalén, L.; MacPhee, R. D. E.; Meller, H.; Roca, A. L.; Ryder, O. A.; Heiman, D.; Young, S.; Breen, M.; Williams, C.; Aken, B. L.; Ruffier, M.; Karlsson, E.; Johnson, J.; Di Palma, F.; Alfoldi, J.; Adelson, D. L.; Mailund, T.; Munch, K.; Lindblad-Toh, K.; Hofreiter, M.; Poinar, H.; Reich, D. (2018). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5856550 "A comprehensive genomic history of extinct and living elephants"]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (11): E2566–E2574. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PNAS..115E2566P 2018PNAS..115E2566P.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.1720554115|10.1073/pnas.1720554115]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5856550 5856550]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29483247 29483247].</ref> Mofuta wa bogologolo wa ''Loxodonta'' o o itsiweng ke ''[[:en:Loxodonta_cookei|Loxodonta cookei]]'', ka masalela a mofuta o o itsiweng go tswa mo dingwageng di ka nna didikadike di le supa go ya kwa botlhanong tse di fetileng, go tswa mo masaleleng a a fitlhetsweng kwa Chad, Kenya, Uganda, le Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":4">Sanders, W. J. (2023). Evolution and Fossil Record of African Proboscidea (First ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 154, 205–208. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1201/b20016|10.1201/b20016.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-315-11891-8|978-1-315-11891-8.]]</ref> Tshekatsheko ya [[:en:DNA_sequences|tatelano ya DNA]] ya nuclear e supa gore [[:en:Genetic_divergence|pharologano ya dijini]] magareng ga ditlou tsa sekgwa le tsa sekgwa tsa Aforika e simolotse dingwaga di tlgoa ka didikadike di le pedi tsotlhe le dikete di le makgolo a marataro go ya go didikadike di le tlhano tsotlhe le dikete di le makgolo a marataro. tse di fetileng. Tlou ya sekgwa sa Aforika e fitlhetswe e na le mefutafuta e e kwa godimo ka dikirii ya pharologano ya dijini, e e ka tswang e bontsha go kgaogana ga bonno jwa yona ka nako le nako ka nako ya diphetogo tsa [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]].<ref name=":3" /> [[:en:Gene_flow|Go elela ga dijini]] fa gare ga mefuta e mebedi ya ditlou tsa Aforika go ne ga sekasekwa mo mafelong a le masome a mabedi le bongwe. Tshekatsheko e senotse gore ditlou di le mmalwa tsa sekgwa tsa Aforika di ne di na le [[:en:Mitochondrial_DNA|DNA e e fitlhelwang mo dikarolong tsa mmele tse di ntshang maatla tsa mitochondria]] ya ditlou tsa sekgwa sa Aforika, se se supang gore di ne tsa kopanngwa go tswa mo mefuteng e mebedi e e farologang mo kgaolong ya phetogo ya lefelo la bojang jo bontsi-sekgwa mo dinakong tsa bogologolo.<ref>Roca, A. L.; Georgiadis, N. & [[:en:Stephen_J._O'Brien|O'Brien, S. J.]] (2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20131127012455/http://planet.uwc.ac.za/nisl/Biodiversity/pdf/Nature%20Genet%202005%20Roca%20et%20al%20elephant%20phylgeogr.pdf "Cytonuclear genomic dissociation in African elephant species]" (PDF). Nature Genetics. 37 (1): 96–100. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/ng1485|10.1038/ng1485.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15592471 15592471]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10029589 10029589]. Archived from [http://planet.uwc.ac.za/nisl/Biodiversity/pdf/Nature%20Genet%202005%20Roca%20et%20al%20elephant%20phylgeogr.pdf the original] (PDF) on 27 November 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2019.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, le fa go ne go na le go kopana ga ditshedi kwa lefelong la kgolagano magareng ga mefuta e mebedi, go lebega go nnile le kelelo e nnye ya dijini e e atlegileng magareng ga mefuta e mebedi fa e sale e kgaogana ga yone la ntlha.<ref name=":1" /> [[Setshwantsho:Palaeoloxodon phylogeny.svg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa phylogeny se se bontshang maemo a [[:en:Straight-tusked_elephant|tlou ya dinaka tse di tlhamaletseng]] (''Palaeoloxodon antiquus'') fa e bapisiwa le mefuta e mengwe ya ba lelapa la ditlou, se ikaegile ka diphatsa tsa nuklei , go ya ka Palkopoulou le ba bangwe (ngwaga wa 2018). Se gape se bontsha [[:en:Hybrid_(biology)|pharologanyo ya diphatsa]] e e diragetseng ka ntlha ya go [[:en:Introgression|tsalana]] ga mefuta e e farologaneng , fa [[:en:Gene_flow|diphatsa di fetisiwa]] go tswa mo ditloung tsa sekgwa go ya mo ''[[:en:Palaeoloxodon|Palaeoloxodon]]'']] DNA go tswa mo tlou ya karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe e [[:en:Straight-tusked_elephant|e nang le mana a a tlhamaletseng]] (''Palaeoloxodon antiquus'') e supa gore mofuta wa tlou o o sa tlholeng o le teng wa [[:en:Palaeoloxodon|''Palaeoloxodon'']] o amana thata le ditlou tsa Afrika go na le ditlou tsa Asia kgotsa ditlou tse dikgolo. Tshekatsheko ya jenome ya ''P. antiquus'' gape e bontsha gore ''Palaeloxodon'' e [[:en:Hybrid_(biology)|kopantswe thata]] le ditlou tsa sekgwa sa Aforika, mme se sa felela ka [[:en:Hybrid_(biology)|kelelo ya dijini tse di tsenelelang]] go tswa mo ditloung tsa Aforika go ya kwa ''Palaeoloxodon'', ka jenome ya mitochondrial le go feta karolo ya masomea mararo mo lekgolong ya genome ya nyutlea ya ''P. antiquus'' e e tswang mo ''L.cyclotis'' . Losika lo lo gaufi le dipalopalo tsa segompieno tsa Aforika bophirima go na le dipalopalo tsa Aforika bogare tsa ditlou tsa sekgwa.<ref name=":1" /> Tshekatsheko ya di-mitogenome tsa ''[[:en:Palaeoloxodon_huaihoensis|Palaeoloxodon tsa China]]'' e supa gore losika lono lwa ditlou tsa sekgwa lo ne lo abelanwa thata mo ''mefuteng ya Palaeoloxodon''.<ref>Lin, H.; Hu, J.; Baleka, S.; Yuan, J.; Chen, X.; Xiao, B.; Song, S.; Du, Z.; Lai, X.; Hofreiter, M.; Sheng, G. (2023). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10353889 "A genetic glimpse of the Chinese straight-tusked elephants"]. Biology Letters. 19 (7) 20230078. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rsbl.2023.0078|10.1098/rsbl.2023.0078.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10353889 10353889]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37463654 37463654].</ref> == Tlhaloso == === Letlalo ,ditsebe le Selopo === [[Setshwantsho:Elephant skeleton.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa marapo a mmele wa tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika]] [[Setshwantsho:Loxodonta africana-cyclotis skulls PZSL.png|thumb|Papiso ya ditlhogo tsa ditlou tsa sekgwa (ka fa molemeng) le tsa sekgwa (ka fa mojeng) fa di bonwa kwa pele. Ela tlhoko tlhogo e khutshwane le e e bulegileng ya ''L. cyclotis'', e e nang le phatla e e tshesane mo boemong jwa phatla e e tshesane.]] [[Setshwantsho:African Bush Elephant Skull.jpg|thumb|Legata la tlou e tona ya mo sekgweng ya Aforika le bontshiwa kwa [[:en:Museum_of_Osteology|Lefelong la Polokelo la Thuto ya Marapo]]]] Ditlou tsa Aforika di na le letlalo le le menaganeng le le bosetlha le le bokima jwa di milimetara di le masome a mararo (boleele jwa di inch di le nngwe ntlha pedi ) le le khurumeditsweng ke moriri o o sa tlhomamang, o o nang le ditlhale o o borokwa jo bo gateletseng go ya go bontshong. Moriri o mokhutshwane o o kgonang go amiwa o gola mo selopong , se se nang le dithulaganyo tse pedi tse di tshwanang le menwana kwa ntlheng, fa ditlou tsa Asia tsone di na le e le nngwe fela.<ref name=":0" /> Ditsebe tsa tsone tse dikgolo di thusa go fokotsa mogote wa mmele. Go di phaphatha go dira gore go nne le metsi a mowa mme go senola matlhakore a a kafa teng a ditsebe kwa ditshika tse dikgolo tsa madi di oketsang tatlhegelo ya mogote ka nako ya maemo a bosa a a mogote. Selopo sa tlou ke katoloso e e kgonang go [[:en:Prehensile|tshwara]] ya molomo wa yone o o kwa godimo le nko. Tokololo e, e e nang le kutlo e kgolo e laolwa thata ke tshika wa kutlo ya [[:en:Trigeminal_nerve|trigeminal]], mme go akanngwa gore e tsamaisiwa ke mesifa e e ka nnang dikete di le masome a mane go ya go dikete di le masome a marataro. Ka ntlha ya popego e ya mesifa, selopo sa tlou se nonofile thata mo e leng gore tlou e ka kgona go tsholetsa mo e ka nnang karolo ya boraro mo lekgolong ka bokete jwa mmele wa yone ka sone. Ditlou di dirisa selopo sa tsone go dupa, go ama, go ja, go nwa, go iphara ka lerole, go ntsha medumo, go rwala dilo, go itshireletsa le go tlhasela.<ref name=":5">Shoshani, J. (1978). [[doi:10.22237/elephant/1491234053|"General information on elephants with emphasis on tusks"]]. Elephant. 1 (2) elephant.eP1016: 20–31. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.22237/elephant/1491234053|10.22237/elephant/1491234053]].</ref> Ka dinako dingwe, ditlou di thuma ka fa tlase ga metsi mme di dirisa selopo sa tsone jaaka tšhupu ya go hema ([[:en:Snorkel_(swimming)|snorkel]])<ref>West, J.B. (2002). "[[doi:10.1152/nips.01374.2001|Why doesn't the elephant have a pleural space?".]] News in Physiological Sciences. 17 (2): 47–50. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1152/nips.01374.2001|10.1152/nips.01374.2001]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11909991 11909991]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27321751 27321751].</ref> == Dinaka le meno a a ko morago == Ditlou tse ditonanyana le tse di namagadi tsa Aforika ka bobedi di na le dinaka tse di golang go tswa mo [[:en:Deciduous_teeth|menong a a tlhotlhoregang]] a a bidiwang tushes, a a emisediwang ke meno fa dinamane di ka nna ngwaga o le mongwe. Dinaka di bopilwe ka [[:en:Dentin|dentin]], e e bopang dipopego tse dinnye tsa sebopego sa teemane mo gare ga mana a a nnang magolo mo matlhakoreng a lone.<ref name=":5" /> Dinaka di dirisiwa thata go epa medi le go apola lekwati la ditlhare go bona dijo, go lwa ka nako ya go nyala, le go iphemela kgatlhanong le dibatana tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe. Dinaka tse di bokete jo bo tswang mo dikilogram di le masome a mabedi le boraro go ya go masome a mane le botlhano (bokete jwa di ponto di le masome a matlhano le bongwe go ya masome a borobabongwe le bongwe) mme a ka nna boleele jwa di meter di le bongwe le sephatlho go ya kwa bobedi le ntlha nne (boleele jwa leoto bo le botlhano go ya kwa borobabobeding). Di bobegetse kwa pele mme di tswelela go gola mo botshelong jotlhe jwa tlou.<ref name=":6">Burnie, D. (2001). Animal. London: [[:en:Dorling_Kindersley|Dorling Kindersley]].</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Loxodonta africana - Molar of an adult.JPG|thumb|Leino le legolo la tlou ya sekgwa sa Aforika, le le bontshang di-mekoti e e naleng phefo mo marapong a sefatlhego tsa sebopego sa loxodont/lozenge/dithapo tsa boalo jwa bogodimo jwa leino]] [[Setshwantsho:Loxodonta molar diagram.svg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa boalogodimo jwa leino la tlou ya Aforika]] Popego ya meno (dental formula) ya tlou ke:1.0.3.3/0.0.3.3× 2 = 26 (Nngwe, lefela, boraro, boraro/ lefela, lefela, boraro , boraro, tsotlhe di menagantswe gabedi, a bo tsotlhe di lekana le meno a le masome a mabedi le marataro)<ref name=":5" />Tlou e na le meno a magolo a le mane. Leino lengwe le lengwe le bokete jwa dikilogerama di le tlhano ( ponto tse lesome le bongwe) mme le boleele jwa disentimetara di le masome a mararo (inch di le lesome le bobedi). Fa meno a a kwa pele a senyega mme a wa ka dikarolwana, a a kwa morago a sutela kwa pele, mme meno a matona a mabedi a masha a mela kwa morago ga molomo. Ditlou di fetola meno a yone gararo go ya go garataro mo botshelong jwa tsone. Fa e fitlha mo dingwageng di ka nna masome a mane go ya go masome a marataro, e latlhegelwa ke meno a yone a bofelo mme gantsi e swa ka ntlha ya tlala, e leng sengwe sa mabaka a a tlwaelesegileng a loso. Ditlou tsa Aforika di na le meno a le masome a mabedi le mane ka kakaretso, a le marataro mo karolong nngwe le nngwe ya lotlhaya. Dikarolo tsa boalo jo bo ha godimo mo menong a magolo di dinnye ka palo fa di bapisiwa le tsa ditlou tsa Asia.<ref>[[:en:Juliet_Clutton-Brock|Clutton-Brock, J.]] (1987). A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals. Cambridge University Press. p. 208. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-521-34697-5|0-521-34697-5]].</ref> Boalo jwa ya meno a magolo bo apara e bo bo nna le sebopego sa taemane (<>), e leng letshwao le le tlwaelesegileng mo ditloung tsotlhe tsa mofuta wa ''Loxodonta''.<ref name=":4" /> Le fa mefuta mengwe ya ''Loxodonta'' e e nyeletseng e ne e santse e na le meno a sa feleng a [[:en:Premolar|leino le le fa gare ga leino la go gagola le leino la go sila]], meno ao ga sa tlhole a le teng mo mefuteng e mebedi e e sa ntseng e tshela.<ref>Sanders, W. J. (2018). "Horizontal tooth displacement and premolar occurrence in elephants and other elephantiform proboscideans". Historical Biology. 30 (1–2): 137–156. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018HBio...30..137S 2018HBio...30..137S]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/08912963.2017.1297436|10.1080/08912963.2017.1297436]].</ref> === Bogolo === Tlou ya naga ya Aforika ke yone phologolo e e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe tse di [[:en:Terrestrial_animal|tshelang mo lefatsheng]]. Fa maemo a siame mme e ka gola ka botlalo, ditlou tse di godileng tsotlhe di nna boleele jwa dimetara di le pedi tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a mane le bosupa go ya go dimetara di le pedi tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a supa le boraro mo magetleng (boleele jwa leoto bo le borobaobedi le intšhi e le nngwe go ya go boleele jwa leoto bo le borobabobedi le diintšhi di le lesome le bongwe), mme di nna bokete jwa ditone di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le thataro go ya go ditone di le tharo tsotlhe le dikarolo di le botlhano (ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le thataro go ya go ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le tharo tsotlhe le dikarolo di le nne; ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robongwe go ya go ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le tharo tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robongwe) fa dipoo tse di godileng tsotlhe di nna boleele jwa dimetara di le tharo tsotlhe le disentimetara di le nne go ya go dimetara di le tharo tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a mararo le borataro (boleele jwa leoto bo le lesome tsotlhe go ya go difaete di le lesome le bongwe), mme ka palogare di nna bokete jwa ditone di le tlhano tsotlhe le dikarolo di le pedi go ya go ditone di le thataro tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robongwe (ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le tlhano tsotlhe le karolo e le nngwe go ya go ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le thataro tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robedi; ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le tlhano tsotlhe le dikarolo di le supa go ya go ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le supa tsotlhe le dikarolo di le thataro).Poo e kgolo go tsotlhe e e kileng ya rekotiwa e ne e le boleele jwa dimetara di le tharo tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a robongwe le borataro mo magetleng (boleele jwa leoto bo le lesome le boraro), mme go akanngwa gore e ne e le bokete jwa ditone di le lesome tsotlhe le dikarolo di le nne (ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le lesome tsotlhe le dikarolo di le pedi; ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le lesome le nngwe tsotlhe le dikarolo di le botlhano).<ref>Larramendi, A. (2016). [[doi:10.4202/app.00136.2014|"Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans"]]. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 61 (3): 537–574. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AcPaP..61..537L 2016AcPaP..61..537L]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4202/app.00136.2014|10.4202/app.00136.2014]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2092950 2092950].</ref>Mokwatla wa yone o kobegile go ya teng gare, fa mokwatla wa tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika o batla o tlhamaletse.<ref name=":2" />Tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika e nnye thata fa e bapisiwa le ya naga. Fa maemo a siame mme e gola ka botlalo, dipoo tsa tlou ya sekgwa di akanngwa gore ka palogare di nna boleele jwa dimetara di le pedi tsotlhe le disentimetara di le robongwe go ya go dimetara di le pedi tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a mararo le bongwe (boleele jwa leoto bo le thataro tsotlhe le diintšhi di le robongwe go ya go boleele jwa leoto bo le supa tsotlhe le diintšhi di le thataro), mme di nna bokete jwa ditone tsotlhe di le nngwe tsotlhe le dikarolo di le supa go ya go ditone tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le tharo (ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le nngwe tsotlhe le dikarolo di le supa go ya go ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le tharo; ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le nngwe tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robongwe go ya go ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le botlhano) == Phatlalatso le bonno == [[Setshwantsho:African elephants, World, 2015 (cropped).svg|thumb|Ditlou tsa Aforika]] Ditlou tsa Aforika di anamisitswe kwa [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Afrika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara]], kwa di nnang mo dikgaolong tsa [[:en:Scrubland|ditlhatshana]] tsa [[:en:Sahel|Sahelian]] le tse di [[:en:Arid|omileng]], [[:en:Tropical_rainforest|dikgwa tsa pula tsa boboatsatsi]], [[:en:Woodland|dikgwa]] tsa [[:en:Mopane|mopane]] le tsa [[:en:Miombo|miombo]]. Ditlou tsa sekgwa sa Aforika di bonwa fela mo Aforika Bogare le Bophirima.<ref name=":14">Blanc, J. J.; Thouless, C. R.; Hart, J. A.; Dublin, H. T.; Douglas-Hamilton, I.; Craig, G. C.; Barnes, R. F. W. (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z418bsp0fQoC African Elephant Status Report 2002: An update from the African Elephant Database]. Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 29. Gland and Cambridge: IUCN. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0707-5|978-2-8317-0707-5.]]</ref> == Boitshwaro le tikologo == === Lelwapa === [[Setshwantsho:Serengeti Elefantenherde2.jpg|thumb|Ditlou tse di namagadi tsa sekgwa kwa Tanzania]] [[Setshwantsho:Bee-Threat-Elicits-Alarm-Call-in-African-Elephants-pone.0010346.s004.ogv|thumb|Lelapa le tsibogela modumo wa tlhagiso ya dinotshe]] Mefuta ka bobedi ya ditlou tsa Aforika e nna mo ditlhopa tsa malapa tse di nang le dikgomo di le mmalwa tse di godileng, barwadi ba tsone le barwa ba tsona ba ba sa ntseng ba gola. Setlhopa se ngwe le sengwe sa lelapa se eteletswe pele ke kgomo e e godileng e e bidiwang [[:en:Matriarch|matriarch]].<ref name=":7">Douglas-Hamilton, I. (1973). "On the ecology and behaviour of the Lake Manyara elephants". African Journal of Ecology. 11 (3–4): 401–403. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973AfJEc..11..401D 1973AfJEc..11..401D.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1973.tb00101.x|10.1111/j.1365-2028.1973.tb00101.x.]]</ref> <ref name=":8">Turkalo, A.; Barnes, R. (2013). [https://books.google.com/books?id=B_07noCPc4kC&pg=PA195 "Loxodonta cyclotis Forest Elephant"]. In Kingdon, J.; Happold, D.; Hoffmann, M.; Butynski, T.; Happold, M.; Kalina, J. (eds.). The Mammals of Africa. Vol. I. Introductory Chapters and Afrotheria. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 195–200. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-8996-2|978-1-4081-8996-2.]]</ref>Ditlhopha tsa ditlou tsa sekgwa sa Aforika ga di kopane thata jaaka ditlhopha tsa ditlou tsa sekgwa tsa Aforika, gongwe ka ntlha ya go tlhoka dibatana tsa tlholego tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe.<ref name=":8" /> Fa ditlhopa tsa malapa tse di kgaoganeng di golagana, di bopa ditlhopha tsa losika kgotsa tsa kgolagano. Morago ga [[:en:Puberty|go gola]], ditlou tse ditonanyana di na le go dira dikgolagano tse di gaufi le tse dingwe tse ditonanyana. Le fa ditlou tse di namagadi e le tsone tse di matlhagatlhaga thata mo ditlhopheng tsa ditlou tsa Aforika, ditlou tse ditonanyana le tse di namagadi di kgona go farologanya makgolokgolo a dipitso tse di farologaneng tsa [[:en:Infrasonic|infrasonic]] tsa makhubu a a kwa tlase go buisana le go tlhaolana.<ref>McComb, K.; Moss, C.; Sayialel, S.; Baker, L. (2000). "Unusually extensive networks of vocal recognition in African elephants". Animal Behaviour. 59 (6): 1103–1109. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000AnBeh..59.1103M 2000AnBeh..59.1103M]. [[:en:CiteSeerX_(identifier)|CiteSeerX]] [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.332.7064 10.1.1.332.7064]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1006/anbe.2000.1406|10.1006/anbe.2000.1406]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10877888 10877888]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17628123 17628123].</ref><ref>McComb, K.; Moss, C.; Durant, S. M.; Baker, L.; Sayialel, S. (2001). "Matriarchs As Repositories of Social Knowledge in African Elephants". Science. 292 (5516): 491–494. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Sci...292..491M 2001Sci...292..491M.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1057895|10.1126/science.1057895.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11313492 11313492]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17594461 17594461].</ref> Ditlou di dirisa [[:en:Infrasound#Animal_reactions_to_infrasound|mantswe mangwe]] a a fetang bokgoni jwa go utlwa jwa batho,<ref>Herbst, C. T.; Stoeger, A. S.; Frey, R.; Lohscheller, J.; Titze, I.; Gumpenberger, M.; Fitch, W. T. (2012). "How Low Can You Go? Physical Production Mechanism of Elephant Infrasonic Vocalizations". Science. 337 (6094): 595–599. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Sci...337..595H 2012Sci...337..595H.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1219712|10.1126/science.1219712.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22859490 22859490]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32792564 32792564].</ref> go buisana go kgabaganya dikgala tse dikgolo. Dingwao tsa go nyalana tsa ditlou di akaretsa go loganya dikutu ka bonolo.<ref>Buss, I.; Smith, N. (1966). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150518072553/http://faculty.rio.edu/dalthoff/Courses/MA/TP-Buss%20and%20Smith-Elephant%20Repo%20Breeding%20Behavior-1966-JWM.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20150518072553/http://faculty.rio.edu/dalthoff/Courses/MA/TP-Buss%20and%20Smith-Elephant%20Repo%20Breeding%20Behavior-1966-JWM.pdf Observations on Reproduction and Breeding Behavior of the African Elephant] (PDF). Allen Press. Archived from [http://faculty.rio.edu/dalthoff/Courses/MA/TP-Buss%20and%20Smith-Elephant%20Repo%20Breeding%20Behavior-1966-JWM.pdf the original] (PDF) on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2013.</ref> Dipoo di ne di dumelwa fa e le diphologolo tse di nnang di le tsosi, di ikemela ka nosi fa di setse di godile. Dipatlisiso tse dišwa di tlhagisa gore dipoo di boloka kitso ya tikologo ya motlhape, go tlhofofatsa go tshela fa di batla dijo le metsi, se gape se solegelang dipoo tse dinnye tse di amanang le tsona molemo. Dipoo di boela fela mo motlhapeng go ya go tsala kgotsa go itsalanya; ga di neele bana ba tsona tlhokomelo ya botsadi kgotsa go ba godisa, mme go na le moo di tshameka karolo ya borre ka kakaretso mo dipoong tse dinnye go supa taolo.<ref>Briggs, H. (2020). "[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-54018133 Secrets of male elephant society revealed in the wild"]. BBC News. Retrieved 7 September 2020.</ref> === Boitshwaro jwa kgaolo le tiriso ya sebaka === Ditlou tsa Aforika ga di nne le kgaolo fela mme di bontsha mefuta e e farologaneng ya mekgwa ya tiriso ya sebaka tse di tlhotlhelediwang ke popego ya loago, pharologano ya dipaka le seemo sa bosa, le go nna teng ga didirisiwa.<ref name=":9">Wittemyer, G.; Getz, W. M.; Vollrath, F.; Douglas-Hamilton, I. (2007). "Social dominance, seasonal movements, and spatial segregation in African elephants: a contribution to conservation behavior". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 61 (12): 1919–1931. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00265-007-0432-0|10.1007/s00265-007-0432-0.]]</ref> Metlhape gantsi e nna mo [[:en:Home_range|mefuteng ya magae]] e e farologaneng go tswa go makgolo a le mmalwa go ya go dikete di le mmalwa tsa khutlonne ya dikilometara go ikaegile ka go nna teng ga didirisiwa le maemo a bonno; metlhape e latela ditsela tsa go fuduga le mekgwa ya motsamao e e golaganyang mafelo a a sireleditsweng le mafelo a mangwe a a tshwanetseng a a nang le seabe se se botlhokwa mo go tshegetseng kgolagano ya baagi le phitlhelelo ya metswedi e e botlhokwa jaaka dimela le metsi.<ref>Douglas-Hamilton, I.; Krink, T.; Vollrath, F. (2005). "Movements and corridors of African elephants in relation to protected areas". Naturwissenschaften. 92 (4): 158–163. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00114-004-0606-9|10.1007/s00114-004-0606-9.]]</ref> Dintlha tse dingwe jaaka taolo ya loago le dintlha tsa tikologo jaaka pula le ntshodikuno ya dimela le tsona di tlhotlheletsa kgaogano ya sebaka mo ditlhopheng mo teng ga kgaolo e le nngwe.<ref name=":9" /> ==== Go nna bogale, go lwa le go laola ==== Ditlou tsa Aforika di bontsha mekgwa e e raraaneng ya go nna bogale e e tsamayang le go nna le taolo, segolobogolo mo teng ga tse ditonanyana tse di godileng. Musth ke lereo le le kayang seemo sa mmele fa ditlou tse ditonanyana tsa Aforika di bontshang go tlhatloga go gogolo ga hormone ya bonna, tiro e e oketsegileng ya thobalano, le go nna bogale go go oketsegileng mme le lemogwa ka nako ya kgaisano ya banna le banna.<ref name=":10">Poole, J.H. (1989). "Announcing intent: the aggressive state of musth in African elephants". Animal Behaviour. 37: 140–152. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/0003-3472(89)90014-6|10.1016/0003-3472(89)90014-6.]]</ref> Mo pakeng e tlou e tona ya Aforika e dirang musth, di bontsha maitsholo a a tlwaelegileng a a akaretsang go ntsha kgeleswa ya nakwana, go elela ga moroto, le dipopego tse di rileng tse di tlhalosang seemo sa tsona mo bathong ba bangwe.<ref name=":10" /> Ka go dira maitsholo a, ditlou tse ditonanyana tsa Aforika di fokotsa tlhokego ya go thulana ka mmele ka go tlhaeletsana ka maemo a bolaodi. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo mabakeng a mofuta ono wa puisano o palelwang, dikopano tse di bogale tse di akaretsang go tlhotlhora le go kgarametsa di ka diragala fa go gaisana ka dinamagadi tse di amogelang.<ref name=":10" /> Tatelano ya taolo mo teng ga motlhape wa ditlou e tlhotlhelediwa thata e bile e ikaegile ka dingwaga, bogolo, le maemo a musth mme tse ditonanyana tse di godileng ka tlwaelo di feta tse dinnye kgotsa tse e seng tsa musth.<ref name=":10" /> === Go jesa tikologo le dijo === Ditlou tsa Aforika ke dijo tsa ditlhatshana ka kakaretso mme di ja mefuta e e farologaneng ya matlhare, bojang, makwati, le maungo, fela dimela tsa logong ka dipaka tsa komelelo.<ref>Rode, K.D.; Chiyo, P.I.; Chapman, C.A.; McDowell, L.R. (2006). "Nutritional ecology of elephants in Kibale National Park, Uganda, and its relationship with crop-raiding behaviour". Journal of Tropical Ecology. 22 (4): 441–449. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0266467406003233|10.1017/S0266467406003233.]]</ref> Fa di ntse di ja, di kgetla matlhare le go gagola dikala di dirisa meno, se se ka bakang tshenyo e kgolo mo matlhareng.<ref name=":6" /> [[:en:Fermentation|Go bedisa ga dijo]] go diragala mo [[:en:Hindgut|maleng a a kwa morago]], go kgontsha go ja dijo tse dintsi.<ref>Clauss, M.; Frey, R.; Kiefer, B.; Lechner-Doll, M.; Loehlein, W.; Polster, C.; Roessner, G. E.; Streich, W. J. (2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190608152406/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/2393/2/Oecologia_body_size_2003V.pdf "The maximum attainable body size of herbivorous mammals: morphophysiological constraints on foregut, and adaptations of hindgut fermenters]" (PDF). [[:en:Oecologia|Oecologia]]. 136 (1): 14–27. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Oecol.136...14C 2003Oecol.136...14C]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00442-003-1254-z|10.1007/s00442-003-1254-z.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12712314 12712314]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206989975 206989975]. Archived from [http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/2393/2/Oecologia_body_size_2003V.pdf the original] (PDF) on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019.</ref> Bogolo jo bogolo le mala a a kwa morago a tlou ya Aforika gape di letla tshilo ya dikarolo tse di farologaneng tsa semela, go akaretsa dikutu tse di nang le ditlhale, lekwati le medi.<ref>Owen-Smith, N.; Chafota, J. (2012). [[doi:10.1644/11-MAMM-A-350.1|"Selective feeding by a megaherbivore, the African elephant (Loxodonta africana)"]]. Journal of Mammalogy. 93 (3): 698–705. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1644/11-MAMM-A-350.1|10.1644/11-MAMM-A-350.1]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83726553 83726553].</ref> Ditlou tsa Aforika di thusa mo go meleng ga dipeo ka ntlha ya mala a tsone a magolo; ka di kgona go akaretsa lefelo le legolo mo letsatsing le le lengwe, di anamisa dipeo go tswa mo ditlhareng tse di farologaneng ka bonako. Ditlou di fula mo ditlhareng mme di ja dipeo tse di tswang mo go tsone, mme morago ga moo, fa peo e feta [[:en:Gastrointestinal_tract|mo tseleng ya mala]] mme morago ga moo e bo e tswa, dipeo di a nontshiwa mme di siametse go gola. Go mela ka ditlou go thibela kgaisano ya dimela mme go tlosa tlhokego ya gore dipeo dingwe di fokelwe ke phefo go gola, kgotsa thulaganyo ya go mela ka go sa rulaganngwa. Mefutafuta ya dimela le ditlhare tse di ka golang ka thulaganyo e le yona e a oketsega ka gonne dithotobolo tsa boloko di ka nna le mefuta e e farologaneng ya ditlhare e e fetang 10, mme dingwe di na le metlhala ya ditlhare di le 50 le kwa godimo.<ref>Campos-Arceiz, A. & Blake, S. (2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160427025644/http://www.santuariodeelefantes.org.br/docs/Campos_Arceiz_2011_Elephant_seed_dispersal.pdf "Megagardeners of the forest – the role of elephants in seed dispersal"] (PDF). Acta Oecologica. 37 (6): 542–553. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AcO....37..542C 2011AcO....37..542C.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.actao.2011.01.014|10.1016/j.actao.2011.01.014]]. Archived from [http://www.santuariodeelefantes.org.br/docs/Campos_Arceiz_2011_Elephant_seed_dispersal.pdf the original] (PDF) on 27 April 2016.</ref><ref>Poulsen, J. R.; Beirne, C.; Rundel, C.; Baldino, M.; Kim, S.; Knorr, J.; Minich, T.; Jin, Lingrong; Núñez, C. L.; Xiao, S.; Mbamy, W.; Obiang, G. N.; Masseloux, J.; Nkoghe, T. & Ebanega, M. O. (2021). "[[doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.789264|Long distance seed dispersal by forest eephants"]]. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 9 789264. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021FrEEv...989264P 2021FrEEv...989264P]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]][[doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.789264|:10.3389/fevo.2021.789264]].</ref> === Botlhale === ''Bona gape : [[:en:Elephant_cognition|Tlhaloganyo ya tlou]]'' [[Setshwantsho:Elephant scratching on a tree.jpg|thumb|Go ingwaa mo setlhareng go thusa go tlosa boalo jwa letlalo le le suleng le dinwa madi]] Ditlou tsa Aforika di botlhale thata.<ref>Plotnik, J. M.; De Waal, F. B.; Reiss, D. (2006). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636577 "Self-recognition in an Asian elephant".] Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (45): 17053–17057. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PNAS..10317053P 2006PNAS..10317053P.] doi:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.0608062103|10.1073/pnas.0608062103]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636577 1636577]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17075063 17075063].</ref> Di na le [[:en:Neocortex|neocortex]] e kgolo thata e e sothegileng thata, e leng selo se di nang le sone le [[:en:Humans|batho]] le [[:en:Apes|dikgabo]] tse dingwe, mmogo le mefuta mengwe ya di [[:en:Dolphin|dolphin]]. Di gareng ga mefuta e e botlhale thata mo lefatsheng. Ka bokete jo bo fetang fela kilgograme tse tlhano (ponto ye lesome le bongwe, [[:en:Elephant_cognition#Structure_of_the_brain|boboko jwa tlou]] bo bogolo go feta jwa phologolo epe e nngwe e e nnang mo lefatsheng. Boboko jwa tlou bo tshwana le [[:en:Human_brain|boboko jwa motho]] ka popego le go raraana ga tsone; [[:en:Cerebral_cortex|legogo]] la tlou le na le [[:en:Neurons|ditshika]] tse dintsi jaaka tsa boboko jwa motho,[<ref>Roth, G.; Stamenov, M. I.; Gallese, V. (2003). "Is the human brain unique?". Mirror Neurons and the Evolution of Brain and Language. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 63–76. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/0470867221.ch2|10.1002/0470867221.ch2.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-470-84960-6|978-0-470-84960-6.]]</ref> se se akantshang gore go nnile le [[:en:Convergent_evolution|thutotlhagelelo e e kopaneng]].<ref>Goodman, M.; Sterner, K.; Islam, M.; Uddin, M.; Sherwood, C.; Hof, P.; Hou, Z.; Lipovich, L.; Jia, H.; Grossman, L.; Wildman, D. (2009). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2791620 Phylogenomic analyses reveal convergent patterns of adaptive evolution in elephant and human ancestries]". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (49): 20824–20829. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PNAS..10620824G 2009PNAS..10620824G.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.0911239106|10.1073/pnas.0911239106.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2791620 2791620]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19926857 19926857].</ref> Ditlou di bontsha maitsholo a a farologaneng, go akaretsa le a a amanang le [[:en:Grief|khutsafalo]], [[:en:Learning|go ithuta]], [[:en:Mimicry|go etsisa]], [[:en:Art|botaki]], [[:en:Play_(activity)|motshameko]], go [[:en:Humor|tshegisa]], [[:en:Altruism|go sa ipone tsapa]], [[:en:Tools|tiriso ya didirisiwa]], [[:en:Compassion|kutlwelobotlhoko]], [[:en:Cooperation|tirisanommogo]],<ref name=":11">Plotnik, J. M.; Lair, R.; Suphachoksahakun, W.; De Waal, F. B. M. (2011). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3064331 Elephants know when they need assistance in a cooperative task".] Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (12): 5116–5121. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.1101765108|10.1073/pnas.1101765108.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3064331 3064331]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21383191 21383191].</ref> [[:en:Self-awareness|go itemoga]], [[:en:Memory|go gakologelwa]] le [[:en:Language|gongwe le puo.]]<ref>Parsell, D. L. (2003). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20071012170607/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/02/0221_030221_elephantvocal1.html In Africa, Decoding the 'Language' of Elephants"]. [[:en:National_Geographic_Magazine|National Geographic Magazine]] News. Archived from [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/02/0221_030221_elephantvocal1.html the original] on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 30 October 2007.</ref> Maitsholo a otlhe a supa mofuta o o botlhale thata o go akanngwang gore o lekana le [[:en:Cetaceans|di-cetacean]]<ref>Viegas, J. (2011). "[http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2011/03/08/3158077.htm Elephants smart as chimps, dolphins]". ABC Science. Retrieved 8 March 2011.</ref><ref name=":12">Viegas, J. (2011). [http://news.discovery.com/animals/elephants-intelligence-test-110307.html "Elephants Outwit Humans During Intelligence Test]". Discovery News. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110308093715/http://news.discovery.com/animals/elephants-intelligence-test-110307.html Archived] from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2011.</ref> le diphologolo tse di tshelang.<ref name=":12" /> Go raraana ga tlhaloganyo ga tlou ya Aforika go akaretsa maitsholo a a supang kutlwelobotlhoko, go rarabolola mathata, le maitsholo a setlhopha a a dirisanang mmogo. Diponagalo tseno di gatelela go kopana ga botlhale jwa thutotlhagelelo mo mefuteng yotlhe, go go tshwanang le go go bonwang mo diphologolong tse di tshelang le mo ditshedi tsa lewatle tsa cetaceans.<ref name=":11" /> === Go tsala === [[Setshwantsho:Bull elephants small.jpg|thumb|Ditlou tsa dipoo tse di bogale]] [[Setshwantsho:Elephant (Loxodonta africana) mating ritual composite.jpg|thumb|Moetlo wa go nyalana]] Ditlou tsa Aforika di kgona go [[:en:Fertility|tsala thata]] fa di le dingwaga di le masome a mabedi a le botlhano le masome a mane le botlhano. Dinamane ka tlwaelo di tsalwa morago ga paka ya [[:en:Gestation|boimana]] ya dikgwedi di le masome a mabedi le bobedi.<ref>Macdonald, D. (2001). The New Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford: [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]].</ref> Dinamane di tlhokomelwa ke mmaatsona le dinamane tse dingwe tse dinnye mo setlhopheng, se se itsegeng jaaka [[:en:Allomothering|allomothering]].<ref name=":7" /> Ditlou tse di namagadi tsa Aforika di kgona go simolola go tsala di le dingwaga di ka nna lesome go ya ko lesomeng le bobedi.<ref>Benedict, F. G. (1936). "The physiology of the elephant". ''Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. No. 474''. '''1'''.</ref> Morago ga go gola ka tlhakanelodikobo, banna ba simolola go itemogela [[:en:Musth|musth]], boemo jwa mmele le jwa maitsholo jo bo tlhaolwang ke testosterone e e kwa godimo, go nna bogale le tiro e ntsi ya thobalano.<ref name=":15">Hollister-Smith, J. A.; Poole, J. H.; Archie, E. A.; Vance, E. A.; Georgiadis, N. J.; [[:en:Cynthia_Moss|Moss, C. J]].; Alberts, S. C. (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150518085653/http://sites.biology.duke.edu/albertslab/pdfs/Hollister-Smith%26al_2007.pdf "Age, musth, and paternity success in wild male African elephants, Loxodonta africana"] (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 74 (2): 287–296. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AnBeh..74..287H 2007AnBeh..74..287H]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.12.008|10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.12.008.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54327948 54327948]. Archived from [http://sites.biology.duke.edu/albertslab/pdfs/Hollister-Smith%26al_2007.pdf the original] (PDF) on 18 May 2015.</ref><ref name=":16">[[:en:Raman_Sukumar|Sukumar, R.]] (2003). "Sexual selection and mate choice". The Living Elephants: Evolutionary Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation. Oxford, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 112–124. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-19-510778-0|0-19-510778-0.]]</ref> Musth gape o dira tiro ya go bitsa tlhokomelo go tse di namagadi gore ke tsa boleng jo bo siameng, mme ga e ka ke ya etsisiwa jaaka dipitso tse di rileng kgotsa medumo e ka nna. Ditona di tsala bana ba le mmalwa ka dipaka tse di se mo musth. Ka nako ya fa estrus e le fa gare, ditlou tse di namagadi di batla tse ditonanyana tse di mo musth go di disa. Dinamagadi di tla goa, ka tsela e e kwa godimo, e e kwa tlase go gogela tse ditonanyana go tswa kwa kgakala. Ditlou tse ditonanyana gape di kgona go dupelela monko wa dihoromone tsa e namagadi e e siametseng go tsala. Se se dira gore tse ditonanyana di gaisane go nyalana, se se felelang ka gore tse di namagadi di nyalane le tse ditonanyana tse di godileng, tse di itekanetseng.<ref name=":13">Poole, J. H. (1989). "Mate guarding, reproductive success and female choice in African elephants". Animal Behaviour. 37: 842–849. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989AnBeh..37..842P 1989AnBeh..37..842P.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/0003-3472(89)90068-7|10.1016/0003-3472(89)90068-7]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53150105 53150105].</ref> Dinamagadi di tlhopha go fitlha kwa ntlheng e e rileng gore di nyalana le mang, ka gonne ke tsone tse di lekang go dira gore tse ditonanyana di gaisane go di disa. Le fa go ntse jalo, tse di namagadi ga di disiwe mo dikgatong tsa ntlha le tsa morago tsa estrus, tse di ka letlang go nyalana ke tse ditonanyana tse dinnye e seng mo musth.<ref name=":13" /> Ditona tse di fetang dingwaga di le masome a matlhano di gaisana thata le tse di namagadi mo estrus, mme di atlega thata fa di le dikgolo le go nna bogale thata.<ref name=":16" /> Ditonyana tse dikgolo di na le go tsala bana ba batona.<ref>Lee, P. C.; Moss, C. J. (1986). "Early maternal investment in male and female African elephant calves". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 18 (5): 353–361. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986BEcoS..18..353L 1986BEcoS..18..353L]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/bf00299666|10.1007/bf00299666]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10901693 10901693].</ref> Ditona tse di tlhaga di simolola go tsala mo dingwageng tsa tsone tsa masome a mararo fa di le mo bogolong le bokete jo bo gaisanang le tse ditonanyana tse dingwe tse di godileng. Katlego ya tsalo ya banna e kwa godimo mo bogareng jwa bogolo mme morago ga moo e simolole go fokotsega. Le fa go ntse jalo, se se ka ikaega ka maemo a monna mo setlhopheng sa bona, ka ge banna ba maemo a a kwa godimo ba tshegetsa seelo se se kwa godimo sa tsalo.<ref>Loizi, H.; Goodwin, T. E.; Rasmussen, L. E. L.; Whitehouse, A. M.; Schulte, B. A. (2009). "Sexual dimorphism in the performance of chemosensory investigatory behaviours by African elephants (Loxodonta africana)". Behaviour. 146 (3): 373–392. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1163/156853909X410964|10.1163/156853909X410964]].</ref> Bontsi jwa go nyalana go go lemogilweng ke ga banna mo musth ba ba fetang dingwaga di le 35. Ditebelelo tse ditelele di le masome a mabedi le bobedi di bontshitse gore dingwaga le musth ke dintlha tse di botlhokwa thata; "... banna ba ba godileng ba ne ba na le katlego e e kwa godimo ya go nna rre fa ba bapisiwa le banna ba bannye, se se akantshang kgonagalo ya go tlhophiwa ga thobalano go tshela lobaka lo loleele mo mofuteng o."<ref name=":15" />: (tsebe ya makgolo a mabedi le masome a borobabobedi le bosupa) == Matshosetsi == [[Setshwantsho:Number of African elephants.svg|thumb|Palo ya Ditlou tsa Aforika]] Mefuta ka bobedi e tshosediwa ke go [[:en:Habitat_loss|latlhegelwa ke bonno]] le go kgaogana. Go tsoma kgwebisano e e seng ka fa molaong ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|dinaka tsa tlou]] ke matshosetsi mo dinageng di le mmalwa tse di farologaneng gape. Tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika e kwadilwe jaaka e e mo [[:en:Endangered_species|kotsing ya go nyelela]] mme tlou ya sekgwa sa Aforika e kwadilwe jaaka e e mo [[:en:Critically_Endangered|kotsing e e masisi]] mo [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|Manaaneng a Mahibidu a IUCN]] a a farologaneng.<ref>Gobush, K.S.; Edwards, C.T.T.; Balfour, D.; Wittemyer, G.; Maisels, F.; Taylor, R.D. (2022) [amended version of 2021 assessment]. [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/181008073/223031019 ''"Loxodonta africana"'']. [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]. 2022 e.T181008073A223031019. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T181008073A223031019.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T181008073A223031019.en.]]</ref><ref>Gobush, K.S.; Edwards, C.T.T.; Maisels, F.; Wittemyer, G.; Balfour, D.; Taylor, R.D. (2021) [errata version of 2021 assessment]. "[https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/181007989/204404464 ''Loxodonta cyclotis'']". [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]. 2021 e.T181007989A204404464. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T181007989A204404464.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T181007989A204404464.en.]]</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Ivory trade.jpg|thumb|Banna ba ba nang le meno a tlou ya Aforika kwa Dar es Salaam, c. 1900]] Go ikaegilwe ka mefuta ya dimela tse di tlamelang ka bonno jo bo tshwanetseng jwa ditlou tsa Aforika, go ne ga akanyediwa gore mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe palogodimo ya ditlou tsa Aforika e ne e le didikadike di le masome a mabedi le borataro le dikete tsa makgolo a borobabongwe le lesome le boraro tse di ka tswang di ne di le teng go tswa kwa [[:en:Sahel|Sahel]] kwa bokone go ya kwa [[:en:Highveld|Highveld]] kwa borwa. Go fokotsega ga bonno jo bo tshwanetseng e ne e le selo se segolo se se bakileng go fokotsega ga palo ya ditlou go fitlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950. Go tsoma ditlou tsa Aforika go dira kgwebo ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|dinaka tsa tlou]] go ne ga itlhaganedisa kwelotlase go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go ya pele. [[:en:Carrying_capacity|Bokgoni jwa go rwala jwa mafelo]] a a setseng a a tshwanetseng bo ne bo akanyeddiwa go nna ditlou di le didikadike di le borobabobedi le dikete tse makgolo a borobabobgwe le masome a borobabobedi le botlhano ka bontsi ka ngwaga wa 1987.<ref>Milner-Gulland, E. J.; Beddington, J. R. (1993). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/252970898 The exploitation of elephants for the ivory trade: an historical perspective".] Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 252 (1333): 29–37. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993RSPSB.252...29M 1993RSPSB.252...29M]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rspb.1993.0042|10.1098/rspb.1993.0042.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128704128 128704128].</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 le bo 1980, tlhwatlhwa ya lonaka lwa tlou e ne ya tlhatloga, mme go tsoma lonaka lwa tlou go ne ga oketsega, bogolosegolo kwa dinageng tsa Aforika Bogare kwa phitlhelelo ya mafelo a ditlou e neng e tlhofofadiwa ke madirelo a go [[:en:Logging|rema ditlhare]] le meepo ya [[:en:Petroleum|peterolo]].<ref name=":14" /> Magareng ga dingwaga tsa 1976 le 1980, go ne ga romelwa ntle dinaka tsa ditlou tse di tala di ka nna bokete jwa tonne di le makgolo a borobabobedi le masome a mararo (ditone di le makgolo a borobabobedi le masome a mabedi tse ditelele; ditone di le makgolo a borobabongwe le lesome tse dikhutshwane) go tswa kwa Aforika go ya kwa [[:en:Hong_Kong|Hong Kong]] le [[:en:Japan|Japane]], e e lekanang le dinaka tsa ditlou tsa Aforika di ka nna dikete di le mkgolo a mabedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi.<ref>Parker, J. S. C.; Martin, E. B. (1982). [[doi:10.1017/S0030605300017452|"How many elephants are killed for the ivory trade?]]". Oryx. 16 (3): 235–239. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0030605300017452|10.1017/S0030605300017452]].</ref> Palo ya ntlha ya ditlou mo karolo kgolong ya lefatshe e naleng mafatshe a mantsi ya Aforika e ne ya dirwa ka ngwaga wa 1976. Ka nako eo, go ne go akanngwa gore go na le ditlou di ka nna didikadike di le mongwe le dikete di le makgolo a mararo le masome a mane tse di neng di gasame mo lefelong la dikilometara tse di khutlonne di le didikadike di le supa tsotlhe le dikete di le makgolo a mararo (dikilometara tsa sekwere di le didikadike di le pedi tsotlhe le dikete di le makgolo a robedi).<ref name=":17">Stiles, D. (2004). "[http://danstiles.org/publications/ivory/09.Env.Cons.final.pdf The ivory trade and elephant conservation"] (PDF). Environmental Conservation. 31 (4): 309–321. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004EnvCo..31..309S 2004EnvCo..31..309S.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0376892904001614|10.1017/S0376892904001614.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14772884 14772884].</ref>Mo dingwageng tsa bo-1980, go ne go le thata go dira dipatlisiso tse di rulaganeng mo dinageng di le mmalwa tsa Botlhaba jwa Aforika ka ntlha ya [[:en:Civil_war|dintwa tsa selegae]].<ref name=":14" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1987, go ne go akanngwa gore palo ya ditlou tsa Aforika e ne e fokotsegile go fitlha go dikete di le makgolo a supa le masome a marataro.Ka ngwaga wa 1989, go ne go akanngwa gore go ne go setse ditlou tsa Aforika di le dikete di le makgolo a marataro le boferabobedi fela.<ref name=":17" />Ka ngwaga wa 1989, Tirelo ya Diphologolo tsa Naga ya Kenya (Kenyan Wildlife Service) e ne ya fisa mokgobo wa manaka a ditlou go bontsha kganetso ya yone kgatlhanong le kgwebo ya manaka a ditlou.<ref>Poole, J. (1996). [[iarchive:isbn_9780786860951/page/232|Coming of Age With Elephants.]] New York: Hyperion. p. 232. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-7868-6095-2|0-7868-6095-2]].</ref> == Metswedi == sr2gm0m5yp6nwozzhzt7r48mi5ufryw 53716 53669 2026-07-31T07:03:47Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53716 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditlou tsa Aforika''' ke maloko a [[:en:Genus_(biology)|mofuta]] wa '''''Loxodonta''''' o o nang le [[:en:Species|mefuta]] e mebedi ya [[:en:Elephant|ditlou]] tse di tshelang, tlou ya [[:en:African_bush_elephant|sekgwa ya Aforika]] ( ''L. africana'' ) le [[:en:African_forest_elephant|tlou e nnye ya sekgwa sa Aforika]] ( ''L. cyclotis'' ) . Bobedi jo ke diphologolo tse di jang [[:en:Herbivore|ditlhatsana]] tse di nang le letlalo le le [[:en:Skin|bosetlha]] . Le fa go ntse jalo, di farologana ka bogolo le mmala wa [[:en:Tusk|lenaka]] ga mmogo le popego le bogolo jwa [[:en:Ear|ditsebe]] le [[:en:Skull|marapo a ditlhogo]] tsa tsone . Mefuta ka bobedi e mo kotsing ya go nyelela go ya ka [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|Lenaane le Lehibidu la IUCN;]] go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2021, tlou ya sekgwa e tsewa e le mo [[:en:Endangered_species|kotsing ya go nyelela]] fa tlou ya sekgwa yone e tsewa e le mo [[:en:Critically_endangered|kotsing e e masisi]]. Di tshosediwa ke go [[:en:Habitat_loss|latlhegelwa ke bonno]] le go kgaogana, mmogo le go [[:en:Poaching|tsomiwa]] ga [[:en:Ivory_trade|kgwebisano ya dinaka]] tsa tlou e e seng ka fa molaong mo dinageng di le mmalwa tsa mefutafuta. ''Loxodonta'' ke nngwe ya mefuta e mebedi e e santseng e le teng mo lelapeng la [[:en:Elephantidae|Elephantidae]]. Leina le le kaya leino le le thata le le bopegileng jaaka teemane ya meno a tsone a meno a akwa morago mo ganong. [[:en:Fossil|Masalela a masaledi]] a mefuta ya Loxodonta a fitlhetswe mo Aforika, go simolola ka nako ya bofelo ya motlha wa Miocene (go tloga ka dingwaga di ka nna didikadike di le supa go ya kwa boratarong tse di fetileng) go ya pele. == Thuto ya mafoko == Leina la ''Loxodonta'' le tswa mo mafokong a [[:en:Ancient_Greek|Segerika sa Bogologolo]] λοξός (''loxós'', "go sekamela", "go kgabaganya") le ὀδούς (odoús, "leino"), le le kayang enamele e e bopegileng jaaka teemane ([[:en:Lozenge_(shape)|lozenge]]) ya [[:en:Molar_teeth|meno a a ko morago mo ganong]], e e farologaneng thata le ya sebopego se se dikologang sa enamele ya [[:en:Asian_elephant|tlou ya Asia]].<ref>Cuvier, F. (1825). "[[iarchive:histoirenaturel6geof/page/n115|Éléphants d'Afrique]]". In Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, É.; Cuvier, F. (eds.). Histoire Naturelle des Mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans. Vol. Tome 6. Paris: A. Belain. pp. 117–118.</ref> == Thulaganyo ya ditshedi le thutotlhagelelo == [[:en:Scientific_description|Tlhaloso ya ntlha ya saense]] ya tlou ya Aforika e kwadilwe ka ngwaga wa 1797 ke [[:en:Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach|Johann Friedrich Blumenbach]], yo o neng a akantsha [[:en:Scientific_name|leina la saense]] la ''Elephas africanus''.<ref>Blumenbach, J. F. (1797). "[http://www.deutschestextarchiv.de/book/view/blumenbach_naturgeschichte_1797?p=147 2. Africanus]". Handbuch der Naturgeschichte [Handbook of Natural History] (Fifth ed.). Göttingen: Johann Christian Dieterich. p. 125.</ref> [[wiktionary:Loxodonta|''Loxodonte'']] e ne ya akantshiwa jaaka leina la kakaretso la tlou ya Aforika ke [[:en:Frédéric_Cuvier|Frédéric Cuvier]] ka ngwaga wa 1825. Mokwadi yo o sa itsiweng o ne a dirisa mopeleto wa Selatine wa ''Loxodonta'' ka ngwaga wa 1827.<ref>Anonymous (1827). "[[iarchive:zoologicaljourna318271828sowe/page/140|Analytical Notices of Books. Histoire Naturelle des Mammifères, avec des Figures originale, dessinées d'après des Animaux vivans; &c. Par MM. Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, et F. Cuvier. Livraison 52 et 53".]] The Zoological Journal. 3 (9): 140–143.</ref> Mokwadi yo o ne a amogelwa jaaka molaodi ke [[:en:International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature|Molao wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Maina a Diphologolo]] ka ngwaga wa 1999.<ref>[[:en:Jeheskel_Shoshani|Shoshani, J.]] (2005). "[http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=11500008 Genus Loxodonta]". In [[:en:Don_E._Wilson|Wilson, D.E.]]; Reeder, D.M (eds.). [http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA91 Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference] (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 91. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0|978-0-8018-8221-0.]] [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494 62265494].</ref> ''Elephas (Loxodonta'') cyclotis e ne ya tshitshinngwa ke [[:en:Paul_Matschie|Paul Matschie]] ka ngwaga wa 1900, yo o neng a tlhalosa [[:en:Zoological_specimen|dikao]] [[:en:Zoological_specimen|tsa diphologolo]] tse tharo tsa ditlou tsa Aforika go tswa kwa Cameroon tse [[:en:Skull|marapo a ditlhogo]] tsa tsone di neng di farologana ka popego le tsa ditlhogo tsa ditlou tse di kokoantsweng gongwe le gongwe mo Aforika.<ref>Matschie, P. (1900). [[iarchive:sitzungsberichte1900gese/page/194|"Geographische Abarten des Afrikanischen Elefanten"]]. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin. 3: 189–197.</ref>Ka ngwaga wa 1936, [[:en:Glover_Morrill_Allen|Glover Morrill Allen]] o ne a tsaya tlou e e le mofuta o o farologaneng mme a e bitsa 'tlou ya sekgwa';<ref>Allen, G. M. (1936). "Zoological results of the George Vanderbilt African Expedition of 1934. Part II — The forest elephant of Africa". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 88: 15–44. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4064188 4064188].</ref> bakwadi ba moragonyana ba ne ba e tsaya e le [[:en:Subspecies|mofutapotlana]].<ref name=":0">Laurson, B.; Bekoff, M. (1978). "[http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-092-01-0001.pdf Loxodonta africana]" (PDF). Mammalian Species (92): 1–8. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/3503889|10.2307/3503889]]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3503889 3503889]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253949585 253949585]. Retrieved 5 August 2010.</ref><ref>Estes, R. D. (1999). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=Xqp7poFviNcC&pg=PA223 Elephant ''Loxodonta africana'' Family Elephantidae, Order Proboscidea"]. ''The Safari Companion: A Guide to Watching African Mammals Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, and Primates'' (Revised and expanded&#x20;ed.). Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing Company. pp.&#x20;223–233. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/1-890132-44-6|<bdi>1-890132-44-6</bdi>.]]</ref>Ditshekatsheko tsa popego le tsa dijini fa e sa le di neelana ka bosupi jwa dipharologano tsa maemo a mefuta magareng ga tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika le tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika.<ref name=":2">Grubb, P.; Groves, C. P.; Dudley, J. P. & Shoshani, J. (2000). [[doi:10.22237/elephant/1521732169|"Living African elephants belong to two species: ''Loxodonta africana'' (Blumenbach, 1797) and ''Loxodonta cyclotis'' (Matschie, 1900)".]] ''Elephant''. '''2''' (4): 1–4. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.22237/elephant/1521732169|10.22237/elephant/1521732169.]]</ref><ref>Roca, A. L.; Georgiadis, N.; Pecon-Slattery, J. & O'Brien, S. J. (2001). "[https://zenodo.org/record/1230804 Genetic Evidence for Two Species of Elephant in Africa".] Science. 293 (5534): 1473–1477. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Sci...293.1473R :2001Sci...293.1473R]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1059936|10.1126/science.1059936]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11520983 11520983]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38285623 38285623].</ref><ref>Rohland, N.; Malaspinas, A.-S.; Pollack, J. L.; Slatkin, M.; Matheus, P. & Hofreiter, M. (2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1925134 "Proboscidean Mitogenomics: Chronology and Mode of Elephant Evolution Using Mastodon as Outgroup"]. PLOS Biology. 5 (8) e207. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050207|10.1371/journal.pbio.0050207]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1925134 1925134]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17676977 17676977].</ref><ref name=":3">Rohland, N.; Reich, D.; Mallick, S.; Meyer, M.; Green, R. E.; Georgiadis, N. J.; Roca, A. L. & Hofreiter, M. (2010). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3006346 "Genomic DNA sequences from mastodon and woolly mammoth reveal deep speciation of forest and savanna elephants"]. PLOS Biology. 8 (12) e1000564. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000564|10.1371/journal.pbio.1000564]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3006346 3006346]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21701575 21203580].</ref><ref>Murphy, W. J.; Ishida, Y.; Oleksyk, T. K.; Georgiadis, N. J.; David, V. A.; Zhao, K.; Stephens, R. M.; Kolokotronis, S.-O. & Roca, A. L. (2011). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3110795 "Reconciling Apparent Conflicts between Mitochondrial and Nuclear Phylogenies in African Elephants"]. PLOS ONE. 6 (6) e20642. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PLoSO...620642I :2011PLoSO...620642I.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020642|10.1371/journal.pone.0020642]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3110795 3110795]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21701575 21701575].</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1907, Richard Lydekker o ne a akantshanya mefuta e merataro ya ditlou tsa Aforika go ikaegilwe ka bogolo le dipopego tse di farologaneng tsa ditsebe tsa tsone.<ref>Lydekker, R. (1907). [[iarchive:proceedingsofzoo19071446zool/page/380|"The Ears as a Race-Character in the African Elephant"]]. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (January to April): 380–403. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1907.tb01824.x|10.1111/j.1096-3642.1907.tb01824.x]].</ref> Tsotlhe di tsewa di [[:en:Synonym_(taxonomy)|tshwana]] le tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika.[1] Mofuta wa boraro, tlou ya Afrika Bophirima, le one o tshitshintswe mme o tlhoka go tlhomamisiwa. Go akanngwa gore losika lono lo ntse lo kgaogantswe le ba bangwe dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi le makgolo a mane.<ref>Eggert, L.S.; Rasner, C.A. & Woodruff, D.S. (2002). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691127 "The evolution and phylogeography of the African elephant inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence and nuclear microsatellite markers"]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 269 (1504): 1993–2006. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2070|10.1098/rspb.2002.2070.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691127 1691127]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12396498 12396498].</ref> === Mefuta e e sa tlholeng e le teng le mefutapotlana === Magareng ga bofelo jwa lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabobedi le masome a mabedi a le mangwe la dingwaga, go ne ga tlhalosiwa ditlou tse di latelang tsa Afrika tse di sa tlholeng di le teng go ya ka [[:en:Fossil|masalela]] a dilo tse di epolotsweng: * [[:en:North_African_elephant|Tlou ya Bokone jwa Aforika]] († ''Loxodonta africana pharaohensis'' ) e e neng ya akantshiwa ke [[:en:Paulus_Edward_Pieris_Deraniyagala|Paulus Edward Pieris Deraniyagala]] ka ngwaga 1948 e ne e le sekao go tswa kwa [[:en:Fayum|Fayum]] kwa Egepeto.<ref>Deraniyagala, P. E. P. (1955). Some extinct elephants, their relatives, and the two living species. Colombo: Ceylon National Museums Publication.</ref> * † [[:en:Loxodonta_atlantica|''Loxodonta atlantica'']] e ne ya akantshiwa jaaka ''Elephas atlanticus'' ke [[:en:Auguste_Pomel|Auguste Pomel]] ka ngwaga wa 1879 go ikaegilwe ka [[:en:Skull|legata]] le marapo a a fitlhetsweng kwa [[:en:Tighennif|Ternifine]], kwa Algeria.<ref>Pomel, A. (1897). "[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k62754098/f48 Elephas atlanticus Pom.]". Les éléphants quaternaires. Paléontologie : monographies. Alger: P. Fontana & Co. pp. 42–59.</ref> * † [[:en:Loxodonta_exoptata|''Loxodonta exoptata'']] e e neng ya akantshiwa ke [[:de:Wilhelm Otto Dietrich|Wilhelm Otto Dietrich]] ka ngwaga wa 1941 e ne e ikaegile ka meno a a fitlhetsweng kwa [[:en:Laetoli|Laetoli]], kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]].<ref>Dietrich, W. O. (1941). "Die säugetierpaläontologischen Ergebnisse der Kohl-Larsen'schen Expedition 1937–1939 im nördlichen Deutsch-Ostafrika". ''Zentralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie''. '''B''' (8): 217–223. </ref> * † [[:en:Loxodonta_adaurora|''Loxodonta'']] [[:en:Loxodonta_adaurora|''adaurora'']] e e neng ya akantshiwa ke Vincent Maglio ka ngwaga wa 1970 e ne e le [[:en:Skeleton|lerapo le le feletseng]] le le neng la fitlhelwa kwa [[:en:Kanapoi|Kanapoi]], kwa Kenya.<ref>Maglio, V. J. (1970). [[iarchive:breviora326350harv/page/n291|"Four new species of Elephantidae from the Plio-Pleistocene of northwestern Kenya]]". ''Breviora'' (341): 1–43.</ref> * † [[:en:Loxodonta_cookei|''Loxodonta cookei'']] e e tshitshintsweng ke [[:en:William_J._Sanders|William J. Sanders]] ka ngwaga wa 2007 go ikaegilwe ka meno a a fitlhetsweng kwa Sebopegong sa Varswater kwa Langebaanweg, Aforika Borwa <ref>Sanders, W. (2007). [https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/billsanders/wp-content/uploads/sites/382/2016/04/AP-SANDERS-REVISED.pdf "Taxonomic review of fossil Proboscidea (Mammalia) from Langebaanweg, South Africa"] (PDF). Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 62 (1) (Online ed.): 1–16. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007TRSSA..62....1S :2007TRSSA..62....1S.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/00359190709519192|10.1080/00359190709519192.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27499106 27499106].</ref> === Kamano ya ditshika le tlhabologo === Dikamano tsa ditlou tse di tshelang le tse di nyeletseng tse di ikaegileng ka DNA, morago ga Palkopoulou et al. ngwaga wa 2018.<ref name=":1">Palkopoulou, E.; Lipson, M.; Mallick, S.; Nielsen, S.; Rohland, N.; Baleka, S.; Karpinski, E.; Ivancevic, A. M.; Thu-Hien To; Kortschak, R. D.; Raison, J. M.; Zhipeng, Q.; Tat-Jun C.; Alt, K. W.; Claesson, S.; Dalén, L.; MacPhee, R. D. E.; Meller, H.; Roca, A. L.; Ryder, O. A.; Heiman, D.; Young, S.; Breen, M.; Williams, C.; Aken, B. L.; Ruffier, M.; Karlsson, E.; Johnson, J.; Di Palma, F.; Alfoldi, J.; Adelson, D. L.; Mailund, T.; Munch, K.; Lindblad-Toh, K.; Hofreiter, M.; Poinar, H.; Reich, D. (2018). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5856550 "A comprehensive genomic history of extinct and living elephants"]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (11): E2566–E2574. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PNAS..115E2566P 2018PNAS..115E2566P.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.1720554115|10.1073/pnas.1720554115]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5856550 5856550]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29483247 29483247].</ref> Mofuta wa bogologolo wa ''Loxodonta'' o o itsiweng ke ''[[:en:Loxodonta_cookei|Loxodonta cookei]]'', ka masalela a mofuta o o itsiweng go tswa mo dingwageng di ka nna didikadike di le supa go ya kwa botlhanong tse di fetileng, go tswa mo masaleleng a a fitlhetsweng kwa Chad, Kenya, Uganda, le Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":4">Sanders, W. J. (2023). Evolution and Fossil Record of African Proboscidea (First ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 154, 205–208. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1201/b20016|10.1201/b20016.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-315-11891-8|978-1-315-11891-8.]]</ref> Tshekatsheko ya [[:en:DNA_sequences|tatelano ya DNA]] ya nuclear e supa gore [[:en:Genetic_divergence|pharologano ya dijini]] magareng ga ditlou tsa sekgwa le tsa sekgwa tsa Aforika e simolotse dingwaga di tlgoa ka didikadike di le pedi tsotlhe le dikete di le makgolo a marataro go ya go didikadike di le tlhano tsotlhe le dikete di le makgolo a marataro. tse di fetileng. Tlou ya sekgwa sa Aforika e fitlhetswe e na le mefutafuta e e kwa godimo ka dikirii ya pharologano ya dijini, e e ka tswang e bontsha go kgaogana ga bonno jwa yona ka nako le nako ka nako ya diphetogo tsa [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]].<ref name=":3" /> [[:en:Gene_flow|Go elela ga dijini]] fa gare ga mefuta e mebedi ya ditlou tsa Aforika go ne ga sekasekwa mo mafelong a le masome a mabedi le bongwe. Tshekatsheko e senotse gore ditlou di le mmalwa tsa sekgwa tsa Aforika di ne di na le [[:en:Mitochondrial_DNA|DNA e e fitlhelwang mo dikarolong tsa mmele tse di ntshang maatla tsa mitochondria]] ya ditlou tsa sekgwa sa Aforika, se se supang gore di ne tsa kopanngwa go tswa mo mefuteng e mebedi e e farologang mo kgaolong ya phetogo ya lefelo la bojang jo bontsi-sekgwa mo dinakong tsa bogologolo.<ref>Roca, A. L.; Georgiadis, N. & [[:en:Stephen_J._O'Brien|O'Brien, S. J.]] (2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20131127012455/http://planet.uwc.ac.za/nisl/Biodiversity/pdf/Nature%20Genet%202005%20Roca%20et%20al%20elephant%20phylgeogr.pdf "Cytonuclear genomic dissociation in African elephant species]" (PDF). Nature Genetics. 37 (1): 96–100. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/ng1485|10.1038/ng1485.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15592471 15592471]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10029589 10029589]. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20131127012455/http://planet.uwc.ac.za/nisl/Biodiversity/pdf/Nature%20Genet%202005%20Roca%20et%20al%20elephant%20phylgeogr.pdf the original] (PDF) on 27 November 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2019.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, le fa go ne go na le go kopana ga ditshedi kwa lefelong la kgolagano magareng ga mefuta e mebedi, go lebega go nnile le kelelo e nnye ya dijini e e atlegileng magareng ga mefuta e mebedi fa e sale e kgaogana ga yone la ntlha.<ref name=":1" /> [[Setshwantsho:Palaeoloxodon phylogeny.svg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa phylogeny se se bontshang maemo a [[:en:Straight-tusked_elephant|tlou ya dinaka tse di tlhamaletseng]] (''Palaeoloxodon antiquus'') fa e bapisiwa le mefuta e mengwe ya ba lelapa la ditlou, se ikaegile ka diphatsa tsa nuklei , go ya ka Palkopoulou le ba bangwe (ngwaga wa 2018). Se gape se bontsha [[:en:Hybrid_(biology)|pharologanyo ya diphatsa]] e e diragetseng ka ntlha ya go [[:en:Introgression|tsalana]] ga mefuta e e farologaneng , fa [[:en:Gene_flow|diphatsa di fetisiwa]] go tswa mo ditloung tsa sekgwa go ya mo ''[[:en:Palaeoloxodon|Palaeoloxodon]]'']] DNA go tswa mo tlou ya karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe e [[:en:Straight-tusked_elephant|e nang le mana a a tlhamaletseng]] (''Palaeoloxodon antiquus'') e supa gore mofuta wa tlou o o sa tlholeng o le teng wa [[:en:Palaeoloxodon|''Palaeoloxodon'']] o amana thata le ditlou tsa Afrika go na le ditlou tsa Asia kgotsa ditlou tse dikgolo. Tshekatsheko ya jenome ya ''P. antiquus'' gape e bontsha gore ''Palaeloxodon'' e [[:en:Hybrid_(biology)|kopantswe thata]] le ditlou tsa sekgwa sa Aforika, mme se sa felela ka [[:en:Hybrid_(biology)|kelelo ya dijini tse di tsenelelang]] go tswa mo ditloung tsa Aforika go ya kwa ''Palaeoloxodon'', ka jenome ya mitochondrial le go feta karolo ya masomea mararo mo lekgolong ya genome ya nyutlea ya ''P. antiquus'' e e tswang mo ''L.cyclotis'' . Losika lo lo gaufi le dipalopalo tsa segompieno tsa Aforika bophirima go na le dipalopalo tsa Aforika bogare tsa ditlou tsa sekgwa.<ref name=":1" /> Tshekatsheko ya di-mitogenome tsa ''[[:en:Palaeoloxodon_huaihoensis|Palaeoloxodon tsa China]]'' e supa gore losika lono lwa ditlou tsa sekgwa lo ne lo abelanwa thata mo ''mefuteng ya Palaeoloxodon''.<ref>Lin, H.; Hu, J.; Baleka, S.; Yuan, J.; Chen, X.; Xiao, B.; Song, S.; Du, Z.; Lai, X.; Hofreiter, M.; Sheng, G. (2023). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10353889 "A genetic glimpse of the Chinese straight-tusked elephants"]. Biology Letters. 19 (7) 20230078. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rsbl.2023.0078|10.1098/rsbl.2023.0078.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10353889 10353889]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37463654 37463654].</ref> == Tlhaloso == === Letlalo ,ditsebe le Selopo === [[Setshwantsho:Elephant skeleton.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa marapo a mmele wa tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika]] [[Setshwantsho:Loxodonta africana-cyclotis skulls PZSL.png|thumb|Papiso ya ditlhogo tsa ditlou tsa sekgwa (ka fa molemeng) le tsa sekgwa (ka fa mojeng) fa di bonwa kwa pele. Ela tlhoko tlhogo e khutshwane le e e bulegileng ya ''L. cyclotis'', e e nang le phatla e e tshesane mo boemong jwa phatla e e tshesane.]] [[Setshwantsho:African Bush Elephant Skull.jpg|thumb|Legata la tlou e tona ya mo sekgweng ya Aforika le bontshiwa kwa [[:en:Museum_of_Osteology|Lefelong la Polokelo la Thuto ya Marapo]]]] Ditlou tsa Aforika di na le letlalo le le menaganeng le le bosetlha le le bokima jwa di milimetara di le masome a mararo (boleele jwa di inch di le nngwe ntlha pedi ) le le khurumeditsweng ke moriri o o sa tlhomamang, o o nang le ditlhale o o borokwa jo bo gateletseng go ya go bontshong. Moriri o mokhutshwane o o kgonang go amiwa o gola mo selopong , se se nang le dithulaganyo tse pedi tse di tshwanang le menwana kwa ntlheng, fa ditlou tsa Asia tsone di na le e le nngwe fela.<ref name=":0" /> Ditsebe tsa tsone tse dikgolo di thusa go fokotsa mogote wa mmele. Go di phaphatha go dira gore go nne le metsi a mowa mme go senola matlhakore a a kafa teng a ditsebe kwa ditshika tse dikgolo tsa madi di oketsang tatlhegelo ya mogote ka nako ya maemo a bosa a a mogote. Selopo sa tlou ke katoloso e e kgonang go [[:en:Prehensile|tshwara]] ya molomo wa yone o o kwa godimo le nko. Tokololo e, e e nang le kutlo e kgolo e laolwa thata ke tshika wa kutlo ya [[:en:Trigeminal_nerve|trigeminal]], mme go akanngwa gore e tsamaisiwa ke mesifa e e ka nnang dikete di le masome a mane go ya go dikete di le masome a marataro. Ka ntlha ya popego e ya mesifa, selopo sa tlou se nonofile thata mo e leng gore tlou e ka kgona go tsholetsa mo e ka nnang karolo ya boraro mo lekgolong ka bokete jwa mmele wa yone ka sone. Ditlou di dirisa selopo sa tsone go dupa, go ama, go ja, go nwa, go iphara ka lerole, go ntsha medumo, go rwala dilo, go itshireletsa le go tlhasela.<ref name=":5">Shoshani, J. (1978). [[doi:10.22237/elephant/1491234053|"General information on elephants with emphasis on tusks"]]. Elephant. 1 (2) elephant.eP1016: 20–31. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.22237/elephant/1491234053|10.22237/elephant/1491234053]].</ref> Ka dinako dingwe, ditlou di thuma ka fa tlase ga metsi mme di dirisa selopo sa tsone jaaka tšhupu ya go hema ([[:en:Snorkel_(swimming)|snorkel]])<ref>West, J.B. (2002). "[[doi:10.1152/nips.01374.2001|Why doesn't the elephant have a pleural space?".]] News in Physiological Sciences. 17 (2): 47–50. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1152/nips.01374.2001|10.1152/nips.01374.2001]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11909991 11909991]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27321751 27321751].</ref> == Dinaka le meno a a ko morago == Ditlou tse ditonanyana le tse di namagadi tsa Aforika ka bobedi di na le dinaka tse di golang go tswa mo [[:en:Deciduous_teeth|menong a a tlhotlhoregang]] a a bidiwang tushes, a a emisediwang ke meno fa dinamane di ka nna ngwaga o le mongwe. Dinaka di bopilwe ka [[:en:Dentin|dentin]], e e bopang dipopego tse dinnye tsa sebopego sa teemane mo gare ga mana a a nnang magolo mo matlhakoreng a lone.<ref name=":5" /> Dinaka di dirisiwa thata go epa medi le go apola lekwati la ditlhare go bona dijo, go lwa ka nako ya go nyala, le go iphemela kgatlhanong le dibatana tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe. Dinaka tse di bokete jo bo tswang mo dikilogram di le masome a mabedi le boraro go ya go masome a mane le botlhano (bokete jwa di ponto di le masome a matlhano le bongwe go ya masome a borobabongwe le bongwe) mme a ka nna boleele jwa di meter di le bongwe le sephatlho go ya kwa bobedi le ntlha nne (boleele jwa leoto bo le botlhano go ya kwa borobabobeding). Di bobegetse kwa pele mme di tswelela go gola mo botshelong jotlhe jwa tlou.<ref name=":6">Burnie, D. (2001). Animal. London: [[:en:Dorling_Kindersley|Dorling Kindersley]].</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Loxodonta africana - Molar of an adult.JPG|thumb|Leino le legolo la tlou ya sekgwa sa Aforika, le le bontshang di-mekoti e e naleng phefo mo marapong a sefatlhego tsa sebopego sa loxodont/lozenge/dithapo tsa boalo jwa bogodimo jwa leino]] [[Setshwantsho:Loxodonta molar diagram.svg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa boalogodimo jwa leino la tlou ya Aforika]] Popego ya meno (dental formula) ya tlou ke:1.0.3.3/0.0.3.3× 2 = 26 (Nngwe, lefela, boraro, boraro/ lefela, lefela, boraro , boraro, tsotlhe di menagantswe gabedi, a bo tsotlhe di lekana le meno a le masome a mabedi le marataro)<ref name=":5" />Tlou e na le meno a magolo a le mane. Leino lengwe le lengwe le bokete jwa dikilogerama di le tlhano ( ponto tse lesome le bongwe) mme le boleele jwa disentimetara di le masome a mararo (inch di le lesome le bobedi). Fa meno a a kwa pele a senyega mme a wa ka dikarolwana, a a kwa morago a sutela kwa pele, mme meno a matona a mabedi a masha a mela kwa morago ga molomo. Ditlou di fetola meno a yone gararo go ya go garataro mo botshelong jwa tsone. Fa e fitlha mo dingwageng di ka nna masome a mane go ya go masome a marataro, e latlhegelwa ke meno a yone a bofelo mme gantsi e swa ka ntlha ya tlala, e leng sengwe sa mabaka a a tlwaelesegileng a loso. Ditlou tsa Aforika di na le meno a le masome a mabedi le mane ka kakaretso, a le marataro mo karolong nngwe le nngwe ya lotlhaya. Dikarolo tsa boalo jo bo ha godimo mo menong a magolo di dinnye ka palo fa di bapisiwa le tsa ditlou tsa Asia.<ref>[[:en:Juliet_Clutton-Brock|Clutton-Brock, J.]] (1987). A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals. Cambridge University Press. p. 208. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-521-34697-5|0-521-34697-5]].</ref> Boalo jwa ya meno a magolo bo apara e bo bo nna le sebopego sa taemane (<>), e leng letshwao le le tlwaelesegileng mo ditloung tsotlhe tsa mofuta wa ''Loxodonta''.<ref name=":4" /> Le fa mefuta mengwe ya ''Loxodonta'' e e nyeletseng e ne e santse e na le meno a sa feleng a [[:en:Premolar|leino le le fa gare ga leino la go gagola le leino la go sila]], meno ao ga sa tlhole a le teng mo mefuteng e mebedi e e sa ntseng e tshela.<ref>Sanders, W. J. (2018). "Horizontal tooth displacement and premolar occurrence in elephants and other elephantiform proboscideans". Historical Biology. 30 (1–2): 137–156. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018HBio...30..137S 2018HBio...30..137S]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/08912963.2017.1297436|10.1080/08912963.2017.1297436]].</ref> === Bogolo === Tlou ya naga ya Aforika ke yone phologolo e e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe tse di [[:en:Terrestrial_animal|tshelang mo lefatsheng]]. Fa maemo a siame mme e ka gola ka botlalo, ditlou tse di godileng tsotlhe di nna boleele jwa dimetara di le pedi tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a mane le bosupa go ya go dimetara di le pedi tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a supa le boraro mo magetleng (boleele jwa leoto bo le borobaobedi le intšhi e le nngwe go ya go boleele jwa leoto bo le borobabobedi le diintšhi di le lesome le bongwe), mme di nna bokete jwa ditone di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le thataro go ya go ditone di le tharo tsotlhe le dikarolo di le botlhano (ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le thataro go ya go ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le tharo tsotlhe le dikarolo di le nne; ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robongwe go ya go ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le tharo tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robongwe) fa dipoo tse di godileng tsotlhe di nna boleele jwa dimetara di le tharo tsotlhe le disentimetara di le nne go ya go dimetara di le tharo tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a mararo le borataro (boleele jwa leoto bo le lesome tsotlhe go ya go difaete di le lesome le bongwe), mme ka palogare di nna bokete jwa ditone di le tlhano tsotlhe le dikarolo di le pedi go ya go ditone di le thataro tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robongwe (ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le tlhano tsotlhe le karolo e le nngwe go ya go ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le thataro tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robedi; ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le tlhano tsotlhe le dikarolo di le supa go ya go ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le supa tsotlhe le dikarolo di le thataro).Poo e kgolo go tsotlhe e e kileng ya rekotiwa e ne e le boleele jwa dimetara di le tharo tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a robongwe le borataro mo magetleng (boleele jwa leoto bo le lesome le boraro), mme go akanngwa gore e ne e le bokete jwa ditone di le lesome tsotlhe le dikarolo di le nne (ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le lesome tsotlhe le dikarolo di le pedi; ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le lesome le nngwe tsotlhe le dikarolo di le botlhano).<ref>Larramendi, A. (2016). [[doi:10.4202/app.00136.2014|"Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans"]]. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 61 (3): 537–574. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AcPaP..61..537L 2016AcPaP..61..537L]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4202/app.00136.2014|10.4202/app.00136.2014]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2092950 2092950].</ref>Mokwatla wa yone o kobegile go ya teng gare, fa mokwatla wa tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika o batla o tlhamaletse.<ref name=":2" />Tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika e nnye thata fa e bapisiwa le ya naga. Fa maemo a siame mme e gola ka botlalo, dipoo tsa tlou ya sekgwa di akanngwa gore ka palogare di nna boleele jwa dimetara di le pedi tsotlhe le disentimetara di le robongwe go ya go dimetara di le pedi tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a mararo le bongwe (boleele jwa leoto bo le thataro tsotlhe le diintšhi di le robongwe go ya go boleele jwa leoto bo le supa tsotlhe le diintšhi di le thataro), mme di nna bokete jwa ditone tsotlhe di le nngwe tsotlhe le dikarolo di le supa go ya go ditone tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le tharo (ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le nngwe tsotlhe le dikarolo di le supa go ya go ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le tharo; ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le nngwe tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robongwe go ya go ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le botlhano) == Phatlalatso le bonno == [[Setshwantsho:African elephants, World, 2015 (cropped).svg|thumb|Ditlou tsa Aforika]] Ditlou tsa Aforika di anamisitswe kwa [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Afrika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara]], kwa di nnang mo dikgaolong tsa [[:en:Scrubland|ditlhatshana]] tsa [[:en:Sahel|Sahelian]] le tse di [[:en:Arid|omileng]], [[:en:Tropical_rainforest|dikgwa tsa pula tsa boboatsatsi]], [[:en:Woodland|dikgwa]] tsa [[:en:Mopane|mopane]] le tsa [[:en:Miombo|miombo]]. Ditlou tsa sekgwa sa Aforika di bonwa fela mo Aforika Bogare le Bophirima.<ref name=":14">Blanc, J. J.; Thouless, C. R.; Hart, J. A.; Dublin, H. T.; Douglas-Hamilton, I.; Craig, G. C.; Barnes, R. F. W. (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z418bsp0fQoC African Elephant Status Report 2002: An update from the African Elephant Database]. Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 29. Gland and Cambridge: IUCN. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0707-5|978-2-8317-0707-5.]]</ref> == Boitshwaro le tikologo == === Lelwapa === [[Setshwantsho:Serengeti Elefantenherde2.jpg|thumb|Ditlou tse di namagadi tsa sekgwa kwa Tanzania]] [[Setshwantsho:Bee-Threat-Elicits-Alarm-Call-in-African-Elephants-pone.0010346.s004.ogv|thumb|Lelapa le tsibogela modumo wa tlhagiso ya dinotshe]] Mefuta ka bobedi ya ditlou tsa Aforika e nna mo ditlhopa tsa malapa tse di nang le dikgomo di le mmalwa tse di godileng, barwadi ba tsone le barwa ba tsona ba ba sa ntseng ba gola. Setlhopa se ngwe le sengwe sa lelapa se eteletswe pele ke kgomo e e godileng e e bidiwang [[:en:Matriarch|matriarch]].<ref name=":7">Douglas-Hamilton, I. (1973). "On the ecology and behaviour of the Lake Manyara elephants". African Journal of Ecology. 11 (3–4): 401–403. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973AfJEc..11..401D 1973AfJEc..11..401D.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1973.tb00101.x|10.1111/j.1365-2028.1973.tb00101.x.]]</ref> <ref name=":8">Turkalo, A.; Barnes, R. (2013). [https://books.google.com/books?id=B_07noCPc4kC&pg=PA195 "Loxodonta cyclotis Forest Elephant"]. In Kingdon, J.; Happold, D.; Hoffmann, M.; Butynski, T.; Happold, M.; Kalina, J. (eds.). The Mammals of Africa. Vol. I. Introductory Chapters and Afrotheria. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 195–200. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-8996-2|978-1-4081-8996-2.]]</ref>Ditlhopha tsa ditlou tsa sekgwa sa Aforika ga di kopane thata jaaka ditlhopha tsa ditlou tsa sekgwa tsa Aforika, gongwe ka ntlha ya go tlhoka dibatana tsa tlholego tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe.<ref name=":8" /> Fa ditlhopa tsa malapa tse di kgaoganeng di golagana, di bopa ditlhopha tsa losika kgotsa tsa kgolagano. Morago ga [[:en:Puberty|go gola]], ditlou tse ditonanyana di na le go dira dikgolagano tse di gaufi le tse dingwe tse ditonanyana. Le fa ditlou tse di namagadi e le tsone tse di matlhagatlhaga thata mo ditlhopheng tsa ditlou tsa Aforika, ditlou tse ditonanyana le tse di namagadi di kgona go farologanya makgolokgolo a dipitso tse di farologaneng tsa [[:en:Infrasonic|infrasonic]] tsa makhubu a a kwa tlase go buisana le go tlhaolana.<ref>McComb, K.; Moss, C.; Sayialel, S.; Baker, L. (2000). "Unusually extensive networks of vocal recognition in African elephants". Animal Behaviour. 59 (6): 1103–1109. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000AnBeh..59.1103M 2000AnBeh..59.1103M]. [[:en:CiteSeerX_(identifier)|CiteSeerX]] [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.332.7064 10.1.1.332.7064]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1006/anbe.2000.1406|10.1006/anbe.2000.1406]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10877888 10877888]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17628123 17628123].</ref><ref>McComb, K.; Moss, C.; Durant, S. M.; Baker, L.; Sayialel, S. (2001). "Matriarchs As Repositories of Social Knowledge in African Elephants". Science. 292 (5516): 491–494. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Sci...292..491M 2001Sci...292..491M.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1057895|10.1126/science.1057895.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11313492 11313492]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17594461 17594461].</ref> Ditlou di dirisa [[:en:Infrasound#Animal_reactions_to_infrasound|mantswe mangwe]] a a fetang bokgoni jwa go utlwa jwa batho,<ref>Herbst, C. T.; Stoeger, A. S.; Frey, R.; Lohscheller, J.; Titze, I.; Gumpenberger, M.; Fitch, W. T. (2012). "How Low Can You Go? Physical Production Mechanism of Elephant Infrasonic Vocalizations". Science. 337 (6094): 595–599. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Sci...337..595H 2012Sci...337..595H.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1219712|10.1126/science.1219712.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22859490 22859490]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32792564 32792564].</ref> go buisana go kgabaganya dikgala tse dikgolo. Dingwao tsa go nyalana tsa ditlou di akaretsa go loganya dikutu ka bonolo.<ref>Buss, I.; Smith, N. (1966). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150518072553/http://faculty.rio.edu/dalthoff/Courses/MA/TP-Buss%20and%20Smith-Elephant%20Repo%20Breeding%20Behavior-1966-JWM.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20150518072553/http://faculty.rio.edu/dalthoff/Courses/MA/TP-Buss%20and%20Smith-Elephant%20Repo%20Breeding%20Behavior-1966-JWM.pdf Observations on Reproduction and Breeding Behavior of the African Elephant] (PDF). Allen Press. Archived from [http://faculty.rio.edu/dalthoff/Courses/MA/TP-Buss%20and%20Smith-Elephant%20Repo%20Breeding%20Behavior-1966-JWM.pdf the original] (PDF) on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2013.</ref> Dipoo di ne di dumelwa fa e le diphologolo tse di nnang di le tsosi, di ikemela ka nosi fa di setse di godile. Dipatlisiso tse dišwa di tlhagisa gore dipoo di boloka kitso ya tikologo ya motlhape, go tlhofofatsa go tshela fa di batla dijo le metsi, se gape se solegelang dipoo tse dinnye tse di amanang le tsona molemo. Dipoo di boela fela mo motlhapeng go ya go tsala kgotsa go itsalanya; ga di neele bana ba tsona tlhokomelo ya botsadi kgotsa go ba godisa, mme go na le moo di tshameka karolo ya borre ka kakaretso mo dipoong tse dinnye go supa taolo.<ref>Briggs, H. (2020). "[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-54018133 Secrets of male elephant society revealed in the wild"]. BBC News. Retrieved 7 September 2020.</ref> === Boitshwaro jwa kgaolo le tiriso ya sebaka === Ditlou tsa Aforika ga di nne le kgaolo fela mme di bontsha mefuta e e farologaneng ya mekgwa ya tiriso ya sebaka tse di tlhotlhelediwang ke popego ya loago, pharologano ya dipaka le seemo sa bosa, le go nna teng ga didirisiwa.<ref name=":9">Wittemyer, G.; Getz, W. M.; Vollrath, F.; Douglas-Hamilton, I. (2007). "Social dominance, seasonal movements, and spatial segregation in African elephants: a contribution to conservation behavior". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 61 (12): 1919–1931. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00265-007-0432-0|10.1007/s00265-007-0432-0.]]</ref> Metlhape gantsi e nna mo [[:en:Home_range|mefuteng ya magae]] e e farologaneng go tswa go makgolo a le mmalwa go ya go dikete di le mmalwa tsa khutlonne ya dikilometara go ikaegile ka go nna teng ga didirisiwa le maemo a bonno; metlhape e latela ditsela tsa go fuduga le mekgwa ya motsamao e e golaganyang mafelo a a sireleditsweng le mafelo a mangwe a a tshwanetseng a a nang le seabe se se botlhokwa mo go tshegetseng kgolagano ya baagi le phitlhelelo ya metswedi e e botlhokwa jaaka dimela le metsi.<ref>Douglas-Hamilton, I.; Krink, T.; Vollrath, F. (2005). "Movements and corridors of African elephants in relation to protected areas". Naturwissenschaften. 92 (4): 158–163. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00114-004-0606-9|10.1007/s00114-004-0606-9.]]</ref> Dintlha tse dingwe jaaka taolo ya loago le dintlha tsa tikologo jaaka pula le ntshodikuno ya dimela le tsona di tlhotlheletsa kgaogano ya sebaka mo ditlhopheng mo teng ga kgaolo e le nngwe.<ref name=":9" /> ==== Go nna bogale, go lwa le go laola ==== Ditlou tsa Aforika di bontsha mekgwa e e raraaneng ya go nna bogale e e tsamayang le go nna le taolo, segolobogolo mo teng ga tse ditonanyana tse di godileng. Musth ke lereo le le kayang seemo sa mmele fa ditlou tse ditonanyana tsa Aforika di bontshang go tlhatloga go gogolo ga hormone ya bonna, tiro e e oketsegileng ya thobalano, le go nna bogale go go oketsegileng mme le lemogwa ka nako ya kgaisano ya banna le banna.<ref name=":10">Poole, J.H. (1989). "Announcing intent: the aggressive state of musth in African elephants". Animal Behaviour. 37: 140–152. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/0003-3472(89)90014-6|10.1016/0003-3472(89)90014-6.]]</ref> Mo pakeng e tlou e tona ya Aforika e dirang musth, di bontsha maitsholo a a tlwaelegileng a a akaretsang go ntsha kgeleswa ya nakwana, go elela ga moroto, le dipopego tse di rileng tse di tlhalosang seemo sa tsona mo bathong ba bangwe.<ref name=":10" /> Ka go dira maitsholo a, ditlou tse ditonanyana tsa Aforika di fokotsa tlhokego ya go thulana ka mmele ka go tlhaeletsana ka maemo a bolaodi. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo mabakeng a mofuta ono wa puisano o palelwang, dikopano tse di bogale tse di akaretsang go tlhotlhora le go kgarametsa di ka diragala fa go gaisana ka dinamagadi tse di amogelang.<ref name=":10" /> Tatelano ya taolo mo teng ga motlhape wa ditlou e tlhotlhelediwa thata e bile e ikaegile ka dingwaga, bogolo, le maemo a musth mme tse ditonanyana tse di godileng ka tlwaelo di feta tse dinnye kgotsa tse e seng tsa musth.<ref name=":10" /> === Go jesa tikologo le dijo === Ditlou tsa Aforika ke dijo tsa ditlhatshana ka kakaretso mme di ja mefuta e e farologaneng ya matlhare, bojang, makwati, le maungo, fela dimela tsa logong ka dipaka tsa komelelo.<ref>Rode, K.D.; Chiyo, P.I.; Chapman, C.A.; McDowell, L.R. (2006). "Nutritional ecology of elephants in Kibale National Park, Uganda, and its relationship with crop-raiding behaviour". Journal of Tropical Ecology. 22 (4): 441–449. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0266467406003233|10.1017/S0266467406003233.]]</ref> Fa di ntse di ja, di kgetla matlhare le go gagola dikala di dirisa meno, se se ka bakang tshenyo e kgolo mo matlhareng.<ref name=":6" /> [[:en:Fermentation|Go bedisa ga dijo]] go diragala mo [[:en:Hindgut|maleng a a kwa morago]], go kgontsha go ja dijo tse dintsi.<ref>Clauss, M.; Frey, R.; Kiefer, B.; Lechner-Doll, M.; Loehlein, W.; Polster, C.; Roessner, G. E.; Streich, W. J. (2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190608152406/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/2393/2/Oecologia_body_size_2003V.pdf "The maximum attainable body size of herbivorous mammals: morphophysiological constraints on foregut, and adaptations of hindgut fermenters]" (PDF). [[:en:Oecologia|Oecologia]]. 136 (1): 14–27. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Oecol.136...14C 2003Oecol.136...14C]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00442-003-1254-z|10.1007/s00442-003-1254-z.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12712314 12712314]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206989975 206989975]. Archived from [http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/2393/2/Oecologia_body_size_2003V.pdf the original] (PDF) on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019.</ref> Bogolo jo bogolo le mala a a kwa morago a tlou ya Aforika gape di letla tshilo ya dikarolo tse di farologaneng tsa semela, go akaretsa dikutu tse di nang le ditlhale, lekwati le medi.<ref>Owen-Smith, N.; Chafota, J. (2012). [[doi:10.1644/11-MAMM-A-350.1|"Selective feeding by a megaherbivore, the African elephant (Loxodonta africana)"]]. Journal of Mammalogy. 93 (3): 698–705. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1644/11-MAMM-A-350.1|10.1644/11-MAMM-A-350.1]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83726553 83726553].</ref> Ditlou tsa Aforika di thusa mo go meleng ga dipeo ka ntlha ya mala a tsone a magolo; ka di kgona go akaretsa lefelo le legolo mo letsatsing le le lengwe, di anamisa dipeo go tswa mo ditlhareng tse di farologaneng ka bonako. Ditlou di fula mo ditlhareng mme di ja dipeo tse di tswang mo go tsone, mme morago ga moo, fa peo e feta [[:en:Gastrointestinal_tract|mo tseleng ya mala]] mme morago ga moo e bo e tswa, dipeo di a nontshiwa mme di siametse go gola. Go mela ka ditlou go thibela kgaisano ya dimela mme go tlosa tlhokego ya gore dipeo dingwe di fokelwe ke phefo go gola, kgotsa thulaganyo ya go mela ka go sa rulaganngwa. Mefutafuta ya dimela le ditlhare tse di ka golang ka thulaganyo e le yona e a oketsega ka gonne dithotobolo tsa boloko di ka nna le mefuta e e farologaneng ya ditlhare e e fetang 10, mme dingwe di na le metlhala ya ditlhare di le 50 le kwa godimo.<ref>Campos-Arceiz, A. & Blake, S. (2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160427025644/http://www.santuariodeelefantes.org.br/docs/Campos_Arceiz_2011_Elephant_seed_dispersal.pdf "Megagardeners of the forest – the role of elephants in seed dispersal"] (PDF). Acta Oecologica. 37 (6): 542–553. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AcO....37..542C 2011AcO....37..542C.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.actao.2011.01.014|10.1016/j.actao.2011.01.014]]. Archived from [http://www.santuariodeelefantes.org.br/docs/Campos_Arceiz_2011_Elephant_seed_dispersal.pdf the original] (PDF) on 27 April 2016.</ref><ref>Poulsen, J. R.; Beirne, C.; Rundel, C.; Baldino, M.; Kim, S.; Knorr, J.; Minich, T.; Jin, Lingrong; Núñez, C. L.; Xiao, S.; Mbamy, W.; Obiang, G. N.; Masseloux, J.; Nkoghe, T. & Ebanega, M. O. (2021). "[[doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.789264|Long distance seed dispersal by forest eephants"]]. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 9 789264. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021FrEEv...989264P 2021FrEEv...989264P]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]][[doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.789264|:10.3389/fevo.2021.789264]].</ref> === Botlhale === ''Bona gape : [[:en:Elephant_cognition|Tlhaloganyo ya tlou]]'' [[Setshwantsho:Elephant scratching on a tree.jpg|thumb|Go ingwaa mo setlhareng go thusa go tlosa boalo jwa letlalo le le suleng le dinwa madi]] Ditlou tsa Aforika di botlhale thata.<ref>Plotnik, J. M.; De Waal, F. B.; Reiss, D. (2006). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636577 "Self-recognition in an Asian elephant".] Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (45): 17053–17057. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PNAS..10317053P 2006PNAS..10317053P.] doi:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.0608062103|10.1073/pnas.0608062103]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636577 1636577]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17075063 17075063].</ref> Di na le [[:en:Neocortex|neocortex]] e kgolo thata e e sothegileng thata, e leng selo se di nang le sone le [[:en:Humans|batho]] le [[:en:Apes|dikgabo]] tse dingwe, mmogo le mefuta mengwe ya di [[:en:Dolphin|dolphin]]. Di gareng ga mefuta e e botlhale thata mo lefatsheng. Ka bokete jo bo fetang fela kilgograme tse tlhano (ponto ye lesome le bongwe, [[:en:Elephant_cognition#Structure_of_the_brain|boboko jwa tlou]] bo bogolo go feta jwa phologolo epe e nngwe e e nnang mo lefatsheng. Boboko jwa tlou bo tshwana le [[:en:Human_brain|boboko jwa motho]] ka popego le go raraana ga tsone; [[:en:Cerebral_cortex|legogo]] la tlou le na le [[:en:Neurons|ditshika]] tse dintsi jaaka tsa boboko jwa motho,[<ref>Roth, G.; Stamenov, M. I.; Gallese, V. (2003). "Is the human brain unique?". Mirror Neurons and the Evolution of Brain and Language. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 63–76. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/0470867221.ch2|10.1002/0470867221.ch2.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-470-84960-6|978-0-470-84960-6.]]</ref> se se akantshang gore go nnile le [[:en:Convergent_evolution|thutotlhagelelo e e kopaneng]].<ref>Goodman, M.; Sterner, K.; Islam, M.; Uddin, M.; Sherwood, C.; Hof, P.; Hou, Z.; Lipovich, L.; Jia, H.; Grossman, L.; Wildman, D. (2009). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2791620 Phylogenomic analyses reveal convergent patterns of adaptive evolution in elephant and human ancestries]". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (49): 20824–20829. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PNAS..10620824G 2009PNAS..10620824G.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.0911239106|10.1073/pnas.0911239106.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2791620 2791620]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19926857 19926857].</ref> Ditlou di bontsha maitsholo a a farologaneng, go akaretsa le a a amanang le [[:en:Grief|khutsafalo]], [[:en:Learning|go ithuta]], [[:en:Mimicry|go etsisa]], [[:en:Art|botaki]], [[:en:Play_(activity)|motshameko]], go [[:en:Humor|tshegisa]], [[:en:Altruism|go sa ipone tsapa]], [[:en:Tools|tiriso ya didirisiwa]], [[:en:Compassion|kutlwelobotlhoko]], [[:en:Cooperation|tirisanommogo]],<ref name=":11">Plotnik, J. M.; Lair, R.; Suphachoksahakun, W.; De Waal, F. B. M. (2011). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3064331 Elephants know when they need assistance in a cooperative task".] Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (12): 5116–5121. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.1101765108|10.1073/pnas.1101765108.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3064331 3064331]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21383191 21383191].</ref> [[:en:Self-awareness|go itemoga]], [[:en:Memory|go gakologelwa]] le [[:en:Language|gongwe le puo.]]<ref>Parsell, D. L. (2003). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20071012170607/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/02/0221_030221_elephantvocal1.html In Africa, Decoding the 'Language' of Elephants"]. [[:en:National_Geographic_Magazine|National Geographic Magazine]] News. Archived from [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/02/0221_030221_elephantvocal1.html the original] on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 30 October 2007.</ref> Maitsholo a otlhe a supa mofuta o o botlhale thata o go akanngwang gore o lekana le [[:en:Cetaceans|di-cetacean]]<ref>Viegas, J. (2011). "[http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2011/03/08/3158077.htm Elephants smart as chimps, dolphins]". ABC Science. Retrieved 8 March 2011.</ref><ref name=":12">Viegas, J. (2011). [http://news.discovery.com/animals/elephants-intelligence-test-110307.html "Elephants Outwit Humans During Intelligence Test]". Discovery News. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110308093715/http://news.discovery.com/animals/elephants-intelligence-test-110307.html Archived] from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2011.</ref> le diphologolo tse di tshelang.<ref name=":12" /> Go raraana ga tlhaloganyo ga tlou ya Aforika go akaretsa maitsholo a a supang kutlwelobotlhoko, go rarabolola mathata, le maitsholo a setlhopha a a dirisanang mmogo. Diponagalo tseno di gatelela go kopana ga botlhale jwa thutotlhagelelo mo mefuteng yotlhe, go go tshwanang le go go bonwang mo diphologolong tse di tshelang le mo ditshedi tsa lewatle tsa cetaceans.<ref name=":11" /> === Go tsala === [[Setshwantsho:Bull elephants small.jpg|thumb|Ditlou tsa dipoo tse di bogale]] [[Setshwantsho:Elephant (Loxodonta africana) mating ritual composite.jpg|thumb|Moetlo wa go nyalana]] Ditlou tsa Aforika di kgona go [[:en:Fertility|tsala thata]] fa di le dingwaga di le masome a mabedi a le botlhano le masome a mane le botlhano. Dinamane ka tlwaelo di tsalwa morago ga paka ya [[:en:Gestation|boimana]] ya dikgwedi di le masome a mabedi le bobedi.<ref>Macdonald, D. (2001). The New Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford: [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]].</ref> Dinamane di tlhokomelwa ke mmaatsona le dinamane tse dingwe tse dinnye mo setlhopheng, se se itsegeng jaaka [[:en:Allomothering|allomothering]].<ref name=":7" /> Ditlou tse di namagadi tsa Aforika di kgona go simolola go tsala di le dingwaga di ka nna lesome go ya ko lesomeng le bobedi.<ref>Benedict, F. G. (1936). "The physiology of the elephant". ''Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. No. 474''. '''1'''.</ref> Morago ga go gola ka tlhakanelodikobo, banna ba simolola go itemogela [[:en:Musth|musth]], boemo jwa mmele le jwa maitsholo jo bo tlhaolwang ke testosterone e e kwa godimo, go nna bogale le tiro e ntsi ya thobalano.<ref name=":15">Hollister-Smith, J. A.; Poole, J. H.; Archie, E. A.; Vance, E. A.; Georgiadis, N. J.; [[:en:Cynthia_Moss|Moss, C. J]].; Alberts, S. C. (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150518085653/http://sites.biology.duke.edu/albertslab/pdfs/Hollister-Smith%26al_2007.pdf "Age, musth, and paternity success in wild male African elephants, Loxodonta africana"] (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 74 (2): 287–296. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AnBeh..74..287H 2007AnBeh..74..287H]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.12.008|10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.12.008.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54327948 54327948]. Archived from [http://sites.biology.duke.edu/albertslab/pdfs/Hollister-Smith%26al_2007.pdf the original] (PDF) on 18 May 2015.</ref><ref name=":16">[[:en:Raman_Sukumar|Sukumar, R.]] (2003). "Sexual selection and mate choice". The Living Elephants: Evolutionary Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation. Oxford, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 112–124. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-19-510778-0|0-19-510778-0.]]</ref> Musth gape o dira tiro ya go bitsa tlhokomelo go tse di namagadi gore ke tsa boleng jo bo siameng, mme ga e ka ke ya etsisiwa jaaka dipitso tse di rileng kgotsa medumo e ka nna. Ditona di tsala bana ba le mmalwa ka dipaka tse di se mo musth. Ka nako ya fa estrus e le fa gare, ditlou tse di namagadi di batla tse ditonanyana tse di mo musth go di disa. Dinamagadi di tla goa, ka tsela e e kwa godimo, e e kwa tlase go gogela tse ditonanyana go tswa kwa kgakala. Ditlou tse ditonanyana gape di kgona go dupelela monko wa dihoromone tsa e namagadi e e siametseng go tsala. Se se dira gore tse ditonanyana di gaisane go nyalana, se se felelang ka gore tse di namagadi di nyalane le tse ditonanyana tse di godileng, tse di itekanetseng.<ref name=":13">Poole, J. H. (1989). "Mate guarding, reproductive success and female choice in African elephants". Animal Behaviour. 37: 842–849. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989AnBeh..37..842P 1989AnBeh..37..842P.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/0003-3472(89)90068-7|10.1016/0003-3472(89)90068-7]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53150105 53150105].</ref> Dinamagadi di tlhopha go fitlha kwa ntlheng e e rileng gore di nyalana le mang, ka gonne ke tsone tse di lekang go dira gore tse ditonanyana di gaisane go di disa. Le fa go ntse jalo, tse di namagadi ga di disiwe mo dikgatong tsa ntlha le tsa morago tsa estrus, tse di ka letlang go nyalana ke tse ditonanyana tse dinnye e seng mo musth.<ref name=":13" /> Ditona tse di fetang dingwaga di le masome a matlhano di gaisana thata le tse di namagadi mo estrus, mme di atlega thata fa di le dikgolo le go nna bogale thata.<ref name=":16" /> Ditonyana tse dikgolo di na le go tsala bana ba batona.<ref>Lee, P. C.; Moss, C. J. (1986). "Early maternal investment in male and female African elephant calves". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 18 (5): 353–361. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986BEcoS..18..353L 1986BEcoS..18..353L]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/bf00299666|10.1007/bf00299666]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10901693 10901693].</ref> Ditona tse di tlhaga di simolola go tsala mo dingwageng tsa tsone tsa masome a mararo fa di le mo bogolong le bokete jo bo gaisanang le tse ditonanyana tse dingwe tse di godileng. Katlego ya tsalo ya banna e kwa godimo mo bogareng jwa bogolo mme morago ga moo e simolole go fokotsega. Le fa go ntse jalo, se se ka ikaega ka maemo a monna mo setlhopheng sa bona, ka ge banna ba maemo a a kwa godimo ba tshegetsa seelo se se kwa godimo sa tsalo.<ref>Loizi, H.; Goodwin, T. E.; Rasmussen, L. E. L.; Whitehouse, A. M.; Schulte, B. A. (2009). "Sexual dimorphism in the performance of chemosensory investigatory behaviours by African elephants (Loxodonta africana)". Behaviour. 146 (3): 373–392. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1163/156853909X410964|10.1163/156853909X410964]].</ref> Bontsi jwa go nyalana go go lemogilweng ke ga banna mo musth ba ba fetang dingwaga di le 35. Ditebelelo tse ditelele di le masome a mabedi le bobedi di bontshitse gore dingwaga le musth ke dintlha tse di botlhokwa thata; "... banna ba ba godileng ba ne ba na le katlego e e kwa godimo ya go nna rre fa ba bapisiwa le banna ba bannye, se se akantshang kgonagalo ya go tlhophiwa ga thobalano go tshela lobaka lo loleele mo mofuteng o."<ref name=":15" />: (tsebe ya makgolo a mabedi le masome a borobabobedi le bosupa) == Matshosetsi == [[Setshwantsho:Number of African elephants.svg|thumb|Palo ya Ditlou tsa Aforika]] Mefuta ka bobedi e tshosediwa ke go [[:en:Habitat_loss|latlhegelwa ke bonno]] le go kgaogana. Go tsoma kgwebisano e e seng ka fa molaong ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|dinaka tsa tlou]] ke matshosetsi mo dinageng di le mmalwa tse di farologaneng gape. Tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika e kwadilwe jaaka e e mo [[:en:Endangered_species|kotsing ya go nyelela]] mme tlou ya sekgwa sa Aforika e kwadilwe jaaka e e mo [[:en:Critically_Endangered|kotsing e e masisi]] mo [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|Manaaneng a Mahibidu a IUCN]] a a farologaneng.<ref>Gobush, K.S.; Edwards, C.T.T.; Balfour, D.; Wittemyer, G.; Maisels, F.; Taylor, R.D. (2022) [amended version of 2021 assessment]. [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/181008073/223031019 ''"Loxodonta africana"'']. [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]. 2022 e.T181008073A223031019. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T181008073A223031019.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T181008073A223031019.en.]]</ref><ref>Gobush, K.S.; Edwards, C.T.T.; Maisels, F.; Wittemyer, G.; Balfour, D.; Taylor, R.D. (2021) [errata version of 2021 assessment]. "[https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/181007989/204404464 ''Loxodonta cyclotis'']". [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]. 2021 e.T181007989A204404464. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T181007989A204404464.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T181007989A204404464.en.]]</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Ivory trade.jpg|thumb|Banna ba ba nang le meno a tlou ya Aforika kwa Dar es Salaam, c. 1900]] Go ikaegilwe ka mefuta ya dimela tse di tlamelang ka bonno jo bo tshwanetseng jwa ditlou tsa Aforika, go ne ga akanyediwa gore mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe palogodimo ya ditlou tsa Aforika e ne e le didikadike di le masome a mabedi le borataro le dikete tsa makgolo a borobabongwe le lesome le boraro tse di ka tswang di ne di le teng go tswa kwa [[:en:Sahel|Sahel]] kwa bokone go ya kwa [[:en:Highveld|Highveld]] kwa borwa. Go fokotsega ga bonno jo bo tshwanetseng e ne e le selo se segolo se se bakileng go fokotsega ga palo ya ditlou go fitlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950. Go tsoma ditlou tsa Aforika go dira kgwebo ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|dinaka tsa tlou]] go ne ga itlhaganedisa kwelotlase go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go ya pele. [[:en:Carrying_capacity|Bokgoni jwa go rwala jwa mafelo]] a a setseng a a tshwanetseng bo ne bo akanyeddiwa go nna ditlou di le didikadike di le borobabobedi le dikete tse makgolo a borobabobgwe le masome a borobabobedi le botlhano ka bontsi ka ngwaga wa 1987.<ref>Milner-Gulland, E. J.; Beddington, J. R. (1993). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/252970898 The exploitation of elephants for the ivory trade: an historical perspective".] Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 252 (1333): 29–37. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993RSPSB.252...29M 1993RSPSB.252...29M]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rspb.1993.0042|10.1098/rspb.1993.0042.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128704128 128704128].</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 le bo 1980, tlhwatlhwa ya lonaka lwa tlou e ne ya tlhatloga, mme go tsoma lonaka lwa tlou go ne ga oketsega, bogolosegolo kwa dinageng tsa Aforika Bogare kwa phitlhelelo ya mafelo a ditlou e neng e tlhofofadiwa ke madirelo a go [[:en:Logging|rema ditlhare]] le meepo ya [[:en:Petroleum|peterolo]].<ref name=":14" /> Magareng ga dingwaga tsa 1976 le 1980, go ne ga romelwa ntle dinaka tsa ditlou tse di tala di ka nna bokete jwa tonne di le makgolo a borobabobedi le masome a mararo (ditone di le makgolo a borobabobedi le masome a mabedi tse ditelele; ditone di le makgolo a borobabongwe le lesome tse dikhutshwane) go tswa kwa Aforika go ya kwa [[:en:Hong_Kong|Hong Kong]] le [[:en:Japan|Japane]], e e lekanang le dinaka tsa ditlou tsa Aforika di ka nna dikete di le mkgolo a mabedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi.<ref>Parker, J. S. C.; Martin, E. B. (1982). [[doi:10.1017/S0030605300017452|"How many elephants are killed for the ivory trade?]]". Oryx. 16 (3): 235–239. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0030605300017452|10.1017/S0030605300017452]].</ref> Palo ya ntlha ya ditlou mo karolo kgolong ya lefatshe e naleng mafatshe a mantsi ya Aforika e ne ya dirwa ka ngwaga wa 1976. Ka nako eo, go ne go akanngwa gore go na le ditlou di ka nna didikadike di le mongwe le dikete di le makgolo a mararo le masome a mane tse di neng di gasame mo lefelong la dikilometara tse di khutlonne di le didikadike di le supa tsotlhe le dikete di le makgolo a mararo (dikilometara tsa sekwere di le didikadike di le pedi tsotlhe le dikete di le makgolo a robedi).<ref name=":17">Stiles, D. (2004). "[http://danstiles.org/publications/ivory/09.Env.Cons.final.pdf The ivory trade and elephant conservation"] (PDF). Environmental Conservation. 31 (4): 309–321. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004EnvCo..31..309S 2004EnvCo..31..309S.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0376892904001614|10.1017/S0376892904001614.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14772884 14772884].</ref>Mo dingwageng tsa bo-1980, go ne go le thata go dira dipatlisiso tse di rulaganeng mo dinageng di le mmalwa tsa Botlhaba jwa Aforika ka ntlha ya [[:en:Civil_war|dintwa tsa selegae]].<ref name=":14" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1987, go ne go akanngwa gore palo ya ditlou tsa Aforika e ne e fokotsegile go fitlha go dikete di le makgolo a supa le masome a marataro.Ka ngwaga wa 1989, go ne go akanngwa gore go ne go setse ditlou tsa Aforika di le dikete di le makgolo a marataro le boferabobedi fela.<ref name=":17" />Ka ngwaga wa 1989, Tirelo ya Diphologolo tsa Naga ya Kenya (Kenyan Wildlife Service) e ne ya fisa mokgobo wa manaka a ditlou go bontsha kganetso ya yone kgatlhanong le kgwebo ya manaka a ditlou.<ref>Poole, J. (1996). [[iarchive:isbn_9780786860951/page/232|Coming of Age With Elephants.]] New York: Hyperion. p. 232. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-7868-6095-2|0-7868-6095-2]].</ref> == Metswedi == 28yhto9kcgitsyqp373bi35l0xzq7sm 53720 53716 2026-07-31T07:33:35Z Atsile Edith 11759 Ke senotse tsebe e #Wikipedia25BW 53720 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditlou tsa Aforika''' ke maloko a [[:en:Genus_(biology)|mofuta]] wa '''''Loxodonta''''' o o nang le [[:en:Species|mefuta]] e mebedi ya [[:en:Elephant|ditlou]] tse di tshelang, tlou ya [[:en:African_bush_elephant|sekgwa ya Aforika]] ( ''L. africana'' ) le [[:en:African_forest_elephant|tlou e nnye ya sekgwa sa Aforika]] ( ''L. cyclotis'' ) . Bobedi jo ke diphologolo tse di jang [[:en:Herbivore|ditlhatsana]] tse di nang le letlalo le le [[:en:Skin|bosetlha]] . Le fa go ntse jalo, di farologana ka bogolo le mmala wa [[:en:Tusk|lenaka]] ga mmogo le popego le bogolo jwa [[:en:Ear|ditsebe]] le [[:en:Skull|marapo a ditlhogo]] tsa tsone . Mefuta ka bobedi e mo kotsing ya go nyelela go ya ka [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|Lenaane le Lehibidu la IUCN;]] go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2021, tlou ya sekgwa e tsewa e le mo [[:en:Endangered_species|kotsing ya go nyelela]] fa tlou ya sekgwa yone e tsewa e le mo [[:en:Critically_endangered|kotsing e e masisi]]. Di tshosediwa ke go [[:en:Habitat_loss|latlhegelwa ke bonno]] le go kgaogana, mmogo le go [[:en:Poaching|tsomiwa]] ga [[:en:Ivory_trade|kgwebisano ya dinaka]] tsa tlou e e seng ka fa molaong mo dinageng di le mmalwa tsa mefutafuta. ''Loxodonta'' ke nngwe ya mefuta e mebedi e e santseng e le teng mo lelapeng la [[:en:Elephantidae|Elephantidae]]. Leina le le kaya leino le le thata le le bopegileng jaaka teemane ya meno a tsone a meno a akwa morago mo ganong. [[:en:Fossil|Masalela a masaledi]] a mefuta ya Loxodonta a fitlhetswe mo Aforika, go simolola ka nako ya bofelo ya motlha wa Miocene (go tloga ka dingwaga di ka nna didikadike di le supa go ya kwa boratarong tse di fetileng) go ya pele. == Thuto ya mafoko == Leina la ''Loxodonta'' le tswa mo mafokong a [[:en:Ancient_Greek|Segerika sa Bogologolo]] λοξός (''loxós'', "go sekamela", "go kgabaganya") le ὀδούς (odoús, "leino"), le le kayang enamele e e bopegileng jaaka teemane ([[:en:Lozenge_(shape)|lozenge]]) ya [[:en:Molar_teeth|meno a a ko morago mo ganong]], e e farologaneng thata le ya sebopego se se dikologang sa enamele ya [[:en:Asian_elephant|tlou ya Asia]].<ref>Cuvier, F. (1825). "[[iarchive:histoirenaturel6geof/page/n115|Éléphants d'Afrique]]". In Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, É.; Cuvier, F. (eds.). Histoire Naturelle des Mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans. Vol. Tome 6. Paris: A. Belain. pp. 117–118.</ref> == Thulaganyo ya ditshedi le thutotlhagelelo == [[:en:Scientific_description|Tlhaloso ya ntlha ya saense]] ya tlou ya Aforika e kwadilwe ka ngwaga wa 1797 ke [[:en:Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach|Johann Friedrich Blumenbach]], yo o neng a akantsha [[:en:Scientific_name|leina la saense]] la ''Elephas africanus''.<ref>Blumenbach, J. F. (1797). "[http://www.deutschestextarchiv.de/book/view/blumenbach_naturgeschichte_1797?p=147 2. Africanus]". Handbuch der Naturgeschichte [Handbook of Natural History] (Fifth ed.). Göttingen: Johann Christian Dieterich. p. 125.</ref> [[wiktionary:Loxodonta|''Loxodonte'']] e ne ya akantshiwa jaaka leina la kakaretso la tlou ya Aforika ke [[:en:Frédéric_Cuvier|Frédéric Cuvier]] ka ngwaga wa 1825. Mokwadi yo o sa itsiweng o ne a dirisa mopeleto wa Selatine wa ''Loxodonta'' ka ngwaga wa 1827.<ref>Anonymous (1827). "[[iarchive:zoologicaljourna318271828sowe/page/140|Analytical Notices of Books. Histoire Naturelle des Mammifères, avec des Figures originale, dessinées d'après des Animaux vivans; &c. Par MM. Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, et F. Cuvier. Livraison 52 et 53".]] The Zoological Journal. 3 (9): 140–143.</ref> Mokwadi yo o ne a amogelwa jaaka molaodi ke [[:en:International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature|Molao wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Maina a Diphologolo]] ka ngwaga wa 1999.<ref>[[:en:Jeheskel_Shoshani|Shoshani, J.]] (2005). "[http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=11500008 Genus Loxodonta]". In [[:en:Don_E._Wilson|Wilson, D.E.]]; Reeder, D.M (eds.). [http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA91 Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference] (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 91. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0|978-0-8018-8221-0.]] [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494 62265494].</ref> ''Elephas (Loxodonta'') cyclotis e ne ya tshitshinngwa ke [[:en:Paul_Matschie|Paul Matschie]] ka ngwaga wa 1900, yo o neng a tlhalosa [[:en:Zoological_specimen|dikao]] [[:en:Zoological_specimen|tsa diphologolo]] tse tharo tsa ditlou tsa Aforika go tswa kwa Cameroon tse [[:en:Skull|marapo a ditlhogo]] tsa tsone di neng di farologana ka popego le tsa ditlhogo tsa ditlou tse di kokoantsweng gongwe le gongwe mo Aforika.<ref>Matschie, P. (1900). [[iarchive:sitzungsberichte1900gese/page/194|"Geographische Abarten des Afrikanischen Elefanten"]]. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin. 3: 189–197.</ref>Ka ngwaga wa 1936, [[:en:Glover_Morrill_Allen|Glover Morrill Allen]] o ne a tsaya tlou e e le mofuta o o farologaneng mme a e bitsa 'tlou ya sekgwa';<ref>Allen, G. M. (1936). "Zoological results of the George Vanderbilt African Expedition of 1934. Part II — The forest elephant of Africa". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 88: 15–44. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4064188 4064188].</ref> bakwadi ba moragonyana ba ne ba e tsaya e le [[:en:Subspecies|mofutapotlana]].<ref name=":0">Laurson, B.; Bekoff, M. (1978). "[http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-092-01-0001.pdf Loxodonta africana]" (PDF). Mammalian Species (92): 1–8. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/3503889|10.2307/3503889]]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3503889 3503889]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253949585 253949585]. Retrieved 5 August 2010.</ref><ref>Estes, R. D. (1999). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=Xqp7poFviNcC&pg=PA223 Elephant ''Loxodonta africana'' Family Elephantidae, Order Proboscidea"]. ''The Safari Companion: A Guide to Watching African Mammals Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, and Primates'' (Revised and expanded&#x20;ed.). Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing Company. pp.&#x20;223–233. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/1-890132-44-6|<bdi>1-890132-44-6</bdi>.]]</ref>Ditshekatsheko tsa popego le tsa dijini fa e sa le di neelana ka bosupi jwa dipharologano tsa maemo a mefuta magareng ga tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika le tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika.<ref name=":2">Grubb, P.; Groves, C. P.; Dudley, J. P. & Shoshani, J. (2000). [[doi:10.22237/elephant/1521732169|"Living African elephants belong to two species: ''Loxodonta africana'' (Blumenbach, 1797) and ''Loxodonta cyclotis'' (Matschie, 1900)".]] ''Elephant''. '''2''' (4): 1–4. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.22237/elephant/1521732169|10.22237/elephant/1521732169.]]</ref><ref>Roca, A. L.; Georgiadis, N.; Pecon-Slattery, J. & O'Brien, S. J. (2001). "[https://zenodo.org/record/1230804 Genetic Evidence for Two Species of Elephant in Africa".] Science. 293 (5534): 1473–1477. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Sci...293.1473R :2001Sci...293.1473R]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1059936|10.1126/science.1059936]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11520983 11520983]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38285623 38285623].</ref><ref>Rohland, N.; Malaspinas, A.-S.; Pollack, J. L.; Slatkin, M.; Matheus, P. & Hofreiter, M. (2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1925134 "Proboscidean Mitogenomics: Chronology and Mode of Elephant Evolution Using Mastodon as Outgroup"]. PLOS Biology. 5 (8) e207. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050207|10.1371/journal.pbio.0050207]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1925134 1925134]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17676977 17676977].</ref><ref name=":3">Rohland, N.; Reich, D.; Mallick, S.; Meyer, M.; Green, R. E.; Georgiadis, N. J.; Roca, A. L. & Hofreiter, M. (2010). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3006346 "Genomic DNA sequences from mastodon and woolly mammoth reveal deep speciation of forest and savanna elephants"]. PLOS Biology. 8 (12) e1000564. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000564|10.1371/journal.pbio.1000564]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3006346 3006346]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21701575 21203580].</ref><ref>Murphy, W. J.; Ishida, Y.; Oleksyk, T. K.; Georgiadis, N. J.; David, V. A.; Zhao, K.; Stephens, R. M.; Kolokotronis, S.-O. & Roca, A. L. (2011). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3110795 "Reconciling Apparent Conflicts between Mitochondrial and Nuclear Phylogenies in African Elephants"]. PLOS ONE. 6 (6) e20642. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PLoSO...620642I :2011PLoSO...620642I.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020642|10.1371/journal.pone.0020642]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3110795 3110795]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21701575 21701575].</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1907, Richard Lydekker o ne a akantshanya mefuta e merataro ya ditlou tsa Aforika go ikaegilwe ka bogolo le dipopego tse di farologaneng tsa ditsebe tsa tsone.<ref>Lydekker, R. (1907). [[iarchive:proceedingsofzoo19071446zool/page/380|"The Ears as a Race-Character in the African Elephant"]]. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (January to April): 380–403. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1907.tb01824.x|10.1111/j.1096-3642.1907.tb01824.x]].</ref> Tsotlhe di tsewa di [[:en:Synonym_(taxonomy)|tshwana]] le tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika.[1] Mofuta wa boraro, tlou ya Afrika Bophirima, le one o tshitshintswe mme o tlhoka go tlhomamisiwa. Go akanngwa gore losika lono lo ntse lo kgaogantswe le ba bangwe dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi le makgolo a mane.<ref>Eggert, L.S.; Rasner, C.A. & Woodruff, D.S. (2002). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691127 "The evolution and phylogeography of the African elephant inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence and nuclear microsatellite markers"]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 269 (1504): 1993–2006. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2070|10.1098/rspb.2002.2070.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691127 1691127]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12396498 12396498].</ref> === Mefuta e e sa tlholeng e le teng le mefutapotlana === Magareng ga bofelo jwa lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabobedi le masome a mabedi a le mangwe la dingwaga, go ne ga tlhalosiwa ditlou tse di latelang tsa Afrika tse di sa tlholeng di le teng go ya ka [[:en:Fossil|masalela]] a dilo tse di epolotsweng: * [[:en:North_African_elephant|Tlou ya Bokone jwa Aforika]] († ''Loxodonta africana pharaohensis'' ) e e neng ya akantshiwa ke [[:en:Paulus_Edward_Pieris_Deraniyagala|Paulus Edward Pieris Deraniyagala]] ka ngwaga 1948 e ne e le sekao go tswa kwa [[:en:Fayum|Fayum]] kwa Egepeto.<ref>Deraniyagala, P. E. P. (1955). Some extinct elephants, their relatives, and the two living species. Colombo: Ceylon National Museums Publication.</ref> * † [[:en:Loxodonta_atlantica|''Loxodonta atlantica'']] e ne ya akantshiwa jaaka ''Elephas atlanticus'' ke [[:en:Auguste_Pomel|Auguste Pomel]] ka ngwaga wa 1879 go ikaegilwe ka [[:en:Skull|legata]] le marapo a a fitlhetsweng kwa [[:en:Tighennif|Ternifine]], kwa Algeria.<ref>Pomel, A. (1897). "[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k62754098/f48 Elephas atlanticus Pom.]". Les éléphants quaternaires. Paléontologie : monographies. Alger: P. Fontana & Co. pp. 42–59.</ref> * † [[:en:Loxodonta_exoptata|''Loxodonta exoptata'']] e e neng ya akantshiwa ke [[:de:Wilhelm Otto Dietrich|Wilhelm Otto Dietrich]] ka ngwaga wa 1941 e ne e ikaegile ka meno a a fitlhetsweng kwa [[:en:Laetoli|Laetoli]], kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]].<ref>Dietrich, W. O. (1941). "Die säugetierpaläontologischen Ergebnisse der Kohl-Larsen'schen Expedition 1937–1939 im nördlichen Deutsch-Ostafrika". ''Zentralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie''. '''B''' (8): 217–223. </ref> * † [[:en:Loxodonta_adaurora|''Loxodonta'']] [[:en:Loxodonta_adaurora|''adaurora'']] e e neng ya akantshiwa ke Vincent Maglio ka ngwaga wa 1970 e ne e le [[:en:Skeleton|lerapo le le feletseng]] le le neng la fitlhelwa kwa [[:en:Kanapoi|Kanapoi]], kwa Kenya.<ref>Maglio, V. J. (1970). [[iarchive:breviora326350harv/page/n291|"Four new species of Elephantidae from the Plio-Pleistocene of northwestern Kenya]]". ''Breviora'' (341): 1–43.</ref> * † [[:en:Loxodonta_cookei|''Loxodonta cookei'']] e e tshitshintsweng ke [[:en:William_J._Sanders|William J. Sanders]] ka ngwaga wa 2007 go ikaegilwe ka meno a a fitlhetsweng kwa Sebopegong sa Varswater kwa Langebaanweg, Aforika Borwa <ref>Sanders, W. (2007). [https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/billsanders/wp-content/uploads/sites/382/2016/04/AP-SANDERS-REVISED.pdf "Taxonomic review of fossil Proboscidea (Mammalia) from Langebaanweg, South Africa"] (PDF). Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 62 (1) (Online ed.): 1–16. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007TRSSA..62....1S :2007TRSSA..62....1S.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/00359190709519192|10.1080/00359190709519192.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27499106 27499106].</ref> === Kamano ya ditshika le tlhabologo === Dikamano tsa ditlou tse di tshelang le tse di nyeletseng tse di ikaegileng ka DNA, morago ga Palkopoulou et al. ngwaga wa 2018.<ref name=":1">Palkopoulou, E.; Lipson, M.; Mallick, S.; Nielsen, S.; Rohland, N.; Baleka, S.; Karpinski, E.; Ivancevic, A. M.; Thu-Hien To; Kortschak, R. D.; Raison, J. M.; Zhipeng, Q.; Tat-Jun C.; Alt, K. W.; Claesson, S.; Dalén, L.; MacPhee, R. D. E.; Meller, H.; Roca, A. L.; Ryder, O. A.; Heiman, D.; Young, S.; Breen, M.; Williams, C.; Aken, B. L.; Ruffier, M.; Karlsson, E.; Johnson, J.; Di Palma, F.; Alfoldi, J.; Adelson, D. L.; Mailund, T.; Munch, K.; Lindblad-Toh, K.; Hofreiter, M.; Poinar, H.; Reich, D. (2018). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5856550 "A comprehensive genomic history of extinct and living elephants"]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (11): E2566–E2574. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PNAS..115E2566P 2018PNAS..115E2566P.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.1720554115|10.1073/pnas.1720554115]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5856550 5856550]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29483247 29483247].</ref> Mofuta wa bogologolo wa ''Loxodonta'' o o itsiweng ke ''[[:en:Loxodonta_cookei|Loxodonta cookei]]'', ka masalela a mofuta o o itsiweng go tswa mo dingwageng di ka nna didikadike di le supa go ya kwa botlhanong tse di fetileng, go tswa mo masaleleng a a fitlhetsweng kwa Chad, Kenya, Uganda, le Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":4">Sanders, W. J. (2023). Evolution and Fossil Record of African Proboscidea (First ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 154, 205–208. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1201/b20016|10.1201/b20016.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-315-11891-8|978-1-315-11891-8.]]</ref> Tshekatsheko ya [[:en:DNA_sequences|tatelano ya DNA]] ya nuclear e supa gore [[:en:Genetic_divergence|pharologano ya dijini]] magareng ga ditlou tsa sekgwa le tsa sekgwa tsa Aforika e simolotse dingwaga di tlgoa ka didikadike di le pedi tsotlhe le dikete di le makgolo a marataro go ya go didikadike di le tlhano tsotlhe le dikete di le makgolo a marataro. tse di fetileng. Tlou ya sekgwa sa Aforika e fitlhetswe e na le mefutafuta e e kwa godimo ka dikirii ya pharologano ya dijini, e e ka tswang e bontsha go kgaogana ga bonno jwa yona ka nako le nako ka nako ya diphetogo tsa [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]].<ref name=":3" /> [[:en:Gene_flow|Go elela ga dijini]] fa gare ga mefuta e mebedi ya ditlou tsa Aforika go ne ga sekasekwa mo mafelong a le masome a mabedi le bongwe. Tshekatsheko e senotse gore ditlou di le mmalwa tsa sekgwa tsa Aforika di ne di na le [[:en:Mitochondrial_DNA|DNA e e fitlhelwang mo dikarolong tsa mmele tse di ntshang maatla tsa mitochondria]] ya ditlou tsa sekgwa sa Aforika, se se supang gore di ne tsa kopanngwa go tswa mo mefuteng e mebedi e e farologang mo kgaolong ya phetogo ya lefelo la bojang jo bontsi-sekgwa mo dinakong tsa bogologolo.<ref>Roca, A. L.; Georgiadis, N. & [[:en:Stephen_J._O'Brien|O'Brien, S. J.]] (2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20131127012455/http://planet.uwc.ac.za/nisl/Biodiversity/pdf/Nature%20Genet%202005%20Roca%20et%20al%20elephant%20phylgeogr.pdf "Cytonuclear genomic dissociation in African elephant species]" (PDF). Nature Genetics. 37 (1): 96–100. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/ng1485|10.1038/ng1485.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15592471 15592471]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10029589 10029589]. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20131127012455/http://planet.uwc.ac.za/nisl/Biodiversity/pdf/Nature%20Genet%202005%20Roca%20et%20al%20elephant%20phylgeogr.pdf the original] (PDF) on 27 November 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2019.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, le fa go ne go na le go kopana ga ditshedi kwa lefelong la kgolagano magareng ga mefuta e mebedi, go lebega go nnile le kelelo e nnye ya dijini e e atlegileng magareng ga mefuta e mebedi fa e sale e kgaogana ga yone la ntlha.<ref name=":1" /> [[Setshwantsho:Palaeoloxodon phylogeny.svg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa phylogeny se se bontshang maemo a [[:en:Straight-tusked_elephant|tlou ya dinaka tse di tlhamaletseng]] (''Palaeoloxodon antiquus'') fa e bapisiwa le mefuta e mengwe ya ba lelapa la ditlou, se ikaegile ka diphatsa tsa nuklei , go ya ka Palkopoulou le ba bangwe (ngwaga wa 2018). Se gape se bontsha [[:en:Hybrid_(biology)|pharologanyo ya diphatsa]] e e diragetseng ka ntlha ya go [[:en:Introgression|tsalana]] ga mefuta e e farologaneng , fa [[:en:Gene_flow|diphatsa di fetisiwa]] go tswa mo ditloung tsa sekgwa go ya mo ''[[:en:Palaeoloxodon|Palaeoloxodon]]'']] DNA go tswa mo tlou ya karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe e [[:en:Straight-tusked_elephant|e nang le mana a a tlhamaletseng]] (''Palaeoloxodon antiquus'') e supa gore mofuta wa tlou o o sa tlholeng o le teng wa [[:en:Palaeoloxodon|''Palaeoloxodon'']] o amana thata le ditlou tsa Afrika go na le ditlou tsa Asia kgotsa ditlou tse dikgolo. Tshekatsheko ya jenome ya ''P. antiquus'' gape e bontsha gore ''Palaeloxodon'' e [[:en:Hybrid_(biology)|kopantswe thata]] le ditlou tsa sekgwa sa Aforika, mme se sa felela ka [[:en:Hybrid_(biology)|kelelo ya dijini tse di tsenelelang]] go tswa mo ditloung tsa Aforika go ya kwa ''Palaeoloxodon'', ka jenome ya mitochondrial le go feta karolo ya masomea mararo mo lekgolong ya genome ya nyutlea ya ''P. antiquus'' e e tswang mo ''L.cyclotis'' . Losika lo lo gaufi le dipalopalo tsa segompieno tsa Aforika bophirima go na le dipalopalo tsa Aforika bogare tsa ditlou tsa sekgwa.<ref name=":1" /> Tshekatsheko ya di-mitogenome tsa ''[[:en:Palaeoloxodon_huaihoensis|Palaeoloxodon tsa China]]'' e supa gore losika lono lwa ditlou tsa sekgwa lo ne lo abelanwa thata mo ''mefuteng ya Palaeoloxodon''.<ref>Lin, H.; Hu, J.; Baleka, S.; Yuan, J.; Chen, X.; Xiao, B.; Song, S.; Du, Z.; Lai, X.; Hofreiter, M.; Sheng, G. (2023). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10353889 "A genetic glimpse of the Chinese straight-tusked elephants"]. Biology Letters. 19 (7) 20230078. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rsbl.2023.0078|10.1098/rsbl.2023.0078.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10353889 10353889]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37463654 37463654].</ref> == Tlhaloso == === Letlalo ,ditsebe le Selopo === [[Setshwantsho:Elephant skeleton.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa marapo a mmele wa tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika]] [[Setshwantsho:Loxodonta africana-cyclotis skulls PZSL.png|thumb|Papiso ya ditlhogo tsa ditlou tsa sekgwa (ka fa molemeng) le tsa sekgwa (ka fa mojeng) fa di bonwa kwa pele. Ela tlhoko tlhogo e khutshwane le e e bulegileng ya ''L. cyclotis'', e e nang le phatla e e tshesane mo boemong jwa phatla e e tshesane.]] [[Setshwantsho:African Bush Elephant Skull.jpg|thumb|Legata la tlou e tona ya mo sekgweng ya Aforika le bontshiwa kwa [[:en:Museum_of_Osteology|Lefelong la Polokelo la Thuto ya Marapo]]]] Ditlou tsa Aforika di na le letlalo le le menaganeng le le bosetlha le le bokima jwa di milimetara di le masome a mararo (boleele jwa di inch di le nngwe ntlha pedi ) le le khurumeditsweng ke moriri o o sa tlhomamang, o o nang le ditlhale o o borokwa jo bo gateletseng go ya go bontshong. Moriri o mokhutshwane o o kgonang go amiwa o gola mo selopong , se se nang le dithulaganyo tse pedi tse di tshwanang le menwana kwa ntlheng, fa ditlou tsa Asia tsone di na le e le nngwe fela.<ref name=":0" /> Ditsebe tsa tsone tse dikgolo di thusa go fokotsa mogote wa mmele. Go di phaphatha go dira gore go nne le metsi a mowa mme go senola matlhakore a a kafa teng a ditsebe kwa ditshika tse dikgolo tsa madi di oketsang tatlhegelo ya mogote ka nako ya maemo a bosa a a mogote. Selopo sa tlou ke katoloso e e kgonang go [[:en:Prehensile|tshwara]] ya molomo wa yone o o kwa godimo le nko. Tokololo e, e e nang le kutlo e kgolo e laolwa thata ke tshika wa kutlo ya [[:en:Trigeminal_nerve|trigeminal]], mme go akanngwa gore e tsamaisiwa ke mesifa e e ka nnang dikete di le masome a mane go ya go dikete di le masome a marataro. Ka ntlha ya popego e ya mesifa, selopo sa tlou se nonofile thata mo e leng gore tlou e ka kgona go tsholetsa mo e ka nnang karolo ya boraro mo lekgolong ka bokete jwa mmele wa yone ka sone. Ditlou di dirisa selopo sa tsone go dupa, go ama, go ja, go nwa, go iphara ka lerole, go ntsha medumo, go rwala dilo, go itshireletsa le go tlhasela.<ref name=":5">Shoshani, J. (1978). [[doi:10.22237/elephant/1491234053|"General information on elephants with emphasis on tusks"]]. Elephant. 1 (2) elephant.eP1016: 20–31. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.22237/elephant/1491234053|10.22237/elephant/1491234053]].</ref> Ka dinako dingwe, ditlou di thuma ka fa tlase ga metsi mme di dirisa selopo sa tsone jaaka tšhupu ya go hema ([[:en:Snorkel_(swimming)|snorkel]])<ref>West, J.B. (2002). "[[doi:10.1152/nips.01374.2001|Why doesn't the elephant have a pleural space?".]] News in Physiological Sciences. 17 (2): 47–50. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1152/nips.01374.2001|10.1152/nips.01374.2001]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11909991 11909991]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27321751 27321751].</ref> == Dinaka le meno a a ko morago == Ditlou tse ditonanyana le tse di namagadi tsa Aforika ka bobedi di na le dinaka tse di golang go tswa mo [[:en:Deciduous_teeth|menong a a tlhotlhoregang]] a a bidiwang tushes, a a emisediwang ke meno fa dinamane di ka nna ngwaga o le mongwe. Dinaka di bopilwe ka [[:en:Dentin|dentin]], e e bopang dipopego tse dinnye tsa sebopego sa teemane mo gare ga mana a a nnang magolo mo matlhakoreng a lone.<ref name=":5" /> Dinaka di dirisiwa thata go epa medi le go apola lekwati la ditlhare go bona dijo, go lwa ka nako ya go nyala, le go iphemela kgatlhanong le dibatana tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe. Dinaka tse di bokete jo bo tswang mo dikilogram di le masome a mabedi le boraro go ya go masome a mane le botlhano (bokete jwa di ponto di le masome a matlhano le bongwe go ya masome a borobabongwe le bongwe) mme a ka nna boleele jwa di meter di le bongwe le sephatlho go ya kwa bobedi le ntlha nne (boleele jwa leoto bo le botlhano go ya kwa borobabobeding). Di bobegetse kwa pele mme di tswelela go gola mo botshelong jotlhe jwa tlou.<ref name=":6">Burnie, D. (2001). Animal. London: [[:en:Dorling_Kindersley|Dorling Kindersley]].</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Loxodonta africana - Molar of an adult.JPG|thumb|Leino le legolo la tlou ya sekgwa sa Aforika, le le bontshang di-mekoti e e naleng phefo mo marapong a sefatlhego tsa sebopego sa loxodont/lozenge/dithapo tsa boalo jwa bogodimo jwa leino]] [[Setshwantsho:Loxodonta molar diagram.svg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa boalogodimo jwa leino la tlou ya Aforika]] Popego ya meno (dental formula) ya tlou ke:1.0.3.3/0.0.3.3× 2 = 26 (Nngwe, lefela, boraro, boraro/ lefela, lefela, boraro , boraro, tsotlhe di menagantswe gabedi, a bo tsotlhe di lekana le meno a le masome a mabedi le marataro)<ref name=":5" />Tlou e na le meno a magolo a le mane. Leino lengwe le lengwe le bokete jwa dikilogerama di le tlhano ( ponto tse lesome le bongwe) mme le boleele jwa disentimetara di le masome a mararo (inch di le lesome le bobedi). Fa meno a a kwa pele a senyega mme a wa ka dikarolwana, a a kwa morago a sutela kwa pele, mme meno a matona a mabedi a masha a mela kwa morago ga molomo. Ditlou di fetola meno a yone gararo go ya go garataro mo botshelong jwa tsone. Fa e fitlha mo dingwageng di ka nna masome a mane go ya go masome a marataro, e latlhegelwa ke meno a yone a bofelo mme gantsi e swa ka ntlha ya tlala, e leng sengwe sa mabaka a a tlwaelesegileng a loso. Ditlou tsa Aforika di na le meno a le masome a mabedi le mane ka kakaretso, a le marataro mo karolong nngwe le nngwe ya lotlhaya. Dikarolo tsa boalo jo bo ha godimo mo menong a magolo di dinnye ka palo fa di bapisiwa le tsa ditlou tsa Asia.<ref>[[:en:Juliet_Clutton-Brock|Clutton-Brock, J.]] (1987). A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals. Cambridge University Press. p. 208. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-521-34697-5|0-521-34697-5]].</ref> Boalo jwa ya meno a magolo bo apara e bo bo nna le sebopego sa taemane (<>), e leng letshwao le le tlwaelesegileng mo ditloung tsotlhe tsa mofuta wa ''Loxodonta''.<ref name=":4" /> Le fa mefuta mengwe ya ''Loxodonta'' e e nyeletseng e ne e santse e na le meno a sa feleng a [[:en:Premolar|leino le le fa gare ga leino la go gagola le leino la go sila]], meno ao ga sa tlhole a le teng mo mefuteng e mebedi e e sa ntseng e tshela.<ref>Sanders, W. J. (2018). "Horizontal tooth displacement and premolar occurrence in elephants and other elephantiform proboscideans". Historical Biology. 30 (1–2): 137–156. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018HBio...30..137S 2018HBio...30..137S]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/08912963.2017.1297436|10.1080/08912963.2017.1297436]].</ref> === Bogolo === Tlou ya naga ya Aforika ke yone phologolo e e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe tse di [[:en:Terrestrial_animal|tshelang mo lefatsheng]]. Fa maemo a siame mme e ka gola ka botlalo, ditlou tse di godileng tsotlhe di nna boleele jwa dimetara di le pedi tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a mane le bosupa go ya go dimetara di le pedi tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a supa le boraro mo magetleng (boleele jwa leoto bo le borobaobedi le intšhi e le nngwe go ya go boleele jwa leoto bo le borobabobedi le diintšhi di le lesome le bongwe), mme di nna bokete jwa ditone di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le thataro go ya go ditone di le tharo tsotlhe le dikarolo di le botlhano (ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le thataro go ya go ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le tharo tsotlhe le dikarolo di le nne; ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robongwe go ya go ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le tharo tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robongwe) fa dipoo tse di godileng tsotlhe di nna boleele jwa dimetara di le tharo tsotlhe le disentimetara di le nne go ya go dimetara di le tharo tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a mararo le borataro (boleele jwa leoto bo le lesome tsotlhe go ya go difaete di le lesome le bongwe), mme ka palogare di nna bokete jwa ditone di le tlhano tsotlhe le dikarolo di le pedi go ya go ditone di le thataro tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robongwe (ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le tlhano tsotlhe le karolo e le nngwe go ya go ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le thataro tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robedi; ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le tlhano tsotlhe le dikarolo di le supa go ya go ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le supa tsotlhe le dikarolo di le thataro).Poo e kgolo go tsotlhe e e kileng ya rekotiwa e ne e le boleele jwa dimetara di le tharo tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a robongwe le borataro mo magetleng (boleele jwa leoto bo le lesome le boraro), mme go akanngwa gore e ne e le bokete jwa ditone di le lesome tsotlhe le dikarolo di le nne (ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le lesome tsotlhe le dikarolo di le pedi; ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le lesome le nngwe tsotlhe le dikarolo di le botlhano).<ref>Larramendi, A. (2016). [[doi:10.4202/app.00136.2014|"Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans"]]. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 61 (3): 537–574. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AcPaP..61..537L 2016AcPaP..61..537L]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4202/app.00136.2014|10.4202/app.00136.2014]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2092950 2092950].</ref>Mokwatla wa yone o kobegile go ya teng gare, fa mokwatla wa tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika o batla o tlhamaletse.<ref name=":2" />Tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika e nnye thata fa e bapisiwa le ya naga. Fa maemo a siame mme e gola ka botlalo, dipoo tsa tlou ya sekgwa di akanngwa gore ka palogare di nna boleele jwa dimetara di le pedi tsotlhe le disentimetara di le robongwe go ya go dimetara di le pedi tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a mararo le bongwe (boleele jwa leoto bo le thataro tsotlhe le diintšhi di le robongwe go ya go boleele jwa leoto bo le supa tsotlhe le diintšhi di le thataro), mme di nna bokete jwa ditone tsotlhe di le nngwe tsotlhe le dikarolo di le supa go ya go ditone tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le tharo (ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le nngwe tsotlhe le dikarolo di le supa go ya go ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le tharo; ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le nngwe tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robongwe go ya go ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le botlhano) == Phatlalatso le bonno == [[Setshwantsho:African elephants, World, 2015 (cropped).svg|thumb|Ditlou tsa Aforika]] Ditlou tsa Aforika di anamisitswe kwa [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Afrika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara]], kwa di nnang mo dikgaolong tsa [[:en:Scrubland|ditlhatshana]] tsa [[:en:Sahel|Sahelian]] le tse di [[:en:Arid|omileng]], [[:en:Tropical_rainforest|dikgwa tsa pula tsa boboatsatsi]], [[:en:Woodland|dikgwa]] tsa [[:en:Mopane|mopane]] le tsa [[:en:Miombo|miombo]]. Ditlou tsa sekgwa sa Aforika di bonwa fela mo Aforika Bogare le Bophirima.<ref name=":14">Blanc, J. J.; Thouless, C. R.; Hart, J. A.; Dublin, H. T.; Douglas-Hamilton, I.; Craig, G. C.; Barnes, R. F. W. (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z418bsp0fQoC African Elephant Status Report 2002: An update from the African Elephant Database]. Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 29. Gland and Cambridge: IUCN. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0707-5|978-2-8317-0707-5.]]</ref> == Boitshwaro le tikologo == === Lelwapa === [[Setshwantsho:Serengeti Elefantenherde2.jpg|thumb|Ditlou tse di namagadi tsa sekgwa kwa Tanzania]] [[Setshwantsho:Bee-Threat-Elicits-Alarm-Call-in-African-Elephants-pone.0010346.s004.ogv|thumb|Lelapa le tsibogela modumo wa tlhagiso ya dinotshe]] Mefuta ka bobedi ya ditlou tsa Aforika e nna mo ditlhopa tsa malapa tse di nang le dikgomo di le mmalwa tse di godileng, barwadi ba tsone le barwa ba tsona ba ba sa ntseng ba gola. Setlhopa se ngwe le sengwe sa lelapa se eteletswe pele ke kgomo e e godileng e e bidiwang [[:en:Matriarch|matriarch]].<ref name=":7">Douglas-Hamilton, I. (1973). "On the ecology and behaviour of the Lake Manyara elephants". African Journal of Ecology. 11 (3–4): 401–403. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973AfJEc..11..401D 1973AfJEc..11..401D.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1973.tb00101.x|10.1111/j.1365-2028.1973.tb00101.x.]]</ref> <ref name=":8">Turkalo, A.; Barnes, R. (2013). [https://books.google.com/books?id=B_07noCPc4kC&pg=PA195 "Loxodonta cyclotis Forest Elephant"]. In Kingdon, J.; Happold, D.; Hoffmann, M.; Butynski, T.; Happold, M.; Kalina, J. (eds.). The Mammals of Africa. Vol. I. Introductory Chapters and Afrotheria. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 195–200. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-8996-2|978-1-4081-8996-2.]]</ref>Ditlhopha tsa ditlou tsa sekgwa sa Aforika ga di kopane thata jaaka ditlhopha tsa ditlou tsa sekgwa tsa Aforika, gongwe ka ntlha ya go tlhoka dibatana tsa tlholego tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe.<ref name=":8" /> Fa ditlhopa tsa malapa tse di kgaoganeng di golagana, di bopa ditlhopha tsa losika kgotsa tsa kgolagano. Morago ga [[:en:Puberty|go gola]], ditlou tse ditonanyana di na le go dira dikgolagano tse di gaufi le tse dingwe tse ditonanyana. Le fa ditlou tse di namagadi e le tsone tse di matlhagatlhaga thata mo ditlhopheng tsa ditlou tsa Aforika, ditlou tse ditonanyana le tse di namagadi di kgona go farologanya makgolokgolo a dipitso tse di farologaneng tsa [[:en:Infrasonic|infrasonic]] tsa makhubu a a kwa tlase go buisana le go tlhaolana.<ref>McComb, K.; Moss, C.; Sayialel, S.; Baker, L. (2000). "Unusually extensive networks of vocal recognition in African elephants". Animal Behaviour. 59 (6): 1103–1109. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000AnBeh..59.1103M 2000AnBeh..59.1103M]. [[:en:CiteSeerX_(identifier)|CiteSeerX]] [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.332.7064 10.1.1.332.7064]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1006/anbe.2000.1406|10.1006/anbe.2000.1406]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10877888 10877888]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17628123 17628123].</ref><ref>McComb, K.; Moss, C.; Durant, S. M.; Baker, L.; Sayialel, S. (2001). "Matriarchs As Repositories of Social Knowledge in African Elephants". Science. 292 (5516): 491–494. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Sci...292..491M 2001Sci...292..491M.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1057895|10.1126/science.1057895.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11313492 11313492]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17594461 17594461].</ref> Ditlou di dirisa [[:en:Infrasound#Animal_reactions_to_infrasound|mantswe mangwe]] a a fetang bokgoni jwa go utlwa jwa batho,<ref>Herbst, C. T.; Stoeger, A. S.; Frey, R.; Lohscheller, J.; Titze, I.; Gumpenberger, M.; Fitch, W. T. (2012). "How Low Can You Go? Physical Production Mechanism of Elephant Infrasonic Vocalizations". Science. 337 (6094): 595–599. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Sci...337..595H 2012Sci...337..595H.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1219712|10.1126/science.1219712.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22859490 22859490]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32792564 32792564].</ref> go buisana go kgabaganya dikgala tse dikgolo. Dingwao tsa go nyalana tsa ditlou di akaretsa go loganya dikutu ka bonolo.<ref>Buss, I.; Smith, N. (1966). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150518072553/http://faculty.rio.edu/dalthoff/Courses/MA/TP-Buss%20and%20Smith-Elephant%20Repo%20Breeding%20Behavior-1966-JWM.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20150518072553/http://faculty.rio.edu/dalthoff/Courses/MA/TP-Buss%20and%20Smith-Elephant%20Repo%20Breeding%20Behavior-1966-JWM.pdf Observations on Reproduction and Breeding Behavior of the African Elephant] (PDF). Allen Press. Archived from [http://faculty.rio.edu/dalthoff/Courses/MA/TP-Buss%20and%20Smith-Elephant%20Repo%20Breeding%20Behavior-1966-JWM.pdf the original] (PDF) on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2013.</ref> Dipoo di ne di dumelwa fa e le diphologolo tse di nnang di le tsosi, di ikemela ka nosi fa di setse di godile. Dipatlisiso tse dišwa di tlhagisa gore dipoo di boloka kitso ya tikologo ya motlhape, go tlhofofatsa go tshela fa di batla dijo le metsi, se gape se solegelang dipoo tse dinnye tse di amanang le tsona molemo. Dipoo di boela fela mo motlhapeng go ya go tsala kgotsa go itsalanya; ga di neele bana ba tsona tlhokomelo ya botsadi kgotsa go ba godisa, mme go na le moo di tshameka karolo ya borre ka kakaretso mo dipoong tse dinnye go supa taolo.<ref>Briggs, H. (2020). "[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-54018133 Secrets of male elephant society revealed in the wild"]. BBC News. Retrieved 7 September 2020.</ref> === Boitshwaro jwa kgaolo le tiriso ya sebaka === Ditlou tsa Aforika ga di nne le kgaolo fela mme di bontsha mefuta e e farologaneng ya mekgwa ya tiriso ya sebaka tse di tlhotlhelediwang ke popego ya loago, pharologano ya dipaka le seemo sa bosa, le go nna teng ga didirisiwa.<ref name=":9">Wittemyer, G.; Getz, W. M.; Vollrath, F.; Douglas-Hamilton, I. (2007). "Social dominance, seasonal movements, and spatial segregation in African elephants: a contribution to conservation behavior". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 61 (12): 1919–1931. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00265-007-0432-0|10.1007/s00265-007-0432-0.]]</ref> Metlhape gantsi e nna mo [[:en:Home_range|mefuteng ya magae]] e e farologaneng go tswa go makgolo a le mmalwa go ya go dikete di le mmalwa tsa khutlonne ya dikilometara go ikaegile ka go nna teng ga didirisiwa le maemo a bonno; metlhape e latela ditsela tsa go fuduga le mekgwa ya motsamao e e golaganyang mafelo a a sireleditsweng le mafelo a mangwe a a tshwanetseng a a nang le seabe se se botlhokwa mo go tshegetseng kgolagano ya baagi le phitlhelelo ya metswedi e e botlhokwa jaaka dimela le metsi.<ref>Douglas-Hamilton, I.; Krink, T.; Vollrath, F. (2005). "Movements and corridors of African elephants in relation to protected areas". Naturwissenschaften. 92 (4): 158–163. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00114-004-0606-9|10.1007/s00114-004-0606-9.]]</ref> Dintlha tse dingwe jaaka taolo ya loago le dintlha tsa tikologo jaaka pula le ntshodikuno ya dimela le tsona di tlhotlheletsa kgaogano ya sebaka mo ditlhopheng mo teng ga kgaolo e le nngwe.<ref name=":9" /> ==== Go nna bogale, go lwa le go laola ==== Ditlou tsa Aforika di bontsha mekgwa e e raraaneng ya go nna bogale e e tsamayang le go nna le taolo, segolobogolo mo teng ga tse ditonanyana tse di godileng. Musth ke lereo le le kayang seemo sa mmele fa ditlou tse ditonanyana tsa Aforika di bontshang go tlhatloga go gogolo ga hormone ya bonna, tiro e e oketsegileng ya thobalano, le go nna bogale go go oketsegileng mme le lemogwa ka nako ya kgaisano ya banna le banna.<ref name=":10">Poole, J.H. (1989). "Announcing intent: the aggressive state of musth in African elephants". Animal Behaviour. 37: 140–152. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/0003-3472(89)90014-6|10.1016/0003-3472(89)90014-6.]]</ref> Mo pakeng e tlou e tona ya Aforika e dirang musth, di bontsha maitsholo a a tlwaelegileng a a akaretsang go ntsha kgeleswa ya nakwana, go elela ga moroto, le dipopego tse di rileng tse di tlhalosang seemo sa tsona mo bathong ba bangwe.<ref name=":10" /> Ka go dira maitsholo a, ditlou tse ditonanyana tsa Aforika di fokotsa tlhokego ya go thulana ka mmele ka go tlhaeletsana ka maemo a bolaodi. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo mabakeng a mofuta ono wa puisano o palelwang, dikopano tse di bogale tse di akaretsang go tlhotlhora le go kgarametsa di ka diragala fa go gaisana ka dinamagadi tse di amogelang.<ref name=":10" /> Tatelano ya taolo mo teng ga motlhape wa ditlou e tlhotlhelediwa thata e bile e ikaegile ka dingwaga, bogolo, le maemo a musth mme tse ditonanyana tse di godileng ka tlwaelo di feta tse dinnye kgotsa tse e seng tsa musth.<ref name=":10" /> === Go jesa tikologo le dijo === Ditlou tsa Aforika ke dijo tsa ditlhatshana ka kakaretso mme di ja mefuta e e farologaneng ya matlhare, bojang, makwati, le maungo, fela dimela tsa logong ka dipaka tsa komelelo.<ref>Rode, K.D.; Chiyo, P.I.; Chapman, C.A.; McDowell, L.R. (2006). "Nutritional ecology of elephants in Kibale National Park, Uganda, and its relationship with crop-raiding behaviour". Journal of Tropical Ecology. 22 (4): 441–449. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0266467406003233|10.1017/S0266467406003233.]]</ref> Fa di ntse di ja, di kgetla matlhare le go gagola dikala di dirisa meno, se se ka bakang tshenyo e kgolo mo matlhareng.<ref name=":6" /> [[:en:Fermentation|Go bedisa ga dijo]] go diragala mo [[:en:Hindgut|maleng a a kwa morago]], go kgontsha go ja dijo tse dintsi.<ref>Clauss, M.; Frey, R.; Kiefer, B.; Lechner-Doll, M.; Loehlein, W.; Polster, C.; Roessner, G. E.; Streich, W. J. (2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190608152406/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/2393/2/Oecologia_body_size_2003V.pdf "The maximum attainable body size of herbivorous mammals: morphophysiological constraints on foregut, and adaptations of hindgut fermenters]" (PDF). [[:en:Oecologia|Oecologia]]. 136 (1): 14–27. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Oecol.136...14C 2003Oecol.136...14C]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00442-003-1254-z|10.1007/s00442-003-1254-z.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12712314 12712314]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206989975 206989975]. Archived from [http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/2393/2/Oecologia_body_size_2003V.pdf the original] (PDF) on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019.</ref> Bogolo jo bogolo le mala a a kwa morago a tlou ya Aforika gape di letla tshilo ya dikarolo tse di farologaneng tsa semela, go akaretsa dikutu tse di nang le ditlhale, lekwati le medi.<ref>Owen-Smith, N.; Chafota, J. (2012). [[doi:10.1644/11-MAMM-A-350.1|"Selective feeding by a megaherbivore, the African elephant (Loxodonta africana)"]]. Journal of Mammalogy. 93 (3): 698–705. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1644/11-MAMM-A-350.1|10.1644/11-MAMM-A-350.1]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83726553 83726553].</ref> Ditlou tsa Aforika di thusa mo go meleng ga dipeo ka ntlha ya mala a tsone a magolo; ka di kgona go akaretsa lefelo le legolo mo letsatsing le le lengwe, di anamisa dipeo go tswa mo ditlhareng tse di farologaneng ka bonako. Ditlou di fula mo ditlhareng mme di ja dipeo tse di tswang mo go tsone, mme morago ga moo, fa peo e feta [[:en:Gastrointestinal_tract|mo tseleng ya mala]] mme morago ga moo e bo e tswa, dipeo di a nontshiwa mme di siametse go gola. Go mela ka ditlou go thibela kgaisano ya dimela mme go tlosa tlhokego ya gore dipeo dingwe di fokelwe ke phefo go gola, kgotsa thulaganyo ya go mela ka go sa rulaganngwa. Mefutafuta ya dimela le ditlhare tse di ka golang ka thulaganyo e le yona e a oketsega ka gonne dithotobolo tsa boloko di ka nna le mefuta e e farologaneng ya ditlhare e e fetang 10, mme dingwe di na le metlhala ya ditlhare di le 50 le kwa godimo.<ref>Campos-Arceiz, A. & Blake, S. (2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160427025644/http://www.santuariodeelefantes.org.br/docs/Campos_Arceiz_2011_Elephant_seed_dispersal.pdf "Megagardeners of the forest – the role of elephants in seed dispersal"] (PDF). Acta Oecologica. 37 (6): 542–553. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AcO....37..542C 2011AcO....37..542C.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.actao.2011.01.014|10.1016/j.actao.2011.01.014]]. Archived from [http://www.santuariodeelefantes.org.br/docs/Campos_Arceiz_2011_Elephant_seed_dispersal.pdf the original] (PDF) on 27 April 2016.</ref><ref>Poulsen, J. R.; Beirne, C.; Rundel, C.; Baldino, M.; Kim, S.; Knorr, J.; Minich, T.; Jin, Lingrong; Núñez, C. L.; Xiao, S.; Mbamy, W.; Obiang, G. N.; Masseloux, J.; Nkoghe, T. & Ebanega, M. O. (2021). "[[doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.789264|Long distance seed dispersal by forest eephants"]]. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 9 789264. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021FrEEv...989264P 2021FrEEv...989264P]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]][[doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.789264|:10.3389/fevo.2021.789264]].</ref> === Botlhale === ''Bona gape : [[:en:Elephant_cognition|Tlhaloganyo ya tlou]]'' [[Setshwantsho:Elephant scratching on a tree.jpg|thumb|Go ingwaa mo setlhareng go thusa go tlosa boalo jwa letlalo le le suleng le dinwa madi]] Ditlou tsa Aforika di botlhale thata.<ref>Plotnik, J. M.; De Waal, F. B.; Reiss, D. (2006). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636577 "Self-recognition in an Asian elephant".] Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (45): 17053–17057. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PNAS..10317053P 2006PNAS..10317053P.] doi:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.0608062103|10.1073/pnas.0608062103]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636577 1636577]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17075063 17075063].</ref> Di na le [[:en:Neocortex|neocortex]] e kgolo thata e e sothegileng thata, e leng selo se di nang le sone le [[:en:Humans|batho]] le [[:en:Apes|dikgabo]] tse dingwe, mmogo le mefuta mengwe ya di [[:en:Dolphin|dolphin]]. Di gareng ga mefuta e e botlhale thata mo lefatsheng. Ka bokete jo bo fetang fela kilgograme tse tlhano (ponto ye lesome le bongwe, [[:en:Elephant_cognition#Structure_of_the_brain|boboko jwa tlou]] bo bogolo go feta jwa phologolo epe e nngwe e e nnang mo lefatsheng. Boboko jwa tlou bo tshwana le [[:en:Human_brain|boboko jwa motho]] ka popego le go raraana ga tsone; [[:en:Cerebral_cortex|legogo]] la tlou le na le [[:en:Neurons|ditshika]] tse dintsi jaaka tsa boboko jwa motho,[<ref>Roth, G.; Stamenov, M. I.; Gallese, V. (2003). "Is the human brain unique?". Mirror Neurons and the Evolution of Brain and Language. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 63–76. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/0470867221.ch2|10.1002/0470867221.ch2.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-470-84960-6|978-0-470-84960-6.]]</ref> se se akantshang gore go nnile le [[:en:Convergent_evolution|thutotlhagelelo e e kopaneng]].<ref>Goodman, M.; Sterner, K.; Islam, M.; Uddin, M.; Sherwood, C.; Hof, P.; Hou, Z.; Lipovich, L.; Jia, H.; Grossman, L.; Wildman, D. (2009). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2791620 Phylogenomic analyses reveal convergent patterns of adaptive evolution in elephant and human ancestries]". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (49): 20824–20829. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PNAS..10620824G 2009PNAS..10620824G.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.0911239106|10.1073/pnas.0911239106.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2791620 2791620]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19926857 19926857].</ref> Ditlou di bontsha maitsholo a a farologaneng, go akaretsa le a a amanang le [[:en:Grief|khutsafalo]], [[:en:Learning|go ithuta]], [[:en:Mimicry|go etsisa]], [[:en:Art|botaki]], [[:en:Play_(activity)|motshameko]], go [[:en:Humor|tshegisa]], [[:en:Altruism|go sa ipone tsapa]], [[:en:Tools|tiriso ya didirisiwa]], [[:en:Compassion|kutlwelobotlhoko]], [[:en:Cooperation|tirisanommogo]],<ref name=":11">Plotnik, J. M.; Lair, R.; Suphachoksahakun, W.; De Waal, F. B. M. (2011). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3064331 Elephants know when they need assistance in a cooperative task".] Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (12): 5116–5121. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.1101765108|10.1073/pnas.1101765108.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3064331 3064331]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21383191 21383191].</ref> [[:en:Self-awareness|go itemoga]], [[:en:Memory|go gakologelwa]] le [[:en:Language|gongwe le puo.]]<ref>Parsell, D. L. (2003). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20071012170607/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/02/0221_030221_elephantvocal1.html In Africa, Decoding the 'Language' of Elephants"]. [[:en:National_Geographic_Magazine|National Geographic Magazine]] News. Archived from [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/02/0221_030221_elephantvocal1.html the original] on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 30 October 2007.</ref> Maitsholo a otlhe a supa mofuta o o botlhale thata o go akanngwang gore o lekana le [[:en:Cetaceans|di-cetacean]]<ref>Viegas, J. (2011). "[http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2011/03/08/3158077.htm Elephants smart as chimps, dolphins]". ABC Science. Retrieved 8 March 2011.</ref><ref name=":12">Viegas, J. (2011). [http://news.discovery.com/animals/elephants-intelligence-test-110307.html "Elephants Outwit Humans During Intelligence Test]". Discovery News. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110308093715/http://news.discovery.com/animals/elephants-intelligence-test-110307.html Archived] from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2011.</ref> le diphologolo tse di tshelang.<ref name=":12" /> Go raraana ga tlhaloganyo ga tlou ya Aforika go akaretsa maitsholo a a supang kutlwelobotlhoko, go rarabolola mathata, le maitsholo a setlhopha a a dirisanang mmogo. Diponagalo tseno di gatelela go kopana ga botlhale jwa thutotlhagelelo mo mefuteng yotlhe, go go tshwanang le go go bonwang mo diphologolong tse di tshelang le mo ditshedi tsa lewatle tsa cetaceans.<ref name=":11" /> === Go tsala === [[Setshwantsho:Bull elephants small.jpg|thumb|Ditlou tsa dipoo tse di bogale]] [[Setshwantsho:Elephant (Loxodonta africana) mating ritual composite.jpg|thumb|Moetlo wa go nyalana]] Ditlou tsa Aforika di kgona go [[:en:Fertility|tsala thata]] fa di le dingwaga di le masome a mabedi a le botlhano le masome a mane le botlhano. Dinamane ka tlwaelo di tsalwa morago ga paka ya [[:en:Gestation|boimana]] ya dikgwedi di le masome a mabedi le bobedi.<ref>Macdonald, D. (2001). The New Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford: [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]].</ref> Dinamane di tlhokomelwa ke mmaatsona le dinamane tse dingwe tse dinnye mo setlhopheng, se se itsegeng jaaka [[:en:Allomothering|allomothering]].<ref name=":7" /> Ditlou tse di namagadi tsa Aforika di kgona go simolola go tsala di le dingwaga di ka nna lesome go ya ko lesomeng le bobedi.<ref>Benedict, F. G. (1936). "The physiology of the elephant". ''Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. No. 474''. '''1'''.</ref> Morago ga go gola ka tlhakanelodikobo, banna ba simolola go itemogela [[:en:Musth|musth]], boemo jwa mmele le jwa maitsholo jo bo tlhaolwang ke testosterone e e kwa godimo, go nna bogale le tiro e ntsi ya thobalano.<ref name=":15">Hollister-Smith, J. A.; Poole, J. H.; Archie, E. A.; Vance, E. A.; Georgiadis, N. J.; [[:en:Cynthia_Moss|Moss, C. J]].; Alberts, S. C. (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150518085653/http://sites.biology.duke.edu/albertslab/pdfs/Hollister-Smith%26al_2007.pdf "Age, musth, and paternity success in wild male African elephants, Loxodonta africana"] (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 74 (2): 287–296. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AnBeh..74..287H 2007AnBeh..74..287H]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.12.008|10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.12.008.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54327948 54327948]. Archived from [http://sites.biology.duke.edu/albertslab/pdfs/Hollister-Smith%26al_2007.pdf the original] (PDF) on 18 May 2015.</ref><ref name=":16">[[:en:Raman_Sukumar|Sukumar, R.]] (2003). "Sexual selection and mate choice". The Living Elephants: Evolutionary Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation. Oxford, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 112–124. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-19-510778-0|0-19-510778-0.]]</ref> Musth gape o dira tiro ya go bitsa tlhokomelo go tse di namagadi gore ke tsa boleng jo bo siameng, mme ga e ka ke ya etsisiwa jaaka dipitso tse di rileng kgotsa medumo e ka nna. Ditona di tsala bana ba le mmalwa ka dipaka tse di se mo musth. Ka nako ya fa estrus e le fa gare, ditlou tse di namagadi di batla tse ditonanyana tse di mo musth go di disa. Dinamagadi di tla goa, ka tsela e e kwa godimo, e e kwa tlase go gogela tse ditonanyana go tswa kwa kgakala. Ditlou tse ditonanyana gape di kgona go dupelela monko wa dihoromone tsa e namagadi e e siametseng go tsala. Se se dira gore tse ditonanyana di gaisane go nyalana, se se felelang ka gore tse di namagadi di nyalane le tse ditonanyana tse di godileng, tse di itekanetseng.<ref name=":13">Poole, J. H. (1989). "Mate guarding, reproductive success and female choice in African elephants". Animal Behaviour. 37: 842–849. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989AnBeh..37..842P 1989AnBeh..37..842P.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/0003-3472(89)90068-7|10.1016/0003-3472(89)90068-7]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53150105 53150105].</ref> Dinamagadi di tlhopha go fitlha kwa ntlheng e e rileng gore di nyalana le mang, ka gonne ke tsone tse di lekang go dira gore tse ditonanyana di gaisane go di disa. Le fa go ntse jalo, tse di namagadi ga di disiwe mo dikgatong tsa ntlha le tsa morago tsa estrus, tse di ka letlang go nyalana ke tse ditonanyana tse dinnye e seng mo musth.<ref name=":13" /> Ditona tse di fetang dingwaga di le masome a matlhano di gaisana thata le tse di namagadi mo estrus, mme di atlega thata fa di le dikgolo le go nna bogale thata.<ref name=":16" /> Ditonyana tse dikgolo di na le go tsala bana ba batona.<ref>Lee, P. C.; Moss, C. J. (1986). "Early maternal investment in male and female African elephant calves". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 18 (5): 353–361. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986BEcoS..18..353L 1986BEcoS..18..353L]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/bf00299666|10.1007/bf00299666]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10901693 10901693].</ref> Ditona tse di tlhaga di simolola go tsala mo dingwageng tsa tsone tsa masome a mararo fa di le mo bogolong le bokete jo bo gaisanang le tse ditonanyana tse dingwe tse di godileng. Katlego ya tsalo ya banna e kwa godimo mo bogareng jwa bogolo mme morago ga moo e simolole go fokotsega. Le fa go ntse jalo, se se ka ikaega ka maemo a monna mo setlhopheng sa bona, ka ge banna ba maemo a a kwa godimo ba tshegetsa seelo se se kwa godimo sa tsalo.<ref>Loizi, H.; Goodwin, T. E.; Rasmussen, L. E. L.; Whitehouse, A. M.; Schulte, B. A. (2009). "Sexual dimorphism in the performance of chemosensory investigatory behaviours by African elephants (Loxodonta africana)". Behaviour. 146 (3): 373–392. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1163/156853909X410964|10.1163/156853909X410964]].</ref> Bontsi jwa go nyalana go go lemogilweng ke ga banna mo musth ba ba fetang dingwaga di le 35. Ditebelelo tse ditelele di le masome a mabedi le bobedi di bontshitse gore dingwaga le musth ke dintlha tse di botlhokwa thata; "... banna ba ba godileng ba ne ba na le katlego e e kwa godimo ya go nna rre fa ba bapisiwa le banna ba bannye, se se akantshang kgonagalo ya go tlhophiwa ga thobalano go tshela lobaka lo loleele mo mofuteng o."<ref name=":15" />: (tsebe ya makgolo a mabedi le masome a borobabobedi le bosupa) == Matshosetsi == [[Setshwantsho:Number of African elephants.svg|thumb|Palo ya Ditlou tsa Aforika]] Mefuta ka bobedi e tshosediwa ke go [[:en:Habitat_loss|latlhegelwa ke bonno]] le go kgaogana. Go tsoma kgwebisano e e seng ka fa molaong ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|dinaka tsa tlou]] ke matshosetsi mo dinageng di le mmalwa tse di farologaneng gape. Tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika e kwadilwe jaaka e e mo [[:en:Endangered_species|kotsing ya go nyelela]] mme tlou ya sekgwa sa Aforika e kwadilwe jaaka e e mo [[:en:Critically_Endangered|kotsing e e masisi]] mo [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|Manaaneng a Mahibidu a IUCN]] a a farologaneng.<ref>Gobush, K.S.; Edwards, C.T.T.; Balfour, D.; Wittemyer, G.; Maisels, F.; Taylor, R.D. (2022) [amended version of 2021 assessment]. [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/181008073/223031019 ''"Loxodonta africana"'']. [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]. 2022 e.T181008073A223031019. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T181008073A223031019.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T181008073A223031019.en.]]</ref><ref>Gobush, K.S.; Edwards, C.T.T.; Maisels, F.; Wittemyer, G.; Balfour, D.; Taylor, R.D. (2021) [errata version of 2021 assessment]. "[https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/181007989/204404464 ''Loxodonta cyclotis'']". [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]. 2021 e.T181007989A204404464. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T181007989A204404464.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T181007989A204404464.en.]]</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Ivory trade.jpg|thumb|Banna ba ba nang le meno a tlou ya Aforika kwa Dar es Salaam, c. 1900]] Go ikaegilwe ka mefuta ya dimela tse di tlamelang ka bonno jo bo tshwanetseng jwa ditlou tsa Aforika, go ne ga akanyediwa gore mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe palogodimo ya ditlou tsa Aforika e ne e le didikadike di le masome a mabedi le borataro le dikete tsa makgolo a borobabongwe le lesome le boraro tse di ka tswang di ne di le teng go tswa kwa [[:en:Sahel|Sahel]] kwa bokone go ya kwa [[:en:Highveld|Highveld]] kwa borwa. Go fokotsega ga bonno jo bo tshwanetseng e ne e le selo se segolo se se bakileng go fokotsega ga palo ya ditlou go fitlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950. Go tsoma ditlou tsa Aforika go dira kgwebo ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|dinaka tsa tlou]] go ne ga itlhaganedisa kwelotlase go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go ya pele. [[:en:Carrying_capacity|Bokgoni jwa go rwala jwa mafelo]] a a setseng a a tshwanetseng bo ne bo akanyeddiwa go nna ditlou di le didikadike di le borobabobedi le dikete tse makgolo a borobabobgwe le masome a borobabobedi le botlhano ka bontsi ka ngwaga wa 1987.<ref>Milner-Gulland, E. J.; Beddington, J. R. (1993). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/252970898 The exploitation of elephants for the ivory trade: an historical perspective".] Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 252 (1333): 29–37. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993RSPSB.252...29M 1993RSPSB.252...29M]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rspb.1993.0042|10.1098/rspb.1993.0042.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128704128 128704128].</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 le bo 1980, tlhwatlhwa ya lonaka lwa tlou e ne ya tlhatloga, mme go tsoma lonaka lwa tlou go ne ga oketsega, bogolosegolo kwa dinageng tsa Aforika Bogare kwa phitlhelelo ya mafelo a ditlou e neng e tlhofofadiwa ke madirelo a go [[:en:Logging|rema ditlhare]] le meepo ya [[:en:Petroleum|peterolo]].<ref name=":14" /> Magareng ga dingwaga tsa 1976 le 1980, go ne ga romelwa ntle dinaka tsa ditlou tse di tala di ka nna bokete jwa tonne di le makgolo a borobabobedi le masome a mararo (ditone di le makgolo a borobabobedi le masome a mabedi tse ditelele; ditone di le makgolo a borobabongwe le lesome tse dikhutshwane) go tswa kwa Aforika go ya kwa [[:en:Hong_Kong|Hong Kong]] le [[:en:Japan|Japane]], e e lekanang le dinaka tsa ditlou tsa Aforika di ka nna dikete di le mkgolo a mabedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi.<ref>Parker, J. S. C.; Martin, E. B. (1982). [[doi:10.1017/S0030605300017452|"How many elephants are killed for the ivory trade?]]". Oryx. 16 (3): 235–239. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0030605300017452|10.1017/S0030605300017452]].</ref> Palo ya ntlha ya ditlou mo karolo kgolong ya lefatshe e naleng mafatshe a mantsi ya Aforika e ne ya dirwa ka ngwaga wa 1976. Ka nako eo, go ne go akanngwa gore go na le ditlou di ka nna didikadike di le mongwe le dikete di le makgolo a mararo le masome a mane tse di neng di gasame mo lefelong la dikilometara tse di khutlonne di le didikadike di le supa tsotlhe le dikete di le makgolo a mararo (dikilometara tsa sekwere di le didikadike di le pedi tsotlhe le dikete di le makgolo a robedi).<ref name=":17">Stiles, D. (2004). "[http://danstiles.org/publications/ivory/09.Env.Cons.final.pdf The ivory trade and elephant conservation"] (PDF). Environmental Conservation. 31 (4): 309–321. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004EnvCo..31..309S 2004EnvCo..31..309S.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0376892904001614|10.1017/S0376892904001614.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14772884 14772884].</ref>Mo dingwageng tsa bo-1980, go ne go le thata go dira dipatlisiso tse di rulaganeng mo dinageng di le mmalwa tsa Botlhaba jwa Aforika ka ntlha ya [[:en:Civil_war|dintwa tsa selegae]].<ref name=":14" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1987, go ne go akanngwa gore palo ya ditlou tsa Aforika e ne e fokotsegile go fitlha go dikete di le makgolo a supa le masome a marataro.Ka ngwaga wa 1989, go ne go akanngwa gore go ne go setse ditlou tsa Aforika di le dikete di le makgolo a marataro le boferabobedi fela.<ref name=":17" />Ka ngwaga wa 1989, Tirelo ya Diphologolo tsa Naga ya Kenya (Kenyan Wildlife Service) e ne ya fisa mokgobo wa manaka a ditlou go bontsha kganetso ya yone kgatlhanong le kgwebo ya manaka a ditlou.<ref>Poole, J. (1996). [[iarchive:isbn_9780786860951/page/232|Coming of Age With Elephants.]] New York: Hyperion. p. 232. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-7868-6095-2|0-7868-6095-2]].</ref> Fa kgwebo ya boditšhabatšhaba ya dinaka tsa ditlou e ne e simolola gape ka ngwaga wa 2006, tlhokego le tlhwatlhwa ya manaka a ditlou di ne tsa oketsega kwa Asia. [[:en:Zakouma_National_Park|Kwa Lefelong la Bosetšhaba ya Zakouma]] kwa Chad, go feta ditlou di le dikete di le tharo le makgolo a mabedi di ne tsa bolawa magareng ga ngwaga wa 2005 le 2010. Paka eo e ne e sena balebeledi ba ba lekaneng go lwantsha go tsoma ka tsela e e seng molaong, e bile dibetsa tsa bone di ne di setse kwa morago. Ditlhopha tse di neng di rulagantswe sentle di ne tsa nolofatsa go rekisa dinaka tseo ka bokukuntshwane go feta ka Sudan.<ref>Poilecot, P. (2010). "[[doi:10.19182/bft2010.303.a20454|Le braconnage et la population d'éléphants au Parc National de Zakouma (Tchad)"]]. ''Bois et Forêts des Tropiques''. '''303''' (303): 93–102. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier):[[doi:10.19182/bft2010.303.a20454|10.19182/bft2010.303.a20454]].</ref> Puso ya Tanzania e ne ya akanyetsa gore go feta ditlou di le dikete di le masome a borobabobedi le botlhano di ne tsa bolawa ka ntlha ya go tsomiwa ka tsela e e seng molaong magareng ga ngwaga wa 2009 le 2014, se se emelang tatlhegelo ya karolo ya masome a marataro mo lekgolong.<ref>Mathiesen, K. (2015). "[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/jun/02/tanzania-epicentre-of-elephant-poaching-census-reveals Tanzania elephant population declined by 60% in five years, census reveals"]. [[:en:The_Guardian|The Guardian]]. Retrieved 23 August 2017.</ref>Ka ngwaga wa 2012, go ne ga begwa koketsego e kgolo ya go tsomiwa ga dinaka tsa ditlou ka tsela e e seng ka fa molaong, mme mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a supa mo lekgolong tsa dinaka tsa ditlou di ne di isiwa kwa China.<ref>[[:en:Jeffrey_Gettleman|Gettleman, J.]] (2012). [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/04/world/africa/africas-elephants-are-being-slaughtered-in-poaching-frenzy.html "Elephants Dying in Epic Frenzy as Ivory Fuels Wars and Profits"]. The New York Times.</ref> China e ne e le mmaraka o mogolo thata wa dinaka tsa ditlou a a tsomilweng ka tsela e e seng molaong. Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ka ngwaga wa 2015, e ne ya itsise gore e tla emisa ka iketlo go dira le go rekisa ka molao ditlhagisiwa tsotlhe tse di dirilweng ka dinaka tsa ditlou.<ref>Ryan, F. (2015). [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/sep/26/china-and-us-agree-on-ivory-ban-in-bid-to-end-illegal-trade-globally "China and US agree on ivory ban in bid to end illegal trade globally"]. The Guardian.</ref> Dikgotlhang magareng ga ditlou le palo e e golang ya batho ke kgang e kgolo mo tshomarelong ya ditlou.<ref name=":14" /> Go tsenelela ga batho mo mafelong a tlholego a ditlou tsa sekgwa di leng mo go one kgotsa go nna teng ga tsone go go oketsegang mo mafelong a a mabapi go dirile gore go dirwe dipatlisiso ka mekgwa ya go kgweetsa ditlhopha tsa ditlou kgakala le batho ka tsela e e babalesegileng. Go tshameka medumo e e gatisitsweng ya [[:en:Western_honey_bee|dinotshe tsa tswina tsa Bophirima]] tse di galefileng go fitlhetswe go le mosola thata mo go tlhotlheletseng ditlou go tshaba mo lefelong lengwe.<ref>King, L. E.; [[:en:Iain_Douglas-Hamilton|Douglas-Hamilton, I.]]; Vollrath, F. (2007). "[[doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.07.038|African elephants run from the sound of disturbed bees".]] Current Biology. 17 (19): R832–R833. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007CBio...17.R832K 2007CBio...17.R832K]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.07.038|10.1016/j.cub.2007.07.038]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17925207 17925207]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30014793 30014793].</ref> Balemirui ba lekile go tshosa ditlou ka ditsela tse di bogale jaaka molelo kgotsa tiriso ya dipepere tsa tšhilisi go bapa le magora go sireletsa dijalo tsa bona.<ref>Snyder, K.; Mneney, P.; Benjamin, B.; Mkilindi, P.; Mbise, N. (2019). "[[doi:10.1017/S0030605318001382|Seasonal and spatial vulnerability to agricultural damage by elephants in the western Serengeti, Tanzania"]]. Oryx. 55 (1): 139–149. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0030605318001382|10.1017/S0030605318001382]].</ref> Matshosetsi a magolo a ditlou tsa Aforika ke go latlhegelwa ke bonno le go tsomiwa, mo godimo ga matshosetsi a a magolo, a a tshwenyang thata, go ne ga tlhaga matshosetsi a sešweng a a akaretsang dikgoreletsi tse di dirilweng ke batho le phetolo ya naga e e amang thata le go lekanyetsa motsamao le go anamisiwa ga ditlou tsa Aforika. Kago ya magora, ditsela, dintlha tsa metsi tsa maitirelo, le mafatshe a temothuo di begile ditlamorago tse di masisi mo go fetoleng mekgwa ya motsamao wa tlholego, go kgaoganya mafelo a bodulo, le go lekanyetsa phitlhelelo ya metswedi ya paka.<ref name=":18">Loarie, Scott R.; Van Aarde, R.J.; Pimm, S.L. (2009). "Fences and artificial water affect African savannah elephant movement patterns". Biological Conservation. 142 (12): 3086–3098. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.08.008|10.1016/j.biocon.2009.08.008]].</ref> Dikgoreletsi tse tsa maitirelo di ka dira gore ditlou tsa Aforika di itemogele kgaisano e e oketsegileng ka ge metswedi le mafelo a a kgaogantsweng a na le selekanyo mme di tla lebisa kwa kgotlhang e e gagametseng ya batho le ditlou ka ge ditlou di patelesega go atolosa mafelo a tsona go ya kwa kgotsa gaufi le mafelo a temothuo le mafatshe a a laolwang ke batho.<ref name=":18" /><ref>Blanc, J.J.; Barnes, Richard F.W.; Craig, G.C.; Dublin, H.T.; Thouless, C.R.; Douglas-Hamilton, Ian; Hart, J.A. (2007). African elephant status report 2007: an update from the African elephant database. IUCN. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2305/iucn.ch.2007.ssc-op.33.en|10.2305/iucn.ch.2007.ssc-op.33.en.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0970-3|978-2-8317-0970-3.]]</ref> == Tshomarelo == Ka ngwaga wa 1986, Polokelo ya tshedimosetso ya Ditlou tsa Aforika e ne ya simololwa ka boikaelelo jwa go ela tlhoko seemo sa dipalopalo tsa ditlou tsa Aforika. Polokelo ya tshedimosetso e e akaretsa dipholo go tswa mo dipatlisisong tsa kwa godimo, dipalo tsa boloko, dipotsolotso le batho ba selegae le tshedimosetso ka ga go tsoma.<ref>Thouless, C. R.; Dublin, H. T.; Blanc, J. J.; Skinner, D. P.; Daniel, T. E.; Taylor, R. D.; Maisels, F.; Frederick, H. L.; Bouché, P. (2016). [https://www.dropbox.com/s/7a8w3kk6r9hzm0r/AfESG%20African%20Elephant%20Status%20Report%202016.pdf?dl=1 African Elephant Status Report 2016: an update from the African Elephant Database] (PDF). Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 60. Gland: IUCN SSC African Elephant Specialist Group. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-1813-2|978-2-8317-1813-2]].[permanent dead link]</ref> Ka ngwaga wa1989, [[:en:Convention_on_International_Trade_in_Endangered_Species_of_Wild_Fauna_and_Flora|Tumalano ya Kgwebisano ya Boditšhabatšhaba ya Mefuta e e mo Kotsing ya go Nyelela ya Diphologolo le Dimela tsa Nag]]<nowiki/>a e ne ya tsenya tlou ya Afrika mo lenaaneng la [[:en:CITES_Appendix_I|Mametlelelo]] [[:en:CITES_Appendix_I|a ntlha ya CITES]]. Lenaane leno le ne le thibela kgwebisano ya boditšhabatšhaba ya ditlou tsa Afrika le dikarolo tsa mmele wa tsone ke dinaga tse di saenileng tumalano ya CITES. Go tsoma ditlou go thibetswe kwa Repaboliking ya Afrika Bogare, kwa Repaboliking ya puso ya batho ka batho ya Congo, kwa Gabon, kwa Côte d’Ivoire le kwa Senegal. Morago ga gore thibelo e tsene tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1990, thekiso ya ditshwantsho tse di [[:en:Ivory_carving|betlilweng tsa lonaka lwa tlou]] mo Aforika Borwa e wetse tlase ka go feta karolo ya masome a borobabongwe le botlhano mo lekgolong mo dingwageng di le lesome.<ref>Stiles, D.; Martin, E. (2001). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20200103093454/https://www.iucn.org/backup_iucn/cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/pachy30.pdf#page=27 Status and trends of the ivory trade in Africa, 1989–1999"] (PDF). Pachyderm. 30 (30): 24–36. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.69649/pachyderm.v30i1.1035|10.69649/pachyderm.v30i1.1035.]] Archived from [https://www.iucn.org/backup_iucn/cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/pachy30.pdf#page=27 the original] (PDF) on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2019.</ref> Ka ntlha ya thibelo ya kgwebisano, palo ya ditlou tsa Aforika e ne ya boela mannong kwa dinageng tsa Borwa jwa Aforika.[77] == Metswedi == a17rlf5a941khz2b5nhbf13zvh1q0rm 53732 53720 2026-07-31T11:17:25Z Atsile Edith 11759 Ke senotse tsebe e #Wikipedia25BW 53732 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditlou tsa Aforika''' ke maloko a [[:en:Genus_(biology)|mofuta]] wa '''''Loxodonta''''' o o nang le [[:en:Species|mefuta]] e mebedi ya [[:en:Elephant|ditlou]] tse di tshelang, tlou ya [[:en:African_bush_elephant|sekgwa ya Aforika]] ( ''L. africana'' ) le [[:en:African_forest_elephant|tlou e nnye ya sekgwa sa Aforika]] ( ''L. cyclotis'' ) . Bobedi jo ke diphologolo tse di jang [[:en:Herbivore|ditlhatsana]] tse di nang le letlalo le le [[:en:Skin|bosetlha]] . Le fa go ntse jalo, di farologana ka bogolo le mmala wa [[:en:Tusk|lenaka]] ga mmogo le popego le bogolo jwa [[:en:Ear|ditsebe]] le [[:en:Skull|marapo a ditlhogo]] tsa tsone . Mefuta ka bobedi e mo kotsing ya go nyelela go ya ka [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|Lenaane le Lehibidu la IUCN;]] go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2021, tlou ya sekgwa e tsewa e le mo [[:en:Endangered_species|kotsing ya go nyelela]] fa tlou ya sekgwa yone e tsewa e le mo [[:en:Critically_endangered|kotsing e e masisi]]. Di tshosediwa ke go [[:en:Habitat_loss|latlhegelwa ke bonno]] le go kgaogana, mmogo le go [[:en:Poaching|tsomiwa]] ga [[:en:Ivory_trade|kgwebisano ya dinaka]] tsa tlou e e seng ka fa molaong mo dinageng di le mmalwa tsa mefutafuta. ''Loxodonta'' ke nngwe ya mefuta e mebedi e e santseng e le teng mo lelapeng la [[:en:Elephantidae|Elephantidae]]. Leina le le kaya leino le le thata le le bopegileng jaaka teemane ya meno a tsone a meno a akwa morago mo ganong. [[:en:Fossil|Masalela a masaledi]] a mefuta ya Loxodonta a fitlhetswe mo Aforika, go simolola ka nako ya bofelo ya motlha wa Miocene (go tloga ka dingwaga di ka nna didikadike di le supa go ya kwa boratarong tse di fetileng) go ya pele. == Thuto ya mafoko == Leina la ''Loxodonta'' le tswa mo mafokong a [[:en:Ancient_Greek|Segerika sa Bogologolo]] λοξός (''loxós'', "go sekamela", "go kgabaganya") le ὀδούς (odoús, "leino"), le le kayang enamele e e bopegileng jaaka teemane ([[:en:Lozenge_(shape)|lozenge]]) ya [[:en:Molar_teeth|meno a a ko morago mo ganong]], e e farologaneng thata le ya sebopego se se dikologang sa enamele ya [[:en:Asian_elephant|tlou ya Asia]].<ref>Cuvier, F. (1825). "[[iarchive:histoirenaturel6geof/page/n115|Éléphants d'Afrique]]". In Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, É.; Cuvier, F. (eds.). Histoire Naturelle des Mammifères, avec des figures originales, coloriées, dessinées d'après des animaux vivans. Vol. Tome 6. Paris: A. Belain. pp. 117–118.</ref> == Thulaganyo ya ditshedi le thutotlhagelelo == [[:en:Scientific_description|Tlhaloso ya ntlha ya saense]] ya tlou ya Aforika e kwadilwe ka ngwaga wa 1797 ke [[:en:Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach|Johann Friedrich Blumenbach]], yo o neng a akantsha [[:en:Scientific_name|leina la saense]] la ''Elephas africanus''.<ref>Blumenbach, J. F. (1797). "[http://www.deutschestextarchiv.de/book/view/blumenbach_naturgeschichte_1797?p=147 2. Africanus]". Handbuch der Naturgeschichte [Handbook of Natural History] (Fifth ed.). Göttingen: Johann Christian Dieterich. p. 125.</ref> [[wiktionary:Loxodonta|''Loxodonte'']] e ne ya akantshiwa jaaka leina la kakaretso la tlou ya Aforika ke [[:en:Frédéric_Cuvier|Frédéric Cuvier]] ka ngwaga wa 1825. Mokwadi yo o sa itsiweng o ne a dirisa mopeleto wa Selatine wa ''Loxodonta'' ka ngwaga wa 1827.<ref>Anonymous (1827). "[[iarchive:zoologicaljourna318271828sowe/page/140|Analytical Notices of Books. Histoire Naturelle des Mammifères, avec des Figures originale, dessinées d'après des Animaux vivans; &c. Par MM. Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, et F. Cuvier. Livraison 52 et 53".]] The Zoological Journal. 3 (9): 140–143.</ref> Mokwadi yo o ne a amogelwa jaaka molaodi ke [[:en:International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature|Molao wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Maina a Diphologolo]] ka ngwaga wa 1999.<ref>[[:en:Jeheskel_Shoshani|Shoshani, J.]] (2005). "[http://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?id=11500008 Genus Loxodonta]". In [[:en:Don_E._Wilson|Wilson, D.E.]]; Reeder, D.M (eds.). [http://www.google.com/books?id=JgAMbNSt8ikC&pg=PA91 Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference] (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 91. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8221-0|978-0-8018-8221-0.]] [[:en:OCLC_(identifier)|OCLC]] [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62265494 62265494].</ref> ''Elephas (Loxodonta'') cyclotis e ne ya tshitshinngwa ke [[:en:Paul_Matschie|Paul Matschie]] ka ngwaga wa 1900, yo o neng a tlhalosa [[:en:Zoological_specimen|dikao]] [[:en:Zoological_specimen|tsa diphologolo]] tse tharo tsa ditlou tsa Aforika go tswa kwa Cameroon tse [[:en:Skull|marapo a ditlhogo]] tsa tsone di neng di farologana ka popego le tsa ditlhogo tsa ditlou tse di kokoantsweng gongwe le gongwe mo Aforika.<ref>Matschie, P. (1900). [[iarchive:sitzungsberichte1900gese/page/194|"Geographische Abarten des Afrikanischen Elefanten"]]. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin. 3: 189–197.</ref>Ka ngwaga wa 1936, [[:en:Glover_Morrill_Allen|Glover Morrill Allen]] o ne a tsaya tlou e e le mofuta o o farologaneng mme a e bitsa 'tlou ya sekgwa';<ref>Allen, G. M. (1936). "Zoological results of the George Vanderbilt African Expedition of 1934. Part II — The forest elephant of Africa". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 88: 15–44. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4064188 4064188].</ref> bakwadi ba moragonyana ba ne ba e tsaya e le [[:en:Subspecies|mofutapotlana]].<ref name=":0">Laurson, B.; Bekoff, M. (1978). "[http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-092-01-0001.pdf Loxodonta africana]" (PDF). Mammalian Species (92): 1–8. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/3503889|10.2307/3503889]]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3503889 3503889]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253949585 253949585]. Retrieved 5 August 2010.</ref><ref>Estes, R. D. (1999). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=Xqp7poFviNcC&pg=PA223 Elephant ''Loxodonta africana'' Family Elephantidae, Order Proboscidea"]. ''The Safari Companion: A Guide to Watching African Mammals Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, and Primates'' (Revised and expanded&#x20;ed.). Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing Company. pp.&#x20;223–233. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/1-890132-44-6|<bdi>1-890132-44-6</bdi>.]]</ref>Ditshekatsheko tsa popego le tsa dijini fa e sa le di neelana ka bosupi jwa dipharologano tsa maemo a mefuta magareng ga tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika le tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika.<ref name=":2">Grubb, P.; Groves, C. P.; Dudley, J. P. & Shoshani, J. (2000). [[doi:10.22237/elephant/1521732169|"Living African elephants belong to two species: ''Loxodonta africana'' (Blumenbach, 1797) and ''Loxodonta cyclotis'' (Matschie, 1900)".]] ''Elephant''. '''2''' (4): 1–4. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.22237/elephant/1521732169|10.22237/elephant/1521732169.]]</ref><ref>Roca, A. L.; Georgiadis, N.; Pecon-Slattery, J. & O'Brien, S. J. (2001). "[https://zenodo.org/record/1230804 Genetic Evidence for Two Species of Elephant in Africa".] Science. 293 (5534): 1473–1477. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Sci...293.1473R :2001Sci...293.1473R]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1059936|10.1126/science.1059936]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11520983 11520983]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38285623 38285623].</ref><ref>Rohland, N.; Malaspinas, A.-S.; Pollack, J. L.; Slatkin, M.; Matheus, P. & Hofreiter, M. (2007). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1925134 "Proboscidean Mitogenomics: Chronology and Mode of Elephant Evolution Using Mastodon as Outgroup"]. PLOS Biology. 5 (8) e207. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050207|10.1371/journal.pbio.0050207]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1925134 1925134]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17676977 17676977].</ref><ref name=":3">Rohland, N.; Reich, D.; Mallick, S.; Meyer, M.; Green, R. E.; Georgiadis, N. J.; Roca, A. L. & Hofreiter, M. (2010). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3006346 "Genomic DNA sequences from mastodon and woolly mammoth reveal deep speciation of forest and savanna elephants"]. PLOS Biology. 8 (12) e1000564. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000564|10.1371/journal.pbio.1000564]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3006346 3006346]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21701575 21203580].</ref><ref>Murphy, W. J.; Ishida, Y.; Oleksyk, T. K.; Georgiadis, N. J.; David, V. A.; Zhao, K.; Stephens, R. M.; Kolokotronis, S.-O. & Roca, A. L. (2011). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3110795 "Reconciling Apparent Conflicts between Mitochondrial and Nuclear Phylogenies in African Elephants"]. PLOS ONE. 6 (6) e20642. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PLoSO...620642I :2011PLoSO...620642I.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020642|10.1371/journal.pone.0020642]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3110795 3110795]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21701575 21701575].</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1907, Richard Lydekker o ne a akantshanya mefuta e merataro ya ditlou tsa Aforika go ikaegilwe ka bogolo le dipopego tse di farologaneng tsa ditsebe tsa tsone.<ref>Lydekker, R. (1907). [[iarchive:proceedingsofzoo19071446zool/page/380|"The Ears as a Race-Character in the African Elephant"]]. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (January to April): 380–403. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1907.tb01824.x|10.1111/j.1096-3642.1907.tb01824.x]].</ref> Tsotlhe di tsewa di [[:en:Synonym_(taxonomy)|tshwana]] le tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika.[1] Mofuta wa boraro, tlou ya Afrika Bophirima, le one o tshitshintswe mme o tlhoka go tlhomamisiwa. Go akanngwa gore losika lono lo ntse lo kgaogantswe le ba bangwe dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi le makgolo a mane.<ref>Eggert, L.S.; Rasner, C.A. & Woodruff, D.S. (2002). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691127 "The evolution and phylogeography of the African elephant inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence and nuclear microsatellite markers"]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 269 (1504): 1993–2006. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2070|10.1098/rspb.2002.2070.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691127 1691127]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12396498 12396498].</ref> === Mefuta e e sa tlholeng e le teng le mefutapotlana === Magareng ga bofelo jwa lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabobedi le masome a mabedi a le mangwe la dingwaga, go ne ga tlhalosiwa ditlou tse di latelang tsa Afrika tse di sa tlholeng di le teng go ya ka [[:en:Fossil|masalela]] a dilo tse di epolotsweng: * [[:en:North_African_elephant|Tlou ya Bokone jwa Aforika]] († ''Loxodonta africana pharaohensis'' ) e e neng ya akantshiwa ke [[:en:Paulus_Edward_Pieris_Deraniyagala|Paulus Edward Pieris Deraniyagala]] ka ngwaga 1948 e ne e le sekao go tswa kwa [[:en:Fayum|Fayum]] kwa Egepeto.<ref>Deraniyagala, P. E. P. (1955). Some extinct elephants, their relatives, and the two living species. Colombo: Ceylon National Museums Publication.</ref> * † [[:en:Loxodonta_atlantica|''Loxodonta atlantica'']] e ne ya akantshiwa jaaka ''Elephas atlanticus'' ke [[:en:Auguste_Pomel|Auguste Pomel]] ka ngwaga wa 1879 go ikaegilwe ka [[:en:Skull|legata]] le marapo a a fitlhetsweng kwa [[:en:Tighennif|Ternifine]], kwa Algeria.<ref>Pomel, A. (1897). "[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k62754098/f48 Elephas atlanticus Pom.]". Les éléphants quaternaires. Paléontologie : monographies. Alger: P. Fontana & Co. pp. 42–59.</ref> * † [[:en:Loxodonta_exoptata|''Loxodonta exoptata'']] e e neng ya akantshiwa ke [[:de:Wilhelm Otto Dietrich|Wilhelm Otto Dietrich]] ka ngwaga wa 1941 e ne e ikaegile ka meno a a fitlhetsweng kwa [[:en:Laetoli|Laetoli]], kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:Tanzania|Tanzania]].<ref>Dietrich, W. O. (1941). "Die säugetierpaläontologischen Ergebnisse der Kohl-Larsen'schen Expedition 1937–1939 im nördlichen Deutsch-Ostafrika". ''Zentralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie''. '''B''' (8): 217–223. </ref> * † [[:en:Loxodonta_adaurora|''Loxodonta'']] [[:en:Loxodonta_adaurora|''adaurora'']] e e neng ya akantshiwa ke Vincent Maglio ka ngwaga wa 1970 e ne e le [[:en:Skeleton|lerapo le le feletseng]] le le neng la fitlhelwa kwa [[:en:Kanapoi|Kanapoi]], kwa Kenya.<ref>Maglio, V. J. (1970). [[iarchive:breviora326350harv/page/n291|"Four new species of Elephantidae from the Plio-Pleistocene of northwestern Kenya]]". ''Breviora'' (341): 1–43.</ref> * † [[:en:Loxodonta_cookei|''Loxodonta cookei'']] e e tshitshintsweng ke [[:en:William_J._Sanders|William J. Sanders]] ka ngwaga wa 2007 go ikaegilwe ka meno a a fitlhetsweng kwa Sebopegong sa Varswater kwa Langebaanweg, Aforika Borwa <ref>Sanders, W. (2007). [https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/billsanders/wp-content/uploads/sites/382/2016/04/AP-SANDERS-REVISED.pdf "Taxonomic review of fossil Proboscidea (Mammalia) from Langebaanweg, South Africa"] (PDF). Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa. 62 (1) (Online ed.): 1–16. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007TRSSA..62....1S :2007TRSSA..62....1S.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/00359190709519192|10.1080/00359190709519192.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27499106 27499106].</ref> === Kamano ya ditshika le tlhabologo === Dikamano tsa ditlou tse di tshelang le tse di nyeletseng tse di ikaegileng ka DNA, morago ga Palkopoulou et al. ngwaga wa 2018.<ref name=":1">Palkopoulou, E.; Lipson, M.; Mallick, S.; Nielsen, S.; Rohland, N.; Baleka, S.; Karpinski, E.; Ivancevic, A. M.; Thu-Hien To; Kortschak, R. D.; Raison, J. M.; Zhipeng, Q.; Tat-Jun C.; Alt, K. W.; Claesson, S.; Dalén, L.; MacPhee, R. D. E.; Meller, H.; Roca, A. L.; Ryder, O. A.; Heiman, D.; Young, S.; Breen, M.; Williams, C.; Aken, B. L.; Ruffier, M.; Karlsson, E.; Johnson, J.; Di Palma, F.; Alfoldi, J.; Adelson, D. L.; Mailund, T.; Munch, K.; Lindblad-Toh, K.; Hofreiter, M.; Poinar, H.; Reich, D. (2018). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5856550 "A comprehensive genomic history of extinct and living elephants"]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (11): E2566–E2574. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PNAS..115E2566P 2018PNAS..115E2566P.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.1720554115|10.1073/pnas.1720554115]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5856550 5856550]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29483247 29483247].</ref> Mofuta wa bogologolo wa ''Loxodonta'' o o itsiweng ke ''[[:en:Loxodonta_cookei|Loxodonta cookei]]'', ka masalela a mofuta o o itsiweng go tswa mo dingwageng di ka nna didikadike di le supa go ya kwa botlhanong tse di fetileng, go tswa mo masaleleng a a fitlhetsweng kwa Chad, Kenya, Uganda, le Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":4">Sanders, W. J. (2023). Evolution and Fossil Record of African Proboscidea (First ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 154, 205–208. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1201/b20016|10.1201/b20016.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-315-11891-8|978-1-315-11891-8.]]</ref> Tshekatsheko ya [[:en:DNA_sequences|tatelano ya DNA]] ya nuclear e supa gore [[:en:Genetic_divergence|pharologano ya dijini]] magareng ga ditlou tsa sekgwa le tsa sekgwa tsa Aforika e simolotse dingwaga di tlgoa ka didikadike di le pedi tsotlhe le dikete di le makgolo a marataro go ya go didikadike di le tlhano tsotlhe le dikete di le makgolo a marataro. tse di fetileng. Tlou ya sekgwa sa Aforika e fitlhetswe e na le mefutafuta e e kwa godimo ka dikirii ya pharologano ya dijini, e e ka tswang e bontsha go kgaogana ga bonno jwa yona ka nako le nako ka nako ya diphetogo tsa [[:en:Pleistocene|Pleistocene]].<ref name=":3" /> [[:en:Gene_flow|Go elela ga dijini]] fa gare ga mefuta e mebedi ya ditlou tsa Aforika go ne ga sekasekwa mo mafelong a le masome a mabedi le bongwe. Tshekatsheko e senotse gore ditlou di le mmalwa tsa sekgwa tsa Aforika di ne di na le [[:en:Mitochondrial_DNA|DNA e e fitlhelwang mo dikarolong tsa mmele tse di ntshang maatla tsa mitochondria]] ya ditlou tsa sekgwa sa Aforika, se se supang gore di ne tsa kopanngwa go tswa mo mefuteng e mebedi e e farologang mo kgaolong ya phetogo ya lefelo la bojang jo bontsi-sekgwa mo dinakong tsa bogologolo.<ref>Roca, A. L.; Georgiadis, N. & [[:en:Stephen_J._O'Brien|O'Brien, S. J.]] (2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20131127012455/http://planet.uwc.ac.za/nisl/Biodiversity/pdf/Nature%20Genet%202005%20Roca%20et%20al%20elephant%20phylgeogr.pdf "Cytonuclear genomic dissociation in African elephant species]" (PDF). Nature Genetics. 37 (1): 96–100. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/ng1485|10.1038/ng1485.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15592471 15592471]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10029589 10029589]. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20131127012455/http://planet.uwc.ac.za/nisl/Biodiversity/pdf/Nature%20Genet%202005%20Roca%20et%20al%20elephant%20phylgeogr.pdf the original] (PDF) on 27 November 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2019.</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, le fa go ne go na le go kopana ga ditshedi kwa lefelong la kgolagano magareng ga mefuta e mebedi, go lebega go nnile le kelelo e nnye ya dijini e e atlegileng magareng ga mefuta e mebedi fa e sale e kgaogana ga yone la ntlha.<ref name=":1" /> [[Setshwantsho:Palaeoloxodon phylogeny.svg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa phylogeny se se bontshang maemo a [[:en:Straight-tusked_elephant|tlou ya dinaka tse di tlhamaletseng]] (''Palaeoloxodon antiquus'') fa e bapisiwa le mefuta e mengwe ya ba lelapa la ditlou, se ikaegile ka diphatsa tsa nuklei , go ya ka Palkopoulou le ba bangwe (ngwaga wa 2018). Se gape se bontsha [[:en:Hybrid_(biology)|pharologanyo ya diphatsa]] e e diragetseng ka ntlha ya go [[:en:Introgression|tsalana]] ga mefuta e e farologaneng , fa [[:en:Gene_flow|diphatsa di fetisiwa]] go tswa mo ditloung tsa sekgwa go ya mo ''[[:en:Palaeoloxodon|Palaeoloxodon]]'']] DNA go tswa mo tlou ya karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe e [[:en:Straight-tusked_elephant|e nang le mana a a tlhamaletseng]] (''Palaeoloxodon antiquus'') e supa gore mofuta wa tlou o o sa tlholeng o le teng wa [[:en:Palaeoloxodon|''Palaeoloxodon'']] o amana thata le ditlou tsa Afrika go na le ditlou tsa Asia kgotsa ditlou tse dikgolo. Tshekatsheko ya jenome ya ''P. antiquus'' gape e bontsha gore ''Palaeloxodon'' e [[:en:Hybrid_(biology)|kopantswe thata]] le ditlou tsa sekgwa sa Aforika, mme se sa felela ka [[:en:Hybrid_(biology)|kelelo ya dijini tse di tsenelelang]] go tswa mo ditloung tsa Aforika go ya kwa ''Palaeoloxodon'', ka jenome ya mitochondrial le go feta karolo ya masomea mararo mo lekgolong ya genome ya nyutlea ya ''P. antiquus'' e e tswang mo ''L.cyclotis'' . Losika lo lo gaufi le dipalopalo tsa segompieno tsa Aforika bophirima go na le dipalopalo tsa Aforika bogare tsa ditlou tsa sekgwa.<ref name=":1" /> Tshekatsheko ya di-mitogenome tsa ''[[:en:Palaeoloxodon_huaihoensis|Palaeoloxodon tsa China]]'' e supa gore losika lono lwa ditlou tsa sekgwa lo ne lo abelanwa thata mo ''mefuteng ya Palaeoloxodon''.<ref>Lin, H.; Hu, J.; Baleka, S.; Yuan, J.; Chen, X.; Xiao, B.; Song, S.; Du, Z.; Lai, X.; Hofreiter, M.; Sheng, G. (2023). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10353889 "A genetic glimpse of the Chinese straight-tusked elephants"]. Biology Letters. 19 (7) 20230078. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rsbl.2023.0078|10.1098/rsbl.2023.0078.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10353889 10353889]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37463654 37463654].</ref> == Tlhaloso == === Letlalo ,ditsebe le Selopo === [[Setshwantsho:Elephant skeleton.jpg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa marapo a mmele wa tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika]] [[Setshwantsho:Loxodonta africana-cyclotis skulls PZSL.png|thumb|Papiso ya ditlhogo tsa ditlou tsa sekgwa (ka fa molemeng) le tsa sekgwa (ka fa mojeng) fa di bonwa kwa pele. Ela tlhoko tlhogo e khutshwane le e e bulegileng ya ''L. cyclotis'', e e nang le phatla e e tshesane mo boemong jwa phatla e e tshesane.]] [[Setshwantsho:African Bush Elephant Skull.jpg|thumb|Legata la tlou e tona ya mo sekgweng ya Aforika le bontshiwa kwa [[:en:Museum_of_Osteology|Lefelong la Polokelo la Thuto ya Marapo]]]] Ditlou tsa Aforika di na le letlalo le le menaganeng le le bosetlha le le bokima jwa di milimetara di le masome a mararo (boleele jwa di inch di le nngwe ntlha pedi ) le le khurumeditsweng ke moriri o o sa tlhomamang, o o nang le ditlhale o o borokwa jo bo gateletseng go ya go bontshong. Moriri o mokhutshwane o o kgonang go amiwa o gola mo selopong , se se nang le dithulaganyo tse pedi tse di tshwanang le menwana kwa ntlheng, fa ditlou tsa Asia tsone di na le e le nngwe fela.<ref name=":0" /> Ditsebe tsa tsone tse dikgolo di thusa go fokotsa mogote wa mmele. Go di phaphatha go dira gore go nne le metsi a mowa mme go senola matlhakore a a kafa teng a ditsebe kwa ditshika tse dikgolo tsa madi di oketsang tatlhegelo ya mogote ka nako ya maemo a bosa a a mogote. Selopo sa tlou ke katoloso e e kgonang go [[:en:Prehensile|tshwara]] ya molomo wa yone o o kwa godimo le nko. Tokololo e, e e nang le kutlo e kgolo e laolwa thata ke tshika wa kutlo ya [[:en:Trigeminal_nerve|trigeminal]], mme go akanngwa gore e tsamaisiwa ke mesifa e e ka nnang dikete di le masome a mane go ya go dikete di le masome a marataro. Ka ntlha ya popego e ya mesifa, selopo sa tlou se nonofile thata mo e leng gore tlou e ka kgona go tsholetsa mo e ka nnang karolo ya boraro mo lekgolong ka bokete jwa mmele wa yone ka sone. Ditlou di dirisa selopo sa tsone go dupa, go ama, go ja, go nwa, go iphara ka lerole, go ntsha medumo, go rwala dilo, go itshireletsa le go tlhasela.<ref name=":5">Shoshani, J. (1978). [[doi:10.22237/elephant/1491234053|"General information on elephants with emphasis on tusks"]]. Elephant. 1 (2) elephant.eP1016: 20–31. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.22237/elephant/1491234053|10.22237/elephant/1491234053]].</ref> Ka dinako dingwe, ditlou di thuma ka fa tlase ga metsi mme di dirisa selopo sa tsone jaaka tšhupu ya go hema ([[:en:Snorkel_(swimming)|snorkel]])<ref>West, J.B. (2002). "[[doi:10.1152/nips.01374.2001|Why doesn't the elephant have a pleural space?".]] News in Physiological Sciences. 17 (2): 47–50. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1152/nips.01374.2001|10.1152/nips.01374.2001]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11909991 11909991]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27321751 27321751].</ref> == Dinaka le meno a a ko morago == Ditlou tse ditonanyana le tse di namagadi tsa Aforika ka bobedi di na le dinaka tse di golang go tswa mo [[:en:Deciduous_teeth|menong a a tlhotlhoregang]] a a bidiwang tushes, a a emisediwang ke meno fa dinamane di ka nna ngwaga o le mongwe. Dinaka di bopilwe ka [[:en:Dentin|dentin]], e e bopang dipopego tse dinnye tsa sebopego sa teemane mo gare ga mana a a nnang magolo mo matlhakoreng a lone.<ref name=":5" /> Dinaka di dirisiwa thata go epa medi le go apola lekwati la ditlhare go bona dijo, go lwa ka nako ya go nyala, le go iphemela kgatlhanong le dibatana tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe. Dinaka tse di bokete jo bo tswang mo dikilogram di le masome a mabedi le boraro go ya go masome a mane le botlhano (bokete jwa di ponto di le masome a matlhano le bongwe go ya masome a borobabongwe le bongwe) mme a ka nna boleele jwa di meter di le bongwe le sephatlho go ya kwa bobedi le ntlha nne (boleele jwa leoto bo le botlhano go ya kwa borobabobeding). Di bobegetse kwa pele mme di tswelela go gola mo botshelong jotlhe jwa tlou.<ref name=":6">Burnie, D. (2001). Animal. London: [[:en:Dorling_Kindersley|Dorling Kindersley]].</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Loxodonta africana - Molar of an adult.JPG|thumb|Leino le legolo la tlou ya sekgwa sa Aforika, le le bontshang di-mekoti e e naleng phefo mo marapong a sefatlhego tsa sebopego sa loxodont/lozenge/dithapo tsa boalo jwa bogodimo jwa leino]] [[Setshwantsho:Loxodonta molar diagram.svg|thumb|Setshwantsho sa boalogodimo jwa leino la tlou ya Aforika]] Popego ya meno (dental formula) ya tlou ke:1.0.3.3/0.0.3.3× 2 = 26 (Nngwe, lefela, boraro, boraro/ lefela, lefela, boraro , boraro, tsotlhe di menagantswe gabedi, a bo tsotlhe di lekana le meno a le masome a mabedi le marataro)<ref name=":5" />Tlou e na le meno a magolo a le mane. Leino lengwe le lengwe le bokete jwa dikilogerama di le tlhano ( ponto tse lesome le bongwe) mme le boleele jwa disentimetara di le masome a mararo (inch di le lesome le bobedi). Fa meno a a kwa pele a senyega mme a wa ka dikarolwana, a a kwa morago a sutela kwa pele, mme meno a matona a mabedi a masha a mela kwa morago ga molomo. Ditlou di fetola meno a yone gararo go ya go garataro mo botshelong jwa tsone. Fa e fitlha mo dingwageng di ka nna masome a mane go ya go masome a marataro, e latlhegelwa ke meno a yone a bofelo mme gantsi e swa ka ntlha ya tlala, e leng sengwe sa mabaka a a tlwaelesegileng a loso. Ditlou tsa Aforika di na le meno a le masome a mabedi le mane ka kakaretso, a le marataro mo karolong nngwe le nngwe ya lotlhaya. Dikarolo tsa boalo jo bo ha godimo mo menong a magolo di dinnye ka palo fa di bapisiwa le tsa ditlou tsa Asia.<ref>[[:en:Juliet_Clutton-Brock|Clutton-Brock, J.]] (1987). A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals. Cambridge University Press. p. 208. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-521-34697-5|0-521-34697-5]].</ref> Boalo jwa ya meno a magolo bo apara e bo bo nna le sebopego sa taemane (<>), e leng letshwao le le tlwaelesegileng mo ditloung tsotlhe tsa mofuta wa ''Loxodonta''.<ref name=":4" /> Le fa mefuta mengwe ya ''Loxodonta'' e e nyeletseng e ne e santse e na le meno a sa feleng a [[:en:Premolar|leino le le fa gare ga leino la go gagola le leino la go sila]], meno ao ga sa tlhole a le teng mo mefuteng e mebedi e e sa ntseng e tshela.<ref>Sanders, W. J. (2018). "Horizontal tooth displacement and premolar occurrence in elephants and other elephantiform proboscideans". Historical Biology. 30 (1–2): 137–156. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018HBio...30..137S 2018HBio...30..137S]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/08912963.2017.1297436|10.1080/08912963.2017.1297436]].</ref> === Bogolo === Tlou ya naga ya Aforika ke yone phologolo e e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe tse di [[:en:Terrestrial_animal|tshelang mo lefatsheng]]. Fa maemo a siame mme e ka gola ka botlalo, ditlou tse di godileng tsotlhe di nna boleele jwa dimetara di le pedi tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a mane le bosupa go ya go dimetara di le pedi tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a supa le boraro mo magetleng (boleele jwa leoto bo le borobaobedi le intšhi e le nngwe go ya go boleele jwa leoto bo le borobabobedi le diintšhi di le lesome le bongwe), mme di nna bokete jwa ditone di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le thataro go ya go ditone di le tharo tsotlhe le dikarolo di le botlhano (ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le thataro go ya go ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le tharo tsotlhe le dikarolo di le nne; ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robongwe go ya go ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le tharo tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robongwe) fa dipoo tse di godileng tsotlhe di nna boleele jwa dimetara di le tharo tsotlhe le disentimetara di le nne go ya go dimetara di le tharo tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a mararo le borataro (boleele jwa leoto bo le lesome tsotlhe go ya go difaete di le lesome le bongwe), mme ka palogare di nna bokete jwa ditone di le tlhano tsotlhe le dikarolo di le pedi go ya go ditone di le thataro tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robongwe (ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le tlhano tsotlhe le karolo e le nngwe go ya go ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le thataro tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robedi; ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le tlhano tsotlhe le dikarolo di le supa go ya go ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le supa tsotlhe le dikarolo di le thataro).Poo e kgolo go tsotlhe e e kileng ya rekotiwa e ne e le boleele jwa dimetara di le tharo tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a robongwe le borataro mo magetleng (boleele jwa leoto bo le lesome le boraro), mme go akanngwa gore e ne e le bokete jwa ditone di le lesome tsotlhe le dikarolo di le nne (ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le lesome tsotlhe le dikarolo di le pedi; ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le lesome le nngwe tsotlhe le dikarolo di le botlhano).<ref>Larramendi, A. (2016). [[doi:10.4202/app.00136.2014|"Shoulder height, body mass and shape of proboscideans"]]. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 61 (3): 537–574. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AcPaP..61..537L 2016AcPaP..61..537L]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4202/app.00136.2014|10.4202/app.00136.2014]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2092950 2092950].</ref>Mokwatla wa yone o kobegile go ya teng gare, fa mokwatla wa tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika o batla o tlhamaletse.<ref name=":2" />Tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika e nnye thata fa e bapisiwa le ya naga. Fa maemo a siame mme e gola ka botlalo, dipoo tsa tlou ya sekgwa di akanngwa gore ka palogare di nna boleele jwa dimetara di le pedi tsotlhe le disentimetara di le robongwe go ya go dimetara di le pedi tsotlhe le disentimetara di le masome a mararo le bongwe (boleele jwa leoto bo le thataro tsotlhe le diintšhi di le robongwe go ya go boleele jwa leoto bo le supa tsotlhe le diintšhi di le thataro), mme di nna bokete jwa ditone tsotlhe di le nngwe tsotlhe le dikarolo di le supa go ya go ditone tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le tharo (ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le nngwe tsotlhe le dikarolo di le supa go ya go ditone tse ditelele tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le tharo; ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le nngwe tsotlhe le dikarolo di le robongwe go ya go ditone tse dikhutshwane tsotlhe di le pedi tsotlhe le dikarolo di le botlhano) == Phatlalatso le bonno == [[Setshwantsho:African elephants, World, 2015 (cropped).svg|thumb|Ditlou tsa Aforika]] Ditlou tsa Aforika di anamisitswe kwa [[:en:Sub-Saharan_Africa|Afrika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara]], kwa di nnang mo dikgaolong tsa [[:en:Scrubland|ditlhatshana]] tsa [[:en:Sahel|Sahelian]] le tse di [[:en:Arid|omileng]], [[:en:Tropical_rainforest|dikgwa tsa pula tsa boboatsatsi]], [[:en:Woodland|dikgwa]] tsa [[:en:Mopane|mopane]] le tsa [[:en:Miombo|miombo]]. Ditlou tsa sekgwa sa Aforika di bonwa fela mo Aforika Bogare le Bophirima.<ref name=":14">Blanc, J. J.; Thouless, C. R.; Hart, J. A.; Dublin, H. T.; Douglas-Hamilton, I.; Craig, G. C.; Barnes, R. F. W. (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z418bsp0fQoC African Elephant Status Report 2002: An update from the African Elephant Database]. Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 29. Gland and Cambridge: IUCN. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0707-5|978-2-8317-0707-5.]]</ref> == Boitshwaro le tikologo == === Lelwapa === [[Setshwantsho:Serengeti Elefantenherde2.jpg|thumb|Ditlou tse di namagadi tsa sekgwa kwa Tanzania]] [[Setshwantsho:Bee-Threat-Elicits-Alarm-Call-in-African-Elephants-pone.0010346.s004.ogv|thumb|Lelapa le tsibogela modumo wa tlhagiso ya dinotshe]] Mefuta ka bobedi ya ditlou tsa Aforika e nna mo ditlhopa tsa malapa tse di nang le dikgomo di le mmalwa tse di godileng, barwadi ba tsone le barwa ba tsona ba ba sa ntseng ba gola. Setlhopa se ngwe le sengwe sa lelapa se eteletswe pele ke kgomo e e godileng e e bidiwang [[:en:Matriarch|matriarch]].<ref name=":7">Douglas-Hamilton, I. (1973). "On the ecology and behaviour of the Lake Manyara elephants". African Journal of Ecology. 11 (3–4): 401–403. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973AfJEc..11..401D 1973AfJEc..11..401D.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.1973.tb00101.x|10.1111/j.1365-2028.1973.tb00101.x.]]</ref> <ref name=":8">Turkalo, A.; Barnes, R. (2013). [https://books.google.com/books?id=B_07noCPc4kC&pg=PA195 "Loxodonta cyclotis Forest Elephant"]. In Kingdon, J.; Happold, D.; Hoffmann, M.; Butynski, T.; Happold, M.; Kalina, J. (eds.). The Mammals of Africa. Vol. I. Introductory Chapters and Afrotheria. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 195–200. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-8996-2|978-1-4081-8996-2.]]</ref>Ditlhopha tsa ditlou tsa sekgwa sa Aforika ga di kopane thata jaaka ditlhopha tsa ditlou tsa sekgwa tsa Aforika, gongwe ka ntlha ya go tlhoka dibatana tsa tlholego tse di jang ditshedi tse dingwe.<ref name=":8" /> Fa ditlhopa tsa malapa tse di kgaoganeng di golagana, di bopa ditlhopha tsa losika kgotsa tsa kgolagano. Morago ga [[:en:Puberty|go gola]], ditlou tse ditonanyana di na le go dira dikgolagano tse di gaufi le tse dingwe tse ditonanyana. Le fa ditlou tse di namagadi e le tsone tse di matlhagatlhaga thata mo ditlhopheng tsa ditlou tsa Aforika, ditlou tse ditonanyana le tse di namagadi di kgona go farologanya makgolokgolo a dipitso tse di farologaneng tsa [[:en:Infrasonic|infrasonic]] tsa makhubu a a kwa tlase go buisana le go tlhaolana.<ref>McComb, K.; Moss, C.; Sayialel, S.; Baker, L. (2000). "Unusually extensive networks of vocal recognition in African elephants". Animal Behaviour. 59 (6): 1103–1109. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000AnBeh..59.1103M 2000AnBeh..59.1103M]. [[:en:CiteSeerX_(identifier)|CiteSeerX]] [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.332.7064 10.1.1.332.7064]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1006/anbe.2000.1406|10.1006/anbe.2000.1406]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10877888 10877888]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17628123 17628123].</ref><ref>McComb, K.; Moss, C.; Durant, S. M.; Baker, L.; Sayialel, S. (2001). "Matriarchs As Repositories of Social Knowledge in African Elephants". Science. 292 (5516): 491–494. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Sci...292..491M 2001Sci...292..491M.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1057895|10.1126/science.1057895.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11313492 11313492]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17594461 17594461].</ref> Ditlou di dirisa [[:en:Infrasound#Animal_reactions_to_infrasound|mantswe mangwe]] a a fetang bokgoni jwa go utlwa jwa batho,<ref>Herbst, C. T.; Stoeger, A. S.; Frey, R.; Lohscheller, J.; Titze, I.; Gumpenberger, M.; Fitch, W. T. (2012). "How Low Can You Go? Physical Production Mechanism of Elephant Infrasonic Vocalizations". Science. 337 (6094): 595–599. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012Sci...337..595H 2012Sci...337..595H.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1219712|10.1126/science.1219712.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22859490 22859490]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32792564 32792564].</ref> go buisana go kgabaganya dikgala tse dikgolo. Dingwao tsa go nyalana tsa ditlou di akaretsa go loganya dikutu ka bonolo.<ref>Buss, I.; Smith, N. (1966). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150518072553/http://faculty.rio.edu/dalthoff/Courses/MA/TP-Buss%20and%20Smith-Elephant%20Repo%20Breeding%20Behavior-1966-JWM.pdfhttps://web.archive.org/web/20150518072553/http://faculty.rio.edu/dalthoff/Courses/MA/TP-Buss%20and%20Smith-Elephant%20Repo%20Breeding%20Behavior-1966-JWM.pdf Observations on Reproduction and Breeding Behavior of the African Elephant] (PDF). Allen Press. Archived from [http://faculty.rio.edu/dalthoff/Courses/MA/TP-Buss%20and%20Smith-Elephant%20Repo%20Breeding%20Behavior-1966-JWM.pdf the original] (PDF) on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2013.</ref> Dipoo di ne di dumelwa fa e le diphologolo tse di nnang di le tsosi, di ikemela ka nosi fa di setse di godile. Dipatlisiso tse dišwa di tlhagisa gore dipoo di boloka kitso ya tikologo ya motlhape, go tlhofofatsa go tshela fa di batla dijo le metsi, se gape se solegelang dipoo tse dinnye tse di amanang le tsona molemo. Dipoo di boela fela mo motlhapeng go ya go tsala kgotsa go itsalanya; ga di neele bana ba tsona tlhokomelo ya botsadi kgotsa go ba godisa, mme go na le moo di tshameka karolo ya borre ka kakaretso mo dipoong tse dinnye go supa taolo.<ref>Briggs, H. (2020). "[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-54018133 Secrets of male elephant society revealed in the wild"]. BBC News. Retrieved 7 September 2020.</ref> === Boitshwaro jwa kgaolo le tiriso ya sebaka === Ditlou tsa Aforika ga di nne le kgaolo fela mme di bontsha mefuta e e farologaneng ya mekgwa ya tiriso ya sebaka tse di tlhotlhelediwang ke popego ya loago, pharologano ya dipaka le seemo sa bosa, le go nna teng ga didirisiwa.<ref name=":9">Wittemyer, G.; Getz, W. M.; Vollrath, F.; Douglas-Hamilton, I. (2007). "Social dominance, seasonal movements, and spatial segregation in African elephants: a contribution to conservation behavior". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 61 (12): 1919–1931. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00265-007-0432-0|10.1007/s00265-007-0432-0.]]</ref> Metlhape gantsi e nna mo [[:en:Home_range|mefuteng ya magae]] e e farologaneng go tswa go makgolo a le mmalwa go ya go dikete di le mmalwa tsa khutlonne ya dikilometara go ikaegile ka go nna teng ga didirisiwa le maemo a bonno; metlhape e latela ditsela tsa go fuduga le mekgwa ya motsamao e e golaganyang mafelo a a sireleditsweng le mafelo a mangwe a a tshwanetseng a a nang le seabe se se botlhokwa mo go tshegetseng kgolagano ya baagi le phitlhelelo ya metswedi e e botlhokwa jaaka dimela le metsi.<ref>Douglas-Hamilton, I.; Krink, T.; Vollrath, F. (2005). "Movements and corridors of African elephants in relation to protected areas". Naturwissenschaften. 92 (4): 158–163. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00114-004-0606-9|10.1007/s00114-004-0606-9.]]</ref> Dintlha tse dingwe jaaka taolo ya loago le dintlha tsa tikologo jaaka pula le ntshodikuno ya dimela le tsona di tlhotlheletsa kgaogano ya sebaka mo ditlhopheng mo teng ga kgaolo e le nngwe.<ref name=":9" /> ==== Go nna bogale, go lwa le go laola ==== Ditlou tsa Aforika di bontsha mekgwa e e raraaneng ya go nna bogale e e tsamayang le go nna le taolo, segolobogolo mo teng ga tse ditonanyana tse di godileng. Musth ke lereo le le kayang seemo sa mmele fa ditlou tse ditonanyana tsa Aforika di bontshang go tlhatloga go gogolo ga hormone ya bonna, tiro e e oketsegileng ya thobalano, le go nna bogale go go oketsegileng mme le lemogwa ka nako ya kgaisano ya banna le banna.<ref name=":10">Poole, J.H. (1989). "Announcing intent: the aggressive state of musth in African elephants". Animal Behaviour. 37: 140–152. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/0003-3472(89)90014-6|10.1016/0003-3472(89)90014-6.]]</ref> Mo pakeng e tlou e tona ya Aforika e dirang musth, di bontsha maitsholo a a tlwaelegileng a a akaretsang go ntsha kgeleswa ya nakwana, go elela ga moroto, le dipopego tse di rileng tse di tlhalosang seemo sa tsona mo bathong ba bangwe.<ref name=":10" /> Ka go dira maitsholo a, ditlou tse ditonanyana tsa Aforika di fokotsa tlhokego ya go thulana ka mmele ka go tlhaeletsana ka maemo a bolaodi. Le fa go ntse jalo, mo mabakeng a mofuta ono wa puisano o palelwang, dikopano tse di bogale tse di akaretsang go tlhotlhora le go kgarametsa di ka diragala fa go gaisana ka dinamagadi tse di amogelang.<ref name=":10" /> Tatelano ya taolo mo teng ga motlhape wa ditlou e tlhotlhelediwa thata e bile e ikaegile ka dingwaga, bogolo, le maemo a musth mme tse ditonanyana tse di godileng ka tlwaelo di feta tse dinnye kgotsa tse e seng tsa musth.<ref name=":10" /> === Go jesa tikologo le dijo === Ditlou tsa Aforika ke dijo tsa ditlhatshana ka kakaretso mme di ja mefuta e e farologaneng ya matlhare, bojang, makwati, le maungo, fela dimela tsa logong ka dipaka tsa komelelo.<ref>Rode, K.D.; Chiyo, P.I.; Chapman, C.A.; McDowell, L.R. (2006). "Nutritional ecology of elephants in Kibale National Park, Uganda, and its relationship with crop-raiding behaviour". Journal of Tropical Ecology. 22 (4): 441–449. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0266467406003233|10.1017/S0266467406003233.]]</ref> Fa di ntse di ja, di kgetla matlhare le go gagola dikala di dirisa meno, se se ka bakang tshenyo e kgolo mo matlhareng.<ref name=":6" /> [[:en:Fermentation|Go bedisa ga dijo]] go diragala mo [[:en:Hindgut|maleng a a kwa morago]], go kgontsha go ja dijo tse dintsi.<ref>Clauss, M.; Frey, R.; Kiefer, B.; Lechner-Doll, M.; Loehlein, W.; Polster, C.; Roessner, G. E.; Streich, W. J. (2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190608152406/https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/2393/2/Oecologia_body_size_2003V.pdf "The maximum attainable body size of herbivorous mammals: morphophysiological constraints on foregut, and adaptations of hindgut fermenters]" (PDF). [[:en:Oecologia|Oecologia]]. 136 (1): 14–27. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Oecol.136...14C 2003Oecol.136...14C]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00442-003-1254-z|10.1007/s00442-003-1254-z.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12712314 12712314]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206989975 206989975]. Archived from [http://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/2393/2/Oecologia_body_size_2003V.pdf the original] (PDF) on 8 June 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019.</ref> Bogolo jo bogolo le mala a a kwa morago a tlou ya Aforika gape di letla tshilo ya dikarolo tse di farologaneng tsa semela, go akaretsa dikutu tse di nang le ditlhale, lekwati le medi.<ref>Owen-Smith, N.; Chafota, J. (2012). [[doi:10.1644/11-MAMM-A-350.1|"Selective feeding by a megaherbivore, the African elephant (Loxodonta africana)"]]. Journal of Mammalogy. 93 (3): 698–705. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1644/11-MAMM-A-350.1|10.1644/11-MAMM-A-350.1]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83726553 83726553].</ref> Ditlou tsa Aforika di thusa mo go meleng ga dipeo ka ntlha ya mala a tsone a magolo; ka di kgona go akaretsa lefelo le legolo mo letsatsing le le lengwe, di anamisa dipeo go tswa mo ditlhareng tse di farologaneng ka bonako. Ditlou di fula mo ditlhareng mme di ja dipeo tse di tswang mo go tsone, mme morago ga moo, fa peo e feta [[:en:Gastrointestinal_tract|mo tseleng ya mala]] mme morago ga moo e bo e tswa, dipeo di a nontshiwa mme di siametse go gola. Go mela ka ditlou go thibela kgaisano ya dimela mme go tlosa tlhokego ya gore dipeo dingwe di fokelwe ke phefo go gola, kgotsa thulaganyo ya go mela ka go sa rulaganngwa. Mefutafuta ya dimela le ditlhare tse di ka golang ka thulaganyo e le yona e a oketsega ka gonne dithotobolo tsa boloko di ka nna le mefuta e e farologaneng ya ditlhare e e fetang 10, mme dingwe di na le metlhala ya ditlhare di le 50 le kwa godimo.<ref>Campos-Arceiz, A. & Blake, S. (2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160427025644/http://www.santuariodeelefantes.org.br/docs/Campos_Arceiz_2011_Elephant_seed_dispersal.pdf "Megagardeners of the forest – the role of elephants in seed dispersal"] (PDF). Acta Oecologica. 37 (6): 542–553. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AcO....37..542C 2011AcO....37..542C.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.actao.2011.01.014|10.1016/j.actao.2011.01.014]]. Archived from [http://www.santuariodeelefantes.org.br/docs/Campos_Arceiz_2011_Elephant_seed_dispersal.pdf the original] (PDF) on 27 April 2016.</ref><ref>Poulsen, J. R.; Beirne, C.; Rundel, C.; Baldino, M.; Kim, S.; Knorr, J.; Minich, T.; Jin, Lingrong; Núñez, C. L.; Xiao, S.; Mbamy, W.; Obiang, G. N.; Masseloux, J.; Nkoghe, T. & Ebanega, M. O. (2021). "[[doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.789264|Long distance seed dispersal by forest eephants"]]. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 9 789264. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021FrEEv...989264P 2021FrEEv...989264P]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]][[doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.789264|:10.3389/fevo.2021.789264]].</ref> === Botlhale === ''Bona gape : [[:en:Elephant_cognition|Tlhaloganyo ya tlou]]'' [[Setshwantsho:Elephant scratching on a tree.jpg|thumb|Go ingwaa mo setlhareng go thusa go tlosa boalo jwa letlalo le le suleng le dinwa madi]] Ditlou tsa Aforika di botlhale thata.<ref>Plotnik, J. M.; De Waal, F. B.; Reiss, D. (2006). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636577 "Self-recognition in an Asian elephant".] Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (45): 17053–17057. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PNAS..10317053P 2006PNAS..10317053P.] doi:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.0608062103|10.1073/pnas.0608062103]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636577 1636577]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17075063 17075063].</ref> Di na le [[:en:Neocortex|neocortex]] e kgolo thata e e sothegileng thata, e leng selo se di nang le sone le [[:en:Humans|batho]] le [[:en:Apes|dikgabo]] tse dingwe, mmogo le mefuta mengwe ya di [[:en:Dolphin|dolphin]]. Di gareng ga mefuta e e botlhale thata mo lefatsheng. Ka bokete jo bo fetang fela kilgograme tse tlhano (ponto ye lesome le bongwe, [[:en:Elephant_cognition#Structure_of_the_brain|boboko jwa tlou]] bo bogolo go feta jwa phologolo epe e nngwe e e nnang mo lefatsheng. Boboko jwa tlou bo tshwana le [[:en:Human_brain|boboko jwa motho]] ka popego le go raraana ga tsone; [[:en:Cerebral_cortex|legogo]] la tlou le na le [[:en:Neurons|ditshika]] tse dintsi jaaka tsa boboko jwa motho,[<ref>Roth, G.; Stamenov, M. I.; Gallese, V. (2003). "Is the human brain unique?". Mirror Neurons and the Evolution of Brain and Language. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 63–76. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1002/0470867221.ch2|10.1002/0470867221.ch2.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-470-84960-6|978-0-470-84960-6.]]</ref> se se akantshang gore go nnile le [[:en:Convergent_evolution|thutotlhagelelo e e kopaneng]].<ref>Goodman, M.; Sterner, K.; Islam, M.; Uddin, M.; Sherwood, C.; Hof, P.; Hou, Z.; Lipovich, L.; Jia, H.; Grossman, L.; Wildman, D. (2009). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2791620 Phylogenomic analyses reveal convergent patterns of adaptive evolution in elephant and human ancestries]". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (49): 20824–20829. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PNAS..10620824G 2009PNAS..10620824G.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.0911239106|10.1073/pnas.0911239106.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2791620 2791620]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19926857 19926857].</ref> Ditlou di bontsha maitsholo a a farologaneng, go akaretsa le a a amanang le [[:en:Grief|khutsafalo]], [[:en:Learning|go ithuta]], [[:en:Mimicry|go etsisa]], [[:en:Art|botaki]], [[:en:Play_(activity)|motshameko]], go [[:en:Humor|tshegisa]], [[:en:Altruism|go sa ipone tsapa]], [[:en:Tools|tiriso ya didirisiwa]], [[:en:Compassion|kutlwelobotlhoko]], [[:en:Cooperation|tirisanommogo]],<ref name=":11">Plotnik, J. M.; Lair, R.; Suphachoksahakun, W.; De Waal, F. B. M. (2011). "[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3064331 Elephants know when they need assistance in a cooperative task".] Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (12): 5116–5121. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.1101765108|10.1073/pnas.1101765108.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3064331 3064331]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21383191 21383191].</ref> [[:en:Self-awareness|go itemoga]], [[:en:Memory|go gakologelwa]] le [[:en:Language|gongwe le puo.]]<ref>Parsell, D. L. (2003). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20071012170607/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/02/0221_030221_elephantvocal1.html In Africa, Decoding the 'Language' of Elephants"]. [[:en:National_Geographic_Magazine|National Geographic Magazine]] News. Archived from [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/02/0221_030221_elephantvocal1.html the original] on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 30 October 2007.</ref> Maitsholo a otlhe a supa mofuta o o botlhale thata o go akanngwang gore o lekana le [[:en:Cetaceans|di-cetacean]]<ref>Viegas, J. (2011). "[http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2011/03/08/3158077.htm Elephants smart as chimps, dolphins]". ABC Science. Retrieved 8 March 2011.</ref><ref name=":12">Viegas, J. (2011). [http://news.discovery.com/animals/elephants-intelligence-test-110307.html "Elephants Outwit Humans During Intelligence Test]". Discovery News. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110308093715/http://news.discovery.com/animals/elephants-intelligence-test-110307.html Archived] from the original on 8 March 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2011.</ref> le diphologolo tse di tshelang.<ref name=":12" /> Go raraana ga tlhaloganyo ga tlou ya Aforika go akaretsa maitsholo a a supang kutlwelobotlhoko, go rarabolola mathata, le maitsholo a setlhopha a a dirisanang mmogo. Diponagalo tseno di gatelela go kopana ga botlhale jwa thutotlhagelelo mo mefuteng yotlhe, go go tshwanang le go go bonwang mo diphologolong tse di tshelang le mo ditshedi tsa lewatle tsa cetaceans.<ref name=":11" /> === Go tsala === [[Setshwantsho:Bull elephants small.jpg|thumb|Ditlou tsa dipoo tse di bogale]] [[Setshwantsho:Elephant (Loxodonta africana) mating ritual composite.jpg|thumb|Moetlo wa go nyalana]] Ditlou tsa Aforika di kgona go [[:en:Fertility|tsala thata]] fa di le dingwaga di le masome a mabedi a le botlhano le masome a mane le botlhano. Dinamane ka tlwaelo di tsalwa morago ga paka ya [[:en:Gestation|boimana]] ya dikgwedi di le masome a mabedi le bobedi.<ref>Macdonald, D. (2001). The New Encyclopedia of Mammals. Oxford: [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]].</ref> Dinamane di tlhokomelwa ke mmaatsona le dinamane tse dingwe tse dinnye mo setlhopheng, se se itsegeng jaaka [[:en:Allomothering|allomothering]].<ref name=":7" /> Ditlou tse di namagadi tsa Aforika di kgona go simolola go tsala di le dingwaga di ka nna lesome go ya ko lesomeng le bobedi.<ref>Benedict, F. G. (1936). "The physiology of the elephant". ''Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. No. 474''. '''1'''.</ref> Morago ga go gola ka tlhakanelodikobo, banna ba simolola go itemogela [[:en:Musth|musth]], boemo jwa mmele le jwa maitsholo jo bo tlhaolwang ke testosterone e e kwa godimo, go nna bogale le tiro e ntsi ya thobalano.<ref name=":15">Hollister-Smith, J. A.; Poole, J. H.; Archie, E. A.; Vance, E. A.; Georgiadis, N. J.; [[:en:Cynthia_Moss|Moss, C. J]].; Alberts, S. C. (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150518085653/http://sites.biology.duke.edu/albertslab/pdfs/Hollister-Smith%26al_2007.pdf "Age, musth, and paternity success in wild male African elephants, Loxodonta africana"] (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 74 (2): 287–296. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AnBeh..74..287H 2007AnBeh..74..287H]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.12.008|10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.12.008.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54327948 54327948]. Archived from [http://sites.biology.duke.edu/albertslab/pdfs/Hollister-Smith%26al_2007.pdf the original] (PDF) on 18 May 2015.</ref><ref name=":16">[[:en:Raman_Sukumar|Sukumar, R.]] (2003). "Sexual selection and mate choice". The Living Elephants: Evolutionary Ecology, Behavior, and Conservation. Oxford, USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 112–124. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-19-510778-0|0-19-510778-0.]]</ref> Musth gape o dira tiro ya go bitsa tlhokomelo go tse di namagadi gore ke tsa boleng jo bo siameng, mme ga e ka ke ya etsisiwa jaaka dipitso tse di rileng kgotsa medumo e ka nna. Ditona di tsala bana ba le mmalwa ka dipaka tse di se mo musth. Ka nako ya fa estrus e le fa gare, ditlou tse di namagadi di batla tse ditonanyana tse di mo musth go di disa. Dinamagadi di tla goa, ka tsela e e kwa godimo, e e kwa tlase go gogela tse ditonanyana go tswa kwa kgakala. Ditlou tse ditonanyana gape di kgona go dupelela monko wa dihoromone tsa e namagadi e e siametseng go tsala. Se se dira gore tse ditonanyana di gaisane go nyalana, se se felelang ka gore tse di namagadi di nyalane le tse ditonanyana tse di godileng, tse di itekanetseng.<ref name=":13">Poole, J. H. (1989). "Mate guarding, reproductive success and female choice in African elephants". Animal Behaviour. 37: 842–849. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989AnBeh..37..842P 1989AnBeh..37..842P.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/0003-3472(89)90068-7|10.1016/0003-3472(89)90068-7]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53150105 53150105].</ref> Dinamagadi di tlhopha go fitlha kwa ntlheng e e rileng gore di nyalana le mang, ka gonne ke tsone tse di lekang go dira gore tse ditonanyana di gaisane go di disa. Le fa go ntse jalo, tse di namagadi ga di disiwe mo dikgatong tsa ntlha le tsa morago tsa estrus, tse di ka letlang go nyalana ke tse ditonanyana tse dinnye e seng mo musth.<ref name=":13" /> Ditona tse di fetang dingwaga di le masome a matlhano di gaisana thata le tse di namagadi mo estrus, mme di atlega thata fa di le dikgolo le go nna bogale thata.<ref name=":16" /> Ditonyana tse dikgolo di na le go tsala bana ba batona.<ref>Lee, P. C.; Moss, C. J. (1986). "Early maternal investment in male and female African elephant calves". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 18 (5): 353–361. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986BEcoS..18..353L 1986BEcoS..18..353L]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/bf00299666|10.1007/bf00299666]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10901693 10901693].</ref> Ditona tse di tlhaga di simolola go tsala mo dingwageng tsa tsone tsa masome a mararo fa di le mo bogolong le bokete jo bo gaisanang le tse ditonanyana tse dingwe tse di godileng. Katlego ya tsalo ya banna e kwa godimo mo bogareng jwa bogolo mme morago ga moo e simolole go fokotsega. Le fa go ntse jalo, se se ka ikaega ka maemo a monna mo setlhopheng sa bona, ka ge banna ba maemo a a kwa godimo ba tshegetsa seelo se se kwa godimo sa tsalo.<ref>Loizi, H.; Goodwin, T. E.; Rasmussen, L. E. L.; Whitehouse, A. M.; Schulte, B. A. (2009). "Sexual dimorphism in the performance of chemosensory investigatory behaviours by African elephants (Loxodonta africana)". Behaviour. 146 (3): 373–392. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1163/156853909X410964|10.1163/156853909X410964]].</ref> Bontsi jwa go nyalana go go lemogilweng ke ga banna mo musth ba ba fetang dingwaga di le 35. Ditebelelo tse ditelele di le masome a mabedi le bobedi di bontshitse gore dingwaga le musth ke dintlha tse di botlhokwa thata; "... banna ba ba godileng ba ne ba na le katlego e e kwa godimo ya go nna rre fa ba bapisiwa le banna ba bannye, se se akantshang kgonagalo ya go tlhophiwa ga thobalano go tshela lobaka lo loleele mo mofuteng o."<ref name=":15" />: (tsebe ya makgolo a mabedi le masome a borobabobedi le bosupa) == Matshosetsi == [[Setshwantsho:Number of African elephants.svg|thumb|Palo ya Ditlou tsa Aforika]] Mefuta ka bobedi e tshosediwa ke go [[:en:Habitat_loss|latlhegelwa ke bonno]] le go kgaogana. Go tsoma kgwebisano e e seng ka fa molaong ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|dinaka tsa tlou]] ke matshosetsi mo dinageng di le mmalwa tse di farologaneng gape. Tlou ya sekgwa ya Aforika e kwadilwe jaaka e e mo [[:en:Endangered_species|kotsing ya go nyelela]] mme tlou ya sekgwa sa Aforika e kwadilwe jaaka e e mo [[:en:Critically_Endangered|kotsing e e masisi]] mo [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|Manaaneng a Mahibidu a IUCN]] a a farologaneng.<ref>Gobush, K.S.; Edwards, C.T.T.; Balfour, D.; Wittemyer, G.; Maisels, F.; Taylor, R.D. (2022) [amended version of 2021 assessment]. [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/181008073/223031019 ''"Loxodonta africana"'']. [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]. 2022 e.T181008073A223031019. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T181008073A223031019.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-2.RLTS.T181008073A223031019.en.]]</ref><ref>Gobush, K.S.; Edwards, C.T.T.; Maisels, F.; Wittemyer, G.; Balfour, D.; Taylor, R.D. (2021) [errata version of 2021 assessment]. "[https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/181007989/204404464 ''Loxodonta cyclotis'']". [[:en:IUCN_Red_List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]. 2021 e.T181007989A204404464. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T181007989A204404464.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T181007989A204404464.en.]]</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Ivory trade.jpg|thumb|Banna ba ba nang le meno a tlou ya Aforika kwa Dar es Salaam, c. 1900]] Go ikaegilwe ka mefuta ya dimela tse di tlamelang ka bonno jo bo tshwanetseng jwa ditlou tsa Aforika, go ne ga akanyediwa gore mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe palogodimo ya ditlou tsa Aforika e ne e le didikadike di le masome a mabedi le borataro le dikete tsa makgolo a borobabongwe le lesome le boraro tse di ka tswang di ne di le teng go tswa kwa [[:en:Sahel|Sahel]] kwa bokone go ya kwa [[:en:Highveld|Highveld]] kwa borwa. Go fokotsega ga bonno jo bo tshwanetseng e ne e le selo se segolo se se bakileng go fokotsega ga palo ya ditlou go fitlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950. Go tsoma ditlou tsa Aforika go dira kgwebo ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|dinaka tsa tlou]] go ne ga itlhaganedisa kwelotlase go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go ya pele. [[:en:Carrying_capacity|Bokgoni jwa go rwala jwa mafelo]] a a setseng a a tshwanetseng bo ne bo akanyeddiwa go nna ditlou di le didikadike di le borobabobedi le dikete tse makgolo a borobabobgwe le masome a borobabobedi le botlhano ka bontsi ka ngwaga wa 1987.<ref>Milner-Gulland, E. J.; Beddington, J. R. (1993). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/252970898 The exploitation of elephants for the ivory trade: an historical perspective".] Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 252 (1333): 29–37. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993RSPSB.252...29M 1993RSPSB.252...29M]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rspb.1993.0042|10.1098/rspb.1993.0042.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128704128 128704128].</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 le bo 1980, tlhwatlhwa ya lonaka lwa tlou e ne ya tlhatloga, mme go tsoma lonaka lwa tlou go ne ga oketsega, bogolosegolo kwa dinageng tsa Aforika Bogare kwa phitlhelelo ya mafelo a ditlou e neng e tlhofofadiwa ke madirelo a go [[:en:Logging|rema ditlhare]] le meepo ya [[:en:Petroleum|peterolo]].<ref name=":14" /> Magareng ga dingwaga tsa 1976 le 1980, go ne ga romelwa ntle dinaka tsa ditlou tse di tala di ka nna bokete jwa tonne di le makgolo a borobabobedi le masome a mararo (ditone di le makgolo a borobabobedi le masome a mabedi tse ditelele; ditone di le makgolo a borobabongwe le lesome tse dikhutshwane) go tswa kwa Aforika go ya kwa [[:en:Hong_Kong|Hong Kong]] le [[:en:Japan|Japane]], e e lekanang le dinaka tsa ditlou tsa Aforika di ka nna dikete di le mkgolo a mabedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi.<ref>Parker, J. S. C.; Martin, E. B. (1982). [[doi:10.1017/S0030605300017452|"How many elephants are killed for the ivory trade?]]". Oryx. 16 (3): 235–239. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0030605300017452|10.1017/S0030605300017452]].</ref> Palo ya ntlha ya ditlou mo karolo kgolong ya lefatshe e naleng mafatshe a mantsi ya Aforika e ne ya dirwa ka ngwaga wa 1976. Ka nako eo, go ne go akanngwa gore go na le ditlou di ka nna didikadike di le mongwe le dikete di le makgolo a mararo le masome a mane tse di neng di gasame mo lefelong la dikilometara tse di khutlonne di le didikadike di le supa tsotlhe le dikete di le makgolo a mararo (dikilometara tsa sekwere di le didikadike di le pedi tsotlhe le dikete di le makgolo a robedi).<ref name=":17">Stiles, D. (2004). "[http://danstiles.org/publications/ivory/09.Env.Cons.final.pdf The ivory trade and elephant conservation"] (PDF). Environmental Conservation. 31 (4): 309–321. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004EnvCo..31..309S 2004EnvCo..31..309S.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0376892904001614|10.1017/S0376892904001614.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14772884 14772884].</ref>Mo dingwageng tsa bo-1980, go ne go le thata go dira dipatlisiso tse di rulaganeng mo dinageng di le mmalwa tsa Botlhaba jwa Aforika ka ntlha ya [[:en:Civil_war|dintwa tsa selegae]].<ref name=":14" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1987, go ne go akanngwa gore palo ya ditlou tsa Aforika e ne e fokotsegile go fitlha go dikete di le makgolo a supa le masome a marataro.Ka ngwaga wa 1989, go ne go akanngwa gore go ne go setse ditlou tsa Aforika di le dikete di le makgolo a marataro le boferabobedi fela.<ref name=":17" />Ka ngwaga wa 1989, Tirelo ya Diphologolo tsa Naga ya Kenya (Kenyan Wildlife Service) e ne ya fisa mokgobo wa manaka a ditlou go bontsha kganetso ya yone kgatlhanong le kgwebo ya manaka a ditlou.<ref>Poole, J. (1996). [[iarchive:isbn_9780786860951/page/232|Coming of Age With Elephants.]] New York: Hyperion. p. 232. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-7868-6095-2|0-7868-6095-2]].</ref> Fa kgwebo ya boditšhabatšhaba ya dinaka tsa ditlou e ne e simolola gape ka ngwaga wa 2006, tlhokego le tlhwatlhwa ya manaka a ditlou di ne tsa oketsega kwa Asia. [[:en:Zakouma_National_Park|Kwa Lefelong la Bosetšhaba ya Zakouma]] kwa Chad, go feta ditlou di le dikete di le tharo le makgolo a mabedi di ne tsa bolawa magareng ga ngwaga wa 2005 le 2010. Paka eo e ne e sena balebeledi ba ba lekaneng go lwantsha go tsoma ka tsela e e seng molaong, e bile dibetsa tsa bone di ne di setse kwa morago. Ditlhopha tse di neng di rulagantswe sentle di ne tsa nolofatsa go rekisa dinaka tseo ka bokukuntshwane go feta ka Sudan.<ref>Poilecot, P. (2010). "[[doi:10.19182/bft2010.303.a20454|Le braconnage et la population d'éléphants au Parc National de Zakouma (Tchad)"]]. ''Bois et Forêts des Tropiques''. '''303''' (303): 93–102. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier):[[doi:10.19182/bft2010.303.a20454|10.19182/bft2010.303.a20454]].</ref> Puso ya Tanzania e ne ya akanyetsa gore go feta ditlou di le dikete di le masome a borobabobedi le botlhano di ne tsa bolawa ka ntlha ya go tsomiwa ka tsela e e seng molaong magareng ga ngwaga wa 2009 le 2014, se se emelang tatlhegelo ya karolo ya masome a marataro mo lekgolong.<ref>Mathiesen, K. (2015). "[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/jun/02/tanzania-epicentre-of-elephant-poaching-census-reveals Tanzania elephant population declined by 60% in five years, census reveals"]. [[:en:The_Guardian|The Guardian]]. Retrieved 23 August 2017.</ref>Ka ngwaga wa 2012, go ne ga begwa koketsego e kgolo ya go tsomiwa ga dinaka tsa ditlou ka tsela e e seng ka fa molaong, mme mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a supa mo lekgolong tsa dinaka tsa ditlou di ne di isiwa kwa China.<ref>[[:en:Jeffrey_Gettleman|Gettleman, J.]] (2012). [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/04/world/africa/africas-elephants-are-being-slaughtered-in-poaching-frenzy.html "Elephants Dying in Epic Frenzy as Ivory Fuels Wars and Profits"]. The New York Times.</ref> China e ne e le mmaraka o mogolo thata wa dinaka tsa ditlou a a tsomilweng ka tsela e e seng molaong. Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ka ngwaga wa 2015, e ne ya itsise gore e tla emisa ka iketlo go dira le go rekisa ka molao ditlhagisiwa tsotlhe tse di dirilweng ka dinaka tsa ditlou.<ref>Ryan, F. (2015). [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/sep/26/china-and-us-agree-on-ivory-ban-in-bid-to-end-illegal-trade-globally "China and US agree on ivory ban in bid to end illegal trade globally"]. The Guardian.</ref> Dikgotlhang magareng ga ditlou le palo e e golang ya batho ke kgang e kgolo mo tshomarelong ya ditlou.<ref name=":14" /> Go tsenelela ga batho mo mafelong a tlholego a ditlou tsa sekgwa di leng mo go one kgotsa go nna teng ga tsone go go oketsegang mo mafelong a a mabapi go dirile gore go dirwe dipatlisiso ka mekgwa ya go kgweetsa ditlhopha tsa ditlou kgakala le batho ka tsela e e babalesegileng. Go tshameka medumo e e gatisitsweng ya [[:en:Western_honey_bee|dinotshe tsa tswina tsa Bophirima]] tse di galefileng go fitlhetswe go le mosola thata mo go tlhotlheletseng ditlou go tshaba mo lefelong lengwe.<ref>King, L. E.; [[:en:Iain_Douglas-Hamilton|Douglas-Hamilton, I.]]; Vollrath, F. (2007). "[[doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.07.038|African elephants run from the sound of disturbed bees".]] Current Biology. 17 (19): R832–R833. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007CBio...17.R832K 2007CBio...17.R832K]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.07.038|10.1016/j.cub.2007.07.038]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17925207 17925207]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30014793 30014793].</ref> Balemirui ba lekile go tshosa ditlou ka ditsela tse di bogale jaaka molelo kgotsa tiriso ya dipepere tsa tšhilisi go bapa le magora go sireletsa dijalo tsa bona.<ref>Snyder, K.; Mneney, P.; Benjamin, B.; Mkilindi, P.; Mbise, N. (2019). "[[doi:10.1017/S0030605318001382|Seasonal and spatial vulnerability to agricultural damage by elephants in the western Serengeti, Tanzania"]]. Oryx. 55 (1): 139–149. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/S0030605318001382|10.1017/S0030605318001382]].</ref> Matshosetsi a magolo a ditlou tsa Aforika ke go latlhegelwa ke bonno le go tsomiwa, mo godimo ga matshosetsi a a magolo, a a tshwenyang thata, go ne ga tlhaga matshosetsi a sešweng a a akaretsang dikgoreletsi tse di dirilweng ke batho le phetolo ya naga e e amang thata le go lekanyetsa motsamao le go anamisiwa ga ditlou tsa Aforika. Kago ya magora, ditsela, dintlha tsa metsi tsa maitirelo, le mafatshe a temothuo di begile ditlamorago tse di masisi mo go fetoleng mekgwa ya motsamao wa tlholego, go kgaoganya mafelo a bodulo, le go lekanyetsa phitlhelelo ya metswedi ya paka.<ref name=":18">Loarie, Scott R.; Van Aarde, R.J.; Pimm, S.L. (2009). "Fences and artificial water affect African savannah elephant movement patterns". Biological Conservation. 142 (12): 3086–3098. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.08.008|10.1016/j.biocon.2009.08.008]].</ref> Dikgoreletsi tse tsa maitirelo di ka dira gore ditlou tsa Aforika di itemogele kgaisano e e oketsegileng ka ge metswedi le mafelo a a kgaogantsweng a na le selekanyo mme di tla lebisa kwa kgotlhang e e gagametseng ya batho le ditlou ka ge ditlou di patelesega go atolosa mafelo a tsona go ya kwa kgotsa gaufi le mafelo a temothuo le mafatshe a a laolwang ke batho.<ref name=":18" /><ref>Blanc, J.J.; Barnes, Richard F.W.; Craig, G.C.; Dublin, H.T.; Thouless, C.R.; Douglas-Hamilton, Ian; Hart, J.A. (2007). African elephant status report 2007: an update from the African elephant database. IUCN. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2305/iucn.ch.2007.ssc-op.33.en|10.2305/iucn.ch.2007.ssc-op.33.en.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0970-3|978-2-8317-0970-3.]]</ref> == Tshomarelo == Ka ngwaga wa 1986, Polokelo ya tshedimosetso ya Ditlou tsa Aforika e ne ya simololwa ka boikaelelo jwa go ela tlhoko seemo sa dipalopalo tsa ditlou tsa Aforika. Polokelo ya tshedimosetso e e akaretsa dipholo go tswa mo dipatlisisong tsa kwa godimo, dipalo tsa boloko, dipotsolotso le batho ba selegae le tshedimosetso ka ga go tsoma.<ref>Thouless, C. R.; Dublin, H. T.; Blanc, J. J.; Skinner, D. P.; Daniel, T. E.; Taylor, R. D.; Maisels, F.; Frederick, H. L.; Bouché, P. (2016). [https://www.dropbox.com/s/7a8w3kk6r9hzm0r/AfESG%20African%20Elephant%20Status%20Report%202016.pdf?dl=1 African Elephant Status Report 2016: an update from the African Elephant Database] (PDF). Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 60. Gland: IUCN SSC African Elephant Specialist Group. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-1813-2|978-2-8317-1813-2]].[permanent dead link]</ref> Ka ngwaga wa1989, [[:en:Convention_on_International_Trade_in_Endangered_Species_of_Wild_Fauna_and_Flora|Tumalano ya Kgwebisano ya Boditšhabatšhaba ya Mefuta e e mo Kotsing ya go Nyelela ya Diphologolo le Dimela tsa Nag]]<nowiki/>a e ne ya tsenya tlou ya Afrika mo lenaaneng la [[:en:CITES_Appendix_I|Mametlelelo]] [[:en:CITES_Appendix_I|a ntlha ya CITES]]. Lenaane leno le ne le thibela kgwebisano ya boditšhabatšhaba ya ditlou tsa Afrika le dikarolo tsa mmele wa tsone ke dinaga tse di saenileng tumalano ya CITES. Go tsoma ditlou go thibetswe kwa Repaboliking ya Afrika Bogare, kwa Repaboliking ya puso ya batho ka batho ya Congo, kwa Gabon, kwa Côte d’Ivoire le kwa Senegal. Morago ga gore thibelo e tsene tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1990, thekiso ya ditshwantsho tse di [[:en:Ivory_carving|betlilweng tsa lonaka lwa tlou]] mo Aforika Borwa e wetse tlase ka go feta karolo ya masome a borobabongwe le botlhano mo lekgolong mo dingwageng di le lesome.<ref>Stiles, D.; Martin, E. (2001). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20200103093454/https://www.iucn.org/backup_iucn/cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/pachy30.pdf#page=27 Status and trends of the ivory trade in Africa, 1989–1999"] (PDF). Pachyderm. 30 (30): 24–36. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.69649/pachyderm.v30i1.1035|10.69649/pachyderm.v30i1.1035.]] Archived from [https://www.iucn.org/backup_iucn/cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/pachy30.pdf#page=27 the original] (PDF) on 3 January 2020. Retrieved 8 June 2019.</ref> Ka ntlha ya thibelo ya kgwebisano, palo ya ditlou tsa Aforika e ne ya boela mannong kwa dinageng tsa Borwa jwa Aforika.[77] Tsa Ngwao Ditso tsotlhe tsa Aforika di tlotla tlou e le sesupo sa nonofo le maatla.[82][83] E gape e tlotliwa ka ntlha ya bogolo jwa yone, boleele jwa botshelo, boitshoko, botlhale, moya wa tirisanommogo le boikanyego.[84] Bohlokwa jwa yone mo ditumelong bo ikaegile thata ka go e tsaya e le phologolo e e emelang losika kgotsa setlhopha sa batho (totem).[85] Merafe e le mentsi e ne e dumela gore dikgosi tsa yone di tla tsalwa gape e le ditlou fa di sena go tlhokafala. Mo lekgolong la bolesome la dingwaga, batho ba Igbo-Ukwu kwa Nigeria ba ne ba fitlha baeteledipele ba bone ba na le manaka a tlou.[86] Aforika Borwa e dirisa manaka a tlou mo sekapeng sa bosetšhaba (letshwao la semmuso la puso kgotsa la naga) go emela botlhale, maatla, tekatekano le botshelo jo bo sa khutleng.[87] Mo Bogosing jwa Dahomey kwa Bophirima jwa Aforika (jo jaanong bo bidiwang Benin), tlou e ne e amanngwa le babusi ba lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga ba morafe wa Fon, e bong Guezo le morwawe Glele.[a] Go dumelwa gore phologolo e e emela nonofo, boswa jwa bogosi le segopotso se se nnang tsotlhe, jaaka go bontshiwa ke maele a a reng: "Kwa tlou e fetang mo sekgweng, tsotlhe di a itse," le "Diphologolo di gata mo lefatsheng, mme tlou yona e gata ka maatla."[88] Folaga ya bone e ne e na le setshwantsho sa tlou e rwetse serwalo sa bogosi. E le matshwao a bosetšhaba Sekapa sa bosetšhaba sa Rephaboliki ya Aforika Bogare se na le tlhogo ya tlou mo karolong e e kwa godimo ka molema ya thebe. Sekapa sa bosetšhaba sa Guinea se se neng se dirisiwa go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1958 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1984 se ne se na le tlou ya gouta mo gare ga thebe. Sekapa sa bosetšhaba sa Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) se dirisa tlhogo ya tlou e le letshwao le legolo la sesupo sa sona. Sekapa sa bosetšhaba sa Rephaboliki ya Congo se na le ditlou di le pedi tse di tshwereng thebe. Sekapa sa bosetšhaba sa Eswatini se na le tlou le tau tse di emeng tsotlhe di tshegetsa thebe. == Metswedi == jpfdt2lxue7tjb0po0tbhzg07ngwveh Eric Molale 0 12972 53655 48717 2026-07-30T14:13:47Z Lucrucia98 12161 53655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Eric Mothibi Molale | image = Eric_Mothibi_Molale_(cropped).jpg | imagesize = | birth_date = | birth_place = [[Botswana]] | office = Tona ya Dipalamo le Ditlhaeletsanyo mo Botswana | term_start = 13 February 2022 | term_end = 1 November 2024 | president = [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] | predecessor = | successor = Noah Salakae | office2 = | term_start2 = | term_end2 = | primeminister2 = | predecessor2 = | successor2 = | party = [[Botswana Democratic Party]] }} '''Eric Mothibi Molale''' ke radipolotiki wa Motswana le morutabana yo o neng a direla jaaka Tona ya Dipalamo le Ditlhaeletsano mo Botswana.<ref>[https://www.caab.co.bw/minister-of-transport-and-public-works-honourable-eric-mothibi-molale-visits-sskia-on-a-familiarization-mission-of-caab/ Minister of Transport and Public Works, Honourable Eric Mothibi Molale visits SSKIA on a familiarization mission of CAAB – Civil Aviation Authority of Botswana.]Retrieved 19 December 2023.</ref> O ne a tlhophiwa mo maemong ke Tautona Mokgweetsi Masisi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019). Paka ya gagwe e ne ya fela ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele e thola bongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024).<ref>[https://www.govpage.co.za/botswana-government-ministries.html Botswana Government Ministries] ''www.govpage.co.za''. Retrieved 2023-12-13.</ref><ref>[http://www.botswana.se/News/CABINET-APPOINTMENTS Cabinet Appointments]''Republic of Botswana Embassy in Stockholm''. Retrieved 2023-12-13.</ref> == Metswedi == {{reflist}} [[Karolo:Batho ba ba tshelang]] [[Karolo:Matona a puso ya Botswana]] [[Karolo:Mapolotiki a Botswana]] 2g5gd5471op74azvnj55edp75jddo3y Dumezweni Mthimkhulu 0 12982 53662 48808 2026-07-30T17:09:38Z Lucrucia98 12161 53662 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Motswana politician (1978–2024)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Dumezweni Mthimkhulu | image = | imagesize = | birth_date = 14 December 1978 | birth_place = | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2024|9|2|1978|12|14}} | death_place = | office = [[Ministry of Environment and Tourism (Botswana)|Tona ya Bojanala]] | term_start = 26 February 2024 | term_end = 2 September 2024 | president = [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] | predecessor = [[Philda Kereng]] | successor = [[Nnaniki Wilhemina Tebogo Makwinja]] | office2 = Assistant Minister for State President of Botswana | term_start2 = 13 February 2022 | term_end2 = 26 February 2024 | primeminister2 = | predecessor2 = | successor2 = | office3 = [[Member of Parliament (Botswana)|Leloko la Palamente]] for [[Gaborone South]] | term_start3 = 5 November 2019 | term_end3 = 2 September 2024 | predecessor3 = Kagiso Molatlhegi | successor3 = [[Nelson Ramaotwana]] | party = [[Botswana Democratic Party]] }} '''Dumezweni Meshack Mthimkhulu''' ( O tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e le lesome le bone ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le borobabobedi (197 a bo a tlhokafala ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e thola bobedi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024) e ne e le radipolotiki wa Motswana. O ne a direla jaaka Tona ya Tikologo le Bojanala kwa Botswana, a direla mo maemong a go tloga ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024) go fitlha a tlhokafala ka Lwetse. Mthimkhulu o ne a tsaya maemo ao mo go Philda Kereng yo o neng a tlhophilwe jaaka Mokomišenara yo Mogolo wa Botswana kwa Nigeria.<ref>[https://atta.travel/resource/dumezdweni-mthimkhulu-appointed-botswana-s-new-minister-of-environment-and-tourism.html "Dumezdweni Mthimkhulu appointed Botswana's new Minister of Environment and Tourism"]. ATTA. 26 February 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2024.</ref> Pele ga foo e ne e le Motlatsamodulasetilo wa Tautona wa Lefatshe la Botswana, a tlhophilwe mo maemong ao ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019) ke Tautona wa ga pele wa Botswana, [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]]. Paka ya gagwe e simolotse ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e le lesome le boraro ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022).<ref>Staff Writer (6 November 2019). [https://www.mmegi.bw/news/new-cabinet-sworn-in/news "New cabinet sworn in"]. ''Mmegi Online''. Retrieved 13 December 2023.</ref><ref>[https://www.govpage.co.za/botswana-government-ministries.html "Botswana Government Ministries"]. www.govpage.co.za. Retrieved 13 December 2023</ref> Mthimkhulu o tlhokafetse ka kgwedi ya e thola bobedi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024).<ref>[https://www.mmegi.bw/news/minister-mthimkhulu-passes-on/news "Minister Mthimkhulu passes on"]. Mmegi Online. 3 September 2024. Retrieved 3 September 2024.</ref> == Motswedi == <references /> [[Karolo:Ditsalo tsa 1978]] [[Karolo:Dintsho tsa 2024]] [[Karolo:Matona a puso ya Botswana]] tc9v9jx5htkwop3mvs5x8koxxmjivfs Everjoice Win 0 13587 53703 53444 2026-07-31T02:35:59Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53703 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Everjoice Win''' (Tlhakole a le lesome le bobedi ka 1965 - Mopitlo a ferabongwe ka 2025 ), yo o bidiwang '''EJ''', e ne e le molweladitshwanelo tsa basadi wa kwa [[Zimbabwe]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Win |first=Everjoice |title=At the centre of the future |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2007-04-25-at-the-centre-of-future |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=mg.co.za}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mugugunyeki |first=Moses |title=Condolences messages pour in for women rights activist Everjoice Win |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/local-news/article/200039350/condolences-messages-pour-in-for-women-rights-activist-everjoice-win |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=NewsDay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Renowned feminist Everjoice Win dies – DailyNews |url=https://dailynews.co.zw/renowned-feminist-everjoice-win-dies/ |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=dailynews.co.zw}}</ref> le mokaedi wa mananeo a boditšhabatšhaba a [[ActionAid International]]. [[Setshwantsho:Everjoice_Win_feminist_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Everjoice Win kwa Bokopanong jwa bone jwa Kgaolo ya Basadi ba Aforika kwa Zimbabwe, 2016]] == Botshelo jwa pele == Everjoice Win o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e le lesome le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 1965 kwa [[Shurugwi]], Rhodesia (e jaanong e bidiwang Zimbabwe).<ref name="Dictionary of African Biography">{{Cite book |last=Professor Henry Louis Gates, Jr. |date=2 February 2012 |title=Dictionary of African Biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA5-PA175 |last2=Professor Emmanuel Akyeampong |last3=Mr. Steven J. Niven |publisher=OUP USA |isbn=978-0-19-538207-5 |page=175 |access-date=8 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="whoswho.co.za">{{Cite web |title=Everjoice Win - Who's Who SA |url=http://whoswho.co.za/everjoice-win-5921 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113234625/http://whoswho.co.za/everjoice-win-5921 |archive-date=13 January 2018 |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=whoswho.co.za}}</ref><ref name="oxfordreference.com">{{Cite journal |title=Win, Everjoice - Oxford Reference |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-2135 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-2135 |access-date=8 November 2017}}</ref> Ka 1988, o ne a bona dikirii ya gagwe ya ntlha ya ditso tsa itsholelo kwa [[Yunibesithing ya Zimbabwe]].<ref name="Dictionary of African Biography" /><ref name="whoswho.co.za" /><ref name="oxfordreference.com" /> O ne a aloga ka Honours mo Ditsong tsa Itsholelo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Everjoice Win |url=https://africanfeministforum.com/everjoice-win/ |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=African Feminist Forum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ms Everjoice Win |url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/staff/everjoice-win |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=SOAS University of London}}</ref> Win o simolotse tiro ya gagwe ya tlhabololo le Women’s Action Group, e leng mokgatlho wa basadi kwa Zimbabwe o o neng o tlhoma mogopolo mo ditshwanelong tsa basadi tsa semolao le tsa boitekanelo, koo a neng a dira jaaka Motshereganyi wa kgatiso ya bone e e tlwaelesegileng ya thuto ''ya SPEAK OUT/TAURAI/KHULUMANI''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Everjoice Win |url=https://africanfeministforum.com/everjoice-win/ |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=African Feminist Forum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Everjoice Win |url=https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Everjoice_Win |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=SourceWatch}}</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo1990, o ne a tsenelela Pan-African Women in Law and Development in Africa (WiLDAF), kwa a neng a eteletse thulaganyo ya Zimbabwe mme a thusa mekgatlho ya Aforika ya ditshwanelo tsa bomme go tsenelela dikopano tsa boditshabatshaba jaaka Vienna Conference on Human Rights, Copenhagen Social Summit, le Beijing conference.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Everjoice Win |url=https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Everjoice_Win |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=SourceWatch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ms Everjoice Win |url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/staff/everjoice-win |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=SOAS University of London}}</ref> == Tiro == Go tloga ka 1989 go ya go 1993, Win o ne a direla [[Women's Action Group]].<ref name="whoswho.co.za"/><ref name="theconmag.co.za">{{Cite web |title=Everjoice Win |url=http://www.theconmag.co.za/author/everjoice/ |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=The Con |archive-date=8 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708091326/http://www.theconmag.co.za/author/everjoice/ |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. ''The Con''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Ka 1992, mmogo le [[Terri Barnes]], Win o ne a gatisa ''To Live a Better Life: An Oral History of Women in the City of Harare, 1930-70''.<ref name="Dictionary of African Biography"/> Go tloga ka 1993 go fitlha ka 1997, Win e ne e le mokaedi wa lenaneo la kgaolo ya Zimbabwe ya [[Women in Law and Development in Africa]] (WiLDAF).<ref name="Dictionary of African Biography"/> Ka 1997, e ne e le mongwe wa maloko a a simolotseng [[Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba ya Molaomotheo ya Zimbabwe]].<ref name="Dictionary of African Biography" /> Go tloga ka 2002 go ya go 2003, Win e ne e le mmueledi wa [[Crisis in Zimbabwe Coalition]].<ref name="Dictionary of African Biography"/><ref name="whoswho.co.za"/> Go tloga ka 2004 go ya go 2007, Win e ne e le leloko la boto ya [[Mokgatlho wa Ditshwanelo tsa Basadi mo Tlhabololong]](AWID), kwa [[Toronto]], kwa Canada.<ref name="Dictionary of African Biography"/><ref name="whoswho.co.za"/> Win e ne e le tlhogo ya boditšhabatšhaba/ mokaedi wa boditšhabatšhaba wa mananeo le go nna le seabe ga lefatshe lotlhe ga [[ActionAid International]] fa e sa le ka 2002.<ref name="whoswho.co.za"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Everjoice Win |url=https://www.irinnews.org/authors/everjoice-win |access-date=8 November 2017 |website=irinnews.org}}</ref> E ne e le Mokaedi wa Mananeo a Boditšhabatšhaba kwa ActionAid.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Everjoice Win |url=https://www.actionaid.org.uk/users/everjoice-win |access-date=2018-03-22 |website=ActionAid UK |language=en}}</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe == Win o ne a nna kwa [[Johannesburg]], Aforika Borwa.<ref name="theconmag.co.za"/> O ne a itsege mo tirong ya gagwe le ka namana jaaka “EJ” mo gare ga badirimmogo le ene le mo mekgatlhong ya basadi lefatshe ka bophara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Everjoice Win |url=https://africanfeministforum.com/everjoice-win/ |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=African Feminist Forum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Condolences messages pour in for women rights activist Everjoice Win|url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/southerneye/local/article/200024891/condolences-messages-pour-in-for-women-rights-activist-everjoice-win|access-date=14 April 2026}}</ref> Win e ne e le mokwadi, mokwadi wa di-blog, le motlhotlheletsi yo o tlhagafetseng wa bobegadikgang jwa botsalano yo o neng a nna le seabe mo dikgatisong tse di farologaneng tse di gatisitsweng le tsa mo maranyaneng tse di buang ka ditshwanelo tsa basadi le tshiamiso ya loago.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Everjoice Win |url=https://africanfeministforum.com/everjoice-win/ |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=African Feminist Forum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ms Everjoice Win |url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/staff/everjoice-win |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=SOAS University of London}}</ref> Ka 2020, o ne a tlhomiwa go nna Moporofesara wa Tiriso – Ditshwanelo tsa Basadi ke Sekolo sa Dithuto tsa Botlhaba le Aforika (SOAS), Yunibesithi ya Lontone.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ms Everjoice Win |url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/staff/everjoice-win |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=SOAS University of London}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Everjoice Win |url=https://www.bond.org.uk/people/everjoice-win |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=Bond}}</ref> O tlhokafetse ka Mopitlo a ferabongwe ka ngwaga wa 2025 kwa Johannesburg, Aforika Borwa, a le dingwaga di le masome a marataro.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Condolences messages pour in for women rights activist Everjoice Win|url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/southerneye/local/article/200024891/condolences-messages-pour-in-for-women-rights-activist-everjoice-win|access-date=14 April 2026}}</ref> == Dikgatiso == * ''To Live a Better Life: An Oral History of Women in the City of Harare, 1930-70'' (Baobab Books, 1992) * ''Beating Hunger, the Chivi Experience: A Community-Based Approach to Food Security in Zimbabwe'' (with Kuda Murwira, Cathy Watson, Clare Tawney, et al.) (Intermediate Technology Publications, 2000)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Murwira |first=Kuda |year=2000 |title=Beating Hunger, the Chivi Experience: A Community-Based Approach to Food Security in Zimbabwe |last2=Watson |first2=Cathy |last3=Win |first3=Everjoice J. |last4=Tawney |first4=Clare |last5=Scoones |first5=Ian |publisher=Intermediate Technology Publications |isbn=978-1-85339-524-6}}</ref> == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] syvkcko5skj8pg18zeuha67oyrlpcje Letsha la Victoria 0 13749 53710 51013 2026-07-31T05:34:25Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multiple issues|{{primary sources|date = December 2024}} {{format citations|date = December 2024}}}} [[File:Victoria_Nyanza.jpg|thumb|Victoria Nyanza. Mola o montsho o supa tsela e Stanley a tsamayang ka yone.]] '''Letsha la Victoria''' ke lengwe la Matsha a Magolo la Aforika . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria {{!}} AGLI |url=https://www.africangreatlakesinform.org/page/lake-victoria |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=www.africangreatlakesinform.org |archive-date=2025-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715034133/https://www.africangreatlakesinform.org/page/lake-victoria |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ka botona jwa lefatshe jo bo ka nnang kana ka dikholomithara di le dikete di le masome a le matlhano le boferabongwe le makgolo a le boferabongwe le masome a le mane le bosupa (23, 164 sq mi).{{cvt|59947|km2|sqmi}}, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2016-10-05 |title=Shoreline, Lake Victoria, vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/pwfw26}}</ref> <ref name="auto3">{{Cite book |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2018-11-13 |title=Lake Victoria Statistics from this Dataverse |publisher=Harvard Dataverse |language=en |chapter=Earth and Environmental Sciences |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/fvjj4a}}</ref><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2024)">tsebe&nbsp;needed</span>'' &#x5D;</sup> Letsha la Victoria ke letsha le letona go gaisa mo Afrika ka botona, letsha le letona go gaisa mo lefatsheng ka bophara la [[Tropical|trophikale]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Saundry |first=Peter |title=Lake Victoria |url=http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/154134/}}</ref> gape e le letsha la bobedi mo lefatsheng la metsi a a phepa ka botona jwa bophara morago ga Letsha la Superior kwa Amerika Bokone. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Victoria |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> Fa go lejwa ka tekanyo ya metsi, Letsha la Victoria ke letsha la borobabongwe le legolo go gaisa otlhe mo lefatsheng, le na le dikete di le pedi le makgolo a le mane le masome a le mabedi le bone (ka km³) tsa metsi.{{cvt|2424|km3|acre ft}}. <ref name="auto3" /> <ref name="auto4">{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |last2=Taabu |first2=Anthony Munyaho |last3=Noah |first3=Krach |last4=Sarah |first4=Glaser |date=2018-05-17 |title=Bathymetry TIFF, Lake Victoria Bathymetry, raster, 2017, V7 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/soeknr}}</ref> Letsha la Victoria le mo lefelong le le seng boteng mo Afrika. Letsha le le na le boteng jo bo kwa tlase jwa dimithara le di masome a mane (130ft) {{cvt|40|m|ft}} le boteng jo bo kwa godimo jwa masome a le boferabobedi go ya go masome a le boferabobedi le bongwe (262-266ft) {{cvt|80 - 81|m|ft}} . <ref name="auto3" /> <ref name="auto4" /> [[Catchment area|Kgaolo ya lone ya kgobokanyo ya metsi]] e apesa lefatshe la dikholomithara di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a marataro le boferabongwe le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le matlhano le boferabobedi.{{cvt|169858|km2|sqmi}} . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2017-11-12 |title=Basin, Lake Victoria Watershed (inside), vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/z5rmyd}}</ref> Letsha le le na le mola wa letshitshi wa boleele jwa dikholomithara di le supa le lekgolo le masome a mane le bobedi (4,438 mi)la {{cvt|7142|km|mi}} fa e tsenngwa mo dijithaleng ka selekanyo sa 1:25,000, <ref>{{Cite book |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |date=2016-10-11 |title=Shoreline, Lake Victoria, vector line – 2015 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |publisher=Harvard Dataverse |chapter=Earth and Environmental Sciences |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/5y5ivf}}</ref> ka ditlhaketlhake tse di bopang 3.7% ya boleele jo. <ref name="Hickling61">{{Cite book |last=Hickling, C. F. |year=1961 |title=Tropical Inland Fisheries |url=https://archive.org/details/tropicalinlandfi0000hick |publisher=[[Longmans]] |location=London |url-access=registration}}</ref> Botona jwa letsha le bo kgaogantswe gareng ga mafatshe a le mararo: [[Tanzania]] e na le 49% ( {{cvt|33,700|km2|sqmi}} ), [[Uganda]] 45% ( {{cvt|31,000|km2|sqmi}} ), le [[Kenya]] 6% ( {{cvt|4,100|km2|sqmi}} ). Letsha le ke legae la mefuta e le mentsi ya ditlhapi tse di sa nneng gope go sele, segolobogolo di-cichlid . Ditlhapi tse di tlhaselang, jaaka Nile perch, di dirile gore mefuta e mentsi ya tsone e nyelele . == __LETSHA LA VICTORIA__ == {{Multiple issues|{{primary sources|date = December 2024}} {{format citations|date = December 2024}}}} [[File:Victoria_Nyanza.jpg|thumb|Victoria Nyanza. Mola o montsho o supa tsela e Stanley a tsamayang ka yone.]] '''Letsha la Victoria''' ke lengwe la Matsha a Magolo la Aforika . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria {{!}} AGLI |url=https://www.africangreatlakesinform.org/page/lake-victoria |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=www.africangreatlakesinform.org |archive-date=2025-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250715034133/https://www.africangreatlakesinform.org/page/lake-victoria |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ka botona jwa lefatshe jo bo ka nnang kana ka dikholomithara di le dikete di le masome a le matlhano le boferabongwe le makgolo a le boferabongwe le masome a le mane le bosupa (23, 164 sq mi).{{cvt|59947|km2|sqmi}}, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2016-10-05 |title=Shoreline, Lake Victoria, vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/pwfw26}}</ref> <ref name="auto3"/><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2024)">tsebe&nbsp;needed</span>'' &#x5D;</sup> Letsha la Victoria ke letsha le letona go gaisa mo Afrika ka botona, letsha le letona go gaisa mo lefatsheng ka bophara la [[Tropical|trophikale]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Saundry |first=Peter |title=Lake Victoria |url=http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/154134/}}</ref> gape e le letsha la bobedi mo lefatsheng la metsi a a phepa ka botona jwa bophara morago ga Letsha la Superior kwa Amerika Bokone. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Victoria |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Victoria |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref> Fa go lejwa ka tekanyo ya metsi, Letsha la Victoria ke letsha la borobabongwe le legolo go gaisa otlhe mo lefatsheng, le na le dikete di le pedi le makgolo a le mane le masome a le mabedi le bone (ka km³) tsa metsi.{{cvt|2424|km3|acre ft}}. <ref name="auto3" /> <ref name="auto4"/> Letsha la Victoria le mo lefelong le le seng boteng mo Afrika. Letsha le le na le boteng jo bo kwa tlase jwa dimithara le di masome a mane (130ft) {{cvt|40|m|ft}} le boteng jo bo kwa godimo jwa masome a le boferabobedi go ya go masome a le boferabobedi le bongwe (262-266ft) {{cvt|80 - 81|m|ft}} . <ref name="auto3" /> <ref name="auto4" /> [[Catchment area|Kgaolo ya lone ya kgobokanyo ya metsi]] e apesa lefatshe la dikholomithara di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a marataro le boferabongwe le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le matlhano le boferabobedi.{{cvt|169858|km2|sqmi}} . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stuart |first=Hamilton |date=2017-11-12 |title=Basin, Lake Victoria Watershed (inside), vector polygon, ~2015 |journal=Harvard Dataverse |type=Data Set |language=en |doi=10.7910/dvn/z5rmyd}}</ref> Letsha le le na le mola wa letshitshi wa boleele jwa dikholomithara di le supa le lekgolo le masome a mane le bobedi (4,438 mi)la {{cvt|7142|km|mi}} fa e tsenngwa mo dijithaleng ka selekanyo sa 1:25,000, <ref>{{Cite book |last=Hamilton |first=Stuart |date=2016-10-11 |title=Shoreline, Lake Victoria, vector line – 2015 – LakeVicFish Dataverse |publisher=Harvard Dataverse |chapter=Earth and Environmental Sciences |type=Data Set |doi=10.7910/dvn/5y5ivf}}</ref> ka ditlhaketlhake tse di bopang 3.7% ya boleele jo. <ref name="Hickling61"/> Botona jwa letsha le bo kgaogantswe gareng ga mafatshe a le mararo: [[Tanzania]] e na le 49% ( {{cvt|33,700|km2|sqmi}} ), [[Uganda]] 45% ( {{cvt|31,000|km2|sqmi}} ), le [[Kenya]] 6% ( {{cvt|4,100|km2|sqmi}} ). Letsha le ke legae la mefuta e le mentsi ya ditlhapi tse di sa nneng gope go sele, segolobogolo di-cichlid . Ditlhapi tse di tlhaselang, jaaka Nile perch, di dirile gore mefuta e mentsi ya tsone e nyelele . a6ea48b8mx8qp8fod3fsl2yrhdzb9jg Letamo la Bui 0 13944 53709 51503 2026-07-31T05:28:39Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53709 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Setshwantsho:Bui Dam.jpg|thumb|letamo la Buli]] '''Letamo la Bui''' ke porojeke ya motlakase wa metsi wa dimekawate di le makgolo a mane (400 (di-hp di le 540 000) kwa Ghana. E agilwe mo nokeng ya Black Volta kwa Bui Gorge, kwa ntlheng e e kwa borwa ya Phaka ya Bosetšhaba ya Bui. Porojekete eno e ne e le tirisanommogo fa gare ga puso ya lefatshe la Ghana le Sino Hydro, e leng kompone ya puso ya China ya go aga. Kago ya letamo leletona e simolotse ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009). Jenereitara ya lone ya ntlha e ne ya tsenngwa tirisong ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong e thola boraro ka ngwga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro(2013),<ref>[https://www.modernghana.com/news/462096/1/president-mahama-inaugurates-the-bui-hydro-electri.html "President Mahama inaugurates the Bui Hydro electricity project".] ''Modern Ghana''. 5 May 2013. Retrieved 4 February 2024</ref>mme letamo le ne la tlhongwa ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole one ngwaga oo.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/201312210004.html "Ghana: Bui Dam Comes Alive - Ghana Energy Problems Now Over".] All Africa. 20 December 2014. Retrieved 11 December 2014.</ref> Bui ke polante ya bobedi e kgolo e e tlhagisang motlakase wa metsi mo nageng morago ga Letamo la Akosombo. Letamo le ne la tlatsa bokana ka 20% ya Bui National Park mme la ama mafelo a bodulo a kubu e ntsho e e sa tlwaelegang mmogo le palo e kgolo ya mefuta ya diphologolo tsa naga. E ne ya tlhoka gore batho ba le sekete ,makgolo a mabedi le lesome le borataro ba fudusiwe, <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110724231942/http://www.buipowerauthority.com/resettle_bg.htm "Background of the Bui Resettlement".] ''Bui Power Authority''. 7 May 2011. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2024.</ref>mme ya ama matshelo le matshelo a ba bangwe ba le bantsi. == Ditso == Letamo la motlakase wa metsi la Bui le ne le akanyeditswe la ntlha ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi le botlhano (1925) ke moithuta-lefatshe le moithuta-tlholego wa Borithane le Australia Albert Ernest Kitson fa a ne a etetse Bui Gorge. Letamo le ne le ntse le le mo botong ya go thala fa e sale ka dingwaga tsa bo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro (1960), fa letamo le legolo go gaisa la Ghana, Letamo la Akosombo, le ne le agiwa go ya kwa tlase mo Nokeng ya Volta. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le boferabobedi (1978) thulaganyo ya Letamo la Bui e ne ya tsweletswa pele ka tshegetso ya Australia le Banka ya Lefatshe. Le fa go ntse jalo, gontsha puso ga sesole makgetlo a le manè go ne ga emisa dithulaganyo tseno. Ka nako eo Ghana e ne ya simolola go tshwenngwa ke go kgaoganngwa ga maatla, mo go ntseng go tsweletse fa e sa le ka nako eo. Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bobedi (1992), porojeke e ne ya tsosolosiwa mme thutopatlisiso ya ntlha ya go bona gore a e ka kgonega e ne ya dirwa ke feme ya Fora ya Coyne et Bellier.<ref>Oliver Hensengerth[https://web.archive.org/web/20111004215451/http://www.die-gdi.de/CMS-Homepage/openwebcms3_e.nsf/%28ynDK_contentByKey%29/ANES-8E5DH6?Open&nav=expand%3APublications%3Bactive%3APublications%5CANES-8E5DH6 :Interaction of Chinese Institutions with Host Governments in Dam Construction:The Bui dam in Ghana] Archived October 4, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, German Development Institute, Discussion Paper 3/2011, p. 9-13, retrieved on May 7, 2011 (full version not available on-line)</ref> == Metswedi == jfxp2obhqdito49ne1gdvn189iu0etw Phetogo ya Seemo sa Loapi 0 14293 53733 53018 2026-07-31T11:31:15Z Atsile Edith 11759 Ke senotse tsebe e #Wikipedia25BW 53733 wikitext text/x-wiki Go tswa mo Wikipedia, ensaetlopidia e e gololesegileng ''Pego e e bua ka go tlhatloga ga mogote wa lefatshe mo go bakiwang ke batho. Go bona diphetogo tsa seemo sa bosa tsa ditso tsa tlholego, bona [[:en:Climate_variability_and_change|Go fetogafetoga ga]] [[:en:Climate_variability_and_change|seemo sa bosa le phetogo .]]'' ''"Go thuthafala ga lefatshe" go kaela gape fa. Go bona tiriso e nngwe, bona [[:en:Climate_change_(disambiguation)|Phetogo ya]] [[:en:Climate_change_(disambiguation)|seemo sa bosa (go tlhalosa)]] le [[:en:Global_warming_(disambiguation)|Thuthafalo ya Lefatshe (go tlhalosa).]]''[[Setshwantsho:Change in Average Temperature With Fahrenheit.svg|thumb|Diphetogo mo [[:en:Surface_air_temperature|mogoteng wa mowa o o gaufi le bokagodimo]] jwa Lefatshe mo dingwageng di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref>[https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/maps/ "GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (v4)]". ''NASA''. Retrieved 12 January 2024.</ref> Kgaolo ya [[:en:Arctic|Arctic]] ke yone e e itemogetseng go oketsega mo go golo go feta ga mogote, mme ka kakaretso mogote wa mo lefatsheng o oketsegile go feta [[:en:Sea_surface_temperature|mogote wa bokagodimo jwa lewatle]]]] [[Setshwantsho:Global Temperature And Forces With Fahrenheit.svg|thumb|Palogare ya mogote wa mowa wa bogodimo jwa lefatshe e oketsegile ka mo e ka nnang bongwe ntlha ya botlhano ya di selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius (1.5&#x20;°C) (bobedi ntlha Supa ya di Farenheit ((2.7&#x20;°F) ) fa e sa le ka [[:en:Industrial_Revolution|Phetogo ya Madirelo]]. Maatla a tlholego a baka go fetoga mo go rileng, mme koketsego e e tswelelang ya mogote e bontsha tlhotlheletso e e tswelelang pele ya ditiro tsa batho.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG1_Summary_for_Policymakers2021|IPCC AR6 WG1 Summary for Policymakers 2021]], SPM-7</ref><ref>Sources for data and graphic: Annual global mean surface temperature data from: [https://climate.metoffice.cloud/temperature.html "Global temperature / Get the data / Global mean temperature / NOAAGlobalTemp / Download as CSV".] Met Office (UK). 2026. Archived from the original on 18 January 2026. Natural driver graphic is at: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/figures/summary-for-policymakers/ "IPCC Sixth Assessment Report / Working Group 1: The Physical Science Basis / Figures: Summary for Policymakers / Figure SPM.1(b)]". Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2021. Archived from the original on 13 January 2026. Click on "Datasets". Natural driver dataset is downloadable by clicking on "gmst_changes_model_and_obs.csv" at: [https://data.ceda.ac.uk/badc/ar6_wg1/data/spm/spm_01/v20221116/panel_b "Summary for Policymakers of the Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report - data for Figure SPM.1 (v20221116)".] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 16 November 2022. Archived from the original on 16 February 2024.</ref>]] '''Phetogo ya seemo sa loapi''' sa gompieno e akaretsa '''go thuthafala ga lefatshe''' ,koketsego e e tswelelang pele ya [[:en:Global_surface_temperature|mogote mafatshe ka bophara]] le [[:en:Global_surface_temperature|ditlamorago tsa yone]] tse di anameng mo seemong sa loapi. [[:en:Climate_variability_and_change|Phetogo ya seemo sa loapi ka kakaretso]] e raya diphetogo tsa nako e telele mo seemong sa [[:en:Climate|loapi]] sa lefatshe. Mo malatsing a gompieno, mogote wa lefatshe o [[:en:Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change|bakwa thata ke ditiro tsa batho]], segolo thata go fisa [[:en:Fossil_fuel|mafura a a dirilweng ka masalela a dimela le diphologolo tsa bogologolo]] jaaka [[:en:Coal|magala]], [[:en:Petroleum|leokwane]] le [[:en:Natural_gas|gase ya tlholego]] fa e sale [[:en:Industrial_Revolution|Phetogo ya Madirelo]].<ref>{{harvnb|Forster|Smith|Walsh|Lamb|2024|p=2626}}: "The indicators show that, for the 2014–2023 decade average, observed warming was 1.19 [1.06 to 1.30] °C, of which 1.19 [1.0 to 1.4] °C was human-induced."</ref><ref name=":3">Lynas, Mark; Houlton, Benjamin Z.; Perry, Simon (19 October 2021). "[[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac2966|Greater than 99% consensus on human caused climate change in the peer-reviewed scientific literature".]] [[:en:Environmental_Research_Letters|''Environmental Research Letters''.]] '''16''' (11): 114005. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ERL....16k4005L 2021ERL....16k4005L]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac2966|10.1088/1748-9326/ac2966]].</ref> Go dirisa mafura a a dirilweng ka masalela a dimela le diphologolo tsa bogologolo, [[:en:Deforestation_and_climate_change|go rema dikgwa]] le mekgwa mengwe ya [[:en:Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_agriculture|temothuo]] le madirelo di ntsha [[:en:Greenhouse_gas|digase tse di golang mo tikologong]].<ref name=":8">{{harvnb|Our World in Data, 18 September|2020}}</ref> Digase tse di tshwara [[:en:Greenhouse_effect|mogote mongwe]] o lefatshe le o [[:en:Thermal_radiation|gololang]] fa letsatsi le sena go le thuthafatsa, o o dirang gore lefaufau le le kwa tlase le nne mogote. Lefaufau la lefatshe le na le phefo e kgotlhelesegileng e kana ka [[:en:Carbon_dioxide_in_the_atmosphere_of_Earth|karolo ya masome a matlhano mo lekgolong gona le pele ya gase ya carbon dioxide]], gase e kgolo e e bakang go thuthafala ga lefatshe, go feta pele ga [[:en:Pre-industrial_society|Phetogo ya Madirelo]], e e fitlhelelang maemo a a iseng a bonwe mo dingwageng.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary|2021|p=67}}: "Concentrations of {{CO2}}, methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) have increased to levels unprecedented in at least 800,000 years, and there is high confidence that current {{CO2}} concentrations have not been experienced for at least 2 million years."</ref> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e tswelela go nna le [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change|ditlamorago tse dikgolo mo tikologong]]. [[:en:Heat_wave|Dipaka tsa mogote o o feteletseng]] le [[:en:Wildfire#Climate_change_effects|mello ya naga]] di ntse di irega ka tlwaelo.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG2 SPM|2022|p=9}}: "Observed increases in areas burned by wildfires have been attributed to human-induced climate change in some regions (medium to high confidence)"</ref> [[:en:Polar_amplification|Go oketsega ga mogote kwa lefelong la Arctic]] go tlhotlheleditse go nyerologa ga [[:en:Permafrost|mmu o o sa feleng o le serame]] (permafrost), go [[:en:Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850|fokotsega ga di-glacier]] le go [[:en:Arctic_sea_ice_decline|fokotsega ga metsi a a gatsetseng a mo lewatleng]].<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SROCC|2019|p=16}}: "Over the last decades, global warming has led to widespread shrinking of the cryosphere, with mass loss from ice sheets and glaciers (very high confidence), reductions in snow cover (high confidence) and Arctic sea ice extent and thickness (very high confidence), and increased permafrost temperature (very high confidence)." </ref> Mogote o o kwa godimo gape e baka [[:en:Tropical_cyclones_and_climate_change|difefo tse di maatla go feta]], [[:en:Drought#Climatic_changes|komelelo]] le [[:en:Extreme_weather|diemo tse dingwe tsa bosa tse di feteletseng]].<ref>{{Harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Ch11|2021|p=1517}}</ref> Diphetogo tse di bonako mo tikologong ya [[:en:Montane_ecosystems|dithaba]], [[:en:Coral_reef|mafika a dikhorale]] le kwa lefelong la [[:en:Climate_change_in_the_Arctic|Arctic]] di pateletsa mefuta e mentsi ya dimela le diphologolo go fudugela kwa mafelong a mangwe kgotsa [[:en:Extinction_risk_from_climate_change|go nyelela]].<ref>EPA (19 January 2017). "[https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climate-impacts/climate-impacts-ecosystems_.html#Extinction Climate Impacts on Ecosystems]". [https://web.archive.org/web/20180127185656/https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/climate-impacts/climate-impacts-ecosystems_.html#Extinction Archived] from the original on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 5 February 2019. <q>Mountain and arctic ecosystems and species are particularly sensitive to climate change... As ocean temperatures warm and the acidity of the ocean increases, bleaching and coral die-offs are likely to become more frequent.</q></ref> Le fa maiteko a go fokotsa go oketsega ga mogote mo isagong a ka atlega, ditlamorago dingwe di tla tswelela ka makgolokgolo a dingwaga. Tse di akaretsa go [[:en:Ocean_temperature#Increasing_temperature_due_to_climate_change|thuthahala ga mawatle]], go [[:en:Ocean_acidification|oketsega ga esiti mo metsing a mawatle]] , le go [[:en:Sea_level_rise|tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle]].<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch1|2018|p=64}}: "Sustained net zero anthropogenic emissions of {{CO2}} and declining net anthropogenic non-{{CO2}} radiative forcing over a multi-decade period would halt anthropogenic global warming over that period, although it would not halt sea level rise or many other aspects of climate system adjustment."</ref> Phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health|baya batho mo kotsing]] ya merwalela e e oketsegileng, mogote o o feteletseng, tlhaelo ya [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change_on_agriculture|dijo]] le [[:en:Water_scarcity#Climate_change|metsi]], go oketsega ga malwetse le [[:en:Economic_impacts_of_climate_change|tatlhegelo ya itsholelo]].<ref>"[https://climate.ec.europa.eu/climate-change/consequences-climate-change_en Consequences of climate change]". ''climate.ec.europa.eu''. European Commission. Retrieved 10 April 2025.</ref> [[:en:Environmental_migrant|Go fuduga ga batho]] le dikgotlhang le tsone di ka nna ditlamorago.<ref>{{harvnb|Cattaneo|Beine|Fröhlich|Kniveton|2019}} {{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG2 SPM|2022|p=15}} {{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG2 Technical Summary|2022|p=53}}</ref> [[:en:World_Health_Organization|Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe Lotlhe wa Boitekanelo]] (World Health Organization – WHO) o tlhalosa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e le nngwe ya [[:en:Global_health|matshosetsi a magolo thata mo boitekanelong]] jwa lefatshe mo lekgolong la bo masome a mabedi le bongwe la dingwaga.<ref>{{harvnb|WHO, Nov|2023}}</ref> Ditšhaba le ditshedi tsotlhe tsa tikologo di tla lebana le dikotsi tse dikgolo go feta [[:en:Climate_change_mitigation|fa go sa tsewe dikgato tsa go fokotsa go oketsega ga mogote]].<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG2 SPM|2022|p=19}}</ref> [[:en:Climate_change_adaptation|Go ikamanya le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa]] ka go dirisa ditsela tse di jaaka go aga [[:en:Flood_control|mekgwa ya go laola merwalela]] kgotsa go lema [[:en:Xerophyte|dijalo tse di emelanang le komelelo]] go fokotsa dikotsi tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa ka selekanyo sengwe,le fa go ntse jalo, go setse go fitlheletswe melelwane ya bokgoni jwa go ikamanya mo mafelong mangwe.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG2 SPM|2022|pp=21–26}} {{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG2 Ch16|2022|p=2504}} {{harvnb|IPCC AR6 SYR SPM|2023|pp=8–9}}: "Effectiveness<sup>15</sup> of adaptation in reducing climate risks<sup>16</sup> is documented for specific contexts, sectors and regions (high confidence) ... Soft limits to adaptation are currently being experienced by small-scale farmers and households along some low-lying coastal areas (medium confidence) resulting from financial, governance, institutional and policy constraints (high confidence). Some tropical, coastal, polar and mountain ecosystems have reached hard adaptation limits (high confidence). Adaptation does not prevent all losses and damages, even with effective adaptation and before reaching soft and hard limits (high confidence)."</ref> Ditšhaba tse di humanegileng di na le seabe se sennye mo go [[:en:Climate_justice|ntsheng gase tse di bakang go thutahala ga lefatshe]], mme gape ke tsone tse di nang le bokgoni jo bonnye jwa go ikamanya le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa , e bile ke tsone tse di [[:en:Climate_change_vulnerability|amegang thata ke ditlamorago tsa yone.]]<ref>Tietjen, Bethany (2 November 2022). [https://theconversation.com/loss-and-damage-who-is-responsible-when-climate-change-harms-the-worlds-poorest-countries-192070 "Loss and damage: Who is responsible when climate change harms the world's poorest countries?]". ''[[:en:The_Conversation_(website)|The Conversation]]''. Retrieved 30 August 2023.</ref><ref>"[https://www.ipcc.ch/report/sixth-assessment-report-working-group-ii/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability]". IPCC. 27 February 2022. Retrieved 30 August 2023.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Bobcat Fire, Los Angeles, San Gabriel Mountains.jpg|thumb]]<gallery mode="packed" caption="Dikao tsa ditlamorago dingwe tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa Molelo wa naga o o gakadiwang ke mogote le komelelo, gonna bosweu ga dikorale go go diragalang gantsi ka ntlha ya makhubu a mogote a lewatle, le komelelo e e gakalang e e tsenyang tlamelo ya metsi mo kotsing."> Setshwantsho:Bobcat Fire, Los Angeles, San Gabriel Mountains.jpg Setshwantsho:Bleached colony of Acropora coral.jpg Setshwantsho:California Drought Dry Lakebed 2009.jpg </gallery>Ditlamorago tse dintsi tsa phetogo tsa seemo sa bosa di lemogilwe mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tsa ngwagakgolo wa masome a Mabedi Le bongwe, ka ngwaga wa 2024 se se bothitho go gaisa mo dikwalong ka Boko godimo jwa selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius E le nngwe Le dikarolo di Le masome a marataro (1.60°C) kgotsa Farenheit di Le pedi Le dikarolo di Le masome a robabobedi Le boferabobedi (2.88 °F) fa e sale go latedisa ka mkgaetsakgapetsago simolola ka 1ngwaga wa 850.<ref>[https://climate.copernicus.eu/global-climate-highlights-2024#543aa52e-a01b-45e0-adfc-c610e4ac93a5 "2024 – a second record-breaking year, following the exceptional 2023]". ''Copernicus Programme''. 10 January 2025. Retrieved 10 January 2025.</ref><ref>Carrington, Damian (10 January 2025). [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/jan/10/world-temperature-in-2024-exceeded-15c-for-first-time "Hottest year on record sent planet past 1.5C of heating for first time in 2024]". ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 10 January 2025.</ref> Thuthafalo e e oketsegileng e tla oketsa ditlamorago tse mme e ka tsosa [[:en:Tipping_points_in_the_climate_system|dintlha tsa go fetoga]], jaaka go [[:en:Greenland_ice_sheet|nyerologa ga metsi a a gatsetseng ka ntlha ya serame Greenland]].<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary|2021|p=71}}</ref> Ka fa tlase ga [[:en:Paris_Agreement|Tumalano ya Paris]] ya ngwaga wa 2015, ditšhaba mmogo di dumalane go tshola thuthafalo "ka fa tlase ga selekanyo sa bobedi sa mogote sa mokgwa wa Celcius (°C") . Le fa go ntse jalo, ka [[:en:Nationally_determined_contribution|ditsholofetso]] tse di dirilweng ka fa tlase ga Tumalano, thuthafalo ya lefatshe e santse e tla fitlha go bokana jwa selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius di Le pedi Le dikarolo di Le borobabobedi (2.8 °C) Tse di lekanang Le selekanyo sa mogote sa Farenheit di Le tlhano (5.0 °F) kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga.<ref name=":4">{{harvnb|United Nations Environment Programme|2024|p=XVIII}}: "The full implementation and continuation of the level of mitigation effort implied by unconditional or conditional NDC scenarios lower these projections to 2.8&#x20;°C (range: 1.9–3.7) and 2.6&#x20;°C (range: 1.9–3.6), respectively. All with at least a 66 per cent chance."</ref> Go na le tshegetso e e anameng ya [[:en:Climate_action|kgato ya seemo sa bosa]] ya lefatshe ka bophara<ref>Carrington, Damian (22 April 2025). [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2025/apr/22/spiral-of-silence-climate-action-very-popular-why-dont-people-realise "'Spiral of silence': climate action is very popular, so why don't people realise it?]". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 April 2025.</ref><ref>Andre, Peter; Boneva, Teodora; Chopra, Felix; Falk, Armin (9 February 2024). "Globally representative evidence on the actual and perceived support for climate action". ''Nature Climate Change''. '''14''' (3): 253–259. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024NatCC..14..253A 2024NatCC..14..253A]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41558-024-01925-3|10.1038/s41558-024-01925-3.]]</ref>, mme bontsi jwa mafatshe a ikaelela [[:en:Net-zero_emissions|go emisa go ntsha gase ya carbon dioxide]].<ref>{{harvnb|United Nations Environment Programme|2024|p=XV}}: "As at 1 June 2024, 101 parties representing 107 countries and covering approximately 82 per cent of global GHG emissions had adopted net-zero pledges either in law (28 parties), in a policy document such as an NDC or a long-term strategy (56 parties), or in an announcement by a high-level government official (17 parties)."</ref> [[:en:Fossil_fuel_phase-out|Mafura a a dirilweng ka masalela a dimela le diphologolo tse di epolotsweng bogologolo le a ka fedisiwa]] ka go [[:en:Fossil_fuel_subsidies|fedisa dithuso tsa one]], [[:en:Conserving_energy|go somarela maatla]] le go fetogela kwa [[:en:Low-carbon_electricity|metsweding ya maatla e e sa tlhagiseng kgotlhelo e e bonalang ya carbon]]. Metswedi e ya maatla e akaretsa [[:en:Wind_power|maatla a phefo]], [[:en:Solar_power|a letsatsi]], a maatla a a bonwang ka go dirisa diphetogo mo gare ga dikarolwana tsa athomo (nuclear power).<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG3 Annex III|2014|p=1335}} {{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG3 Summary for Policymakers|2022|pp=24–25}} {{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG3 Technical Summary|2022|p=89}}</ref> Motlakase o o dirilweng ka tsela e e phepa o ka emisetsa mahura a a dirilweng ka masalela a dimela le diphologolo tse di epolotsweng bogologolo go dirisiwa go [[:en:Electric_vehicles|fa dipalangwa maatla a go tsamaya]], [[:en:Electric_heating|go gotetsa dikago]] le go tsamaisa dithulaganyo tsa madirelo.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG3 Technical Summary|2022|p=84}}: "Stringent emissions reductions at the level required for 2°C or 1.5°C are achieved through the increased electrification of buildings, transport, and industry, consequently all pathways entail increased electricity generation (high confidence)."</ref> Carbon e ka [[:en:Carbon_dioxide_removal|ntshiwa gape mo lefaufaung]], sekai ka go [[:en:Forest_protection|oketsa khurumetso ya sekgwa]] le go lema ka mekgwa e e bolokang [[:en:Carbon_farming|carbon mo mmung]].<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SRCCL Summary for Policymakers|2019|p=18}} {{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG3 Summary for Policymakers|2022|pp=24–25}} {{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG3 Technical Summary|2022|p=114}}</ref><ref>Duarte, C.M.; Delgado-Huertas, A.; et&#x20;al. (17 January 2025). "Carbon burial in sediments below seaweed farms matches that of Blue Carbon habitats". ''[[:en:Nature_Climate_Change|Nature Climate Change]]''. '''15''' (2): 180–187. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2025NatCC..15..180D 2025NatCC..15..180D.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41558-024-02238-1|10.1038/s41558-024-02238-1.]]</ref><ref>Winfield, E.; Ostoja, S. (2020). [https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-15874560 "Climate-Smart Agriculture: Soil Health & Carbon Farming &#x5B;Factsheet&#x5D;"]. ''USDA California Climate Hub''. Retrieved 13 August 2025.</ref> == Mareo == Pele ga dingwaga tsa bo 1980, go ne go sa tlhaloganyesege gore a phelelo ya go thuthafatsa ya [[:en:Greenhouse_effect|digase tse di oketsegileng tsa sethopo]] e ne e le maatla go feta [[:en:Particulates#Climate_effects|phelelo ya go tsidifatsa ya dikarolwana tse di mo moweng]] mo kgotlhelong ya mowa. Borasaense ba dirisitse lereo ''phetolo ya seemo sa bosa se se sa ikaelelwang'' go kaya ditlamorago tsa batho mo seemong sa bosa ka nako e.<ref name=":0">{{harvnb|NASA, 5 December|2008}}.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, ''mareo a thuthafalo ya lefatshe'' le phetogo ya ''seemo sa bosa'' se ne sa tlwaelega thata, gantsi a ne a dirisiwa ka go ananya.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFNASA,_7_July2020|NASA, 7 July 2020]]</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Shaftel|2016}}: "{{thinsp}}'Climate change' and 'global warming' are often used interchangeably but have distinct meanings.&nbsp;... Global warming refers to the upward temperature trend across the entire Earth since the early 20th century&nbsp;... Climate change refers to a broad range of global phenomena&nbsp;...[which] include the increased temperature trends described by global warming."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Associated Press, 22 September|2015}}: "The terms global warming and climate change can be used interchangeably. Climate change is more accurate scientifically to describe the various effects of greenhouse gases on the world because it includes extreme weather, storms and changes in rainfall patterns, ocean acidification and sea level".</ref> Ka saense, ''thuthafalo ya lefatshe'' e kaya fela go oketsega ga mogote wa palogare ya boalogodimo jwa lefatshe, fa ''phetogo ya seemo sa bosa'' e tlhalosa bobedi thuthafalo ya lefatshe le ditlamorago tsa yona mo [[:en:Climate_system|thulaganyong ya seemo sa bosa]] ya Lefatshe, jaaka diphetogo tsa [[:en:Precipitation|pula]].<ref name=":0" /> ''Phetogo ya seemo'' sa bosa se ka dirisiwa gape ka bophara go akaretsa [[:en:Climate_variability_and_change|diphetogo tsa seemo sa bosa]] tse di diragetseng mo ditsong tsotlhe tsa Lefatshe ka ntlha ya dithulaganyo tsa tlholego.<ref>{{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 SYR Glossary|2014|p=120}}: "Climate change refers to a change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., by using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use."</ref> Lereo la phetogo ya seemo sa loapi se se bakiwang ke batho ka dinako tse dingwe le dirisiwa go tlhalosa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa se se bakiwang ke ditiro tsa batho.<ref>Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), ed. (2023), "Annex VII: Glossary", ''[https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/climate-change-2021-the-physical-science-basis/annex-vii-glossary/058768DADC00B52E2ED3381D0259B4E0 Climate Change 2021 – The Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]'', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.&#x20;2215–2256, [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/9781009157896.022|10.1017/9781009157896.022,]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]]&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-009-15788-9|<bdi>978-1-009-15788-9</bdi>,]] retrieved 22 January 2026</ref> ''Thuthafalo ya lefatshe''—e e neng ya dirisiwa go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1975<ref>Broecker, Wallace S. (8 August 1975). "Climatic Change: Are We on the Brink of a Pronounced Global Warming?". ''[[:en:Science_(journal)|Science]]''. '''189''' (4201): 460–463. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975Sci...189..460B 1975Sci...189..460B]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.189.4201.460|10.1126/science.189.4201.460.]] [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]]&#x20;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/1740491 1740491]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17781884 17781884].</ref>—e ne ya nna lereo le le tlwaelesegileng thata morago ga gore rra maranyane wa seemo sa bosa wa [[:en:NASA|NASA]] e bong [[:en:James_Hansen|James Hansen]] a le dirise mo bosuping jwa gagwe jwa ngwaga wa 1988 kwa [[:en:U.S._Senate|Senateng ya U.S]].<ref>{{harvnb|Weart "The Public and Climate Change: The Summer of 1988"}}, "News reporters gave only a little attention&#x20;...". </ref> Fa e sale ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000, tiriso ya phetogo ya ''seemo sa bosa'' e oketsegile.<ref>{{harvnb|Joo|Kim|Do|Lineman|2015}}.</ref> Bo ramaranyane ba ba farologaneng, boradipolotiki le bobegakgang ba ka dirisa mareo a [[:en:Climate_crisis|''mathata a seemo sa bosa'']] kgotsa [[:en:Climate_emergency_declaration|''tshoganyetso ya seemo sa bosa'']] go bua ka phetogo ya seemo sa bosa, mme ba ka dirisa lereo la ''thuthafalo e e oketsegileng ya lefatshe (global heating)'' boemong jwa ''thuthafalo ya lefatshe (global warming).''<ref>{{harvnb|Hodder|Martin|2009}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|BBC Science Focus Magazine, 3 February|2020}}</ref> == Go tlhatloga ga mogote mo lefatsheng lotlhe == ''Tshedimosetso e nngwe:'' [[:en:Global_surface_temperature|''Mogote o o mo boalogodimong jwa lefatshe lotlhe'']] === Megote ya tsa pele ga thuthafalo ya lefatshe ya gompieno === ''Dipego tse dikgolo: [[:en:Climate_variability_and_change|Go fetoga ga seemo sa bosa le phetogo]]; [[:en:Temperature_record_of_the_last_2,000_years|Palo ya mogote ya dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi tse di fetileng]]; le [[:en:Paleoclimatology|Thuto -seemo sa bosa ya Bogologolo]]''[[Setshwantsho:Common Era Temperature.svg|thumb|Kago sešwa ya [[:en:Global_surface_temperature|mogote wa boalogodimo jwa lefatshe ka bophara]] mo dingwageng di le dikete tse pedi tse di fetileng go dirisiwa tshedimosetso ya boemedi go tswa mo diring tsa ditlhare, dikorale, le di-core tsa metsi a a gatsetseng tsa botala jwa loapi.<ref>{{harvnb|Neukom|Barboza|Erb|Shi|2019b}}.</ref>Tshedimosetso e e lemogilweng ka tlhamalalo e ka bohibidu.<ref>"[https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs_v4/ Global Annual Mean Surface Air Temperature Change]". [[:en:NASA|NASA]]. Retrieved 23 February 2020.</ref>]] Mo dingwageng di le didikadike di le mmalwa tse di fetileng seemo sa bosa se ne sa dikologa mo di [[:en:Glacial_period|nakong tsa metsi a a gatsetseng.]] Nngwe ya dipaka tse di neng di le mogote thata mogote e ne e le [[:en:Last_Interglacial|Last Interglacial]], dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse lekgolo le masome a mabedi le botlhano tse di fetileng, fa megote e neng e le magareng ga selekanyo sa Celciuse e oketsegile ka selekanyo sa fa gare ga degree Celsius e le sephatlo (0.5 °C) le degree Celsius e le nngwe le sephatlo (1.5 °C) go feta pele ga tshimologo ya go thutafalo ya lefatshe.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch22021|IPCC AR6 WG1 Ch2 2021]], pp.&#x20;294, 296.</ref> Paka e e ne ya bona maemo a lewatle a le kwa godimo ka boleele jwa dimitara di le tlhano go ya ko dimitareng di le lesome go feta gompieno. Bogolo jwa metsi a a gatsetseng jwa bošeng jwa dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi tse di fetileng bo ne bo le tsididi ka selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius ka botlhano go ya kwa bosupeng (5–7 °C). Paka e e na le maemo a lewatle a a neng a le kwa tlase ka boleele jwa dimetara di feta lekgolo le masome a mabedi le botlhano (125 m), kgotsa boleele jwa maoto a le makgolo a mane le lesome (410 ft), fa go bapisiwa le gompieno..<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch22021|IPCC AR6 WG1 Ch2 2021]], p.&#x20;366.</ref> Megote e neng ya tlhomama mo pakeng ya ga jaana ya magareng ga metsi a a gatsetseng go simolola dingwaga di le dikete di le lesome le bongwe le makgolo a a supa a a fetileng.<ref>Marcott, S. A.; Shakun, J. D.; Clark, P. U.; Mix, A. C. (2013). "A reconstruction of regional and global temperature for the past 11,300 years". ''Science''. '''339''' (6124): 1198–1201. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...339.1198M 2013Sci...339.1198M]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1228026|10.1126/science.1228026]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]]&#x20;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23471405 23471405].</ref> Paka e gape e ne ya bona tshimologo ya temothuo.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch22021|IPCC AR6 WG1 Ch2 2021]], p.&#x20;296.</ref> Mokgwa wa ditso tsa go thuthafala le go tsidifala, jaaka Paka ya [[:en:Medieval_Warm_Period|Bothitho ya Metlha ya Bogare]](Medieval Warm Period) le [[:en:Little_Ice_Age|Motlha wa metsi a a gatsetseng a a mannye]], ga di a diragala ka nako e le nngwe go ralala dikgaolo tse di farologaneng. Megote e ka tswa di fitlheletse kwa godimo jaaka tsa bofelo jwa lekgolo la bosome le bobedi la dingwaga mo dikgaolong tse di lekanyeditsweng.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch5|2013|p=386}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Neukom|Steiger|Gómez-Navarro|Wang|2019a}}</ref> Tshedimosetso ya seemo sa bosa ya paka eo e tswa mo maemeding a seemo sa bosa, jaaka ditlhare le karolo ya konokono tsa metsi a a gatsetseng.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch1|2018|p=57}}: "This report adopts the 51-year reference period, 1850–1900 inclusive, assessed as an approximation of pre-industrial levels in AR5&#x20;... Temperatures rose by 0.0&#x20;°C–0.2&#x20;°C from 1720–1800 to 1850–1900"</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Hawkins|Ortega|Suckling|Schurer|2017|p=1844}}</ref> === Go thuthafala fa e sale ka Phetogo ya Madirelo === [[Setshwantsho:1951- Percent of record temperatures that are cold or warm records.svg|thumb|Mo masomeng a dingwaga a bosheng jaana, dipalo tse disha tsa mogote o o kwa godimo di fetile thata dipalo tse disha tsa mogote o o kwa tlase mo karolong e e golang ya boalogodimo jwa Lefatshe. <ref>[https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/202309/supplemental/page-3 "Mean Monthly Temperature Records Across the Globe / Timeseries of Global Land and Ocean Areas at Record Levels for September from 1951–2023]". NCEI.NOAA.gov. National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). September 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231014030010/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/202309/supplemental/page-3 Archived] from the original on 14 October 2023. (change "202309" in URL to see years other than 2023, and months other than 09=September)</ref>]] Ka ngwagaa wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a matlhano (1850) dipalo tsa [[:en:Thermometer|sedirwa se se dirisiwang go tsaa mogote]] se ne sa simolola go tlamela ka kgaso ya lefatshe lotlhe.<ref>{{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG1 Summary for Policymakers|2013|pp=4–5}}: "Global-scale observations from the instrumental era began in the mid-19th century for temperature and other variables&#x20;... the period 1880 to 2012&#x20;... multiple independently produced datasets exist."</ref> Magareng ga lekgolo la bo lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga le ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa (1970) go ne go se na thuthafalo e ntsi ya nete, ka gonne ditlamorago tsa thuthafalo tsa mesi ya digase tsa sethopo di ne tsa fokodiwa ke go tsidifala go tswa mo mesing ya [[:en:Sulfur_dioxide|sulphur dioxide]]. Sulphur dioxide e baka [[:en:Acid_rain|pula ya asiti]], mme gape e ntsha di-aerosol tsa [[:en:Sulfate|sulfate]] mo lefaufaung, tse di bontshang lesedi la letsatsi mme di dira gore lefatshe lotlhe le nne lefifi. Morago ga ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa (1970), go kokoanngwa mo go oketsegang ga digase tsa sethopo le ditaolo tsa kgotlhelo ya sebabole go ne ga baka koketsego e e bonalang ya mogote.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20181222142212/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2007/aerosol_dimming.html "Global 'Sunscreen' Has Likely Thinned, Report NASA Scientists".] NASA. 15 March 2007.</ref><ref name=":1">Quaas, Johannes; Jia, Hailing; Smith, Chris; Albright, Anna Lea; Aas, Wenche; Bellouin, Nicolas; Boucher, Olivier; Doutriaux-Boucher, Marie; Forster, Piers M.; Grosvenor, Daniel; Jenkins, Stuart; Klimont, Zbigniew; Loeb, Norman G.; Ma, Xiaoyan; Naik, Vaishali; Paulot, Fabien; Stier, Philip; Wild, Martin; Myhre, Gunnar; Schulz, Michael (21 September 2022). [[doi:10.5194/acp-22-12221-2022|"Robust evidence for reversal of the trend in aerosol effective climate forcing".]] ''Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics''. '''22''' (18): 12221–12239. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ACP....2212221Q Bibcode:2022ACP....2212221Q. doi:10.5194/acp-22-12221-2022. hdl:20.500.11850/572791.]</ref> [[Setshwantsho:1955- Ocean heat content - NOAA.svg|thumb|Go nnile le koketsego ya [[:en:Ocean_heat_content|diteng tsa mogote wa lewatle]] mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di sa tswang go feta jaaka fa mawatle a annywa go feta karolo ya masome a borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya [[:en:Earth's_energy_budget|mogote go tswa mo thuthafalong ya lefatshe]].<ref>Top 700 meters: Lindsey, Rebecca; Dahlman, Luann (6 September 2023). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20190212110601/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-ocean-heat-content Climate Change: Ocean Heat Content]". climate.gov. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). ● Top 2000 meters: [https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/ocean-warming/ "Ocean Warming / Latest Measurement: December 2022 / 345 (± 2) zettajoules since 1955"]. NASA.gov. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. from the original on 20 October 2023.</ref>]] Diphetogo tse di tswelelang tsa seemo sa bosa ga di ise di ko di nne teng mo dingwageng di le dikete di le mmalwa.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary|2021|p=43}}</ref> Ditlhopha tsa tshedimosetso tse dintsi tsotlhe di bontsha<ref>"Summary for Policymakers". ''Climate Change 2021 – the Physical Science Basis''. 2023. pp.&#x20;3–32. [[doi:10.1017/9781009157896.001|doi:10.1017/9781009157896.001. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-009-15789-6</bdi>.]]</ref> koketsego ya lefatshe ka bophara ya themphereitšha ya boalogodimo, ka seelo se se ka nnang 0.2 °C ka ngwagasome.<ref>{{Harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch1|2018|p=81}}.</ref>Ngwagasome wa dingwaga tsa 2014 go fitlhela kwa ngwageng wa 2023 o ne wa thuthafala go fitlha go palogare ya selekanyo sa mogote wa degree sa bongwe ntlha e nngwe le borobabobedi (1.19 °C)[selekanyo sa mogote wa Celcius se se magareng ga bongwe ntlha ya lefela le borataro le bongwe ntlha tharo] [1.06–1.30 °C] fa e bapisiwa le motheo wa pele ga madirelo (go tswa ka ngwaga wa 1850– go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1900).<ref>{{harvnb|Forster|Smith|Walsh|Lamb|2024|p=2626}}</ref> Ga se ngwaga mongwe le mongwe o o neng o le bothitho go feta wa bofelo: dithulaganyo tsa go [[:en:Climate_variability|fetoga ga seemo sa bosa]] tsa fa gare di ka dira gore ngwaga mongwe le mongwe o nne bothitho kgotsa o tsididi ka selekanyo sa mogote sa lefela ntlha pedi (0.2 °C) go feta palogare.<ref>Samset, B. H.; Fuglestvedt, J. S.; Lund, M. T. (7 July 2020). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7341748 "Delayed emergence of a global temperature response after emission mitigation"]. ''Nature Communications''. '''11''' (1): 3261. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatCo..11.3261S Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.3261S. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17001-1. hdl:11250/2771093. PMC&#x20;7341748. PMID&#x20;32636367]. <q>At the time of writing, that translated into 2035–2045, where the delay was mostly due to the impacts of the around 0.2 °C of natural, interannual variability of global mean surface air temperature</q></ref> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi (1998) go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro (2013), dikgato tse di sa siamang tsa dithulaganyo tse pedi tse di ntseng jalo, [[:en:Pacific_decadal_oscillation|go tshikhinyega ga dingwaga di le lesome tsa Pacific (Pacific Decadal Oscillation) (PDO)]]<ref>Seip, Knut L.; Grøn, ø.; Wang, H. (31 August 2023). [[doi:10.1007/s00704-023-04617-8|"Global lead-lag changes between climate variability series coincide with major phase shifts in the Pacific decadal oscillation".]] ''[[:en:Theoretical_and_Applied_Climatology|Theoretical and Applied Climatology]]''. '''154''' (3–4): 1137–1149. [[doi:10.1007/s00704-023-04617-8|Bibcode:2023ThApC.154.1137S. doi:10.1007/s00704-023-04617-8. hdl:11250/3088837.]]</ref> le go [[:en:Atlantic_multidecadal_oscillation|tshikhinyega ga dingwaga di le lesome tse di mmalwa tsa Atlantic (AMO)]]<ref>Yao, Shuai-Lei; Huang, Gang; Wu, Ren-Guang; Qu, Xia (January 2016). "The global warming hiatus—a natural product of interactions of a secular warming trend and a multi-decadal oscillation". [[:en:Theoretical_and_Applied_Climatology|''Theoretical and Applied Climatology''.]] '''123''' (1–2): 349–360. [[Bibcode:2016ThApC.123..349Y. doi:10.1007/s00704-014-1358-x]]</ref> di bakile paka e khutshwane e e bonya ya thuthafalo e e bidiwang "[[:en:Global_warming_hiatus|kgaotso ya thuthafalo ya lefatshe]]".<ref>Xie, Shang-Ping; Kosaka, Yu (June 2017). "What Caused the Global Surface Warming Hiatus of 1998–2013?". ''Current Climate Change Reports''. '''3''' (2): 128–140[[doi:10.1007/s40641-017-0063-0|. Bibcode:2017CCCR....3..128X. doi:10.1007/s40641-017-0063-0.]]</ref> Morago ga "hiatus", go ne ga diragala se se fapaaneng, ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi (2024) le bone e le kwa godimo thata ga palogare ya bošeng ka go feta selekanyo sa mogote se le nngwe ntlha botlhano kwa go dimo ga lefela (+1.5&#x20;°C).<ref>Tollefson, Jeff (10 January 2025). "Earth breaches 1.5 °C climate limit for the first time: what does it mean?". ''Nature''. '''637''' (8047): 769–770. [[Bibcode:2025Natur.637..769T. doi:10.1038/d41586-025-00010-9. PMID 39794429|Bibcode:2025Natur.637..769T. doi:10.1038/d41586-025-00010-9. PMID&#x20;39794429]].</ref>Ke ka moo phetogo ya mogote e tlhalosiwang go ya ka palogare ya dingwaga di le masome a mabedi , e e fokotsang modumo wa dingwaga tse di mogote le tse di tsididi le mekgwa ya seemo sa bosa sa dingwaga di le lesome, le gape go lemoga letshwao la paka e telele.: <ref>McGrath, Matt (17 May 2023). [https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-65602293 "Global warming set to break key 1.5C limit for first time"]. ''BBC News''. Retrieved 31 January 2024. <q>The researchers stress that temperatures would have to stay at or above 1.5C for 20 years to be able to say the Paris agreement threshold had been passed.</q></ref> (tsebe ya botlhano) <ref>McGrath, Matt (17 May 2023). "[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-65602293 Global warming set to break key 1.5C limit for first time"]. [[:en:BBC_News|BBC News]]. Retrieved 31 January 2024. The researchers stress that temperatures would have to stay at or above 1.5C for 20 years to be able to say the Paris agreement threshold had been passed.</ref> Ditebelelo tse dingwe tse dintsi di tiisa bosupi jwa thuthafalo.<ref>{{harvnb|Kennedy|Thorne|Peterson|Ruedy|2010|p=S26}}. Figure 2.5.</ref> <ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFLoeb_et_al.2021|Loeb et al. 2021.]]</ref>Lefaufau le le kwa godimo le a tsidifala, ka gonne digase tsa sethopo di tshwara mogote gaufi le boalogodimo jwa Lefatshe, mme ka jalo mogote o monnye o phatsimela kwa lefaufaung.<ref>[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/GlobalWarming "Global Warming".] NASA JPL. 3 June 2010. Retrieved 11 September 2020. <q>Satellite measurements show warming in the troposphere but cooling in the stratosphere. This vertical pattern is consistent with global warming due to increasing greenhouse gases but inconsistent with warming from natural causes.</q></ref> Go thuthafala go fokotsa palogare ya khurumetso ya kapoko mme go [[:en:Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850|pateletsa dikgalase go boela morago]]. Ka nako e le nngwe, thuthafalo gape e baka [[:en:Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle|mowafatso o o mogolo go tswa mo mawatleng]], e e bakang [[:en:Specific_humidity|bongola jwa lefaufau]] jo bontsi , le pula e ntsi le e e bokete.<ref>{{harvnb|Kennedy|Thorne|Peterson|Ruedy|2010|pp=S26, S59–S60}}</ref> <ref>{{harvnb|USGCRP Chapter 1|2017|p=35}}</ref>Dimela di [[:en:Flowering|thunya]] go sa le gale mo dikgakologong, mme diketekete tsa mefuta ya diphologolo di ntse di fudugela kwa mafelong a a tsidifetseng ruri.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG2|2022|pp=257–260}}</ref> === Dipharologano go ya ka dikgaolo === Dikgaolo tse di farologaneng tsa lefatshe di thuthafala ka selekanyo se se farologaneng. Mokgwa ono o ikemetse ka nosi gore digase tsa sethopo di ntshiwa kae, ka gonne digase tseno di nna nako e telele go ka anama go ralala polanete. Fa e sale ka nako ya pele ga madirelo, palogare ya themphereitšha ya boalogodimo mo dikgaolong tsa lefatshe e oketsegile ka bonako jo bo ka nnang gabedi go feta palogare ya themphereitšha ya boalogodimo jwa lefatshe.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SRCCL Summary for Policymakers|2019|p=7}}</ref> Seno ke ka gonne mawatle a latlhegelwa ke mogote o montsi ka go mowafala mme mawatle a ka boloka mogote o montsi.<ref>{{Harvnb|Sutton|Dong|Gregory|2007}}.</ref> Maatla a mogote mo thulaganyong ya tlelaemete ya lefatshe a godile ka go ema ka nakwana fela fa e sale ka bonnye ka 1970, mme go feta 90% ya maatla ano a a oketsegileng a bolokilwe mo lewatleng.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190212110601/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-ocean-heat-content "Climate Change: Ocean Heat Content".] ''Noaa Climate.gov''. NOAA. 2018. Archived from [https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-ocean-heat-content the original] on 12 February 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2019.</ref> <ref>{{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch3|2013|p=257}}: "Ocean warming dominates the global energy change inventory. Warming of the ocean accounts for about 93% of the increase in the Earth's energy inventory between 1971 and 2010 (high confidence), with warming of the upper (0 to 700 m) ocean accounting for about 64% of the total.</ref>Tse dingwe di goteditse lefaufau, tsa nyerolosa aese, le go thuthafatsa dikontinente.<ref>von Schuckman, K.; Cheng, L.; Palmer, M. D.; Hansen, J.; et&#x20;al. (7 September 2020). [https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/12/2013/2020/ "Heat stored in the Earth system: where does the energy go?".] ''Earth System Science Data''. '''12''' (3): 2013–2041. Bibcode:[[doi:10.5194/essd-12-2013-2020|2020ESSD...12.2013V. doi:10.5194/essd-12-2013-2020. hdl:20.500.11850/443809.]]</ref> Hemisefere ya Bokone le Hemisefere ya Bokone di thuthafetse ka bonako thata go feta Hemisefere ya Borwa le Hemisefere ya Borwa. Hemisefere ya Bokone ga e na fela lefatshe le lentsi thata, mme gape le khurumetso e ntsi ya kapoko ya paka le aese ya lewatle. Fa difatlhego tseno di fetoga go tswa mo go bontsheng lesedi le lentsi go ya go nna lefifi morago ga gore aese e nyerologe, di simolola go monya mogote o montsi.<ref>{{harvnb|NOAA, 10 July|2011}}.</ref>Dipeeletso tsa khabone e ntsho tsa selegae mo kapokong le mo aeseng le tsone di na le seabe mo thuthafalong ya Arctic.<ref>{{harvnb|United States Environmental Protection Agency|2016|p=5}}: "Black carbon that is deposited on snow and ice darkens those surfaces and decreases their reflectivity (albedo). This is known as the snow/ice albedo effect. This effect results in the increased absorption of radiation that accelerates melting."</ref>Dithemphoritšhara tsa boalogodimo jwa Arctic di oketsega ka bonako jo bo fa gare ga makgetlo a le mararo le a le manè go feta mo lefatsheng lotlhe.<ref>[https://phys.org/news/2021-05-arctic-faster-planet.html "Arctic warming three times faster than the planet, report warns".] ''Phys.org''. 20 May 2021. Retrieved 6 October 2022.</ref> <ref>Rantanen, Mika; Karpechko, Alexey Yu; Lipponen, Antti; Nordling, Kalle; Hyvärinen, Otto; Ruosteenoja, Kimmo; Vihma, Timo; Laaksonen, Ari (11 August 2022). "[[doi:10.1038/s43247-022-00498-3|The Arctic has warmed nearly four times faster than the globe since 1979"]]. ''Communications Earth & Environment''. '''3''' (1): 168. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ComEE...3..168R Bibcode:2022ComEE...3..168R. doi:10.1038/s43247-022-00498-3. hdl:11250/3115996.]</ref>Go nyerologa ga aese gaufi le dipolane go koafatsa bobedi leloko la Atlantic le Antarctic la go dikologa ga thermohaline, e leng se se fetolang go ya pele kabo ya mogote le pula go ralala lefatshe.<ref>Liu, Wei; Fedorov, Alexey V.; Xie, Shang-Ping; Hu, Shineng (26 June 2020). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7319730 "Climate impacts of a weakened Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in a warming climate".] ''Science Advances''. '''6''' (26) eaaz4876. [[Bibcode:2020SciA....6.4876L. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaz4876. PMC 7319730. PMID 32637596.|Bibcode:2020SciA....6.4876L. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaz4876. PMC&#x20;7319730. PMID&#x20;32637596.]]</ref><ref name=":5">Pearce, Fred (18 April 2023). [https://e360.yale.edu/features/climate-change-ocean-circulation-collapse-antarctica "New Research Sparks Concerns That Ocean Circulation Will Collapse"]. Retrieved 3 February 2024.</ref><ref>Lee, Sang-Ki; Lumpkin, Rick; Gomez, Fabian; Yeager, Stephen; Lopez, Hosmay; Takglis, Filippos; Dong, Shenfu; Aguiar, Wilton; Kim, Dongmin; Baringer, Molly (13 March 2023). [[doi:10.1038/s43247-023-00727-3|"Human-induced changes in the global meridional overturning circulation are emerging from the Southern Ocean"]]. ''Communications Earth & Environment''. '''4''' (1): 69. Bibcode:2023ComEE...4...69L. [[Doi:10.1038/s43247-023-00727-3.|doi:10.1038/s43247-023-00727-3.]]</ref><ref>[https://www.aoml.noaa.gov/noaa-scientists-detect-reshaping-of-the-meridional-overturning-circulation-in-southern-ocean/ "NOAA Scientists Detect a Reshaping of the Meridional Overturning Circulation in the Southern Ocean"]. NOAA. 29 March 2023.</ref> === Megote ya isago ya lefatshe ka bophara === [[Setshwantsho:Projected Change in Temperatures.svg|thumb|Diponelopele tsa dikai tse dintsi tsa [[:en:Coupled_Model_Intercomparison_Project#CMIP_Phase_6|CMIP6]] tsa diphetogo tsa [[:en:Global_surface_temperature|mogote wa boalogodimo jwa lefatshe ka bophara]] tsa ngwaga wa 2090 fa di bapisiwa le palogare ya ngwaga wa 1850 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 1900. Tsela ya ga jaanong ya go thuthafala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga e ka nna mo bogareng jwa dipheteletso tse pedi tseno.<ref name=":4" />]] [[:en:World_Meteorological_Organization|Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe wa Maemo a Bosa]] o akanyeditse gore go na le kgonagalo ya mo e ka nnang karolo ya masomea a matlhano mo lekgolong ya gore mogote wa lefatshe lotlhe ya dingwaga di le tlhano e fete selekanyo sa mogote se le nngwe ntlha botlhano kwa go dimo ga lefela (+1.5&#x20;°C) fa gare ga ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024) le ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi.(2028)<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFWMO2024b|WMO 2024b,]] p.&#x20;2.</ref> Setlhopha sa Ditšhaba se se Tlhomilweng go Sekaseka Phetogo ya Seemo sa bosa (IPCC) e solofela gore palogare ya dingwaga di le masome a mabedi e tla feta selekanyo sa mogote se le nngwe ntlha botlhano kwa go dimo ga lefela (+1.5&#x20;°C) mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo dikete tse pedi le masome a mararo .<ref>[https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf#page=955 "Climate Change 2021 – The Physical Science Basis"] (PDF). ''Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change''. 7 August 2021. IPCC AR6 WGI. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 April 2024.</ref> [[:en:IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report|Pegelo ya Tlhatlhobo ya Borataro ya IPCC]] (ya ngwaga wa 2021) e ne e akaretsa diponelopele tsa gore ka dingwaga tsa dikete tse pedi le bongwe (2100) thuthafalo ya lefatshe e ka fitlhelela go tloga kwa go selekanyong sa mogote sa Celcius se le sengwe ntlha lefela go fitlha kwa selekanyong sa Celsius se le nngwe ntlha robabobedi ( 1.0–1.8&#x20;°C) ka fa tlase ga boemo jo bo nang le mesi e e kwa tlase thata ya digase tsa sethopo, selekanyo sa mogote sa Celsius di le pedi ntlha nngwe go fitlha kwa selekanyong sa mogote sa Celsius di le tharo ntlha botlhano (2.1–3.5 °C) fa go nna le [[:en:Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways#SSP3:_Regional_rivalry_(A_Rocky_Road)|seemo sa magareng sa go ntshiwa ga digase]] kgotsa fa go nna le [[:en:Shared_Socioeconomic_Pathways#SSP5:_Fossil-Fueled_Development_(Taking_the_Highway)|seemo se se kwa godimo thata sa go ntshiwa ga digase tseno]], go lebeletswe gore mogote o oketsega go tswa kwa selekanyong sa mogote sa Celsius di le tharo ntlha tharo go fitlhela kwa go selekanyon sa Celsius di le tlhano ntlha supa (3.3–5.7 °C). <ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Summary for Policymakers|2021|p=SPM-17}}</ref>Thuthafalo e tla tswelela go feta dingwaga tsa dikete tse pedi le bongwe (2100) mo maemong a magareng le a a kwa godimo a tshenyo,<ref>Meinshausen, Malte; Smith, S. J.; Calvin, K.; Daniel, J. S.; Kainuma, M. L. T.; Lamarque, J-F.; Matsumoto, K.; Montzka, S. A.; Raper, S. C. B.; Riahi, K.; Thomson, A.; Velders, G. J. M.; van Vuuren, D.P. P. (2011). [[doi:10.1007/s10584-011-0156-z|"The RCP greenhouse gas concentrations and their extensions from 1765 to 2300"]]. ''Climatic Change''. '''109''' (1–2): 213–241. Bibcode:2011ClCh..109..213M. doi:10.1007/s10584-011-0156-z.</ref> <ref>Lyon, Christopher; Saupe, Erin E.; Smith, Christopher J.; Hill, Daniel J.; Beckerman, Andrew P.; Stringer, Lindsay C.; Marchant, Robert; McKay, James; Burke, Ariane; O'Higgins, Paul; Dunhill, Alexander M.; Allen, Bethany J.; Riel-Salvatore, Julien; Aze, Tracy (2021). [[doi:10.1111/gcb.15871|"Climate change research and action must look beyond 2100".]] ''Global Change Biology''. '''28''' (2): 349–361. [[Doi:10.1111/gcb.15871. hdl:20.500.11850/521222. PMID 34558764.|doi:10.1111/gcb.15871. hdl:20.500.11850/521222. PMID&#x20;34558764.]]</ref>ka diponelopele tsa isago tsa megote tsa boalogodimo jwa lefatshe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le makgolo a mararo (2300) di tshwana le didikadike tsa dingwaga tse di fetileng.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary|2021|pp=43–44}}</ref> [[:en:Carbon_budget|Tekanyetsokabo ya khabone]] e e setseng ya go nna ka fa tlase ga dikoketso tse di rileng tsa mogote e laolwa ka go dira sekao sa modikologo wa khabone le go nna [[:en:Climate_sensitivity|bosisi ga seemo sa bosa]] mo digaseng tsa sethopo.<ref>{{harvnb|Rogelj|Forster|Kriegler|Smith|2019}}</ref> Go ya ka [[:en:UNEP|UNEP]], thuthafalo ya lefatshe e ka bewa kwa tlase ga selekanyo sa mogote sa Celcius sa bobedi (2.0 °C) ka kgonagalo ya sephatlo sa lekgolo(50%) fa mesi morago ga ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro (2023) e sa fete bokete jwa di gigatonnes di le borobabongwe ta CO2. Tekanyetsokabo e ya khabone e tsamaisana le dingwaga di ka nna lesome le borataro tsa mesi ya ga jaana.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFUnited_Nations_Environment_Programme2024|United Nations Environment Programme 2024,]] pp.&#x20;XI, XVII.</ref> == Dilo tse di bakang go tlhatloga ga mogote wa bosheng jaana mo lefatsheng lotlhe == Pego ya konkono: [[:en:Causes_of_climate_change|Dilo tse di bakang phetogo ya]] [[:en:Causes_of_climate_change|seemo sa bosa]] [[Setshwantsho:Physical Drivers of climate change.svg|thumb|Dilo tsa tlholego le tsa thuto ya science tse di bakileng go gotela yga lefatshe e e diragetseng go fitlha jaanong. Bokgoni jwa thuthafalo ya lefatshe mo isagong jwa bakgweetsi ba ba tshelang lobaka lo loleele jaaka mesi ya khabonetaeokosaete ga bo a emelwa. Ditedu mo bareng nngwe le nngwe di bontsha selekanyo sa phoso e e ka nnang teng.]] Thulaganyo ya seemo sa bosa e itemogela ditikologo tse di farologaneng ka boyone tse di ka tsayang dingwaga, masomesome a dingwaga kgotsa le eleng makgolokgolo a dingwaga. Sekao, ditiragalo tsa [[:en:El_Niño|El Niño]] di baka ditlhatlogo tsa paka e e khutshwane ya matlhasedi a mogote wa boalogodimo fa ditiragalo tsa [[:en:La_Niña|La Niña]] di baka tsidifatso ya paka e e khutshwane.<ref>Brown, Patrick T.; Li, Wenhong; Xie, Shang-Ping (27 January 2015). [[doi:10.1002/2014JD022576|"Regions of significant influence on unforced global mean surface air temperature variability in climate models: Origin of global temperature variability"]]. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres''. '''120''' (2): 480–494. d[[doi:10.1002/2014JD022576|oi:10.1002/2014JD022576. hdl:10161/9564]]</ref> Makgetlo a tsone a ka ama diphetogo tsa mogote wa lefatshe lotlhe ka kakaretso mo sekaleng sa nako sa dingwaga di le lesome.<ref>Trenberth, Kevin E.; Fasullo, John T. (December 2013). [[doi:10.1002/2013EF000165|"An apparent hiatus in global warming?"]]. ''Earth's Future''. '''1''' (1): 19–32. Bibcode:2013EaFut...1...19T. [[doi:10.1002/2013EF000165|doi:10.1002/2013EF000165.]]</ref> Diphetogo tse dingwe di bakwa ke go sa [[:en:Earth's_Energy_Imbalance|lekalekane ga maatla]] go tswa mo [[:en:Climate_forcing|dikgatelelong tsa kwa ntle]].<ref>{{Harvnb|National Research Council|2012|p=9}}</ref> Dikai tsa tse di akaretsa diphetogo tsa digase tsa sethopo, [[:en:Solar_luminosity|go phatsima ga letsatsi]], [[:en:Volcano|go thunya ga lekgwamolelo,]] le [[:en:Orbital_forcing|diphetogo tsa modikologo wa Lefatshe]] go dikologa Letsatsi.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR5_WG1_Ch102013]{{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch10|2013|p=916}}.</ref> Go bona gore batho ba na le seabe sefe mo phetogong ya seemo sa bosa, go tlhamiwa "dikgatiso tsa menwana" tse di kgethegileng tsa dilo tsotlhe tse di ka nnang teng le go bapisiwa le mekgwa e e lemogilweng le go fetoga ga seemo sa bosa mo go itsiweng fa gare.<ref>{{harvnb|Knutson|2017|p=443}}; {{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch10|2013|pp=875–876}}</ref> Ka sekai, go pateletsa letsatsi—mo kgatiso ya menwana ya lone e akaretsang go thuthafatsa lefaufau lotlhe—go kgaphetswe kwa thoko ka gonne ke lefaufau le le kwa tlase fela le le thuthafetseng.<ref>{{Harvnb|USGCRP|2009|p=20}}.</ref> Di-aerosol tsa mo lefaufaung di ntsha phelelo e nnye, e e tsidifatsang. Dikgweetsi tse dingwe, jaaka diphetogo tsa albedo, ga di na tshusumetso e ntsi.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Summary for Policymakers|2021|p=7}}</ref> === Mewa ya sethopo === ''Pego ya konokono : [[:en:Greenhouse_gas|Digase tse di tshwarang mogote mo lefaufaung]], [[:en:Greenhouse_gas_emissions|go ntshiwa ga digase tse di tshwarang mogote mo lefaufaung]], [[:en:Greenhouse_effect|ditlamorago tsa go tshwarwa ga mogote mo lefaufaung]], le [[:en:Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth's_atmosphere|carbon dioxide mo lefaufaung la Lefatshe]]''[[Setshwantsho:Carbon Dioxide 800kyr.svg|thumb|Dilekanyo tsa CO2 mo dingwageng di le dikete di le borobabobedi tse di fetileng jaaka di lekanngwa go tswa mo gare ga metsi a a gatsetseng (botala jwa loapi/botala) le ka tlhamalalo (bontsho)]] Digase tse di tshwarang mogote mo lefaufaung di bonala mo [[:en:Sunlight|leseding la letsatsi]], mme ka jalo di letla gore le fete mo lefaufaung go gotetsa boalogodimo jwa Lefatshe. Lefatshe le e [[:en:Radiative_cooling|ntsha e le mogote]], mme digase tsa di tshwarang mogote mo lefaufaung di monya karolo ya yone. Go monyelwa mo go fokotsa selekanyo se mogote o tshabelang kwa lefaufaung ka sone, go tshwara mogote gaufi le boalogodimo jwa Lefatshe le go o thuthafatsa fa nako e ntse e tsamaya.<ref>NASA. [https://climate.nasa.gov/causes "The Causes of Climate Change".] ''Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet''. Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2019.</ref> Fa [[:en:Water_vapour|mouwane wa metsi]] (go lekana le karolo ya masome a matlhano mo lekgolong) le maru (go lekana le karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong) e le tsone tse di nang le seabe se segolo mo phelelong ya digase tse di tshwarang mogote mo lefaufaung, di fetoga thata jaaka tiro ya mogote mme ka jalo di tsewa thata jaaka [[:en:Climate_change_feedbacks|ditshwaelo]] tse di fetolang bosisi jwa seemo sa bosa. Ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, dilekanyo tsa digase tse di jaaka CO2 (go lekana le karolo ya masome a mabedi mo lekgolong), gese ya ozone e e mo karolong e e kwa tlase ya lefaufau (troposphere),<ref>Ozone acts as a greenhouse gas in the lowest layer of the atmosphere, the troposphere (as opposed to the stratospheric ozone layer). {{harvnb|Wang|Shugart|Lerdau|2017}}</ref> Di-[[:en:Chlorofluorocarbon|CFC]] le [[:en:Nitrous_oxide|nitrous oxide]] di okediwa kgotsa di tlosiwa di sa ikaega ka mogote, mme ka jalo di tsewa e le [[:en:Radiative_forcing|dikgatelelo tsa kwa ntle]] tse di fetolang megote ya lefatshe.<ref>{{harvnb|Schmidt|Ruedy|Miller|Lacis|2010}}; {{harvnb|USGCRP Climate Science Supplement|2014|p=742}}</ref> Pele ga Phetogo ya Madirelo, selekanyo sa digase tse di tshwarang mogote mo lefaufaung se se tlhagelelang ka tlhago se ne sa dira gore mowa o o gaufi le boalogodimo o nne bothitho ka bokana ka selekanyo sa di Celcius tse masome a mararo le boraro (33&#x20;°C) go feta ka fa o ka bong o le ka teng fa di ne di seyo.<ref>{{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch1|2007|loc=FAQ1.1}}: "To emit 240 W m<sup>−2</sup>, a surface would have to have a temperature of around −19&#x20;°C. This is much colder than the conditions that actually exist at the Earth's surface (the global mean surface temperature is about 14&#x20;°C).</ref> <ref>[https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/climatescience/climatesciencenarratives/what-is-the-greenhouse-effect.html ACS. "What Is the Greenhouse Effect?".] Archived from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2019.</ref>Tiro ya batho fa e sale ka Phetogo ya Madirelo, bogolo jang go ntsha le go fisa mahura a masalela a dilo tse di epolotsweng bogologolo (magala, [[:en:Petroleum|mahura]], le ghese ya tlholego),<ref>{{Harvnb|The Guardian, 19 February|2020}}.</ref> e okeditse selekanyo sa dighese tse di tshwarang mogote mo lefaufaung. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022) , [[:en:Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth's_atmosphere|dilekanyo tsa CO2]] le methane di ne di oketsegile ka bokana ka karolo ya masome a matlhano mo lekgolong (50%) le karolo ya lekgolo le masome a borataro le bone mo lekgolon (164%), ka go latelana, fa e sale ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano.(1750) <ref>{{Harvnb|WMO|2024a|p=2}}.</ref>Dilekanyo tse tsa {{CO2}} di kwa godimo go feta ka nako epe fela mo dingwageng di le didikadike di le lesome le bone tse di fetileng.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFThe_Cenozoic_CO2_Proxy_Integration_Project_(CenCOPIP)_Consortium2023|The Cenozoic CO2 Proxy Integration Project (CenCOPIP) Consortium 2023.]]</ref> [[:en:Atmospheric_methane|Dilekanyo tsa methane]] di kwa godimo thata go feta ka fa di neng di le ka teng mo dingwageng di dikete tse borobabobedi tse di fetileng.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG1_Technical_Summary2021|IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary 2021,]] p.&#x20;TS-35.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:CO2 Emissions by Source.svg|thumb|[[:en:Global_Carbon_Project|Lenaneo la Lefatshe Lotlhe la Khabone]] e bontsha kafa ditlaleletso tsa CO2 di bakilweng ke metswedi e e farologaneng e e tlhatlogang ka go latelana<ref>References for Global Carbon Budget chart updated through 2024: For carbon entries: [https://globalcarbonbudget.org/datahub/the-latest-gcb-data-2025/# "Home ›The Data Hub 2025 ›The Latest GCB Data (2025)"]. Global Carbon Budget. Click "Global Carbon Budget v2025" to download Excel xlsx file. Multiply these carbon entries by 3.664 to arrive at carbon dioxide figures. Contains land use data only since 1959; see OWID references for complete data: For carbon dioxide entries for other industry, flaring, cement, gas, oil, and coal: Ritchie, Hannah; Rosado, Pablo; Roser, Max (23 June 2020). [https://ourworldindata.org/emissions-by-fuel "CO₂ emissions by fuel"]. Our World in Data (OWID). Download data from chosen chart, "CO₂ emissions by fuel or industry type, World". For carbon dioxide entries for land use: [https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-land-use?tab=line&country=~OWID_WRL "Annual CO₂ emissions from land-use change"]. Our World in Data (OWID). Select "Line", choose "Download", select "Data", click "Download displayed data".</ref>]] Mesi ya lefatshe lotlhe ya digase tse di bakiwang ke batho ka ngwaga wa 2019 e ne e lekana le bokete jwa di ditone di le didikadike di le masome a matlhano le borobabongwe tsa {{CO2}}. Mo mesing eno, karolo ya masome a supa le botlhano mo lekgolong (75%) e ne e le CO2, karolo ya lesome le borobabobedi mo lekgolong (18%) e ne e le methane, karolo ya bone mo lekgolong(4%) e ne e le nitrous oxide, mme karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong (2%) e ne e le [[:en:Fluorinated_gases|digase tse di nang le fluorine]].<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG3_Summary_for_Policymakers2022|IPCC AR6 WG3 Summary for Policymakers 2022,]] Figure SPM.1.</ref> Mesi ya CO2 e tswa thata mo go fiseng [[:en:Fossil_fuel|mahura a masalela a dilo tse di epolotsweng bogologolo]] go tlamela ka maatla a dipalangwa, go dira, [[:en:Heating#Energy_sources|go thuthafatsa]], le motlakase.<ref name=":8" />Mesi e mengwe ya CO2 e tswa mo go rengweng ga dikgwa le mo dithulaganyong tsa madirelo, tse di akaretsang CO2 e e gololwang ke diphetogo tsa dikhemikhale tsa [[:en:Cement#Chemistry|go dira semente]], [[:en:Blast_furnace#Process_engineering_and_chemistry|tshipi]], [[:en:Hall–Héroult_process|aluminiamo]], le [[:en:Haber_process|monontshane]].<ref>{{harvnb|Olivier|Peters|2019|p=17}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Our World in Data, 18 September|2020}}; {{harvnb|EPA|2020}}: "Greenhouse gas emissions from industry primarily come from burning fossil fuels for energy, as well as greenhouse gas emissions from certain chemical reactions necessary to produce goods from raw materials."</ref><ref>"[https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zv7f3k7/revision/2 Redox, extraction of iron and transition metals"]. Hot air (oxygen) reacts with the coke (carbon) to produce carbon dioxide and heat energy to heat up the furnace. Removing impurities: The calcium carbonate in the limestone thermally decomposes to form calcium oxide. calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + carbon dioxide</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Kvande|2014}}: "Carbon dioxide gas is formed at the anode, as the carbon anode is consumed upon reaction of carbon with the oxygen ions from the alumina (Al2O3). Formation of carbon dioxide is unavoidable as long as carbon anodes are used, and it is of great concern because {{CO2}} is a greenhouse gas."</ref>Mesi ya methane [[:en:Enteric_fermentation|e tswa mo diruiweng]], motshotelong, [[:en:Environmental_impact_of_rice_cultivation|temong ya raese]], mafelo a go latlhela matlakala, metsi a a leswe, le [[:en:Coal_seam_gas|meepo ya magala]], mmogo le [[:en:Fugitive_gas_emissions|go ntsha mahura le ghese]].<ref>{{harvnb|EPA|2020}}</ref> <ref>{{harvnb|Global Methane Initiative|2020}}: "Estimated Global Anthropogenic Methane Emissions by Source, 2020: [[:en:Enteric_fermentation|Enteric fermentation]] (27%), [[:en:Municipal_Solid_Waste|Manure Managemen]]<nowiki/>t (3%), Coal Mining (9%), Municipal Solid Waste (11%), Oil & Gas (24%), [[:en:Wastewater|Wastewater]] (7%), Rice Cultivation (7%)."</ref>Mesi ya nitrous oxide e tswa thata mo go boleng ga ditshedinnye tsa [[:en:Fertilizer|monontshane]].<ref>{{harvnb|EPA|2019}}: "Agricultural activities, such as fertilizer use, are the primary source of N2O emissions."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Davidson|2009}}: "2.0% of manure nitrogen and 2.5% of fertilizer nitrogen was converted to nitrous oxide between 1860 and 2005; these percentage contributions explain the entire pattern of increasing nitrous oxide concentrations over this period."</ref> Fa methane e nna fela mo lefaufaung ka palogare ya dingwaga di le lesome le bobedi ,<ref>[https://www.iea.org/reports/global-methane-tracker-2023/understanding-methane-emissions "Understanding methane emissions".] International Energy Agency.</ref>CO2 e nna lobaka lo loleele thata. Boalo jwa Lefatshe bo monya CO2 jaaka karolo ya [[:en:Carbon_cycle|modikologo wa khabone]]. Fa dimela tse di mo lefatsheng le mo lewatleng di monya bontsi jwa mesi e e feteletseng ya CO2 ngwaga le ngwaga, CO2 eo e busediwa mo lefaufaung fa dilo tsa ditshedi di silwa, di tuka, kgotsa di bola.<ref name=":2">Riebeek, Holli (16 June 2011). [https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/CarbonCycle/?src=eoa-features "The Carbon Cycle".] ''Earth Observatory''. NASA. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2018.</ref> Dithulaganyo tsa [[:en:Carbon_sink|lefelo le le bolokang khabone]] mo godimo ga lefatshe, jaaka go [[:en:Carbon_fixation|tlhomamisa carbon]] mo mmung le tsela e dimela di dirisang maatla a letsatsi go itirela dijo, di tlosa bokana jwa karolo ya masome a mabedi le borobabongwe mo lekgolong (29%) ya mesi ya CO2 ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya lefatshe.<ref>{{Harvnb|IPCC SRCCL Summary for Policymakers|2019|p=10}}</ref> Lewatle le monya karolo ya masome a mabedi go ya go masomeng a mararo mo lekgolong (20% to 30%) ya CO2 e e ntshiwang mo dingwageng di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SROCC Ch5|2019|p=450}}.</ref> CO2 e tlosiwa fela mo lefaufaung ka nako e telele fa e bolokwa mo legogong la Lefatshe, e leng thulaganyo e e ka tsayang didikadike tsa dingwaga go wediwa.<ref name=":2" /> === Diphetogo tsa boalogodimo jwa lefatshe === [[Setshwantsho:20210331 Global tree cover loss - World Resources Institute.svg|thumb|Selekanyo sa go latlhegelwa ke ditlhare mo lefatsheng lotlhe se menagane gabedi fa e sa le ka 2001, go nna tatlhegelo ya ngwaga le ngwaga e e atamelang lefelo le le lekanang le bogolo jwa Italy .]] Mo e ka nnang 30% ya lefatshe la Lefatshe ga le dirisiwe thata ke batho (dikgalase, dikaka, jalo jalo.), 26% ke dikgwa, 10% ke naga ya ditlhatshana mme 34% ke naga ya temothuo.<ref>{{harvnb|Ritchie|Roser|2018}}</ref> Go rengwa ga dikgwa ke seabe se segolo sa phetogo ya tiriso ya lefatshe mo thuthafalong ya lefatshe,<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SRCCL Summary for Policymakers|2019|p=18}}</ref> ka ditlhare tse di sentsweng di golola CO2, mme ga di emisediwe ke ditlhare tse dišwa, di tlosa sinki eo ya khabone.<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC SRCCL Summary for Policymakers|2019|p=18}}</ref> Magareng ga ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bongwe le ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi, 27% ya go rengwa ga dikgwa e ne e le go tswa mo go kgaoleng dikgwa tsa leruri go kgontsha katoloso ya temothuo ya dijalo le leruo. E nngwe ya 24% e latlhegetswe ke go phepafadiwa ga nakwana ka fa tlase ga dithulaganyo tsa temothuo ya temo e e fetogang. 26% e ne e le ka ntlha ya go rema dikgong go bona dikgong le ditlhagiswa tse di tswang mo go tsona, mme melelo ya naga e dirile 23% e e setseng.<ref>{{harvnb|Curtis|Slay|Harris|Tyukavina|2018}}</ref> Dikgwa dingwe ga di ise di tlosiwe ka botlalo, mme di ne di setse di sentswe ke ditlamorago tseno. Go busetsa dikgwa tse gape go busetsa bokgoni jwa tsona jaaka sinki ya khabone.<ref>Garrett, L.; Lévite, H.; Besacier, C.; Alekseeva, N.; Duchelle, M. (2022). ''The key role of forest and landscape restoration in climate action''. Rome: FAO. [[Doi:10.4060/cc2510en. ISBN 978-92-5-137044-5.|doi:10.4060/cc2510en. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-92-5-137044-5</bdi>.]]</ref> Dimela tse di khurumetsang lefatshe mo lefelong lengwe (vegetation cover) di ama gore bontsi jo bo kana kang jwa marang a letsatsi bo bonagadiwe bo boela kwa loaping (albedo), le gore mogote o montsi go le kae o latlhega ka ntlha ya go fetoga ga metsi mouwane (evaporation).Sekao, fa naga e e nang le sekgwa se se kitlaneng e fetolwa go nna bojang, bokagodimo jwa lefatshe bo nna botala jo bo phatsimang go feta. Seno se dira gore bo bonagatse marang a letsatsi a mantsi go boela kwa loaping. Go rengwa ga dikgwa (deforestation) gape go ka fetola go gololwa ga dikhemikhale tse di amang popego ya maru, e bile go ka fetola popego le bogwata jwa bokagodimo jwa lefatshe ka tsela e e amang lobelo lwa phefo. Kwa mafelong a a mogote (tropics) le a a mo seemong sa tlelaemete se se magareng (temperate areas), ditlamorago tsotlhe tsotlhe tsotlhe di felela ka go oketsa mogote ka selekanyo se segolo. Ka jalo, go busetsa dikgwa kwa mafelong a di kileng tsa rengwa (forest restoration) go ka dira gore themperetšha ya mo lefelong leo e fokotsege.Kwa mafelong a a gaufi le dipholo tsa Lefatshe (latitudes tse di gaufi le dipholo), go nna le ditlamorago tsa go tsidifala fa dikgwa di emisetswa ka mafelo a a khurumeditsweng ke kapoko, a a bonagatsang marang a letsatsi go feta. Mo lefatsheng lotlhe, go oketsega gono ga bokgoni jwa bokagodimo jwa lefatshe jwa go bonagatsa marang a letsatsi go boela kwa loaping (albedo) e nnile yone selo se segolo se se amileng themperetšha ka tlhamalalo ka ntlha ya diphetogo tsa tiriso ya lefatshe (land use change). Ka jalo, go fopholediwa gore diphetogo tsa tiriso ya lefatshe tse di diragetseng go fitlha jaanong di bakile go tsidifala go go nnye ga lefatshe ka kakaretso. === Mabaka a mangwe === ==== Di-aerosol le maru ==== Kgotlelego ya mowa, ka sebopego sa di-aerosol, e ama tlelaemete ka selekanyo se segolo.<ref>{{Harvnb|Haywood|2016|p=456}}; {{harvnb|McNeill|2017}}; {{harvnb|Samset|Sand|Smith|Bauer|2018}}.</ref>Di-aerosol di gasaganya le go monya marang a letsatsi. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bongwe go ya ko ngwagebg wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe, go ne ga lemogiwa go fokotsega ka iketlo ga selekanyo sa lesedi la letsatsi le le fitlhang mo godimo ga Lefatshe. Tiragalo e e itsege thata jaaka go fifala ga lesedi mo lefatsheng lotlhe,<ref>{{harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch2|2013|p=183}}.</ref>mme e amana le di-aerosol tsa sulfate tse di tlhagisiwang ke go tuka ga ditukisi tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng tse di nang le dilekanyo tse di bokete tsa sebabole jaaka magala le ditukisi tsa di-bunker.<ref name=":1" />Dikabelo tse dinnye di tswa mo khaboneng e ntsho (go tswa mo go fiseng ga ditukisi tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng le biomass), le go tswa mo leroleng.<ref>{{harvnb|He|Wang|Zhou|Wild|2018}}; {{Harvnb|Storelvmo|Phillips|Lohmann|Leirvik|2016}}</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230327143716/https://news.agu.org/press-release/aerosol-pollution-caused-decades-of-global-dimming/ "Aerosol pollution has caused decades of global dimming"]. [[:en:American_Geophysical_Union|''American Geophysical Union''.]] 18 February 2021. Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.</ref><ref>Monroe, Robert (20 January 2023). [https://web.archive.org/web/20251011004520/https://scripps.ucsd.edu/news/increased-atmospheric-dust-has-masked-power-greenhouse-gases-warm-planet "Increased Atmospheric Dust has Masked Power of Greenhouse Gases to Warm Planet | Scripps Institution of Oceanography".] ''scripps.ucsd.edu''. Retrieved 8 November 2024.</ref>Lefatshe ka bophara, di-aerosol di ntse di fokotsega fa e sale ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe ka ntlha ya ditaolo tsa kgotlhelego, se se rayang gore ga di tlhole di bipa thuthafalo ya gase ya sethopo thata.<ref>{{harvnb|Wild|Gilgen|Roesch|Ohmura|2005}}; {{Harvnb|Storelvmo|Phillips|Lohmann|Leirvik|2016}}; {{harvnb|Samset|Sand|Smith|Bauer|2018}}.</ref><ref name=":1" /> Di-aerosol le tsone di na le ditlamorago tse di sa tlhamalalang mo tekanyetsokabong ya maatla a Lefatshe. Di-aerosol tsa sulfate di dira jaaka dinyuklea tsa go tlhotlhorega ga maru mme di isa kwa marung a a nang le marothi a mantsi le a mannye a maru. Maru ano a bontsha marang a letsatsi ka tsela e e nang le matswela go feta maru a a nang le marothi a mannye le a magolo.<ref>{{harvnb|Albrecht|1989}}.</ref>Gape di fokotsa kgolo ya marothodi a pula, se se dirang gore maru a bonatse sentle mo leseding la letsatsi le le tsenang.<ref>{{harvnb|Twomey|1977}}.</ref> Ditlamorago tse di sa tlhamalalang tsa di-aerosol ke tsone tse di sa tlhomamang thata mo go pateletsang marang.<ref>{{harvnb|USGCRP Chapter 2|2017|p=78}}.</ref> Le fa gone di-aerosol ka tlwaelo di fokotsa thuthafalo ya lefatshe ka go bontsha lesedi la letsatsi, khabone e ntsho e e mo mosing e e welang mo kapokong kgotsa mo aeseng e ka dira gore lefatshe le thuthafale. Mogote o o feteletseng o o tlholang o akofisa go nyerologa ga aese le dikgapetla, mme seno se dira gore bogodimo jwa lewatle bo tlhatloge thata mo lefatsheng lotlhe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240216194041/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825220303925 "A review of black carbon in snow and ice and its impact on the cryosphere"]. ''Earth-Science Reviews''. '''210'''. 1 November 2020. [[doi:10.1016/j.ear]]. [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-8252 ISSN&#x20;0012-8252]. Archived from the original on 16 February 2024.</ref> <ref>{{harvnb|Ramanathan|Carmichael|2008}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|RIVM|2016}}.</ref>Go fokotsa dipeeletso tse dišwa tsa khabone e ntsho kwa Arctic go ka fokotsa thuthafalo ya lefatshe ka 0.2 °C ka 2050.<ref>{{harvnb|Sand|Berntsen|von Salzen|Flanner|2015}}</ref> Ditlamorago tsa go fokotsega ga diteng tsa sebabole tsa oli ya lookwane lwa dikepe fa e sale ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi <ref>[https://www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/HotTopics/Pages/Sulphur-2020.aspx "IMO 2020 – cutting sulphur oxide emissions"]. ''imo.org''.</ref> di fopholediwa go baka koketsego e nngwe ya 0.05 °C mo themphereitšheng ya lefatshe ka 2050.<ref>{{harvnb|Carbon Brief, 3 July|2023}}</ref> === Tiro ya letsatsi le lekgwamolelo === [[Setshwantsho:2017 Global warming attribution - based on NCA4 Fig 3.3 - single-panel version.svg|thumb|Tshekatsheko ya Bone ya Tlelaemete ya Bosetšhaba ("NCA4", USGCRP, 2017) e akaretsa ditšhate tse di bontshang gore ga go na tiro ya letsatsi kgotsa ya lekgwamolelo e e ka tlhalosang thuthafalo e e lemogilweng.[1]]] Ka Letsatsi e le motswedi o mogolo wa maatla a Lefatshe, diphetogo tsa lesedi la letsatsi le le tsenang di ama ka tlhamalalo thulaganyo ya go feteoga ga loapi.<ref name=":6">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFUSGCRP_Chapter_22017]{{harvnb|USGCRP Chapter 2|2017|p=78}}</ref> [[Phatsimo ya letsatsi]] e lekantswe ka tlhamalalo ke [[disatelaete]],<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFNational_Academies2008]{{Harvnb|National Academies|2008|p=6}}</ref> mme ditekanyo tse di sa tlhamalalang di teng go tloga kwa tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo sekete le makgolo a marataro go ya pele.<ref name=":6" /> Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi, ga go ise go nne le tlwaelo ya go tlhatloga ga selekanyo sa maatla a Letsatsi a a fitlhang kwa Lefatsheng, go farologana le go thuthafala ga lefaufau le le kwa tlase [[(troposphere)]].<ref>[https://climate.nasa.gov/faq/14/is-the-sun-causing-global-warming "Is the Sun causing global warming?"]. ''Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet''. 18 September 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190505160051/https://climate.nasa.gov/faq/14/is-the-sun-causing-global-warming/ Archived] from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 10 May 2019.</ref> Lefaufau le le kwa godimo ([[stratosphere]]) le lone le ne le tla bo le thuthafala fa Letsatsi le ne le romela maatla a mantsi kwa Lefatsheng, mme boemong jwa seo, le ntse le tsidifala.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFUSGCRP2009]{{Harvnb|USGCRP|2009|p=20}}</ref> Se se tsamaelana le digase tsa sethopo tse di thibelang mogote go tswa mo lefaufaung la Lefatshe.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR4_WG1_Ch92007]{{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch9|2007|pp=702–703}}; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFRandelShineAustinBarnett2009]{{harvnb|Randel|Shine|Austin|Barnett|2009}}.</ref> [[Go thunya ga lekgwamolelo]] go go thunyang go ka ntsha digase, lerole le molora tse di thibelang lesedi la letsatsi ka bontlhabongwe le go fokotsa dithemphoritšhara, kgotsa di ka romela mouwane wa metsi mo lefaufaung, o o oketsang digase tsa sethopo le go oketsa mogote. Ditlamorago tse mo mogoteng di tsaya fela dingwaga di le mmalwa, ka gonne bobedi mouwane wa metsi le dilo tsa lekgwamolelo di na le go tswelela go go kwa tlase mo lefaufaung.<ref name=":7">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#cite_note-USGCRP_Chapter_2_2017_79-156]{{harvnb|USGCRP Chapter 2|2017|p=79}}</ref> [[Mesi ya CO2]] ya lekgwamolelo e nna e ntse e le teng, fela e lekana le kwa tlase ga 1% ya mesi ya ga jaana ya [[CO2]] e e bakiwang ke batho.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFFischerAiuppa2020|Fischer &#x26; Aiuppa 2020.]]</ref> Tiro ya lekgwamolelo e sa ntse e emela tshusumetso e le nngwe e kgolo ya tlholego (go pateletsa) mo themphereitšheng mo motlheng wa madirelo. Le fa go ntse jalo, fela jaaka dikgatelelo tse dingwe tsa tlholego, e nnile le ditlamorago tse di sa reng sepe mo diphetogong tsa themperetšha ya lefatshe fa e sale ka Phetogo ya Madirelo.<ref name=":7" /> === Ditshwaelo tsa phetogo ya tlelaemete === [[Setshwantsho:NORTH POLE Ice (19626661335).jpg|thumb|etsiya a gatsetseng lewatle ea ontsha karolo ya masome a matlhano mo lekgolong go ya ko karolong ya masome a Supa mo lekgolong lesedi la letsatsi le le tsenang, fa lewatle, ka le le lefifi, le bontsha fela karolo ya boratatro mo lekgolong Jaaka fa lefelo la aese ya lewatle le ntse le nyerologa le go senola lewatle le lentsi, mogote o montsi o monyelwa ke lewatle, mme se se tlhatlosa egotetE enyerolosang ametsiea gatsetseng anmatsi gape. Se ke thulaganyo ya ditshwaelo tse di siameng.[158]]] Tsibogo ya thulaganyo ya seemo sa loapi mo go patelediweng ga ntlha e bopiwa ke ditshwaelo, tse di ka godisang kgotsa tsa fokotsa phetogo. Ditshwaelo tse di itlhomamisang kgotsa tse di siameng di oketsa tsibogo, fa ditshwaelo tse di lekalekanang kgotsa tse di sa siamang di e fokotsa.<ref>[https://climate.nasa.gov/nasa_science/science/ "The study of Earth as an integrated system".] Vitals Signs of the Planet. Earth Science Communications Team at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory / California Institute of Technology. 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190226190002/https://climate.nasa.gov/nasa_science/science/ Archived] from the original on 26 February 2019.</ref> Ditshwaelo tse ditona tse di nonotshang ke ditshwaelo tsa mouwane wa metsi, [[ditshwaelo tsa aese–albedo]], le [[ditshwaelo tsa maru]] a nete.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFUSGCRP_Chapter_22017|USGCRP Chapter 2 2017,]] pp.&#x20;89–91</ref><ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG1_Technical_Summary2021]{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary|2021|p=58}}: "The net effect of changes in clouds in response to global warming is to amplify human-induced warming, that is, the net cloud feedback is positive (high confidence)"</ref> Mokgwa wa konokono wa go lekalekanya ke go tsidifatsa ka marang, ka gonne boalogodimo jwa Lefatshe bo ntsha mogote o montsi kwa lefaufaung go tsibogela themperetšha e e tlhatlogang.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFUSGCRP_Chapter_22017|USGCRP Chapter 2 2017,]] pp.&#x20;89–90.</ref>Mo godimo ga ditshwaelo tsa thempheretšha, go na le ditshwaelo mo modikologong wa khabone, jaaka phelelo ya go nontsha ya CO2 mo kgolong ya dimela.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR5_WG12013]{{harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG1|2013|p=14}}</ref>Ditshwaelo di solofetswe go ya kwa ntlheng e e siameng jaaka fa mesi ya digase tsa sethopo e tswelela, go tlhatlosa bosisi jwa seemo sa loapi.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG1_Technical_Summary2021]{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary|2021|p=93}}: "Feedback processes are expected to become more positive overall (more amplifying of global surface temperature changes) on multi-decadal time scales as the spatial pattern of surface warming evolves and global surface temperature increases."</ref> Dithulaganyo tseno tsa ditshwaelo di fetola lobelo lwa go thuthafala ga lefatshe. Ka sekai, mowa o o bothitho o ka kgona go tshwara bongola jo bontsi ka sebopego sa mouwane wa metsi, o ka boone e leng gase e e maatla ya sethopo.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFUSGCRP_Chapter_22017|USGCRP Chapter 2 2017]], pp.&#x20;89–91.</ref> Mowa o o bothitho gape o ka dira gore maru a nne kwa godimo le go nna masesane, mme ka jalo a thibele thata, go oketsa thuthafalo ya tlelaemete.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFWilliamsCeppiKatavouta2020|Williams, Ceppi &#x26; Katavouta 2020]]</ref> Go fokotsega ga khurumetso ya kapoko le metsi a lekwete a lewatle kwa Arctic ke pegelo e nngwe e kgolo, seno se fokotsa go bonala ga boalogodimo jwa Lefatshe mo kgaolong le go itlhaganedisa thuthafalo ya Arctic.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFNASA,_28_May2013|{{harvnb|NASA, 28 May|2013}}.]]</ref> <ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFCohenScreenFurtadoBarlow2014|{{harvnb|Cohen|Screen|Furtado|Barlow|2014}}.]]</ref>Thuthafalo e e oketsegileng e gape e na le seabe mo go thapologeng ga permafrost, e e gololang methane le CO2 mo lefaufaung.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFTuretskyAbbottJonesAnthony2019]{{harvnb|Turetsky|Abbott|Jones|Anthony|2019}}</ref> Mo e ka nnang halofo ya mesi ya CO2 e e bakiwang ke batho e monyetswe ke dimela tsa mo lefatsheng le ke mawatle.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFClimate.gov,_23_June2022]{{harvnb|Climate.gov, 23 June|2022}}: "Carbon cycle experts estimate that natural "sinks"—processes that remove carbon from the atmosphere—on land and in the ocean absorbed the equivalent of about half of the carbon dioxide we emitted each year in the 2011–2020 decade."</ref>Karolwana e ga e eme fela mme fa mesi ya CO2 ya isago e ka fokotsega, Lefatshe le tla kgona go monya go fitlha go bokana jwa karolo ya masome a Supa mo lekgolong . Fa di ka oketsega thata, e santse e tla monya khabone e ntsi go feta jaanong, mme karolwana yotlhe e tla fokotsega go ya kwa tlase ga 40%.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG1_Technical_Summary2021]{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary|2021|p=TS-122|loc=Box TS.5, Figure 1}}</ref>Seno ke ka gonne phetogo ya tlelaemete e oketsa komelelo le makhubu a mogote a a felelang a thibela kgolo ya dimela mo lefatsheng, mme mebu e tla golola khabone e ntsi go tswa mo dimeleng tse di suleng fa di le bothitho.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFMelilloFreyDeAngelisWerner2017]{{harvnb|Melillo|Frey|DeAngelis|Werner|2017}}: Our first-order estimate of a warming-induced loss of 190 Pg of soil carbon over the 21st century is equivalent to the past two decades of carbon emissions from fossil fuel burning.</ref> <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_SRCCL_Ch22019]{{harvnb|IPCC SRCCL Ch2|2019|pp=133, 144}}.</ref>Seelo se mawatle a monyang khabone ya lefaufau ka sona se tla fokotsega fa a ntse a nna le asiti e ntsi le go itemogela diphetogo mo go dikologeng ga thermohaline le mo go anamisiweng ga [[phytoplankton]].<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFUSGCRP_Chapter_22017|USGCRP Chapter 2 2017]], pp.&#x20;93–95</ref><ref>Liu, Y.; Moore, J. K.; Primeau, F.; Wang, W. L. (22 December 2022). "Reduced CO2 uptake and growing nutrient sequestration from slowing overturning circulation". ''Nature Climate Change''. '''13''': 83–90. [[doi:10.1038/s41558-022-01555-7]]. OSTI&#x20;2242376.</ref><ref name=":5" /> Go sa tlhomamisegeng ga ditshwaelo, bogolosegolo khurumetso ya maru,<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG1_Technical_Summary2021]{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary|2021|pp=58, 59}}: "Clouds remain the largest contribution to overall uncertainty in climate feedbacks."</ref> ke lebaka le legolo la go bo dikai tse di farologaneng tsa tlelaemete di supa bogolo jo bo farologaneng jwa thuthafalo mo selekanyong se se rileng sa mesi.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFWolffShepherdShuckburghWatson2015]{{harvnb|Wolff|Shepherd|Shuckburgh|Watson|2015}}: "the nature and magnitude of these feedbacks are the principal cause of uncertainty in the response of Earth's climate (over multi-decadal and longer periods) to a particular emissions scenario or greenhouse gas concentration pathway."</ref> == Go dira mmotlolo == [[Setshwantsho:Greenhouse Effect (2017 NASA data).svg|thumb|'''Maatla a tsamaya fa gare ga loapi, sepakapaka le bokagodimo jwa Lefatshe. Bontsi jwa marang a letsatsi bo feta mo sepakapakeng mme bo futhumatse bokagodimo jwa Lefatshe. Morago ga moo, gase tse di bakang phello ya sethopo di monya bontsi jwa mogote o Lefatshe bo o gololang morago ga go futhumadiwa ke letsatsi.Fa bontsi jwa gase tse di bakang phello ya sethopo bo okediwa, phello eno ya go thibela mogote gore o se ka wa tswa e nonofa. Seno se baka go se lekalekane ga maatla , mo go rayang gore mogote o montsi o tsenngwa mo Lefatsheng go feta o o tswang mo go lone.''']] Mokgwa wa seemo sa loapi ke kemedi ya dithulaganyo tsa mmele, tsa motswako le tsa ditshedi tse di amang thulaganyo ya seemo sa loapo.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR5_SYR_Glossary2014]{{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 SYR Glossary|2014|p=120}}.</ref> Dikai di akaretsa dithulaganyo tsa tlholego tse di tshwanang diphetogo mo modikologong wa Lefatshe, diphetogo tsa ditso mo tirong ya Letsatsi, le go pateletsa ga lekgwamolelo.<ref>[https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-do-climate-models-work#types]{{harvnb|Carbon Brief, 15 January|2018|loc=[https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-do-climate-models-work#types "What are the different types of climate models?"]}}</ref>Dimotlolo di dirisiwa go akanyetsa selekanyo sa thuthafalo ye mesi ya isago e ka bakang go akanyediwa thata ga ditshwaelo tsa seemo sa loap.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFWolffShepherdShuckburghWatson2015]{{harvnb|Wolff|Shepherd|Shuckburgh|Watson|2015}}</ref> <ref>[https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-do-climate-models-work#who]{{harvnb|Carbon Brief, 15 January|2018|loc=[https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-do-climate-models-work#who "Who does climate modelling around the world?"]}}</ref>Dimotlolo gape di bonela pele go dikologa ga mawatle, modikologo wa ngwaga le ngwaga wa dipaka, le go elela ga khabone fa gare ga boalo jwa lefatshe le lefaufau.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFCarbon_Brief,_15_January2018]{{harvnb|Carbon Brief, 15 January|2018|loc=[https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-do-climate-models-work#what "What is a climate model?"]}}</ref> Boammaaruri jwa dikai bo lekwa ka go sekaseka bokgoni jwa tsone jwa go etsa seemo sa loapi sa gompieno kgotsa tsa nako e e fetileng.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR4_WG1_Ch82007]{{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch8|2007}}, FAQ 8.1</ref> Dikai tse di fetileng di tseetse kwa tlase seelo sa go ngotlega ga Arctic<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFStroeveHollandMeierScambos2007]{{harvnb|Stroeve|Holland|Meier|Scambos|2007}}; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFNational_Geographic,_13_August2019]{{harvnb|National Geographic, 13 August|2019}}</ref> ​​le go nyatsa seelo sa koketsego ya pula.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFLiepertPrevidi2009]{{harvnb|Liepert|Previdi|2009}}</ref> Go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe go ne go tseelwa kwa tlase mo dikaong tsa bogologolo, fela dikao tsa bošeng di dumalana sentle le ditebelelo.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFRahmstorfCazenaveChurchHansen2007]{{harvnb|Rahmstorf|Cazenave|Church|Hansen|2007}}; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFMitchumMastersHamlingtonFasullo2018]{{harvnb|Mitchum|Masters|Hamlington|Fasullo|2018}}</ref>Tshekatsheko ya Bosetšhaba ya seemo sa loapi e e gatisitsweng ke United States ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa e tshwaela gore "dikai tsa seemo sa bosa di ka tswa di santse di nyatsa kgotsa di tlhaela dithulaganyo tse di maleba tsa ditshwaelo".<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFUSGCRP_Chapter_152017]{{harvnb|USGCRP Chapter 15|2017}}.</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, dikai tsa seemo sa loapi di ka nna tsa se ka tsa kgona go bonela pele ka botlalo diphetogo tsa seemo sa loapi tsa kgaolo tsa nakwana.<ref>Hébert, R.; Herzschuh, U.; Laepple, T. (31 October 2022). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7614181 "Millennial-scale climate variability over land overprinted by ocean temperature fluctuations"]. ''Nature Geoscience''. '''15''' (1): 899–905. Bibcode:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NatGe..15..899H 2022NatGe..15..899H.] [[Doi:10.1038/s41561-022-01056-4.|doi:10.1038/s41561-022-01056-4.]] PMC&#x20;7614181. PMID&#x20;36817575.</ref> Setlhotshwana sa dikai tsaseemo sa loapi se oketsa dintlha tsa loago mo sekaong sa seemo sa loapi sa mmele. Dikai tseno di etsisa kafa palo ya batho, kgolo ya ikonomi le tiriso ya maatla di amang—le go dirisana le—tlelaemete ya mmatota ka gone. Ka tshedimosetso eno, dikai tseno di ka tlhagisa ditiragalo tsa go ntsha gase ya sethopo mo isagweng. Se se dirisiwa jaaka tshedimosetso ya dikai tsa tlelaemete le dikai tsa modikologo wa khabone go bonela pele ka fao dilekanyo tsa digase tsa sethopo di ka fetogang ka teng mo lefaufaung.<ref>[https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-do-climate-models-work#inout]{{harvnb|Carbon Brief, 15 January|2018|loc=[https://www.carbonbrief.org/qa-how-do-climate-models-work#inout "What are the inputs and outputs for a climate model?"]}}</ref> <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFMatthewsGillettStottZickfeld2009]{{harvnb|Matthews|Gillett|Stott|Zickfeld|2009}}</ref>Go ikaegile ka boemo jwa loago le ikonomi le boemo jwa phokotso, dikai di ntsha dilekanyo tsa CO2 mo lefaufaung tse di fa gare ga makgolo a mararo le masome a robabobedi le 1400 ppm.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFCarbon_Brief,_19_April2018]{{harvnb|Carbon Brief, 19 April|2018}}; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFMeinshausen2019]{{harvnb|Meinshausen|2019|p=462}}</ref> == Ditlamorago == [[Setshwantsho:202505 Escalation of extreme heat - 247 countries - attribution to climate change.svg|thumb|Mo e ka nnang mo mafatsheng otlhe le mafelong otlhe a lefatshe, borasaense ba ba ithutang [[:en:Extreme_event_attribution|mabaka le ditlamorago tsa ditiragalo tse di feteletseng tsa bosa]] ba fitlheletse tshwetso ya gore go gotela ga lefatshe mo go bakilweng ke ditiro tsa batho go okeditse palo ya malatsi a go nna le mogote o o feteletseng fa go bapisiwa le se se neng se tlwaelesegileng mo nakong e telele<ref>Giguere, Otto; Tanenenbaum, Vahlbert (30 May 2025). [https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/wp-content/uploads/Report_-Climate-Change-and-the-Escalation-of-Global-Extreme-Heat-Heat-Action-Day-2025.pdf "Climate Change and the Escalation of Global Extreme Heat: Assessing and Addressing the Risks"] (PDF). Climate Central, Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Centre, and World Weather Attribution. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250531004758/https://www.worldweatherattribution.org/wp-content/uploads/Report_-Climate-Change-and-the-Escalation-of-Global-Extreme-Heat-Heat-Action-Day-2025.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on 31 May 2025. Click on "Download the data", and in spreadsheet choose "Countries and territories" tab at bottom to view raw data</ref>]] Ditlamorago mo Tikologong Ditlamorago tsa phetogo yaseemo sa loapo mo tikologong di aname e bile di ama kgakala, di ama mawatle, metsi a lekwete le maemo a bosa. Diphetogo di ka diragala ka iketlo kgotsa ka bonako. Bosupi jwa ditlamorago tse bo tswa mo go ithuteng phetogo ya seemo sa loapi mo nakong e e fetileng, mo go direng sekao, le mo ditebelelong tsa segompieno.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFHansenSatoHeartyRuedy2016]{{harvnb|Hansen|Sato|Hearty|Ruedy|2016}}; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFSmithsonian,_26_June2016]{{harvnb|Smithsonian, 26 June|2016}}.</ref> Go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano, komelelo le makhubu a mogote di tlhageletse ka nako e le nngwe ka makgetlo a a oketsegang.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFUSGCRP_Chapter_152017]{{harvnb|USGCRP Chapter 15|2017|p=415}}.</ref> Ditiragalo tse di metsi thata kgotsa tse di omileng mo pakeng ya dipula tsa monsoon di oketsegile kwa India le Asia Botlhaba.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFScientific_American,_29_April2014]{{harvnb|Scientific American, 29 April|2014}}; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFBurkeStott2017]{{harvnb|Burke|Stott|2017}}.</ref>Pula ya monsoon mo Hemisefereng ya Bokone e oketsegile fa e sale ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi .Seelo sa pula le maatla a dikgwanyape le dikgwanyape di ka nna tsa oketsega,<ref>Liu, Fei; Wang, Bin; Ouyang, Yu; Wang, Hui; Qiao, Shaobo; Chen, Guosen; Dong, Wenjie (19 April 2022). [[doi:10.1038/s41612-022-00253-7|"Intraseasonal variability of global land monsoon precipitation and its recent trend".]] ''npj Climate and Atmospheric Science''. '''5''' (1): 30. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022npCAS...5...30L Bibcode:2022npCAS...5...30L]. [[doi:10.1038/s41612-022-00253-7|doi:10.103812-022-00253-7.]] ISSN&#x20;2397-3722./s416</ref> mme lefelo le ka nna la atologa go ya kwa dipole go tsibogela thuthafalo ya tlelaemete.<ref>Studholme, Joshua; Fedorov, Alexey V.; Gulev, Sergey K.; Emanuel, Kerry; Hodges, Kevin (29 December 2021). [https://hal.science/hal-03560276 "Poleward expansion of tropical cyclone latitudes in warming climates".] ''[[:en:Nature_Geoscience|Nature Geoscience]]''. '''15''': 14–28. [[doi:10.1038/s41561-021-00859-1|doi:10.1038/s41561-021-00859-1.]]</ref> Makgetlo a dikgwanyape tsa boboatsatsi ga a ise a oketsege ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa loapi.<ref>[https://www.c2es.org/content/hurricanes-and-climate-change/ "Hurricanes and Climate Change"]. [[:en:Center_for_Climate_and_Energy_Solutions|''Center for Climate and Energy Solutions''.]] 10 July 2020.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Sea level history and projections.svg|thumb|Kago sesha ya ditso ya selekanyo sa bogodimo jwa metsi a lewatle le diponelopele tsa gore bo tla fetoga jang go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2100, tse di phatlaladitsweng ka ngwaga wa 2017 ke Lenaneo la Dipatlisiso la Diphetogo tsa Lefatshe la United States.<ref>{{harvnb|NOAA|2017}}</ref>]] Bogodimo jwa lewatle jwa lefatshe lotlhe bo tlhatloga ka ntlha ya go atologa ga mogote le go nyerologa ga dikgapetla tsa metsi a lekwete le dithapo tsa teng. Go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle go oketsegile fa nako e ntse e tsamaya, go fitlha go 4.8 cm ka ngwagasome magareng ga ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone le wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFWMO2024a]{{harvnb|WMO|2024a|p=6}}.</ref> Mo ngwagakgolong wa bo masome a mabedi le bongwe, IPCC e akantse ka 32–62 cm ya go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle ka fa tlase ga seemo sa ntsho e e kwa tlase, 44–76 cm ka fa tlase ga se se magareng le 65–101 cm ka fa tlase ga seemo sa ntsho e e kwa godimo thata.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG22022]{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG2|2022|p=1302}}</ref> Dithulaganyo tsa go sa tlhomamang ga aese ya lewatle kwa Antarctica di ka oketsa thata mo ditekanyetsong tseno,<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFDeContoPollard2016]{{harvnb|DeConto|Pollard|2016}}</ref> go akaretsa le kgonagalo ya go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle jwa dimitara di le pedi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lekgolo ka fa tlase ga mesi e e kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFBamberOppenheimerKoppAspinall2019|Bamber et al. 2019.]]</ref> Phetogo ya seemo sa loapi se dirile gore metsi a lekwete a lewatle la Arctic a fokotsege le go nna masesane ka masomesome a dingwaga.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFZhangLindsaySteeleSchweiger2008]{{harvnb|Zhang|Lindsay|Steele|Schweiger|2008}}</ref> Le fa selemo se se senang metsi a lekwete se solofetswe go nna sa sewelo ka didikirii tsa thuthafalo tsa 1.5 °C, di rulaganyeditswe go diragala gangwe mo dingwageng dingwe le dingwe di le tharo go ya go di le lesome ka selekanyo sa thuthafalo ya 2 °C.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_SROCC_Summary_for_Policymakers2019]{{harvnb|IPCC SROCC Summary for Policymakers|2019|p=18}}</ref> Dilekanyo tse di kwa godimo tsa CO2 mo lefaufaung di dira gore CO2 e ntsi e nyerologe mo mawatleng, mme seno se dira gore a nne asiti thata.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFDoneyFabryFeelyKleypas2009]{{Harvnb|Doney|Fabry|Feely|Kleypas|2009}}.</ref> Ka ntlha ya fa okosejene e sa nwelelele thata mo metsing a a bothitho,<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFDeutschBrixItoFrenzel2011]{{harvnb|Deutsch|Brix|Ito|Frenzel|2011}}</ref> selekanyo sa yone mo lewatleng se a fokotsega, mme dikgaolo tse di suleng di a atologa.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_SROCC_Ch52019]{{harvnb|IPCC SROCC Ch5|2019|p=510}}; </ref> === Dintlha tsa phetogo le ditlamorago tsa paka e telele === [[Setshwantsho:Tipping points 2022 list.jpeg|thumb|Maemo a a farologaneng a thuthafalo ya lefatshe a ka dira gore dikarolo tse di farologaneng tsa thulaganyo ya seemo sa bosa sa Lefatshe di fitlhelele dintlha tsa go fetoga tse di bakang diphetogo go ya kwa dinageng tse di farologaneng.[209][210]]] Dikgato tse dikgolo tsa thuthafalo ya lefatshe di oketsa kotsi ya go feta mo 'dintlheng tsa go fetoga'—dilo tse go fetang tsone ditlamorago dingwe tse dikgolo di ka se tlholeng di ka tilwa le fa dithemphoritšhara di ka boela kwa seemong sa tsone sa pele.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_SR15_Ch32018]{{Harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch3|2018|p=283}}</ref> <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFCarbon_Brief,_10_February2020]{{Harvnb|Carbon Brief, 10 February|2020}}</ref>Ka sekai, aese ya Greenland e setse e nyerologa, mme fa mogote wa lefatshe o ka fitlha kwa selekanyong se se fa gare ga 1,7 °C le 2,3 °C, go nyerologa ga yone go tla tswelela go fitlha e nyelela gotlhelele. Fa moragonyana thuthafalo e ka fokodiwa go nna 1.5 °C kgotsa kwa tlase, e santse e tla latlhegelwa ke aese e ntsi go feta fa thuthafalo e ne e sa letlelelwe go fitlha kwa molelwaneng kwa tshimologong.<ref>Bochow, Nils; Poltronieri, Anna; Robinson, Alexander; Montoya, Marisa; Rypdal, Martin; Boers, Niklas (18 October 2023). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10584691 "Overshooting the critical threshold for the Greenland ice sheet".] ''Nature''. '''622''' (7983): 528–536. Bibcode:2023Natur.622..528B. [[doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06503-9]]. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10584691 PMC&#x20;10584691]. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37853149 PMID&#x20;37853149.]</ref>Le fa aese e ne e tla nyerologa mo dingwageng di le sekete, dintlha tse dingwe tsa go fetoga di ne di tla diragala ka bonako mme di neye merafe nako e nnye ya go tsiboga. Go phutlhama ga makhubu a magolo a lewatle jaaka go dikologa ga Atlantic meridional (AMOC), le tshenyo e e ka se busediweng morago mo dithulaganyong tsa botlhokwa tsa tikologo jaaka [[sekgwa sa pula sa Amazon]] le dikorale di ka diragala mo dingwageng di le lesome.<ref>Armstrong McKay, David I.; Staal, Arie; Abrams, Jesse F.; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Sakschewski, Boris; Loriani, Sina; Fetzer, Ingo; Cornell, Sarah E.; Rockström, Johan; Lenton, Timothy M. (9 September 2022). "Exceeding 1.5&#x20;°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points". [[:en:Science_(journal)|''Science''.]] '''377''' (6611) eabn7950. [[doi:10.1126/science.abn7950|doi:10.1126/science.abn7950.]] hdl:10871/131584. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36074831 PMID&#x20;36074831.]</ref> [[Go phutlhama ga AMOC]] e tla nna masetlapelo a magolo a tlelaemete, a a tla felelang ka go tsidifala ga Hemisefere ya Bokone.<ref>Ditlevsen, Peter; Ditlevsen, Susanne (25 July 2023). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10368695 "Warning of a forthcoming collapse of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation".] ''Nature Communications''. '''14''' (1): 4254. [[arXiv:2304.09160]]. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023NatCo..14.4254D Bibcode:2023NatCo..14.4254D.] [[doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39810-w|doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39810-w.]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10368695 PMC&#x20;10368695.] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37491344 PMID&#x20;37491344.]</ref> Ditlamorago tsa paka e telele tsa phetogo ya seemo sa loapi mo mawatleng di akaretsa go nyerologa ga metsi a lekwete go ya pele, go thuthafala ga lewatle, go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle, go nna asiti ga lewatle le go tlhoka okosejene mo lewatleng.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR6_WG1_Summary_for_Policymakers2021]{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Summary for Policymakers|2021|p=21}}</ref> Nako ya ditlamorago tsa paka e telele ke makgolokgolo a dingwaga go ya go diketekete tsa dingwaga ka ntlha ya botshelo jo boleele jwa CO2 mo lefaufaung.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR5_WG1_Ch122013]{{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch12|2013|pp=88–89|loc=FAQ 12.3}}</ref> Sephetho ke tlhatlogo yotlhe ya bogodimo jwa lewatle e e fopholediwang ya dimitara di le 2.3 ka dikirii ya Celsius (4.2 ft/°F) morago ga dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi .<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFSmithSchneiderOppenheimerYohe2009]{{harvnb|Smith|Schneider|Oppenheimer|Yohe|2009}}; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFLevermannClarkMarzeionMilne2013]{{harvnb|Levermann|Clark|Marzeion|Milne|2013}}</ref> Go tsewa ga CO2 mo lewatleng go bonya mo e leng gore go nna asiti ga lewatle le gone go tla tswelela dingwaga di le makgolokgolo go ya go di le diketekete.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_AR5_WG1_Ch122013|IPCC AR5 WG1 Ch12 2013]], p.&#x20;1112</ref> Mawatle a a boteng (ka fa tlase ga dimitara di le dikete tse pedi (6,600 ft)) le one a setse a itlamile go latlhegelwa ke go feta 10% ya okosejene ya one e e tswakilweng ke thuthafalo e e diragetseng go fitlha ga jaana.<ref>Oschlies, Andreas (16 April 2021). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8052459 "A committed fourfold increase in ocean oxygen loss".] ''Nature Communications''. '''12''' (1) 2307. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatCo..12.2307O Bibcode:2021NatCo..12.2307O]. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22584-4. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8052459 PMC&#x20;8052459]. PMID&#x20;33863893.</ref>Mo godimo ga moo, aese ya Antarctica Bophirima e lebega e ineetse go nyerologa go go ka se busediweng morago, mo go neng go tla oketsa maemo a lewatle ka bonnye 3.3 m (10 ft 10 in) mo dingwageng di ka nna ka dikete tse pedi.<ref>Armstrong McKay, David I.; Staal, Arie; Abrams, Jesse F.; Winkelmann, Ricarda; Sakschewski, Boris; Loriani, Sina; Fetzer, Ingo; Cornell, Sarah E.; Rockström, Johan; Lenton, Timothy M. (9 September 2022). "Exceeding 1.5&#x20;°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points". ''Science''. '''377''' (6611) eabn7950. [[Doi:10.1126/science.abn7950.|doi:10.1126/science.abn7950.]] hdl:[[10871/131584.]] PMID&#x20;36074831.</ref><ref>Lau, Sally C. Y.; Wilson, Nerida G.; Golledge, Nicholas R.; Naish, Tim R.; Watts, Phillip C.; Silva, Catarina N. S.; Cooke, Ira R.; Allcock, A. Louise; Mark, Felix C.; Linse, Katrin (21 December 2023). "Genomic evidence for West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse during the Last Interglacial". [[:en:Science_(journal)|''Science''.]] '''382''' (6677): 1384–1389. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023Sci...382.1384L Bibcode:2023Sci...382.1384L]. [[doi:10.1126/science.ade0664|doi:10.1126/science.ade0664.]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38127761 PMID&#x20;38127761].</ref><ref>Naughten, Kaitlin A.; Holland, Paul R.; De Rydt, Jan (23 October 2023). [[doi:10.1038/s41558-023-01818-x|"Unavoidable future increase in West Antarctic ice-shelf melting over the twenty-first century"]]. ''[[:en:Nature_Climate_Change|Nature Climate Change]]''. '''13''' (11): 1222–1228. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023NatCC..13.1222N Bibcode:2023NatCC..13.1222N.] [[doi:10.1038/s41558-023-01818-x|doi:10.1038/s41558-023-01818-x.]]</ref> === Tlhago le diphologolo tsa naga === Thuthafalo ya sešweng e kgweeditse mefuta e mentsi ya ditshedi tsa lefatshe le tsa metsi a a phepa go ya kwa dipoleng le go ya kwa bogodimong jo bo kwa godimo.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_SR15_Ch32018]{{harvnb|IPCC SR15 Ch3|2018|p=218}}.</ref>Ka sekai, mofuta wa makgolokgolo a dinonyane tsa Amerika Bokone o sutetse kwa bokone ka palogare ya 1.5 km/ngwaga mo dingwageng di le masome a matlhano le botlhano tse di fetileng.<ref>Martins, Paulo Mateus; Anderson, Marti J.; Sweatman, Winston L.; Punnett, Andrew J. (9 April 2024). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11009622 "Significant shifts in latitudinal optima of North American birds".] [[:en:Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America|''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America''.]] '''121''' (15) e2307525121. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024PNAS..12107525M Bibcode:2024PNAS..12107525M.] [[doi:10.1073/pnas.2307525121|doi:10.1073/pnas.2307525121.]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424 ISSN&#x20;0027-8424]. PMC&#x20;11009622. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38557189 PMID&#x20;38557189.]</ref>Dilekanyo tse di kwa godimo tsa CO2 mo lefaufaung le paka e e atolositsweng ya go gola di dirile gore lefatshe lotlhe le nne tala. Le fa go ntse jalo, makhubu a mogote le komelelo di fokoditse ntshodikuno ya thulaganyo ya tikologo mo dikgaolong dingwe. Tekatekano ya isago ya ditlamorago tse di ganetsanang ga e tlhaloganyesege.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_SRCCL_Ch22019|IPCC SRCCL Ch2 2019,]] p.&#x20;133.</ref> Tiragalo e e amanang le seno e e kgweediwang ke phetogo ya tlelaemete ke go tsenelela ga dimela tsa logong, go go amang diheketara di le dimilione di le makgolo a matlhano lefatshe ka bophara.<ref>Deng, Yuanhong; Li, Xiaoyan; Shi, Fangzhong; Hu, Xia (December 2021). "Woody plant encroachment enhanced global vegetation greening and ecosystem water-use efficiency". [[:en:Global_Ecology_and_Biogeography|''Global Ecology and Biogeography''.]] '''30''' (12): 2337–2353. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021GloEB..30.2337D Bibcode:2021GloEB..30.2337D]. [[doi:10.1111/geb.13386|doi:10.1111/geb.13386.]]</ref> Phetogo ya tlelaemete e nnile le seabe mo go atologa ga dikgaolo tsa tlelaemete tse di omileng, jaaka go atologa ga dikaka kwa mafelong a a boboatsatsi.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFIPCC_SRCCL_Summary_for_Policymakers2019]{{harvnb|IPCC SRCCL Summary for Policymakers|2019|p=7}}; [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change#CITEREFZengYoon2009]{{harvnb|Zeng|Yoon|2009}}.</ref> Bogolo le lebelo la thuthafalo ya lefatshe di dira gore go nne le diphetogo tse di tshoganyetso mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFTurnerCalderCummingHughes2020|Turner et al. 2020,]] p.&#x20;1.</ref>Ka kakaretso, go solofetswe gore phetogo ya tlelaemete e tla felela ka go nyelela ga mefuta e mentsi ya ditshedi.<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFUrban2015|Urban 2015.]]</ref> Mawatle a gotetse ka bonya go feta lefatshe, fela dimela le diphologolo mo lewatleng di fudugetse kwa dipoleleng tse di tsididi ka bonako go feta mefuta e e mo lefatsheng.[229] Fela jaaka mo lefatsheng, makhubu a mogote mo lewatleng a diragala kgapetsakgapetsa ka ntlha ya phetogo ya tlelaemete, a gobatsa ditshedi tse dintsi tse di jaaka dikorale, di-kelp, le dinonyane tsa lewatle.[230] Go nna asiti ga lewatle go dira gore go nne thata gore ditshedi tsa lewatle tse di dirang calcium jaaka di-mussel, di-barnacle le dikorale di tlhagise dikgapetla le marapo; mme makhubu a mogote a sweufaditse mafika a dikorale.[231] Dithunya tse di kotsi tsa algal tse di tokafadiwang ke phetogo ya tlelaemete le eutrophication di fokotsa selekanyo sa okosejene, di kgoreletsa diwebo tsa dijo mme di baka tatlhegelo e kgolo ya botshelo jwa lewatle.[232] Dithulaganyo tsa tikologo tsa lebopo di ka fa tlase ga kgatelelo e e kgethegileng. Mo e ka nnang halofo ya mafelo a a metsi a lefatshe a nyeletse ka ntlha ya phetogo ya tlelaemete le ditlamorago tse dingwe tsa batho.[233] Dimela di nnile le kgatelelo e e oketsegileng ka ntlha ya tshenyo ya ditshenekegi.[234]<gallery> Setshwantsho:Bleachedcoral.jpg|Go phutlhama ga ikholoji. Go sweufala ga dikorale ka ntlha ya kgatelelo ya mogote go sentse Great Barrier Reef mme go tshosetsa dikorale lefatshe ka bophara.[235] Setshwantsho:Orroral Valley Fire viewed from Tuggeranong January 2020.jpg|Setshwantsho sa maitseboa mo lefelong la bonno la mokgatšha. Loapi lo lo mo dithoteng tse di ka kwa ga lone lo bonesitswe ka bohibidu ka ntlha ya melelo. Setshwantsho:National Park Service Thawing permafrost (27759123542).jpg|Go thuthafala ga Arctic. Dikgakologo tsa permafrost di nyatsa mafaratlhatlha le go golola methane, gase ya sethopo.[168] Setshwantsho:Endangered arctic - starving polar bear.jpg|Go senngwa ga bonno. Diphologolo di le dintsi tsa kwa arctic di ikaegile ka aese ya lewatle, e e ntseng e nyelela mo Arctic e e gotelang . Setshwantsho:Mountain Pine Beetle damage in the Fraser Experimental Forest 2007.jpg|Go anama ga disenyi. Mariga a a bonolo a letla dikhukhwana tse dintsi tsa phaene go tshela go bolaya dikgwa tse dikgolo.[238] </gallery> === Batho === [[Setshwantsho:20211109 Frequency of extreme weather for different degrees of global warming - bar chart IPCC AR6 WG1 SPM.svg|thumb|Maemo a bosa a a feteletseng a tla nna a tlwaelegile ka iketlo fa Lefatshe le ntse le thuthafala.[239]]] Ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya tlelaemete di ama batho gongwe le gongwe mo lefatsheng.[240] Ditlamorago di ka lemogwa mo dikontinenteng tsotlhe le mo dikgaolong tsa lewatle,[241] ka latitude e e kwa tlase, mafelo a a sa tlhabologang thata a a lebaneng le kotsi e kgolo.[242] Go tswelela ga thuthafalo go na le kgonagalo ya "ditlamorago tse di masisi, tse di anameng le tse di ka se busediweng morago" mo bathong le mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo.[243] Dikotsi ga di a abiwa ka go lekalekana, fela ka kakaretso di dikgolo mo bathong ba ba tlhokileng lesego mo dinageng tse di tlhabologang le tse di tlhabologileng.[244] ==== Boitekanelo le dijo ==== Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe Lotlhe wa Boitekanelo o bitsa phetogo ya tlelaemete nngwe ya matshosetsi a magolo mo boitekanelong jwa lefatshe lotlhe mo lekgolong la bo21 la dingwaga.[15] Borasaense ba tlhagisitse ka dikotsi tse di ka se busediweng morago tse e di bakang.[245] Ditiragalo tse di feteletseng tsa maemo a bosa di ama boitekanelo jwa setšhaba, le tshireletsego ya dijo le metsi.[246][247][248] Mogote o o feteletseng o baka go oketsega ga malwetse le dintsho.[246][247] Phetogo ya tlelaemete e oketsa maatla le makgetlo a ditiragalo tse di feteletseng tsa maemo a bosa.[247][248] E ka ama phetiso ya malwetse a a tshelanwang, jaaka letshoroma la dengue le malaria.[245][246] Go ya ka Foramo ya Ikonomi ya Lefatshe, go solofetswe dintsho tse dingwe di le dimilione di le 14.5 ka ntlha ya phetogo ya tlelaemete ka 2050.[249] 30% ya baagi ba lefatshe ga jaana ba nna mo mafelong a mogote o o feteletseng le bongola di setseng di amana le dintsho tse di feteletseng.[250][251] Ka 2100, 50% go ya go 75% ya baagi ba lefatshe ba ne ba tla nna mo mafelong a a ntseng jalo.[250][252] Le fa palogotlhe ya thobo ya dijalo e ntse e oketsega mo dingwageng tse 50 tse di fetileng ka ntlha ya ditokafatso tsa temothuo, phetogo ya tlelaemete e setse e fokoditse seelo sa kgolo ya thobo.[248] Botshwaraditlhapi bo amilwe bosula mo dikgaolong tse dintsi.[248] Le fa ntshodikuno ya temothuo e amilwe sentle mo dikgaolong dingwe tsa latitšhutu e e kwa godimo, dikgaolo tsa latitšhutu e e fa gare le e e kwa tlase di amilwe bosula.[248] Phetogo ya tlelaemete e ama go tshwanelega ga lefatshe mo dijalong tse dintsi, ka mafelo a a siametseng dijalo tse di rileng gantsi a fudugela kwa dilatitšhuteng tse di kwa godimo le bogodimo.[253] Go ya ka Foramo ya Ikonomi ya Lefatshe, koketsego ya komelelo mo dikgaolong dingwe e ka baka dintsho di le dimilione di le 3.2 ka ntlha ya phepelotlase ka 2050 le go tlhoka go gola ga bana.[254] Ka thuthafalo ya 2 °C, palo ya ditlhogo tsa leruo lefatshe ka bophara e ka fokotsega ka 7–10% ka 2050, ka ge dijo tse dinnye tsa diphologolo di tla nna teng.[255] Fa mesi e ka tswelela go oketsega mo lekgolong lotlhe la dingwaga, go tla nna le dintsho tse di fetang dimilione di le 9 tse di amanang le tlelaemete ngwaga le ngwaga ka 2100.[256] === Ikonomi, matshelo le go tlhoka tekatekano === Ditshenyo tsa ikonomi ka ntlha ya phetogo ya tlelaemete di ka nna maswe thata mme go na le kgonagalo ya ditlamorago tse di kotsi.[257] Go solofetswe ditlamorago tse di masisi kwa Borwa-Botlhaba jwa Asia le kwa Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara, kwa bontsi jwa baagi ba selegae ba ikaegileng ka metswedi ya tlholego le ya temothuo.[258][259] Kgatelelo ya mogote e ka thibela badiri ba ba kwa ntle go bereka. Fa thuthafalo e ka fitlha go 4 °C gona bokgoni jwa badiri mo dikgaolong tseo bo ka fokodiwa ka 30 go ya go 50%.[260] Banka ya Lefatshe e fopholetsa gore magareng ga 2016 le 2030, phetogo ya tlelaemete e ka kgweetsa batho ba feta dimilione di le 120 go nna mo lehumeng le le feteletseng kwantle ga go tlwaela.[261] Go tlhoka tekatekano go go ikaegileng ka khumo le maemo a loago go maswe le go feta ka ntlha ya phetogo ya tlelaemete.[262] Mathata a magolo a go fokotsa, go tlwaela, le go boela mo mannong mo ditshupong tsa tlelaemete a lebane le batho ba ba kgaphetsweng kwa thoko ba ba nang le taolo e nnye mo metsweding.[263][258] Batho ba tlholego, ba ba tshelang mo lefatsheng la bona le mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo, ba tla lebana le kotsi mo boitekanelong jwa bona le mekgwa ya bona ya matshelo ka ntlha ya phetogo ya tlelaemete.[264] Go tlhotlheletsa ga baitseanape go ne ga swetsa ka gore seabe sa phetogo ya tlelaemete mo dintweng tse di tlhometseng se nnile sennye fa se bapisiwa le mabaka a a jaaka go tlhoka tekatekano ga loago le ikonomi le bokgoni jwa puso.[265] Le fa basadi ba se mo kotsing e ntsi ka ntlha ya phetogo ya tlelaemete le ditshupo, ditekanyetso tsa didirisiwa tsa basadi le ditlwaelo tsa bong tse di tlhaolang di thibela bokgoni jwa bone jwa go inaakanya le go itsetsepela.[266] Sekao, merwalo ya tiro ya basadi, go akaretsa diura tse di dirilweng mo temothuong, e na le go fokotsega go le gonnye go na le ya banna ka nako ya ditshupo tsa tlelaemete jaaka kgatelelo ya mogote.[266] Phetogo ya tlelaemete e tshosetsa ikonomi ya metshameko ka go kgoreletsa dipaka, go senya mafaratlhatlha le go fokotsa go nna le seabe ga balatedi, ka dikotsi tse di bonwang ka bonako mo kgweleng ya dinao, metshameko ya mariga le ditiragalo tsa kwa ntle.[267] ==== Go fuduga ga tlelaemete ==== Ditlhaketlhake tse di kwa tlase le baagi ba ba mo lotshitshing lwa lewatle ba tshosediwa ke go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle, mme seno se dira gore merwalela ya ditoropo e tlwaelege. Ka dinako tse dingwe, lefatshe le latlhegelwa ke lewatle ruri.[268] Seno se ka dira gore batho ba ditšhaba tsa ditlhaketlhake ba se ka ba nna le naga, jaaka Maldives le Tuvalu.[269] Mo dikgaolong dingwe, go tlhatloga ga themperetšha le bongola go ka nna maswe thata mo batho ba ka se kgoneng go go tlwaela.[270] Ka phetogo e e maswe thata ya tlelaemete, dikai di supa gore mafelo a mo e ka nnang nngwetharong ya batho ba nnang mo go one a ka nna ditlelaemete tse di sa agiweng tse di tshwanang le tsa Sahara le tse di mogote thata.[271] Dintlha tse di ka kgweetsa tlelaemete kgotsa go fuduga ga tikologo, mo teng le magareng ga dinaga.[272] Go solofetswe gore batho ba le bantsi ba tla fuduga ka ntlha ya go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle, maemo a bosa a a feteletseng le dikgotlhang tse di tswang mo kgaisanong e e oketsegileng ya ditsompelo tsa tlholego. Phetogo ya tlelaemete le yona e ka oketsa go nna mo kotsing, mme ya lebisa kwa "bathong ba ba tshwaregileng" ba ba sa kgoneng go tsamaya ka ntlha ya tlhaelo ya didirisiwa.[273] ==== Phetogo ya tlelaemete e ama batho ==== <gallery> Setshwantsho:Village Telly in Mali.jpg|Go fuduga ga tikologo. Pula e e nang ka bonnye e dira gore go nne le sekaka se se gobatsang temothuo mme se ka fudusa batho. E bontshitswe: Telly, Mali (2008). Setshwantsho:Corn shows the effect of drought.jpg|Diphetogo tsa temothuo. Dikomelelo, dithemphoritšhara tse di tlhatlogang le maemo a bosa a a feteletseng di ama temothuo ka tsela e e sa siamang. E bontshitswe: Texas, Amerika (2013). Setshwantsho:Acqua alta in Piazza San Marco-original.jpg|Morwalela wa makhubu a lewatle. Go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle go oketsa merwalela mo dikgaolong tse di kwa tlase tsa lebopo. E bontshitswe: Venise, Italy (2004). Setshwantsho:US Navy 071120-M-8966H-005 An aerial view over southern Bangladesh reveals extensive flooding as a result of Cyclone Sidr.jpg|Go gakala ga setsuatsue. Bangladesh morago ga Setsuatsue sa Sidr (2007) ke sekai sa morwalela wa masetlapelo go tswa mo koketsegong ya pula. Setshwantsho:Argentina geos5 202211.jpg|Go gagamatsa ga makhubu a mogote. Ditiragalo tse di jaaka lekhubu la mogote la 2022 la Khounu ya Borwa di ntse di tlwaelega thata.[278] </gallery> == Go fokotsa le go busetsa mesi == [[Setshwantsho:Greenhouse gas emission scenarios 01.svg|thumb|Ditiragalo tsa lefatshe lotlhe tsa go ntshiwa ga digase tsa greenhouse, tse di theilweng mo dipholising le mo ditsholofetsong go tloga ka Ngwanaitseele 2021]] Phetogo ya tlelaemete e ka fokodiwa ka go fokotsa seelo se digase tsa sethopo di ntshiwang ka sone mo lefaufaung, le ka go oketsa seelo se khabonetaeokosaete e tlosiwang ka sone mo lefaufaung.[279] Go fokotsa thuthafalo ya lefatshe go ya kwa tlase ga 2 °C mesi ya digase tsa sethopo ya lefatshe e tlhoka go nna lefela ka 2070.[280] Seno se tlhoka diphetogo tse di tseneletseng, tse di rulagantsweng ka selekanyo se se iseng se ko se nne teng mo maatleng, lefatshe, ditoropo, dipalangwa, dikago, le intaseteri.[281] Lenaneo la Tikologo la Ditšhabakopano le fopholetsa gore dinaga di tlhoka go menaganya ditsholofetso tsa tsone gararo ka fa tlase ga Tumalano ya Paris mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di tlang go fokotsa thuthafalo ya lefatshe go fitlha go 2 °C.[282] Ka ditsholofetso tse di dirilweng ka fa tlase ga Tumalano ya Paris go tloga ka 2024, go tla nna le kgonagalo ya 66% ya gore thuthafalo ya lefatshe e bolokwe ka fa tlase ga 2.8 °C kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo (mofuta: 1.9–3.7 °C, go ikaegile ka tiragatso e e tlhomameng le kgatelopele ya thekenoloji). Fa go akanyediwa fela dipholisi tsa ga jaana, seno se tlhatlogela kwa go 3.1 °C.[283] Lefatshe ka bophara, go lekanyetsa mogote go 2 °C go ka feletsa ka dipoelo tse di kwa godimo tsa ikonomi go na le ditshenyegelo tsa ikonomi.[284] Le fa go se na tsela e le nngwe ya go lekanyetsa thuthafalo ya lefatshe go fitlha go 2 °C,[285] bontsi jwa ditiragalo le ditogamaano di bona koketsego e kgolo ya tiriso ya maatla a a ntšhwafadiwang fa e kopanngwa le dikgato tse di oketsegileng tsa tiriso e e siameng ya maatla go tlhagisa diphokotso tse di tlhokegang tsa gase ya sethopo.[286] Go fokotsa dikgatelelo mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo le go tokafatsa bokgoni jwa tsona jwa go tshwara khabone, diphetogo di tla tlhokega gape mo temothuong le dikgwa,[287] jaaka go thibela go rengwa ga dikgwa le go busetsa dithulaganyo tsa tikologo tsa tlholego ka go rema dikgwa gape.[288] Mekgwa e mengwe ya go fokotsa phetogo ya tlelaemete e na le maemo a a kwa godimo a kotsi. Ditiragalo tse di lekanyetsang thuthafalo ya lefatshe go fitlha go 1.5 °C ka tlwaelo di supa tiriso e kgolo ya mekgwa ya go tlosa khabonetaeokosaete mo lekgolong la bo21 la dingwaga.[289] Go na le matshwenyego, le fa go ntse jalo, ka ga go ikaega thata ka dithekenoloji tse, le ditlamorago tsa tikologo.[290] Phetolo ya marang a letsatsi (SRM) ke tshitshinyo ya go fokotsa thuthafalo ya lefatshe ka go bontsha lesedi lengwe la letsatsi kgakala le Lefatshe le go boela kwa lefaufaung. Ka gonne e sa fokotse digase tsa sethopo, e ka se rarabolole go nna asiti ga lewatle[291] mme ga e tsewe e le phokotso.[292] SRM e tshwanetse go tsewa fela jaaka tlaleletso ya phokotso, e seng go e emisetsa,[293] ka ntlha ya dikotsi tse di jaaka go thuthafala ka bonako fa e ka emisiwa ka tshoganyetso mme ya se ka ya simololwa gape.[294] Mokgwa o o ithutilweng thata ke go tlhaba aerosol ya stratospheric.[295] SRM e ka fokotsa thuthafalo ya lefatshe le ditlamorago dingwe tsa yona, le fa e sa itekanela.[296] E tlisa dikotsi tsa tikologo, jaaka diphetogo mo mekgweng ya pula,[297] mmogo le dikgwetlho tsa sepolotiki, jaaka gore ke mang yo o tla tsayang tshwetso ya gore a e dirisiwe.[295] === Maatla a a phepa === [[Setshwantsho:Global Energy Consumption.svg|thumb|Magala, leokwane le gase ya tlholego di santse e le metswedi ya konokono ya [[:en:World_energy_consumption|maatla mo lefatsheng]] [[:en:World_energy_consumption|ka bophara]] , le fa metswedi ya maatla a a [[:en:Renewable_energy|ntshafadiwang]] e simolotse go oketsega ka bonako<ref>{{harvnb|Friedlingstein|Jones|O'Sullivan|Andrew|2019}}</ref><ref>"[https://globalcarbonbudget.org/gcb-2025/ GCB 2025]". Global Carbon Budget. 2026. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260208191859/https://globalcarbonbudget.org/gcb-2025/ Archived] from the original on 8 February 2026. GCB links to downloadable data at [https://robbieandrew.github.io/GCB2025/ "Figures from the Global Carbon Budget 2025 / 34: Global energy use by category"]. CICERO Center for International Climate Research. 2026. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260301111528/https://robbieandrew.github.io/GCB2025/ Archived] from the original on 1 March 2026.</ref>]] Maatla a a ntšhwafadiwang ke selotlolo sa go fokotsa phetogo ya tlelaemete.[300] Ka dingwagasome, ditukisi tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng di dirile mo e ka nnang 80% ya tiriso ya maatla a lefatshe.[301] Kabo e e setseng e kgaogantswe magareng ga maatla a nyutlea le a a ntšhwafadiwang (go akaretsa maatla a metsi, maatla a ditshedi, maatla a phefo le a letsatsi le maatla a mogote wa lefatshe).[302] Tiriso ya ditukisi tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng e solofetswe go fitlha kwa setlhoeng pele ga 2030 mme morago ga moo e fokotsege, mme tiriso ya magala e tla itemogela phokotsego e e bogale thata.[303] Ditšhwafatso di emetse 86% ya tlhagiso yotlhe e ntšhwa ya motlakase e e tsenngwang ka 2023.[304] Mefuta e mengwe ya maatla a a phepa, e e jaaka maatla a nyutlea le a metsi, ga jaanong jaana e na le karolo e kgolo ya tlamelo ya maatla. Le fa go ntse jalo, diponelopele tsa bone tsa kgolo ya isago di lebega di lekanyeditswe fa di bapisiwa le tsone.[305] [[Setshwantsho:Lisberg Burg Windräder Solar power PC313027.jpg|thumb|Maatla a phefo le a letsatsi, Lefatshe la Germany]] Le fa diphanele tsa letsatsi le phefo ya mo lefatsheng jaanong di le gareng ga mefuta e e tlhwatlhwatlase ya go oketsa bokgoni jo bošwa jwa go tlhagisa maatla mo mafelong a le mantsi,[306] dipholisi tsa maatla a matala di a tlhokega go fitlhelela phetogo e e bonako go tswa mo ditukising tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng go ya kwa go tse di ntšhwafadiwang.[307] Go fitlhelela go se tseye letlhakore mo khaboneng ka 2050, maatla a a ntšhwafadiwang a tla nna mofuta o o laolang wa go tlhagisa motlakase, a tlhatlogela kwa go 85% kgotsa go feta ka 2050 mo maemong mangwe. Peeletso mo magaleng e ne e tla fedisiwa mme tiriso ya magala e ne e tla batla e fedisiwa ka 2050.[308][309] Motlakase o o tlhagisiwang go tswa mo metsweding e e ntšhwafadiwang le one o tla tlhoka go nna motswedi o mogolo wa maatla a go thuthafatsa le dipalangwa.[310] Dipalangwa di ka fetoga go tswa mo dikoloing tsa enjene ya go tuka ga ka fa gare le go ya kwa dikoloing tsa motlakase, dipalangwa tsa botlhe, le dipalangwa tse di matlhagatlhaga (go tsamaya ka baesekele le go tsamaya ka dinao).[311][312] Mo dikepeng le mo difofaneng, ditukisi tse di nang le khabone e e kwa tlase di tla fokotsa mesi.[311] Go thuthafatsa go ka nna ga fokodiwa khabone ka dithekenoloji tse di jaaka dipompo tsa mogote.[313] Go na le dikgoreletsi tsa kgolo e e tswelelang ka bonako ya maatla a a phepa, go akaretsa le a a ntšhwafadiwang.[314] Phefo le letsatsi di ntsha maatla ka dikgaotso le ka go fetogafetoga ga dipaka. Ka tlwaelo, matamo a metsi a a nang le matangwana le dipolante tsa maatla a ditukisi tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng a dirisitswe fa tlhagiso ya maatla a a farologaneng e le kwa tlase. Go ya pele, polokelo ya dibeteri e ka atolosiwa, tlhokego ya maatla le tlamelo di ka tshwantshanngwa, mme phetiso ya sekgala se seleele e ka dira gore go fetoga ga dipholo tse di ntšhwafadiwang go nne borethe.[300] Bioenergy gantsi ga e tseye letlhakore mo khaboneng mme e ka nna le ditlamorago tse di sa siamang mo tshireletsegong ya dijo.[315] Kgolo ya maatla a nyutlea e thibelwa ke dikganetsano tse di amanang le matlakala a a nang le marang, go ata ga dibetsa tsa nyutlea, le dikotsi.[316][317] Kgolo ya maatla a metsi e lekanyeditswe ke ntlha ya gore go tlhamilwe mafelo a a gaisang, mme diporojeke tse dišwa di lebane le matshwenyego a a oketsegileng a loago le tikologo.[318] Maatla a khabone e e kwa tlase a tokafatsa boitekanelo jwa batho ka go fokotsa phetogo ya tlelaemete mmogo le go fokotsa dintsho tsa kgotlhelo ya mowa,[319] tse di neng di fopholediwa go dimilione di le 7 ka ngwaga ka 2016.[320] Go fitlhelela maikaelelo a Tumalano ya Paris a a lekanyetsang thuthafalo go ya kwa koketsegong ya 2 °C go ka boloka matshelo a ka nna milione ao ka ngwaga ka 2050, fa go lekanyetsa thuthafalo ya lefatshe go ya go 1.5 °C go ka boloka dimilione mme ka nako e le nngwe go oketsa tshireletsego ya maatla le go fokotsa lehuma.[321] Go tokafatsa boleng jwa mowa gape go na le melemo ya ikonomi e e ka nnang kgolo go feta ditshenyegelo tsa phokotso.[322] === Tshomarelo ya maatla === Go fokotsa tlhokego ya maatla ke karolo e nngwe e kgolo ya go fokotsa mesi.[323] Fa go tlhokega maatla a mannye, go na le go fetogafetoga go gontsi ga tlhabololo ya maatla a a phepa. Gape e dira gore go nne bonolo go laola keriti ya motlakase, le go fokotsa tlhabololo ya mafaratlhatlha a a dirisang khabone e ntsi.[324] Go tla tlhokega dikoketso tse dikgolo tsa dipeeletso tsa tiriso e e siameng ya maatla go fitlhelela maikaelelo a tlelaemete, a a ka bapisiwang le maemo a dipeeletso mo maatleng a a ntšhwafadiwang.[325] Diphetogo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le COVID-19 mo mekgweng ya tiriso ya maatla, dipeeletso tsa go somarela maatla, le matlole di dirile gore diponelopele tsa ngwagasome ono di nne thata le go sa tlhomamisege.[326] Maano a go fokotsa tlhokego ya maatla a farologana go ya ka lekala. Mo lephateng la dipalangwa, bapalami le dithoto ba ka fetogela kwa mekgweng e e nang le matswela ya mosepele, jaaka dibese le diterena, kgotsa ba dirisa dikoloi tsa motlakase.[327] Maano a madirelo a go fokotsa tlhokego ya maatla a akaretsa go tokafatsa dithulaganyo tsa go thuthafatsa le dikoloi, go tlhama dikumo tse di sa diriseng maatla a mantsi, le go oketsa matshelo a dikumo.[328] Mo lephateng la kago go tlhomilwe mogopolo mo go tlhameng dikago tse dišwa botoka, le tiriso e e kwa godimo ya maatla mo go di tsenyeng sešwa.[329] Tiriso ya dithekenoloji tse di jaaka dipompo tsa mogote le yone e ka oketsa tiriso e e siameng ya maatla a kago.[330] === Temothuo le intaseteri === [[Setshwantsho:Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Economic Sector.svg|thumb|Fa go akanyediwa mesi e e tlhamaletseng le e e sa tlhamalalang, intaseteri ke lekala le le nang le karolo e e kwa godimo ya mesi ya lefatshe. Tshedimosetso go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2019 go tswa kwa IPCC.]] Temothuo le dikgwa di lebane le kgwetlho e e menaganeng gararo ya go fokotsa mesi ya digase tsa sethopo, go thibela go fetolelwa gape ga dikgwa go nna lefatshe la temothuo, le go fitlhelela koketsego ya tlhokego ya dijo mo lefatsheng.[331] Setlhopha sa dikgato se ka fokotsa mesi e e ikaegileng ka temothuo le dikgwa ka peditharong go tswa mo maemong a 2010. Tseno di akaretsa go fokotsa kgolo ya tlhokego ya dijo le ditlhagiswa tse dingwe tsa temothuo, go oketsa ntshodikuno ya lefatshe, go sireletsa le go busetsa dikgwa, le go fokotsa mesi ya digase tsa sethopo go tswa mo tlhagisong ya temothuo.[332] Mo letlhakoreng la tlhokego, karolo ya botlhokwa ya go fokotsa mesi ke go sutisetsa batho kwa dijong tse di theilweng mo dimeleng.[333] Go fedisa tlhagiso ya leruo la nama le mašwi go tla fedisa mo e ka nnang dikotara di le tharo tsa mesi yotlhe e e tswang mo temothuong le mo tirisong e nngwe ya lefatshe.[334] Diruiwa gape di tsaya 37% ya lefatshe le le senang aese mo Lefatsheng mme di ja dijo go tswa mo 12% ya lefatshe le le dirisediwang dijalo, se se kgweetsang go rengwa ga dikgwa le go senyega ga lefatshe.[335] Tlhagiso ya tshipi le samente e na le maikarabelo a bokana ka 13% ya mesi ya CO2 ya madirelo. Mo madirelong ano, didirisiwa tse di dirisang khabone e ntsi jaaka coke le kalaka di na le seabe se se botlhokwa mo tlhagisong, mo e leng gore go fokotsa mesi ya CO2 go tlhoka dipatlisiso ka dikhemikhale tse dingwe.[336] Moo tlhagiso ya maatla kgotsa madirelo a a bokete a a dirisang CO2 e ntsi a tswelelang go tlhagisa CO2 e e latlhilweng, ka dinako tse dingwe thekenoloji e ka dirisiwa go tshwara le go boloka bontsi jwa gase go na le go e gololela kwa lefaufaung.[337] Thekenoloji eno, ya go tshwara le go boloka khabone (CCS), e ka nna le seabe se se botlhokwa mme e le se se lekanyeditsweng mo go fokotseng mesi.[337] E tura thata[338] mme e dirisitswe fela go fitlha kwa selekanyong se se tlosang bokana ka 0.1% ya mesi ya digase tsa sethopo tsa ngwaga le ngwaga.[337] === Go tlosiwa ga phefo ya carbon dioxide === [[Setshwantsho:Carbon Dioxide Partitioning.svg|thumb|Bontsi jwa mesi ya CO2 e monyetswe ke mafelo a a monang a khabone, go akaretsa le kgolo ya dimela, go tsewa ga mmu, le go tsewa ga lewatle [[:en:Global_Carbon_Project#Global_Carbon_Budget|(Tekanyetsokabo ya Lefatshe Lotlhe ya Khabone ya ngwaga wa 2020]]).]] Disinki tsa khabone tsa tlhago di ka tokafadiwa go tshwara selekanyo se segolo thata sa CO2 go feta selekanyo se se tlhagelelang ka tlhago.[339] Go jala dikgwa sešwa le go jala dikgwa (go jala dikgwa kwa go neng go sena dikgwa teng pele) ke dingwe tsa mekgwa e e godileng thata ya go gapa dikgwa, le fa e le gore ya morago e tsosa matshwenyego a pabalesego ya dijo.[340] Balemirui ba ka rotloetsa go tshwara khabone mo mebung ka mekgwa e e jaaka tiriso ya dijalo tsa khurumetso ya mariga, go fokotsa maatla le makgetlo a go lema, le go dirisa manyoro le motshotelo jaaka diphetogo tsa mmu.[341] Go tsosolosa dikgwa le naga go ntsha melemo e mentsi mo tlelaemeteng, go akaretsa le go tshwara le go fokotsa mesi ya digase tsa sethopo.[133] Go busetsa/go itlosa bodutu ga mafelo a a metsi a a mo lebopong, ditsha tsa dithaba le makgwa a bojang jwa lewatle go oketsa go tsewa ga khabone go nna dibodi.[342][343] Fa khabone e tsenngwa mo mebung le mo dilong tse di tshelang jaaka ditlhare, go na le kotsi ya gore khabone e gololwe gape mo lefaufaung moragonyana ka diphetogo mo tirisong ya lefatshe, molelo, kgotsa diphetogo tse dingwe mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo.[344] Tiriso ya maatla a ditshedi mmogo le go tshwara le go boloka khabone (BECCS) e ka feletsa ka mesi e e sa siamang ka gonne CO2 e gogwa go tswa mo lefaufaung.[345] Go sa ntse go sa tlhomamisege thata gore a mekgwa ya go tlosa khabonetaeokosaete e tla kgona go nna le seabe se segolo mo go fokotseng mogote go fitlha go 1.5 °C. Ditshwetso tsa pholisi tse di ikaegileng ka go tlosiwa ga khabonetaeokosaete di oketsa kotsi ya gore thuthafalo ya lefatshe e tlhatloge go feta maikaelelo a boditšhabatšhaba.[346] == Go tlwaela == Go tlwaela ke "thulaganyo ya go tlwaela diphetogo tsa ga jaana kgotsa tse di solofetsweng tsa tlelaemete le ditlamorago tsa yona".[347]: 5 Kwa ntle ga phokotso e nngwe, go tlwaela ga go ka ke ga thibela kotsi ya ditlamorago tse di "masisi, tse di anameng le tse di ka se busediweng morago".[348] Phetogo e e masisi thata ya tlelaemete e tlhoka go tlwaela diphetogo tse dintsi, e e ka nnang tlhwatlhwagodimo thata.[349] Bokgoni le bokgoni jwa batho jwa go tlwaela ga bo abiwe ka go sa lekalekane mo dikgaolong tse di farologaneng le mo bathong ba ba farologaneng, mme dinaga tse di tlhabologang ka kakaretso di na le tse dinnye.[350] Dingwaga di le masome a mabedi tsa ntlha tsa lekgolo la bo21 la dingwaga di bone koketsego ya bokgoni jwa go inaakanya le maemo mo dinageng di le dintsi tse di nang le lotseno lo lo kwa tlase le lo lo magareng tse di nang le phitlhelelo e e tokafaditsweng ya kgeleloleswe ya motheo le motlakase, fela kgatelopele e bonya. Dinaga di le dintsi di tsentse tirisong dipholisi tsa go tlwaela maemo. Le fa go ntse jalo, go na le phatlha e kgolo fa gare ga matlole a a tlhokegang le a a leng teng.[351] Go tlwaela go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle go akaretsa go tila mafelo a a mo kotsing, go ithuta go tshela ka merwalela e e oketsegileng, le go aga ditaolo tsa morwalela. Fa seo se ka palelwa, go ka tlhokega go boela morago go go laolwang.[352] Go na le dikgoreletsi tsa ikonomi tsa go samagana le ditlamorago tse di kotsi tsa mogote. Go tila tiro e e lapisang kgotsa go nna le ditsidifatsi ga go kgonege mo go mongwe le mongwe.[353] Mo temothuong, dikgetho tsa go tlwaela di akaretsa go fetogela kwa dijong tse di tswelelang, go farologanya, taolo ya kgogolego, le ditokafatso tsa dijini go oketsa itshokelano ya tlelaemete e e fetogang.[354] Inšorense e letla go abelana dikotsi, fela gantsi go thata go e bona mo bathong ba lotseno lo lo kwa tlase.[355] Thuto, go fuduga le dithulaganyo tsa tlhagiso ya go sa le gale di ka fokotsa go nna mo kotsing ya tlelaemete.[356] Go jala ditlhare tsa mangrove kgotsa go rotloetsa dimela tse dingwe tsa lebopo go ka thibela ditsuatsue.[357][358] Dithulaganyo tsa tikologo di tlwaela phetogo ya tlelaemete, e leng thulaganyo e e ka tshegediwang ke go tsereganya ga batho. Ka go oketsa kgolagano magareng ga dithulaganyo tsa tikologo, mefuta e ka fudugela kwa maemong a a siameng thata a tlelaemete. Mefuta e ka tsenngwa gape mo mafelong a a bonang tlelaemete e e siameng. Tshireletso le pusetso ya mafelo a tlhago le a seka-tlhago e thusa go aga nonofo, go dira gore go nne bonolo gore dithulaganyo tsa tikologo di tlwaele. Bontsi jwa ditiro tse di rotloetsang go tlwaela mo dithulaganyong tsa tikologo, gape di thusa batho go tlwaela ka tlwaelo e e ikaegileng ka thulaganyo ya tikologo. Ka sekai, go busetsa dipuso tsa molelo tsa tlholego go dira gore go se ka ga nna le kgonagalo ya melelo e e bakang masetlapelo, mme go fokotsa go tlhagelela ga batho mo go yone. Go fa dinoka sebaka se sentsi go letla polokelo e ntsi ya metsi mo thulaganyong ya tlholego, go fokotsa kotsi ya morwalela. Sekgwa se se tsosolositsweng se dira jaaka sinki ya khabone, fela go jala ditlhare mo dikgaolong tse di sa tshwanelang go ka gakatsa ditlamorago tsa tlelaemete.[359] Go na le tirisanommogo mme gape go na le dithekiso magareng ga go tlwaela le go fokotsa.[360] Sekao sa tirisanommogo ke go oketsa ntshodikuno ya dijo, e e nang le melemo e megolo mo go tlwaelaneng le go fokotsa.[361] Sekao sa kgwebisano ke gore tiriso e e oketsegileng ya ditsidifatsi e letla batho go lepalepana botoka le mogote, fela e oketsa tlhokego ya maatla. Sekao se sengwe sa kgwebisano ke gore tlhabololo e e kopaneng ya toropo e ka fokotsa mesi e e tswang mo dipalangweng le mo kagong, mme gape e ka oketsa ditlamorago tsa setlhaketlhake sa mogote wa toropo, ya tsenya batho mo dikotsing tsa boitekanelo tse di amanang le mogote.[362] === Dikao tsa mekgwa ya go tlwaela === <gallery> Setshwantsho:FrontLines-EGAT 2011 Environment Photo Contest Top Entry (5842818280).jpg|Go jala ditlhare tsa mangrove le tshomarelo e nngwe ya bonno go ka fokotsa merwalela ya mabopo. Setshwantsho:Seawallventnor.jpg|Mabota a lewatle a tla sireletsa kgatlhanong le ditsuatsue tse di gakadiwang ke go tlhatloga ga bogodimo jwa lewatle Setshwantsho:20080708 Chicago City Hall Green Roof Edit1.jpg|Marulelo a matala go tlamela ka tsidifatso mo ditoropong Setshwantsho:2013.02-402-294a Pearl millet,breeding,selfing ICRISAT,Patancheru(Hyderabad,Andhra Pradesh),IN wed20feb2013.jpg|Tsadiso e e tlhophilweng ya dijalo tse di kgonang go emelana le komelelo </gallery> == Dipholisi le dipolotiki == Dinaga tse di leng mo kotsing thata ya go fetoga ga tlelaemete ka tlwaelo di ile tsa nna le boikarabelo jwa karolo e nnye ya mesi ya lefatshe lotlhe. Se se tsosa dipotso ka ga tshiamiso le tshiamo.[363] Go fokotsa go gotela ga lefatshe go dira gore go nne motlhofo thata go fitlhelela Mekgele ya Tlhabololo e e Tswelelang Pele ya lekgotla la Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng, e e jaaka go fedisa lehuma le go fokotsa go sa lekalekane. Kgolagano e lemogwa mo Maikaelelong a Tlhabololo e e Tswelelang 13 e leng go "tsaya kgato e e potlakileng go lwantsha phetogo ya tlelaemete le ditlamorago tsa yona".[364] Maikaelelo a dijo, metsi a a phepa le tshireletso ya tikologo a na le tirisanommogo le phokotso ya tlelaemete.[365] Dipolotiki tsa lefatshe tsa phetogo ya tlelaemete di raraane. Gantsi e tlhamilwe jaaka bothata jwa batho ba ba palameng mahala, jo mo go jona dinaga tsotlhe di solegelwang ke phokotso e e dirwang ke dinaga tse dingwe, mme dinaga ka bongwe di ne di tla latlhegelwa ke go fetogela kwa ikonoming e e nang le khabone e e kwa tlase ka botsone. Ka dinako tse dingwe phokotso le yona e na le melemo ya selegae le fa go ntse jalo. Ka sekai, melemo ya go tlosiwa ga magala mo boitekanelong jwa setšhaba le mo ditikologong tsa selegae e feta ditshenyegelo mo e ka nnang mo dikgaolong tsotlhe.[366] Ho feta moo, barekisi ba nete ba mafura a mesaletsa ba hlola moruong ho tloha ho fetohela ho matla a hlwekileng, ho etsa hore baromelantle ba nete ba tobane le matlotlo a tshwarehileng: mafura a masaledi a ba sa kgoneng ho a rekisa.[367] === Ditlhopho tsa pholisi === Go dirisiwa mefuta e e farologaneng ya dipholisi, melawana le melao go fokotsa digase tse di ntshiwang. Go tloga ka 2019, ditlhwatlhwa tsa khabone di akaretsa mo e ka nnang 20% ​​ya mesi ya digase tsa sethopo tsa lefatshe.[368] Khabone e ka bewa tlhwatlhwa ka makgetho a khabone le dithulaganyo tsa kgwebisano ka mesi.[369] Dithuso tsa lefatshe ka bophara tsa ditukisi tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng di fitlheletse $319 bilione ka 2017, le $5.2 trillion fa ditshenyegelo tse di sa tlhamalalang tse di jaaka kgotlhelo ya mowa di bewa ditlhwatlhwa.[370] Go fedisa tseno go ka baka phokotsego ya 28% ya mesi ya khabone ya lefatshe le phokotsego ya 46% ya dintsho tsa kgotlhelo ya mowa.[371] Madi a a bolokilweng mo dithusong tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng a ka dirisiwa go tshegetsa phetogelo go ya kwa maatleng a a phepa boemong jwa seo.[372] Mekgwa e e tlhamaletseng ya go fokotsa digase tsa sethopo e akaretsa maemo a bokgoni jwa dikoloi, maemo a lookwane lo lo ntšhwafadiwang, le melawana ya kgotlhelo ya mowa mo intasetering e e bokete.[373] Dinaga di le mmalwa di tlhoka gore ditirelo di oketse karolo ya dilo tse di ntšhwafadiwang mo tlhagisong ya maatla.[374] Tirisanommogo e e Buletsweng ya Mebaraka ya Khabone ya Kobamelo ka maikaelelo a go tlhama thulaganyo ya lefatshe lotlhe ya kepisi le kgwebisano e ne ya tlhongwa kwa COP30 (2025). Go ya ka dipalopalo dingwe e ka oketsa phokotso ya mesi makgetlo a le supa go feta dipholisi tsa ga jaana, ya tlisa $200 bilione ka ngwaga ya mananeo a maatla a a phepa le a loago le go tswala phatlha fa gare ga tsela ya ga jaana ya mesi le maikaelelo a tumalano ya Paris.[375][376][377] ==== Tshiamiso ya tlelaemete ==== Pholisi e e tlhamilweng ka lense ya tshiamiso ya tlelaemete e leka go samagana le dintlha tsa ditshwanelo tsa batho le go tlhoka tekatekano ga loago. Go ya ka babueledi ba tshiamiso ya tlelaemete, ditshenyegelo tsa go tlwaela tlelaemete di tshwanetse go duelwa ke ba ba nang le maikarabelo a magolo a phetogo ya tlelaemete, fa bajaboswa ba dituelo e tshwanetse go nna bao ba bogang ka ditlamorago. Tsela nngwe e seno se ka rarabololwang ka yone mo tirisong ke go dira gore ditšhaba tse di humileng di duele dinaga tse di humanegileng go tlwaela.[378] Oxfam e fitlhetse gore ka 2023 10% ya batho ba ba humileng thata ba ne ba ikarabela ka 50% ya mesi ya lefatshe, fa 50% e e kwa tlase e ne e ikarabela ka 8% fela.[379] Tlhagiso ya mesi ke tsela e nngwe ya go leba maikarabelo: ka fa tlase ga mokgwa oo, dikhamphani tse di kwa godimo di le 21 tsa ditukisi tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng di tla kolota dipusetso tsa tlelaemete tse di kokoantsweng tsa $5.4 trillion mo pakeng ya 2025–2050.[380] Go fitlhelela phetogo e e siameng, batho ba ba dirang mo lephateng la ditukisi le bona ba tla tlhoka ditiro tse dingwe, mme baagi ba bona ba tla tlhoka dipeeletso.[381] === Ditumelano tsa boditšhabatšhaba tsa tlelaemete === [[Setshwantsho:Total CO2 by Region.svg|thumb|Fa e sa le ka ngwaga wa 2000, mesi e e tlhatlogang ya CO2 kwa lefatsheng la China le kwa lefatsheng lotlhe e fetile e e ntshiwang ke lefatshe la United States le karolo kgolo ya mafatshe ya Europe. <ref>{{harvnb|Friedlingstein|Jones|O'Sullivan|Andrew|2019}}, Table 7.</ref><ref>[https://globalcarbonbudget.org/gcb-2025/ "GCB 2025]". Global Carbon Budget. 2026. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260208191859/https://globalcarbonbudget.org/gcb-2025/ Archived] from the original on 8 February 2026. GCB links to downloadable data at [https://robbieandrew.github.io/GCB2025/ "Figures from the Global Carbon Budget 2025 / 73: Global CO2 emissions by region"]. CICERO Center for International Climate Research. 2026. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260301111528/https://robbieandrew.github.io/GCB2025/ Archived] from the original on 1 March 2026.</ref>]] Mo e ka nnang dinaga tsotlhe mo lefatsheng ke dikarolo tsa Tumalano ya Letlhomeso la Ditšhabakopano ya 1994 ka ga Phetogo ya Tlelaemete (UNFCCC).[385] Maikaelelo a UNFCCC ke go thibela go tsenelela go go kotsi ga batho mo thulaganyong ya tlelaemete.[386] Jaaka go boletswe mo tumalanong, seno se tlhoka gore dilekanyo tsa digase tsa sethopo di tlhomama mo lefaufaung mo maemong a mo go one dithulaganyo tsa tikologo di ka tlwaelanang ka tlhago le phetogo ya tlelaemete, tlhagiso ya dijo e sa tshosediwe, le tlhabololo ya ikonomi e ka tswelela.[387] UNFCCC ka boyona ga e thibele mesi mme go na le moo e tlamela ka letlhomeso la diporothokholo tse di dirang jalo. Mesi ya lefatshe e tlhatlogile fa e sale UNFCCC e saeniwa.[388] Dikhonferense tsa yona tsa ngwaga le ngwaga ke kgato ya dipuisano tsa lefatshe ka bophara.[389] [[Setshwantsho:Per Capita CO2 by Region.svg|thumb|Ka motho mongwe le mongwe, Lefatshe la United States le ntsha CO2 ka lobelo lo lo kwa godimo thata go feta dikgaolo tse dingwe tsa konokono.<ref>{{harvnb|Friedlingstein|Jones|O'Sullivan|Andrew|2019}}, Table 7.</ref><ref>"[https://globalcarbonbudget.org/gcb-2025/ GCB 2025]". Global Carbon Budget. 2026. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260208191859/https://globalcarbonbudget.org/gcb-2025/ Archived] from the original on 8 February 2026. GCB links to downloadable data at [https://robbieandrew.github.io/GCB2025/ "Figures from the Global Carbon Budget 2025 / 74: Global CO2 emissions per capita]". CICERO Center for International Climate Research. 2026. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260301111528/https://robbieandrew.github.io/GCB2025/ Archived] from the original on 1 March 2026.</ref>]] Porothokholo ya Kyoto ya 1997 e ne ya atolosa UNFCCC mme ya akaretsa maitlamo a a tlamang semolao a bontsi jwa dinaga tse di tlhabologileng go fokotsa mesi ya tsone.[390] Ka nako ya dipuisano, G77 (e e emetseng dinaga tse di tlhabologang) e ne ya kgaratlhela taelo e e tlhokang gore dinaga tse di tlhabologileng di "[tseye] boeteledipele" mo go fokotseng mesi ya tsone,[391] ka gonne dinaga tse di tlhabologileng di ne tsa nna le seabe se segolo mo go kokoanyeng digase tsa sethopo mo lefaufaung. Mesi ya tlhogo le yona e ne e santse e le kwa tlase mo dinageng tse di tlhabologang mme dinaga tse di tlhabologang di tla tlhoka go ntsha mesi e mentsi go fitlhelela ditlhokego tsa tsona tsa tlhabololo.[392] Tumalano ya Copenhagen ya ngwaga wa 2009 e tlhagisitswe thata jaaka e e swabisang ka ntlha ya maikaelelo a yona a a kwa tlase, mme e ne ya ganwa ke ditšhaba tse di humanegileng go akaretsa le G77.[393] Makoko a a amanang a ne a ikaeletse go fokotsa tlhatlogo ya themperetšha ya lefatshe go ya kwa tlase ga 2 °C.[394] Tumalano e beile maikaelelo a go romela $100 bilione ka ngwaga kwa dinageng tse di tlhabologang go fokotsa le go tlwaela ka 2020, mme ya tshitshinya go tlhongwa ga Letlole la Tlelaemete le le Tala.[395] Go tloga ka 2020, go ne ga gorosiwa fela diranta di le dibilione di le 83,3. Ke fela ka 2023 go solofetsweng gore seelo se tla fitlhelelwa.[396] Ka 2015 dinaga tsotlhe tsa UN di ne tsa buisana ka Tumalano ya Paris, e e ikaeletseng go boloka thuthafalo ya lefatshe e le kwa tlase thata ga 2.0 °C mme e na le mokgele wa keletso ya go boloka thuthafalo e le kwa tlase ga 1.5 °C.[397] Tumalano eno e ne ya tsaya sebaka sa Porothokholo ya Kyoto. Go farologana le Kyoto, ga go na dintlha tse di tlamang tsa go ntsha digase tse di neng tsa bewa mo Tumalanong ya Paris. Go na le moo, go ne ga dirwa gore ditsamaiso di tlame. Dinaga di tshwanetse go ipeela maikaelelo a a kwa godimo ka metlha le go sekaseka gape maikaelelo ano dingwaga dingwe le dingwe di le tlhano.[398] Tumalano ya Paris e ne ya boeletsa gore dinaga tse di tlhabologang di tshwanetse go tshegediwa ka madi.[399] Go tloga ka Mopitlwe 2025, dinaga di le 194 le Kopano ya Yuropa di amogetse kgotsa di amogetse tumalano.[400] Porothokholo ya Montreal ya 1987, tumalano ya boditšhabatšhaba ya go fedisa tlhagiso ya digase tse di senyang ozone, e nnile le melemo mo go fokotseng phetogo ya tlelaemete.[401] Digase di le mmalwa tse di senyang ozone jaaka di-chlorofluorocarbon ke digase tse di maatla tsa sethopo, ka jalo go thibela tlhagiso le tiriso ya tsona go ka tswa go ile ga tila tlhatlogo ya themperetšha ya 0.5 °C–1.0 °C,[402] mmogo le thuthafalo e e oketsegileng ka go thibela tshenyo ya dimela go tswa mo marang a ultraviolet].[43] Go fopholediwa gore tumalano e nnile le matswela thata mo go fokotseng mesi ya digase tsa sethopo go feta Porothokholo ya Kyoto e e diretsweng go dira jalo ka tlhamalalo.[404] Phetolo ya bošeng ya Porothokholo ya Montreal, Phetolo ya Kigali ya 2016, e ne ya itlama go fokotsa mesi ya dikhabone tsa hydrofluoro, tse di neng tsa emisetsa digase tse di thibetsweng tse di senyang ozone mme gape e le digase tse di maatla tsa sethopo.[405] Fa dinaga di ka obamela paakanyo, go fopholediwa gore go tla tilwa thuthafalo ya 0.3 °C–0.5 °C.[406] === Ditsibogo tsa bosetšhaba === [[Setshwantsho:Global annual CO2 emissions by world region since 1750.svg|thumb|Mesi ya CO2 ya ngwaga le ngwaga go ya ka kgaolo. Se se lekanya mafura a masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng le mesi ya madirelo. [[:en:Land_use_change|Phetogo ya tiriso ya lefatshe]] ga e a akarediwa.<ref>"[https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-co-emissions-by-region Annual CO2 emissions by world region]" (chart). ourworldindata.org. [[:en:Our_World_in_Data|Our World in Data]]. Retrieved 18 September 2024.</ref>]] Ka 2019, palamente ya United Kingdom e ne ya nna puso ya ntlha ya bosetšhaba go itsise maemo a tshoganyetso a tlelaemete.[408] Dinaga tse dingwe le dipuso di ne tsa latela.[409] Ka one ngwaga oo, Palamente ya Yuropa e ne ya itsise "maemo a tshoganyetso a tlelaemete le tikologo".[410] Khomišene ya Yuropa e ne ya tlhagisa Tumalano ya yone ya Botala ya Yuropa ka boikaelelo jwa go dira gore EU e se ka ya ntsha khabone ka 2050.[411] Ka 2021, Khomišene ya Yuropa e ne ya golola sephuthelwana sa yone sa melao ya "Fit for 55", e e nang le dikaelo tsa intaseteri ya dikoloi; dikoloi tsotlhe tse dišwa mo mmarakeng wa Yuropa di tshwanetse go nna dikoloi tse di sa ntsheng digase dipe go tloga ka 2035.[412] Dinaga tse dikgolo kwa Asia di dirile ditsholofetso tse di tshwanang: Korea Borwa le Japane di itlamile go nna tse di sa tseyeng letlhakore mo khaboneng ka 2050, mme China ka 2060.[413] Le fa India e na le ditlhotlheletso tse di maatla tsa dilo tse di ntšhwafadiwang, gape e rulaganya katoloso e e bonalang ya magala mo nageng.[414] Vietnam e gareng ga dinaga di le mmalwa fela tse di ikaegileng ka magala, tse di tlhabologang ka bonako tse di ikanneng go fedisa maatla a magala a a sa fokodiwang ka dingwaga tsa bo 2040 kgotsa ka bonako jo bo kgonegang morago ga moo.[415] Go tloga ka 2021, go ikaegilwe ka tshedimosetso go tswa mo maanong a bosetšhaba a le 48 a tlelaemete, a a emelang 40% ya makoko a Tumalano ya Paris, go fopholediwa gore palogotlhe ya mesi ya digase tsa sethopo e tla nna kwa tlase ka 0.5% fa e bapisiwa le maemo a 2010, kwa tlase ga maikaelelo a phokotso ya 45% kgotsa 25% go fokotsa thuthafalo ya lefatshe go ya go °C kgotsa[6]. == Setšhaba le setso == [[Setshwantsho:20200327 Climate change deniers cherry picking time periods.gif|thumb|Tshedimosetso e [[:en:Cherry_picking|tlhophilwe ka boomo go tswa mo dipakeng]] tse dikhutshwane go dira polelo e e seng boammaaruri ya gore megote tsa lefatshe ga di tlhatloge. Mela ya tshekamelo e e botala jwa loapi e bontsha dipaka tse dikhutshwane tse di fitlhang kgotsa di bipang tshekamelo ya nako e telele ya go gotela ga lefatshe (mela ya tshekamelo e mehibidu). Khutlonne e e botala jwa loapi e e nang le matshwao a a botala jwa loapi e bontsha se se bidiwang nako ya [[:en:Global_warming_hiatus|go ema ga go gotela ga lefatshe]].]] Dingangisano tsa setšhaba ka ga phetogo ya tlelaemete di amilwe thata ke go ganela phetogo ya tlelaemete le tshedimosetso e e fosagetseng, e e neng ya tlhagelela la ntlha kwa United States mme fa e sa le ka nako eo e aname le kwa dinageng tse dingwe, bogolosegolo kwa Canada le Australia. E simolotse go tswa mo dikhamphaning tsa ditukisi tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng, ditlhopha tsa madirelo, ditheo tsa dikakanyo tse di sa fetogeng, le borasaense ba ba kgatlhanong.[418] Fela jaaka intaseteri ya motsoko, leano le legolo la ditlhopha tse e nnile go dira dipelaelo ka ga tshedimosetso le dipholo tsa saense tse di amanang le phetogo ya tlelaemete.[419] Batho ba ba nang le pelaelo e e sa tshwanelang ka ga phetogo ya tlelaemete ka dinako tse dingwe ba bidiwa "babelaedi" ba phetogo ya tlelaemete, le fa "baganetsi" kgotsa "baganetsi" e le mareo a a maleba thata.[420] Go na le mefuta e e farologaneng ya go ganela tlelaemete: bangwe ba ganela gore thuthafalo e a diragala gotlhelele, bangwe ba amogela thuthafalo mme ba e amanya le ditlhotlheletso tsa tlholego, mme bangwe ba fokotsa ditlamorago tse di sa siamang tsa phetogo ya tlelaemete.[421] Go dira go sa tlhomamisegeng ga saense moragonyana go ne ga fetoga go nna kganetsano e e dirilweng: go tlhama tumelo ya gore go na le go sa tlhomamisegeng go go bonalang ka ga phetogo ya tlelaemete mo teng ga setšhaba sa saense go diegisa diphetogo tsa pholisi.[422] Maano a go rotloetsa dikgopolo tse a akaretsa go kgala ditheo tsa saense,[423] le go botsa maitlhomo a borasaense ka bongwe.[421] Phaposi ya echo ya di-blog le bobegakgang jo bo ganang tlelaemete e tlhotlheleditse gape go sa tlhaloganye phetogo ya tlelaemete.[424] === Temoso ya setšhaba le maikutlo === [[Setshwantsho:20220629 Public estimates of scientific consensus on climate change - horizontal bar chart.svg|thumb|Setšhaba se nyenyefatsa thata selekanyo sa kutlwano ya borasaense ya gore batho ke bone ba bakang phetogo ya seemo sa bosa (tshedimosetso ya ngwaga wa 2022). Dipatlisiso tse di dirilweng magareng ga ngwaga wa 2019 le ngwaga wa 2021 di fitlheletse gore kutlwano ya borasaense e mo magareng ga karolo masome a borobabongwe le borobabobedi ntlha supa mo lekgolong (98.7) le lekgolo mo lekgolong (100%).]] Phetogo ya tlelaemete e ne ya tlhokomelwa ke setšhaba sa boditšhabatšhaba kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1980.[428] Ka ntlha ya go begwa ke bobegakgang mo masimologong a bo1990, gantsi batho ba ne ba tlhakanya phetogo ya tlelaemete le dintlha tse dingwe tsa tikologo tse di jaaka go fokotsega ga ozone.[429] Mo setsong se se tlwaelegileng, filimi ya tlhamane ya tlelaemete Letsatsi Morago ga Kamoso (2004) le tokomane ya ga Al Gore ya Boammaaruri jo bo sa Siamang (2006) di ne di tlhomile mogopolo mo phetogong ya tlelaemete.[428] Dipharologano tse di botlhokwa tsa kgaolo, bong, dingwaga le sepolotiki di teng mo go tshwenyegeng ga setšhaba ka bobedi, le go tlhaloganya, phetogo ya tlelaemete. Batho ba ba rutegileng thata, mme mo dinageng dingwe, basadi le batho ba ba botlana, ba ne ba na le kgonagalo e kgolo ya go bona phetogo ya tlelaemete jaaka matshosetsi a magolo.[430] Dibukathuto tsa thutatshelo tsa kholetšhe go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 2010 di ne di na le diteng tse dinnye ka phetogo ya tlelaemete fa di bapisiwa le tsa dingwaga di le lesome tse di fetileng, ka kgatelelo e e fokotsegang mo ditharabololo.[431] Diphatlha tsa lekoko le tsone di teng mo dinageng di le dintsi,[432] mme dinaga tse di nang le mesi e e kwa godimo ya CO2 di na le go sa tshwenyege thata.[433] Dikakanyo ka ga mabaka a phetogo ya tlelaemete di farologana thata go ya ka dinaga.[434] Kgaso ya bobegakgang e e golaganeng le ditshupetso e nnile le ditlamorago mo maikutlong a setšhaba mmogo le gore ke dintlha dife tsa phetogo ya tlelaemete tse di tsepamisitsweng mo go tsona.[435] Maemo a a kwa godimo a matshwenyego a amana le tshegetso e e maatla ya setšhaba ya dipholisi tse di samaganang le phetogo ya tlelaemete.[436] Matshwenyego a oketsegile fa nako e ntse e tsamaya,[437] mme ka 2021 bontsi jwa baagi mo dinageng di le 30 ba tlhagisitse maemo a a kwa godimo a go tshwenyega ka phetogo ya tlelaemete, kgotsa ba e leba jaaka maemo a tshoganyetso a lefatshe lotlhe.[438] Patlisiso ya 2024 go ralala dinaga di le 125 e fitlhetse gore 89% ya baagi ba lefatshe ba batla kgato e e tseneletseng ya sepolotiki, mme ka thulaganyo ba nyatsa go iketleeletsa ga batho ba bangwe go tsaya kgato.[25][26] ==== Motsamao wa tlelaemete ==== Ditshupetso tsa tlelaemete di batla gore baeteledipele ba dipolotiki ba tseye kgato go thibela phetogo ya tlelaemete. Di ka nna ka sebopego sa ditshupetso tsa phatlalatsa, go rekisa ditukisi tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng, dikgetsi le ditiro tse dingwe.[439][440] Ditshupetso tse di tlhageletseng di akaretsa Seteraeke sa Dikolo sa Tlelaemete. Mo maitekong ano, bašwa go ralala lefatshe ba ntse ba ipelaetsa fa e sale ka 2018 ka go tlola sekolo ka Labotlhano, ba tlhotlheleditswe ke molweladitshwanelo tsa Sweden le mosha wa nako eo Greta Thunberg.[441] Dikgato tsa go tlhoka kutlo ga baagi ka bontsi ke ditlhopha tse di jaaka Extinction Rebellion di ipelaeditse ka go kgoreletsa ditsela le dipalangwa tsa botlhe.[442] Ditsheko di ntse di sebediswa ka ho eketsehileng e le sesebediswa sa ho matlafatsa kgato ya tlelaemete ho tswa ditheong tsa setjhaba le dikhamphani. Balweladitshwanelo gape ba simolola dikgetsi tse di lebaganeng le dipuso le go batla gore di tseye kgato e e nang le maikaelelo a magolo kgotsa di diragatse melao e e leng teng ka ga phetogo ya tlelaemete.[443] Dikgetsi kgatlhanong le dikhamphani tsa ditukisi tsa masaledi a dilo tse di epolotsweng ka kakaretso di batla pusetso ya tatlhegelo le tshenyo.[444] Ka di 23 Phukwi 2025, Kgotlatshekelo ya Boditšhabatšhaba ya Bosiamisi ya lekgotla la Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng e ne ya ntsha kgopolo ya yone ya kgakololo, e bolela ka tlhamalalo gore dinaga di tshwanetse go tsaya kgato go emisa phetogo ya tlelaemete, mme fa di palelwa ke go diragatsa tiro eo, dinaga tse dingwe di ka di sekisa. Tlamego e e akaretsa go diragatsa maitlamo a bona mo ditumalanong tsa boditšhabatšhaba tse ba leng karolo ya tsona, jaaka Tumalano ya Tlelaemete ya Paris ya 2015.[445][446][447] == Ditso == [[Setshwantsho:18560823 Eunice Newton Foote - greenhouse effect.png|thumb|Eunice Newton Foote o bontshitse phelelo ya phefo ya carbon dioxide ya go tshwara mogote ka ngwaga wa 1856, a bonela pele ditlamorago tsa yone mo polaneteng.<ref>Foote, Eunice (November 1856). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=6xhFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA382 Circumstances affecting the Heat of the Sun's Rays"]. The American Journal of Science and Arts. 22: 382–383. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200930234235/https://books.google.com/books?id=6xhFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA382%2F Archived] from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2016.</ref> (Carbon dioxide e ne e bidiwa "gase ya esiti ya carbon".)]] Borasaense ba ngwagakgolo wa bo 19 jaaka Alexander von Humboldt ba ne ba simolola go bonela pele ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya tlelaemete. Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1820, Joseph Fourier o ne a tshitshinya phelelo ya greenhouse go tlhalosa gore ke ka ntlha yang fa themperetšha ya Lefatshe e ne e le kwa godimo go feta maatla a Letsatsi a le nosi a ka a tlhalosang. Lefaufau la lefatshe le bonaletsang lesedi la letsatsi, ka jalo lesedi la letsatsi le fitlha kwa godimo ga lefatshe koo le fetolelwang go nna mogote gone. Le fa go ntse jalo, lefaufau ga le bonale mo mogoteng o o phatsimang go tswa kwa godimo, mme le tshwara mogote o mongwe, o o tla thuthafatsang polanete.[453] Ka 1856 Eunice Newton Foote o ne a bontsha gore phelelo ya go thuthafatsa ya Letsatsi e kgolo mo moweng o o nang le mouwane wa metsi go na le mo moweng o o omileng, le gore phelelo e kgolo le go feta mo khabonetaeokosaeteng (CO2). Mo go "Maemo a a Amang Mogote wa Marang a Letsatsi" o ne a swetsa ka gore "[a] lefaufau la gase eo le tla naya lefatshe la rona themperetšha e e kwa godimo".[454][455] [[Setshwantsho:19120814 Coal Consumption Affecting Climate - Rodney and Otamatea Times.jpg|thumb|Pego e ya ngwaga wa 1912 e tlhalosa ka bokhutshwane phelelo ya ntlo ya mogote ye tshwarang mogote, kafa go fisiwa ga magala go dirang gore phefo ya carbondioxide e kgone go baka thuthafalo ya lefatshe le phetogo ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>"[https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ROTWKG19120814.2.56.5 Coal Consumption Affecting Climate]". Rodney and Otamatea Times, Waitemata and Kaipara Gazette. Warkworth, New Zealand. 14 August 1912. p. 7. Text was earlier [[:en:File:191203_Furnaces_of_the_world_-_Popular_Mechanics_-_Global_warming.jpg|published in Popular Mechanics,]] March 1912, p. 341.</ref>]] Go simolola ka 1859,[457] John Tyndall o ne a tlhomamisa gore naeterojene le okosejene—mmogo di dira 99% ya mowa o o omileng—di bonala mo mogoteng o o phatsimang. Le fa go ntse jalo, mouwane wa metsi le digase tse di jaaka methane le khabonetaeokosaete di monya mogote o o phatsimang mme di phatlalatsa mogote oo gape mo lefaufaung. Tyndall o ne a tshitshinya gore diphetogo tsa dilekanyo tsa digase tseno di ka tswa di bakile diphetogo tsa tlelaemete mo nakong e e fetileng, go akaretsa le metlha ya aese.[458] Svante Arrhenius o lemogile gore mouwane wa metsi mo moweng o ne o tswelela o farologana, fela selekanyo sa CO2 mo moweng se ne se tlhotlhelediwa ke dithulaganyo tsa thutafatshe tsa nako e telele. Go thuthafala go tswa mo maemong a a oketsegileng a CO2 go ne go tla oketsa selekanyo sa mouwane wa metsi, go godisa thuthafalo mo lobelong lwa ditshwaelo tse di siameng. Ka 1896, o ne a gatisa sekai sa ntlha sa tlelaemete sa mofuta ono, a akanyetsa gore go fokotsa selekanyo sa CO2 ka halofo go ka bo go dirile gore themperetšha e wele tlase go simolola motlha wa aese. Arrhenius o ne a balela koketsego ya themperetšha e e solofetsweng go tswa mo go menaganeng ga CO2 gabedi go nna mo e ka nnang 5–6 °C.[459] Borasaense ba bangwe kwa tshimologong ba ne ba belaela mme ba dumela gore phelelo ya sethopo e ne e tletse gore go oketsa CO2 e ntsi go se ka ga dira pharologanyo epe, le gore tlelaemete e tla bo e itaola.[460] Go simolola ka 1938, Guy Stewart Callendar o ne a gatisa bosupi jwa gore tlelaemete e ne e thuthafala le gore selekanyo sa CO2 se ne se tlhatloga,[461] mme dipalelo tsa gagwe di ne tsa kopana le dikganetso tse di tshwanang.[460] === Go tlhamiwa ga tumalano ya saense === [[Setshwantsho:20211103 Academic studies of scientific consensus - global warming, climate change - vertical bar chart - en.svg|thumb|Tumelano ya saense ka go bakiwa ke : Dithuto tsa thuto tsa tumalano ya saense ka ga thuthafalo ya lefatshe e e bakiwang ke batho mo gareng ga baitseanape ba seemo sa bosa( go simologa ka ngwaga wa 2010 go fitlha ko ngwageng wa 2015) di bontsha gore maemo a tumalano a tsamaisana le boitseanape mo saenseng ya seemo sa bosa.<ref>Cook, John; Oreskes, Naomi; Doran, Peter T.; [[:en:William_Anderegg|Anderegg, William R. L.]]; et al. (2016). [[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/048002|"Consensus on consensus: a synthesis of consensus estimates on human-caused global warming".]] [[:en:Environmental_Research_Letters|Environmental Research Letters.]] 11 (4) 048002. Bibcode:2016ERL....11d8002C. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/048002|10.1088/1748-9326/11/4/048002.]] hdl:[[hdl:1983/34949783-dac1-4ce7-ad95-5dc0798930a6|1983/34949783-dac1-4ce7-ad95-5dc0798930a6]].</ref> Thutopatlisiso ya ngwaga wa 2019 e fitlhetse tumalano ya saense e le kwa go le la lekgolo kgolong,[426] mme thutopatlisiso ya ngwaga wa 2021 e ne ya swetsa ka gore tumalano e feta karolo ya masome a borobabongwe le borobabongwe mo lekgolong.[5] Patlisiso e nngwe ya ngwaga wa 2021 e fitlhetse gore karolo ya masome a borobabongwe le borobabobedi ntlha supa mo lekgolong ya baitseanape ba seemo sa bosa ba bontshitse gore Lefatshe le thuthafala thata ka ntlha ya ditiro tsa batho.[]]Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1950, [[:en:Gilbert_Plass|Gilbert Plass]] o ne a tlhama sekai sa khomphiutha se se tletseng se se neng se akaretsa dikarolo tse di farologaneng tsa lefaufau le sebopego sa infrared. Mokgwa o o ne wa bolelela pele gore go oketsa selekanyo sa pheho ya carbon dioxide (CO2) go ne go tla baka go thuthafala. Mo e ka nnang ka yone nako eo, [[:en:Hans_Suess|Hans Suess]] o ne a bona bosupi jwa gore selekanyo sa phefo ya carbon dioxide (CO2) se ne se ntse se tlhatloga, mme [[:en:Roger_Revelle|Roger Revelle]] o ne a bontsha gore mawatle a ne a ka se amogele koketsego eo. Borasaense ba babedi morago ga moo ba ne ba thusa [[:en:Charles_David_Keeling|Charles Keeling]] go simolola palo ya koketsego e e tswelelang— ya [[:en:Keeling_Curve|"Keeling Curve]]"<ref>{{harvnb|Weart "The Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Effect"}}; {{harvnb|Fleming|2008|loc=[https://nsdl.library.cornell.edu/websites/wiki/index.php/PALE_ClassicArticles/GlobalWarming/Article4.html Arrhenius]}}</ref>—e e neng e le karolo ya dipatlisiso tse di tswelelang tsa saense go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1960 ka ga se se ka nnang teng se se bakang thuthafalo ya lefatshe.[464] Dithutopatlisiso tse di jaaka Pegelo ya Charney ya 1979 ya Lekgotla la Bosetšhaba la Patlisiso di ne tsa tshegetsa go nepagala ga dikai tsa tlelaemete tse di bonelapele thuthafalo e e bonalang.[465] Dibako tsa batho tsa thuthafalo ya lefatshe e e lemogilweng le dikotsi tsa thuthafalo e e sa fokodiwang di ne tsa tlhagisiwa phatlalatsa mo bopaking jwa ga James Hansen jwa ngwaga wa 1988 fa pele ga komiti ya [[:en:United_States_Senate|Senate ya lefatshe]] la Amerika.<ref>Shabecoff, Philip (24 June 1988). [https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/24/us/global-warming-has-begun-expert-tells-senate.html "Global Warming Has Begun, Expert Tells Senate"]. [[:en:New_York_Times|New York Times]]. p. 1. Retrieved 1 August 2012. ...Dr. James E. Hansen of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration told a Congressional committee that it was 99 percent certain that the warming trend was not a natural variation but was caused by a buildup of carbon dioxide and other artificial gases in the atmosphere.</ref> [[:en:Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change|Lekoko ya Dipuso ka ga Phetogo ya Seemo sa Bosa]](IPCC), e e tlhomilweng ka 1988 go tlamela ka kgakololo ya semmuso go dipuso tsa lefatshe, e ne ya tlhotlheletsa dipatlisiso tsa dirutwa tse di farologaneng.<ref>{{harvnb|Weart|2013|p=3567}}.</ref> Jaaka karolo ya [[:en:Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change#Assessment_reports|dipegelo tsa IPCC]], baitse ba saense ba sekaseka motlotlo wa saense o o diragalang mo di pego tsa [[:en:Scientific_journal|mekwalo]] tse di [[:en:Peer_review|sekasekiwang ke balekane]].<ref>{{harvnb|Royal Society|2005}}.</ref> Go na le tumalano e e batlang e dumalanwe ke saense ya gore seemo sa bosa se a thuthafala le gore seo se bakwa ke ditiro tsa batho.<ref name=":3" />Ga go na setlhopha sepe sa saense sa maemo a bosetšhaba kgotsa a boditšhabatšhaba se [[:en:Scientific_consensus_on_climate_change#Opposing|se sa dumalaneng le kgang eo]].<ref>[[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFNational_Academies2008|National Academies 2008]], p. 2; [[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFOreskes2007|Oreskes 2007]], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PXJIqCkb7YIC&pg=PA68 68]; [[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFGleick,_7_January2017|Gleick, 7 January 2017]]</ref> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2019, tumalano mo dibukeng tsa bosheng e fitlheletse go feta karolo ya masome a borobabongwe le borobabongwe mo lekgolong.<ref>Powell, James (20 November 2019). "Scientists Reach 100% Consensus on Anthropogenic Global Warming". [[:en:Bulletin_of_Science,_Technology_&_Society|Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society]]. 37 (4): 183–184. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1177/0270467619886266|10.1177/0270467619886266]].</ref><ref name=":3" />Pegelo ya Tshekatsheko ya IPCC ya ngwaga wa 2021 e boletse gore "ga go belaetse" gore phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e bakwa ke batho.<ref name=":3" /> Tumelano e tsweletse go tlhabolola gore go tshwanetse ga tsewa dikgato go sireletsa batho kgatlhanong le ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa. Dikolo tsa bosetšhaba tsa saense di kopile baeteledipele ba lefatshe go fokotsa mesi ya lefatshe.<ref>Joint statement of the [[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFG8+5_Academies2009|G8+5 Academies (2009]]); [[:en:Climate_change#CITEREFGleick,_7_January2017|Gleick, 7 January 2017.]]</ref> === Ditiragalo tsa sešweng === Go [[:en:Extreme_event_attribution|tlhagisa ditiragalo tse di feteletseng]] (EEA), mo go itsegeng gape jaaka saense ya go tlhagisa, go ne ga tlhamiwa mo masomeng a dingwaga a ntlha a lekgolo la masome a mabedi le bongwe la dingwaga.<ref>Herring, Stephanie C.; Hoell, Andrew; Hoerling, Martin P.; Kossin, James P.; Schreck III, Carl J.; Stott, Peter A. (1 December 2016). [https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/97/12/bams-d-16-0313.1.xml?tab_body=pdf "Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society / Introduction to Explaining Extreme Events of 2015 from a Climate Perspective"]. American Meteorological Society. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250628053021/https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/97/12/bams-d-16-0313.1.xml?tab_body=pdf Archived] from the original on 28 June 2025.</ref> EEA e dirisa dikaelo tsa seemo sa bosa go tlhaola le go lekanya seabe se phetogo ya seemo sa loapi se se bakilweng ke batho se se nang le sone mo go bonaleng gantsi, bogolo, boleele jwa nako, le ditlamorago tsa ditiragalo dingwe tse di feteletseng tsa maemo a bosa..<ref>[https://www.nap.edu/catalog/21852/attribution-of-extreme-weather-events-in-the-context-of-climate-change Attribution of Extreme Weather Events in the Context of Climate Change]. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM). 2016. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016nap..book21852N 2016nap..book21852N]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.17226/21852|10.17226/21852.]] [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-309-38094-2|978-0-309-38094-2.]]</ref><ref>McSweeney, Robert; Tandon, Ayesha (18 November 2024). [https://interactive.carbonbrief.org/attribution-studies/index.html "Mapped: How climate change affects extreme weather around the world".] Climate Central. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250610154758/https://interactive.carbonbrief.org/attribution-studies/index.html Archived] from the original on 10 June 2025.</ref>Maduo a dithuto tsa go tlhalosa dilo di dira gore boradisanase le babegadikgang ba dire dipolelo tse di jaaka, "tiragalo e ya maemo a bosa e ne ya dirwa bonnye makgetlo a le ''n'' ka ntlha ya phetogo ya seemo sa bosa e e bakilweng ke batho" kgotsa "lekhubu leno la mogote le ne la dirwa gore go nne mogote ka didikirii di le ''m'' go feta ka fa go neng go ntse ka gone mo lefatsheng le le neng le se na thuthafalo ya lefatshe" kgotsa "tiragalo e e ka bo e sa kgone go direga fa go ka bo go ne go se na phetogo ya seemo sa bosa". Maatla a magolo a dikhomphiutha ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000 le diphitlhelelo tsa dikgopolo mo tshimologong go ya kwa bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 2010<ref>Sneed, Annie (2 January 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170103135143/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/yes-some-extreme-weather-can-be-blamed-on-climate-change/ "Yes, Some Extreme Weather Can Be Blamed on Climate Change"]. [[:en:Scientific_American|Scientific American]]. Archived from [https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/yes-some-extreme-weather-can-be-blamed-on-climate-change/ the original] on 3 January 2017.</ref> di kgontshitse saense ya go tlhomamisa ditlamorago tsa phetogo ya seemo sa bosa mo ditiragalong dingwe ka tshepo e e kwa godimo.<ref>Herring, Stephanie C.; Hoell, Andrew; Hoerling, Martin P.; Kossin, James P.; Schreck III, Carl J.; Stott, Peter A. (1 December 2016). [https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/97/12/bams-d-16-0313.1.xml?tab_body=pdf "Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society / Introduction to Explaining Extreme Events of 2015 from a Climate Perspective]". American Meteorological Society. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250628053021/https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/bams/97/12/bams-d-16-0313.1.xml?tab_body=pdf Archived] from the original on 28 June 2025.</ref> Borasaense ba dirisa mekgwa ya go tlhagisa le ditshwantsho tsa seemo sa bosa tse di setseng di sekasekilwe ke balekane, go letla "dithuto tsa go tlhagisa ka bonako" go gatisiwa mo nakong ya "[[:en:24-hour_news_cycle|modikologo wa dikgang]]" morago ga ditiragalo tsa maemo a bosa.<ref>Sneed, Annie (2 January 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170103135143/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/yes-some-extreme-weather-can-be-blamed-on-climate-change/ "Yes, Some Extreme Weather Can Be Blamed on Climate Change".] [[:en:Scientific_American|Scientific American]]. Archived from [https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/yes-some-extreme-weather-can-be-blamed-on-climate-change/ the original] on 3 January 2017.</ref> == Metswedi == [[Karolo:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images]] 09tgtk7szhzy4wwehgk0yc7feibpz9t Ditso tsa Wikipedia 0 14422 53702 53597 2026-07-31T02:05:47Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53702 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Wikipedia]], e leng [[:en:Online_encyclopedia|ensaetlopedia ya mo maranyaneng]] e e nang le [[:en:Free_content|diteng tse di sa duelelweng]] e e kwadilweng le go tlhokomelwa ke setšhaba sa baithaopi ba ba bidiwang [[:en:Wikipedians|Wikipedians]], e simolotse ka go [[:en:First_Wikipedia_edit|kwalwa ga yone la ntlha]] ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong a le lesome le botlhano ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bongwe (2001), malatsi a mabedi morago ga gore lotshwao loo le kwadisiwe.<ref>[http://whois.domaintools.com/wikipedia.org "Wikipedia.org WHOIS, DNS, & Domain Info – DomainTools"]. ''[[:en:WHOIS|WHOIS]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170417083509/http://whois.domaintools.com/wikipedia.org Archived] from the original on April 17, 2017. Retrieved Phukwi a le lesome le bone, 2026.</ref> E ne ya gola go tswa mo [[:en:Nupedia|Nupedia,]] e leng ensaetlopedia e e rulagantsweng sentle e e sa duelelweng, e le tsela ya go letla go kwalwa ga ditlhogo le dithanolo motlhofo le ka bonako. Ditshegetso tsa maranyane le tsa dikgopolo tsa Wikipedia di tla pele ga seno; kakanyo ya ntlha e e itsiweng ya ensaetlopedia ya maranyane e dirilwe ke [[:en:Rick_Gates_(Internet_pioneer)|Rick Gates]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le boraro (1993),<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120415133700/http://history-computer.com/Internet/Conquering/Wikipedia.html "Wikipedia of Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger"]. History Computer. 2010. Archived from [http://history-computer.com/Internet/Conquering/Wikipedia.html the original] on April 15, 2012. Retrieved Phukwi a le lesome le bone ka 2026.</ref> mme kgopolo ya ensaetlopedia ya [[:en:Free_as_in_freedom|maranyane e e gololesegileng]] (jaaka e [[:en:Alternative_terms_for_free_software|farologana]] le [[:en:Open_source|motswedi o o bulegileng]] fela)<ref>[https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html#open-source "Philosophy"]. GNU. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131014132149/http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html#open-source Archived] from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved Phukwi a le lesome le bone ka 2026.</ref> e ne ya akanngwa ke [[:en:Richard_Stallman|Richard Stallman]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi (1998).<ref name=":1">[[:en:Richard_Stallman|Stallman, Richard]] (1998). [https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/free-encyclopedia-1998-draft.html "The Free Universal Encyclopedia and Learning Resource (1998 Draft)"]. GNU. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210124065108/https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/free-encyclopedia-1998-draft.html Archived] from the original on January 24, 2021. Retrieved Phukwi a le lesome le bone ka 2026.</ref> Kgopolo ya ga Stallman e ne e akaretsa ka tlhamalalo kgopolo ya gore ga go na mokgatlho ope o o botlhokwa o o tshwanetseng go laola go rulaganya. Seno se ne se farologana le diensaetlopedia tsa maranyane tsa motlha oo jaaka [[:en:Encarta|Microsoft Encarta]] le ''[[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica|Encyclopedia Britannica]]''. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bongwe (2001), teseletso ya [[:en:Nupedia|Nupedia]] e ne ya fetolwa go nna [[:en:GFDL|GFDL,]] mme [[:en:Jimmy_Wales|Jimmy Wales]] le [[:en:Larry_Sanger|Larry Sanger]] ba ne ba simolola Wikipedia jaaka lenaneo le le tlaleletsang, ba dirisa [[:en:Wiki|wiki]] ya mo maranyaneng jaaka sedirisiwa sa go kwala ka tirisanommogo.<ref>[http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiHistory "WikiHistory"]. [[:en:WikiWikiWeb|WikiWikiWeb]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20020621221535/http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiHistory Archived] from the original on June 21, 2002. Retrieved Phukwi a le lesome le bone ka 2026.</ref> Le fa kwa tshimologong Wikipedia e ne e akanngwa e le lefelo la go kwala mekwalo le dikgopolo tsa gore kgabagare go baakanngwe Nupedia, e ne ya feta e e neng e le teng pele ga yone ka bonako, ya nna lefelo la go kwala dipego le legae la setlhagiswa sa bofelo se se baakantsweng sa lenaneo la lefatshe lotlhe ka makgolokgolo a dipuo, mme seno sa tlhotlheletsa mefuta e e farologaneng ya [[:en:List_of_wikis|mananeo a mangwe a ditshupiso tsa mo maranyaneng]]. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014), Wikipedia e ne e na le babadi ba ka nna didikadike di le makgolo a mane le masome a ferabongwe le botlhano ka kgwedi.<ref name=":10">[https://www.economist.com/news/international/21597959-popular-online-encyclopedia-must-work-out-what-next-wikipeaks "The future of Wikipedia: WikiPeaks?"]. ''[[:en:The_Economist|The Economist]]''. March 1, 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140408202455/http://www.economist.com/news/international/21597959-popular-online-encyclopedia-must-work-out-what-next-wikipeaks Archived] from the original on April 8, 2014. Retrieved Phukwi a le lesome le bone ka 2026.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano (2015), go ya ka [[:en:ComScore|comScore]], Wikipedia e ne ya amogela baeng ba ba kgethegileng ba feta didikadike di le lekgolo le lesome le botlhano ka kgwedi go tswa kwa United States fela.<ref name=":11">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150317071240/http://www.comscore.com/Insights/Market-Rankings/comScore-Ranks-the-Top-50-US-Digital-Media-Properties-for-January-2015 "comScore Ranks the Top 50 U.S. Digital Media Properties for January 2015"]. comScore. February 24, 2015. Archived from [http://www.comscore.com/Insights/Market-Rankings/comScore-Ranks-the-Top-50-US-Digital-Media-Properties-for-January-2015 the original] on March 17, 2015. Retrieved Phukwi a le lesome le bone ka 2026.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi (2018), diporojekete tseno di ne tsa bonwa baeng mo tsebeng ba le dibilione di le lesome le botlhano le sephatlo ka kgwedi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200124235329/https://stats.wikimedia.org/v2/#/all-projects "Monthly overview"]. ''Wikimedia statistics''. Wikimedia Foundation. Archived from [[stats:v2/#/all-projects|the original]] on January 24, 2020. Retrieved Phukwi a le lesome le bone ka 2026.</ref> [[File:First_preserved_Main_Page_of_Wikipedia.jpeg|thumb|Tsebe ya boremelelo ya Wikipedia (Sedimonthole a le malatsi a le masome a mabedi ngwaga wa 2001)]] == Kakaretso ya ditso == === Lemorago === Kgopolo ya go kokoanya kitso ya lefatshe mo lefelong le le lengwe e simolotse kwa [[:en:Library_of_Alexandria|lefelong la go bala la bogologolo la Alexandria]] le [[:en:Library_of_Pergamum|Lefelong la go bala la Pergamo,]] mme go na le dilo tsa bogologolo tse di neng tsa tla pele ga kgopolo ya ensaetlopedia e e akaretsang, [[:en:Natural_History_(Pliny)|ditso tse di jaaka Naturalis]] ya ga [[:en:Pliny_the_Elder|Pliny yo Mogolo]], mme kakanyo ya segompieno ya ensaekolopedia e e akaretsang tsotlhe, e e gatisiwang le go anamisiwa kwa bathong ba le bantsi, e simologile ka [[:en:Denis_Diderot|Denis Diderot]] le baitseanape ba Fora ba lekgolo la lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga ba ba neng ba kwala diensaekolopedia.<ref>Miloš, Todorović (2018). "[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347489594 From Diderot's Encyclopedia to Wales's Wikipedia: a brief history of collecting and sharing knowledge]". ''Časopis KSIO''. '''1''': 88–102. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.5281/zenodo.3235309|10.5281/zenodo.3235309.]] Retrieved October 20, 2021.</ref> Kgopolo ya go dirisa metšhine e e itirisang go feta [[:en:Printing_press|motšhine o o gatisang]] go aga ensaetlopedia e e mosola thata e ka bonwa mo bukeng ya ga [[:en:Paul_Otlet|Paul Otlet]] ya ngwaga wa 1934 ya ''[[:en:Traité_de_Documentation|Traité de Documentation]]''. Otlet gape o ne a tlhoma [[:en:Mundaneum|Mundaneum]], e leng setheo se se neng se ineetse go dira ditshupane tsa kitso ya lefatshe, ka ngwaga wa 1910. Kgopolo e ya ensaetlopedia e e thusiwang ke motšhini e ne ya atolosiwa go ya pele mo bukeng ya ga [[:en:H._G._Wells|H. G. Wells]] ya ditlhamo" [[:en:World_Brain|''World Brain'']] (ngwaga wa1938) le pono ya ga [[:en:Vannevar_Bush|Vannevar Bush]] ya isago ya [[:en:Memex|Memex]] e e neng e dirisa [[:en:Microfilm|filimi e e bolokang ditshwantso ka bogolo jo bonnye]], e a e tlhalositse mo setlhangweng sa gagwe se se bidiwang "[[:en:As_We_May_Think|As We May Think]]" (ngwaga wa 1945).<ref name=":2">Reagle, Joseph (2010). Good Faith Collaboration. The Culture of Wikipedia. MIT Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0262014472|978-0262014472.]] Chapter 2: "The Pursuit of the Universal Encyclopedia".</ref> Phitlhelelo e nngwe e ne e le lenaneo la Xanadu la ga [[:en:Ted_Nelson|Ted Nelson]] ya go tlhama ditlhangwa tse dintsi, e e neng ya simolola ka ngwaga wa 1960.<ref name=":2" /> Tiriso ya baithaopi e ne e le botlhokwa thata mo go direng le go tlhokomeleng Wikipedia. Le fa go ntse jalo, le fa go ne go se na inthanete, mananeo tse dikgolo tse di dingalo tsa mofuta o o tshwanang di ne di dirisitse baithaopi. Ka tlhamalalo, go tlhamiwa ga [[:en:Oxford_English_Dictionary|''Thanodi ya Seesemane ya Oxford'']] go ne ga akanngwa ka puo kwa lefelong la dibuka la London, ka Letsatsi la ga [[:en:Guy_Fawkes_Day|Guy Fawkes]], ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele a tlhola malatsi a le botlhano ka ngwaga wa 1857, ke [[:en:Richard_Chenevix_Trench|Richard Chenevix Trench]]. Go tsere dingwaga di ka nna masome a supa go wediwa. Dr. Trench o ne a akanya ka bukantswe e ntšha e kgolo ya lefoko lengwe le lengwe mo puong ya Seesemane, le go dirisiwa ka puso ya batho le batho le ka kgololesego. Go ya ka mokwadi Simon Winchester, "Go dira thulaganyo e, o ne a re, go ne go feta bokgoni jwa motho ope fela. Go bala dibuka tsotlhe tsa Seesemane – le go sekaseka makwalo a dikgang a London le New York le makwalo a dikgang le buka ya tsotlhe a aitseng go bala le go kwala – go na le moo go tshwanetse ga nna 'tiro e e kopaneng ya batho ba le bantsi.' Go tla tlhokega go thapa setlhopha – mo godimo ga moo, se segolo – se gongwe se nang le makgolokgolo le makgolokgolo a batho ba ba sa duelweng, botlhe ba dira jaaka baithaopi."<ref>Winchester, Simon (1998). ''The Professor and the Madman: A Tale of Murder, Insanity, and the Making of the Oxford English Dictionary''. Harpers, p. 106.</ref> Kgatelopele ya maranyane ya tshedimosetso kwa bofelong jwa lekgolo la masome a mabedi la dingwaga e ne ya dira gore go dirwe diphetogo mo mofuteng wa diensaetlopedia. Le fa diensaetlopedia tsa nako e e fetileng, segolobogolo [[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica|''Encyclopædia Britannica'']], gantsi di ne di theilwe mo dibukeng, [[:en:Encarta|Encarta]] ya Microsoft, e e gatisitsweng ka ngwaga wa 1993, e ne e le teng mo CD-ROM e bile e na le [[:en:Hyperlink|dikgolagano tse dintsi]]. Go tlhamiwa ga [[:en:World_Wide_Web|World Wide Web]] go ne ga dira gore go dirwe maiteko a mantsi a go dira [[:en:Online_encyclopedia|mananeo a ensaetlopedia tsa maranyane]]. Tshitshinyo ya ntlha ya ensaetlopedia ya mo inthaneteng e ne e le [[:en:Interpedia|Interpedia]] ka ngwaga wa1993 ke [[:en:Rick_Gates_(Internet_pioneer)|Rick Gates]];<ref name=":0" /> lenaneo le le ne la swa pele ga e tlhagisa diteng dipe tsa ensaetlopedia. Motshegetsi wa [[:en:Free_software|mananeo a sesupaditlhaka sa mahala]] [[:en:Richard_Stallman|Richard Stallman]] o ne a tlhalosa botlhokwa jwa "Ensaetlopedia ya Lefatshe Lotlhe ya Mahala le Motswedi wa go Ithuta" ka ngwaga wa 1998.<ref name=":1" /> Tokomane ya gagwe e e gatisitsweng e ne ya tlhalosa kafa go ka "tlhomamisiwang ka gone gore kgatelopele e tswelela pele go ya kwa dipoelong tse di gaisang le tsa tlholego." Motlhami-mmogo wa Wikipedia e bong Jimmy Wales o ne a bolela gore kgopolo ya Wikipedia e ne ya tla fa e ne e le moithuti wa dialogane kwa [[:en:Indiana_University_Bloomington|Mmadikolong wa Indiana]], koo a neng a kgatlhiwa ke katlego ya [[:en:Open-source_movement|mokgatlho wa motswedi o o bulegileng]] mme a fitlhela [[:en:GNU_Manifesto|Lekwalo la maikelelo le bokgoni la ga Emacs]] wa ga Richard Stallman o o rotloetsang [[:en:Free_software_movement|mananeo a sesupaditlhaka a mahala]] le itsholelo ya go abelana e kgatlhang. Wales gape o akgola tlhamo ya ga moitseanape wa itsholelo wa [[:en:Austrian_School|Sekolo sa Austria]] e bong [[:en:Friedrich_Hayek|Friedrich Hayek]], Polelo ya tlhamo ya "[[:en:The_Use_of_Knowledge_in_Society|Tiriso ya Kitso mo Setšhabeng,]]" e a neng a e bala fa a ne a le moithuti wa pele ga kalogo,<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20140930011944/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/07/31/know-it-all Know It All - The New Yorker]". ''[[:en:The_New_Yorker|The New Yorker]]''. September 30, 2014. Archived from [http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/07/31/know-it-all the original] on September 30, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2024.</ref> jaaka "e e botlhokwa" mo go akanyeng ga gagwe ka ga "kafa a ka laolang lenaneo la Wikipedia ka gone."<ref>Mangu-Ward, Katherine (May 30, 2007). "[https://reason.com/2007/05/30/wikipedia-and-beyond/ Wikipedia and Beyond]". ''Reason.com''. Retrieved November 7, 2024.</ref> Tlhamo e e gatelela gore [[:en:Dispersed_knowledge|tshedimosetso e kgaogantswe fela ka bongwe]]—gore motho mongwe le mongwe o itse fela karolwana e nnye ya se se itsiweng mmogo, ditshwetso di dirwa botoka ke batho ba ba nang le kitso ya lefelo leo, go na le ke bothati jo bo botlhokwa. Ka nako eo, Wales o ne a ithuta tsa madi mme o ne a kgatlhilwe ke ditlhotlheletso tsa batho ba le bantsi ba ba neng ba ntsha seabe jaaka baithaopi mo go tlhameng mananeo a disupaditlhaka tsa mahala, koo dikai di le dintsi di neng di nna le dipholo tse di molemo thata.<ref>[https://play.acast.com/s/dannyinthevalley/wikipediasjimmywales "Wikipedia's Jimmy Wales: "I have this crazy idea that people will pay for free news]"", Danny in the Valley, January 19, 2018, [https://web.archive.org/web/20230316055526/https://play.acast.com/s/dannyinthevalley/wikipediasjimmywales archived] from the original on March 16, 2023, retrieved March 16, 2023 Richard Stallman discussed at 20min, with further Open Source discussion at 16min.</ref> Go ya ka mokwalo wa dikgang w ''[[:en:The_Economist|The Economist]]'', Wikipedia "e simolotse mo tsholofelong ya maranyane e e neng e tlhaola inthanete kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la masome a mabedi la dingwaga. E ne e tshwara gore batho ba ba tlwaelesegileng ba ka dirisa disupa ditlhaka tsa bone jaaka didirisiwa tsa kgololesego, thuto, le go sedimosiwa."<ref>[https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher "Wikipedia is 20, and its reputation has never been higher]". The Economist. January 9, 2021. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613 0013-0613.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20221231224550/https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher Archived] from the original on December 31, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2022.</ref> === Go tlhama kgopolo === Wikipedia e ne ya akanyediwa kwa tshimologong jaaka lenaneo la phepo ya [[:en:Nupedia|Nupedia]] e e neng ya tlhongwa kwa Wales, lenaneo la pelenyana la go tlhagisa ensaetlopedia ya mahala ya inthanete, e e neng ya ithaopela go dira ke [[:en:Bomis|Bomis]], kompone ya dipapatso tsa maranyane e e leng ya ga Jimmy, [[:en:Tim_Shell|Tim Shell]] le [[:en:Michael_E._Davis_(businessman)|Michael E. Davis]]. <ref>[[:en:Marshall_Poe|Poe, Marshall]] (September 2006). "[https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia/ The Hive]". The Atlantic Monthly. [https://web.archive.org/web/20061223004004/http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia Archived] from the original on December 23, 2006. Retrieved March 25, 2007. Wales and Sanger created the first Nupedia wiki on 10 January 2001. The initial purpose was to get the public to add entries that would then be "fed into the Nupedia process" of authorization. Most of Nupedia's expert volunteers, however, wanted nothing to do with this, so Sanger decided to launch a separate site called "Wikipedia". Neither Sanger nor Wales looked on Wikipedia as anything more than a lark. This is evident in Sanger's flip announcement of Wikipedia to the Nupedia discussion list. "Humor me", he wrote. "Go there and add a little article. It will take all of five or ten minutes". And, to Sanger's surprise, go they did. Within a few days, Wikipedia outstripped Nupedia in terms of quantity, if not quality, and a small community developed. In late January, Sanger created a Wikipedia discussion list (Wikipedia-L) to facilitate discussion of the project.</ref><ref name=":3">Sidener, Jonathan (December 6, 2004). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20090221005820/http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html Everyone's Encyclopedia]". ''[[:en:The_San_Diego_Union-Tribune|The San Diego Union-Tribune]]''. Archived from [http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html the original] on February 21, 2009. Retrieved March 25, 2007.</ref><ref name=":4">Sanger, Larry (April 18, 2005). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20090722235956/http://features.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05%2F04%2F18%2F164213&tid=95&tid=149&tid=9 The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir – Part] I". Archived from [http://features.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05/04/18/164213&tid=95&tid=149&tid=9 the original] on July 22, 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20061108094801/http://features.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05%2F04%2F19%2F1746205&tid=95 "The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir – Part II".] [[:en:Slashdot|Slashdot]]. April 19, 2005. Archived from [http://features.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=05/04/19/1746205&tid=95 the original] on November 8, 2006. My initial idea was that the wiki would be set up as part of Nupedia; it was to be a way for the public to develop a stream of content that could be fed into the Nupedia process. I think I got some of the basic pages written—how wikis work, what our general plan was, and so forth—over the next few days. I wrote a general proposal for the Nupedia community, and the Nupedia wiki went live January 10. The first encyclopedia articles for what was to become Wikipedia were written then. It turned out, however, that a clear majority of the Nupedia Advisory Board wanted to have nothing to do with a wiki. Again, their commitment was to rigor and reliability, a concern I shared with them and continue to have. Still, perhaps some of those people are kicking themselves now. They (some of them) evidently thought that a wiki could not resemble an encyclopedia at all, that it would be too informal and unstructured, as the original WikiWikiWeb was (and is), to be associated with Nupedia. They of course were perfectly reasonable to doubt that it would turn into the fantastic source of content that it did. Who could reasonably guess that it would work? But it did work, and now the world knows better.</ref>Nupedia e ne ya tlhongwa mo tirisong ya baithaopi ba ba tshwanelegang le thulaganyo ya go [[:en:Peer_review|sekaseka balekane]] e e nang le dikgato di le dintsi.<ref>Kaplan Andreas, Haenlein Michael (2014) Collaborative projects (social media application): About Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Business Horizons, Volume 57 Issue 5, pp. 617–626</ref> Le fa e ne e na le lenaane la barulaganyi ba ba kgatlhegang ba ba fetang dikete tse pedi, le go nna teng ga ga Sanger jaaka morulaganyi-mogolo wa nako e e tletseng,<ref name=":30">"[[m:My_resignation--Larry_Sanger|My resignation – Larry Sanger – Meta]]". meta.wikimedia.org. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230320142105/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/My_resignation--Larry_Sanger Archived] from the original on March 20, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2023. I was more or less offered the job of editing Nupedia when I was, as an ABD philosophy graduate student, soliciting Jimbo's (and other friends') advice on a website I was thinking of starting. It was the first I had heard of Jimbo's idea of an open content encyclopedia, and I was delighted to take the job.</ref> go tlhagisiwa ga diteng tsa Nupedia go ne go le bonya thata, ka dipego di le lesome le bobedi fela tse di kwadilweng mo ngwageng wa ntlha.<ref name=":4" /> Ba-Nupedia ba ne ba tlotla ka ditsela tse di farologaneng tsa go tlhama diteng ka bonako.<ref name=":3" /> Di-wiki di ne di dirisitswe gongwe mo boranyaneng go rulaganya kitso,<ref>[https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2013-01-12-chi-archives-aaron-swartz-20130112-story.html "From the archives: Highland Park teen is finalist in web competition]". ''Chicago Tribune''. January 12, 2013. Retrieved August 21, 2023.</ref> mme kgopolo ya tlaleletso e e theilweng mo di-[[:en:Wiki|wiki]] mo Nupedia e ne ya tlholwa ke motlotlo magareng ga Sanger le Ben Kovitz,<ref name=":5">"[http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?BenKovitz Ben Kovitz]". [[:en:WikiWikiWeb|WikiWikiWeb]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070404030625/http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?BenKovitz Archived] from the original on April 4, 2007. Retrieved March 25, 2007. – see also Ben Kovitz' fuller account which he links from there.</ref><ref name=":6">Moody, Glyn (July 13, 2006). [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2006/jul/13/media.newmedia "This time, it'll be a Wikipedia written by experts"]. The Guardian. London. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070222023201/http://technology.guardian.co.uk/weekly/story/0,,1818630,00.html Archived] from the original on February 22, 2007. Retrieved March 25, 2007. – While casting around for a way to speed up article production, Sanger met with Kovitz, an old friend, in January 2001. Kovitz introduced Sanger to the idea of the wiki, invented in 1995 by Ward Cunningham: web pages that anyone could write and edit. "My first reaction was that this really could be what would solve the problem," Sanger explains, "because the software was already written, and this community of people on WikiWikiWeb" – the first wiki – "had created something like 14,000 pages". Nupedia, by contrast, had produced barely two dozen articles. Sanger took up the idea immediately: "I wrote up a proposal and sent it [to Wales] that evening, and the wiki was then set up for me to work on." But this was not Wikipedia as we know it. "Originally it was the Nupedia Wiki – our idea was to use it as an article incubator for Nupedia. Articles could begin life on this wiki, be developed collaboratively and, when they got to a certain stage of development, be put into the Nupedia system."</ref><ref name=":7">Sidener, Jonathan (September 23, 2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20071017041126/http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20060923/news_lz1n23wiki.html "Wikipedia co-founder looks to add accountability, end anarchy]". [[:en:The_San_Diego_Union-Tribune|The San Diego Union-Tribune]]. Archived from [http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20060923/news_lz1n23wiki.html the original] on October 17, 2007. Retrieved March 25, 2007. The origins of Wikipedia date to 2000, when Sanger was finishing his doctoral thesis in philosophy and had an idea for a Web site.</ref> le ke o mongwe magareng ga Wales le Jeremy Rosenfeld.<ref name=":5" /> Kovitz e ne e le motlhami wa diporokeramo tsa khomphiutha mme a nna mo wiki ya ga [[:en:Ward_Cunningham|Ward Cunningham]] e e fetolang wiki go nna "[[:en:WikiWikiWeb|WikiWikiWeb]]". O ne a tlhalosetsa Sanger gore di-wiki ke eng, fa ba ne ba ja dijo tsa maitseboa ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e tlhola malatsi a le mabedi ka ngwaga wa 2001.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref>Poe, Marshall (September 2006). "[https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia/3 The Hive"]. [[:en:The_Atlantic_Monthly|The Atlantic Monthly]]. p. 3. [https://web.archive.org/web/20061110160718/http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia/3 Archived] from the original on November 10, 2006. Retrieved March 25, 2007. – "Over tacos that night, Sanger explained his concerns about Nupedia's lack of progress, the root cause of which was its serial editorial system. As Nupedia was then structured, no stage of the editorial process could proceed before the previous stage was completed. Kovitz brought up the wiki and sketched out 'wiki magic,' the mysterious process by which communities with common interests work to improve wiki pages by incremental contributions. If it worked for the rambunctious hacker culture of programming, Kovitz said, it could work for any online collaborative project. The wiki could break the Nupedia bottleneck by permitting volunteers to work simultaneously all over the project. With Kovitz in tow, Sanger rushed back to his apartment and called Wales to share the idea. Over the next few days, he wrote a formal proposal for Wales and started a page on Cunningham's wiki called 'Wikipedia.'"</ref>Wales o ne a bolela ka kgwedi ya Phalane ka ngwaga wa 2001 gore "Larry o ne a na le mogopolo wa go dirisa maranyane a sesupa ditlhaka sa Wiki" mo bathong ba ba neng ba boregile ka thulaganyo ya Nupedia,<ref name=":31">Wales, Jimmy (October 30, 2001). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20140620072830/http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-October/000671.html LinkBacks]?". Wikimedia. Archived from [[mailarchive:wikipedia-l/2001-October/000671.html|the original]] (Email) on June 20, 2014. Retrieved March 25, 2007.</ref> mme moragonyana a bolela ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ka ngwaga wa 2005 gore Rosenfeld o ne a mo itsise kgopolo ya wiki.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20140328235925/http://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2007/05/assignment_zero_citizendium Assignment Zero First Take: Wiki Innovators Rethink Openness]". [[:en:Wired_News|Wired News]]. May 3, 2007. Archived from [https://www.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2007/05/assignment_zero_citizendium the original] on March 28, 2014. Retrieved November 1, 2007. Wired.com states: "Wales offered the following on-the-record comment in an e-mail to NewAssignment.net editor [and NYU Professor] [[:en:Jay_Rosen|Jay Rosen]] ...' Larry Sanger was my employee working under my direct supervision during the entire process of launching Wikipedia. He was not the originator of the proposal to use a wiki for the encyclopedia project – that was Jeremy Rosenfeld'."</ref> Sanger o ne a akanya gore wiki e tla nna polatefomo e e siameng go e dirisa, mme a tshitshinya mo lenaaneng la go romela la Nupedia gore wiki e e theilweng mo UseModWiki (ka nako eo v. 0.90)e tlhomiwe jaaka lenaneo la "mojesi" ya Nupedia. Ka fa tlase ga setlhogo sa "A re direng wiki", o ne a kwala jaana:<ref>[[:en:Larry_Sanger|Larry Sanger]] (January 10, 2001). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20030414014355/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html Let's make a wiki]". Nupedia mailing list. Archived from [http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html the original] on April 14, 2003.</ref> Nnyaa, se ga se tshitshinyo e e sa tshwanelang. Ke kakanyo ya go tsenya karolo e nnye mo Nupedia. Jimmy Wales o akanya gore batho ba le bantsi ba ka nna ba fitlhela kgopolo eno e sa amogelesege, mme nna ga ke akanye jalo... Fa e le ka tiriso ya wiki ya Nupedia, eno ke thulaganyo ya BOFELO e e "bulegileng" le e e motlhofo ya go tlhama diteng. Re kile ra buisana gangwe le gape ka megopolo ya diporojeke tse di bonolo, tse di bulegileng thata, tse di ka emelang kgotsa tsa tlaleletsa Nupedia. Go lebega mo go nna gore diwiki di ka dirisiwa ka bonako thata, di tlhoka tlhokomelo e nnye fela, mme ka kakaretso ga di na kotsi e kgolo. Gape di ka nna motswedi o mogolo wa diteng. Ka jalo, ga go na mathata a magolo a a ka nnang teng, go ya ka kafa ke bonang ka teng. Wales e ne ya tlhoma e le nngwe mme ya e tsenya mo maranyaneng ka Laboraro wa kgwedi ya Ferikgong etlhola malatsi a le lesome ka ngwaga wa 2001, ka fa tlase ga karolo ya nupedia.com.<ref>[[:en:Larry_Sanger|Larry Sanger]] (January 10, 2001). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20030425173342/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000678.html Nupedia's wiki: try it out".] Nupedia mailing list. Archived from [http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000678.html the original] on April 25, 2003.</ref> Se se ne sa sutela kwa wiki e ntšhwa ka fa tlase ga karolo ya wikipedia.com ka kgwedi ya Ferikgonge tlhola malatsia a le lesome le botlhano. Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le bosupa, lenaneo la [[:en:GNUPedia|GNUPedia]] la [[:en:Free_Software_Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Mananeo a disupa ditlhaka a Mahala]] (FSF) e ne ya tsena mo maranyaneng, e e neng e ka nna ya gaisana le [[:en:Nupedia|Nupedia]],<ref>"[http://slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=9990&threshold=1&commentsort=0&mode=thread&cid=502603 Slashdot Comments | GNUPedia Project Starting]". Slashdot.org. January 17, 2001. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220612010030/https://slashdot.org/comments.pl?sid=9990 Archived] from the original on June 12, 2022. Retrieved April 13, 2010.</ref> mme mo dingwageng di le mmalwa FSF e ne ya rotloetsa batho "go etela le go tsenya letsogo mo [Wikipedia]" boemong jwa seo.<ref>[https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/ "The Free Encyclopedia Project]". GNU.org. 2012 [1999]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121221000617/http://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/ Archived] from the original on December 21, 2012. Retrieved December 20, 2012.</ref> === Go tlhongwa ga Wikipedia === ''Bona gape: [[:en:First_Wikipedia_edit|Tseleganyo ya ntlha ya Wikipedia]], [[:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia's_oldest_articles|Wikipedia:Ditlhogo tsa bogologolo tsa Wikipedia]], le [[:en:Wikipedia:First_100_pages|Wikipedia:Ditsebe tsa ntlha di le]]'' ''[[:en:Wikipedia:First_100_pages|lekgolo]]'' Go ne go na le go okaoka mo gare ga barulaganyi ka go bofa Nupedia gaufi thata le kelelo ya tiro ya mofuta wa wiki.<ref name=":4" /> Morago ga gore wiki ya Nupedia e thankgololwe ka fa tlase ga nupedia.com ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e tlhola malatsi a le lesome ka ngwaga wa 2001,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030425173342/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000678.html "&#x5B;Nupedia-l&#x5D; Nupedia's wiki: try it out"]. April 25, 2003. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20030425173342/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000678.html the original] on April 25, 2003. Retrieved August 21, 2023.</ref> Wales e ne ya akantshanya go simolola lenaneo le le ntšhwa ka fa tlase ga leina la yone, mme Sanger o ne a akantshanya ''Wikipedia'', a e tlhama jaaka "lenaneo la tlaleletso ya Nupedia e e dirang e e ikemetseng ka nosi gotlhelele."<ref>[[:en:Larry_Sanger|Larry Sanger]] (January 11, 2001). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20030414021138/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000680.html <nowiki>Re: [Advisory-l] The wiki</nowiki>]..." Nupedia mailing list. Archived from [http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000680.html the original] on April 14, 2003.</ref> Wiki e ntšhwa e ne ya simololwa kwa wikipedia.com ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong a tlhola malatsi a le lesome le botlhano ka ngwaga wa 2001. [[:en:Bandwidth_(computing)|Bophara jwa bogolo jwa kgokaganyo ya maranyane]] le [[:en:Server_(computing)|tsamaiso e e bolokang tshedimosetso]] (e e kwa San Diego) tse di dirisitsweng mo mananeong ao a ntlha di ne tsa neelwa ke Bomis. Badiri ba le bantsi ba pele ba Bomis moragonyana ba ne ba ntsha diteng tsa ensaetlopedia: segolobogolo [[:en:Tim_Shell|Tim Shell]], motlhami-mmogo le moragonyana Mokhuduthamaga wa Bomis, le motlhami wa dithulaganyo Jason Richey. [[Setshwantsho:Jimmy Wales' Mac and the First Wikipedia Edit — "Hello World" (51738433963).jpg|thumb|iMac ya ga Jimmy Wales e ne e dirisiwa go dira tseleganyo ya ntlha mo Wikipedia]] Wales o boletse ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ka ngwaga wa 2008 gore o dirile tseleganyo ya ntlha ya Wikipedia, tseleganyo ya teko e e nang le mokwalo o o reng "[[:en:"Hello,_World!"_program|Dumela, Lefatshe]]!", mme se e ka tswa e ne e le mo mofuteng wa bogologolo wa Wikipedia o ka bonako morago ga moo o neng wa phimolwa mme wa emisediwa ka go simolola gape.<ref>Message by Jimmy Wales {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412003535/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Jimbo_Wales&diff=prev&oldid=258632986|date=12 April 2016}} Wednesday 17 December 2008. Retrieved Saturday 30 January 2010.</ref><ref>Starling, Tim (January 14, 2011). "[[mailarchive:wikien-l/2011-January/108198.html|Hello world]]?". ''WikiEN-l'' (Mailing list). Retrieved June 4, 2022.</ref>Tseleganyo ya ntlha e e neng ya boela mo Wikipedia.com e ne e le ya Tsebe ya Gae ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le botlhano ka ngwaga wa 2001, e e neng e balega jaana "E ke Wikipedia e ntšhwa!"; e ka bonwa [[:en:Special:PermanentLink/908493298|fa]].<ref>Wikipedia's earliest edits were once believed lost, as early [[:en:UseModWiki|UseModWiki]] software deleted data after a month. But on 14 December 2010, [[:en:Tim_Starling|Tim Starling]] found backups on [[:en:SourceForge|SourceForge]] containing every change made to Wikipedia from its creation in January 2001 to 17 August 2001. As of 2019, these were imported into Wikipedia's edit history. Before that, the first edits that had been known were to [[:en:Special:PermanentLink/291430|Wikipedia:UuU]], [[:en:Special:PermanentLink/286342|TransporT]], and [[:en:Special:PermanentLink/11992008|User:ScottMoonen]] on 16 January 2001.</ref> Go nna teng ga lenaneo go ne ga itsisiwe semmuso mme boikuelo jwa gore baithaopi ba nne le seabe mo go tlhameng diteng bo ne jwa dirwa kwa lenaaneng la go romela ka poso la Nupedia ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le bosupa ka ngwaga wa 2001.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030331101007/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000684.html <nowiki>"[Nupedia-l] Wikipedia is up!</nowiki>]". March 31, 2003. Archived from [http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000684.html the original] on March 31, 2003. Retrieved March 16, 2023.</ref> Lenaneo le ne la amogela batsayakarolo ba le bantsi ba bašwa morago ga go umakiwa mo lefelong ya maranyane le le naleng tshedimosetso ya [[:en:Slashdot|Slashdot]] ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ka ngwaga wa 2001,<ref>"[http://slashdot.org/articles/01/07/26/0312258.shtml Britannica and Free Content]". Slashdot. July 26, 2001. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090114204227/http://slashdot.org/articles/01/07/26/0312258.shtml Archived] from the original on January 14, 2009.</ref> e setse e umakilwe gabedi ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwo ka ngwaga wa 2001.<ref>[http://slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=01/03/02/1422244&tid=99 "Nupedia and Project Gutenberg Directors Answer]". Slashdot. March 5, 2001.</ref><ref>[http://slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=01/03/29/2035230&tid=95 "Everything2 Hits One Million Nodes]". Slashdot. March 29, 2001.</ref> Morago ga moo e ne ya amogela tshupo e e tlhageletseng ya kgang mo lefelong ya maranyane le le naleng tshedimosetso le setso e e rulagantsweng ke baagi ya Kuro5hin, e e rulaganngwang ke setšhaba, e e buang ka maranyane le setso, ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le botlhano.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20011107050810/http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2001/7/25/103136/121 "Britannica or Nupedia? The Future of Free Encyclopedias]". Kuro5hin. July 25, 2001. Archived from [http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2001/7/25/103136/121 the original] on November 7, 2001.</ref> Fa gare ga go tsena moo ga batho ba le bantsi, go ne go ntse go na le batho ba le bantsi ba ba neng ba tla go tswa kwa metsweding e mengwe, segolobogolo Google, e e neng e romela makgolokgolo a baeng ba basha mo lefelong e e le nosi letsatsi le letsatsi. [[:en:Mainstream_media|Kgaso ya yone]] [[:en:Mainstream_media|ya bobegakgang]] ya ntlha e kgolo e ne e le mo [[:en:The_New_York_Times|''The New York Times'']] ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le mabedi ka ngwaga wa 2001.<ref>Meyers, Peter (September 20, 2001). [https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/20/technology/fact-driven-collegial-this-site-wants-you.html "Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You]". The New York Times. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331 0362-4331.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090415232001/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/20/technology/fact-driven-collegial-this-site-wants-you.html Archived] from the original on April 15, 2009. Retrieved March 16, 2023.</ref> === Dikgaogano le go dira gore dilo di nne tsa boditšhabatšhaba === Kwa tshimologong ya tlhabololo ya Wikipedia, e ne ya simolola go atologa kwa mafatsheng a mangwe, ka go tlhamiwa ga [[:en:Namespace|mafelo a masha a maina]], lengwe le lengwe le na le setlhopa se se farologaneng sa [[:en:Username|maina a badirisi]]. [[:en:Subdomain|Karolopotlana]] ya ntlha e e tlhametsweng Wikipedia e e seng ya Seesemane e ne e le [[:en:German_Wikipedia|deutsche.wikipedia.com]] (e e tlhamilweng ka Labotlhano kgwedi ya Mopitlo e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le borataro ka ngwaga wa 2001, mo nakong ya oura e le nngwe le metsotso e le masome a mararo le borobedi kwa morago ga nako ya UTC),<ref>"[[mailarchive:wikipedia-l/2001-March/000049.html|Alternative language Wikipedias]]". Lists. Wikimedia. March 15, 2001. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140620120726/http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-March/000049.html Archived] from the original on June 20, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2010.</ref> mme morago ga dioura di le mmalwa ya latelwa ke [[:en:Catalan_Wikipedia|catalan.wikipedia.com]] (ka oura ya lesome le boraro le metsotso e le supa mo nakong ya UTC).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20010413083954/http://catalan.wikipedia.com/wiki.cgi?action=history&id=HomePage "History of the Catalan Homepage]". Wikipedia. Archived from [https://catalan.wikipedia.com/wiki.cgi?action=history&id=HomePage the original] on April 13, 2001. Retrieved April 13, 2010.</ref> [[:en:Japanese_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Sejapane]], e e simolotseng e le nihongo.wikipedia.com, e ne ya tlhamiwa mo pakeng eo,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20010420120143/http://nihongo.wikipedia.com/wiki.cgi?action=browse&id=HomePage&revision=3 "Nihongo No Wikipedia: HomePage]". April 20, 2001. Archived from [https://nihongo.wikipedia.com/wiki.cgi?action=browse&id=HomePage&revision=3 the original] on April 20, 2001. Retrieved March 16, 2023.</ref><ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20010331173908/http://www.wikipedia.com/ Wikipedia: HomePage]". March 31, 2001. Archived from [https://www.wikipedia.com/ the original] on March 31, 2001. Retrieved March 16, 2023.</ref>mme kwa tshimologong e ne e dirisa fela [[:en:Romanization_of_Japanese|Sejapane se se fetotsweng sa Seroma]]. Mo dikgweding di ka nna pedi Se-Catalan e ne e le sone se se nang le dipego tse dintsi ka puo e e seng ya Seesemane,<ref>[[:en:Wikipedia:Multilingual_monthly_statistics_(2001)|Multilingual monthly statistics]]</ref><ref>[https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%80bac&oldid=1 "First edition in the Catalan Wikipedia]" (in Catalan). Wikipedia. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201112014959/https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%80bac Archived] from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved April 13, 2010.</ref> le fa dipalopalo tsa nako eo ya ntlha di sa nepagala.<ref>This [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Multilingual_monthly_statistics_(2001)&oldid=192353617 table] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210222221921/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3AMultilingual_monthly_statistics_%282001%29&oldid=192353617 Archived] 22 February 2021 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]], for instance, misses Japanese and German articles such as [https://web.archive.org/web/20010421123743/http://nihongo.wikipedia.com/wiki/Nihongo_no_funimekusu this one] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20010411030440/http://deutsche.wikipedia.com/wiki/Nupedia_Deutsch-L_Sektion this one], both dated 6 April 2001.</ref> Wikipedia ya Sefora e tlhamilwe ka kgotsa mo e ka nnang ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong a tlhola malatsi a le lesome lebongwe ka ngwaga wa 2001,<ref>The [https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikip%C3%A9dia:Historique_de_Wikip%C3%A9dia_en_fran%C3%A7ais&oldid=34816819 Documentation on the French Wikipedia] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210608194149/https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikip%C3%A9dia:Historique_de_Wikip%C3%A9dia_en_fran%C3%A7ais&oldid=34816819 Archived] 8 June 2021 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] mentions the date of 23 March 2001, but this date is not supported by Wikipedia snapshots on the [[:en:Internet_Archive|Internet Archive]], nor by Jason Richey's letter, which was dated 11 May 2001 (see below).</ref> ka lekhubu la diphetolelo tse dišwa tsa puo tse gape di neng di akaretsa [[:en:Chinese_Wikipedia|Setšhaena]], [[:en:Dutch_Wikipedia|Sedatšhe]], [[:en:Esperanto_Wikipedia|Seeseperanto]], [[:en:Hebrew_Wikipedia|Sehebera]], [[:en:Italian_Wikipedia|Sentadiana]], [[:en:Portuguese_Wikipedia|Sepotokisi]], [[:en:Russian_Wikipedia|Serussia]], [[:en:Spanish_Wikipedia|Sepanishe]], le [[:en:Swedish_Wikipedia|Sesweden]].<ref>[[mailarchive:wikipedia-l/2001-May/000116.html|Letter of Jason Richey to wikipedia-l mailing list]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20140620081721/http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-May/000116.html Archived] 20 June 2014 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] 11 May 2001</ref> Go ise go ye kae dipuo tseno di ne tsa kopanngwa ke [[:en:Arabic_Wikipedia|Searabia]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20011118054300/http://ar.wikipedia.com/wiki.cgi?HomePage "Homepage from the Internet Archive"]. Wikipedia. Archived from [https://ar.wikipedia.com/wiki.cgi?HomePage the original] on November 18, 2001. Retrieved April 13, 2010.</ref> le [[:en:Hungarian_Wikipedia|Sehungary]].<ref>[[Wikipedia:Announcements]] May 2001</ref><ref>"[https://www.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=International_Wikipedia&action=history International Wikipedia]". Wikipedia. Retrieved April 13, 2010.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ka ngwaga wa 2001, kitsiso e ne ya solofetsa go ineela mo tlamelong ya dipuo tse dintsi ya Wikipedia,<ref>[[:en:Wikipedia:Announcements_2001#September_2001|Wikipedia:Announcements 2001]]</ref> e itsise badirisi ka go phatlaldiwa gmo go tlang ga Wikipedias ya dipuo tsotlhe tse dikgolo, go tlhongwa ga maemo a konokono, le go kgaratlhela thanolo ya ditsebe tsa konokono tsa wiki tsa ditsebe tse dišwa tsa wiki. Kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga oo, fa dipalopalo tsa boditšhabatšhaba di ne di simolola go kwalwa la ntlha, go ne ga itsisiwe diphetolelo tsa [[:en:Afrikaans_Wikipedia|Seaforikanse]], [[:en:Norwegian_Wikipedia|Senorway]] le [[:en:Serbian_Wikipedia|Seserbia]].<ref>"[https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:International_wikipedias_statistics International Wikipedias statistics]". [https://web.archive.org/web/20030305012547/http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:International_wikipedias_statistics Wikipedia]. Archived from the original on March 5, 2003. Retrieved April 13, 2010.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong ka ngwaga wa 2002, karolo ya masome a borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya dipego tsotlhe tsa Wikipedia di ne di le ka Seesemane. Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong ka ngwaga wa 2004, batho ba ba kwa tlase ga karolo ya masome a matlhano mo lekgolong e ne e le Baesemane, mme go dira gore batho ba nne ba boditšhabatšhaba gono go tsweletse go oketsega fa ensaetlopedia e e ntse e gola. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2014, mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a borobabobedi le botlhano mo lekgolong ya dipego tsotlhe tsa Wikipedia di ne di le mo mefuteng ya Wikipedia e e seng ya Seesemane.<ref>"[[m:List_of_Wikipedias#Grand_Total|List of Wikipedias – Grand Total (retrieved 2014)]]". Wikimedia.org. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141219233704/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#Grand_Total Archived] from the original on December 19, 2014. Retrieved December 20, 2014.</ref> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2023, Di-Wikipedia tsa Seesemane le tsa Seesemane se se motlhofo di na le dipego di le didikadike di le di le supa fa gare ga tsone, mme mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya dipego di ne di le mo di-Wikipedia tse e seng tsa Seesemane.<ref name=":12">[[m:List_of_Wikipedias|"List of Wikipedias – Meta]]". meta.wikimedia.org. Retrieved August 21, 2023.</ref> === Tlhabololo ya Wikipedia === [[Setshwantsho:Old Wikipedia.png|thumb|Tsebekgolo ya Wikipedia (Kgwedi ya Lwetse a tlhola malatsi e le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi ka ngwaga wa 2002)]] Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2002, morago ga go gogelwa morago ga matlole ke Bomis ka nako ya go [[:en:Dot-com_bubble|phutlhama ga dot-com]], Sanger o ne a tlogela Nupedia le Wikipedia ka bobedi.<ref name=":32">Schiff, Stacy (July 31, 2006). "[https://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/060731fa_fact Know It All]". [[:en:The_New_Yorker|The New Yorker.]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20081122125817/http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/060731fa_fact Archived] from the original on November 22, 2008. Retrieved April 25, 2009.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2002, ene le Wales ba ne ba sa tshwane ka dikgopolo tsa bone tsa gore ba ka laola jang diensaetlopedia tse di bulegileng sentle. Bobedi jwa bone ba ne ba sa ntse ba tshegetsa kgopolo ya tirisanommogo e e bulegileng, mme ba ne ba sa dumalane ka gore ba ka tshwara jang barulaganyi ba ba kgoreletsang, dikarolo tse di rileng tsa baitseanape, le tsela e e molemolemo ya go kaela porojeke gore e atlege. Wales o ne a tswelela go tlhoma go ipusa le go ikaela [[:en:Business_development|go tswa kwa tlase go ya kwa godimo]] ke barulaganyi mo Wikipedia. O ne a tlhalosa sentle gore ga a kitla a nna le seabe mo tsamaisong ya letsatsi le letsatsi ya morafe, mme o tlaa o rotloetsa go ithuta go itaola le go ipatlela mekgwa e e gaisang. Go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2007, Wales e ne ya lekanyetsa seabe sa gagwe thata go ntsha ditshwaelo tsa nako le nako mo dikgannyeng tse di masisi, tiro ya bokhuduthamaga, go buelela kitso, le go rotloetsa diporojeke tse di tshwanang tsa ditshupiso. Sanger o rile ke "moakaretsi" mme o bulegile mo e ka nnang sengwe le sengwe,<ref>Anderson, Nate (February 25, 2007). [https://arstechnica.com/articles/culture/citizendium.ars/3 "Citizendium: building a better Wikipedia"]. Ars Technica. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081020001720/http://arstechnica.com/articles/culture/citizendium.ars/3 Archived] from the original on October 20, 2008. Retrieved October 22, 2011.</ref> mme a tshitshinya gore baitseanape ba santse ba na le lefelo mo lefatsheng la [[:en:Web_2.0|Web 2.0.]] Ka ngwaga wa 2006 o ne a tlhoma [[:en:Citizendium|Citizendium]], e leng ensaetlopedia e e bulegileng e e neng e dirisa maina a mmatota a batsayakarolo go fokotsa go tseleganya go go kgoreletsang, mme a solofela go tlhofofatsa "kaelo e e bonolo ya baitseanape" go oketsa go nepagala ga diteng tsa yone. Ditshwetso ka ga diteng tsa pego di ne di tshwanetse go nna mo diatleng tsa baagi, mme lefelo le ne le tshwanetse go akaretsa polelo ka ga "diteng tse di siametseng lelapa".<ref>[http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/CZ:Family-Friendly_Policy "Archive: Family-Friendly Policy – Citizendium]". en.citizendium.org. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101120030154/http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/CZ:Family-Friendly_Policy Archived] from the original on November 20, 2010. Retrieved March 16, 2023.</ref><ref>Anderson, Nate (February 25, 2007). [https://arstechnica.com/articles/culture/citizendium.ars "Citizendium: building a better Wikipedia"]. Ars Technica. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070324225040/http://arstechnica.com/articles/culture/citizendium.ars Archived] from the original on March 24, 2007. Retrieved March 25, 2007.</ref> === Diteng tsa nako e e fetileng tsa Wikipedia === Dipego tsa bogologolo, le tse di sa tlholeng di dirisiwa, tsa ensaetlopedia di botlhokwa thata mo dipatlisisong tsa ditso .<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20210126035016/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/encyclopedias-are-time-capsules/419619/ Encyclopedias Are Time Capsules – The Atlantic]". [[:en:The_Atlantic|The Atlantic]]. January 26, 2021. Archived from [https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/12/encyclopedias-are-time-capsules/419619/ the original] on January 26, 2021. Retrieved June 25, 2022.</ref> Mo pegong nngwe le nngwe ya Wikipedia, mefuta e e fetileng e ka fitlhelelwa ka kgokagano ya "Leba ditso" e e kwa godimo ga tsebe. Ditso tse di feletseng tsa dipego tsotlhe tsa Wikipedia le tsone di ka laisololwa jaaka [[:en:Wikipedia:Database_download|dithotobolo tsa tshedimosetso]], ka sebopego sa difaele tsa [[:en:XML|XML]] tse di gateletsweng.<ref>Koehrsen, Will (October 26, 2018). [https://medium.com/towards-data-science/wikipedia-data-science-working-with-the-worlds-largest-encyclopedia-c08efbac5f5c "Wikipedia Data Science: Working with the World's Largest Encyclopedia"]. ''Towards Data Science''. Retrieved February 4, 2025.</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, Polokelo ya Faele ya ZIM,<ref name=":8">[[iarchive:zimarchive|"ZIM File Archive: Free Data: Free Download, Borrow and Streaming]]". Internet Archive. Retrieved June 25, 2022.</ref> kwa [[:en:Internet_Archive|Polokelong ya Maranyane]], e na le dinepe tse di feletseng tsa nako e e fetileng tsa Wikipedia mmogo le ditlhopho tsa dipego, ka dipuo tse dintsi, go tswa mo dingwageng tse di farologaneng. Di ka bulwa ka mananeo a maranyane a [[:en:Kiwix|Kiwix]]. Magareng ga dingwaga tsa 2007 le 2011, go ne ga gololwa [[:en:History_of_Wikipedia#English_Wikipedia_CD/DVD/Kiwix_ZIM_file_releases|mefuta e meraro ya]] [[:en:History_of_Wikipedia#English_Wikipedia_CD/DVD/Kiwix_ZIM_file_releases|polokelo ya CD/DVD]] (e e bidiwang Mofuta wa Wikipedia 0.5, 0.7 le 0.8) e e nang le tlhopho ya dipego go tswa mo [[:en:English_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Seesemane]]. Di ne tsa nna teng jaaka difaele tsa Kiwix ZIM, go tswa mo Polokelong ya Difaele tsa ZIM<ref name=":8" /> le go tswa mo lefelong la go laisolola ya Kiwix.[70] === Phetogo ya letshwao === [[Setshwantsho:Old wikipedia logo.png|left|thumb|Go tlhongwa – kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa 2001 (teko)]] <gallery mode="packed"> Setshwantsho:Wiki logo The Cunctator.png|Bofelo jwa ngwaga wa 2001 go ya kwa kgwedi ya Phalane e tlhola malatsi a lesome le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 2003 Setshwantsho:Wikipedia-logo-v3-en.png|Kgwedi ya Phalane e tlhola lesome le boraro ka ngwaga wa 2003 go ya kwa kgweding ya Motsheganong e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le boraro ka ngwaga wa 2010 Setshwantsho:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg|Kgwedi wa Motsheganong a tlhola malatsi a le lesome le boraro ka ngwaga wa 2010 – ga jaana </gallery> == Mola wa nako == ''Dipego tse di sobokanyang ngwaga le ngwaga di tshwarwa mo teng ga lefelo la maina a lenaneo la Wikipedia mme di golaganngwa le tse di fa tlase. Didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa patlisiso di teng mo teng ga dipalo le dipolokelo tsa Wikipedia, mme di kwadilwe kwa bokhutlong jwa pego eo.'' === Ngwagasome wa ntlha: Ngwaga wa 2000 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 2009 === ==== Ngwaga wa 2000 ==== [[Setshwantsho:Bomis-staff-summer-2000.jpg|thumb|Babereki ba Bomis magareng ga dingwaga tsa 2000]] Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2000, lenaneo la [[:en:Nupedia|Nupedia]] le ne la simololwa. Maikaelelo a yone e ne e le go gatisa dipego tse di kwadilweng ke baitseanape tse di neng di tla fiwa tetla jaaka [[:en:Free_content|diteng tsa mahala]]. Nupedia e tlhomilwe ke Wales, a nale Sanger e le morulaganyi-mogolo, mme e tshegeditswe ka matlole ke kompone ya papatso ya boranyane ya [[:en:Bomis|Bomis]].<ref>Poe, Marshall (September 2006). "[https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia/ The Hive]". [[:en:The_Atlantic|The Atlantic]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20061223004004/http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia Archived] from the original on December 23, 2006. Retrieved January 1, 2007.</ref> ==== Ngwaga wa 2001 ==== Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong ka ngwaga wa 2001, Wikipedia e ne ya simolola e le lenaneo le le kwa thoko ya Nupedia, go letla tirisanommogo mo dipegong pele ga go tsena mo thulaganyong ya tshekatsheko ya balekane.<ref>[[:en:Larry_Sanger|Larry Sanger]] (January 10, 2001). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20030414014355/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html Let's make a wiki"]. Nupedia-l mailing list. Internet Archive. Archived from [http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html the original] on April 14, 2003.</ref> Leina le le ne la ntshiwa e le kakanyo ke Sanger ka la bo kgwedi ya Ferikgong e tlhola malatsi a le le lesome le bongwe ka ngwaga wa 2001 jaaka [[:en:Portmanteau|kopano ya mafoko]] ''[[:en:Wiki|wiki]]'' ([[:en:Hawaiian_language|Sehawaiian]] a a kayang "bofefo") le ''ensaetlopedia''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030414021138/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000680.html <nowiki>"[Nupedia-l] Re: [Advisory-l] The wiki</nowiki>]..." nupedia.com. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20030414021138/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000680.html the original] on April 14, 2003.</ref> Maina a kgolagano ya karolo a ''wikipedia.com'' le ''wikipedia.org'' a ne a kwadisiwa ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le bobedi <ref>[[:en:Network_Solutions|Network Solutions]] (2007) [http://www.networksolutions.com/whois/results.jsp?domain=wikipedia.com WHOIS domain registration information results for wikipedia.com from Network Solutions] Archived 27 September 2007 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Retrieved 27 July 2007.</ref> le a tlhola malatsi a le lesome le boraro,<ref>[[:en:Network_Solutions|Network Solutions]] (2007). [http://www.networksolutions.com/whois/results.jsp?domain=wikipedia.org "WHOIS domain registration information results for wikipedia.org from Network Solutions] [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194913/http://www.networksolutions.com/whois/results.jsp?domain=wikipedia.org Archived] 27 September 2007 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]". Retrieved 27 July 2007.</ref> ka go latelana, mme ''wikipedia.org'' e ne ya tsenngwa mo maranyaneng ka lone letsatsi leo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101006010812/http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page "Wikipedia.org Site Info]". [[:en:Alexa_Internet|Alexa Internet]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101006010812/http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Archived] from the original on October 6, 2010. Retrieved September 6, 2010.</ref> Lenaneo le ne la bulwa semmuso ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le botlhano("[[:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Day|Letsatsi la Wikipedia"]]), ka di-Wikipedia tsa ntlha tsa boditšhabatšhaba – dikgatiso tsa Sejeremane, [[:en:Catalan_language|Se-Catalan]], Sefora, [[:en:Swedish_language|Se-Sweden]], le Se-italia– tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa fa gare ga dikgwedi tsa Mopitlo le Motsheganong. Melawana ya "ntlha ya pono e e sa tseyeng letlhakore" ([[:en:Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view|NPOV]]) e ne ya tlhamiwa semmuso ka nako eno, mme lekhubu la ntlha la Wikipedia la [[:en:Slashdot_effect|slashdotter]] le ne la goroga ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e tlhola malatsi a le maosme a mabedi le borataro.<ref>"[http://slashdot.org/articles/01/07/26/0312258.shtml Britannica and Free Content]". Slashdot. July 26, 2001. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090114204227/http://slashdot.org/articles/01/07/26/0312258.shtml Archived] from the original on January 14, 2009.</ref> Pegelo ya ntlha ya bobegakgang ka ga Wikipedia e ne ya tlhagelela ka kgwedi ya Phatwe ka ngwaga 2001 mo mokwalong wa dikgang ywa [[:en:Western_Mail_(Wales)|''Wales ka Sontaga'']].<ref>[[:en:Western_Mail_(Wales)|Wales on Sunday]] (26 August 2001) Knowledge at your fingertips. Game On: Internet Chat.(writing, "Both Encarta and Britannica are official publications with well-deserved reputations. But there are other options, such as homemade encyclopaedias. One is Wikipedia (www.wikipedia.com) which uses clever software to build an encyclopaedia from scratch. Wiki is software installed on a web server that allows anyone to edit any of the pages. On Wikipedia, anyone can write about any subject they know about. The idea is that over time, enough experts will offer their knowledge for free and build up the world's ultimate hand-built database of knowledge. The disadvantage is that it's still an ongoing project. So far about 8,000 articles have been written and the editors are aiming for 100,000.")</ref> [[:en:September_11_attacks|Ditlhaselo tsa kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le bongwe]] di ne tsa dira gore go tlhagelele dikgang tse di botlhokwa mo tsebeng ya gae, mmogo le mabokoso a tshedimosetso a a golaganyang dipego tse di amanang le tsone.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20011010233257/http://www.wikipedia.com/ October 2001 homepage screenshot] shows the "Breaking News" header up top, as well as 11 September 2001 block of articles under "Current events"; the [https://web.archive.org/web/20011010230439/http://www.wikipedia.com/wiki/September_11%2C_2001_Terrorist_Attack 9/11] page shows the activist nature of the page, as well as the large number of subtopics created to cover the event.</ref> Ka nako eo, go ne go setse go tlhamilwe dipego di ka nna lekgolo tse di amanang le 9/11 .<ref>Keegan, Brian (November 17, 2020). [https://slate.com/technology/2020/11/wikipedia-september-11-breaking-news.html "How 9/11 Made Wikipedia What It Is Today]". Slate. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210506060557/https://slate.com/technology/2020/11/wikipedia-september-11-breaking-news.html Archived] from the original on May 6, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2021.</ref> Morago ga ditlhaselo tsa kgwedi ya Lwetse a tlhola malatsi a le lesome le bongwe, go ne ga tlhaga kgokagano ya setlhogo sa Wikipedia se se buang ka ditlhaselo tseno mo [[:en:Yahoo!|Yahoo!]] tsebe ya gae, mme seno sa felela ka gore go nne le koketsego ya pharakano.<ref>Pasternack, Alex (September 11, 2021). [https://www.fastcompany.com/90674998/how-9-11-turned-a-new-site-called-wikipedia-into-historys-crowdsourced-front-page "How 9/11 turned a new site called Wikipedia into history's crowdsourced front page".] Fast Company. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210911121514/https://www.fastcompany.com/90674998/how-9-11-turned-a-new-site-called-wikipedia-into-historys-crowdsourced-front-page Archived] from the original on September 11, 2021. Retrieved September 11, 2021.</ref> ==== Ngwaga wa 2002 ==== Ngwaga wa 2002 e ne ya bona go fokodiwa ga matlole a Wikipedia go tswa go [[:en:Bomis|Bomis]] le go tsamaya ga ga Sanger. Go ne ga nna le go [[:en:Fork_(software_development)|kgaogana]] ga [[:en:Spanish_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Sepanishe]], ka go tlhongwa ga [[:en:Enciclopedia_Libre|''Encyclopedia Libre'']]. Jimmy Wales o netefaditse gore Wikipedia ga e kitla e tsamaisa papatso ya kgwebo. Maranyane a sesupaditshwantsho a ntlha a a rwalegang a [[:en:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] a ne a simolola go dira ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e tlhola malatsia le masome a matlhano. Go ne ga tlhagisiwa diroboto. Lenaneo la ntlha la kgaitsadi ([[:en:Wiktionary|Wiktionary]]) le [[:en:Manual_of_Style|Bukana ya]] [[:en:Manual_of_Style|mokgwa]] ya ntlha ya semmuso di ne tsa thankgololwa. Batshwaedi ba ka nna makgolo a mabedi ba ne ba tseleganya Wikipedia letsatsi le letsatsi.<ref>Singer, Michael (January 16, 2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20030316082912/http://siliconvalley.internet.com/news/article.php/3531_956641 "Free Encyclopedia Project Celebrates Year One]". [[:en:Mecklermedia|''Jupitermedia'']]. Archived from [http://siliconvalley.internet.com/news/article.php/3531_956641 the original] on March 16, 2003.</ref> ==== Ngwaga wa 2003 ==== [[Setshwantsho:2003-08-31 English Wikipedia main page.svg|thumb|Tsebekgolo ya Wikipedia (kgwedi ya Phatwe ngwaga wa 2003)]] Wikipedia ya Seesemane e fetile dipego di le dikete tse lekgolo ka ngwaga wa 2003, fa kgatiso e e latelang e kgolo go gaisa, Wikipedia ya Sejeremane, e fetile di le dikete tse lesome. [[:en:Wikimedia_Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] o ne wa tlhongwa. Wikipedia e amogetse letshwao la yone la lefatshe la jigsaw. Difomula tsa dipalo tse di dirisang [[:en:TeX|TeX]] di ne tsa tsenngwa gape mo lefelong la tshedimosetse. [[:de:Wikipedia:Stammtisch München/Archiv/2003|Kopano ya ntlha ya loago ya Wikipedia]] e ne ya tshwarelwa kwa lefelong la [[:en:Munich|Munich]], kwa lefatsheng la Germany, ka Phalane. Melaometheo ya motheo ya tsamaiso ya [[:en:Wikipedia:ArbCom|Katlholo le komiti ya Wikipedia ya Seesemane]] ("ArbCom") e ne ya tlhamiwa. [[:en:Wikisource|Wikisource]] e ne ya tlhamiwa jaaka lenaneo le le farologaneng ka kgwedi ya Ngwanaitseele a tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le bone ka ngwaga wa 2003, go amogela metswedi ya mahala ya mafoko jaaka maikaelelo a yone mo dipuong tse dintsi le dithanolo. ==== Ngwaga wa 2004 ==== Letamo la dipego tsa Wikipedia lefatshe ka bophara le ne la tswelela go gola ka bonako ka ngwaga wa 2004, la menagana gabedi ka bogolo mo dikgweding di le lesome le bobedi, go tswa mo dipegong tse di ka fa tlase ga dikete tse makgolo a matlhano kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa 2003 go ya ko go tse di fetang sedikadike se le sengwe ka dipuo tse di fetang lekgolo kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa 2004. Dipego tsa Seesemane fela tsa Wikipedia tse di ne tsa dira gore go nne le dipego tse di ka fa tlase ga dikete tse makgolo a matlhano. Dipolase tsa disefara tsa lefelo la tshedimosetso di ne tsa fudusiwa go tswa kwa California go ya kwa Florida. [[:en:Wikipedia:Categories|Ditlhopha]] le dipampiri tsa thulaganyo ya mokgwa wa [[:en:CSS|CSS]] di ne tsa tlhagisiwa. Maiteko a ntlha a go thibela Wikipedia a ne a diragala, ka lefelo la tshedimosetso le ne la thibelwa kwa China dibeke di le pedi ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo. Ditlhopho tsa semmuso di ne tsa simolola tsa boto ya mokgatlho, le Komiti ya Katlholo mo Wikipedia ya Seesemane. Kgaolo ya ntlha ya bosetšhaba ya Motheo, e leng [[:en:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]], e ne ya amogelwa. Kopano, ya ntlha ya loago kwa United States e ne ya tshwarelwa kwa [[:en:Boston|Boston]], [[:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/Boston1|ka kgwedi ya Phukwi]]. [[:en:Wikimedia_Commons|Wikimedia Commons]] e tlhamilwe ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola letsatsi le supa ka ngwaga wa 2004 go amogela difaele tsa media tsa Wikipedia ka dipuo tsotlhe. Bourgeois v. Peters,<ref name=":9">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20121221140312/http://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/ops/200216886.pdf 387 F.3d 1303]" (PDF). Archived from [http://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/ops/200216886.pdf the original] (PDF) on December 21, 2012. Retrieved November 19, 2013.</ref> (11th Cir. 2004), tsheko ya kgotlatshekelo e e neng ya swetswa ke [[:en:United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eleventh_Circuit|Kgotlatshekelo ya Boikuelo ya United States ya Potologo ya Bolesome le bongwe]] e ne e le nngwe ya dikgopolo tsa ntlha tsa kgotlatshekelo go nopola le go nopola Wikipedia.<ref>Peoples, Lee (January 2010). [http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=yjolt "The Citation of Wikipedia in Judicial Opinions]". Yale Journal of Law and Technology. 12 (1). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150224051512/http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=yjolt Archived] from the original on February 24, 2015.</ref> E ne ya bolela jaana: "Gape re gana kgopolo ya gore maemo a kgakololo ya matshosetsi a Lephata la Tshireletso ya Naga ka tsela nngwe a siametse dipatlisiso tseno. Le fa maemo a matshosetsi a ne a 'tlhatlositswe' ka nako ya boipelaetso, 'go fitlha ga jaana, maemo a matshosetsi a ntse a le mo mmala o mosetlha (a tlhatlositswe) go ya go mmala wa lamune mo bontsing jwa nako e e fetileng. makgetlo a le mantsi.'"<ref name=":9" /> Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe, Wikipedia e ne ya fetola letlalo la yone la thulaganyetsoruri go tswa go [[mw:Skin:Standard|Tlwaelo]] go ya go [[mw:Skin:MonoBook|MonoBook]], segokaganyi se se neng sa nna sa thulaganyo ya ruri mo mafelong a tshedimosetso a Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2010.<ref>"[[mw:Skin:MonoBook|MonoBook]]". MediaWiki. Retrieved April 30, 2026.</ref> ==== Ngwaga wa 2005 ==== Ka ngwaga wa 2005, Wikipedia e ne ya nna lefelo la tshedimosetso le le ratiwang thata ya ditshupiso mo maranyaneng, go ya ka [[:en:Hitwise|Hitwise]], ka Wikipedia ya Seesemane e le nosi e e fetang dipego di le dikete di le makgolo a supa le botlhano. Dikgoro tsa ntlha tsa Wikipedia tsa dipuo tse dintsi le tsa dirutwa di ne tsa tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 2005. Kokoanyo ya semmuso ya madi e e neng ya tshwarwa mo kotareng ya ntlha ya ngwaga e ne ya kokoanya mo e ka nnang di dolara tsa lefatshe la Amerika di le dikete tse lekgolo ya go tlhabolola tsamaiso go samagana le tlhokego e e golang. China e ne ya thibela Wikipedia gape ka kgwedi ya Phalane ngwaga wa 2005. Matlhabisaditlhong a ntlha a magolo a Wikipedia, [[:en:Seigenthaler_incident|tiragalo ya ga Seigenthaler]], a diragetse ka ngwaga wa 2005 fa go ne go fitlhelwa gore motho yo o itsegeng thata o na le mokwalo wa botshelo jwa motho jo bo sentsweng jo bo neng bo sa lemogiwe dikgwedi di le dintsi. Morago ga matshwenyego ano le a mangwe,<ref>[[:en:Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons|WP:BLP]] was started on 17 December 2005, with the narrative "I started this due to the Daniel Brandt situation". [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons&oldid=31753956 Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210609020908/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons&oldid=31753956 Archived] 9 June 2021 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]</ref> go ne ga tlhongwa diphetogo tsa ntlha tsa melawana le tsa tsamaiso tse di neng di diretswe ka tlhamalalo go lwantsha mofuta ono wa kgokgontsho. Tse di ne di akaretsa ntšhwafatso e ntšhwa ya molawana wa tshiamelo ya [[m:CheckUser policy|Checkuser]] go thusa mo dipatlisisong tsa [[:en:Sockpuppet_(Internet)|dipopae tsa dikausu]], karolo e ntšhwa e e bidiwang tshireletso ye seng botlalo, molawan o o gagametseng thata wa dibuka tsa botshelo jwa batho ba ba tshelang, le go tshwaya dipego tse di ntseng jalo gore di sekasekwe ka tsela e e gagametseng. Thibelo ya go tlhama dipego tse dišwa go badirisi ba ba kwadisitsweng e ne ya tsenngwa tirisong fela ka kgwedi ya Sedimontholeka ngwaga wa 2005 mo Wikipedia ya Seesemane.<ref>Terdiman, Daniel. "[https://www.cnet.com/culture/growing-pains-for-wikipedia/ Growing pains for Wikipedia"]. CNET. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230316055529/https://www.cnet.com/culture/growing-pains-for-wikipedia/ Archived] from the original on March 16, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2023.</ref> Wikimania ya ngwaga wa 2005, e leng bokopano jwa ntlha jwa [[:en:Wikimania|Wikimania]], e ne ya tshwarwa go tloga ka letsatsi la bone go fitlha ka letsatsi la borobabobedi ka kgwedi ya Phatwe ka ngwaga wa 2005 kwa ''Haus der Jugend'' kwa [[:en:Frankfurt|Frankfurt]], mme ya ngoka batho ba ka nna makgolo a le mararo le masome a borobabobedi ba ba neng ba le teng. ==== Ngwaga wa 2006 ==== [[Setshwantsho:Wikimania - the Wikimentary.webm|thumb|Wikimania – Tokomane ya Wikimania, filimi e e buang ka Wikimania ngwaga wa 2005, e e nang le [[:en:Jimmy_Wales|Jimmy Wales]] le [[:en:Ward_Cunningham|Ward Cunningham]]]] Wikipedia ya Seesemane e ne ya bona pego ya yone ya bo ikadike, [[:en:Jordanhill_railway_station|seteišene sa terena sa Jordanhill]], ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo a tlhola letsatsi ,ka ngwaga wa 2006.<ref>Simon, Matt (March 1, 2012). [https://www.wired.com/2012/03/march-1-2006-english-wikipedias-millionth-entry-pulls-into-the-station/https://www.wired.com/2012/03/march-1-2006-english-wikipedias-millionth-entry-pulls-into-the-station/ "March 1, 2006: English Wikipedia's Millionth Entry Pulls Into the Station]". [[:en:Wired_(magazine)|Wired]]. Retrieved April 1, 2024.</ref><ref>Lemon, Sumner (March 2, 2006)[https://www.computerworld.com/article/2563140/millionth-english-article-posted-on-wikipedia.html . "Millionth English article posted on Wikipedia"]. [[:en:Computerworld|''Computerworld'']]. Retrieved April 1, 2024.</ref> Tlhopho ya ntlha ya pego ya Wikipedia e e amogetsweng e ne ya dirwa gore e kgone go laisololwa mahala, mme "Wikipedia" e ne ya kwadisiwa jaaka letshwaokgwebo la Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia. [[:en:United_States_congressional_staff_edits_to_Wikipedia|Matlhabisa ditlhong a]] [[:en:United_States_congressional_staff_edits_to_Wikipedia|mokwalo wa botshelo jwa motho ya bathusi ba phutego]]– ditiragalo tse dintsi tse mo go tsona badiri ba phutego le motsamaisi wa letsholo ba neng ba tshwarwa ba leka go fetola botshelo jwa motho ya Wikipedia ka ha sephiring – a ne a lemogiwa ke setšhaba, mme se sa dira gore motsamaisi wa letsholo a tlogele tiro. Le fa go ntse jalo, Wikipedia e ne ya tsewa e le nngwe ya matshwaokgwebo a matlhano a a kwa godimo a lefatshe ka bophara a ngwaga wa 2006.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070321033410/http://www.brandchannel.com/start1.asp?fa_id=352 "brandchannel.com | branding news]". March 21, 2007. Archived from [http://www.brandchannel.com/start1.asp?fa_id=352 the original] on March 21, 2007. Retrieved March 16, 2023.</ref> Jimmy Wales o ne a supa kwa [[:en:Wikimania_2006|Wikimania]] [[:en:Wikimania_2006|wa ngwaga wa 2006]] gore Wikipedia e fitlheletse bogolo jo bo lekaneng mme a kopa gore go gatelelwa boleng, gongwe se se tlhagisitsweng sentle mo pitsong ya [[:en:Wikipedia:100,000_feature-quality_articles|dipego di le dikete tse lekgolo tsa boleng jwa dikarolo]]. Go ne ga tlhamiwa tshiamelo e ntšhwa, "botlhokomedi", e e letlang mefuta e e rileng ya ditsebe tse di bolokilweng tse di nang le diteng tse di sa amogelesegeng go tshwaiwa jaaka tse di sa bonweng. Tshireletso e e seng kalo kgatlhanong le tshenyo e e sa itsiweng, e e neng ya tlhagisiwa ka ngwaga wa 2005, e ne ya itshupa e ratwa thata go feta ka fa go neng go solofetswe ka teng, ka ditsebe di feta dikete tse di neng tsa sirelediwa ka bontlhabongwe ka nako epe fela ka ngwaga wa 2006. ==== Ngwaga wa 2007 ==== Wikipedia e ne ya tswelela go gola ka bonako ka ngwaga wa 2007, e na le diakhaonto tsa barulaganyi tse di kwadisitsweng di feta didikadike di le tlhano ka kgwedi ya Phatwe a tlhola malatsi a le lesome le boraro.<ref>See the special page: [[:en:Special:Statistics|Special:Statistics]]: 5,078,036 registered user accounts as of 13 August 2007, excluding anonymous editors who have not created accounts.</ref> Dikgatiso tsa dipuo di le makgolo a mabedi le botlhano tsa Wikipedia di ne di na le palogotlhe e e kopantsweng ya dipego di le didikadike di le supa ntlha tlhano e leng palogotlhe ya mafoko a le didikadike di le bongwe ntlha supa le bone, ka kgwedi ya Phatwe a tlhola a malatsi a le lesome le boraro .<ref>Source: [[:en:Wikipedia:Size_comparisons|Wikipedia:Size comparisons]] as of 13 August 2007</ref> Wikipedia ya Seesemane e ne ya bona dipego ka selekanyo se se tlhomameng sa di le sekete se le sengwe le makgolo a supa ka letsatsi,<ref>From around Q3 2006 Wikipedia's growth rate has been approximately linear, source: [[:en:Wikipedia:Statistics|Wikipedia:Statistics]] – new article count by month 2006–2007.</ref> ka leina la kgolagano ya karolo la wikipedia.org le le mo maemong a bo lesome a a naleng ditiro tse dintsi mo lefatsheng. Wikipedia e ne ya tswelela go bonala [[:en:Category:Wikipedia_publicity|mo bobegakgannyeng]] – [[:en:Essjay_controversy|kganetsano ya ga Essjay]] e ne ya runya fa leloko le le tlhageletseng la Wikipedia le ne le fitlhelwa le buile maaka ka dintlha tsa gagwe tsa boitshupo. [[:en:Citizendium|Citizendium]], e leng ensaetlopedia e e gaisanang ya mo maranyaneng, e ne ya thankgololwa phatlalatsa. Tlwaelo e ntšhwa e ne ya tlhagelela mo Wikipedia, ka ensaetlopedia e e neng e bua le batho ba go itsege ga bone go neng go tswa mo go nneng motsayakarolo mo kgannyeng ya dikgang ka go oketsa kaelo go tswa mo leineng la bone go ya kwa kgannyeng e kgolo, go na le go tlhama pego e e tlhaolegileng ya mokwalo wa botshelo jwa motho.[<ref>e.g., cases such as [[:en:Crystal_Mangum|Crystal Mangum]] and Daniel Brandt.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le borobabongwe ka ngwaga wa 2007, Wikipedia ya Seesemane e ne ya bona pego ya yone ya didikadike di le pedi, [[:en:El_Hormiguero|''El Hormiguero'']].<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20170708005830/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Press_releases/Wikipedia_Reaches_2_Million_Articles English Wikipedia Reaches 2 Million Articles"]. [[:en:Wikimedia_Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]]. September 9, 2007. Archived from [[foundationsite:wiki/Press_releases/Wikipedia_Reaches_2_Million_Articles|the original]] on July 8, 2017. Retrieved June 3, 2012.</ref> Go ne ga nna le kganetsano nngwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa 2007 fa [[:en:Volapük_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Volapük]] e ne e tlola go tswa ko dipegong di le makgolo a supa, masome a borobabongwe le bosupa go ya go feta dikete tse lekgolo le bongwe le dikete tse pedi, ka bokhutshwane ya nna kgatiso ya bo lesome le botlhano e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe ya Wikipedia, ka ntlha ya go tlhamiwa ga ditlhogo tse di itirisang ke motlhoafaledi wa puo e e agilweng ya [[:en:Volapük|Volapük]]<ref>"[http://www.pcworld.pl/artykuly/56502/MySpace.kontra.Facebook.html#t_34252 Ciekawe wydarzenia w Internecie]". PC World (Polish) (in Polish). December 1, 2007. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131106024950/http://www.pcworld.pl/artykuly/56502/MySpace.kontra.Facebook.html#t_34252 Archived] from the original on November 6, 2013. Retrieved April 26, 2013.</ref><ref>Yves Nevelsteen (September 15, 2007). [http://www.liberafolio.org/2007/volapukapedio "Volapuko jam superas Esperanton en Vikipedio"]. Libera Folio (in Esperanto). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130329091247/http://www.liberafolio.org/2007/volapukapedio Archived] from the original on March 29, 2013. Retrieved April 26, 2013.</ref>. Go ya ka [[:en:MIT_Technology_Review|''MIT Technology Review,'']] palo ya barulaganyi ba ba tlhagafetseng ka bontsi jwa dinako mo Wikipedia ya puo ya Seesemane e ne ya fitlha kwa setlhoeng ka ngwaga wa 2007 go feta dikete tse masome a matlhano le bongwe, mme fa e sa le ka nako eo e ntse e fokotsega.<ref>Simonite, Tom (October 22, 2013). "[https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/ The Decline of Wikipedia]". [[:en:MIT_Technology_Review|MIT Technology Review]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220731083716/https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/ Archived] from the original on July 31, 2022. Retrieved December 6, 2020.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Moranang kangwaga wa 2007, go ne ga gatisiwa tokololo ya tlhopho ya pego ya Wikipedia ya Mofuta wa 0.5.<ref>"[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Version_1.0_Editorial_Team&oldid=1092780181 Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team]", Wikipedia, June 12, 2022, [https://web.archive.org/web/20220707222542/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Version_1.0_Editorial_Team&oldid=1092780181 archived] from the original on July 7, 2022, retrieved June 25, 2022</ref> ==== Ngwaga wa 2008 ==== [[:en:WikiProject|Mananeo a Wiki]] a a farologaneng mo mafelong a le mantsi a ne a tswelela go atolosa le go tokafatsa diteng tsa pego mo teng ga bogolo jwa tsone. Ka kgwedi ya Moranang ka ngwaga wa 2008, go ne ga tlhamiwa pego ya Wikipedia ya didikadike di le lesome, mme kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga Wikipedia ya Seesemane e ne ya feta dipego di le didikadike di le dikete tse pedi le botlhano. ==== Ngwaga wa 2009 ==== Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo a tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le botlhano ka ngwaga wa 2009 ka oura ya masome a mabedi le bobedi le metsotso e le lesome le botlhano mo nakong ya UTC, morago [[:en:Death_of_Michael_Jackson|ga loso lwa ga Michael Jackson]], lefelo la tshedimosetso le ne la phutlhama ka nakwana. [[:en:Wikimedia_Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] o begile gore go ne ga nna le baeng ba ba ka nnang didikadike ba ba neng ba le kwa mokwalong wa botshelo jwa ga Jackson mo lobakeng lwa oura e le nngwe, gongwe e le baeng ba bantsi mo lobakeng lwa oura e le nngwe ba ba neng ba le kwa pegong epe fela mo ditsong tsa Wikipedia. Kwa bokhutlong jwa kgwedi ya Phatwe ka ngwaga wa 2009, palo ya dipego mo dikgatisong tsotlhe tsa Wikipedia e ne e fetile didikadike di le lesome le bone .<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20140305100104/https://stats.wikimedia.org/EN/TablesArticlesTotal.htm Wikipedia Statistics, Article count (official)]". Wikimedia.org. Archived from [[stats:EN/TablesArticlesTotal.htm|the original]] on March 5, 2014.</ref> Setlhogo sa didikadike di le tharo mo Wikipedia ya Seesemane, [[:en:Beate_Eriksen|Beate Eriksen]], se tlhamilwe ka kgwedi ya Phatwe e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le bosupa ka ngwaga wa 2009 ka nako ya oura ya bone le metsotso e le metlhano, go ya ka Nako ya Lefatshelotlhe e e Rulagantsweng (UTC).<ref>"[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2009-08-17/News_and_notes&oldid=309138115 Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2009-08-17/News and notes"], Wikipedia, August 20, 2009, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210609111443/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2009-08-17/News_and_notes&oldid=309138115 archived] from the original on June 9, 2021, retrieved March 16, 2023</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le bosupa ka ngwaga wa 2009, Wikipedia ya Sejeremane e ne ya feta dipego di le sedikadike se le sengwe, mme ya nna kgatiso ya bobedi morago ga Wikipedia ya Seesemane go dira jalo. Setlhogo sa [[:en:Time_(magazine)|''TIME'']] se ne sa kwala Wikipedia mo gare ga mafelo a tshedimosetso a a gaisang tsa ngwaga wa 2009.<ref>"[http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1918031_1918016_1917948,00.html Wikipedia – 50 Best Websites 2009]" [https://web.archive.org/web/20111202174857/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1918031_1918016_1917948,00.html Archived] 2 December 2011 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. TIME. 24 August 2009. Retrieved 24 November 2011.</ref> Diteng tsa Wikipedia di ne tsa fiwa tetla ka fa tlase ga tetla ya [[:en:Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike|Creative Commons ya go Abelana]] ka ngwaga wa 2009.<ref>"[[m:Licensing_update/Timeline|Licensing update/Timeline – Meta".]] meta.wikimedia.org. October 30, 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220817062932/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Timeline Archived] from the original on August 17, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2022.</ref> === Ngwagasome wa bobedi: ngwaga wa 2010 go ya kwa ngwageng wa 2019 === ==== Ngwaga wa 2010 ==== Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo e tlhola malatsi a masome a mabedi le bone, ditsamaiso tse di bolokang ditshedimosetso tsa Wikipedia tsa karolo kgolo ya lefatshe e e naleng mafatshe ya Europe di ne tsa tswa mo maranyaneng ka ntlha ya bothata jwa go gotela thata. [[:en:Failover|Go palelwa]] ke ditsamaiso tsa poloko ya tshedimosetso kwa Florida go ne ga itshupa go robegile, ga dira gore tharabololo ya [[:en:Domain_Name_System|DNS]] ya Wikipedia e palelwe go ralala lefatshe. Bothata bo ne jwa rarabololwa ka bonako, mme ka ntlha ya ditlamorago tsa go boloka DNS, mafelo mangwe a ne a le bonya go kgona go bona Wikipedia gape go feta a mangwe.<ref>Bergsma, Mark (March 24, 2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20100327123357/http://techblog.wikimedia.org/2010/03/global-outage-cooling-failure-and-dns/ "Global Outage (cooling failure and DNS)"]. Wikimedia Technical Blog. Archived from [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2010/03/global-outage-cooling-failure-and-dns/ the original] on March 27, 2010. Retrieved March 30, 2010.</ref><ref>Perez, Juan Carlos (March 25, 2010). [https://www.pcworld.com/article/192410/wikipedia_suffers_global_collapse.html "Wikipedia Suffers Global Collapse"]. PC World. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100329132858/http://www.pcworld.com/article/192410/wikipedia_suffers_global_collapse.html Archived] from the original on March 29, 2010. Retrieved March 30, 2010.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganonga tlhola malatsi a le lesome le boraro, lefelo la tshedimosetso le ne la golola sebopego se sesha sa yone. Dikarolo tse disha di ne di akaretsa letshwao le le ntšha, didirisiwa tse di ntšha tsa go tsamaya mo lefelong la tshedimosetso le, le sedirisiwa sa go thusa go tlhama dikgokagano<ref name=":17">"[https://web.archive.org/web/20100822062045/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special%3AUsabilityInitiativePrefSwitch New features]". [[:en:Wikipedia|Wikipedia]]. Archived from [[:en:Special:UsabilityInitiativePrefSwitch|the original]] on August 22, 2010. Retrieved September 6, 2010.</ref>. Le fa go ntse jalo, sebopego sa bogologolo se ne sa tswelela se le teng gore se dirisiwe ke ba ba neng ba batla go tswelela ba se dirisa. Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le bobedi, Wikipedia ya Seesemane e ne ya feta palo ya ditlhogo di le didikadike di le dikete tse tharo le botlhano fa setlhogo sa sedikadike sa ntlha sa Wikipedia ya Sefora se ne sa tlhamiwa ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le bongwe. Ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola malatsi a le lesome le borataro, go ne ga dirwa tokafatso ya sedikadike ya ntlha mo mananeong otlhe a Wikimedia. Mo tshimologong ya ngwaga wa 2010, go ne ga gatisiwa kgatiso ya Wikipedia Version 0.7, e e neng e na le tlhopho ya dipego.<ref>"[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Version_1.0_Editorial_Team&oldid=1092780181 Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team"], Wikipedia, June 12, 2022, [https://web.archive.org/web/20220707222542/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Version_1.0_Editorial_Team&oldid=1092780181 archived] from the original on July 7, 2022, retrieved June 25, 2022</ref> ==== Ngwaga wa 2011 ==== [[Setshwantsho:Armwikicake.png|thumb|Nngwe ya [[c:Wikipedia 10 Photo gallery#Wikipedia_10_Cakes|dikuku di le mmalwa]] tse di dirilweng go keteka ngwaga wa bo lesome wa Wikipedia ka ngwaga wa 2011<ref>[[tenwiki:Main_Page|"Wikipedia 10"]]. Ten.wikipedia.org. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131231212611/http://ten.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Archived] from the original on December 31, 2013. Retrieved February 26, 2014.</ref>]] Wikipedia le badirisi ba yone ba ne ba tshwara meletlo e le mentsi lefatshe ka bophara go gopola [[:en:Wikipedia:10_years_of_Wikipedia|ngwaga wa bo]] [[:en:Wikipedia:10_years_of_Wikipedia|lesome]] wa lefelo leo ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le botlhano.<ref>Wikipedia celebrates a decade of edit wars, controversy, and Internet dominance [http://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/011111-wikipedia-decade.html?hpg1=bn networkworld.com] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120315204326/http://www.networkworld.com/news/2011/011111-wikipedia-decade.html?hpg1=bn Archived] 15 March 2012 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]</ref> Lefelo leo le ne la simolola maiteko a go atolosa kgolo ya lone kwa India, mme la tshwara bokopano jwa lone jwa ntlha jwa India kwa Mumbai ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele ka ngwaga wa 2011.<ref>Vaidyanathan, Rajini (November 19, 2011). [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15803308 "Wikipedia hosts India conference amid expansion push"]. BBC News. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230316055525/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-15803308 Archived] from the original on March 16, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2023.</ref><ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN1116765620110112 "Wikipedia, 10 years old, targets India]". Reuters. January 12, 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110114211053/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN1116765620110112 Archived] from the original on January 14, 2011. Retrieved January 13, 2011.</ref> [[:en:English_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Seesemane]] e fetile letshwao la dipego di le didikadike di le dikete tse tharo le botlhano ka kgwedi ya Moranang e tlhola malatsi a mabedi, mme ya fitlha go dipego di le didikadike di le dikete tse tharo le borobabobedi ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele e tlhola malatsia le lesome le borobabobedi. Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele e tlhola malatsia le supa ka ngwaga wa 2011, [[:en:German_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Sejeremane]] e ne ya feta diphetogo tsa ditsebe di le didikadike di le lekgolo, mme ya nna kgatiso ya bobedi ya puo go dira jalo morago ga kgatiso ya Seesemane, e e neng ya fitlhelela diphetogo tsa ditsebe di le didikadike di le makgolo a matlhano ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele e tlhola malatsi a le masome le bobedile bone ka ngwaga wa 2011. [[:en:Dutch_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Sedatšhe]] e ne ya feta dipego di le sedikadike se le sengwe go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e tlhola malatsi a le lesomele bosupa ka ngwaga wa 2011 e nna kgatiso ya bone go dira jalo. Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo a tlhola malatsi a le mararo ka ngwaga wa 2011, go ne ga gatisiwa kgololo ya tlhopho ya pego ya Wikipedia ya Mofuta wa 0.8.<ref>"[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Version_0.8&oldid=998970578 Wikipedia:Version 0.8"], Wikipedia, January 7, 2021, [https://web.archive.org/web/20220705013507/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Version_0.8&oldid=998970578 archived] from the original on July 5, 2022, retrieved June 25, 2022</ref> Setempe sa "Wikimania 2011 – Haifa, Iseraele" se ne sa ntshiwa ke Israel Post ka kgwedi ya Phatwe e tlhola malatsi a le mabedi ka ngwaga wa 2011. Se e ne e le setempe sa ntlha se se neng se neetswe lenaneo le le amanang le Wikimedia. Magareng ga malatsi a mane le borataro a kgwedi ya Phalane ka ngwaga wa 2011, [[:en:Italian_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Italy]] e ne ya nna e e sa fitlhelegeng ka bomo go ipelaetsa kgatlhanong le molao o o tshitshintsweng wa [[:en:Italian_Parliament|Palamente ya Italy]] wa [[:en:DDL_intercettazioni|DDL intercettazioni]], o, fa o ka amogelwa, o neng o tla letla motho ope fela go pateletsa mafelo a tshedimosetso go ntsha tshedimosetso e e tsewang e le e e seng boammaaruri kgotsa e e kgopisang, kwantle ga go ntsha bosupi.<ref>[https://www.pcmag.com/archive/italian-wikipedia-hidden-to-protest-wiretap-law-288689 "Italian Wikipedia Hidden To Protest WireTap Law"]. PC Magazine. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230316055529/https://www.pcmag.com/archive/italian-wikipedia-hidden-to-protest-wiretap-law-288689 Archived] from the original on March 16, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2023.</ref> Gape ka kgwedi ya Phalane ka ngwaga wa 2011, Wikimedia e ne ya itsise go simololwa ga [[:en:Wikipedia_Zero|Wikipedia Zero]], e leng letsholo la go kgontsha phitlhelelo ya mahala ya megala ya mosokela tsebeng mo Wikipedia mo ditshebang tse di tlhabologang ka tirisanommogo le badirisi ba megala ya mosokela tsebeng.<ref>Kapoor, Amit (October 26, 2011). [https://blog.wikimedia.org/2011/10/26/wikipedia-seeks-global-operator-partners-to-enable-free-access/ "Wikipedia seeks global operator partners to enable free access]". Wikimedia blog. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150717070411/http://blog.wikimedia.org/2011/10/26/wikipedia-seeks-global-operator-partners-to-enable-free-access/ Archived] from the original on July 17, 2015.</ref><ref>"[[mw:Wikipedia_Zero|Wikipedia Zero]]". MediaWiki. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120529101704/http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikipedia_Zero Archived] from the original on May 29, 2012. Retrieved May 27, 2012.</ref> ==== Ngwaga wa 2012 ==== [[Setshwantsho:Wikimedia Foundation Wikipedia Blackout SOPA January 18, 2012.theora.ogv|thumb|Babereki ba kwa [[:en:Wikimedia_Foundation|Mokgatlhong wa Wikimedia]] ka nako ya fa go ne go kgaoga emisiwa tirelo ya lefelo la tshedimosetso mo SOPA]] Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e tlholamalatsi a le lesome le borataro, motlhami-mmogo wa Wikipedia [[:en:Jimmy_Wales|Jimmy Wales]] o ne a itsise gore Wikipedia ya Seesemane e tla [[:en:2012_Wikipedia_blackout|tswallwa ruri]] dioura di le masome a mabedi le bone ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e le lesome le borobabobedi jaaka karolo ya boipelaetso jo bo neng bo ikaeletse go bitsa tlhokomelo ya setšhaba mo Molaong o o tshitshintsweng wa go [[:en:Stop_Online_Piracy_Act|Emisa Borukhutlhi jwa Inthanete]] le [[:en:PROTECT_IP_Act|Molao wa PROTECT IP]] , e leng melao e mebedi e e [[:en:Copyright_infringement|kgatlhanong le borukhutlhi jwa dithoto tsa bakwadi]] jwa [[:en:United_States_Congress|puthego ya United States]] ka fa tlase ga ngangisano. Ba ne ba bitsa kemiso ya tirelo ye ya lefelo la tshedimosetso "tshwetso ya baagi", Wales le baganetsi ba bangwe ba melao ba ne ba dumela gore e tla tsenya puo e e gololesegileng le boitshimololedi jwa mo inthaneteng mo kotsing.<ref>Ortenzi, T. J. (January 17, 2012). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/blogpost/post/wikipedia-blackout-coming-jan-18-says-co-founder-jimmy-wales/2012/01/16/gIQAh2Ke3P_blog.html "Wikipedia blackout coming Wednesday, says co-founder Jimmy Wales"]. The Washington Post. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160306052240/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/blogpost/post/wikipedia-blackout-coming-jan-18-says-co-founder-jimmy-wales/2012/01/16/gIQAh2Ke3P_blog.html Archived] from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved March 16, 2023.</ref> Go emisa tirelo ga nakwana mo go tshwanang le mo go ne ga dirwa ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e tlhola malatsi a le lesome ke [[:en:Russian_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Russia,]] go ipelaetsa kgatlhanong le molao o o tshitshintsweng wa taolo ya inthanete ya Russia.<ref>[https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/332016/Russian-Wikipedia-shuts-in-protest "Russian Wikipedia shuts in protest]". UKPA via Google. July 10, 2012.</ref> Mo bokhutlong jwa kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2012, [[m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]] e ne ya itsise ka [[:en:Wikidata|Wikidata]], e leng boalo jwa lefatshe lotlhe jwa go abelana tshedimosetso fa gare ga dikgatiso tsotlhe tsa dipuo tsa Wikipedia.<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/wikipedia/posts/158388724283345 "Wikidata announcement on Facebook]". Wikimedia Deutschland. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160101031943/https://www.facebook.com/wikipedia/posts/158388724283345 Archived] from the original on January 1, 2016. Retrieved October 28, 2015.</ref><ref>Chalabi, Mona (April 26, 2013). "[https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/apr/26/wikidata-launch Welcome to Wikidata! Now what?]". [https://web.archive.org/web/20211002152920/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/apr/26/wikidata-launch Archived] from the original on October 2, 2021. Retrieved October 2, 2021.</ref> Lenaneo la Wikidata la didolara di le didikadike di le sekete le bosupa tsa Amerika e ne e tlamelwa ke Google, [[:en:Gordon_and_Betty_Moore_Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Gordon le Betty Moore]], le Setheo sa Allen sa Botlhale jwa Maitirelo<ref>Terdiman, Daniel. [https://www.cnet.com/culture/wikidata-to-provide-structured-data-for-all-wikipedia-versions/ "Wikidata to provide structured data for all Wikipedia versions"]. CNET. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230316055527/https://www.cnet.com/culture/wikidata-to-provide-structured-data-for-all-wikipedia-versions/ Archived] from the original on March 16, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2023.</ref> Wikimedia Deutschland e ne ya tsaya maikarabelo a kgato ya ntlha ya Wikidata, mme kwa tshimologong e ne e rulagantse go dira gore boalo bo nne teng mo barulaganying ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ka ngwaga wa 2012. Kgato ya ntlha ya Wikidata e ne ya simolola go dira ka botlalo ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2013.<ref>Perez, Sarah (March 30, 2012). [https://techcrunch.com/2012/03/30/wikipedias-next-big-thing-wikidata-a-machine-readable-user-editable-database-funded-by-google-paul-allen-and-others/ "Wikipedia's Next Big Thing: Wikidata, A Machine-Readable, User-Editable Database Funded By Google, Paul Allen And Others]". TechCrunch. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120817042610/http://techcrunch.com/2012/03/30/wikipedias-next-big-thing-wikidata-a-machine-readable-user-editable-database-funded-by-google-paul-allen-and-others/ Archived] from the original on August 17, 2012.</ref><ref name=":13">Pintscher, Lydia (February 13, 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130219054033/http://blog.wikimedia.de/2013/02/13/wikidata-live-on-the-english-wikipedia/ "Wikidata live on the English Wikipedia]". Wikimedia Deutschland. Archived from [[the original]] on February 19, 2013. Retrieved February 15, 2013.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Justin Anthony Knapp (cropped).jpg|thumb|Justin Knapp]] Ka kgwedi ya Moranang ka ngwaga wa 2012, [[:en:Justin_Knapp|Justin Knapp]] o ne a nna mokwadi wa ntlha a le mongwe go dira diphetogo tse di fetang sedikadike se le sengwe mo Wikipedia.<ref>Titcomb, James (April 20, 2012). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/9215151/First-man-to-make-1-million-Wikipedia-edits.html "First man to make 1 million Wikipedia edits".] The Daily Telegraph. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151119233646/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/9215151/First-man-to-make-1-million-Wikipedia-edits.html Archived] from the original on November 19, 2015. Retrieved March 16, 2023.</ref><ref>Skelton, Alissa (April 24, 2012). [https://mashable.com/archive/wikipedia-volunteer-editor "Wikipedia Volunteer Editor Reaches 1 Million Edits"]. Mashable. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230316055529/https://mashable.com/archive/wikipedia-volunteer-editor Archived] from the original on March 16, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2023.</ref> Jimmy Wales o ne a akgola Knapp ka tiro ya gagwe mme a mo fa sekgele sa lefelo la tshedimosetso e le sa ''Barnstar'' ''e e'' ''Kgethegileng s'' le kabelo ya ''Golden Wiki'' ka ntlha ya phitlhelelo ya gagwe.<ref>"[https://www.engadget.com/2012/04/20/one-million-wikipedia-edits/ Hardest working man on the internet passes one million Wikipedia edits".] Engadget. April 20, 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120820003926/http://www.engadget.com/2012/04/20/one-million-wikipedia-edits Archived] from the original on August 20, 2012. Retrieved September 3, 2012.</ref> Wales gape e ne ya bolela gore kgwedi ya Moranang e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi e tla nna "Letsatsi la ga Justin Knapp".<ref>Skelton, Alissa (April 23, 2012). [http://mashable.com/2012/04/23/wikipedia-volunteer-editor/ "Wikipedia Volunteer Editor Reaches 1 Million Edits"]. Mashable. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151119235227/http://mashable.com/2012/04/23/wikipedia-volunteer-editor/ Archived] from the original on November 19, 2015. Retrieved October 24, 2012.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le boraro ka ngwaga wa 2012, Wikipedia ya Seesemane e ne ya bona dipego tsa yone tsa didikadike di le nne, [[:en:Ezbet_El_Borg|Izbat al-Burj]].<ref>[http://blog.wikimedia.org.uk/2012/07/english-language-wikipedia-hits-4-million-articles/ "English language Wikipedia hits 4 million articles]!". [[:en:Wikimedia_UK|Wikimedia UK]] Blog. Wikimedia UK. July 13, 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121222030833/http://blog.wikimedia.org.uk/2012/07/english-language-wikipedia-hits-4-million-articles/ Archived] from the original on December 22, 2012. Retrieved July 13, 2012.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Phalane ka ngwaga wa 2012, raditso le morulaganyi wa Wikipedia [[:en:Richard_J._Jensen|Richard J. Jensen]] o ne a ntsha mogopolo wa gore Wikipedia ya Seesemane e ne e "gaufi le go wediwa", a tlhokomela gore palo ya barulaganyi ba ba dirang ka dinako tsotlhe e ne e wetse tlase thata fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 2007, le fa Wikipedia e ne e gola ka bonako mo palong ya dipego le mo babading.<ref>Rosen, Rebecca J. (October 25, 2012). [https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/10/surmounting-the-insurmountable-wikipedia-is-nearing-completion-in-a-sense/264111/ "Surmounting the Insurmountable: Wikipedia Is Nearing Completion, in a Sense]". The Atlantic. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121028064456/http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/10/surmounting-the-insurmountable-wikipedia-is-nearing-completion-in-a-sense/264111/ Archived] from the original on October 28, 2012. Retrieved October 27, 2012.</ref> Go ya ka [[:en:Alexa_Internet|Inthanete ya Alexa]], Wikipedia e ne e le lefelo la tshedimosetso la borataro le le tumileng thata mo lefatsheng go tloga ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele ka ngwaga wa 2012.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200825070245/https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org "Amazon Alexa]". alexa.com. Archived from [https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org the original] on August 25, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2023.</ref> [[:en:AllThingsD|Dow Jones]] e ne ya baya Wikipedia mo maemong a botlhano lefatshe ka bophara go tloga ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ka ngwaga wa 2012.<ref>[http://allthingsd.com/20121220/the-fifth-biggest-site-in-the-world-operated-on-a-budget-of-27m-last-year "The Fifth-Biggest Site in the World Operated on a Budget of $27M Last Year"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131206225138/http://allthingsd.com/20121220/the-fifth-biggest-site-in-the-world-operated-on-a-budget-of-27m-last-year/ Archived] from the original on December 6, 2013. Retrieved December 3, 2013., by Liz Gannes; AllThingsD became a subsidiary of Dow Jones & Company Inc in 2005 and was absorbed into [[:en:The_Wall_Street_Journal|WSJ.com]] during 2013.</ref> ==== Ngwaga wa 2013 ==== Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 2013, [[:en:Italian_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya SeItaly]] e ne ya nna kgatiso ya botlhano ya puo ya Wikipedia go feta dipego di le sedikadike se le sengwe, fa Wikipedia ya [[:en:Russian_Wikipedia|Se-Russia]] le ya [[:en:Spanish_Wikipedia|Sespanishe]] e ne ya oketsega ka dipego tsa tsone tsa sedikadike ka malatsi a le lesome le bongwe le lesome le borataro a kgwedi ya Motsheganong ka go latelana. Ka letsatsi la lesome le botlhano la kgwedi ya Phukwi di-Wikipedia tsa [[:en:Polish_Wikipedia|Se-Sweden]] le ka Lwetse a tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le bone tsa [[:en:Polish_Wikipedia|Se-Poland]] di ne tsa bona dipego tsa tsone tsa didikadike, mme tsa nna dikgatiso tsa borobabobedi le tsa borobongwe tsa Wikipedia go dira jalo. Ka letsatsi la masome a mabedi le bosaupa la kgwedi ya Ferikgong, [[:en:Main_belt_asteroid|asteroid ya konokono ya lebanta]] [[:en:274301_Wikipedia|274301]] e ne ya bidiwa semmuso "Wikipedia" ke [[:en:Committee_for_Small_Body_Nomenclature#Minor_planets|Komiti ya Maina a Mmele o Mennye]].<ref>Workman, Robert (February 5, 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20130206105134/http://www.technewsdaily.com/16749-asteroid-named-wikipedia.html "Asteroid Re-Named 'Wikipedia'"]. [[:en:TechMediaNetwork,_Inc.|TechNewsDaily]]. Archived from [http://www.technewsdaily.com/16749-asteroid-named-wikipedia.html the original] on February 6, 2013. Retrieved February 7, 2013.</ref> Kgato ya ntlha ya polokelo ya tshedimosetso ya [[:en:Wikidata|Wikidata]], e e neng e tlamela ka dikgokagano tsa dipuo tse di farologaneng le tshedimosetso e nngwe ka go itirisa, e ne ya nna teng mo dikgatisong tsotlhe tsa dipuo ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2013.<ref name=":13" /> Ka kgwedi ya Moranang ka ngwaga wa 2013, [[:en:Direction_centrale_du_renseignement_intérieur|tirelo ya sephiri ya Fora]] e ne ya bonwa molato ka go leka go tlhotlhomisa Wikipedia ka go tshosetsa moithaopi wa Wikipedia ka go tshwarwa ntle le fa "tshedimosetso ya sephiri" ka ga [[:en:Pierre-sur-Haute_military_radio_station|seteišene sa radio sa sesole]] e ka phimolwa.<ref>Willsher, Kim (April 7, 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/07/french-secret-service-wikipedia-page "French secret service accused of censorship over Wikipedia page"]. The Guardian. London. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130930145033/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/apr/07/french-secret-service-wikipedia-page Archived] from the original on September 30, 2013. Retrieved April 9, 2013.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Wikimania 2013 - VisualEditor - The present and future of editing our wikis.webm|thumb|Pontsho ka ga [[:en:VisualEditor|Motseleganyi wa Ditshwantsho]] wa Wikipedia]] Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi, go ne ga simololwa thulaganyo ya go fetola ya [[:en:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]], e e neng ya bopa kgato ya ntlha ya maiteko a go letla gore dipego di fetotswe ka segokaganyi se se tshwanang le sa [[:en:Word_processor|setlhagisa mafoko]] go na le go dirisa [[:en:Wiki_markup|tshwao ya wiki]].<ref name=":18">Arthur, Charles (July 2, 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2013/jul/02/rabbit-contact-lens "Boot up: wireless contact lens, Wikipedia's visual editing, Samsung's share slide and more"]. The Guardian. London. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131104201314/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2013/jul/02/rabbit-contact-lens Archived] from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved July 2, 2013.</ref> Go ne ga simololwa gape le morulaganyi yo o diretsweng [[:en:Smartphone|megala ya letheka ya segompieno]] le didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa megala ya mosokela tsebeng.<ref name=":19">Gonera, Juliusz (July 25, 2013). "[[diffblog:2013/07/25/edit-wikipedia-on-the-go/|Edit Wikipedia on the go]]". Diff. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230325104612/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/07/25/edit-wikipedia-on-the-go/ Archived] from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2023.</ref> ==== Ngwaga wa 2014 ==== [[Setshwantsho:Wikipedia Edit 2014.webm|left|thumb|Tshekatsheko ya sesupa ditshwantso sa diteng tsa Wikipedia ka ngwaga wa 2014, e rotloetsa babogedi go tseleganya Wikipedia]] Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2014, lenaneo la go dira kgatiso e e gatisitsweng ya Wikipedia ya Seesemane, e e nang le bogolo bo le sekete le ditsebe di feta didikadike di le dingwe le dikete di le lekgolo, e ne ya simololwa ke batsayakarolo ba Wikipedia ya Sejeremane.<ref name=":10" /> Lenaneo le ne le batla matlole ka [[:en:Indiegogo|Indiegogo]], mme e ne e ikaeletse go tlotla meneelo ya barulaganyi ba Wikipedia.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/feb/20/wikipedia-1000-volume-print-edition-crowdfunding "Wikipedia 1,000-volume print edition planned"]. The Guardian. February 20, 2014. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140311014332/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/feb/20/wikipedia-1000-volume-print-edition-crowdfunding Archived] from the original on March 11, 2014. Retrieved April 12, 2014.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Phalane e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 2014, sefikantswe sa ntlha sa Wikipedia se ne sa bulwa kwa toropong ya Poland ya Slubice.<ref>Day, Matthew (October 10, 2014). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/poland/11153603/Polish-town-to-build-statue-honouring-Wikipedia.html "Polish town to build statue honouring Wikipedia"]. The Daily Telegraph. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141011191441/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/poland/11153603/Polish-town-to-build-statue-honouring-Wikipedia.html Archived] from the original on October 11, 2014. Retrieved October 11, 2014.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e tlhola letsatsi le le borobabobedi, lesome le botlhano ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo, le kgwedi ya Phukwi e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le borataro ka ngwaga wa 2014, [[:en:Waray_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Se-Waray]], [[:en:Vietnamese_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Se-Vietnam]] le [[:en:Cebuano_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Se-Cebuano]] nngwe le nngwe ya tsone e ne ya feta letshwao la pego e le sedikadike se le sengwe. E ne e le Wikipedia ya bolesome, ya bolesome le bongwe le ya bolesom le bobedi go fitlhelela ntlha eo. Le fa di ne di na le badirisi ba le mmalwa fela ba ba matlhagatlhaga, di-Wikipedia tsa puo ya Se-Waray le Se-Cebuano di ne di na le palo e e kwa godimo ya dipego tse di tlhamilweng ka go itirisa tse di tlhamilweng ke di roboto. ==== Ngwaga wa 2015 ==== [[Setshwantsho:Wikipedia 5 million articles milestone video November 2015.ogv|thumb|Ditshwantsho tse di tshikinyegang tse di tshwayang phitlhelelo ya Wikipedia ya Setswana ya dipego di le didikadike di le tlhano ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele e le letsatsi ka ngwaga wa 2015]] Mo bogareng jwa ngwaga wa 2015, Wikipedia e ne e le lefelo la tshedimosetso ya bosupa e e tumileng thata mo lefatsheng go ya [[:en:Alexa_Internet|Maranyane a Alexa]] ,<ref name=":14">[http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org# "Wikipedia.org Site Info]". [[:en:Alexa_Internet|Alexa Internet]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171009035134/https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org Archived] from the original on October 9, 2017. Retrieved October 9, 2017.</ref> e ne e le kwa tlase ka lefelo le le lengwe go tswa mo maemong a e neng e le mo go one ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele ka ngwaga wa 2012. Kwa tshimologong ya ngwaga wa 2015, Wikipedia e ne ya nna ensaetlopedia e kgolo go gaisa tsotlhe ya kitsokakaretso mo inthaneteng, ka palogotlhe e e kopantsweng ya dipego tse di fetang didikadike di le masome a mararo le borataro tsa lefelo le legolo mo dikgatisong tsotlhe tsa dipuo di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a borobabongwe le bongwe.<ref name=":12" /> Ka palogare, Wikipedia e amogela palogotlhe ya dipono tsa ditsebe tsa lefatshe lotlhe di le dibilione di le lesome go tswa mo baeting ba ba kgethegileng ba ka nna didikadike di le makgolo a mane le masome a borobabongwe le botlhano kgwedi le kgwedi,<ref name=":10" /><ref>[[stats:wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm|"Wikimedia Statistics"]]. April 20, 2011. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111020212633/http://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm Archived] from the original on October 20, 2011. Retrieved October 14, 2011.</ref> go akaretsa le baeng ba le didikadike di le masome a borobabobedi le botlhano go tswa kwa lefatsheng la United States fela,<ref name=":11" /> kwa e leng lefelo la borataro le le ratiwang thata.<ref name=":14" /> [[Setshwantsho:Print Wikipedia (no subtitles).webm|thumb|Motaki [[:en:Michael_Mandiberg|Michael Mandiberg]] o bua ka [[:en:Print_Wikipedia|Wikipedia e e Gatisitsweng]].]] [[:en:Print_Wikipedia|Gatisa Wikipedia]] e ne e le lenaneo la botaki le le dirilweng ke [[:en:Michael_Mandiberg|Michael Mandiberg]] le le neng la dira gore go nne le bokgoni jwa go gatisa bogolo jwa volume di le dikete tse supa ,makgolo a mane le masome a supa le boraro tsa Wikipedia jaaka e ne e le teng ka kgwedi ya Moranang e tlhola malatsi a supa ka ngwaga wa 2015. Bogolo jwa volume nngwe le nngwe e na le ditsebe di le makgolo a le supa mme ke di le lekgolo le lesome fela tse di gatisitsweng ke motaki.<ref>Schuessler, Jennifer (June 16, 2015). [https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/17/books/moving-wikipedia-from-computer-to-many-many-bookshelves.html "Moving Wikipedia From Computer to Many, Many Bookshelves"]. [[:en:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161202120645/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/17/books/moving-wikipedia-from-computer-to-many-many-bookshelves.html Archived] from the original on December 2, 2016. Retrieved December 24, 2016.</ref> Ka letsatsi le le lengwe la kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele ka ngwaga wa 2015, Wikipedia ya Seesemane e fitlheletse dipego di le didikadike tse tlhano ka go tlhamiwa ga pego ka ga [[:en:Persoonia_terminalis|''Persoonia terminalis'']], mofuta wa setlhatshana. Ka kgwedi ya Phalane e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le boraro, Wikipedia e ne ya amogela [[:en:Princess_of_Asturias_Awards|''Sekgele sa Kgosigatsana ya Asturias sa Tirisanommogo ya Boditšhabatšhaba.'']]<ref>"[https://elpais.com/tecnologia/2015/06/17/actualidad/1434535111_709353.html Wikipedia, Premio Princesa de Asturias de Cooperación]". El País (in Spanish). June 17, 2015. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1134-6582 1134-6582]. Retrieved February 4, 2026.</ref><ref>Poyo, Ana (October 22, 2015). [https://www.vogue.es/moda/news/articulos/agenda-premios-princesa-asturias-2015-ceremonia-entrega-reyes-felipe-letizia-mejores-looks-leonor-de-borbon/23909 "Los Premios Princesa de Asturias 2015 (al detalle)"]. ''Vogue España'' (in European Spanish). Retrieved February 4, 2026.</ref> ==== Ngwaga wa 2016 ==== Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e tlhola malatsi a le le lesome le borobabongwe ka ngwaga wa 2016, [[:en:Japanese_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Sejapane]] e ne ya feta letshwao la dipego di le sedikadike se le sengwe, mme ya nna Wikipedia ya bolesometharo go fitlhelela ntlha eo. Setlhogo sa sedidikadike se ne se le sa Wave 224, e leng sekepe sa ka fa tlase ga metsi sa [[:en:World_War_II|Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi]] sa Sesole sa Lewatle sa Bogosi jwa Japane. Mo bogareng jwa ngwaga wa 2016, Wikipedia e ne ya nna gape lefelo la tshedimosetso la borataro le le tumileng thata mo lefatsheng go ya ka [[:en:Alexa_Internet|Alexa Internet]],<ref>"[http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org# Wikipedia.org Site Info]". [[:en:Alexa_Internet|Alexa Internet]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160706214359/http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org Archived] from the original on July 6, 2016. Retrieved July 7, 2016.</ref> e tlhatlogile ka lefelo le le lengwe go tswa mo maemong a e neng e le mo go one mo ngwageng o o fetileng. ==== Ngwaga wa 2017 ==== Mo bogareng jwa ngwaga wa 2017, Wikipedia e ne ya kwalwa jaaka lefelo la tshedimosetso ya botlhano e e ratiwang thata mo lefatsheng go ya ka [[:en:Alexa_Internet|Alexa Internet]],<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20181225215924/https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org Wikipedia.org Site Info]". [[:en:Alexa_Internet|Alexa Internet]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170704011642/http://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org Archived] from the original on July 4, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2017.</ref> e tlhatlogile lefelo le le lengwe go tswa mo maemong a e neng e le mo go one mo ngwageng o o fetileng. Wikipedia Zero e dirilwe gore e nne teng kwa Iraq le kwa Afganistan. Ka kgwedi ya Moranang e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe 2017, [[:en:Block_of_Wikipedia_in_Turkey|go fitlhelela Wikipedia mo maranayaneng go ne ga thibelwa mo dikgatisong tsotlhe tsa dipuo kwa Turkey]] ke balaodi ba Turkey. Go thibelwa mo go ne ga tswelela go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le botlhano,ka ngwaga wa 2020, ka gonne [[:en:Judicial_system_of_Turkey|kgotlatshekelo ya Turkey]] e ne ya atlhola gore thibelo e e tlola ditshwanelo tsa batho. [[:en:Japanese_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Sejapane]] e e tsenngwang mokgwa wa tshireletso kwa China fa e sale ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole a tlhola malatsia le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi ka ngwaga wa 2017.<ref>[https://en.greatfire.org/https/ja.wikipedia.org "ja.wikipedia.org]". ''[[:en:GreatFire|GreatFire]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180120065845/https://en.greatfire.org/https/ja.wikipedia.org Archived] from the original on January 20, 2018. Retrieved April 7, 2018.</ref> ==== Ngwaga wa 2018 ==== Ka kgwedi ya Moranang e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le boraro ka ngwaga wa 2018, palo ya dipego tsa [[:en:Chinese_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Setšhaena]] e ne ya feta sedikadike se le sengwe mme ya nna Wikipedia ya bolesome le bone go fitlhelela ntlha eo. Wikipedia ya Setšhaena e thibetswe kwa [[:en:Mainland_China|Nagengkgolo ya China]] fa e sale ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ka ngwaga wa 2015.<ref>[https://www.theverge.com/2015/9/4/9260981/jimmy-wales-wikipedia-china "Wikipedia founder defends decision to encrypt the site in China".] September 4, 2015. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved April 17, 2018.</ref> Moragonyana mo ngwageng, ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo a tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le borataro , [[:en:Portuguese_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Sepotokisi]] e ne ya feta letshwao la dipego di le sedikadike ose le sengwe, ya nna Wikipedia ya bolesome le botlhano go fitlhelela ntlha eo. Setlhogo sa sedikadike e ne e le [[:pt:Perdão de Richard Nixon|Perdão de Richard Nixon]] ([[:en:Pardon_of_Richard_Nixon|Tshwarelo ya ga Richard Nixon)]]. Ka ngwaga wa2018, Wikipedia e ne ya boloka lenaane la yone jaaka lefelo la tshedimosetso ya botlhano e e ratiwang thata mo lefatsheng go ya ka [[:en:Alexa_Internet|Inthanete ya Alexa]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200825070245/https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org "Wikipedia.org Traffic, Demographics and Competitors – Alexa"]. alexa.com. Archived from the original on August 25, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2018.</ref> Ntlha nngwe e e tlhomologileng e ne e le tiriso ya [[:en:Artificial_Intelligence|Botlhale jwa Maitirelo]] go tlhama dipego tse di kwadilweng ka ditlhogo tse di neng di tlhokomologilwe.<ref>"[https://www.theverge.com/2018/8/8/17663544/ai-scientists-wikipedia-primer AI spots 40,000 prominent scientists overlooked by Wikipedia]". The Verge. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180809023533/https://www.theverge.com/2018/8/8/17663544/ai-scientists-wikipedia-primer Archived] from the original on August 9, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2018.</ref> ==== Ngwaga wa 2019 ==== Ka kgwedi ya Moranang e tlhola masome a mabedi le boraro ka ngwaga wa 2019, balaodi ba China ba ne ba atolosa Wikipedia go nna mefuta ya dipuo tsotlhe.<ref>Gandolfo, Ryan. "[http://www.thatsmags.com/beijing/post/27660/wikipedia-currently-down-in-china Wikipedia Currently Down in China"]. That's Beijing. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190424081614/http://www.thatsmags.com/beijing/post/27660/wikipedia-currently-down-in-china Archived] from the original on April 24, 2019. Retrieved April 24, 2019.</ref><ref>Sukhbir Singh; Arturo Filastò; Maria Xynou (May 4, 2019). [https://ooni.io/post/2019-china-wikipedia-blocking/ "China is now blocking all language editions of Wikipedia"]. Open Observatory of Network Interference. Retrieved May 7, 2019. The following chart, based on OONI data, illustrates that multiple language editions of Wikipedia have been blocked in China as of April 2019.{...}OONI measurements show that many of these Wikipedia domains were previously accessible, but all measurements collected from 25 April 2019 onwards present the same DNS anomalies for all Wikipedia sub-domains.{...}Based on these tests, we were able to conclude that China Telecom does in fact block all language editions of Wikipedia by means of both DNS injection and SNI filtering.</ref> Nako ya go thibela e ne ya tsamaisana le [[:en:30th_anniversary_of_the_1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests|ngwaga wa masome a mararo a segopotso]] wa [[:en:1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre|ditshupetso le polao ya batho ba le bantsi kwa Tiananmen Square ka ngwaga wa 1989]] le ngwaga wa bo lekgolo wa [[:en:May_Fourth_Movement|Mokgatlho wa Motsheganong wa Bone]], mme seo sa felela ka gore [[:en:Internet_censorship_in_China|inthanete e tlhotlhomisiwe thata kwa China.]]<ref>[https://www.news18.com/news/world/ahead-of-tiananmen-anniversary-chinese-government-blocks-wikipedia-2142621.html "Ahead of Tiananmen Anniversary, Chinese Government Blocks Wikipedia"]. News18. May 15, 2019. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190602223335/https://www.news18.com/news/world/ahead-of-tiananmen-anniversary-chinese-government-blocks-wikipedia-2142621.html Archived] from the original on June 2, 2019. Retrieved June 2, 2019.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Phatwe ka ngwaga wa 2019, go ya ka Alexa.com, Wikipedia e ne ya wela tlase go tswa mo maemong a botlhano go ya kwa maemong a bosupa mo lefelong la tshedimosetso mo lefatsheng ka ntlha ya go dirisa inthanete mo lefatsheng lotlhe.<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20200825070245/https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org wikipedia.org Competitive Analysis, Marketing Mix and Traffic – Alexa"]. alexa.com. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20200825070245/https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org the original] on August 25, 2020. Retrieved February 10, 2018.</ref> Ka one ngwaga oo, kopololo ya Wikipedia e ne ya romelwa kwa Ngweding, e le karolo ya [[:en:Arch_Mission_Foundation|lefelo la go bala la Arch Lunar]]. Ka ntlha ya go palelwa, sefofane se se dirisang mollo go fofa se ne sa thula mo godimo ga Ngwedi, mme, ka ntlha ya tiriso ya di polokelo tse di kgethegileng, tse di kgonang go emelana le nickel, go dumelwa gore kopololo e ne ya falola go thula.<ref>Taylor, Chris (April 17, 2019). [https://mashable.com/article/moon-library-beresheet-crash-wikipedia "There may be a copy of Wikipedia somewhere on the moon. Here's how to help find it"]. Mashable. Retrieved March 30, 2026.</ref> === Ngwagasome wa boraro: 2020–gompieno === Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong a tlhola malatsi a le masome a mararo ka ngwaga wa 2020, setlhogo sa didikadike di le thataro, e leng lokwalo la botshelo lwa ga [[:en:Maria_Elise_Turner_Lauder|Maria Elise Turner Lauder,]] se ne sa tsenngwa mo Wikipedia ya Seesemane. Le fa go ne go na le kgolo e ya dipego, go dirisana ga Wikipedia mo inthaneteng ya lefatshe lotlhe, jaaka go lekanngwa ke Alexa, go ne ga tswelela go fokotsega. Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2020, Wikipedia e ne ya wela mo lefelong la tshedimosetso ya bolesome le bongwe mo lefatsheng ka ntlha ya go dirisa inthanete mo lefatsheng lotlhe.<ref name=":15">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200825070245/https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org "wikipedia.org Competitive Analysis, Marketing Mix and Traffic – Alexa"]. alexa.com. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20200825070245/https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org the original] on August 25, 2020. Retrieved February 10, 2018.</ref> Bobedi jwa go bega ga Wikipedia ga mathata a [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic|bolwetsi jo bo neng jwa amana lefatshe lotlhe la COVID-19]] le diphetogo tse di tshegetsang, dipuisano, le e leng go phimolwa go ne go akanngwa gore ke motswedi o o mosola go bo ra ditso ba isago ba ba batlang go tlhaloganya paka eo ka botlalo.<ref>Harrison, Stephen (May 27, 2020). [https://slate.com/technology/2020/05/wikipedia-coronavirus-information-future-historians.html "Future Historians Will Need Access to Coronavirus Misinformation]". Slate. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200527165139/https://slate.com/technology/2020/05/wikipedia-coronavirus-information-future-historians.html Archived] from the original on May 27, 2020. Retrieved June 9, 2020.</ref> [[:en:World_Health_Organization|Mokgatlho wa Lefatshe wa Boitekanelo]] o dirisane mmogo le Wikipedia jaaka motswedi wa konokono wa go anamisa tshedimosetso e e amanang le COVID-19 jaaka go thusa go lwantshana go anama ga tshedimosetso e e fosegileng.<ref>Matt, Chase (January 9, 2021). [https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higherhttps://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher "Wikipedia is 20, and its reputation has never been highe]r". [[:en:The_Economist|The Economist]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221231224550/https://www.economist.com/international/2021/01/09/wikipedia-is-20-and-its-reputation-has-never-been-higher Archived] from the original on December 31, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2021.</ref><ref>McNeil, Donald G. (October 22, 2020). [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/22/health/wikipedia-who-coronavirus-health.html "Wikipedia and W.H.O. Join to Combat Covid-19 Misinformation"]. [[:en:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times.]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20201227064918/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/22/health/wikipedia-who-coronavirus-health.html Archived] from the original on December 27, 2020. Retrieved October 25, 2020.</ref> ==== Ngwaga wa 2021 ==== Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong ka ngwaga wa 2021, [[:en:Wikipedia:20th_anniversary|ngwaga wa masome a mabedi wa segopotso sa Wikipedia]] o ne wa lemogiwa mo metsweding ya dikgang.<ref>Kelly, Heather (January 15, 2021). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/01/15/wikipedia-20-year-anniversary/ "Technology: On its 20th birthday, Wikipedia might be the safest place online]". [[:en:The_Washington_Post|The Washington Post]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210905012756/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/01/15/wikipedia-20-year-anniversary/ Archived] from the original on September 5, 2021. Retrieved January 16, 2021. The world's largest online encyclopedia has learned lessons from fighting misinformation for two decades</ref><ref>Kent, German (January 15, 2021). "[https://www.cnet.com/news/in-a-post-truth-world-we-need-wikipedia-more-than-ever/ In a post-truth world, we need Wikipedia more than ever]". [[:en:CNET|CNET]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220221144855/https://www.cnet.com/news/in-a-post-truth-world-we-need-wikipedia-more-than-ever/ Archived] from the original on February 21, 2022. Retrieved January 16, 2021. Commentary: Wikipedia celebrated its 20th anniversary today. The free encyclopedia may not be exciting, but its neutral, volunteer-driven content is incredibly valuable.</ref><ref>"[https://www.dw.com/en/world-in-progress-20-years-of-wikipedia/av-56212410 World in Progress: 20 years of Wikipedia]" (Audio). [[:en:Deutsche_Welle|Deutsche Welle]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221005082902/https://www.dw.com/en/world-in-progress-20-years-of-wikipedia/av-56212410 Archived] from the original on October 5, 2022. Retrieved January 17, 2021. The year marks the 20th anniversary of Wikipedia. Every month, more than 1.7 billion people visit the open-source website in search of information about, well, just about anything! We speak with Dr. Bernie Hogan from the [[:en:Oxford_Internet_Institute|Oxford Internet Institute]] about Wikipedia's successes, where it fits into the discrimination crisis, and the website's future.</ref><ref>[[:en:Jimmy_Wales|Wales, Jimmy]] (January 14, 2021). [https://news.yahoo.com/wikipedia-turns-20-aims-reach-035212015.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly9zZWFyY2gueWFob28uY29tLw&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAHKHaTI72xUEUz_BdVPt8DFvi-uLdmApcbSckrJrAbM_GpTwHsHtNHRdxX-KYAS6xk81e_p_w46bfh10PJVV7cmUzE-pWR5gsID2T8Kd1k0u-2r78p4Y4V16CKTPFcWRJzV0LwQMJyuEeeR7Vv-_lfVBiCT30KvF47aGzyE3QP-a "As Wikipedia turns 20 it aims to reach more readers"]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220923105157/https://news.yahoo.com/wikipedia-turns-20-aims-reach-035212015.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly9zZWFyY2gueWFob28uY29tLw&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAHKHaTI72xUEUz_BdVPt8DFvi-uLdmApcbSckrJrAbM_GpTwHsHtNHRdxX-KYAS6xk81e_p_w46bfh10PJVV7cmUzE-pWR5gsID2T8Kd1k0u-2r78p4Y4V16CKTPFcWRJzV0LwQMJyuEeeR7Vv-_lfVBiCT30KvF47aGzyE3QP-a Archived] from the original on September 23, 2022. Retrieved January 17, 2021 – via [[:en:Yahoo!|Yahoo]]!. Wikipedia is the web's seventh-most visited site</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e tlhola malalatsi a le lesome le boraro ka ngwaga wa 2021, Wikipedia ya Seesemane e ne ya fitlhelela diphetogo di le dibilione di le nngwe, koo tseleganyo ya bobilione e neng ya dirwa ke [[:en:Steven_Pruitt|Steven Pruitt]]<ref>"[https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-english-language-wikipedia-just-had-its-billionth-edit/ The English Language Wikipedia Just Had Its Billionth Edit"]. [[:en:Vice_(magazine)|Vice]]. January 15, 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210115145145/https://www.vice.com/en/article/k7appn/the-english-language-wikipedia-just-had-its-billionth-edit Archived] from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved February 26, 2021.</ref> [[:en:MIT_Press|MIT Press]] e gatisitse buka e e [[:en:Open_access|bulegileng ya ditlhamo]] [[:en:Wikipedia_@_20|''Wikipedia @ 20'']]: ''Dikgang tsa Phetogo e e sa Fediwang'', e e rulagantsweng ke [[:en:Joseph_M._Reagle_Jr.|Joseph Reagle]] le Jackie Koerner ka ditshwaelo go tswa go ba-Wikipedia ba ba tlhageletseng, ba-Wikimedia, babatlisisi, babegadikgang, ba lefelo la dibuka le baitseanape ba bangwe ba ba akanyang ka ditiragalo tse di rileng le<ref>Reagle, Joseph; Koerner, Jackie, eds. (2020). [https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/wikipedia-20 Wikipedia @ 20: Stories of an Incomplete Revolution]. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0262538176|978-0262538176.]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20220716055539/https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/wikipedia-20 Archived] from the original on July 16, 2022. Retrieved November 12, 2021.</ref>. Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele ka ngwaga wa 2021, Wikipedia e ne e wetse mo lefelong la tshedimosetso ya bolesometharo mo lefatsheng ka ntlha ya go dirisa inthanete mo lefatsheng lotlhe.<ref name=":15" /> ==== Ngwaga wa 2022 ==== Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e tlhola malatsi a le borataro ka ngwaga wa 2022, Modiri wa Wikipedia Richard Knipel o ne a tlhama setlhogo sa [[:en:Artwork_title|setlhogo sa Botaki]], se poeletso ya sone ya ntlha e neng e le mokwalo yo o santseng o tla baakangwa e e tlhagisitsweng ke [[:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] e Knipel a neng a e dirile diphetogo tse dinnye go tsamaisana thata le maemo a Wikipedia. Knipel o boletse mo [[:en:Talk_page|tsebeng ya puisano]] gore o dumela gore ke lekgetlo la ntlha mongwe a dirisa ChatGPT go tlhama pego ya Wikipedia. Go romelwa ga pego e go ne ga kgalwa ke barulaganyi ba bangwe mme ga tsosa kganetsano mo setšhabeng sa Wikipedia, mme se sa dira gore go nne le kganetsano e e tseneletseng ka gore a ChatGPT le dikai tse di tshwanang le yone di tshwanetse go dirisiwa mo go kwaleng diteng tsa Wikipedia le gore, fa go le jalo, di tshwanetse go dirisiwa go le kana kang.<ref>Harrison, Stephen (January 12, 2023). [https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/chatgpt-wikipedia-articles.html "Should ChatGPT Be Used to Write Wikipedia Articles?]". Slate. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230128200141/https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/chatgpt-wikipedia-articles.html Archived] from the original on January 28, 2023. Retrieved January 30, 2023.</ref> ==== Ngwaga wa 2023 ==== Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong ka ngwaga wa 2023, segokaganyi sa sesupa ditlhaka sa tafole sa Wikipedia se ne sa fetolwa lekgetho la ntlha fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 2010, go nna sebopedgo se sesha se se bitswang [[:en:Vector_2022|Vector 2022]].<ref>"[[foundationsite:news/2023/01/18/wikipedia-gets-a-fresh-new-look-first-desktop-update-in-a-decade-puts-usability-at-the-forefront/|Wikipedia Gets a Fresh New Look: First Desktop Update in a Decade Puts Usability at the Forefront]]". Wikimedia Foundation. January 18, 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230119234339/https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/01/18/wikipedia-gets-a-fresh-new-look-first-desktop-update-in-a-decade-puts-usability-at-the-forefront/ Archived] from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved January 20, 2023.</ref> Segokakanyi sa modirisi se segolo se sesha se ne sa nyatswa thata ke badirisi. Dikganetso tse dintsi di ne di tlhomile mogopolo mo thulaganyong ya bophara jo bo tlhomameng, e e neng ya dira gore go nne le sebaka se sesweu se se feteletseng mo dintlheng tsa dimonithara tse di bulegileng, mme se sa dira gore go nne le motlotlo wa mafoko a le dikete tse borobabongwe wa gore a letlalo le lesha le tshwanetse go nna le le tlwaelesegileng. [[:en:Swahili_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Seswahili]] e ne ya tlhopa ka bongwefela jwa pelo go gana letlalo le lesha mme "ka bokhutshwane" ya batla gore go boelwe kwa letlalong la bogologolo. Go tshwaiwa phoso go gongwe go ne ga lebisiwa kwa Mokgatlhong wa Wikimedia ka go thapa setlhopha sa batlhami se se nang le maitemogelo a a lekanyeditsweng mo diwiki. Brandon Harris, yo e neng e le motlhami yo mogolo kwa Wikipedia go tloga ka ngwaga wa 2010 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 2014, o ne a re: "Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia gantsi o thapa batlhami ba ba sa tlwaelanang le baagi, mme ba tsena abo ba leka go dira diphetogo tseo tsotlhe—ba taboga ka tlhogo pele go nna shaga ya modumo —mme baagi ba gana ka tsela e e utlwalang]".<ref name=":20">Rauwerda, Annie (January 18, 2023). [https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html "Wikipedia's Redesign Is Barely Noticeable. That's the Point"]. Slate. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230120005241/https://slate.com/technology/2023/01/wikipedia-redesign-vector-2022-skin.html Archived] from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved January 20, 2023.</ref> [[Setshwantsho:Wikimedia Sound Logo Finalist VQ97.wav|thumb|Letshwao la modumo la Wikimedia (go akaretsa le Wikipedia)<ref name=":16">[[foundationsite:news/2023/03/28/wikipedias-new-sound-logo-winner/|"Wikipedia's new sound logo: Winner of The Sound of All Human Knowledge contest announced".]] Wikimedia Foundation. March 28, 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230406101352/https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/03/28/wikipedias-new-sound-logo-winner/ Archived] from the original on April 6, 2023. Retrieved May 2, 2023.</ref>]] Morago ga therisano le kgaisano, letshwao [[:en:Sound_logo|la ntlha la modumo]] la Wikimedia (go akaretsa le Wikipedia) le ne la amogelwa.<ref name=":16" /> ==== Ngwaga wa 2024 ==== Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e tlhola malatsi a lelesome le boraro, ka ngwaga wa 2024, kopololo ya Wikipedia ya Seesemane, e e bolokilweng mo [[:en:5D_optical_data_storage|polokelong ya tshedimosetso ya 5D optical]], e ne ya tsenngwa mo lefelong la patlisiso le le ka fa tlase ga lefatshe kwa Switzerland, le le nang le kgonagalo ya go bolokwa dingwaga di ka nna dibilione di le lesome le bone, ka ntlha ya maranyane ya polokelo e e dirisitsweng. Kopololo e ka balega ka go dirisa [[:en:Microscope|sedirisiwa sa go godisa dilo tse dinnye gore di bonale sentle]], kwantle ga go tlhoka go dirisa [[:en:Digital_electronics|thekenoloji ya maranyane a segompieno]] .<ref>"[https://www.archmission.org/gkv Global Knowledge Vault]". Arch Mission Foundation - Preserving humanity forever, in space and on Earth. Retrieved May 26, 2026.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole a tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 2024, kopololo ya Wikipedia ya Seesemane e ne ya goroga ka katlego mo Ngweding, jaaka karolo ya lenaneo la Galactic Legacy Archive. Thomo e ne ya dirwa ke [[:en:Intuitive_Machines|Metšhini ya Intuitive]], fa sefofane se se dirisang mollo sone se ne sa itsisiwe semmuso ke [[:en:SpaceX|SpaceX]]. Tshedimosetso e e ne e bolokilwe jaaka e e dirisang dikarolo di le lesome le borataro tsa nickel, mme go akanyediwa gore e ka nna mo godimo ga Ngwedi dingwaga di ka nna dibilione di le tlhano. <ref>"[https://www.archmission.org/galactic-legacy-archive Galactic Legacy Archive]". Arch Mission Foundation - Preserving humanity forever, in space and on Earth. Retrieved May 26, 2026.</ref> ==== Ngwaga wa 2025 ==== ==== Ngwaga wa 2026 ==== [[Setshwantsho:Work-in-progress animation of the Wikipedia 25 birthday mascot scrolling on a phone.gif|thumb|Setshwantsho sa Baby Globe e tsamayatsamaya mo mogaleng wa letheka]] Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong a tlhola malatsi a le lesome le botlhano, Wikipedia e ne ya keteka ngwaga wa yone wa masome a mabedi le botlhano.<ref>[https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-026-00074-1 "Wikipedia is needed now more than ever, 25 years on"]. Nature. 649 (8099): 1079–1080. January 28, 2026. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/d41586-026-00074-1|10.1038/d41586-026-00074-1]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687 1476-4687.]</ref> Go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditokomane le "lebokoso la go boloka dilo tsa nako" jaaka karolo ya meletlo.<ref>Roth, Emma (January 15, 2026). [https://www.theverge.com/news/861935/wikipedia-25th-anniversary-2026 "Wikipedia turns 25 and shares a glimpse into the lives of its volunteer editors]". The Verge. Retrieved February 25, 2026.</ref> Go ne ga gololwa setshwantsho se se tlhamilweng ke modirisi BaduFerreira se se bidiwang [[:en:Baby_Globe|Baby Globe]]. E ne ya tlhagelela fa mokgwa wa letsatsi la matsalo o ne o kgontshitswe mo Wikipedia. Go ne ga tlhamiwa [[:en:Plush|seaparo]] sa Baby Globe se se ka [[:en:Collectable|kokoanngwang]] ka tirisanommogo le Makeship.<ref>Fear, Natalie (January 15, 2026). [https://www.creativebloq.com/design/wikipedia-unveils-adorable-mascot-for-25th-anniversary "Wikipedia's new mascot is too cute for words"]. Creative Bloq. Retrieved February 25, 2026.</ref> Baby Globe e ne ya tlosiwa mo lefelong la Wikipedia ka kgwedi ya Moranang a le malatsi a le supa.<ref>"[[foundationsite:wikipedia25/wikipedia-mascot/|Meet Baby Globe, Wikipedia's 25th birthday mascot]]". Wikimedia Foundation. Retrieved April 14, 2026.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo a tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le bosupa, Wikipedia e ne ya thibela tiriso ya diteng tse di tlhamilweng ke [[:en:Large_language_model|di-LLM]] mo dipegong tsa yone, kwa ntle ga dithanolo le diphetogo tse dinnye tsa di kopololo.<ref>Milman, Oliver (March 27, 2026). [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2026/mar/27/wikipedia-bans-ai "Wikipedia bans AI-generated content in its online encyclopedia"]. The Guardian. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077 0261-3077]. Retrieved March 31, 2026.</ref><ref>"[https://www.newsweek.com/wikipedia-bans-ai-content-after-debate-11746790 Wikipedia bans one type of content after 'heated debate']". Newsweek. March 27, 2026. Retrieved March 31, 2026.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong a tlhola malatsia le lesome le bongwe, Wikipedia e ne ya golola Kgwetlho ya go Bala ya Ngwaga wa bo masome a mabedi le botlhano ya tiriso ya iOS go tloga ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le bongwe go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le borobabobedi mme Baby Globe e ne ya tlhagisiwa gape.<ref>"[[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge|Wikimedia Apps/Team/25th Birthday Reading Challenge"]]. MediaWiki. May 11, 2026. Retrieved June 14, 2026.</ref> == Ditso go ya ka maphata a thuto == === Didirisiwa tsa sesupaditlhaka le mananeo a sesupaditlhaka === Pego ya konokono: [[:en:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] ''Mananeo a sesupaditlhaka a a tsamaisang Wikipedia, le sedirisiwa sa sesupaditlhaka, mafelo a polokelo a di server le ditsamaiso tse dingwe tse Wikipedia e ikaegileng ka tsone.'' * Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong ka ngwaga wa 2001, Wikipedia e ne ya tsamaya mo [[:en:UseModWiki|UseModWiki]], e e kwadilweng ka [[:en:Perl|Perl]] ke [[:en:Clifford_Adams|Clifford Adams]]. Sesupaditlhaka se se fang disupaditlhaka tse dingwe ditirelo le tshedimosetso mo mafaratlhatlheng e ne e sa ntse e dirisa [[:en:Linux|Linux]], le fa mokwalo wa ntlha o ne o bolokilwe mo sedirisweng sa polokelo sa faele go na le mo polokelong ya tshedimosetso ya database . Ditlhogo di ne di bidiwa ka mokgwa wa [[:en:CamelCase|CamelCase]]. * Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong ka ngwaga wa 2002, "Kgato ya bobedi" ya mananeo a sesupa ditlhaka ya wiki e e fang Wikipedia maatla e ne ya tlhagisiwa, e e neng ya emisetsa [[:en:UseModWiki|UseModWiki]] ya bogologolo. E kwaletswe lenaneo leo ka tlhamalalo ke [[:en:Magnus_Manske|Magnus Manske]], e ne e akaretsa [[:en:Wiki_engine|enjene ya wiki]] ya [[:en:PHP|PHP]]. * Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ka ngwaga wa 2002, [[:en:Rewrite_(programming)|go kwalwa sešwa mo gogolo]] ga mananeo a sesupaditlhaka e e fang Wikipedia maatla go ne ga simolola; e e bidiwang "Kgato ya boraro", e ne ya tsaya sebaka sa mofuta wa bogologolo wa "Kgato ya bobedi", mme ya nna [[:en:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]]. E kwadilwe ke [[:en:Lee_Daniel_Crocker|Lee Daniel Crocker]] go tsibogela ditlhokego tse di oketsegang tsa lenaneo le le golang. * Ka kgwedi ya Phalane ka ngwaga wa 2002, Derek Ramsey o ne a tlhama [[:en:Internet_bot|bot]] – thulaganyo e e itirisang e e bidiwang [[:en:Rambot|Rambot]] – go oketsa palo e ntsi ya dipego tse di buang ka ditoropo tsa lefatshe la United States; dipego tseo di ne tsa tlhagisiwa ka go itirisa go tswa mo tshedimosetsong ya [[:en:U.S._census|palobatho ya U.S.]] Ka jalo o ne a oketsa palo ya dipego tsa Wikipedia ka dikete tse masome a mararo le boraro le makgolo a borobabobedi le masome a mararo le bobedi.<ref>[[:en:Andrew_Lih|Lih, Andrew]] (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=AWuZAAAAQBAJ&q=%22Derek+Ramsey+%28Wikipedian%29%22 ''The Wikipedia Revolution'']. Hachette Digital, Inc. pp. 99–106. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1401395858|978-1401395858]].</ref> Se se biditswe "kgato e e tsosang kganetsano go gaisa mo ditsong tsa Wikipedia"<ref>Lih, p. 99.</ref> * Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong ka ngwaga wa 2003, go ne ga okediwa ka tshegetso ya sekaelo tsa dipalo mo [[:en:TeX|TeX]]. Ditaelo tse di kwadilweng ka puo ya sesupaditlhaka di ne tsa ntshiwa ke Tomasz Węgrzanowski. * Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e tlhola malatsi a a robangbongweka ngwaga wa 2003, segokaganyi sa [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]] sa Wikipedia se ne sa fetolwa go dira gore di-ISBN mo dipegong di golagane le E kgethegileng:Metswedi ya Dibuka, e e tsayang diteng tsa yone go tswa mo tsebeng e e ka rulaganngwang ke modirisi ya [[:en:Wikipedia:Book_sources|Wikipedia:Metswedi ya dibuka]]. Pele ga se, dintlha tsa kgokagano ya ISBN di ne tsa tsenngwa khoutu mo lenaneong la sesupa ditshwantso mme go ne ga tshitshinngwa tse dišwa mo tsebeng ya Wikipedia:ISBN. Bona tseleganyo e e fetotseng se. * Morago ga kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e tlhola malatsi a le marataro ka ngwaga wa 2003, melaetsa e e farologaneng ya tsamaiso e e neng e bontshiwa badirisi ba Wikipedia e ne e sa tlhole e tsentswe [[:en:Hard_coding|dikhoutu tse di thata]], mme se se ne sa dira gore [[:en:Wikipedia:Administrators|batsamaisi]] ba Wikipedia ba kgone go fetola dikarolo dingwe tsa segokaganyi sa MediaWiki, jaaka molaetsa o o neng o bontshiwa badirisi ba ba thibetsweng. * Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 2004, ditiro tsa disupaditlhaka se se fang disupaditlhaka tse dingwe ditirelo le tshedimosetso mo mafaratlhatlheng di ne tsa fudusiwa go tswa kwa San Diego, kwa California go ya kwa [[:en:Tampa,_Florida|Tampa, kwa Florida]].<ref>"[[mailarchive:wikitech-l/2004-February/008420.html|Server swapping soon]]". lists.wikimedia.org. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140618061009/http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2004-February/008420.html Archived] from the original on June 18, 2014. Retrieved February 10, 2007.</ref> * Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong e thola malatsi ka ngwaga wa 2004, lefelo la tshedimosetso tsotlhe tse di farologaneng di ne tsa tlhabololwa go nna mofuta o mošwa wa mananeo a sesupaditlhaka sa [[:en:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]]. * Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mararo ka ngwaga wa 2004, go ne ga tlhagelela ditiragalo tsa ntlha tsa ditsenngwa tsa "go aroganngwa ka ditlhopha". Maano a ditlhopha, jaaka Diphetogo tsa Bosheng le Phetolo ya Tsebe E, di ne di ntse di le teng fa e sa le Wikipedia e tlhongwa. Le fa go ntse jalo, Sanger o ne a lebile maano jaaka manaane, le dipego tse di tsenngwang ka diatla, fa maiteko a go [[:en:Categorization|aroganya ka ditlhopa]] a ne a ikaegile ka ditsenngwa tsa go tlhaola ka ditlhopa ka bongwe mo pegong nngwe le nngwe ya ensaetlopedia, jaaka karolo ya go aroganya ka ditlhopha mo go golo mo go itirisang ga dipego tsa ensaetlopedia.<ref>[[:en:Wikipedia:Categorization|"Wikipedia:Categorization]]", Wikipedia. Retrieved 30 January 2007.</ref> * Morago ga kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e tlhola malatsi a le mararo ka ngwaga wa 2004, batsamaisi ba ne ba ka tseleganya mokgwa wa segokaganyi ka go fetola [[:en:Cascading_Style_Sheets|CSS]] mo pampiring ya mokgwa wa buka e le nngwe mo [[:en:MediaWiki:Monobook.css|MediaWiki:Monobook.css.]] * Gape ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ka ngwaga wa 2004, ka MediaWiki 1.3, go ne ga tlhamiwa lefelo la maina la mokwalo wa go rulaganya diteng, le le letlang go [[:en:Transclusion|tsenngwa]] ga ditlhangwa tse di tlwaelesegileng . * Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e tlhola malatsi a le supa ka ngwaga wa 2005 ka oura ya boraro mo mosong ka Nako e e [[:en:Eastern_Time_Zone|Tlwaelesegileng ya Botlhaba]], bontsi jwa sesupaditlhaka se se fang disupaditlhaka tse dingwe ditirelo le tshedimosetso mo mafaratlhatlheng tsa Wikimedia di ne tsa fudusediwa kwa lefelong le lesha le le ka kwa ga mmila. Mananeo otlhe a Wikimedia a ne a sa dire ka nako e. * Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2013, kgato ya ntlha ya polokelo ya tshedimosetso ya [[:en:Wikidata|Wikidata]] ya interwiki e ne ya nna teng mo dikgatisong tsotlhe tsa dipuo tsa Wikipedia.<ref name=":13" /> * Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ka ngwaga wa 2013, go ne ga tlhongwa segokaganyi sa go tseleganya sa VisualEditor, se se neng se letla badirisi go tseleganya Wikipedia ba dirisa morulaganyi wa mafoko wa [[:en:WYSIWYG|WYSIWYG]] (o o tshwanang le [[:en:Word_processor|modirisiwa wa go rulaganya mafoko]]) go na le [[:en:Wiki_markup|go tshwaya wiki]].<ref name=":18" /> Segokaganyi sa go fetolang se se tokafaditsweng didiriswa tsa mogala wa letheka le sone se ne sa gololwa.<ref name=":19" /> ==== '''Ponalo le mokgwa wa tiriso''' ==== ''Ponalo ya kwa ntle ya Wikipedia, tsela e e [[:en:Look_and_feel|lebegang ka yone, mokgwa o e dirang]] ka one, le letshwao la yone , tsotlhe jaaka di bonwa ke badirisi''. * Ka kgwedi ya Moranang e tlhola malatasi a le mane ka ngwaga wa 2002, BrilliantProse, e moragonyana e neng ya bidiwa Featured Articles (Ditlhogo tse di Tlhophilweng),<ref>[[:en:Wikipedia:Featured_articles|"Wikipedia:Featured articles"]]. Wikipedia. Retrieved 30 January 2007.</ref> e ne ya fudusiwa go tswa mo lefelong la pego go ya mo lefelong la Wikipedia. * Mo e ka nnangka kgwedi ya Phalane e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le botlhano ka ngwaga wa 2003, go ne ga tsenngwa letshwao le lesha la Wikipedia.<ref>"[[m:International_logo_vote/Finalists|International logo vote/Finalists".]] Meta-Wiki. Wikimedia. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060716073834/http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/International_logo_vote/Finalists Archived] from the original on July 16, 2006. Retrieved July 8, 2006.</ref> Kgopolo ya letshwao leo e ne ya tlhophiwa ka tshegetso ya ditlhopho, mme morago ga moo ga latela tshekatsheko ya go tlhopha mofuta o o gaisang. Letshwao la bofelo le ne la tlhamiwa ke David Friedland (yo o dirisang leina la “''nohat''” mo Wikipedia), le ikaegile ka mokgwa le kgopolo tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa ke Paul Stansifer. * Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 2004, karolo ya “Did You Know (DYK)” e ne ya tlhagelela la ntlha mo Tsebeng e Kgolo. * Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le boraro ka ngwaga wa 2004, ka nako ya ka oura ya bolesome le boferabongwe le metsotso e le masome a manê le borataro mo nakong ya UTC. Ponalo eo e ne ya akaretsa ditlhogo tse di tlhophilweng tsotlhe ka seatla, tse di neng di akaretsa:Setlhogo se se Tlhophilweng sa Letsatsi (Daily Featured Article),Ditiragalo tsa Segopotso (Anniversaries),Mo Dikgangnyeng (In the News),le Did You Know (DYK). * Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e tlola malatsi a le lesome ka ngwaga wa 2005, go ne ga tlhongwa porata ya dipuo tsotlhe mo atereseng ya www.wikipedia.org, e e neng ya emisetsa go romela badirisi ka tlhamalalo kwa Wikipedia ya Seesimane. * Ka la 5 Tlhakole 2005, [[:en:Portal:Biology|tsebe e e kgobokanyang dikgokagano le tshedimosetso tsotlhe tse di amanang le setlhogo sa :Biology]] e ne ya tlhamiwa, mme ya nna tsebe ya ntlha ya setlhogo sengwe (thematic portal) mo Wikipedia ya Seesimane. Le fa go ntse jalo, kgopolo eo e ne e setse e simolotswe mo Wikipedia ya Sejeremane, kwa [[:de:Portal:Recht|tsebe e e kgobokanyang dikgokagano le tshedimosetso tsotlhe tse di amanang le setlhogo sa Recht]] :Recht (Dithuto tsa Molao) e neng ya tlhongwa ka kgwedi ya Phalane ka ngwaga wa 2003.<ref>[[:de:Wikipedia:WikiProjekt Portale/2003|Portals on German Wikipedia ordered by date of creation.]]</ref> * Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le borataro ka ngwaga wa 2005, Wikipedia ya Seesimane e ne ya simolola mokgwa wa go tlhagisa setshwantsho se se tlhophilweng sa letsatsi mo Tsebeng e Kgolo. * Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo e tlhla malatsi a le lseome le borobabongwe ka ngwaga wa 2006, morago ga ditlhopho, Tsebe e konokono ya Wikipedia ya Seesimane e ne ya fetolwa sešwa la ntlha morago ga dingwaga di ka nna pedi. * Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le boraro ka ngwaga wa 2010, lefelo la tshedimosetso le ne la golola sebopego se sesha. Dikarolo tse disha di ne di akaretsa:letshwao le le ntšhafaditsweng, didirisiwa tse disha tsa go tsamaya mo lefelong la tshedimosetso ,le sedirisiwa sa go thusa go tlhama dikgokagano.<ref name=":17" /> === Diphetogo tsa thulaganyo ka ngwaga wa 2023 === ''"Vector 2022" e kaela gape fa. Go bona tshedimosetso ka go dirisa Vector 2022 mo Wikipedia, leba [[:en:Wikipedia:Vector_2022|Wikipedia:Vector 2022.]]'' [[Setshwantsho:Top of the Pluto page in the Vector skin.png|thumb]] [[Setshwantsho:Top of the Pluto page in the Vector 2022 skin.png|thumb|Pego ya Pluto mo Wikipedia ya Seesemane, e bontshiwa ka matlalo a Vector 2010 (ka fa molemeng) le Vector 2022 a kgontshitswe]] Vector 2022, e leng ntšhwafatso ya Vector 2010 ya sebopego sa pele sa Wikipedia, e ne ya itsisiwe ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ka ngwaga wa 2020, mme kwa tshimologong e ne e rulaganyeditswe go tlhagelela ka ngwaga wa 2021, pele ga e ka dirisiwa ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong ka ngwaga wa 2023.<ref name=":21">Kurtz, Jason (September 24, 2020). [https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/24/tech/wikipedia-redesign-trnd/index.html "Wikipedia due to get its first substantial website redesign in a decade]". CNN Business. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230120112945/https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/24/tech/wikipedia-redesign-trnd/index.html Archived] from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved January 20, 2023.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong ka ngwaga wa 2023, Wikimedia e ne e dirile gore ntšhwafatso e nne teng [[:en:List_of_Wikipedias|mo dikgatisong tsa yone tsa puo]] di le makgolo a mararo; e ne e le tlwaelo ya diphetolelo tsa Searabia le Segerika.<ref name=":22">Fingas, Jon (January 19, 2023). [https://www.engadget.com/wikipedia-desktop-web-redesign-211000932.html "Wikipedia's first desktop design update in a decade doesn't rock the boat (updated)"]. Engadget. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230119195554/https://www.engadget.com/wikipedia-desktop-web-redesign-211000932.html Archived] from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved January 20, 2023.</ref><ref name=":20" /><ref name=":23">[https://www.pcmag.com/news/wikipedia-desktop-site-gets-new-look-its-first-in-over-10-years "Wikipedia Desktop Site Gets New Look, Its First in Over 10 Years".] PC Magazine. January 18, 2023. [https://www.pcmag.com/news/wikipedia-desktop-site-gets-new-look-its-first-in-over-10-years Archived] from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved January 20, 2023.</ref> Vector 2022 e na le [[:en:User_interface|segokanyimmediamentsi sa sebolokigolo]] sa modirisi se se tlhabolotsweng se se dirang diphetogo tse dintsi mo thulaganyong ya dintlha tsa segokaganyi. Gareng ga tsone, lenaneo la go tlhopha puo, le pele le neng le le kafa molemeng wa sefatlhego sa sesupaditshwantsho, jaanong o fitlhelwa mo sekhutlong se se kwa godimo sa moja sa pontsho ya setlhogo se se balwang gone jaanong.<ref name=":23" /> Mo godimo ga moo, bara e e kafa thoko e kgona go phuthega ka fa morago ga [[:en:Hamburger_button|konopo ya hamburger]]. Vector 2022 gape e oketsa [[:en:Margin_(typography)|dintlha]] tsa pontsho ya dipego, e e nang le phelelo ya go lekanyetsa bophara jwa pego;<ref name=":23" /> go na le toggle e e ka fokotsang dintlha le go atolosa bophara jwa mola wa pego go tlatsa sefatlhego sa sesupaditshwantso.<ref name=":24">Perez, Sarah (January 18, 2023). [https://techcrunch.com/2023/01/18/wikipedia-gets-its-first-makeover-in-over-a-decade-and-its-fairly-subtle/ "Wikipedia gets its first makeover in over a decade... and it's fairly subtle"]. techcrunch.com. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230119214848/https://techcrunch.com/2023/01/18/wikipedia-gets-its-first-makeover-in-over-a-decade-and-its-fairly-subtle/ Archived] from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved January 20, 2023.</ref><ref name=":20" /> Bogolo jwa mokwalo jo bo dirisiwang ka tlwaelo ga bo ise bo okediwe, le fa [[:en:Wikimedia_Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] o boleletse ''Engadget'' gore o solofela go dira se kgetho mo isagong.<ref name=":22" /> Tiro ya patlo le yone e ne ya tlhabololwa mo Vector 2022, ka gonne maduoa a ntshitshitsweng go araba dipotso tsa modirisi jaanong di akaretsa ditshwantsho le ditlhaloso tse dikhutshwane go tswa mo ditsebeng tse go buiwang ka tsone.<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":25">Nguyen, Britney. [https://www.businessinsider.com/new-wikipedia-update-looks-different-desktop-redesign-2023-1 "It's not just you  – Wikipedia looks different"]. ''Business Insider''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230120012218/https://www.businessinsider.com/new-wikipedia-update-looks-different-desktop-redesign-2023-1 Archived] from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved January 20, 2023.</ref> [[:en:Wikimedia_Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] o ne wa bolela gore phetogo eno e ne e tlhotlhelediwa ke keletso ya go dira gore lefelo leno le nne la segompieno le go tokafatsa maitemogelo a go tsamaya le go tseleganya mo babading ba ba senang maitemogelo a maranyane, ka gonne letlalo la pele le ne le tsewa le le "le le sa siamang le le le fekeetsang."<ref name=":21" /><ref name=":22" /><ref name=":24" /> Diteko tse di dirilweng ke motheo di ne tsa oketsa maduo a mokgatlho oo ka koketsego ya badirisi ba dipatlisiso ka karolo ya masome a mararo mo lekgolong, le phokotsego ya karolo ya lesome le botlhano mo lekgolong ya go tsamayatsamaya mo lefelong la tshedimosetso.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":24" />Diphetolelo tsa ntlha tsa Vector 2022 di ne tsa simolola go dirisiwa la ntlha ka ngwaga wa 2020 mo mafelong a Wikipedia a puo ya Sefora, Sehebera le Sepotokisi,<ref name=":21" /> ​​jaaka fa dikarolo tse disha tsa sebopego di ne di anamisiwa mo badirising gore di lekwe ka iketlo pele ga le gololwa ka botlalo.<ref>Lyles, Taylor (September 24, 2020). [https://www.theverge.com/2020/9/23/21453300/wikipedia-desktop-redesign-2021 "Wikipedia is getting its first desktop redesign in 10 years".] The Verge. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230120152848/https://www.theverge.com/2020/9/23/21453300/wikipedia-desktop-redesign-2021 Archived] from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved January 20, 2023.</ref> Sebopego se ne sa simolola go dirisiwa jaaka lsebopego se se tlwaelesegileng la babadi ba mafelo a Wikimedia ka dipuo di le makgolo a mararo (mo go tse makgolo a mararo le lesome le borobabobedi) ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le borobabobedi ka ngwaga wa 2023.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":20" /><ref name=":23" /> Morago ga go anamisa mo gontsi ga Vector 2022, go santse go kgonega go bala Wikipedia o dirisa sebopego se se fetileng. Le fa go ntse jalo, go dira jalo go tlhoka gore babadi ba ikwadisetse lenaneo le le letlellang go tsena mo Wikipedia, mme morago ba tlhome ditlhopho tsa bone go bontsha Vector 2010 boemong jwa seo.<ref name=":23" /> Ga go na diphetogo tse di dirilweng mo dibopegong tsa Wikipedia jaaka Monobook le Timeless, tse le tsone di sa ntseng di le teng go ka dirisiwa.<ref name=":20" /><ref>[https://gizmodo.com/wikipedia-wikimedia-online-encyclopedia-1850002977 "Try and Spot the Differences in Wikipedia's First New Look in 11 Years]". Gizmodo. January 18, 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230119134259/https://gizmodo.com/wikipedia-wikimedia-online-encyclopedia-1850002977 Archived] from the original on January 19, 2023. Retrieved January 20, 2023.</ref> [[:en:Wikipedia_users|Badirisi ba Wikipedia]] ba ne ba kgaogane ka diphetogo tse. Kopo ya tshwaelo mo [[:en:English_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Seesemane]] e e botsang baagi gore a Vector 2022 e tshwanetse go dirisiwa kgotsa nnyaa jaaka sebopego sa tlwaelo se kokoantse mafoko a a fetang dikete tse masome a borobabongwe mo dikarabong.<ref name=":20" /> Batshwayadiphoso ba go tlhamiwa sešwa ba ne ba ganetsa thata [[:en:White_space_(visual_arts)|phatlha e e tshweu]] e e tlogetsweng e le lolea mo sebopegong se lešwa, fa badirisi ba bangwe ba ne ba nyatsa batshwayadiphoso ba re ba na le kganetso ya phetogo.<ref name=":20" /> Barulaganyi ba le lekgolo le masome a marataro le botlhano ba ba neng ba tsaya karolo mo motlotlong ba ne ba sa amogele letlalo le lešwa, fa ba le lekgolo le masome a matlhano a le boraro ba ne ba rata, mme ba le robongwe ba ne ba nna ba sa tseye letlhakore.<ref name=":26">Pearl, Mike (January 18, 2023). [https://mashable.com/article/new-wikipedia-redesign "Yes, Wikipedia looks weird. Don't freak out"]. ''Mashable''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230120012235/https://mashable.com/article/new-wikipedia-redesign Archived] from the original on January 20, 2023. Retrieved January 20, 2023.</ref><ref name=":20" /><ref>"[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3ARequests_for_comment%2FDeployment_of_Vector_%282022%29&diff=latest&oldid=1117412136 Wikipedia history page".] ''en.wikipedia.org''.</ref> Le fa go ne go na le palo e kgolo ya barulaganyi ba ba neng ba tlhagisa gore ga ba batle gore Vector 2022 e dirisiwe ka sebopego sa yone sa ga jaana, ka tumalano mo Wikipedia e sa tseelwe tshwetso ka tlhopo, puisane e ne ya tswalelwa go go tshegetsa sebobego se sesha, go akanyediwa ditshwaelo tse di siameng tse di tlogetsweng ke badirisi ba bangwe.<ref name=":26" /><ref name=":20" /> Batlhami ba Vector 2022 ba dirile diphetogo dingwe mo sebopegong go tsibogela ditshwaelo, tse di jaaka go tsenya toggle go kgontsha diteng tsa pego go tlatsa bophara jotlhe jwa sefatlhego sa sesupaditshwantso.<ref name=":20" /><ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Requests_for_comment/Deployment_of_Vector_(2022)&oldid=1138588215 "Wikipedia:Requests for comment/Deployment of Vector (2022)"]. February 10, 2023 – via Wikipedia.</ref> Badirisi ba [[:en:Swahili_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Seswahili]] ba ne ba sa dumalane ka bongwefela jwa pelo le go tsenngwa tirisong ga sebopego se lešwa.<ref name=":20" /> Babegadikgang ba ba neng ba tsibogela go anamisa ga Vector 2022 ba ne ba tsaya ntšhwafatso le dikarolo tse disha tse di tlhagisitsweng e le ditlaleletso tse di mosola, mme ka kakaretso ba ne ba tlhalosa sebopego jaaka ntšhwafatso e nnye e e neng ya se ka ya fetola maitemogelo a bone a go bala mo Wikipedia.<ref name=":25" /><ref name=":20" /> <ref name=":24" />[[:en:Annie_Rauwerda|Annie Rauwerda]], motlhami wa lenaneo la go letlella go tsena tsa media wa loago tsa [[:en:Depths_of_Wikipedia|Boteng jwa Wikipedia]], o kwadile mo [[:en:Slate_(magazine)|''Slate'']] gore Vector 2022 e ne e sa "farologane thata" le letlalo le le fetileng. Rauwerda o ne a lemoga gape go tshwana fa gare ga tsibogo ya baagi ba Wikipedia kgatlhanong le moakanyetso le dikganetso tsa nako e e fetileng tsa diphetogo tse di tshwanang tsa pono mo mafelong a a tlwaelegileng a a jaaka [[:en:Reddit|Reddit]].<ref name=":20" /> Rauwerda, le Mike Pearl wa ''Mashable'', ba ne ba akgela ka gore badirisi ba ba sa itumeleleng phetogo eo ba ka nna ba sekaseka mo motlotlong o o buang ka sebopego se, kgotsa ba dirisa ditiriso tsa go itebaganya tse di ageletsweng mo lefelong leo go fetola maitemogelo a bone a go bala.<ref name=":26" /><ref name=":20" /> === Dipopego tse di mo teng === ''Matshwao a naga mo setšhabeng sa Wikipedia, le tlhabololo ya mokgatlho wa yone, [[:en:Wikipedia:Administration|dibopego tsa ka fa gare]], le'' ''melawana.'' * Ka kgwedi ya Moranang ka ngwaga wa 2001, Wales e tlhalosa semmuso "ntlha ya pono e e sa tseyeng letlhakore",<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20010416035757/http://www.wikipedia.com/wiki/NeutralPointOfView NeutralPointOfView]". Wikipedia. Archived from [https://www.wikipedia.com/wiki/NeutralPointOfView the original] on April 16, 2001. Retrieved April 13, 2010.</ref> melawanaya konokono ya botseleganyi e e sa buisanelweng ya Wikipedia,<ref>"A few things are absolute and non-negotiable, though. NPOV for example." [https://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-November/008096.html in statement by Jimbo Wales in November 2003] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125190519/http://mail.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-November/008096.html|date=25 November 2005}} and, in this thread reconfirmed by [[mailarchive:wikien-l/2006-April/044388.html|Jimbo Wales in April 2006]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618224657/http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2006-April/044388.html|date=18 June 2014}} in the context of lawsuits.</ref> go tlhamiwa sešwa ga pholisi ya "Go tlhoka go tsaya letlhakore" e e tlhalositsweng ke Sanger ya Nupedia ka dikgakologo kgotsa ka selemo sa 2000, e e neng e akaretsa bontsi jwa melaometheo ya sa1.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20010331211742/http://www.nupedia.com/policy.shtml "Nupedia: Editorial Policy Guidelines"]. www.nupedia.com. March 31, 2001. Archived from [http://www.nupedia.com/policy.shtml the original] on March 31, 2001. Retrieved March 16, 2023. Nupedia articles are, in terms of their content, to be unbiased. There may be respectable reference works that permit authors to take recognizable stands on controversial issues, but this is not one of them ... "On every issue ... is it very difficult or impossible for the reader to determine what the view is to which the author adheres?" ... for each controversial view discussed, the author of an article (at a bare minimum) mention various opposing views that are taken seriously by any significant minority of experts (or concerned parties) on the subject ... In a final version of the article, every party to the controversy in question must be able to judge that its views have been fairly presented, or as fairly as is possible in a context in which other, opposing views must also be presented as fairly as possible.</ref> * Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ka ngwaga wa 2001, tirisanommogo ka setlhogo mo [[:en:Wikipedia:WikiProject|mananeong a a Wiki]] e ne ya tlhagisiwa.<ref>"[[:en:Wikipedia:WikiProject_proposal|Wikipedia:WikiProject proposal – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia"]]. English Wikipedia. May 18, 2008. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110506091041/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_proposal Archived] from the original on May 6, 2011. Retrieved April 13, 2010.</ref> * Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2002, matshwenyego ka ga kotsi ya go tlhotlhomisiwa le go rekisiwa ga yone mo isagong ke Bomis Inc (moamogedi wa ntlha wa Wikipedia) mmogo le go tlhoka netefaletso ya gore seno ga se kitla se diragala, go ne ga dira gore bontsi jwa batsayakarolo ba [[:es:|Wikipedia ya Sepanishe]] ba kgaogane le go e tlhoma ka nosi jaaka ''[[:en:Enciclopedia_Libre|Enciclopedia Libre]]''.<ref>[http://enciclopedia.us.es/index.php/Enciclopedia:Por_qu%E9_estamos_aqu%ED_y_no_en_es.wikipedia.org Why we are here and not in Wikipedia] [https://web.archive.org/web/20220710072544/http://enciclopedia.us.es/index.php/Enciclopedia:Por_qu%E9_estamos_aqu%ED_y_no_en_es.wikipedia.org Archived] 10 July 2022 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] (in Spanish, under GFDL)</ref> Morago ga go tlhalosiwa ga maemo a Wikipedia le gore ga e a dira kgwebo moragonyana mo ngwageng oo, dipuisano tsa go kopanngwa gape fa gare ga ''Enciclopedia Libre'' le Wikipedia ya Sepanishe e e neng ya tlhongwa sešwa di ne tsa nna teng ka dinako tse dingwe ka ngwaga wa 2002 le ngwaga wa 2003, mme ga go a ka ga fitlhelelwa tshwetso epe. Ka ngwaga wa 2011, ''Enciclopedia Libre'' e ne e tsewa e le mo kwelotlaseng;<ref>Tkacz, Nathaniel (January 20, 2011). [https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedia-spanish-fork/ "The Spanish Fork: Wikipedia's ad-fuelled mutiny"]. Wired. Retrieved August 21, 2025.</ref> e ne ya emisa go dira kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa 2024. * Gape ka ngwaga wa 2002, dintlha tsa melawana le mokgwa di ne tsa tlhalosiwa ka go tlhamiwa ga ''Bukana ya Mokgwa'', mmogo le melawana le dikaelo tse dingwe di le mmalwa.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style&oldid=171156 "Wikipedia:Manual of Style]", Wikipedia, August 23, 2002, retrieved March 16, 2023</ref> * Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2002, go ne ga tlhomiwa manaane a mašwa a go romela a WikiEN le Announce, mmogo le manaane a mangwe a go romelaka poso a puo, go fokotsa bontsi jwa batho ba ba tsenang mo manaaneng a go romela ka poso.<ref>"[https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_News/2002&oldid=486954 Wikimedia News/2002 – Meta"]. Meta.wikimedia.org. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150903231255/https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_News/2002&oldid=486954 Archived] from the original on September 3, 2015. Retrieved April 13, 2010.</ref> * Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ka ngwaga wa 2003, molao o o kgatlhanong le go fetola [[:en:Wikipedia:Autobiography|buka ya botshelo jwa motho]] o ne wa tlhagisiwa.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Autobiography&oldid=1220207 "Wikipedia:Autobiography – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia"]. En.wikipedia.org. July 30, 2003. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150903231255/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Autobiography&oldid=1220207 Archived] from the original on September 3, 2015. Retrieved April 13, 2010.</ref> * Ka kgwedi ya Phalane ka ngwaga wa 2003, kopano ya ntlha ya "nnete" ya badiri ba Wikipedia e ne ya diragala kwa [[:en:Munich|Munich]]. Ditoropo di le dintsi di ne tsa latela, mme go ise go ye kae go ne ga tlhomiwa dikokoano di le mmalwa tsa nako le nako tsa Wikipedia mo lefatsheng lotlhe. Merafe e le mmalwa tsa maranyane, go akaretsa le nngwe mo lefelong la tshedimosetso e e tumileng ya blog ya [[:en:LiveJournal|LiveJournal]], le tsone di tlhagile fa e sa le ka nako eo. * Go tloga ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e tlhola malatsi a le lesome go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Phatwe e thola malatsi a le masome a mararo ka ngwaga wa 2004 [[:en:Wikipedia:Browse|Wikipedia:Batla]] le [[:en:Wikipedia:Browse_by_overview|Wikipedia:Batla ka kakaretso]] tse pele di neng di le mo Tsebeng ya konokono di ne tsa emisediwa ka dikgokagano tsa kakaretso. Ka kgwedi ya Phatwe e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le bosupa ka ngwaga wa 2004 go ne ga simololwa ''Kgoro ya merafe'',<ref>"[[:en:Wikipedia:Community_Portal|Wikipedia:Community Portal]]", Wikipedia. Retrieved 30 January 2007.</ref> go dira jaaka tsepamo ya maiteko a morafe. Tse di ne di fitlhelelwa mo nakong e e fetileng ka tsela e e sa tlhomamang, ka dingongorego ka bongwe tsa Diphetogo tsa Bosheng, ka mokgwa wa wiki, jaaka tirisanommogo ya nakwana fa gare ga barulaganyi ba ba nang le mogopolo o o tshwanang. * Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse go fitlhela ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ya ngwaga wa 2005 morago ga [[:en:Wikipedia_Seigenthaler_biography_incident|kganetsano ya Seigenthaler]] le matshwenyego a mangwe a a tshwanang,<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons&oldid=31753956 "Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons"], Wikipedia, December 17, 2005, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210609020908/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons&oldid=31753956 archived] from the original on June 9, 2021, retrieved March 16, 2023</ref> dikarolo le melawana e le mmalwa tse di kgatlhanong le tirisobotlhaswa di ne tsa okediwa mo Wikipedia. Tse e ne e le: ** [[m:CheckUser Policy|Molawana wa "Checkuser]]" ([[:en:Software_tool|katoloso]] ya [[:en:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]] go thusa go lemoga tirisobotlhaswa ka go dirisa [[:en:Sock_puppet_account|sesupo sa modirisi mo lefelong la tshedimosetso sa maaka sa inthanete]]) e ne ya tlhongwa ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[m:CheckUser policy|"CheckUser policy]]", Meta-Wiki. Retrieved 25 January 2007. Checkuser function had previously existed but was known as Espionage – for example, in the Arbitration Committee [[:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2005-09-26/Arbitration_report|case of JarlaxleArtemis.]]</ref> Tiro ya [[:en:Checkuser|Checkuser]] e ne e le teng mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e tsewa jaaka sedirisiwa sa tsamaiso ka nako eo, ka jalo go ne go sa tlhokege molawana o o akaretsang tiriso ka tlwaelo.<ref>[[:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2005-10-17/News_and_notes|Checkuser proposal]] Wikipedia Signpost</ref> ** Go tlhamiwa ga ditsebe tse dišwa mo Wikipedia ya Seesemane go ne go lekanyeditswe fela barulaganyi ba ba neng ba tlhamile sesupo sa modirisi mo lefelong la tshedimosetso.<ref>[[:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2005-12-05/Page_creation_restrictions|"Page creation restrictions]]", Wikipedia Signpost / English Wikipedia. Retrieved 31 January 2007.</ref> ** Go tsenngwa le go amogelwa ka bonako ga molawana [[:en:Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_people|Wikipedia:Ditshedimosetso tsa batho ba ba tshelang]], go fa thulaganyo e e gagametseng thata ya taolo ya boleng le go tlhola dintlha mo dipegong tsa ditshedimosetso tse di amanang le batho ba ba tshelang. ** Tiro le molawana wa "semi-protection",<ref>[[:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2005-12-26/Semi-protection|"Semi-protection policy]]", Wikipedia Signpost / English Wikipedia. Retrieved 30 January 2007.</ref> e e letlang gore ditsebe di sirelediwe gore e nne fela ba ba nang le sesupo sa modirisi mo lefelong la tshedimosetso ba ba ka kgonang go fetola. *Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ka ngwaga wa 2006, go ne ga tlhagisiwa karolo e ntšha ya "botlhokomedi" mo Wikipedia ya Seesemane, e e letlang badirisi ba le mmalwa ba ba ikanyegang thata go phimolela ruri dipoeletso tsa tsebe tse di nang e e nang le tlolo ya ditshwanelo tsa mokwadi kgotsa tshedimosetso e e senyang seriti sa motho kgotsa ya motho mo ditsong tsa tsebe. Pele ga se, go phimola mofuta wa tsebe go ne go le bokete, mme gape mefuta e e phimotsweng e ne e nna e bonala mo batsamaising ba bangwe mme e ne e ka phimolwa ke bone. *Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong ka ngwaga wa 2007, setlhopha sa morafpotlana se se neng se bidiwa [[:en:Wikipedia:Esperanza|Esperanza]] se ne sa phatlaladiwa ka tumalano ya setšhaba. Esperanza e ne ya simolola e le maiteko a go rotloetsa “[[:en:Wikipedia:WikiLove|wikilove]]” (lorato le tlotlo magareng ga badirisi ba wiki) le mafaratlhatlha a tshegetso ya loago, mme morago ya itirela ngwao ya sone e e kgethegileng le dithulaganyo tsa sone tsa sephiri.<ref>[[:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2007-01-02/Experanza|Esperanza organization disbanded after deletion discussion]] Wikipedia Signpost 2 January 2007</ref> Go phatlaladiwa ga yone go ne ga tlhalosiwa e le tharabololo e e botlhoko mme e le botlhokwa mo lenaneong le le neng e letleletse barulaganyi go “ipona e le Ba-Esperanza pele ga tsotlhe.<ref>[[:en:WP:MFD/EA|"Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Wikipedia:Esperanza – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia"]]. En.wikipedia.org. Retrieved April 13, 2010.</ref>” Bontsi jwa mananeo a a mannye a Esperanza a ne a busediwa mo Wikipediang jaaka mananeo a a ikemetseng, mme bontsi jwa one jaanong ga a sa tlhole di dirisiwa. Fa setlhopha se ne se tlhamiwa ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ka ngwaga wa 2005, go ne go setse go na le matshwenyego a gore kwa bofelong se ne se tla atlholwa ka tsela eo. <ref>[[:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2005-09-19/Esperanza_group|New group aims to promote Wiki-Love]] Wikipedia Signpost 19 September 2005</ref> *Ka kgwedi ya Moranang ka ngwaga wa 2007, maduo a tshekatsheko ya molawana wa dikgwedi di le nne ke setlhopha sa tiro sa barulaganyi ba le makgolo a le mmalwa ba ba neng ba batla go kopanya melawana ya konokono ya Wikipedia go nna molawana o le mongwe wa konokono ([[:en:Wikipedia:Attribution|Wikipedia:Attribution]]) di ne tsa botsolodiwa go bona tshegetso ya morafe. Tshitshinyo ga e a ka ya bona tumalano; pono e e botlhokwa e ne ya bonala gore popego e e leng teng ya melawana e e meraro e e tiileng e e tsepameng e e akaretsang dikarolo tse di farologaneng tsa molwana, e ne e bonwa gangwe le gape e le e e thusang thata mo taolong ya boleng go na le tshitshinyo e le nngwe e e kopantsweng ka kakaretso. * Tiro le molawana ya "wa tshireletso yo sa hellang",<ref>"[[:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2005-12-26/Semi-protection|Semi-protection policy"]], Wikipedia Signpost / English Wikipedia. Retrieved 30 January 2007.</ref> o o letlang gore ditsebe di sirelediwe gore e nne fela ba ba nang le sesupo sa modirisi mo lefelong la tshedimosetso ba ba ka tseleganyang. === Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia le dithulaganyo tsa semolao === ''Sebopego sa semolao le sa [[:en:Wikimedia_Foundation|mokgatlo sa Wikimedia]] , balaodi ba yone, le ditiro tsa yone jaaka e le [[:en:Foundation_(nonprofit_organization)|mokgatlho]].'' * Ka kgwedi ya Phatwe ka ngwaga wa 2002, ka bonako morago ga gore Jimmy Wales a itsise gore ga a kitla a tsamaisa dipapatso tsa kgwebo mo Wikipedia, [[:en:Uniform_Resource_Locator|URL]] ya Wikipedia e ne ya fetolwa go tswa go ''wikipedia.com'' go ya go ''wikipedia.org'' ([[:en:.com|.com]] le [[:en:.org|.org]]). * Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ka ngwaga wa 2003, [[:en:Wikimedia_Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] o ne wa tlhongwa. * Komiti ya ditlhaeletsano e ne ya tlhamiwa ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong ka ngwaga wa 2006 go laola le dipotso tsa bobegakgang le melaetsa e e amogetsweng ya mokgatlho le Wikipedia ka [[:en:OTRS|OTRS]] e e sa tswang go tsenngwa tirisong (thulaganyo ya go tshwara ditekete). * Angela Beesley le [[:en:Florence_Nibart-Devouard|Florence Nibart-Devouard]] ba ne ba tlhophiwa go nna leloko la setlhopa sa batsamaisi sa [[:en:Trustee|Batlhokomedi]] ba [[:en:Wikimedia_Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]]. Ka nako eo, Angela o ne a le matlhagatlhaga mo go rulaganyeng diteng le go tlhoma melawana, e e jaaka melawana ya sephiri, mo teng ga mokgatlho.<ref>Riehle, Dirk. "[https://www.riehle.org/computer-science/research/2006/wikisym-2006-interview.html How and Why Wikipedia Works: An Interview with Angela Beesley, Elisabeth Bauer, and Kizu Naoko"]. riehle.org. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230316055531/https://www.riehle.org/computer-science/research/2006/wikisym-2006-interview.html Archived] from the original on March 16, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2023.</ref> * Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e tlhola malatsi a le lesome ka ngwaga wa 2006, ''Wikipedia'' e ne ya nna letshwaokgwebo le le kwadisitsweng la Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia.<ref>"[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2006-01-16/Trademark_registered&oldid=35499220 Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2006-01-16/Trademark registered".] Wikipedia. January 16, 2006. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150903231255/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2006-01-16/Trademark_registered&oldid=35499220 Archived] from the original on September 3, 2015. Retrieved January 14, 2007.</ref> * Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ka ngwaga wa 2006, Angela Beesley o ne a rola tiro mo botong ya [[:en:Wikimedia_Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170707225015/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Press_releases/Angela_Beesley_resigns_from_Wikimedia_Foundation_board "Angela Beesley resigns from Wikimedia Foundation board".] Wikimedia Foundation press release. July 7, 2006. Archived from [[foundationsite:wiki/Press_releases/Angela_Beesley_resigns_from_Wikimedia_Foundation_board|the original]] on July 7, 2017.</ref> * Ka kgwedi ya Phalane ka ngwaga wa 2006, [[:en:Florence_Nibart-Devouard|Florence Nibart-Devouard]] o ne a nna modulasetilo wa setlhopa sa batsamaisis sa Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia. === Dikgato tsa botlhokwa tsa diphetogo le mananeo === ''Ditsebe tsa konokono : [[:en:Wikipedia:Statistics|Wikipedia:Dipalopalo]], [[:en:List_of_Wikipedias|Lenaane la Diwikipedia]], le [[:en:Wikipedia:Milestones#Wikipedia_milestones|Wikipedia:Diphitlhelelo]]Mananeo a kgaitsadi le dikgato tsa botlhokwa tse di amanang le dipego, motheo wa badirisi, le dipalopalo tse dingwe.'' * Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le botlhano ka ngwaga 2001, phetogo ya ntlha e e kwadilweng ya Wikipedia e ne ya dirwa. * Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ka ngwaga wa 2002, lenaneo la ntlha la kgaitsadi, [[:en:Wiktionary|Wiktionary]], e ne ya tlhamiwa; e ikaelela go dira [[:en:Dictionary|buka ya thanodi]] le [[:en:Thesaurus|buka ya mafoko]] a a tshwanang ya mafoko a dipuo tsotlhe. E dirisa lenaneo la sesupaditlhaka le le tshwanang le Wikipedia. * Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 2003, [[:en:English_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Seesemane]] e ne ya tlhagisiwa gape mo [[:en:Slashdot_effect|Slashdot]] morago ga go fitlhelela palo ya dipego di le dikete di le lekgolo ka setlhogo sa [[:en:Hastings,_New_Zealand|Hastings]]. Malatsi a le mabedi morago ga moo, Wikipedia ya puo ya Sejeremane, e leng mofuta o mogolo go gaisa wa Wikipedia o e seng wa Seesemane, e ne ya feta palo ya dipego di le '''dikete tse lesome'''. * Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi ka ngwaga wa 2003, e leng letsatsi le [[:en:Wikimedia_Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] e neng ya tlhamiwa ka lone, “[[:en:Wikiquote|Wikiquote]]” e ne ya tlhamiwa. Kgwedi morago ga moo, “[[:en:Wikibooks|Wikibooks]]” e ne ya itsisiwe semmuso . “[[:en:Wikisource|Wikisource]]” yone e ne ya tlhamiwa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwaga oo. * Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong ka ngwaga wa 2004, Wikipedia e ne ya fitlhelela palo ya ditlhogo di le dikete tse makgolo a mabedi mo puong ya Seesemane ka setlhogo ka ga [[:en:Neil_Warnock|Neil Warnock]], mme ya fitlhelela ditlhogo di le dikete dile makgolo a mane le botlhano fa go kopanngwa Wikipedia ya Seesemane le tse e seng tsa Seesemane. Kgwedi e e latelang, palo yotlhe ya ditlhogo tsa Wikipedia ya Seesemane le tse e seng tsa Seesemane e ne ya fitlha ko diketeng tse makgolo a matlhano. * Ka kgwedi ya Moranang e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi ka ngwaga wa 2004, palo ya dipego tsa Wikipedia ya Seesemane e ne ya fitlha dikete tse makgolo a mabedi le botlhano. * Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e tlhola malatsi a le supa ka ngwaga wa 2004, palo ya ditlhogo tsa Wikipedia ya Seesemane e ne ya fitlha dikete di le makgolo a mararo. * Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi ka ngwaga wa 2004, palo yotlhe ya dipego tsa Wikipedia e ne ya feta sedikadike se le sengwe mo dipuong tse di fetang lekgolo le botlhano; lenaneo le le ne la bona tlhokomelo e kgolo mo metsweding ya dikgang.<ref>[[m:PR-1mil-US|One million Wikipedia articles]]</ref> Pego ya sedikadike sa ntlha e ne ya gatisiwa mo [[:en:Hebrew_Wikipedia|Wikipediang ya Sehebera]] mme e ne e bua ka [[:en:Flag_of_Kazakhstan|folaga ya Kazakhstan]] * Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bone (2004), palo ya dipego tsa Wikipedia ya Seesemane e fitlheletse '''dikete di le makgolo a le mane.''' * Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le borobedi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le botlhano (2005), Wikipedia e fetile letshwao la dipego di le '''makgolo a matlhano a dikete''' mo puong ya Seesemane, mme setlhogo sa “[[:en:Involuntary_settlements_in_the_Soviet_Union|Involuntary settlements in the Soviet Union]]” sa nna setlhogo sa kgato eo ya botlhokwa.<ref>[[foundationsite:wiki/Press_releases/500k_English_articles|"Wikipedia Publishes 500,000th English Article".]] Wikimediafoundation.org. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100616193053/http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Press_releases/500k_English_articles Archived] from the original on June 16, 2010. Retrieved April 13, 2010.</ref> * Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong mo ngwageng wa dikete tse pedi le botlhano (2005), Wikipedia e ne ya nna lefelo la tshedimosetso e e neng e etelwa thata mo Inthaneteng go ya ka [[:en:Hitwise|Hitwise]], mme ya feta [[:en:Dictionary.com|Dictionary.com]]. * Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le borobongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le botlhano (2005), [[:en:English_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Seesemane]] e fetile letshwao la dipego di le '''makgolo a supa masome a matlhano a dikete.''' * Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e tlhola letsatsi le le lengwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borataro, Wikipedia ya Seesemane e fetile letshwao la dipego di le '''sedikadike se le sengwe''', mme setlhogo sa “[[:en:Jordanhill_railway_station|Jordanhill railway station”]] sa nna setlhogo sa kgato eo ya botlhokwa.<ref name=":37">While this article was announced as the milestone on the Main Page, multiple articles qualified due to the continuous creation and deletion of pages on the site.</ref> * Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e tlhola malatsi a le robedi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borataro (2006), [[:en:English_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Seesemane]] e fetile letshwao la dipego tse di tlhophilweng thata di le sekete, mme “[[:en:Iranian_peoples|Iranian peoples]]” sa nna setlhogo sa kgato eo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170708005544/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Press_releases/English_Wikipedia_Announces_Thousandth_Featured_Article "English Wikipedia Announces Thousandth Featured Article"]. Wikimedia Foundation. June 8, 2006. Archived from [[foundationsite:wiki/Press_releases/English_Wikipedia_Announces_Thousandth_Featured_Article|the original]] on July 8, 2017. Retrieved December 21, 2012.</ref> * Ka kgwedi ya Phatwe e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le botlhano ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borataro, Wikimedia Foundation e ne ya tlhoma [[:en:Wikiversity|Wikiversity]].<ref>[[wm2006:Opening_Plenary_(transcript)|"Opening Plenary (transcript) – Wikimania"]]. wikimania2006.wikimedia.org. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230316104238/https://wikimania2006.wikimedia.org/wiki/Opening_Plenary_(transcript) Archived] from the original on March 16, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2023. Jimbo Wales, Wikimania 2006 ([http://www.supload.com/listen?s=SI0OG2vN04i audio] [https://web.archive.org/web/20131020184036/http://www.supload.com/listen?s=SI0OG2vN04i Archived] 20 October 2013 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]])</ref> * Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola letsatsi la ntlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borataro (2006), Wikipedia e fetile letshwao la ditlhogo di le didikadike di le tlhano mo dipuong di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a mabedi le borobongwe. * Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le bone ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borataro (2006), Wikipedia ya Seesemane e fetile letshwao la ditlhogo di le sedikadike se le sengwe le sephatlo ka [[:en:Kanab_ambersnail|Kanab ambersnail]] e itsisiwe mo Tsebeng e Kgolo jaaka setlhogo sa botlhokwa.<ref name=":37" /> * Ka kgwedi ya Moranang e tlhola malatsi a le bonè ka ngwaga wa 2007, tlhopho ya ntlha ya CD ya Wikipedia ya Seesemane e ne ya phasaladiwa e le go laolla mahala.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080704141459/http://fixedreference.org/2006-Wikipedia-CD-Selection "A Schools Global Citizen Resource from SOS Children"]. Fixedreference.org. Archived from [http://fixedreference.org/2006-Wikipedia-CD-Selection the original] on July 4, 2008. Retrieved April 13, 2010.</ref> * Ka kgwedi ya Moranang e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 2007, Wikipedia ya Seesemane e fetile letshwao la ditlhogo di le milione o le mongwe le dikete di le makgolo a supa masome a matlhano. Setlhogo sa [[:en:RAF_raid_on_La_Caine_HQ|“RAF raid on La Caine HQ]]” sa nna setlhogo sa bo milione o le mongwe le dikete di le makgolo a supa masome a matlhano. * Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le robongwe ka ngwaga wa 2007, Wikipedia ya Seesemane e fetile letshwao la ditlhogo di le '''didikadike di le pedi.''' Setlhogo sa [[:en:El_Hormiguero|''“El Hormiguero”'']] se ne sa amogelwa ka tumalano ya setšhaba jaaka setlhogo sa bo dimilione di le pedi. * Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le borobedi ka ngwaga wa 2008, Wikipedia e fetile letshwao la ditlhogo di le '''didikadike di le lesome''' mo mefuteng yotlhe ya dipuo di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a matlhano le bongwe. * Ka kgwedi ya Diphalane e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le bongwe ka ngwaga wa 2008, Wikipedia ya Seesemane e fetile letshwao la ditlhogo di le dimilione di le pedi le sephatlo. Le fa go ne go sa dirwa maiteko a semolao a go tlhopha setlhogo sa bo '''didikadike di le pedi le sephatlo''', “[[:en:Joe_Connor_(baseball)|Joe Connor (baseball)”]] e ne ya akanyediwa e ka nna yone setlhogo seo. * Ka kgwedi ya Phatwe e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le bosupa ka ngwaga wa 2009, [[:en:German_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Seesemane]] e fetile letshwao la dipego di le '''didikadike di le tharo''', mme “Beate Eriksen” ya itsisiwe mo Tsebeeng e Kgolo jaaka setlhogo sa kgato eo ya botlhokwa. * Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le supa ka ngwaga wa 2009, [[:en:German_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Sejeremane]] e fetile letshwao la dipego di le '''sedikadike se le sengwe''', mme ya nna mofuta wa bobedi wa Wikipedia wa puo o o fitlheletseng palo eo. * Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le bongwe ka ngwaga wa 2010, [[:en:French_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Sefora]] e ne ya feta dipego di le '''sedikadike se le sengwe''' mme ya nna kgatiso ya boraro ya puo ya Wikipedia go dira jalo. * Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le bobedi 2010, Wikipedia ya Seesemane e ne ya feta letshwao la dipego di le '''didikadike di le tharo le dikete tse tlhano'''. * Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le bobedi 2011, Wikipedia e ne ya feta diathikele di le '''didikadike di le masome a mabedi'''. mo dikgatisong tsotlhe tsa dipuo di le makgolo a le mabedi le masome a borobabobedi le bobedi. * Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanaitseele e tlhola malatsi a le supa ka ngwaga wa 2011, [[:en:German_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Sejeremane]] e ne ya feta diphetogo tsa ditsebe di le '''didikadike di le lekgolo'''.. * Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le bone ka ngwaga wa 2011, [[:en:English_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Seesemane]] e ne ya feta diphetogo tsa ditsebe di le '''didikadike di le makgolo a matlhano'''. * Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le bosupa ka ngwaga wa 2011, [[:en:Dutch_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Sedatšhe]] e ne ya feta dipego di le '''sedikadike se le sengwe''', mme ya nna kgatiso ya bone ya puo ya Wikipedia go dira jalo. * Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le boraro ka ngwaga wa 2012, [[:en:English_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Seesemane]] e ne ya feta dipego di le '''didikadike di le nne,''' ka [[:en:Ezbet_El_Borg|Izbat al-Burj]].<ref>"[http://blog.wikimedia.org.uk/2012/07/english-language-wikipedia-hits-4-million-articles/ English language Wikipedia hits 4 million articles!"]. Wikimedia UK Blog. [[:en:Wikimedia_UK|Wikimedia UK]]. July 13, 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121222030833/http://blog.wikimedia.org.uk/2012/07/english-language-wikipedia-hits-4-million-articles/ Archived] from the original on December 22, 2012. Retrieved July 13, 2012.</ref> * Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 2013, [[:en:Dutch_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya SeItaly]] e ne ya feta dipego di le '''sedikadike se le sengwe''', mme ya nna kgatiso ya botlhano ya puo ya Wikipedia go dira jalo. * Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le bongwe ka ngwaga wa 2013, [[:en:Russian_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Se-Russia]] e ne ya feta dipego di le '''sedikadike se le sengwe,''' mme ya nna kgatiso ya borataro ya puo ya Wikipedia go dira jalo. * Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le borataro ka ngwaga wa 2013, [[:en:Spanish_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Sepanishe]] e ne ya feta dipego di le '''sedikadike se le sengwe''', mme ya nna kgatiso ya bosupa ya puo ya Wikipedia go dira jalo. * Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le botlhano ka ngwaga wa 2013, [[:en:Swedish_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Sesweden]] e ne ya feta dipego di le '''sedikadike se le sengwe''', mme ya nna kgatiso ya borobedi ya puo ya Wikipedia go dira jalo. * Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le botlhano ka ngwaga wa 2013, [[:en:Polish_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Se-Poland]] e ne ya feta dipego di le '''sedikadike se le sengwe''', mme ya nna kgatiso ya borobongwe ya puo ya Wikipedia go dira jalo. * Ka kgwedi ya Phalane e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le bongwe ka ngwaga wa 2013, Wikipedia e ne ya feta dipego di le '''didikadike di le masome a mararo''' mo dikgatisong tsotlhe di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a borobabobedi le bosupa tsa dipuo. * Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e tlhola malatsi a le lesome lebosupa ka ngwaga wa 2013, [[:en:French_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Sefora]] e ne ya feta diphetogo tsa ditsebe di le '''didikadike di le lekgolo.''' * Ka kgwedi ya Moranang e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le botlhano ka ngwaga wa 2014, Wikipedia ya Seesemane e ne ya feta letshwao la dipego di le '''didikadike di le nne le makgolo a matlhano.''' * Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e tlhola malatsi a le borobabobedi ka ngwaga wa 2014, [[:en:Waray_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Se-Waray]] e ne ya feta dipego di le '''sedikadike se le sengwe''', mme ya nna kgatiso ya bolesome ya puo ya Wikipedia go dira jalo. * Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le botlhano ka ngwaga wa 2014, [[:en:Vietnamese_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Se-Vietnam]] e ne ya feta dipego di le '''sedikadike se le sengwe''', mme ya nna kgatiso ya bolesome le bongwe ya puo ya Wikipedia go dira jalo. * Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le bosupa ka ngwaga wa 2014, [[:en:Cebuano_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Se-Cebuano]] e ne ya feta dipego di le '''sedikadike se le sengwe''', mme ya nna kgatiso ya bolesomepedi ya puo ya Wikipedia go dira jalo. * Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le marataro ka ngwaga wa 2015, [[:en:Swedish_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Sesweden]] e ne ya feta dipego di le '''didikadike di le pedi''', mme ya nna kgatiso ya bobedi ya puo ya Wikipedia go dira jalo. * Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele e tlhola letsatsi ka ngwaga wa 2015, [[:en:English_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Seesemane]] e ne ya feta dipego di le '''didikadike di le tlhano''' ka ''Persoonia terminalis'', mme e na le barulaganyi ba feta dikete tse lekgolo le masome a mabedi le botlhano ba ba dirileng paakanyo e le nngwe kgotsa go feta mo malatsing a le masome a mararo a a fetileng. * Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e tlhola letsatsi ka ngwaga wa 2016, [[:en:Japanese_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Sejapane]] e ne ya feta dipego di le '''sedikadike se le sengwe''', mme ya nna kgatiso ya bolesometharo ya puo ya Wikipedia go dira jalo. * Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e tlhola malatsi a le masome a le lesome le bone ka ngwaga wa 2016, [[:en:Cebuano_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Secebuano]] e ne ya feta dipego di le '''didikadike di le pedi''', mme ya nna kgatiso ya boraro ya puo ya Wikipedia go dira jalo. * Ka kgwedi ya Moranang e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe ka ngwaga wa 2016, [[:en:Swedish_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Sesweden]] e ne ya feta dipego di le '''didikadike di le tharo''' , mme ya nna kgatiso ya boraro ya puo ya Wikipedia go dira jalo. * Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le borataro ka ngwaga wa 2016, Wikipedia e ne ya feta dipego di le '''didikadike di le masome a mane''' mo dikgatisong tsotlhe tsa dipuo di le 293. * Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le borataro ka ngwaga wa 2016, [[:en:Cebuano_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Se-Cebuano]] e ne ya feta dipego di le '''didikadike di le tharo''' mme ya nna kgatiso ya bone ya puo ya Wikipedia go dira jalo. * Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le borobabongwe ka ngwaga wa 2016, [[:en:German_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Sejeremane]] e ne ya feta dipego di le '''didikadike di le pedi''' mme ya nna kgatiso ya botlhano ya puo ya Wikipedia go dira jalo. * Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo e tlhola malatsi a le mararo ka ngwaga wa 2017, [[:en:Cebuano_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Secebuano]] e ne ya feta dipego di le '''didikadike tse nne''', mme ya nna kgatiso ya bobedi ya puo ya Wikipedia go dira jalo. * Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e tlhola malatsi a le marataro ka ngwaga wa 2017, [[:en:Spanish_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Sepanishe]] e ne ya feta diphetogo tsa ditsebe di le '''didikadike di le lekgolo''' . * Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le botlhano ka ngwaga wa 2017, [[:en:Russian_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Se-Russia]] e ne ya feta diphetogo tsa ditsebe di le '''didikadike di le lekgolo.''' * Ka kgwedi ya Phalane e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le bosupa ka ngwaga wa 2017, [[:en:English_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Seesemane]] e fetile letshwao la dipego di le '''didikadike di le tlhano le dikete tse botlhano.''' * Ka kgwedi ya Moranang e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le boraro ka ngwaga wa 2018, [[:en:Chinese_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Setšhaena]] e ne ya feta dipego di le '''sedikadike se le sengwe''' , mme ya nna kgatiso ya bolesome le bone ya puo ya Wikipedia go dira jalo. * Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le bosupa ka ngwaga wa 2018, Wikipedia ya Sepotokisi e ne ya feta '''sedikadike se le sengwe''', mme ya nna kgatiso ya bolesome le botlhano ya puo ya Wikipedia go dira jalo. * Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e tlhola malatsi a le borobabobedi ka ngwaga wa 2018, Wikipedia ya Sefora e ne ya feta dipego di le '''didikadike di le pedi,''' mme ya nna kgatiso ya botlhano ya puo ya Wikipedia go dira jalo. * Ka kgwedi ya Phalane e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le bone ka ngwaga wa 2018, Wikipedia ya Searabia e ne ya feta dipego di le '''sedikadike se le sengwe''' mme ya nna kgatiso ya bolesomethataro ya puo ya Wikipedia go dira jalo. * Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi ka ngwaga wa 2019, Wikipedia ya Sepanishe e ne ya feta dipego di le '''sedikadike se le sengwe le dikete tse tlhano''', mme ya nna kgatiso ya bosupa ya puo ya Wikipedia go dira jalo. * Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e tlhola letsatsi ka ngwaga wa 2019, Dikgang tsa Wikipedia di ne tsa bala gape gore Wikipedia ya Sentadiana e fetile dipego di le '''sedikadike se le sengwe le dikete tse tlhano''', mme ya nna kgatiso ya borobedi ya puo ya Wikipedia go dira jalo. * Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e tlhola malatsi a le borobabongwe ka ngwaga wa 2019, Wikipedia e ne ya feta dipego di le '''didikadike di le masome a matlhano''' dikgatisong tsotlhe tsa dipuo di le makgolo a mararo le borobabongwe. * Ka kgwedi ya Phatwe e tlhola malatsi a le mabedi ka ngwaga wa 2019, Wikipedia ya Se-Azerbaijan Borwa e ne ya feta diphetogo tsa ditsebe di le '''sedikadike sele sengwe'''. * Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanaitseele e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le bosupa ka ngwaga wa 2019, Wikipedia ya Searabia e ne ya feta dipego di le '''sedikadike se le sengwe''' , mme ya nna kgatiso ya bolesomerobedi ya puo ya Wikipedia go dira jalo. Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le boraro ka ngwaga wa 2020, Wikipedia ya Seesemane e ne ya feta dipego di le '''didikadike di le thataro''', mme Maria Elise Turner Lauder e ne e le athikele e e botlhokwa thata. * Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e tlhola malatsi a le borobabongwe ka ngwaga wa 2020, Wikipedia ya Sedatšhe e ne ya feta dipego di le '''didikadike di le pedi''', mme ya nna kgatiso ya borataro ya puo ya Wikipedia go dira jalo. * Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le boraro ka ngwaga wa 2020, Wikipedia ya Seukraine e ne ya feta dipego di le '''sedikadike se le sengwe''' mme ya nna kgatiso ya bolesome le bosupa ya puo ya Wikipedia go dira jalo. * Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e tlhola letsatsi ka ngwaga wa 2020, Wikipedia ya Searabia sa Egepeto e ne ya feta dipego di le '''sedikadike se le sengwe''' , mme ya nna kgatiso ya bolesomerobedi ya puo ya Wikipedia go dira jalo. * Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le botlhano ka ngwaga wa 2020, Wikipedia ya Sebengali e ne ya feta dipego di le '''sedikadike se le sengwe''' .<ref>"[[m:Research:A_Brief_Analysis_of_Bengali_Wikipedia’s_Journey_to_100,000_Articles/en#cite_note-100K-5|Research:A Brief Analysis of Bengali Wikipedia's Journey to 100,000 Articles – Meta"]]. meta.wikimedia.org. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220319233514/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:A_Brief_Analysis_of_Bengali_Wikipedia%E2%80%99s_Journey_to_100,000_Articles/en#cite_note-100K-5 Archived] from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved March 5, 2022.</ref> * Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e tlhola malatsi a le mararo ka ngwaga wa 2021, Wikipedia ya Semalagasy e ne ya feta diphetogo tsa ditsebe '''sedikadike se le sengwe''' * Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e tlhola malatsi nne ka ngwaga wa 2021, Wikipedia ya Seesemane e ne ya feta diphetogo tsa ditsebe di le '''sedikadike se le sengwe''' . * Ka kgwedi ya Diphalane e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le bone ka ngwaga wa 2021, Wikipedia ya Se-Cebuano e ne ya feta dipego di le '''didikadike di le thataro''', mme ya nna kgatiso ya bobedi ya puo ya Wikipedia go dira jalo. * Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le bone ka ngwaga wa 2021, [[:en:Polish_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Se-Poland]] e ne ya feta dipego di le '''sedikadike se le sengwe''' '''le dikete tse tlhano''', mme ya nna kgatiso ya bolesomepedi ya puo ya Wikipedia go dira jalo.<ref name=":38">"[https://meta.m.wikipedia.org/ Wikipedia News/2022".] meta.wikipedia.org. Retrieved August 26, 2023.</ref> * Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mabedi le borataro ka ngwaga wa 2021, Wikipedia ya Searabia sa Egepeto e ne ya feta dipego di le '''sedikadike se le sengwe''' '''le dikete tse tlhano'''.<ref name=":38" /> * Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le borobabongwe ka ngwaga wa 2022, [[:en:Indonesian_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Se-Indonesia]] e ne ya feta diphetogo tsa ditsebe di le '''didikadike di le masome a mabedi'''. * Ka kgwedi ya Phalane e tlhola malatsi a le masome a le lesome le bosupa ka ngwaga wa 2022, [[:en:Norwegian_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Se-Norway]] e ne ya feta dipego di le '''dikete di le thataro'''.<ref name=":38" /> * Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanaitseele e tlhola malatsi a le masome a le mabedi le bosupa ka ngwaga wa 2022, Wikipedia e ne ya feta dipego di le '''didikadike di le masome a marataro''' mo dikgatisong tsotlhe tsa dipuo di le makgolo a mararole masome a mabedi le borobabongwe .<ref>[https://meta.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_News/2022 "Wikipedia News/2022".] meta.wikipedia.org. Retrieved August 15, 2023. Wikipedia has reached 60,000,000 articles across all 329 languages.</ref> === Go kokoanya madi === [[Setshwantsho:WMF Support and Revenue, Expenses and Net Assets at Year End.jpg|thumb|Tlhabololo ya matlole ya Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia (ka US$), 2003–2023Bontsho : Dithoto tse di feletseng (ntle le Letlole la Wikimedia, le ga jaanong le emeng ka di dolara di le lekgolo+) Botala: Lotseno (ntle le meneelo ya motho yo mongwe go Wikimedia Endowment) Bohibidu: Ditshenyegelo (go akaretsa le dituelo tsa WMF go Wikimedia Endowment)<ref>[[foundationsite:wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Wikimedia_Foundation_FS_FY2022-2023_Audit_Report.pdf|"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc, Financial Statements, June 30, 2023"]] (PDF). wikimediafoundation.org. October 5, 2023. pp. 3, 14. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240101235700/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Wikimedia_Foundation_FS_FY2022-2023_Audit_Report.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.</ref>]] Ngwaga le ngwaga, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o tsamaisa matsholo a go kokoanya madi mo Wikipedia go tshegetsa ditiro tsa one. Tse ka kakaretso di tsaya mo e ka nnang kgwedi mme di diragala ka dinako tse di farologaneng tsa ngwaga mo dinageng tse di farologaneng. Mo godimo ga matshwao a phatlalatso a go kokoanya madi mo Wikipedia ka boyone, go na gape le matsholo a melaetsa ya maranyane; melaetsa e mengwe e laletsa batho go tlogela madi a Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia mo diwiling tsa bone.<ref>"[[m:Fundraising#Current_fundraising_activities|Fundraising – Meta"]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220525020516/https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fundraising#Current_fundraising_activities Archived] from the original on May 25, 2022. Retrieved May 18, 2022.</ref> <ref>James Lileks (May 2, 2021). [https://www.startribune.com/lileks-wikipedia-wants-me-to-do-what/600052774/ "Lileks: Wikipedia wants me to do what?"]. Star Tribune. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210503001943/https://www.startribune.com/lileks-wikipedia-wants-me-to-do-what/600052774/ Archived] from the original on May 3, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2022.</ref>Lotseno lo tlhatlogile ngwaga le ngwaga wa go nna teng ga Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia, lwa fitlha go didikadike di le didolara tsa Amerika di le lekgolo le masome a ferabongwe le disente di le lesome le bosupa go tloga ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mararo ka ngwaga wa 2023, fa lo bapisiwa le ditshenyegelo tsa didikadike di le didolara tsa Amerika di le lekgolo le masome a marataro le borobongwe le disente di le lesome.<ref>[https://www.dailydot.com/debug/wikipedia-endownemnt-fundraising/ "Wikipedia is swimming in money – why is it begging people to donate?"]. The Daily Dot. May 24, 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210524121107/https://www.dailydot.com/debug/wikipedia-endownemnt-fundraising/ Archived] from the original on May 24, 2021. Retrieved September 23, 2021.</ref><ref>[[foundationsite:wp-content/uploads/File:Wikimedia_Foundation_FS_FY2022-2023_Audit_Report.pdf|"File: Wikimedia_Foundation_FS_FY_2022-2023_Audit_Report.pdf – Wikimedia Foundation Governance Wiki"]] (PDF). ''Foundation.wikimedia.org''. October 5, 2023. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240101140450/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/File:Wikimedia_Foundation_FS_FY2022-2023_Audit_Report.pdf Archived] (PDF) from the original on January 1, 2024. Retrieved January 1, 2024.</ref> Mo godimo ga moo, Wikimedia Endowment, e leng maiteko a a farologaneng a go kokoanya madi a a simolotsweng ka ngwaga wa 2016, a ne a fitlha ko didikadikeng di le didolara di le lekgolo ka ngwaga wa 2021, dingwaga di le tlhano ka bonako go feta ka fa go neng go rulagantswe ka gone.<ref>[https://diff.wikimedia.org/2021/09/22/the-wikimedia-endowment-reaches-100-million-milestone-and-welcomes-three-new-members-to-its-board-more-on-what-these-developments-mean-for-the-projects-and-movement/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2021/09/22/the-wikimedia-endowment-reaches-100-million-milestone-and-welcomes-three-new-members-to-its-board-more-on-what-these-developments-mean-for-the-projects-and-movement/ "The Wikimedia Endowment reaches $100 million milestone and welcomes three new members to its Board: More on what these developments mean for the projects and movement".] September 22, 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210924014012/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2021/09/22/the-wikimedia-endowment-reaches-100-million-milestone-and-welcomes-three-new-members-to-its-board-more-on-what-these-developments-mean-for-the-projects-and-movement/ Archived] from the original on September 24, 2021. Retrieved September 23, 2021.</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Ngwaga !Motswedi !Lotseno !Ditshenyegelo !Koketsego ya letlotlo !Letlotlo lotlhe ! |- |2003/2004 | | | | | | |- |2004/2005 | | | | | | |- |2005/2006 | | | | | | |- |2007/2008 | | | | | | |- |2008/2009 | | | | | | |- |2009/2010 | | | | | | |- |2010/2011 | | | | | | |- |2011/2012 | | | | | | |- |2012/2013 | | | | | | |- |2013/2014 | | | | | | |- |2014/2015 | | | | | | |- |2015/2016 | | | | | | |- |2016/2017 | | | | | | |- |2017/2018 | | | | | | |- |2018/2019 | | | | | | |- |2019/2020 | | | | | | |- |2020/2021 | | | | | | |- |2021/2022 | | | | | | |- |2022/2023 | | | | | | |- |2023/2024 | | | | | | |- |2024/2025 | | | | | | |} === Ditlamorago tsa kwa ntle === * Ka ngwaga wa 2007, Wikipedia e ne ya tsewa e tshwanela go dirisiwa jaaka motswedi o mogolo ke [[:en:UK_Intellectual_Property_Office|Ofisi ya Thoto ya Tlhaloganyo ya UK]] mo katlholong ya kgetse ya letshwaokgwebo la [[:en:Formula_One|Formula One]].<ref>In deciding the trademark of F1 racing {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031053106/http://www.ipo.gov.uk/tm/t-decisionmaking/t-challenge/t-challenge-decision-results/o16907.pdf|date=31 October 2007}}, the UK Intellectual Property Office considered both the reliability of Wikipedia and its usefulness as a reliable source of evidence:<blockquote>Wikipedia has sometimes suffered from the self-editing that is intrinsic to it, giving rise at times to potentially libellous statements. However, inherently, I cannot see that what is in Wikipedia is any less likely to be true than what is published in a book or on the websites of news organisations. [Formula One's lawyer] did not express any concerns about the Wikipedia evidence [presented by the plaintiff]. I consider that the evidence from Wikipedia can be taken at face value.</blockquote>The case turned substantively upon evidence cited from Wikipedia in 2006 as to the usage and interpretation of the term "F1".</ref> * Fa nako e ntse e ile, Wikipedia e ne ya amogelwa ke metswedi ya dikgang e e tlwaelesegileng jaaka "motswedi o o botlhokwa" wa ditiragalo tse disha tse dikgolo, tse di jaaka [[:en:2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake|thoromo ya lefatshe ya Lewatle la India ya 2004]] le [[:en:Tsunami|tsunami]] e e amanang le yone, [[:en:2008_American_Presidential_election|ditlhopho tsa botautona tsa Amerika tsa 2008]],<ref>Vargas, Jose Antonio (September 17, 2007). [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/16/AR2007091601699.html "On Wikipedia, Debating 2008 Hopefuls' Every Facet".] ''[[:en:The_Washington_Post|The Washington Post]]''. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286 0190-8286.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230116071359/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/16/AR2007091601699.html Archived] from the original on January 16, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2023. <q>...at the same time, it's hard to find a more up-to-date, detailed, thorough article on [[:en:Barack_Obama|Obama]] than Wikipedia's. As of Friday, Obama's article – more than 22 pages long, with 15 sections covering his personal and professional life – had a reference list of 167 sources.</q></ref> le go [[:en:Virginia_Tech_shooting|thuntshiwa ga Virginia Tech]] ka ngwaga wa 2007. Setlhogo sa bofelo se ne sa fitlhelelwa makgetlo a le dikete tse masome a supa le botlhano mo malatsing a mabedi, mme makwalo a dikgang a a gatisitsweng mo lefelong la gaeno go thuntshiwa a oketsa ka gore "Wikipedia e tlhageletse jaaka lefelo la go phepafatsa tshedimosetso e e feletseng ka tiragalo eno."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071022200632/http://cyberjournalist.net/news/004178.php "Wikipedia emerges as key source for Virginia Tech shootings"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022200632/http://cyberjournalist.net/news/004178.php|date=22 October 2007}}. ''The New York Times'' via Cyberjournalist.net. 2007. "Even ''[[:en:The_Roanoke_Times|The Roanoke Times]]'', which is published near [[:en:Blacksburg,_Virginia|Blacksburg, Va]]., where the university is located, noted on Thursday that Wikipedia 'has emerged as the clearinghouse for detailed information on the event'."</ref> * Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e tlhola malatsi a le masome a mbadi le bongwe ka ngwaga wa 2007, Noam Cohen wa ''New York Times'' o ne a bega gore barutegi bangwe ba ne ba thibela tiriso ya Wikipedia jaaka sedirisiwa sa patlisiso.<ref>Cohen, Noam (February 21, 2007). [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/21/education/21wikipedia.html "A History Department Bans Citing Wikipedia as a Research Source]". ''The New York Times''. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]]&#x20;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331 0362-4331]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170331235327/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/21/education/21wikipedia.html Archived] from the original on March 31, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2023.</ref> * Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e tlhola ka ngwaga wa 2007, pego mo lekwalong la dikgang la [[:en:The_Harvard_Crimson|The Harvard Crimson]] e ne ya bega gore baporofesara bangwe kwa Mmadikolo ya Harvard ba ne ba akaretsa Wikipedia mo dithulaganyong tsa bone tsa thuto, mme go ne ga nna le kgaogano mo tseleng e ba neng ba leba go dirisa Wikipedia ka yone.[233] * Ka Phukwi 2013, patlisiso e kgolo e e dirilweng ke diyunibesiti di le nne tse dikgolo e ne ya supa diathikele tse di neng di ngangisanwa thata mo Wikipedia, mme ya fitlhela gore Iseraele, Adolf Hitler le Modimo di ne di ngangisanwa ka bogale go feta ditlhogo dipe tse dingwe.[234] ==== Ditlamorago tsa diathikele tsa bayokerafi ==== Ka gore mekwalo ya matshelo a batho tsa Wikipedia di nna di tokafadiwa gangwe le gape fa tshedimosetso e ntšhwa e nna teng, gantsi di dirisiwa e le motswedi wa tshedimosetso ka matshelo a [[:en:Category:Living_people|batho ba ba tumileng]]. Se se dirile gore go nne le maiteko a go fetola kgotsa go tsenya tshedimosetso ya maaka mo ditlhogong tsa Wikipedia ka maikaelelo a go ipapatša kgotsa go senya seriti sa motho (Bona [[:en:History_of_Wikipedia#Controversies|Karolo ya Dikganetsano]]). Gape se dirile gore go nne le ditsela tse disha tsa go dirisa tshedimosetso ya mokwalo wa matshelo a batho e e fitlhelwang mo go yone. * Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2005, [[:en:Wikipedia_Seigenthaler_biography_incident|kganetsano ya ga Seigenthaler]] e ne ya nna teng fa motsietsi mongwe a ne a bolela mo Wikipedia gore mmegadikgang John Seigenthaler o ne a na le seabe mo [[:en:Kennedy_assassination|polaong ya ga Kennedy]] ka ngwaga 1963. * Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ka ngwaga 2006, rametlae wa Mojeremane e bong [[:en:Atze_Schröder|Atze Schröder]] o ne a sekisa Arne Klempert, mokwaledi wa [[:en:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]] ka gonne a ne a sa batle gore leina la gagwe la mmatota le gatisiwe mo Wikipedia. Moragonyana Schröder o ne a gogela ngongorego ya gagwe morago mme o ne a batla gore ditshenyegelo tsa mmueledi wa gagwe di duelwe ke Klempert. Kgotlatshekelo e ne ya swetsa ka gore motaki o tshwanetse go duelela ditshenyegelo tseo ka boene. * Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e tlhola malatsi a le lesome le borataro ka ngwaga wa 2007, raditiragalo wa Turkey [[:en:Taner_Akçam|Taner Akçam]] o ne a tshwarwa ka nakwana fa a goroga kwa [[:en:Montréal–Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau_International_Airport|Boemafofaneng jwa Boditšhabatšhaba jwa Montréal–Pierre Elliott Trudeau]] ka ntlha ya tshedimosetso ya maaka mo mokwalong wa botshelo jwa gagwe ya Wikipedia e e neng e bolela gore ke serukhutlhi.<ref>[http://news.independent.co.uk/fisk/article2469270.ece "Caught in the deadly web of the internet"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20071001000113/http://news.independent.co.uk/fisk/article2469270.ece Archived] 1 October 2007 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Robert Fisk. [[:en:The_Independent|The Independent]]. 21 April 2007. Retrieved 24 July 2007.</ref><ref>Jay, Paul (June 22, 2007). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20070629051007/http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/tech/wikipedia2.html A question of authority]". [[:en:CBC_News|CBC News]]. Archived from [http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/tech/wikipedia2.html the original] on June 29, 2007. Retrieved July 24, 2007.</ref> * Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2008, radipolotiki wa [[:en:The_Left_(Germany)|Lekoko la Left]] la Jeremane e bong [[:en:Lutz_Heilmann|Lutz Heilmann]] o ne a bolela gore mafoko mangwe a a neng a a bua mo setlhogong sa gagwe sa Wikipedia a ne a senya leina la gagwe. O ne a atlega go bona taelo ya kgotlatshekelo ya go dira gore Wikimedia Deutschland e tlose lefelo le le botlhokwa la go batla. Se se ne sa dira gore batho mo lefatsheng lotlhe ba bontshe tshegetso e kgolo mo Wikipediang, ga nna le meneelo e mentsi e e neng ya newa Wikimedia Deutschland, mme palo ya batho ba ba neng ba etela tsebe ya ga Lutz Heilmann letsatsi le letsatsi ya tlhatloga go tswa go ba le mmalwa fela go ya go batho ba ka nna halofo ya milione. Moragonyana ga moo, Heilmann o ne a kopa kgotla gore e phimole taelo eo ya kgotla.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/oddlyEnoughNews/idUSTRE4AI7NB20081119?feedType=RSS&feedName=oddlyEnoughNews&rpc=69 "Lawmaker apologizes for blocking Wikipedia"]. ''Reuters''. November 19, 2008. Retrieved November 20, 2008.</ref> * Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ka ngwaga wa 2008, Wikimedia Nederland, kgaolo ya Dutch, e ne ya fenya taelo ya ntlha morago ga gore rakgwebo a golaganngwe mo pegong ya "gagwe" le sekebekwa [[:en:Willem_Holleeder|Willem Holleeder]] mme a batla gore pego eo e phimolwe. Moatlhodi kwa [[:en:Utrecht_(province)|Utrecht]] o ne a dumela polelo ya Wikimedia ya gore ga e na tlhotlheletso mo diteng tsa Wikipedia ya Sedatšhe.<ref>[[wmnl:Wikimedia_Nederland_wint_kort_geding_Sijthoff/en|"Wikimedia Nederland wint kort geding Sijthoff/en – Wikimedia"]]. ''nl.wikimedia.org'' (in Dutch). [https://web.archive.org/web/20230131143955/https://nl.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Nederland_wint_kort_geding_Sijthoff/en Archived] from the original on January 31, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2023.</ref> * Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2009, fa radipolotiki wa Mojeremane e bong [[:en:Karl-Theodor_zu_Guttenberg|Karl Theodor Maria Nikolaus Johann Jacob Philipp Franz Joseph Sylvester Buhl-Freiherr von zu Guttenberg]] a ne a nna tona ya puso ya bofederale ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e tlhola malatsi a le lesome ka ngwaga wa 2009, modirisi yo o sa kwadisiwang o ne a oketsa ka setlhogo sa bolesome le bongwe sa Sejeremane ya ''Wilhelm'' se se filweng ka leina. Dipampiri tsa dikwalo di le dintsi di ne tsa e amogela. Fa batho ba Wikipedia ba ba kelotlhoko ba ne ba leka go tlosa ''Wilhelm'', go fetolwa go ne ga busediwa morago ga go nopolwa makwalo wa dikgang ao. Tsheko e ka go ikanyega ga Wikipedia le babegadikgang ba ba kopololang go tswa mo Wikipedia e ne ya bidiwa ''Falscher Wilhelm'' ("Wilhelm yo sele").<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20101204025315/http://wikimedia.de/fileadmin/wiki/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/pm_Medienkompetenz_1.pdf Wikimedia Deutschland press release"] (PDF). Archived from [http://wikimedia.de/fileadmin/wiki/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/pm_Medienkompetenz_1.pdf the original] (PDF) on December 4, 2010.; [http://futurezone.orf.at/stories/1502467/ ORF Futurezone] [https://web.archive.org/web/20090929010706/http://futurezone.orf.at/stories/1502467/ Archived] 29 September 2009 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Retrieved 27 May 2010.</ref> === Dikarolo tsa ntlha tsa ga Wales le Sanger === ''Bona gape: [[:en:Jimmy_Wales#Co-founder_status_dispute|Jimmy Wales § Kganetsano ya maemo a motlhami-mmogo]], le [[:en:Larry_Sanger#Status_as_Wikipedia_co-founder|Larry Sanger § Boemo jaaka motlhami-mmogo wa Wikipedia]]'' Wales, ga mmogo le ba bangwe, ba ne ba tla ka le go duelela kgopolo ya ensaetlopedia e e bulegileng, e e dirisanang mmogo e e neng e tla amogela meneelo go tswa mo bathong ba ba tlwaelegileng.<ref name=":4" /> Sanger o nnile le seabe se se botlhokwa mo go seo jaaka [[:en:Editor-in-chief|morulaganyi-mogolo]] wa Nupedia le modiri yo mogolo.<ref name=":33">Bergstein, Brian (March 25, 2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20131005002629/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/17798723/ "Sanger says he co-started Wikipedia"]. NBC News. Associated Press. Archived from [http://www.nbcnews.com/id/17798723 the original] on October 5, 2013. Retrieved March 28, 2007. The nascent Web encyclopedia Citizendium springs from Larry Sanger, a philosophy PhD who counts himself as a co-founder of Wikipedia, the site he now hopes to usurp. The claim doesn't seem particularly controversial – Sanger has long been cited as a co-founder. Yet the other founder, Jimmy Wales, isn't happy about it..</ref> Mo molaetseng wa ga Sanger wa matseno wa lenaane la go romela Nupedia, o ne a bolela gore Jimmy Wales "o ne a ikgolaganya le nna mme a nkopa gore ke dire kopo ya go nna morulaganyi-mogolo wa Nupedia. [...] O ne a na le kgopolo ya Nupedia fa e sa le bobotlana ka letlhafula le le fetileng. O mpolelela gore, fa a akanya ka batho (bogolo jang boradifilosofi) ba ba neng ba ka kgona go laola porojeke eno ka lobaka lo loleele, o ne a tla nna yo o itekanetseng mo tirong eno eleruri ke tiro ya me ya ditoro".<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20030710141440/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2000-April/000143.html nupedia-l Introduction"]. Archived from [http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2000-April/000143.html the original] on July 10, 2003. Retrieved November 19, 2013.</ref> Sanger o tshitshintse go dirisa wiki go tlamela ka porojeke e e tlaleletsang ya batho ba ba "tshositsweng le go borega" ke dithulaganyo tse di raraaneng tsa Nupedia,<ref name=":31" /> mme a tlhama leina la "Wikipedia" jaaka leina la porojeke.<ref>Terdiman, Daniel (December 21, 2005). [https://www.cnet.com/news/wikipedia-founder-modifies-his-bio/#! "Wikipedia founder modifies his bio".] [[:en:CNET|CNET]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140327233948/http://www.cnet.com/news/wikipedia-founder-modifies-his-bio/#! Archived] from the original on March 27, 2014.</ref><ref name=":33" /> Se se ne sa bonwa ka bophara jaaka tsela ya go thibolola setšhaba se se golang sa Ba-Nupedia ba ba neng ba fitlhela go le thata go ntsha seabe.<ref name=":33" />Sanger o ne a tswelela go dira mo Nupedia fa a ntse a thusa mo Wikipedia (go akaretsa le go kwala dipholisi tse di jaaka "Itlhokomolose melao yotlhe"<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20010416035716/http://www.wikipedia.com/wiki/RulesToConsider "Rules To Consider]". Ignore all rules. [[:en:Internet_Archive|Internet Archive]]. Archived from [https://www.wikipedia.com/wiki/RulesToConsider the original] on April 16, 2001. Retrieved March 25, 2007.</ref> le "Pono e e sa tseyeng letlhakore"<ref name=":32" />) mme a dira le moeteledipele wa go fitlhelela batho go aga setšhaba sa barulaganyi ba Nupedia le Wikipedia.<ref name=":33" /> Fa a tsamaya ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2002, Sanger o ne a gatelela gore kgang e kgolo e ne e le fela go emisiwa ga go newa madi a seabe sa gagwe, se se neng se sa kgonege ka nako e e rileng,<ref name=":30" /> mme a rotloetsa ba bangwe go tswelela go tsenya letsogo mo Wikipedia fa a ntse a ela tlhoko gore Nupedia e ne e ka se kgone go tshela kwantle ga morulaganyi-mogolo wa nako e e tletseng]<ref name=":30" />. Moragonyana mo ngwageng oo o ne a emisa go tsenya letsogo mo lenaneong lepe la tsone, mme ka ngwaga wa 2004 o ne a setse a tshwaya Wikipedia diphoso phatlalatsa. Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ka ngwaga wa 2004 o ne a kwala tlhamo a nganga gore Wikipedia e ne e na le bothata jwa go nna kgatlhanong le batho ba maemo.<ref name=":34">[https://features.slashdot.org/story/05/04/18/164213/the-early-history-of-nupedia-and-wikipedia-a-memoir "The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir – Slashdot"]. features.slashdot.org. April 18, 2005. Retrieved August 21, 2023.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Moranang ka ngwaga wa 2005 o ne a gatisa buka ya dikgopolo tsa botshelo ya dikarolo tse pedi ya tiro ya gagwe ka ga Nupedia le Wikipedia, a tlhagisa seabe sa gagwe mo go di tlhameng le tumelo e e tswelelang ya gore Nupedia e tshwanelwa ke go bolokwa.<ref name=":34" /> Moragonyana mo ngwageng oo Wales e ne ya simolola go kgarameletsa morago go tlhalosa ga ga Sanger seabe sa gagwe mo lenaneong.<ref name=":35">Mitchell, Dan (December 24, 2005). "[https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/24/technology/24online.ready.html?ex=1293080400&en=431aff478b00239e&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss Insider Editing at Wikipedia]". [[:en:The_New_York_Times|The New York Times]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071013084516/http://nytimes.com/2005/12/24/technology/24online.ready.html?ex=1293080400&en=431aff478b00239e&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss Archived] from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved March 25, 2007.</ref><ref>Hansen, Evan (December 19, 2005). [https://web.archive.org/web/20061230053039/http://www.wired.com/news/culture/0%2C1284%2C69880%2C00.html "Wikipedia Founder Edits Own Bio"]. [[:en:Wired_(magazine)|Wired]]. [[:en:Wired_News|Wired News]]. Archived from [https://www.wired.com/news/culture/0,1284,69880,00.html the original] on December 30, 2006. Retrieved March 25, 2007.</ref><ref>Finkelstein, Seth (February 12, 2009). [https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/feb/12/wiki-answers-wikia "What's in a name? Everything, when you're talking wiki value".] [[:en:The_Guardian|The Guardian]]. London. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131002212052/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/feb/12/wiki-answers-wikia Archived] from the original on October 2, 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2009.</ref>Ka ngwaga wa 2006, morago ga go thankgololwa ga Citizendium, Sanger o ne a kgala Wikipedia thata, a e tlhalosa e le "e e thubegileng e e ka se kang ya baakanngwa."<ref>Thomson, Iain (April 13, 2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070426034156/http://www.iwr.co.uk/information-world-review/news/2187709/wikipedia-broken-beyond-repair "Wikipedia 'broken beyond repair' says co-founder"]. [[:en:Information_World_Review|Information World Review]]. Archived from [http://www.iwr.co.uk/information-world-review/news/2187709/wikipedia-broken-beyond-repair the original] on April 26, 2007. Retrieved April 15, 2007.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2005, Wales o ne a itlhalosa fela jaaka mothei wa Wikipedia;<ref name=":35" /> le fa go ntse jalo, go ya ka Brian Bergstein wa [[:en:Associated_Press|Associated Press]], "Sanger ga a bolo go umakiwa jaaka mothei-mmogo."<ref name=":33" /> Sanger le Wales ba ne ba umakiwa jaaka mothei-mmogo mo dipegelong tse di farologaneng tsa dipotsolotso go tswa mo dipegelong tse dišwa tsa bobegadikgang le, ka ngwaga 2001<ref name=":36">Peter Meyers (September 20, 2001). [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9800E5D6123BF933A1575AC0A9679C8B63&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fSubjects%2fC%2fComputer%20Software "Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You"]. The New York Times. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071226154410/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9800E5D6123BF933A1575AC0A9679C8B63&n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FSubjects%2FC%2FComputer%20Software Archived] from the original on December 26, 2007. Retrieved April 18, 2007. It's kind of surprising that you could just open up a site and let people work," said Jimmy Wales, Wikipedia's co-founder and the chief executive of Bomis, a San Diego search engine company that donates the computer resources for the project. "There's kind of this real social pressure to not argue about things." Instead, he said, "there's a general consensus among all of the really busy volunteers about what an encyclopedia article needs to be like.</ref> le ngwaga wa 2002.<ref>Wales, Jimmy (August 6, 2002). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20090408184006/http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/xodp/message/1720 3apes open content web directory]". [[:en:Yahoo!|Yahoo! Tech Groups forum post.]] [[:en:WebCite|WebCite]]. Archived from [http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/xodp/message/1720 the original] on April 8, 2009. Retrieved April 3, 2009. I'm Jimmy Wales, co-founder of Nupedia and Wikipedia, the open content encyclopedias.</ref> Pele ga kgwedi ya Ferikgong ka ngwaga 2004, Wales e ne e sa ganetse maemo a ga Sanger jaaka motlhami-mmogo.<ref>Bishop, Todd (January 26, 2004). [https://www.seattlepi.com/business/article/Microsoft-Notebook-Wiki-pioneer-planted-the-seed-1135376.php "Microsoft Notebook: Wiki pioneer planted the seed and watched..."] Seattle Post-Intelligencer. [https://web.archive.org/web/20200225123302/https://www.seattlepi.com/business/article/Microsoft-Notebook-Wiki-pioneer-planted-the-seed-1135376.php Archived] from the original on February 25, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2023.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2006, Wales o ne a re, "O ne a tle a ntirele [...] Ga ke dumalane le go mmitsa motlhami-mmogo, mme o rata sereto".<ref>James Niccolai, [http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/news/index.cfm?newsid=7177 "Wikipedia taking on the vandals in Germany]" [https://web.archive.org/web/20071022165415/http://pcadvisor.co.uk/news/index.cfm?newsid=7177 Archived] 22 October 2007 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. [[:en:PC_Advisor|PC Advisor]]. 26 September 2006.</ref> Go simolola ka 2006, fa Sanger a ne a kwala le go botsolodiwa thata ka ga go simololwa ga Citizendium, o ne a gatelela maemo a gagwe jaaka motlhami-mmogo, le metswedi eno ya pele e e neng e mo tlhalosa jalo.<ref name=":33" /><ref name=":36" /><ref>Heim, Judy (September 4, 2001). "[http://www.technologyreview.com/Infotech/12586/ Free the Encyclopedias!"]. ''[[:en:Technology_Review|Technology Review]]''. Retrieved March 25, 2007.</ref><ref>Sanger, Larry. "[http://www.larrysanger.org/roleinwp.html My role in Wikipedia (links)]". ''larrysanger.org''. Larry Sanger. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070312163901/http://www.larrysanger.org/roleinwp.html Archived] from the original on March 12, 2007. Retrieved March 25, 2007.</ref> === Dikganetsano === ''Dipego tse dikgolo: [[:en:Criticism_of_Wikipedia|Go Kganetsa Wikipedia,]] [[:en:Litigation_involving_the_Wikimedia_Foundation|Ditsheko tse di amang Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia,]] le [[:en:Reliability_of_Wikipedia|Go Ikanyega ga Wikipedia]]'' * Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2005, [[:en:Wikipedia_Seigenthaler_biography_incident|kganetsano ya ga Seigenthaler]] e ne ya dira gore Brian Chase a tlogele tiro ya gagwe, morago ga gore Daniel Brandt wa [[:en:Wikipedia_Watch|Wikipedia Watch]] a senole gore ke ene yo o neng a dira diphetogo tseo. Morago ga tiragalo eo, lokwalo la dikgang lwa saense lwa [[:en:Nature_(journal)|Nature]] lo ne lwa dira patlisiso e e [[:en:Peer_review|sekasekilweng ke baitseanape]] go bapisa dipego tsa Wikipedia le tse di tshwanang le tsone mo [[:en:Encyclopædia_Britannica|''Encyclopædia Britannica'']]. mme e ne ya fitlhelela gore tsotlhe tseo di ne di lekana ka nepagalo ya tshedimosetso.<ref>Giles, Jim (2005). [[doi:10.1038/438900a|"Internet encyclopaedias go head to head"]]. Nature. 438 (7070): 900–901. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.438..900G 2005Natur.438..900G.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/438900a|10.1038/438900a]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836 0028-0836]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16355180 16355180]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4417563 4417563].</ref> <ref>"[http://www.nature.com/news/2005/051212/multimedia/438900a_m1.html The (Nature) peer review"]. Nature. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100410155113/http://www.nature.com/news/2005/051212/multimedia/438900a_m1.html Archived] from the original on April 10, 2010. Retrieved April 13, 2010.</ref>''Britannica'' e ne ya ganetsa mokgwa o patlisiso eo e neng ya dirwa ka one le diphitlhelelo tsa yone.<ref>Britannica: [http://corporate.britannica.com/britannica_nature_response.pdf Fatally Flawed. Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal Nature] [https://web.archive.org/web/20160709053629/http://corporate.britannica.com/britannica_nature_response.pdf Archived] 9 July 2016 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]</ref> Nature yone ga e a ka ya kopa maitshwarelo; go na le moo, e ne ya ema ka natla mo boikanyegong jwa patlisiso ya yone mme ya gana tsotlhe tsa diphoso tse di neng tsa supiwa.<ref>[https://www.nature.com/nature/britannica/index.html "Nature's responses to Encyclopaedia Britannica"]. Nature. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170515025717/https://www.nature.com/nature/britannica/index.html Archived] from the original on May 15, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2023.</ref> * Mo tshimologong go ya bogareng jwa ngwaga wa 2006, [[:en:Congressional_staffer_edits_to_Wikipedia|dikganetsano tse di amanang le baithusi ba maloko a Congress ka ga]] [[:en:Congressional_staffer_edits_to_Wikipedia|mekwalo ya matshelo a motho]] tsa Wikipedia di ne tsa tsenngwa mo pepeneneng. Go ne ga lemogiwa gore baithusi ba dipolotiki ba ne ba leka go tlhotlheletsa mekwalo ya matshelo a motho tsa boradipolotiki ba le mmalwa mo Wikipediang. Ba ne ba tlosa tshedimosetso e ba neng ba sa e rate (go akaretsa dipolelo tse di nyatsang le ditshepiso tsa letsholo la ditlhopho tse di neng di sa diragadiwa), ba tsenya tshedimosetso e e ba tlhagisang ka tsela e e siameng kgotsa dipolelo tsa go ba tlotla thata, kgotsa ba emisetsa karolo nngwe kgotsa setlhogo sotlhe ka mekwalo ya botshelo jwa motho e e kwadilweng ke badiri ba bona. Badiri ba boradipolotiki ba le batlhano bonnye ba ne ba amanngwa le ditiragalo tseno: [[:en:Marty_Meehan|Marty Meehan]], [[:en:Norm_Coleman|Norm Coleman]], [[:en:Conrad_Burns|Conrad Burns]], [[:en:Joe_Biden|Joe Biden]] le [[:en:Gil_Gutknecht|Gil Gutknecht]]. Ditiro tse di neng tsa kwalwa tsotlhe e ne e le tse di latelang.<ref name=":27" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Mopolotiki !Phetogo e dirilweng !Motswedi |- |[[:en:Joe_Biden|Joe Biden]], Senator wa Delaware |Go tlosiwa ga tshedimosetso e e neng e sa mo tsenye mo seemong se se siameng. |<ref name=":27">Nate Anderson (January 31, 2006). [https://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20060130-6079.html "Congressional staffers edit boss's bio on Wikipedia"]. arstechnica. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081012062850/http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20060130-6079.html Archived] from the original on October 12, 2008. Retrieved June 9, 2014.</ref><ref name=":28">Noguchi, Yuki (February 9, 2006). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/02/08/AR2006020802212.html "Wikipedia's Help From the Hill"]. www.washingtonpost.com. Washington Post. Retrieved February 18, 2026.</ref> |- |[[:en:Conrad_Burns|Conrad Burns]], senator wa Montana |Go tlosiwa ga dipolelo tse di neng di mo nyatsa, mme ga tsenngwa dipolelo tse di mo tlotlang e le “lentswe la molemi.” |<ref name=":28" /><ref>Williams, Walt (November 6, 2025) [February 8, 2006]. [https://www.bozemandailychronicle.com/news/burns-office-may-have-tampered-with-wikipedia-entry/article_2b39cf61-340f-5f5b-9933-3e09f3e2de84.html "Burns' office may have tampered with Wikipedia entry]". [[:en:Bozeman_Daily_Chronicle|Bozeman Daily Chronicle]]. Retrieved February 13, 2007.</ref> |- |[[:en:Norm_Coleman|Norm Coleman]], Senator wa Minnesota |Go kwalwa sešwa ga setlhogo gore se mo tlhagise ka tsela e e siameng, go akaretsa go fetolwa ga lefoko “liberal” ka “activist.” |<ref name=":27" /><ref name=":28" /><ref name=":29">Davis, Matthew (February 9, 2006). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/4695376.stm "Congress 'made Wikipedia changes'"]. news.bbc.co.uk. BBC News. Retrieved February 18, 2026.</ref> |- |[[:en:Gil_Gutknecht|Gil Gutknecht,]] Puthego ya Minnesota |Badiri ba gagwe ba ne ba kwala setlhogo sešwa mme ba tlosa tshedimosetso ka ga tsotlhe ya letsholo la gagwe la ditlhopho e a neng a sa e diragatse, Go dirwa maiteko a le mmalwa la ntlha ka akhaonto e e nang le leina, mme morago ka aterese ya IP e e sa itsiweng. |Mmueledi wa ga Gutknecht ga a ka a ganetsa gore ofisi ya gagwe e ne ya baakanya setlhogo seo, mme o ne a belaela gore tshedimosetso ya Wikipedia e ka ikanngwa.<ref>Diaz, Kevin (August 16, 2006). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20060821074302/http://www.startribune.com/587/story/618899.html Gutknecht joins Wikipedia tweakers".] Minneapolis-St. Paul Star Tribune. Archived from [http://www.startribune.com/587/story/618899.html the original] on August 21, 2006.</ref> |- |[[:en:Marty_Meehan|Marty Meehan]], Phutego ya Massachusetts |Go emisetswa ga setlhogo ka baekerafi e e kwadilweng ke badiri ba gagwe, go akaretsa go tlosiwa ga tshedimosetso ka ga tsotlhe ya letsholo la gagwe la ditlhopho e a neng a sa e diragatse. |<ref name=":27" /><ref name=":29" /> |} * Mo tiragalong e e farologaneng mme e e tshwanang, motsamaisi wa letsholo la ga [[:en:Cathy_Cox_(American_politician)|Cathy Cox]] la go nna [[:en:Governor_of_Georgia|mmusi wa Georgia]], Morton Brilliant, o ne a rola tiro morago ga go fitlhelwa a okeditse tshedimosetso e e sa siamang mo dikwalong tsa Wikipedia tsa baganetsi ba sepolotiki.<ref>Information included the mention of an opponent's son's arrest in a fatal drunk driving crash and allegations of questionable business practices of another opponent. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110524041212/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2002958137_campaign28m.html "Online postings changed; ex-Gregoire aide resigns"]. The Seattle Times. April 28, 2006. Archived from [http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2002958137_campaign28m.html the original] on May 24, 2011. Retrieved July 27, 2013.</ref> Morago ga go phatlaladiwa mo metsweding ya dikgang, ditiragalo tse di ne tsa fokotsega ka kgwedi ya Phatwe ka ngwaga wa 2006. * Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ka ngwaga wa 2006, Joshua Gardner o ne a senolwa jaaka Kgosi ya maaka ya Cleveland e e nang le tsebe ya Wikipedia.<ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/LegalCenter/story?id=1501916 "Student Reporters Expose 'Royal' Sex Offender]". ABC News. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230325084727/https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/LegalCenter/story?id=1501916 Archived] from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2023.</ref> * Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong ka ngwaga wa 2007, ba-Wikipedia ba puo ya Seesemane kwa [[:en:Qatar|Qatar]] ba ne ba thibelwa ka nakwana go fetola, morago ga go senya dilo ka bontsi, ke motsamaisi yo o neng a sa lemoge gore pharakano ya maranyane a lefatshe le e tsamaisiwa ka tsedimosetso e e bontshang lefelo la motho e le nngwe ya IP. Metswedi e mentsi ya bobegakgang e ne ya bolela ka bonako gore Wikipedia e ne e thibela Qatar go tsena mo lefelong leno.<ref>"[http://www.informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=196800476 Wikipedia Founder Refutes Claims That It Banned Qatar]" [https://web.archive.org/web/20071022202210/http://informationweek.com/story/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=196800476 Archived] 22 October 2007 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. Thomas Claburn. [[:en:InformationWeek|''InformationWeek'']]. 2 January 2007.</ref> * Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e tlhola masome a mabedi le boraro ka ngwaga wa 2007, modiri mongwe wa [[:en:Microsoft|Microsoft]] o ne a ithaopela go duela [[:en:Rick_Jelliffe|Rick Jelliffe]] go sekaseka le go fetola dipego dingwe tsa Wikipedia malebana le mofuta wa tokomane ya motswedi o o bulegileng o o neng o gaisana le fomete ya Microsoft.<ref>Bergstein, Brian (January 23, 2007). [https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16775981 "Microsoft offers cash for Wikipedia edit"]. [[:en:NBC_News|NBC News]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131205062212/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/16775981 Archived] from the original on December 5, 2013. Retrieved February 1, 2007.</ref> * Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2007, lekwalo la dikgang wa [[:en:The_New_Yorker|The New Yorker]] o ne wa ntsha paakanyo e e sa tlwaelegang ya gore morulaganyi yo o tlhageletseng wa [[:en:English_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Seesemane]] le motsamaisi yo o bidiwang "Essjay", o ne a tlhamile motho a dirisa dintlha tsa boitshupo tse di itlhametsweng.<ref>[[:en:Stacy_Schiff|Schiff, Stacy]] (July 24, 2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20060813110914/http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/060731fa_fact "Annals of Information: Know It All: Can Wikipedia conquer expertise?]". [[:en:The_New_Yorker|The New Yorker]]. Archived from [https://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/060731fa_fact the original] on August 13, 2006. Retrieved April 16, 2007.</ref><ref>Finkelstein, Seth (March 8, 2007). "[https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2007/mar/08/media.comment Read me first]". The Guardian. London. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070329052204/http://technology.guardian.co.uk/weekly/story/0,,2028328,00.html Archived] from the original on March 29, 2007. Retrieved April 16, 2007.</ref>Motseleganyi, [[:en:Essjay_controversy|Ryan Jordan]], o ne a nna modiri wa Wikia ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong ka ngwaga wa 2007 mme a senola leina la gagwe la mmantota; se se ne sa lemogwa ke Daniel Brandt wa Wikipedia Watch, mme a itsisiwe mokwadi wa setlhogo sa ntlha ([[:en:Essjay_controversy|kganetsano ya ga Essjay]]). * Gape ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2007, Barbara Bauer, moemedi wa dikwalo, o ne a sekisa Wikimedia ka ntlha ya go senya leina le go baka kotsi mo kgwebong ya gagwe, e leng Setheo sa Dikwalo sa Barbara Bauer.<ref>[https://www.eff.org/cases/bauer-v-glatzer "Bauer v. Wikimedia et al. | Electronic Frontier Foundation".] Eff.org. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100412233037/https://www.eff.org/cases/bauer-v-glatzer Archived] from the original on April 12, 2010. Retrieved April 13, 2010.</ref>Mo tshekong ya ga ''Bauer'' kgatlhanong le ''Glatzer'', Bauer o ne a bolela gore tshedimosetso e e mo Wikipedia e e neng e tshwaya bokgoni jwa gagwe jaaka moemedi wa dikwalo diphoso ke yone e e bakileng kotsi eno. [[:en:Electronic_Frontier_Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Molelwane wa Eleketeroniki]] o ne wa sireletsa Wikipedia<ref>[https://www.eff.org/press/archives/2008/05/02 "EFF and Sheppard Mullin Defend Wikipedia in Defamation Case | Electronic Frontier Foundation".] Eff.org. May 2, 2008. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100407223854/http://www.eff.org/press/archives/2008/05/02 Archived] from the original on April 7, 2010. Retrieved April 13, 2010.</ref> mme wa fuduga go kgaola tsheko ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref>[https://www.eff.org/files/filenode/wikimedia/motiontoquashmemo-wikimedia.pdf Motion to quash case (PDF)] [https://web.archive.org/web/20161020140651/https://www.eff.org/files/filenode/wikimedia/motiontoquashmemo-wikimedia.pdf Archived] 20 October 2016 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]]. EFF.org. 1 May 2008. Retrieved 19 October 2012.</ref> Tsheko kgatlhanong le Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia e ne ya kgaolwa ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e tlhola letsatsi le le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref>[https://www.eff.org/cases/bauer-v-glatzer "Bauer v. Wikimedia et al. | Electronic Frontier Foundation"]. Eff.org. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100713053150/http://www.citmedialaw.org/threats/bauer-v-wikimedia Archived] from the original on April 12, 2010. Retrieved April 13, 2010.</ref> * Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ka ngwaga wa 2007, modirisi mongwe yo o sa itsiweng o ne a [[:en:Chris_Benoit_double-murder_and_suicide#Wikipedia_controversy|tsenya tshedimosetso ya maaka]] e, ka tshoganyetso fela, e neng e tshwantshetsa [[:en:Chris_Benoit_double-murder_and_suicide|polao-go ipolaya ga ga Chris Benoit]], dioura di le mmalwa pele ga ditopo di bonwa ke babatlisisi. Go ribololwa ga tseleganyo go ne ga ngoka tlhokomelo e e anameng ya bobegakgang mme go ne ga begwa la ntlha mo saeteng ya kgaitsadi ya [[wikinews:Death of Nancy Benoit rumour posted on Wikipedia hours prior to the body being found|Wikinews]]. * Ka kgwedi ya Phalane ka ngwaga wa 2007, mo dipegelong tsa bone tsa loso lwa motlhami wa setlhogo sa sesupaditshwantso yo o sa tswang go tlhokafala [[:en:Ronnie_Hazlehurst|Ronnie Hazlehurst]], mekgatlho e le mentsi ya bobegakgang ya Borithane e ne ya bega gore o ne a kwala mmogo le ene pina ya [[:en:S_Club_7|S Club 7]] ya "[[:en:Reach_(S_Club_7_song)|Reach]]". Tota e bile, o ne a sa dira jalo, mme go ne ga lemogiwa gore tshedimosetso eo e ne e tserwe mo tseleganyong ya tsietso ya setlhogo sa ga Hazlehurst sa Wikipedia.<ref>Orlowski, Andrew. "[https://www.theregister.com/2007/10/03/wikipedia_obituary_cut_and_paste/ Braindead obituarists hoaxed by Wikipedia"]. The Register. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230316055525/https://www.theregister.com/2007/10/03/wikipedia_obituary_cut_and_paste/ Archived] from the original on March 16, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2023.</ref> * Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ka ngwaga wa 2009, Lefelo la Bosetšhaba la Ditshwantsho le ne la ntsha lekwalo la go emisa le go tlogela tiro ka ntlha ya go tlola tshwanelo ya go kwala, kgatlhanong le morulaganyi wa Wikipedia yo o neng a laisolola ditshwantsho tse di fetang dikete tse tharo tsa setshwantso sa boleng jo bo ko godimo go tswa mo lefelong la tshedimosetso ya Mokgatlho wa NPG, mme a di baya mo [[:en:Wikimedia_Commons|Wikimedia Commons]] [[:en:National_Portrait_Gallery_and_Wikimedia_Foundation_copyright_disputehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_and_Wikimedia_Foundation_copyright_dispute|(National Portrait Gallery and Wikimedia Foundation copyright dispute]])<ref>Kennedy, Maev (July 14, 2009). "[https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/jul/14/national-portrait-gallery-wikipedia-row Legal row over National Portrait Gallery images placed on Wikipedia".] The Guardian. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077 0261-3077]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170213165734/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/jul/14/national-portrait-gallery-wikipedia-row Archived] from the original on February 13, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2023.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100116135932/http://www.bjp-online.com/public/showPage.html?page=865802 "National Portrait Gallery receives support from BAPLA in its legal fight against Wikipedia]". Bjp-online.com. Archived from [http://www.bjp-online.com/public/showPage.html?page=865802 the original] on January 16, 2010. Retrieved April 13, 2010.</ref><ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts_and_culture/8151989.stm "Gallery in Wikipedia legal threat"]. July 15, 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090719231100/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/arts_and_culture/8151989.stm Archived] from the original on July 19, 2009. Retrieved March 16, 2023.</ref><ref>[http://www.metro.co.uk/news/article.html?National_Portrait_Gallery_sues_Wikipedia&in_article_id=702647&in_page_id=34 "National Portrait Gallery sues Wikipedia]". Metro. UK. July 14, 2009. Retrieved April 13, 2010.</ref><ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8156268.stm "Wikipedia painting row escalates]". July 17, 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090723012706/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8156268.stm Archived] from the original on July 23, 2009. Retrieved March 16, 2023.</ref> * Ka kgwedi ya Moranang le kgwedi ya Motsheganong ka ngwaga wa 2010, go ne ga nna le kganetsano ka ga go amogela le go bontshiwa ga ditshwantsho tsa thobalano le ditshwantsho tse di fatlhang go akaretsa le ditshwantsho tsa bana mo Wikipedia.<ref>Schofield, Jack (May 12, 2010)[https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/may/10/ipad-apple . "Wikipedia's porn purge, and cleaning up for the iPad"]. The Guardian. London. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131104202826/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2010/may/10/ipad-apple Archived] from the original on November 4, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2010.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101023073605/http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2010/05/07/wikipedia-purges-porn/ "EXCLUSIVE: Wikipedia's Parent Company Starts Purging Porn From Its Websites"]. [[:en:Fox_News|Fox News]]. May 7, 2010. Archived from [http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2010/05/07/wikipedia-purges-porn/ the original] on October 23, 2010. Retrieved October 24, 2010.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10104946 "Wikimedia pornography row deepens as Wales cedes rights"]. BBC. May 10, 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100618192131/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/10104946.stm Archived] from the original on June 18, 2010. Retrieved October 24, 2010.</ref> E ne ya dira gore diteng tsa ditshwantsho tse di fatlhang di tlosiwe ka bontsi mo mafelong a Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia.<ref>"[http://www.mail-archive.com/foundation-l@lists.wikimedia.org/msg10574.html Jimmy Wales – Where things stand now".] May 8, 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121010080055/http://www.mail-archive.com/foundation-l@lists.wikimedia.org/msg10574.html Archived] from the original on October 10, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2010.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10104946 "Wikimedia pornography row deepens as Wales cedes rights".] BBC. May 10, 2010. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101130150909/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10104946 Archived] from the original on November 30, 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2010.</ref> * Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2012, [[:en:Lord_Justice_Leveson|Lord Justice Leveson]] o ne a kwala jaana mo pegelong ya gagwe ka ga maemo a bobegadikgang jwa Borithane, "''The Independent'' e ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1986 ke babegadikgang e bong Andreas Whittam Smith, Stephen Glover le Brett Straub..." O ne a dirisitse setlhogo sa Wikipedia sa lekwalo la dikgang la [[:en:The_Independent|''The Independent'']] jaaka motswedi wa gagwe, mme tiro ya go senya le Brett Straub (moanelwa yo o sa itsiweng). <ref>McSmith, Andy (November 30, 2012). [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/press/levesons-wikipedia-moment-how-internet-research-on-the-independents-history-left-him-redfaced-8372446.html "Leveson's Wikipedia moment: how internet 'research' on The Independent's history left him red-faced"]. The Independent. London. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121204151536/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/press/levesons-wikipedia-moment-how-internet-research-on-the-independents-history-left-him-redfaced-8372446.html Archived] from the original on December 4, 2012. Retrieved December 8, 2012.</ref>''The Economist'' e ne ya bua jaana ka [[:en:Leveson_report|pegelo ya ga Leveson]], "Dikarolo tsa yone ke tiro ya sekere le go kgomaretsa e e tserweng mo Wikipedia."<ref>[https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21567944-somewhat-mediocre-report-could-yet-lead-better-press-rules-britain-hacked-pieces "The Leveson Inquiry: Hacked to pieces]". The Economist. December 8, 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121227113012/http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21567944-somewhat-mediocre-report-could-yet-lead-better-press-rules-britain-hacked-pieces Archived] from the original on December 27, 2012. Retrieved December 26, 2012.</ref> * Mo bokhutlong jwa ngwaga wa 2013, batshwaedi ba ne ba abelana phatlalatsa ka ditshwaelo tsa go tlhagelela gape ga ditshwantsho tse dintsi tse di hepisang tse di phimotsweng mo Wikipedia fa e sale ka ngwaga wa 2010.<ref>Gray, Lila (September 17, 2013). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20131021064635/http://newswire.xbiz.com/view.php?id=169017 Wikipedia Gives Porn a Break"]. XBIZ.com. Archived from [http://newswire.xbiz.com/view.php?id=169017 the original] on October 21, 2013. Retrieved October 20, 2013.</ref> === Diphetogo tse di itsegeng le mananeo a a tswang mo go tsone === Go na le palo e kgolo ya dikaelo tsa [[:en:Wikipedia:Mirrors_and_forks|seipone tsa Wikipedia le diphetogo tse di itlhaotseng]]. Mafelo a mangwe mo maranyaneng le one a dirisa lenaneo le le laolang sesupaditlhaka sa MediaWiki le kgopolo ya yone, e e neng ya itsege thata ka ntlha ya Wikipedia. Ga go na lenaane le le tlhokometsweng la mafelo ano. Diphetogo tse di itlhophileng tsa dipuo tsa kwa ntle tse di dirisang kgopolo ya Wikipedia di akaretsa [[:en:Enciclopedia_Libre_Universal_en_Español|Enciclopedia Libre]] (ka puo ya Spanish), ''Wikiweise'' (ka puo ya Sejeremane), ''WikiZnanie'' (ka puo ya Serussia), [[:en:Susning.nu|Susning.nu]] (puo ya Seswedishe), le Baidu Baike (puo ya China). Mangwe a mafelo ano (jaaka ''Enciclopedia Libre)'' a dirisa ditetla tsa [[:en:GFDL|GFDL]] kgotsa tse di tsamaisanang le tsone tse di dirisiwang ke Wikipedia, mme seno se dira gore go nne le go ananya diteng le Wikipediang ya puo ya bone. Ka ngwaga wa 2006, Sanger o ne a tlhama [[:en:Citizendium|Citizendium]], e e neng e ikaegile ka mofuta o o fetotsweng wa [[:en:MediaWiki|MediaWiki]]. Lefelo la tshedimosetso leo le ne la re le ikaelela “go tokafatsa mokgwa wa Wikipedia ka go nna le tlhokomelo e e bonolo ya baitseanape, gareng ga dilo tse dingwe.” Ka ngwaga wa 2006 gape, motlhotlheletsi wa sepolotiki wa maikutlo a a tlhomameng le mmueledi [[:en:Andrew_Schlafly|Andrew Schlafly]] o ne a tlhama [[:en:Conservapedia|Conservapedia]], e e neng e ikaegile ka MediaWiki. === Phasalatso mo metsweding e mengwe === [[:en:German_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Sejeremane]] e ne e le ya ntlha go gatisiwa ka bontlhabongwe gape go dirisiwa metswedi e mengwe ya dikgang (go na le mo maranyaneng), go akaretsa le go gololwa mo CD ka Ngwanaitseele 2004[291] le mefuta e e atolositsweng mo sedirisiweng sa polokelo sa CDkgotsa DVD ka kgwedi ya Moranang ka ngwaga wa 2005 le kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ka ngwaga wa 2006. Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ka ngwaga wa 2005 mogatisi wa Zenodot mbH, e leng kompone e e amanang le Directmedia,e gatisitse buka ya ditsebe di le lekgolo le masome a mararo le borobabongwe e e tlhalosang Wikipedia, ditso tsa yone le melawana ya yone, e e neng e patilwe ke sedirisiwa sa polokelo sa DVD ya bogolo jwa B jwa bosupa ntlha ya sephatlho e e nang le dipego di le dikete tse makgolo a a mararo le ditshwantsho di le dikete di le lekgolo go tswa mo Wikipedia ya Sejeremane.<ref>[http://www.heise.de/newsticker/result.xhtml?url=/newsticker/meldung/67137&words=Wikipedia%20DVD "Neue Wikipedia-DVD im Handel und zum Download"] (in German). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070605174842/http://www.heise.de/newsticker/result.xhtml?url=%2Fnewsticker%2Fmeldung%2F67137&words=Wikipedia%20DVD Archived] from the original on June 5, 2007. Retrieved April 25, 2007.</ref> Kwa tshimologong, Directmedia le yone e ne ya itsise ka maano a go gatisa Wikipedia ya Sejeremane ka botlalo, ka bogolo jwa volume di le lekgolo tsa ditsebe di le makgolo a le borobabobedi tsebe nngwe le nngwe. Kgatiso e ne e tshwanetse go simolola ka kgwedi ya Phalane ka ngwaga wa 2006, mme e fele ka ngwaga wa 2010. Le fa go ntse jalo, ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2006, lenaneo leo le ne la emisiwa.<ref>"[http://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/71231 Wikipedia wird noch nicht gedruckt]" (in German). March 24, 2006. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070416131622/http://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/71231 Archived] from the original on April 16, 2007. Retrieved April 25, 2007.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse ka ngwaga w 2008, [[:en:Bertelsmann|Bertelsmann]] o ne a gatisa bolumo ya ditsebe di le sekete e e nang le dipego tse di tlhophilweng tse di tumileng tsa Wikipedia ya Sejeremane. Bertelsmann o ne a duela ka go ithaopa Yuro e le nngwe ka kopololo nngwe le nngwe e e rekisitsweng kwa [[:en:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia]] [[:en:Wikimedia_Deutschland|ya Deutschland]].<ref>online, heise (March 24, 2006). "[https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Wikipedia-wird-noch-nicht-gedruckt-112468.html Wikipedia wird noch nicht gedruckt"]. heise online (in German). [https://web.archive.org/web/20181118200418/https://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Wikipedia-wird-noch-nicht-gedruckt-112468.html Archived] from the original on November 18, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2023.</ref> Porojeke ya lenaneo la ditaelo tsa sesupaditshwantso mahala le yone e simolotswe go dira gore mofuta o o sa fetogeng wa [[:en:English_Wikipedia|Wikipedia ya Seesemane]] o nne teng gore o dirisiwe mo [[:en:IPod|di-iPod]]. Lenaneo la “Encyclopodia” e ne ya simololwa mo e ka nnang ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga 2006 mme jaanong e ka dirisiwa mo di-iPod tsa kokomana ya ntlha go fitlha ya bonè.<ref>[https://encyclopodia.sourceforge.net/en/index.html "Encyclopodia – the encyclopedia on your iPod]". [[:en:SourceForge|SourceForge]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070427070452/http://encyclopodia.sourceforge.net/en/index.html Archived] from the original on April 27, 2007. Retrieved April 25, 2007.</ref> ==== Dikgololo tsa difaele tsa CD/DVD/Kiwix ZIM tsa Wikipedia ==== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kgatiso !Ngwaga !Tlhaloso !Kgolagano ya go laola faele ya [[:en:ZIM_(file_format)|ZIM]] |- |Tlhopo ya CD ya Wikipedia ya ngwaga wa 2006 |2006 |Mofuta wa ntlha wa polokelo ya CD, o o neng o na le tlhopho ya ditlhogo go tswa mo [[:en:English_Wikipedia|Wikipediang ya Seesemane]]. O ne wa phatlhalidiwa ka kgwedi ya Moranang ka ngwaga wa 2006 ke [[m:Interwiki_map/discontinued#SchoolsWPSOSChildren|SOS Children.]]<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20070418030451/http://www.soschildrensvillages.org.uk/charity-news/education-cd.htm SOS Children releases 2006 Wikipedia CD Selection"]. [[m:Interwiki_map/discontinued#SchoolsWPSOSChildren|SOS Children.]] June 4, 2006. Archived from [http://www.soschildrensvillages.org.uk/charity-news/education-cd.htm the original] on April 18, 2007. Retrieved April 25, 2007.</ref> | |- |Wikipedia ya mohuta wa 0.5 |2007 |CD e e neng e na le ditlhogo di ka nna dikete tse pedi tse di tlhophilweng go tswa mo bukeng ya tshedimosetso ya maranyane e ne ya phatlaladisiwa ke [[:en:Wikimedia_Foundation|Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia]] le Linterweb. Tlhopho ya ditlhogo e ne e ikaegile ka boleng jwa mofuta wa maranyane le botlhokwa jwa setlhogo se se neng se tshwanetse go akarediwa. E ne ya tlhamiwa e le teko ya go ipaakanyetsa mofuta wa polokelo ya DVD o o neng o tla akaretsa dipego tse dintsi thata.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070427230436/http://www.wikipediaondvd.com/site.php "Wikipedia 0.5 available on a CD-ROM]". April 2007. Archived from [http://wikipediaondvd.com/site.php the original] on April 27, 2007. Retrieved April 25, 2007.</ref><ref>[https://tweakers.net/nieuws/47253/Wikipedia-maakt-cd-voor-internetlozen.html "Wikipedia maakt cd voor internetlozen]" (in Dutch). [[:en:Tweakers.net|tweakers.net.]] April 25, 2007. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070428211831/http://tweakers.net/nieuws/47253/Wikipedia-maakt-cd-voor-internetlozen.html Archived] from the original on April 28, 2007. Retrieved April 25, 2007.</ref> Ditlhogo tsa polokelo ya CD di ne tsa rulaganywa go ya ka ditlhogo tsa tsone. Mofuta wa polokelo ya CD o ne o ka rekwa mo maranyaneng, wa laolwa jaaka [[:en:Disk_image|faele ya setshwantsho sa DVD]] kgotsa [[:en:Wikipedia:Version_1.0_Editorial_Team/Torrent_Project/Version_0.5|faele ya Torrent]], kgotsa wa bonwa mo lefelong la tshedimosetso la lenaneo. |<ref>[https://download.kiwix.org/archive/zim/wikipedia/wikipedia_en_wp1-0.5_2007-03.zim "Wikipedia Version 0.5 at download.kiwix.org"]. ''download.kiwix.org''.</ref><ref>"[https://archive.org/download/wikipedia_en_wp1-0.5_2007-03.zim wikipedia_en_wp1-0.5_2007-03.zim directory listing"]. archive.org.</ref> |- |Wikipedia ya mohuta wa 0.7 |2009 go ya kwa 2010 |Mofuta wa ntlha wa polokelo ya DVD. Kgatiso e e akaretsang ya ditlhogo di ka nna dikete di le masome a mararo tse di tserweng mo mafelong otlhe a dithuto. Go ne ga dirwa tiro ya diatla go tlosa tshenyo ya diteng, mme se sa diega letsatsi la kgololo. E akaretsa ditlhagiso tsa ditlhogo go ya ka maphata le mafelo a lefatshe, mmogo le lenaane la ditlhogo ka tatelano ya ditlhaka tsotlhe tsa puo. |<ref>"[https://download.kiwix.org/archive/zim/wikipedia/wikipedia_en_wp1-0.7_2009-05.zim Wikipedia Version 0.7]". download.kiwix.org.</ref> <ref>[https://archive.org/download/wikipedia_en_wp1-0.7_2009-05.zim "wikipedia_en_wp1-0.7_2009-05.zim directory listing"]. archive.org.</ref> |- |Wikipedia ya mohuta wa 0.8 |2011 |Kgatiso e e akaretsang ya ditlhogo di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane le bosupa le makgolo a le mararo tse di tserweng mo mafelong otlhe a dithuto. Go tlhophwa ga ditlhogo le go tlosa tshenyo ya diteng go dirisiwa ditsamaiso tse di tlhamilweng ke setlhopha sa baithaopi ba ba tswang mo setshabeng sa Wikipedia, mme seo sa tokafatsa thata nako ya go gololwa ga yone. E akaretsa fela lenaane la ditlhogo ka tatelano ya ditlhaka tsotlhe tsa puo mme ga e na go aroganya ditlhogo go ya ka magoro. |<ref>[https://download.kiwix.org/archive/zim/wikipedia/wikipedia_en_wp1-0.8_orig_2010-12.zim "Wikipedia Version 0.8"]. download.kiwix.org.</ref> <ref>"[https://archive.org/download/wikipedia_en_wp1-0.8_orig_2010-12.zim wikipedia_en_wp1-0.8_orig_2010-12.zim directory listing".] archive.org.</ref> |} Go tloga ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ka ngwaga wa 2022, ga go ise go tlhole go na le ditokololo tse di tlhophilweng tsa dipego fa e sa le ka Mofuta wa Wikipedia 0.8.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Version_1.0_Editorial_Team&oldid=1092780181 "Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team"]. June 12, 2022. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220707222542/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Version_1.0_Editorial_Team&oldid=1092780181 Archived] from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved June 27, 2022 – via Wikipedia.</ref> === Ditsheko === Ka ditsela tse di lekanyeditsweng, Mokgatlho wa Wikimedia o sireleditswe ke [[:en:Section_230_of_the_Communications_Decency_Act|Karolo]] [[:en:Section_230_of_the_Communications_Decency_Act|makgolo a mabedi le boraro ya Molao wa Maitseo a Ditlhaeletsano]]. Mo kgatong ya go senya leina ''Bauer et al. v. Glatzer'' le ba bangwe, go ne ga tshwarwa gore Wikimedia ga e na tsheko e e ka e arabang ka ntlha ya karolo eno.<ref>[http://m.app.com/news.jsp?key=81411 "Judge tosses Matawan literary agent's defamation lawsuit against Wikipedia – Asbury Park Press"]. M.app.com. Retrieved April 13, 2010.</ref>Molao o o tshwanang kwa lefatshe la France o ne wa dira gore tsheko e kgaolwe ka kgwedi ya Phalane ka ngwaga wa 2007.<ref>[[:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2007-11-05/French_lawsuit|Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2007-11-05/French lawsuit.]] 5 November 2007.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 2013, [[:en:Oberlandesgericht|kgotlatshekelo ya boikuelo ya Jeremane kgotsa Oberlandesgericht]] (Kgotlatshekelo e e Kwa Godimo ya Kgaolo ya Stuttgart) e ne ya atlhola gore Wikipedia ke "motlamedi wa tirelo" e seng "motlamedi wa diteng", mme ka jalo ga e na molato fa fela e tlosa diteng tse di latofadiwang ka gore ga di kafa molaong.<ref>Paulson, Michelle (December 2, 2013). [[diffblog:2013/12/02/legal-victory-german-court-wikimedia-foundation/|"In legal victory, German court rules Wikimedia Foundation need not proactively check for illegal or inaccurate content"]]. Diff. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230127005533/https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/12/02/legal-victory-german-court-wikimedia-foundation/ Archived] from the original on January 27, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2023.</ref> == Bona gape == * [[:en:History_of_wikis|Ditso tsa diwiki]] * [[:en:List_of_Wikipedias|Lenaane la Diwikipedia]], le rulagantswe go ya ka letlha la go thankgololwa ga lone * [[:de:Wikipedia:Sprachen#Chronologie_der_Wikipedias_nach_Artikelanzahl|Tatelano ya ditiragalo tsa Diwikipedia ka palo ya diathikele]] (sejeremane) * [[:en:Predictions_of_the_end_of_Wikipedia|Diponelopele tsa bokhutlo jwa Wikipedia]] * [[:en:The_Wikipedia_Revolution|Phetogo ya Wikipedia]] – Buka ya 2009 e e kwadilweng ke [[:en:The_Wikipedia_Revolution|Andrew Lih]] * [[:en:Timeline_of_Wikipedia–U.S._government_conflicts|Mola wa nako wa Wikipedia–U.S. dikgotlhang tsa puso]] == Metswedi == ljpspmolwfcxwu8v5wajvmv5gztdndw Ditso tsa lefatshe la Botswana 0 14424 53664 52966 2026-07-30T17:28:17Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Pre-colonial history" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366623313|History of Botswana]]" 53664 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditso tsa lefatshe la Botswana''' di akaretsa tsa bogologolo le tsa ngwao ya kgaolo, go diriwa kolone ya [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Bechuanaland Protectorate]], le go nna Republic of [[Botswana]] gompieno. Batho ba ntlha ba motlha wa gompieno go nna mo [[Botswana]] e ne e le Basarwa, temothuo e tlhabolotswe dingwaga di ka nna dikete pedi, le makgolo a mararo a a fetileng. Batho bantsho ba Bantu ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago ga loso lwa ga Keresete, fa [[Batswana]] ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago. Batswana ba ne ba kgaogana ka ditlhopha tsa merafe mo dingwageng tse di dikete tse di latelang fa diphudugo mo kgaolong di tswelela, tse di neng tsa baka [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]] mo lekgolong la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi. Go amana le lefatshe le le kgolo le le naleng dikarolo la Europe ga ntlha go diragetse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi lesome le borataro, mo go bakileng go diriwa Bakeresete ga batho ba kgaolo. Magosi a Batswana a a neng a na le thotloetso e kgolo a ne a ikopela go nna mo tlhokomelong ya lefatshe la [[United Kingdom]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le botlhano ka ba ne ba itemogela matshosetsi go tswa kwa [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German South West Africa]] le mo Maburung. Batho ba Britain ba ne ba kgaoganya kgaolo go nna merafe e kgosi nngwe le nngwe e tlaa e etelelang pele, ba a fa dikgosi maatla a a fetang a ba neng ba na le one pele, mme ba ne ba nna le taolo e e lekanetseng fela mo lefatsheng. Puso ya Britain e ne ya nna le seabe se setlhagafetseng ka dinwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la ema nokeng go tsaya karolo ga Britain mo ntweng ya bobedi ya mafatshe, bontsi ba ne ba lwa e le bontlha jwa sesole sa [[Aferika|Aforika]] sa Auxiliary Pioneer Corps. Go lwela go laola go nnile teng ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a matlhano fa gare ga Kgosi ya [[Bangwato]] [[Seretse Khama]] le motlhatlhami wa gagwe [[Tshekedi Khama]]. Go nyala mosadi wa lekgoa ebong [[Ruth Williams Khama]] ga ga Seretse, go ne ga baka gore batho ba Britain ba mo thibele go nna mo [[Botswana]]. O ne a boa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a matlhano le borataro, ka a ne a na le kemo nokeng e kgolo, merafe e ne inaakanya le puso e e tlhophilweng fa letsholo la boipuso le tlhamiwa. Molao wa lefatshe o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le motso, ga tlhamiwa diphathi tsa polotiki. Seretse o ne a nna moeteledipele wa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Bechuanaland Democratic Party]], e e neng e bueletswe ke puso ya Britain go busa morago ga boipuso, e ne ya nna le kemo nokeng e e tsitsibanyang mmele mo ditlhophong tsa ntlha tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le botlhano. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la neelwa boipuso jo bo tletseng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro. Ka maikaelelo a a nonofileng, Seretse le phathi ya gagwe ba ne ba tlhama puso ya batho ka batho ya bophirima ba simolola go tlhabolola dikago mo lefatsheng le e neng e le lengwe la a a neng a humanegile thata ka nako eo. Go ne ga lemogiwa fa go na le diteemane ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabongwe, mo go neng ga bopa sesha itsholelo ya Botswana. Kompone ya meepo ya [[Debswana]] e tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi, lefatshe la Botswana la nna la itsholelo e e golang ka bofefo thata go gaisa a mangwe mo Botswana. Phathi ya sepolotiki ya Botswana Democratic e ne ya tswelela e le yone phathi e e busang go tswa ka nako ya boipuso go fitlhelela phathi ya [[Umbrella for Democratic Change]] e fenya ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone.]] == Ditso tsa pele ga bokolone == === Ditso tsa pele === [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo Hills rock paintings4.jpg|thumb|metako ya magaga kwa Tsodilo mo ditsong tsa pele]] Lefatshe la Botswana la gompieno e ne e le sekgwa fela dingwaga di le didikadike tse di lesome tse di fitileng, dinoka di ne di le ditona go fetisa gompieno, di tshela kwa [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|letsheng la Makgadikgadi]].<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou, Thomas]]; [[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Campbell, Alec C]]. (1997) [1984]. ''[[History of Botswana]]'' (2nd&nbsp;ed.). Macmillan Botswana. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/9991278087|&nbsp;<bdi>9991278087</bdi>.]]</ref> Batho ba sebopego sa ntlha sa Homo erectus ba ne ba nna mo kgaolong eo ka motlha wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997,]] p.&nbsp;14.</ref> Didirisiwa tsa lejwe mo Botswana wa gompieno, di tshwana le dilepe, di tswa go o lowe, dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fitileng.<ref name=":4">Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). [[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|''Culture and Customs of Botswana''.]] Greenwood Press. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33178-7|<bdi>978-0-313-33178-7</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#Identifiers_and_linked_data|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/title/62118271 62118271.]</ref><ref name=":0">Klehm, Carla (28 June 2021). "Archaeology of Botswana". ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History''. doi:[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61663/chapter/553401196 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.792]. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4|<bdi>978-0-19-027773-4</bdi>.]]</ref> Phudugo go ya sekakeng sa Kalahari go akanyediwa fa e diragetse pele ga legato la borataro dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro tse di fitileng.<ref name=":0" /> Letsha la Makgadikgadi le simolotse go fokotsega dingwaga di le dikete di le masome matlhano tse di fitileng.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;17.]]</ref> Bagolagolwane ba merafe e e sa amaneng ka gope ba ba bidiwang Basarwa fa ba kgobokantswe, ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome mane go tsena masome a mararo tse di fitileng. Ba ka tswa e le bone batho ba ntlha go nna mo motlheng wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&nbsp;18, 23.</ref> Ba ne ba itlhoma go bapa le dinoka ka dipaka tsa komelelo, mme ba phatlalale le kgaolo ka nako ya dipula.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&nbsp;24.</ref>Go ne go itsewe fa ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikaganyeditseng [[letsha la Makgadikgadi]], ga mmogo le [[Tsodilo]] le GI.<ref name=":1">[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;xv.</ref> Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba [[Nata]], Shua le Xani, go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref name=":2">Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;23.</ref>[[:en:Rock_art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse masome a mararo tse di fetileng,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Meepo ya specularite le hematite e simolotse ka nako e go tlhama dipente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;48.</ref> Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a leruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome mabedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":1" /> Thuto e e tseneletseng ya Aforika e e kwa borwa mo [[:en:Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Matlapa]] e ntse e lekanyeditswe.<ref name=":0" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[:en:Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba sala ka ditlhopha tse dinnye mme ba dira kgwebo le ba bangwe.<ref name=":2" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere tshimo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monna yo mogolo wa lelapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tse dikgolo, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela le go tshwara diphologolo tse dinnye.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Ditlhopha di ne di nyalana mme di dirisa thulaganyo ya magadi, xaro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete tse tse di fetileng, batho ba kgaolo eo ba ne ba tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana wa gompieno mme ba simolola go dira dinkgwana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;8.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;28.</ref>Temothuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga le go wela tlase fa seemo sa loapi le ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo di ne di dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;29–30.</ref>Gareng ga dijalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[:en:Pearl_millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[:en:Sorghum|mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[:en:Cowpea|dinawa tsa kgomo]], le dimela tsa lelapa la [[:en:Cucurbitaceae|cucurbits]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba Bantu ba ne ba [[:en:Bantu_expansion|fudugela kwa kgaolong]] e dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi le dingwaga dile selete le makgolo a matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong leno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;22–24, 28.</ref> [[:en:Kalanga_people|Batho ba Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba goroga c. 200 C.E.<ref name=":3">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Bagologolwane ba morafe wa ntlha wa [[:en:Tswana_people|Batswana]] (bongwe ''Motswana'', bontsi ''Batswana'') go fopholediwa fa ba gorogile c. 400 C.E.<ref name=":3" /> Batho ba ba Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didirisiwa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna mo ditseleng tsa metsi tsa leruri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;9.</ref> Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a leruri a matlo a ka nna lesome go fitlhela lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Pole-and-daga|dipale le mmu]] nngwe le nngwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa Khoisan e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;44–45.</ref> BaKhoisan le Bantu ba ka tswa ba ne ba gweba le go nyalana mo pakeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;36.</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlhela ka lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga === Setlhopha sa batho ba Zhizo, batho ba Taukome, ba ne ba goroga mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme ba nna fa gare ga [[:en:Shashe_River|Noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|Noka ya Serorome]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref><ref name=":5">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;10.</ref> Go nna le [[:en:Glass_bead|dipheta tsa galase]] go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo ya Lewatle la India]].<ref name=":5" /> Palo ya leruo le le ruiwang mo Botswana wa gompieno e ne ya oketsega thata fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa borobabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":4" /> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso ya morafe, e e bidiwang ''morafe'' (bontsi merafe), mongwe le mongwe o eteletswe pele ke kgosi e e bidiwang ''[[:en:Kgosi|kgosi]]'' (bontsi dikgosi).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Tsamaiso e e ne ya tlhagisa puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le tse dingwe mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;40.</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong, mme go nna mong wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho.<ref name=":6">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;11.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ditso tsa bogologolo tsa batho ba Tswana e sa ntse e sa itsiwe thata ka gonne go setse bosupi jo bonnye jwa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo.<ref name=":3" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Sekaka sa Kalahari]] ka makgolo ale borobabongwe morago ga ga Keresete,<ref name=":1" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong le le latelang la dingwaga, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng kwa Lewatleng la India.<ref name=":6" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Bangwe ba batho ba Eiland ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa ya gompieno go tsena mo Botswana wa gompieno mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Batho ba Toutswe, ba bangwe ba morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, ba bona khumo ya bona ka go nna le dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;13.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Go ne ga agiwa metse e meraro ya Ba-Toutswe kwa [[:en:Bosutswe|Bosutswe]], Sung, le [[:en:Toutswemogala|Toutswemogala]], mongwe le mongwe wa bone o ne o busa metse e mennye e e neng e e dikologile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 12, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba anametse kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;60.</ref> Boleng jwa ditlhagiswa bo ne jwa fetogafetoga fa kgwebisano e ntse e atolosiwa le ditšhaba di sele mme go ribololwa ga gauta go ne ga diragala, go fokotsa kgatlhego mo ditlhagisweng tsa sebilo le tsa diphologolo jaaka lonaka lwa tlou.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;27–28.</ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":7">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Merafe e e kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditiragalo tse mme e ne ya sala e sa amege thata.<ref name=":8">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Baagisani ba Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe le wa lesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard's Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":9">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> <ref name=":10">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;61.</ref>Ba tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[:en:Bambandyanalo|Bambandyanalo]], ba ne ba nna batho ba bagolo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe kwa ba neng ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;67–68.</ref> Ba ne ba bonela pele tlhotlheletso go ralala kgaolo fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> Batho ba Okavango Delta le batho ba Tsodilo mme morago ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bodulo mo nakong e, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke batho ba Khoe fela ba ba neng ba nna mo lefelong leo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou & Campbell 1997]], pp. 46, 81.</ref>Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro,<ref name=":11">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;14.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa mo nako e le nngwe.<ref name=":10" />Batho ba Mambo ba ne ba nna go dikologa [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]] ya gompieno mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo tikologong ya nako e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Batho ba segompieno ba Tswana, [[:en:Khalagari_people|Khalagari]], le [[:en:Sotho_people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo e ka nnang ka lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":12">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Ba-Khalagari ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana.<ref name=":13">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Batho ba Fokeng le bone ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi,<ref name=":14">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;93.</ref> mme batho ba Moloko ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro.<ref name=":12" /> Morafe wa tshimologo wa BaTswana, losika lwa bogosi lwa Phofu, o tlhodilwe kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro ke Mogale. Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, e ne ya kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa le merafe ya Bahurutshe, [[:en:Kwena_people|Kwena]], [[:en:Ngwaketse_people|Ngwaketse]], [[:en:Ngwato_people|Ngwato]], Tlharo, le batho ba ba [[:en:Ngwato_people|Kgatla]].<ref name=":13" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa ema mo boemong jwa Mapungubwe e le maatla a kgaolo ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro fa batho ba Gumanye ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[:en:Great_Zimbabwe|Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le le botlhokwa le ditsompelo tsa yone le go nna gaufi le lebopo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;77–78.</ref> Zimbabwe e ne e laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le teng mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana,<ref name=":15">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvi.</ref> mme kgwebisano ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo eo.<ref name=":11" /> Zimbabwe e ne e latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga, mme e ne ya wela mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Dinaga tse dingwe di le mmalwa di ne tsa tlhagelela morago ga go wa ga yone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo neng jwa bopiwa ke [[:en:Kalanga_people|merafe ya Kalanga]], bo ne jwa tsaya maemo a Zimbabwe mo molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;98–100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana le [[:en:Pedi_people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bone<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> mme [[:en:Rolong_people|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Morolong.<ref name=":13" /> Kgosi Masilo go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya bophirima jwa Tswana ka nako e, go fitlhela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga moo go bolelwa fa lefelo le le ne le busiwa ke Malope kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":14" /> === Lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell - Thlapingkaptein en sy vrou.png|thumb|Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1800]] Batho ba baTswana ba ne ba fuduga fa gare ga Botswana wa gompieno ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke batho ba naga le batho ba mmuso wa ga mmamosadinyana go tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":16">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;19.</ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga sekete le makgolo a le marataro.<ref name=":17">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, losika lwa ga Phofu, lo ne lwa wela tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;104.</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la lesome le botlhano le la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":11" /> Batho ba ba Kalanga ba ne ba laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[:en:Motloutse_River|Noka ya Motloutse]] le [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Letsha la Makgadikgadi]] go fitlhela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabobedi.<ref name=":7" /> Batho ba Hurutshe, Kgatla, le Kwena ba ne ba kgaogana le losika lwa segosi lwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo gare ga komelelo le dintwa tsa boswa, mme kgabagare ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;10.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Batho ba Ngwaketse le ba Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le boraro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;105.</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo ba ne ba nna mo Motlheng wa Bofelo wa Leje go fitlha mo e ka nnang mo lekgolong la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;22.</ref> Batho ba Botswana wa gompieno ba simolodistse ditsela tse di telle tsa motsamao ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa, e tsamaelwa dikilometara tse makgolo go rekisa,go tsoma le go itsalanya le batho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;108–109.</ref>Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana motlhofo abo e ipopa ka bongwe go tswa mo go ba bangwe ka gore dithoto tse dipotlana , le leruo tsa lefelo ne di kgona go tsmaisiwa motlhofo.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":16" />Merafe ya botlhabatsatsi e ne e tshabellwa ke go kgaogana ka ntlha ya seele se se tona gareng ga toropo le ditshimo.<ref name=":18">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;392.</ref>Kgaogano gareng ga ditlhopa tsa baTswana e nnile mo gareng ga ngwagakgolong ya lesome le bosupa, e tlhalosa merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":19">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;106.</ref>Merafe ya baTswana ba botlhabatsatsi e ne e nna e le maikaelelo a dintwa tsa [[:en:Griqua_people|batho ba Griqua]].<ref name=":18" /> Fa batho ba baTswana ba tswa bokone go ya Botswana wa borwa-bophirima wa segompieno ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa , ba ne ba nna mo metseng e e neng e nna batho ba Kgalagari, ba ba tshwaetsa kgotsa ba ba ntsha. Batho ba ba Kwena le merafe ya bone ya lekala ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa segompieno ka fa tlase ga taolo ya [[:en:Kgabo_II|Kgabo wa bobedi]] ba bo ba nna gaufi le motse wa [[:en:Molepolole|Molepolole]].<ref name=":19" />Go ya ka setso sa molomo, bapatole ba e leng batho ba Herero le Mbanderu ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathung ba Mbunda ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bosupa fa ntwa tsa leruo la batswana le ne le phatlalatsa ditlhopa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> le batho ba Bayeyi ba ne ba fudugela kwa Okavango Delta go ya kwa nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;8.</ref>Mo mafelong a mangwe, batho ba Kaa ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathong ba Rolong le batho ba Khurutse ba kgaogana le batho ba Bahurutshe, fa ditlhopa tsotlhe di fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":20">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;107.</ref>Batho ba Bashaga ba ne ba kopana le batho ba Kgalagari ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;110.</ref> State sa ntlha sa Tswana se tlhamilwe ke batho ba Ngwaketse bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi. Si state tse dingwe tsa Tswana di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka go latelana ke batho ba ba Kwena, batho ba Ngwato le batho ba ba Tawana mo dingwageng tse lesome tse nne di latela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;113.</ref> Ka se go ne ga tla ditlhabololo tsa ''mophato (''bontsi ''mephato),'' mephato ya sesole e e rulagantsweng k a dingwaga tsa setlhopa, gareng ga batho ba Tswana ba bophirima mo dingwageng tsa sekete le makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano''.''<ref name=":21">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;386.</ref>Batho ba le babedi ba Kgatla , batho ba Kgafela le batho ba ba Tlokwa, ba tsene mo nakong e ba bo ba tsaa taolo mo tikologong ya [[:en:Pilanesberg|Pilanesberg]] mo Aforika Borewng wa segompieno. Ba ne ba laola ka thata bontsi jwa batho mo lefelong leo mme ebile ba fentse dintwa tse pedi le batho ba Fokeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;390–391.</ref>Tiriso ya mephato e ne ya phatlatsega kwa bathong ba Tswana ba kwa botlhaba kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":21" />E ne e sa amogelwa go phutologilwe mo borwa === Difaqane === [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]], nako ya dintwa le phuduso mo borwa jwa Aforika , e diragetse kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi le tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;17.</ref> Mo nakong ye, batho ba baTswana ba ne ba le mo '''kgonegong''' ya dintwa ke ditlhopa di le dintsi ,di akaretsa [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Ndebele]], ba [[:en:Kololo_people|Kololo]], ba [[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]],<ref name=":8" /> ba Pedi, le ba [[:en:Voortrekker|Voortrekkers]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;391.</ref>Bontsi jwa ditlhopa tsa ba Tswana di itlhopetse go boela morago ko ntlheng ga go lwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;394.</ref>Sese ne sa trigger phudugo e e extensive e e ralalang lefelo, go baka gore morafe wa ba Tswana o phatlalale thata abo o simolodisa bolengteng jo bo nonofileng gareng ga territory ya Botswana wa segompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo [[:en:Hardveld|nageng e e thata]] e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Batho ba Kwena le ba Ngwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa motseng wa [[:en:South_African_Republic|Transvaal]] go ya kwa ''lefelong la motlhaba''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;18.</ref> Batho ba ntlha wa Kgatla go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, batho ba Mmanaana, o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[:en:Moshupa|Moshupa]] le [[:en:Thamaga|Thamaga]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53, 56.</ref> Ke fela bangwe ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba bolokwa mo go fudugeng kgotsa mo go kgorelediweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;393.</ref> Batho ba Kololo ba ne ba tlhasela merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa 1826, ba pateletsa BaKwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bona ka go farologana. Sebogo, molaodi wa morafe wa Ngwaketse, o ne a tsosa banna ba le dikete dile nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa Dithubaruba kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ba bolaya batlhabani le baagi, ba kobela ruri Bakololo mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;393–394.</ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma dinaga tsa yone gape ka dingwaga tsa bo 1840, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;31.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;693.</ref><ref name=":22">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;114.</ref> Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[:en:Kgotla|kgotla]]'', kopano ya dipuisano e mo go yone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a utlwa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagi ba banna pele a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref name=":34">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;695.</ref><ref name=":23">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1880, batho ba Tswana le ba Khalagari ba ne ba dirile Botswana yotlhe ya gompieno dikolone.<ref name=":20" /> === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe ba ne ba goroga lantlha mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|London Missionary Society]]. Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa dira go fetolela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":24">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Morongwa [[:en:Robert_Moffat_(missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya motse wa gagwe wa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa Botswana wa gompieno jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le Maburu gore ba se ka ba kgona go ya kwa teng.<ref name=":8" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a ne a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekeresete le go kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente e Kgologolo le e Ntšhwa ka bobedi di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa 1857.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;57, 65.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgopolo di le mmalwa tsa itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aforika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''mafisa'' ya bahumi ba adima bahumanegi dikgomo go ba ananya ka tiro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;701.</ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya dithoto tse di fhapegileng ka bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe , mme banna ba ba nyetsweng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le tshwanelo ya ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;698.</ref> Banna ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref> Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se lengwa thata mo kgaolong eo mo lekgolong la lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela komelelo e ne e raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Bagwebi ba lefatshe la Britain ba gorogile ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":24" /> Go tla ga baagi ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe ba ba neng ba nna gaufi le foo go ne ga dira gore merafe ya Batswana e kgone go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Sechele_I|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_I|wa ntlha]] wa batho ba Bakwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya lefatshe la Britain ya morafe wa gagwe.<ref name=":22" /> Morongwa wa kwa Scotland e bong [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o ne a goroga mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma lekgotla la [[:en:Kolobeng_Mission|Kolobeng Mission]]. Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe mo go bokete ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe mo merafeng ya Batswana fa ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano tsa dikontinente tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":15" /> Moaparo wa Bophirima o ne wa amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala ngwagakgolo otlhe mme o kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;120–121.</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a fa batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu.<ref name=":25">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa batho ba Kalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba lebana le kgotlhang go tswa mo ditlhopheng tse dingwe mo kgaolong, mme ya goroga kwa setlhoeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1850. Batswana ba le bantsi, bogolosegolo merafe ya Kwena le Ngwato, ba ne ba lwa kgatlhanong le merafe ya Maaforikanere le ya MaZulu kwa botlhaba jwa Sekaka sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;195.</ref> Ba-Kwena le Ba-Mmanaana ba ne ba lwantsha Maburu go tswa kwa Transvaal ka ngwaga wa 1852, ba sireletsa kgaolo ya bone mme ba fedisa go atologa ga setšhaba go ya kwa bophirima.<ref name=":26">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;396.</ref> Batswana ba ne ba bona ditlhopha tsa barongwa e le tsela ya go tshabela mo batlhaseding, ba rotloetsa go sokologela mo Bokereseteng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Sechele o ne a kopa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Britain ka 1853 go fedisa dintwa tsa kgaolo, mme o ne a ganwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;107.</ref> Baeng ba Europa ba ne ba tlwaelesegile thata mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga fa batsomi, batlhotlhomisi, le bagwebi ba ne ba batla dipoelo le go bona dilo tse di kgatlhang mo kgaolong eo.<ref name=":25" /> Ba le bantsi ba ne ba kwala [[:en:Travel_book|dibuka tsa maeto]] ka ga lefelo leo, tse e neng e le dingwe tsa dikgatiso fela tse e seng tsa thuto ka ga Botswana wa gompieno ka nako eo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;65–66.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1860, go fuduga go tswa mo kgaolong go ne ga oketsega fa banna ba Batswana ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya go bereka kwa meepong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Go ribololwa ga Masimo a [[:en:Tati_Goldfields|Gauta a Tati]] go ne ga tsosa go batla gauta ga ntlha ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe kwa Borwa jwa Aforika ka ngwaga wa 1868.<ref name=":24" /> Kampa ya pele ya meepo e e neng ya tlhongwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1870 e ne ya atologa thata fa e ne e nna lefelo le legolo la terena fa gare ga [[:en:Cape_Province|kgaolo ya Cape]] le [[:en:Bulawayo|Bulawayo]], mme ya nna toropokgolo ya ntlha ya Botswana, e leng [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;15, 29.</ref> Mo nakong e mo hisitoring ya Botswana, dikgosi tse dikgolo tsotlhe e ne e le Bakeresete.[92] Ntwa magareng ga Bakwena le BaKgafela ka ngwaga wa 1875.<ref name=":26" />Kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga di le lesome, kgosi [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa batho ba Ngwato o ne a gapa taolo ya kgwebisano ya Borithane mo bathong ba Kwena.<ref name=":22" /> == Tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland == ''Setlhogo se segolo: [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]'' Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e oketsegang ya lefatshe la Germany mo kgaolong, mme e ne ya dumela go bopa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]].<ref name=":27">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom & Bolt 2018]], p. 40.</ref><ref name=":28">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Makgowa a Britain a ne a eletsa go somarela tlhotlheletso ya yone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka a ne a neelana ka kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aforika.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Dikgosi tsa Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane ya Aforika Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maaforikaner]],<ref name=":29">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;161.</ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ya taolo ya Borithane e ne e le bokoloniale jwa baagi ke Jeremane.<ref name=":30">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;694.</ref> Ba ne ba eletsa gape go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Aforika Borwa kgotsa moeteledipele wa meepo [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa tshireletso e santse e iphitlhela e ikaegile ka Aforika Borwa mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe go nna lefatshe la merafe le le busiwang ke dikgosi le [[:en:Crown_land|lefatshe la segosi]] le le laolwang ke United Kingdom.<ref name=":29" /> Merafe e borobarobedi e ne ya amogelwa ke Maesemane fa go ne go tlhodiwa protectorate. Tse nne tse dikgolo di ne tsa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe: Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Gape go ne ga lemogiwa tse tharo tse dinnye: tsa Kgatla, tsa [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Tlokwa]] le tsa ga [[:en:Malete_people|Malete]]. Ba borobedi, ba Tshidi, ba ne ba fiwa lefelo la polokelo le le kgabaganyang molelwane magareng ga naga e e sireleditsweng le Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;30n1.</ref> Fa maloko a merafe e mennye e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe tsa bona.<ref name=":17" /> Go tsenngwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola mofuta wa puso ya Motswana, ka merafe e ne e sa tlhalosiwe thata mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka dikgaolo di kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;46–47.</ref><ref name=":31">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;24.</ref> Tshireletso kwa tshimologong e ne ya atologela kwa Ngwato, e fitlha go tswa go didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa go ya kwa [[:en:Molopo_River|Nokeng ya Molopo]], mme e ne ya atolosiwa go ya kwa didikiriing di le lesome le borobabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhela kwa Nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwaga wa 1890.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;30.</ref>Se se ne sa tlamela Maborithane ka badiri ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya yona mme sa bopa sekgoreletsi se segolo sa go lekanyetsa bokoloniale jwa Jeremane.<ref name=":32" /> Batho ba bangwe ba Tswana ba ne ba nna kwa borwa jwa tshireletso mme moragonyana ba ne ba tsenngwa mo Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":28" /> Batho ba ga Kgafela ba ne ba nna kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa 1887. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna seka-Kgatla.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53.</ref>Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa 1891 go tlhoma tshireletso semmuso.<ref name=":29" /> Puso ya yone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa mookamedi go nna tlhogo ya yone. Mookamedi o ne a fiwa dithata tse di anameng mo tshireletsong, fa fela a ne a tlotla molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> Motsemogolo wa yone e ne e le toropo ya Aforika Borwa ya Vryburg, go supa gore babusi ba bokoloniale ba ne ba sa nne mo tshireletsong mme ba ne ba sa amege ka tlhamalalo mo mererong ya yona.<ref name=":33">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;41.</ref>Go na le moo, mookamedi yo mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusa-baokamedi ba babedi, mme mookamedi wa kgaolo o ne a tlhofofatsa go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":35">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Go tsenngwa ga puso ya Borithane mo Aforikaborwa go ne go raya gore Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne e ikaegile ka yona mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;162.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore Bechuanaland Protectorate ke setheo sa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore e tla tloga e tsewa ke kolone ya Borithane.<ref name=":37">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;115.</ref> Fa go ntse jalo, e ne e dumela gore tshireletso e e kgonang go itshedisa e tla ja madi a mannye go e tlhokomela.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":41">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;108.</ref> Ka ntlha ya mabaka a, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya gapeletsa taolo e nnye fela e e tlhamaletseng ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland.<ref name=":23" /> Dikgosi di ne di akola dikgang tse mme tsa kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jo bo anameng, fela tshegetso ya bokoloniale e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka tumelelo ya merafe go tshegetsa puso.<ref name=":36">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;41–42.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;66–67.</ref>[ Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya seemanosi, se se neng sa baka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho le go tlhaola basadi le merafe e mennye.<ref name=":38">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;161–162.</ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa tshireletso === {{Multiple image|total_width=300|image1=Chief-khama-III.jpg|image2=Sebele I by Fritsch 1865.jpg|image3=Bathoen I in london1895.jpg|footer=Khama III, Sebele I le Bathoen I, ba ba neng ba kgona go tlhotlheletsa puso ya Borithane gore e se ka ya tsenya Bechuanaland Protectorate mo taolong ya Khamphani ya British South Africa.|direction=Horizontal}} Batho ba lefatshe la Britain ba ne a rulagantse gore kwa bofelong ba akaretse Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland mo Kopanong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":31" /> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso, United Kingdom e ne ya tsena mo dipuisanong le Cecil Rhodes go e tsenya mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aforika Borwa ya Borithane]].<ref name=":27" /> Fa ba araba, dikgosi tse tharo tse di nang le tlhotlheletso thata—Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, Sebele Iwa ntlha wa Ba-Kwena, le Bathoen wa ntlha wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto lwa bodipolomate go ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa1895 mme ba dira gore puso e se ka ya wetsa tumalano eo.<ref name=":33" /><ref name=":39">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvii.</ref>Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di dirisanang le makgoa a lefatshe la Briritsh jaaka setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref name=":40">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> mme sa kwala batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka setšhaba se le sengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[:en:Jameson_Raid|Jameson Raid]] ka yone e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba makgowa a lefatshe la British marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;30–31.</ref> Go ketekwa ga dikgosi tse go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aforika: ''Khamé'', ''Sebéle'' le ''Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa lefatshe la London ka one ngwaga oo. Mokwalo o o [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhagisitse tlhamane]] e e simolotseng ya gore merafe ya bone e meraro ka go farologana e tlhodilwe ke bakaulengwe ba bararo.<ref name=":42">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;670.</ref> Gape ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropong e nngwe ya Aforika Borwa, [[:en:Mafeking|Mafeking]],<ref name=":33" />mme kompone ya Marope a Bogologolo e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marope a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go batla gauta.<ref name=":32" /> Tshireletso e ne ya amiwa thata ke go runya ga bolwane mo diphologolong ya Aforika ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, ya latlhegelwa ke dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa leruo la yona le diphologolo tsa naga.<ref name=":39" /> [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|Seporo sa tshireletso se agilwe ka]] [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|ngwaga wa 1897]] jaaka mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tsosa [[:en:Pioneer_Column|setlhopa sa Babulatsela]] go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa Ngwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole.<ref name=":43">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la [[:en:Jameson_Raid|tlhaselo ya ga Jameson]] ka 1896.<ref name=":39" /> Morafe wa Kgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya [[:en:Boer_War|Ntwa ya Maburu]], o lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane.<ref name=":43" /> Itsholelo ya pele ya bokoloniale ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne ya nna e tshwana thata le itsholelo ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref /> United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata naga ya tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e fa Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka mo meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;42.</ref> Makgetho le one a ne a tsenngwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la ntlwana]] ka ngwaga wa 1899, le le neng la emisediwa ka [[:en:Poll_tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa 1909.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Lekgetho la selegae le ne la tsenngwa moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 1919.<ref name=":44">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;31.</ref>Makgetho a bokoloniale kwa Tshireletsong ya Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme se sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagi go ba rotloetsa go nna.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;43–44.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la akanyetsa go kopanya tshireletso mo Aforika Borwa jaaka e ne e [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|kopanya dikoloni tsa yona tsa borwa jwa Aforika]], fela kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":39" /> ya kopana ka ngwaga wa 1910.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;137.</ref> Boloko bo ne bo dira gore tshireletso e nne le karolo tse pedi mo lekgolong fela ya lotseno lwa bokopano.<ref name=":44" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1910, merafe yotlhe ya Batswana e ne e amogetse Bokeresete.<ref name=":24" />Bechuanaland e ne ya romela masole a le makgolo a le mmalwa go thusa Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya [[:en:World_War_I|Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya ntlha]].<ref name=":43" /> Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o ne wa iphitlhela o wela tlase ka nako eo, mme ka iketlo o ne wa latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso mo pusong e e neng e sireleditswe.<ref name=":42" /> [[:en:Sebele_II|Sebele wa bobedi]] o ne a nna kgosi ya Kwena ka ngwaga wa 1918, a tlhatlhama rraagwe, [[:en:Sechele_II|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_II|wa bobedi]]. Sechele II o ne a thulana le Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o o neng o laola, a letlelela go nna teng ga Anglican le go busetsa mekgwa e mentsi ya setso e e jaaka go nyala basadi ba le bantsi, go dira pula le ''[[:en:Bogwera|bogwera]]''. Sebele II o ne a tswelela ka kgwetlho ya ga rraagwe kwa Mokgatlhong wa Barongwa wa London, go ngongorega ga puso ya Borithane.<ref /> Puso e e gabedi ya dikgosi le tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya dira gore tsamaiso e nne thata, ka jalo tsamaiso e ne ya tlhama makgotla a mabedi a bagakolodi go lekalekanya balaodi bao.<ref name=":44" /> Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana (moragonyana Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Aforika) le ne la tlhongwa ka ngwagawa 1919.<ref name=":35" />Kopano e ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya dikgosi le batho ba bangwe ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso mo tshireletsong e ne ya letla puso ya Borithane go utlwa le go laola merafe mmogo go na le ka bongwe.[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;47–49.</ref>] Khama wa boraro wa Ngwato o ne a gana go tsaya karolo, a supa bokoa jwa tiragatso ya thibelo ya bojalwa mo morafeng wa borwa. Khama wa boraro o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1923<ref name=":45">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;230.</ref> mme a tlhatlhangwa ke [[:en:Sekgoma_II|Sekgoma]] [[:en:Sekgoma_II|wa bobedi]], yo o neng a direla go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1926.<ref name=":45" /> Morwa wa ga Sekgoma e bong [[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] o ne a sa ntse a le lesea, ka jalo [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama|Tshekedi Khama]] o ne a nna mmusi.<ref name=":46">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Tshekedi o ne a lemogwa jaaka moemedi wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> Fa Seretse a ntse a gola, Tshekedi o ne a gatelela gore a fiwe [[:en:Liberal_education|thuto e e gololesegileng]] go na le gore a romelwe kwa sekolong sa madirelo sa Rhodesia.<ref>Samatar 1999, p.&#x20;179.</ref> === Tlhabololo le tlhotlheletso e e oketsegileng ya Borithane === Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920, kgosi Isang Pilane wa batho ba Kgatla o ne a okametse sekema sa ntlha se segolo sa tlhabololo ya metsi sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland , a dira gore go epiwe metswedi ya metsi e le lesomethataro, mme di le supa tsa tsone di ne tsa nna ditlamelo tsa metsi tse di atlegileng. Tse e ne tsa tlwaelega thata mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang fa puso ya Borithane e ne e kgatlhegela go atolosa itsholelo ya tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;70.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930, Isang Pilane le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana ba ne ba dira gore dikhuti di nne tse di hapegileng, ka gonne di ne di sa tlhokomelwe ka fa tlase ga bong jo bo kopanetsweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], pp.&#x20;699–700.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya nna teng mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1930, ya bolaya go feta karolo ya masome a marataro mo lekgolong ya dikgomo tsa tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne ya tsaya karolo e e matlhagatlhaga mo pusong ya tshireletso go simolola ka ngwaga wa 1930.<ref name=":47">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;58.</ref><ref name=":41" />Mo ngwageng oo, e ne ya simolola go tlamela ka matlole ka tlhamalalo go tshireletso.<ref name=":48">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Charles Rey o ne a tlhomiwa go nna molaodi wa Moagi wa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, mme o ne a na le maikarabelo a go rulaganya itsholelo sešwa go dikologa dikgomo tsa go romelwa kwa ntle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;55–56.</ref> Maiteko a go fetola tshireletso go ya kwa tlhabololong ya meepo le temothuo ya kgwebo a ne a lekwa mme a bona a kgarametswa morago go tswa mo dikgosing.<ref name=":37" /> Molaodi wa Moagi Rey o ne a thulana le kgosi Sebele wa bobedi, mme a dira gore a lelekwe ka 1931. Sebele II o ne a emisediwa ka morwarraagwe yo mmotlana, Kgari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dikgato tse dingwe di ne tsa lekwa ke puso ya Borithane ka 1934 go thibela maatla a a sa laolweng a dikgosi morago ga go menolwa ga ga Sebele II. Dikgato tseno di ne tsa laela makgotla a bagakolodi a dikgosi di neng di tshwanetse go buisana le one mme di ne di batla gore puso ya Borithane e newe phitlhelelo ya direkoto tsa kgotlatshekelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;69–70.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;49.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Bathoen_II|Bathoen wa bobedi]] wa Ngwaketse le moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao mo maitekong a. Le fa kgotlatshekelo ya Borithane e ne ya atlhola kgatlhanong le kgwetlho, dipholisi tse dišwa ga di ise di ko di tsenngwe tirisong ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;72–73.</ref><ref name=":49">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Dithibelo tse dingwe di ne tsa amogelwa ka kgoeletso ya bokoloniale go lekanyetsa bokgoni jwa dikgosi go lefisa makgetho le go gapa dikgomo tse di timetseng.<ref name=":39" /> Molaodi yo mošwa wa baagi, [[:en:Charles_Arden-Clarke|Charles Arden-Clarke]], o ne a tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1936 mme a dira gaufi le dikgosi.<ref name=":49" /> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe II === Dipoifo tsa tlhaselo ya Jeremane kwa Bechuanaland di ne tsa gola pele ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi ka ntlha ya boemo jwa yone jwa togamaano fa gare ga dikoloni tsa Boritane tse di fa gare le tse di kwa borwa mo Aforika. Malatsi a le lesome le bongwe pele ga ntwa e itsisiwe, puso ya Borithane e ne ya tlhagisa naga e e sireleditsweng gore e nne e le mo seemong se se siameng, mme masole a sesole a ne a rulaganngwa. Malatsi a le manè morago ga gore Borithane e bolele ntwa kgatlhanong le lefatshe la Germany, Molaodi wa Moagi Arden-Clarke o ne a tshwara kopano le dikgosi kwa ba neng ba solofetsa go tshegetsa maiteko a ntwa ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> Letsatsi le le latelang, khomišene e kgolo e ne ya ntsha kgoeletso ya [[:en:Emergency_powers|dithata tsa tshoganyetso]] tse di neng tsa e fa taolo e e feletseng mo tirong ya setšhaba mo tshireletsong, fela dikgosi di ne tsa itsisiwe gore di tla nna le maikarabelo a bontsi jwa tiragatso le go boloka kagiso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;33–34.</ref> Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi di ne di batlile go se go nne le tshusumetso epe mo bathong ba Bechuanaland, mme bontsi bo ne bo na le kakanyo e e sa tlhamalalang fela ya gore ntwa e ne e le teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya ngotlega fa palo e kgolo ya baagi ba basweu ba ne ba ikwadisa mo Sesoleng sa Boritane. Ba ba neng ba setse ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo mo thulaganyong ya tshireletsego fa go ka direga gore borwa jwa Aforika bo nne letlhakore le lengwe mo ntweng.<ref name=":50">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;35.</ref> Kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa dikgosi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya rotloetsa Batswana ba ba neng ba eletsa go direla le Sesole sa Borithane go ikwadisa le Sesole sa Batswana sa Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Banna ba Batswana ba ka nna makgolo a supa ba ne ba ikwadisa le setlhopha seno.<ref name=":51">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Go tlhokomela Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland go ne ga nna selo se se kwa tlase mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya Kwelotlase e Kgolo ya itsholelo le Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi,<ref name=":41" /> mme tshireletso ga e a ka ya amogela matlole ape go tswa kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":48" /> Mmusomogolo wa Borithane o ne o na le taolo e nnye mo Bechuanaland fa o bapisiwa le dikgaolo tsa one tse dingwe, mme maiteko a Borithane a go laola tlhagiso ya nako ya ntwa mo tshireletsong a ne a sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;124.</ref> Ntwa e ne ya fetola thata itsholelo ya tshireletso fa e ntse e tswelela, ya tlhagisa tlhaelo, go aba dijo, le ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> [[:en:Profiteering|Go dira dipoelo]] le go [[:en:Price_gouging|fokotsa ditlhwatlhwa]] go ne go tlwaelesegile, mme puso ya bokoloniale, e e neng e sa kgone go gagamatsa [[:en:Price_control|ditaolo tsa ditlhwatlhwa]], e ne ya dirisa [[:en:Gentlemen's_agreement|ditumalano tsa banna]] le bagwebi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;138.</ref> Makgetho a ne a tlhatlosiwa mme mananeo a Letlole la Tlhabololo ya Bokoloniale di ne tsa fokodiwa kwa tshimologong ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi go tlhoma boipuso jwa matlole go tswa mo mmusomogolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;125–126.</ref> Kgoeletso ya Taolo ya Madirelo a Leruo ya ntlha ya ngwaga wa 1940 e ne ya fetisiwa go duedisa dikgomo lekgetho, madirelo a a magolo a tshireletso, mme fela e ne ya kopana le kganetso e e boitshegang go tswa kwa Batswaneng le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la kaorolokgolong ya lefatsa ya Europe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> Letlole la ntwa le ne le dira kwa Bechuanaland, mme le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le solohetse gore meneelo e nne ya boithaopo, dikgosi di ne tsa dirisa taolo ya tsone mo merafeng ya tsone go pateletsa meneelo. E ne ya emisediwa ka lekgetho ka ngwaga wa1941, fela se se ne se sa ratwe thata mme sa itshupa se le thata go se diragatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;128–131.</ref> === Botsayakarolo jwa Batswana mo Ntweng ya Lefatshe II === [[Setshwantsho:Bechuanaland Boys cleaning Aa Guns in the Twilight after Action, Syracuse, Sicily Art.IWMARTLD4576.jpg|thumb|Basimane ba Bechuanaland ba phepafatsa Ditlhobolo tsa Aa mo Lefifing morago ga Tiragalo, Syracuse, Sicily, tiro ya botaki ya 1944 e e dirilweng ke [[:en:Leslie_Cole_(artist)|Leslie Cole]]]] Go thapiwa ga sesole go simolotse kwa Bechuanaland ka ngwaga wa 1941.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;34–35.</ref> Banna ba ka nna dikete tse tlhano le makgolo a matlhano ba ne ba katisiwa mme ba romelwa kwa ntweng mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse thataro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Banna ba bangwe ba Batswana ba le dikete tse tlhano ba ne ba tsenelela ntwa ka ngwaga wa 1942.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ka kakaretso, masole a ka nna dikete tse lesome le bongwe go tswa kwa Bechuanaland a ne a lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":50" /> Ba feta dikete tse lesome ba bone ba ne ba direla mo Sesoleng sa Boritane sa [[:en:African_Auxiliary_Pioneer_Corps|Babulatsela ba ba Thusang ba Aforika]].<ref name=":51" /> Dikgosi ka tlwaelo di ne di na le tshwanelo ya go [[:en:Conscript|kwadisa]] masole, mme di ne di itlhokomolosa dikeletso tsa puso ya bokoloniale tsa gore tirelo ya sesole e nne ya boithaopo gotlhelele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;44–46.</ref> Moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato o ne a dira gore a se ka a ratwa ke batho ka go dirisa go tsenngwa mo sesoleng jaaka sedirisiwa sa taolo, a go dirisa sebetsa go didimatsa batshwayadiphoso le baganetsi ba sepolotiki.<ref name=":52">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Banna ba ba neng ba eletsa go tila go tsenela bosole ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Aforika Borwa kgotsa kwa mafelong a a kgakala jaaka metlhaba ya [[:en:Okavango_Delta|noka e phatlallang ya Okavango]] le [[:en:Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park|sekgwa sa Kgalagadi]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;47.</ref> Ba bangwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgato tsa go itlhokomela ka bonako, jaaka go epa dikhutsi fa bathapi ba ne ba etela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di eletsa go dirisa go tsaya karolo ga tsone mo ntweng go bona ditshwanelo tse dingwe mo teng ga Mmusomogolo wa Borithane, mme di ne di tshaba gore go fenngwa ga Borithane go tla ba dira babusiwa ba Jeremane kgotsa Aforika Borwa, e leng phelelo e ba neng ba eletsa go e tila.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;39–40.</ref> Maiteko a ntwa gape e ne e le tshono ya go busetsa banna ba Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugetse kwa Aforika Borwa go ya go dira ditiro tsa meepo; dikgosi di ne di eletsa go fedisa mokgwa o mme di ne di ikutlwa di ka dira jalo ka go neelana ka ditiro tsa sesole.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;41–43.</ref> Dituelo dingwe tsa sesole di ne tsa diegisiwa go malapa a masole, mme ditekanyetso tsa thomelo kwa ntle di ne tsa tlosiwa ka nako ya ntwa, mme tsa baka go tsena ga madi kwa Bechuanaland.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;133.</ref> Fa go bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tse di mo Mmusong wa Boritane, batho ba Bechuanaland ba ne ba amogela ntwa eo. Batswana ba le bantsi ba ne ba na le maikutlo a boikanyegi mo mmusomogolong kgotsa ba ikutlwa gore dikgatlhego tsa bone di a tsamaisana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;36–37.</ref> Dikgosi dingwe, jaaka [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|Kgari Sechele]] [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|wa bobedi]] wa kwa ga Kwena le Molefi Pilane wa ga Kgatla, ba ne ba ikwadisa ka sebele. Ba ne ba dira jaaka disajene tse dikgolo tsa masole, e leng maemo a a kwa godimo a a neng a le teng mo Batswaneng.<ref name=":52" /> Go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya letlelela Batswana go nna le diteseletso tsa kgwebo le go dira mo teng ga naga e e sireleditsweng. Se pele se ne se lekanyeditswe batho basweu le makula.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;135.</ref> Setlhopha sa Dikgaolo tsa Dikhomišene tse di Kwa Godimo se ne se le kwa Botlhabagare go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1946 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1949.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> === Mokgatlho wa boipuso === [[Setshwantsho:1960 6d Bechuanaland Protectorate stamp.jpg|thumb|Setempe sa ngwaga wa 1960 sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland se se nang le ditshwantsho tsa ga [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Kgosigadi Victoria]] le [[:en:Elizabeth_II|Elizabeth wa bobedi]], dikgosi tsa ntlha le tsa bofelo tsa Borithane tsa tshireletso .]] Bokhutlo jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi bo ne jwa tla ka phetogo e kgolo mo setšhabeng. Dikgosi di ne tsa bonwa di se botlhokwa thata mo sebopegong sa loago, mme bontsi bo ne jwa tlogela dipolelo tsa bone tsa lefatshe lotlhe mo dikgomong tsa merafe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;51.</ref> Didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa setšhaba, jaaka lefatshe le badiri, di ne tsa dirwa tse di hapegileng le go dirwa dithoto.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;52.</ref> Phitlhelelo ya thuto e ne ya tlhola setlhopha sa batlhalefi ba ba [[:en:Liberalism|gololesegileng]] ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le puso ya dikgosi mme ba simolola go ipopela mafelo a bone a maatla mo mekgatlhong ya badiri le ditlhopha tsa baagi.<ref name=":63">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;165.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1946, ke karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong fela ya paoyotlhe ya baagi e e neng e na le tiro kwa ntle ga temothuo le ditirelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya bona koketsego e kgolo ya dikelo tsa matsalo jaaka karolo ya bogare jwa [[:en:Mid-20th_century_baby_boom|ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi wa go tlhatloga ga masea]] mo dingwageng tsa morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, e e neng e tsamaya le koketsego ya [[:en:Life_expectancy|dingwaga tsa botshelo]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e simolotse lenaneo la yone la ntlha ya tlhabololo mo tshireletsong, e leng lefelo la matlhabelo, ka dingwaga tsa bo ka ngwaga wa 1950.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;81.</ref> Maborithane, a santse a solofetse go kopanya tshireletso go nna Aforika Borwa, kwa bofelong a ne a phimola leano le morago ga tshimologo ya [[:en:Apartheid|Tlhaolele]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref>Fa maiteko a simolola go tlhama tsela e ntšhwa ya isago ya tshireletso, tshireletso e ne ya bewa mo seemong sa go tlhoka maitseo, mme ga go na tsela ya go ya pele e e neng e bonala sentle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], pp.&#x20;672–673.</ref> Tshitshinyo nngwe e ne e le go e tsenya mo [[:en:Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland|Mokgatlhong wa Rhodesia le Nyasaland]], o lefatshe la United Kingdom e o tlhamileng ka fa tlase ga pholisi ya "tirisanommogo ya merafe e mentsi".<ref>Parsons 2006, p.&#x20;673.</ref> Fa mojaboswa wa Ngwato Seretse Khama a gola, mmusi Tshekedi Khama o ne a leka go tshwarelela mo pusong.<ref name=":53">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;696.</ref> Seretse o ne a nyala mosadi wa mosweu, [[:en:Ruth_Williams_Khama|Ruth Williams]], fa a ne a ithuta kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom, mme se sa baka matlhabisa ditlhong mo lelapeng la segosi la ga Ngwato.<ref name=":46" /> Le fa kwa tshimologong setšhaba se ne se le kgatlhanong le lenyalo le, go sa ratweng ga ga Tshekedi go ne ga fetola maikutlo a Seretse.<ref name=":47" /> Kgang e ne ya tlhagisiwa mo kgotleng ka ngwaga wa 1949, mme puso ya ga Tshekedi e ne ya ganwa ka bontsi ke diketekete tsa batho ba ba neng ba le teng.<ref name=":53" /><ref name=":47" /> Tshekedi le batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Kwena kwa botshabelo.<ref name=":54">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Puso ya makgowa e ne e sa itshokele lenyalo la ga Seretse le mosadi yo mosweu. Ka maiteko a go ritibatsa puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, e ne ya leleka banyalani ba mo pusong ya tshireletso ka ngwaga wa 1950. Se se ne sa tsosa mokgatlho wa bosetšhaba o o neng o gola mo gare ga baemanokeng ba ga Seretse mo pusong ya tshireletso, o o neng wa tlhagelela ka botlalo ka ngwaga wa 1952.<ref name=":37" /> Ka nako ya fa Seretse a ne a seyo, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la baya molaodi wa kgaolo dingwaga di le nne pele ga e tlhoma Rasebolai Kgamane, motshegetsi wa ga Tshekedi, go nna moemedi.<ref name=":54" /> Morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tsuologela go lelekwa ga ga Seretse.<ref name=":55">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;53.</ref> Batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba kopa gore a bowe, mme go ne ga tsoga dikhuduego fa ba ne ba ganwa. Seretse o ne a feleletsa a letleletswe go boa ka ngwaga wa1956.<ref name=":56">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Ka nako e, kgaogano e e gagametseng ya merafe mo Aforika Borwa ya Tlhaolele e ne ya thibela lefatshe la United Kingdom go e ritibatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;200.</ref> Mo nakong yotlhe ya mathata a go lelekwa ga ga Seretse, maatla a ne a tlogela bogosi mme a ya kwa mekgatlhong ya ditlhopho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;91.</ref> Tshekedi le Seretse ba ne ba dira kagiso fa Seretse a boa, mme Seretse a nna moeteledipele wa ''nnete'' wa Ngwato, le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le mo thibetse go nna kgosi ya semmuso.<ref name=":56" /> Ka thotloetso ya Borithane, morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tlhama lekgotla la morafe, le Seretse le Tshekedi ka bobedi e neng e le maloko a lone.<ref name=":55" /> Merafe e mengwe e ne ya tlhoma makgotla a merafe a a tshwanang, a a neng a dira jaaka ditšheke tsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Go ne ga sala letlhoo lengwe fa gare ga banna ba babedi ba: Tshekedi o ne a eletsa go boloka puso ya morafe le maatla a dikgosi, fa Seretse ene a ne a akanya ka puso ya batho ka batho ya boemedi le dikgosi tse di bokoa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;91–92.</ref> Selekanyo sa maatla a a beeleditsweng mo dikgosing e ne ya nna kgang e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata mo mokgatlhong wa boipuso o o neng o gola, bogolosegolo mo bathong ba ga Ngwato le ba lelapa la ga Khama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;93–94.</ref> Bechuanaland Protectorate Federal Party e ne e le lekoko la ntlha la sepolotiki le le neng la tlhamiwa mo kgaolong ya tshireletso fa le ne le tlhamiwa ke moeteledipele wa mokgatlo wa Ngwato [[:en:Leetile_Disang_Raditladi|Leetile Disang Raditladi]] ka ngwaga wa 1959. Le bopilwe thata ke batho ba maemo le batlhalefi, le ne le buelela kopano ya merafe ya Batswana. Lekoko le ne la palelwa ke go bona tshegetso mme la nna lobaka lo lokhutshwane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;94.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, [[:en:Bechuanaland_People's_Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] (BPP, moragonyana Lekoko la Batho la Botswana) le ne la tlhamiwa jaaka lekoko le le bogale thata, le le ganetsanang le puso ya merafe ya setso mme la bona boikuelo mo badiring ba bafaladi.<ref name=":57">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> E ne e eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Motsamai_Mpho|Motsamai Mpho]], [[:en:Philip_Matante|Philip Matante]], le Kgalemang Morsete.<ref name=":58">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xviii.</ref> BPP, e e neng ya tlhamiwa jaaka molekane wa Setswana wa lekoko la [[:en:African_National_Congress|African National Congress]] la Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":59">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;74.</ref> e ne ya tshegetsa boipuso jwa ka bonako le go fedisiwa gotlhelele ga bogosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Ka go tshaba gore BPP e tla nyatsa puso e e leng teng le go tshuba dikgotlhang le puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, dikgosi le puso ya Borithane di ne tsa thibela bokgoni jwa yona jwa go kopana.<ref name=":57" /> Merafe ya tshireletso mmogo e ne ya bopa lekgotla la peomolao ka ngwaga wa 1961.<ref name=":37" /> Batho ba Kwena ba ne ba iphitlhela ba le ka fa tlase ga moemedi, [[:en:Neale_Sechele|Neale Sechele]], ka ngwaga wa 1963, se se rayang gore ba ne ba na le tlhotlheletso e nnye ya sepolotiki fa mokgatlho wa boipuso o ntse o gola.<ref name=":60">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;102.</ref> Leano la Tlhabololo la Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland la dingwaga tsa 1963/1968 le ne la kwalwa ka thulaganyo ya dipuisano ka ngwaga wa 1963, le tlhama tlhaloso ya boipuso jwa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;26–27.</ref> Fa palo ya batho e ne ba sa dire sepe mo dipolotiking ka kakaretso, lefatshe la United Kingdom e ne ya nna nngwe ya mafatshe a a neng a etelela pele go bona boipuso. Ka go tshwenyega gore lekoko la BPP e ne e le e e tseneletseng thata, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa moeteledipele wa yone yo o mo ratang, Seretse Khama, go tlhama lekoko la sepolotiki.<ref name=":59" /> Le fa Khama a ne a dumalana le mekgwa ya lekoko la BPP e e kgatlhanong le bosemorafe le ya lefatshe, o ne a le kgatlhanong le tsela ya yone ya go tlhoma dipolotiki le go amogela ga yone bojammogo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;96.</ref>O ne a dumela go tlogela go bolela ga gagwe mo bathong ba ga Ngwato go dira jaaka radipolotiki, a tlhama [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Lekoko la]] [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|puso ya batho ka batho la Bechuanaland]] (BDP, moragonyana ya nna lekoko la Botswana Democratic ) ka ngwaga wa 1962.<ref name=":59" /> Lekoko la BDP e ne ya itlhoma jaaka "lekoko la dikgosi", mme ya amogela dikakanyo tse di amanang le puso ya merafe ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref name=":30" /> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa lekoko la BDP, le tlhaloganya gore le tla tshegetsa kgwebisano ya leruo ya motlha wa bokoloniale.<ref name=":73">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;149.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1963, kgosi ya Kgatla Linchwe e ne e le ene fela kgosi e e neng e le kgatlhanong le BDP e bile e na le tlhotlheletso ya sepolotiki, mme batho ba Kgatla ba ne ba rata lekoko la BDP, ka jalo o ne a nna a sa tsenelele mo dipolotiking.<ref name=":60" /> Thulaganyo ya phetogo e ne ya simolola ka lekoko la BDP e ne e solofetswe go busa Botswana yo o ikemetseng, mme puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya bereka le boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BDP go ba baakanyetsa go tsamaisa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Go ne ga tshwarwa bokopano ka ngwaga wa 1963 go okamela go tlhamiwa ga molaotheo o mosha. Dikgotlhang tsa ka fa gare ga lekoko la BPP di ne di raya gore lekoko la BDP e ne e na le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo thulaganyong. Tshekedi Khama o ne a tlhokafetse ka nako e, ka jalo Bathoen wa bobedi o ne a nna moeteledipele wa lekoko le le neng le ema nokeng puso ya bofederale, a dumela gore le tla boloka puso e le mo diatleng tsa dikgosi. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le boradipolotiki ba Batswana ba ne ba tshegetsa puso ya bosetšhaba e e kopaneng ka gonne Botswana e ne e humanegile thata go ka kgaoganya dithoto tsa yona le ka gonne go tlhoka go kopanya dithoto go ne go tla dira gore e nne mo kotsing ya go tlhaselwa ke merafe e mengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Puso ya dikgaolo e e itsholetseng e ne ya itshupa e sa kgonege mo dipolotiking, ka jalo go ne ga dirwa tumalano ya gore dikgosi di tla bopa Ntlo ya Dikgosi, e leng setlhopha sa bagakolodi mo teng ga [[:en:Parliament_of_Botswana|Palamente ya Botswana]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;98–99.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di santse di le kgatlhanong le thulaganyo e, mme mo mokgatlhong o o neng o eteletswe pele ke Bathoen, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya fetisa tlhopo ya [[:en:No_confidence|go sa tshepe]] puso e ntšhwa, mme fela go tlhoka maatla a yone a sepolotiki go ne ga e thibela go dirisa phetogo e e nang le bokao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Molao wa Lekgotla la Kgaolo o ne wa fetisiwa jaaka tsela e nngwe ya go lekanyetsa maatla a dikgosi ka go tlhama makgotla a a tla okamelang kgaolo le toropo nngwe le nngwe,<ref name=":58" /> go dira gore mekgatlho e e tlhophilweng e e nne balaodi ba konokono ba selegae.<ref name=":64">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Toropo ya [[:en:Gaborone|Gaborone]] e agilwe ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme ya itsisiwe jaaka motsemogolo o mošwa.<ref name=":59" /> E agilwe mo lefatsheng la puso ya Borithane, le le neng le tlamela ka lefelo le le sa tseyeng letlhakore le le neng le sa laolwe ke morafe ope .<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;16.</ref> [[:en:Constitution_of_Botswana|Molamotheo]] o ne wa tsenngwa tirisong ka one ngwaga oo.<ref name=":59" /> Ka se se tirisong, Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la fa tshireletso puso ya go ipusa.<ref name=":61">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;116.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1965 gape e ne ya bona go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Dikgotla tsa Dikgaolo o o neng wa fetola seabe sa bokoloniale sa molaodi wa kgaolo ka go se bofa mo makgotleng a dikgaolo a a sa tswang go tlhamiwa,<ref name=":74">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> mme wa bona go tlhongwa ga Banka ya Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba e e neng e le ya puso.<ref name=":75">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Mpho o ne a kgaogana le lekoko la BPP go tlhama Lekoko la Boipuso la Bechuanaland (BIP) ka ngwaga wa 1965.<ref name=":62">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> E eteletswe pele ke Seretse Khama le [[:en:Quett_Masire|Quett Masire]], lekoko la BDP le ne la dira letsholo mo e ka nnang mo motseng mongwe le mongwe wa kgaolo ya tshireletso pele ga ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kakaretso. Go farologana le batho ba bangwe ba sepolotiki kwa Bechuanaland, Seretse Khama o ne a na le boikuelo go ralala merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":60" /> Morago ga moo lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhophiwa go etelela puso ya ntlha pele.<ref name=":61" /> Lekoko la BPP le ne la gapa manno a le mararo fela mo lekgotleng la peomolao, mme lekoko la BIP le ne la palelwa ke go gapa epe.<ref name=":62" /> Morago ga ditlhopho, go ne ga tlhamiwa lekoko la [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|Botswana]] [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|National Front]] (BNF) jaaka lekoko le le kopaneng la kganetso ya BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Kenneth_Koma|Kenneth Koma]], lekoko la BNF le ne la nna mmaba yo mogolo wa lekoko la BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;109.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;31–33.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhopha Khama go nna tonakgolo ya naga.<ref name=":65">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;204.</ref>Go farologana le makoko a mantsi a sepolotiki a a tlhomilweng mo Aforika, BDP e ne e le lekoko le le itekanetseng le le sa fetogeng go na le go nna lekoko le le kgatlhanong le bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;711.</ref> Morago ga go tlhamiwa ga yona, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya ntsha tlhopo ya go sa tshepe molaotheo ka ngwaga wa 1966, mme se sa dira gore go nne le letsholo la bosetšhaba la go tshegetsa molaotheo le le neng la bona tshegetso e e lekaneng gore dikgosi di fedise maiteko a tsone a go o gwetlha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;100–101.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya newa boipuso jaaka Rephaboliki ya Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966.<ref name=":61" /> == Repaboliki ya Botswana == [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Independence, 1966.png|thumb|[[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] a ikanisa maikano a go nna Tautona wa ntlha wa Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966]] Boipuso jwa Botswana bo ne bo kaya go tsenngwa tirisong ga puso ya batho le batho e e gololesegileng, go tlisa ditlhopho, tshireletso ya ditshwanelo tsa batho, le tirelosetšhaba.<ref name=":64" /> Se se ne sa dira gore go nne le thulaganyo ya go tlhatlosiwa maemo e e ikaegileng ka bokgoni le go tlhamiwa ga tsamaiso ya puso ya maranyane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref>Setšhaba se ne sa bopa puso e e neng e fetotswe go tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]],<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;23–24.</ref> mme Tonakgolo Seretse Khama a nna Moporesidente Seretse Khama.<ref name=":65" /> Go ne ga tlhamiwa boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba, jwa kopanya merafe e e sa tshwaneng mo letshwaong le le lengwe la Setswana, ka ngwao e e ikaegileng ka ya merafe ya Setswana.<ref name=":80">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNyamnjoh2007|Nyamnjoh 2007]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Botswana e ne ya boloka bontsi jwa ditheo tsa yone tsa merafe tsa pele ga bokoloniale morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;54.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Se e ne e le ditlamorago tsa puso e e nonofileng e e neng e amana le merafe ya Batswana le tsereganyo e e lekanyeditsweng ya puso ya Borithane mo dinakong tsa bokoloniale.<ref name=":34" /> Mofuta wa go buisana wa dipolotiki tsa setšhaba pele le morago ga boipuso e ne e le mokgwa o o sa tlwaelesegang mo merafeng e mengwe e mentsi ya Aforika e e neng ya nna le babusaesi morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;30, 56.</ref> Go na le go fedisa bogosi, puso e ntšhwa e ne ya bo tsenya mo tsamaisong ya semolao, ya fa dikgosi dithata tsa boatlhodi ka ''kgotla'', go ikaegile ka dikgotlatshekelo tsa boikuelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe]] 2012, p.&#x20;36.</ref>Tlwaelo ya go ikobela boeteledipele, e e kileng ya fiwa dikgosi, e ne ya sutela kwa botautoneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;30.</ref> Puso e ne ya tiisa go tlhomama ga yona ka go thapa tirelosetšhaba ya yone ka baitseanape b<ref name=":66">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref>a dinaga di sele, go farologana le dinaga tse dingwe tse dišwa tsa Aforika tse gantsi di neng di leleka baitseanape ba dinaga di sele.<ref name=":67">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref name=":68">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;105.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;59.</ref> Se se ne sa boloka puso ya mofuta wa Bophirima e e neng e gatelela tlhabololo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;259.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go tlamela Botswana ka matlole mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse tlhano tsa go nna teng ga yone.<ref name=":61" /> Maemo a yone a kagiso, a puso ya batho ka batho fa a bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tsa Aforika a ne a raya gore e ne ya amogela thuso e ntsi go tswa mo mekgatlhong ya Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;255.</ref> Ka nako ya boipuso, Botswana e ne e le setšhaba se se humanegileng thata, go feta bontsi jwa dinaga tse dingwe mo Aforika.<ref name=":69">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;104.</ref><ref name=":66" /> E ne e sena badiri ba ba rutegileng, ka baagi ba le masome a mane fela ba ba nang le ditlankana tse di hagodimo tsa mmadikolo, mme go ne go sena ditlamelo tse di itsegeng tsa metswedi ya tlholego go tshegetsa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;62, 64.</ref> Botswana e ne e ikaegile ka puso ya Tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa go fitlhelela setšhaba sa lefatshe, mme bontsi jwa badiri ba Botswana e ne e le badiri ba bafaladi mo Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Botswana e ne ya tsena mo ntweng e e tlhamaletseng le Rhodesia, e e neng ya baka dintwa tsa sesole go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1978.<ref name=":63" /> Go nna le seabe mo go lekanyeditsweng ga Borithane go ne go kaya gore go ne go se na tlhabololo e ntsi fa e sale ka nako ya bokoloniale.<ref name=":69" /><ref name=":70">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;160.</ref> Bokgoni jwa go bala le go kwala e ne e le selekanyo sa karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong, mme go ne go na le dikilometara di le lesome fela tsa tsela e e tshetsweng.<ref name=":69" /> Mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a robangbongwe ya baagi e ne e le mo [[:en:Abject_poverty|lehumeng le le tseneletseng]],<ref name=":70" /> mme bontsi jwa baagi e ne e le balemibarui ba dikgomo kgotsa [[:en:Subsistence_farmers|balemibarui ba ba itshidisang]].<ref name=":71">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Fa setšhaba se fitlhelela boipuso, komelelo e e masisi e ne ya fedisa karolo ya masome amarao go fihlela masome a matlhano mo lekgolong ya palo ya dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa Batswana ba ne ba ikaegile ka [[:en:World_Food_Programme|Lenaneo la Dijo la Lefatshe]] go tila tlala.<ref name=":81">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;220.</ref> Ditšhaba tse dingwe di ne di na le ditsholofelo tse di kwa tlase mo Botswana, mme mo Aforika yotlhe e ne e bonwa jaaka [[:en:Bantustan|Bantustan]] ya Tlhaolele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;1.</ref> Kamano e le Tlhaolele gape e ne e le ntlha ya katlego ya Botswana jaaka setšhaba se se ikemetseng: boeteledipele jwa Batswana bo ne bo eletsa go tila phelelo e e tshwanang le ya Aforika Borwa fa setšhaba se ka palelwa, mme dikgolagano tsa dikgang tsa mafatshe fatshe tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa le Bophirima go thibela go tsenngwa ke Aforika Borwa di ne di raya gore Botswana o ne a tshepa thata dinaga tsa Bophirima go amogela thuso le thato ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;76–77.</ref> Boeteledipele jwa ntlha jwa Botswana bo ne bo laolwa ke malapa a merafe e e busang mmogo le palo e nnye ya badiredipuso ba ba rutegileng thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;6.</ref> Go tshwana ga bona ga itsholelo le dikgopolo go ne go raya gore puso e nne e tlhomame kwa ntle ga dintwa tsa sepolotiki.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;71.</ref> Le fa Bathoen a ne a tlogela maemo a gagwe a go nna kgosi go ya go dira dipolotiki, bontsi jwa dikgosi tse dingwe di ne tsa amogela maatla a tsona a a fokoditsweng a sepolotiki mo pusong e ntšhwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;56–57.</ref> Tiro e nngwe ya dikgosi e ne e laolwa ke Molao wa Bogosi wa ngwaga ya 1966.<ref name=":92">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;140.</ref> Go tlhoka bonweenwee go ne ga dira gore puso e nne semolao thata mme ya ratwa ke balekane ba Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;166.</ref> Go farologana le bontsi jwa merafe e e sa tswang go tlhamiwa ya Aforika, bontsi jwa boeteledipele bo ne bo tswa mo setšhabeng sa temothuo, go kaya gore dikgatlhego tsa bona di ne di tsamaisana le bontsi.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":71" /> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa go boloka dipholisi tsa motlha wa bokoloniale tse di neng di solegela barui ba dikgomo molemo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;75.</ref> Setlhopa sa semmuso sa Nama ya Botswana se ne sa tlhamiwa go laola madirelo a nama ya kgomo.<ref name=":58" /> Boikuelo jwa lekoko la BDP jwa merafe yotlhe le kgatlhego e e kopanetsweng ya go tlhoma boipuso di ne tsa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa gape go dira mo dikgatlhegelong tsa bontsi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref> Ditlhopha tse dinnye tsa baagi ba basweu di ne tsa sala mo nageng mme tsa ganetsa boipuso jwa yone.<ref name=":63" /> Le fa moragonyana di ne di tla nna botlhokwa mo tlhabololong ya Botswana, ditshwanelo tsa ditswammung di ne tsa fiwa botlhokwa jo bo kwa tlase fa di bona boipuso, mme merafe e ne ya di fetisetsa kwa pusong ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1967.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;103–104.</ref> === Puso ya ga Seretse Khama === Khama o ne a ratwa ke batho botlhe mme a bonwa e le moeteledipele wa tlholego wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;202–203.</ref> Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya tsenya tirisong maano a a neng a lebisitswe mo go tlhameng mafaratlhatlha le dithoto tsa setšhaba, bogolosegolo go tsenya tshela ditsela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;111.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;86.</ref> O ne a simolola go aga dikolo, matlhabelo le dikhuti tse di neng tsa tswelela mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. Lefatshe le le nang le banni la Batswana le Basarwa le ne la dirisiwa go aga mesima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;219.</ref> Tlhabololo e ne ya tla ka tshenyegelo ya kgwebo le tlhagiso, e e neng e lekanyeditswe go tlamela ka matlole a leruo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004,]] p.&#x20;164.</ref> Go ne ga tlhongwa mogopolo thata mo go otla dikgomo le go aga matlhabelo go rotloetsa madirelo a nama ya kgomo mo gare ga go tlhoka metsi. <ref name=":82">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;205.</ref>[[:en:Public_welfare|Mananeo a katlaatleloloago]] le one a ne a tlhongwa.<ref name=":67" /> Go ribololwa ga ditaemane go ne ga netefatsa gore mananeo a a bona madi a a lekaneng.<ref name=":72">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Dipeeletso tse le mokgwa o o sa fetogeng wa go somarela madi a puso di ne tsa thibela boemo jwa [[:en:Dutch_disease|bolwetse jwa Dutch]] jo bo neng jwa golafatsa dinaga tse dingwe tsa Aforika tse di neng di tletse ka didirisiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;4.</ref> Thuto e ne ya atolosiwa mo setšhabeng sotlhe, mme puo ya Setswana e ne ya lekanngwa mmogo le Seesemane ka go latlhegelwa ke dipuo tse dingwe.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":68" /> Khama o ne a siamisa seo jaaka tsela ya go fitlhelela kutlwano.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;228.</ref> Quett Masire o ne a dira jaaka Mothusa tautona ka fa tlase ga ga Seretse Khama mmogo le Tona ya tsa madi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> O ne a laola tekanyetsokabo ya lefatshe le tiriso ya madi ka go tlhama motseletsele wa Maano a Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba, go ikaegilwe ka kamogelo ya Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba le Komiti ya itsholelo ya Kabinete.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Dipoeletso tsa maano a di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya molao wa semmuso ya puso morago ga gore batlhatlhami ba ga Khama le Masire ba tsene mo maemong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;171.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, ditaemane di ne tsa fitlhellwa kwa Botswana ke setlamo sa Aforika Borwa sa ditaemane sa [[:en:De_Beers|De Beers]], mme ditiro di ne tsa simolola ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref name=":76">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;110.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;61.</ref> Dipeeletso tsa kopore di ne tsa fitlhelwa kwa [[:en:Selebi-Phikwe|Selebi-Phikwe]] ka ngwaga oo, mme se sa senola gape khumo ya ditswammung tsa setšhaba.<ref name=":58" /> Puso e ne ya dirisana le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1969 go dira ditiro tse dikgolo tsa meepo ya ditaemane,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> mme e ne ya amega mo dipuisanong sešwa tsa [[:en:Southern_African_Customs_Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa]] ka one ngwaga oo go tokafatsa thata maatla a yone a itsholelo mo kgaolong.<ref name=":77">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;65.</ref> Moepo mongwe kwa [[:en:Morupule|Morupule]] o ne wa simolola go ntsha magala ka ngwaga wa 1973, mme wa tlamela setšhaba ka karolo e kgolo ya motlakase.<ref name=":78">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xix.</ref> [[:en:Orapa_diamond_mine|Moepo wa ditaemane wa Orapa]] o ne wa bulwa kwa Orapa ka ngwaga wa 1971, mme go ne ga tlomamisiwia tumalano ya go abelana lotseno fa gare ga puso le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1974.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;125.</ref> Moragonyana Masire o ne a netefatsa gore De Beers e ne e tshegeditse dikgwebo tsa gagwe tse di hapegileng ka madi, mme se sa dira gore go akanyediwe gore setlamo se ka tswa se amogetse tumalano e e mosola mo kgannyeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;129–130.</ref> Molao wa Metsi le Molao wa ditsha tsa Morafe di ne tsa tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1968, mme tsa tlhama lekgotla la Kabo ya Metsi le lekgotla tsa naga di le lesome le bobedi, ka go latelana. Tse di ne di okametse kabo ya ditshwanelo tsa metsi le lefatshe ke puso go na le ka go nna mong wa morafe mongwe le mongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;76.</ref> Ka se, ba ne ba tsenya dithata tsa setso tsa dikgosi.<ref name=":74" /> Molao wa Mafatshe a Phulo a Merafe e ne ya tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1975 go thibela [[:en:Overgrazing|phulo e e feteletseng]], mme fela e ne ya itshupa e sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;67.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;173.</ref> Tota e bile, e ne e letla baagi ba ba humileng go kopa ditsha tse dikgolo tsa dikgomo ka tshenyegelo ya baagi ba ba sa humang thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Ditlhopho tsa ntlha morago ga boipuso di ne tsa diragala ka ngwaga wa 1969.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la dira maswe go le gonnye fa e bapisiwa le tiragatso ya yona ya ngwaga wa 1965, mme mothusa tautona Masire o ne a latlhegelwa ke setilo sa gagwe ke Bathoen, se se neng sa mo tlhoka gore a tseye setilo se se kgethegileng se se tlhophilweng.<ref name=":79">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Lekoko la BPP le ne la nyelela ka botlhokwa fa dipolotiki tsa Botswana di ntse di gola.<ref name=":73" /> Koporase ya Tlhabololo ya Botswana e e neng e le ya puso e ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1970,<ref name=":75" /> mme moepo wa diteemane wa Orapa o ne wa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 1971.<ref name=":78" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, diteemane di ne di dira karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong ya Palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana,<ref name=":76" /> mme kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1970, meepo e ne e le madirelo a magolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;5.</ref> Goromente wa Botswana o ne a buisana gape ka tumalano ya yone ya meepo le De Beers magareng ga ngwaga wa 1971 le ngwaga wa 1975, ya sutisetsa bontsi jwa dituelo kwa setšhabeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;210.</ref> Fa itsholelo ya teemane e ntse e tlhabologa le dipeeletso di boela mo lefatsheng, Botswana e ne ya falola lehuma mme ya bonwa jaaka katlego mo merafeng e mengwe mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara morago ga bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;212.</ref> Ditlhabololo tse di dirile gore Botswana e nne naga e e golang ka bonako mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":77" /> Batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo le a a fa gare ba ne ba bona molemo thata, go oketsa go [[:en:Wealth_inequality|tlhoka tekatekano ga khumo]], mme gape go ne go raya gore makgetho a ka fokodiwa, se se neng sa dira gore balemi ba ba tshegetse.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;71–72.</ref> Tlhabololo ya Botswana le tiriso ya yone ya tirelosetšhaba ya mafatshe a sele e ne ya atlega mo e leng gore puso e ne ya tlhotlheletsa lefatshe la United States go romela setlhopa sa baithaopi ba kagiso (Peace Corps) kwa ntle ga ditekanyetso tsa setso tsa gore ke dikarolo dife tse mokgatlho o ka di dirang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go ne ga tla koketsego ya Batswana ba ba botlana ba ba rutegileng mo lefelong la gaeno, ba ba neng ba nna le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo pusong.<ref name=":64" /> Jaaka fa batho ba bašwa ba ba ne ba amogela thuto e e tshwanang mme ba simolola go dira mo setsong se le sengwe sa tsamaiso, go ne go sena pharologano e kgolo ya tiro fa gare ga tirelosetšhaba e e neng e eteletswe pele ke batswakwa le e e neng e tsamaisiwa ke Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Lephata la Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo le ne le le teng ka bokhutshwane morago ga go kgaogana mo Lephateng la Matlole magareng ga batlhokomedi ba setso ba ba neng ba amana le tshireletso kgatlhanong le baemanokeng ba ga Masire ba ba neng ba eletsa go bona tlhabololo e e bogale thata. Ya bofelo e ne ya tsaya taolo, mme ditona di ne tsa kopanngwa gape go nna Lephata la Matlole le Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo ka ngwaga wa 1970. Ka ntlha ya palo e e lekanyeditsweng ya batho ba ba tshwanelegang go laola itsholelo, lephata le le ne la tsaya taolo e feletseng ya tiriso ya madi a puso mme la simolola lenaneo la Shashe le le neng le batla gore naga e nne le tlhabololo e e tseneletseng ya palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana. Se se ne se akaretsa go tlhoma lefelo la meepo ya kopore le nikele, le le neng la nna selo se se tlang pele mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;84–85.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, [[:en:Seepapitso_IV|Seepapitso wa bone]] o ne a nna kgosi ya ntlha go emisiwa mo maemong a gagwe morago ga nako ya bokoloniele.<ref name=":83">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;141.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la atlega thata gape ka [[:en:1974_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopo tsa ngwaga wa 1974]].<ref name=":79" /> [[:en:Minimum_wage|Dituelo tse di kwa tlase]] di ne tsa tlhagisiwa ka one ngwaga oo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Botswana e simolotse go ntsha madi a one, e leng [[:en:Botswana_pula|Botswana pula]], ka ngwaga wa 1976. Mmusi wa [[:en:Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya Botswana]] Quill Hermans o ne a kgaratlhela go kgaogana ga madi le Aforika Borwa le [[:en:South_African_rand|ranta ya yone ya Aforika Borwa]]. Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego a boditšhabatšhaba a gore Botswana e ka nna ya se ka ya kgona go tshegetsa madi a yone, Khama o ne a ikutlwa gore bagakolodi ba gagwe ba itsholelo ba na le bokgoni mme o ne a tshepa tshwetso ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tsa boipuso, Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya ditšhaba tse di humileng thata mo [[:en:Third_World|Lefatsheng la Boraro]].<ref name=":67" /> Phetogo ya itsholelo e kaiwa jaaka "kgakgamatso" ya Botswana.<ref name=":77" /> Linchwe II, kgosi ya [[:en:Kgatla_people|batho ba Kgatla]], o ne a busetsa ngwao ya go simolola bogwera mo morafeng wa gagwe ka ngwaga wa 1975, mme se sa gakatsa puso ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;148.</ref> Khama o ne a tsaya tsela ya go akaretsa batho botlhe mo pusong ya gagwe, a tila dipolotiki tsa merafe le go gana tlhotlheletso ya baeteledipele ba merafe a rata badiredipuso.<ref name=":84">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> Ka dinako tse dingwe o ne a kopa batho go rola tiro fa morafe mongwe o ka nna le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo tirelong ya setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tshaba gore go sa dumalane le batho ba ba kwa tlase ba Kalanga go ka nna ga dira gore go se ka ga nna le kagiso. Go rarabolola se, Khama o ne a tsenya maloko a a rutegileng a morafe wa Kalanga mo pusong, a tlhoma bontsi mo maemong a a kwa godimo. Tshwetso e ne e tsosa kganetsano, mme e ne ya tsosa dikgopolo tsa bolotsana ka ga tlhotlheletso e e bosula ya Kalanga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;122.</ref> Tse ka dinako tse dingwe di ne di ikaegile ka Mokgatlho wa Baithuti ba Bakalanga, o o neng wa nna Mokgatlho wa Tsweletso ya Puo ya Ikalanga ka ngwaga wa 1980.<ref>[[Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 123.|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> Poifo ya dipuso tsa baagisani tse di eteletsweng pele ke basweu kwa Namibia, Rhodesia, le Aforika Borwa, mmogo le kotsi ya [[:en:Angolan_Civil_War|Ntwa ya Selegae ya Angola]], di dirile gore Botswana e tlhame [[:en:Botswana_Defence_Force|sesole sa bosetšhaba]] ka ngwaga wa 1977.<ref name=":78" /> Pele ga se, [[:en:Botswana_Police_Service|Tirelo ya Sepodisi]] sa Botswana e ne e tlhokometse tshireletso ya setshaba. Go tlhoka sesole go ne go raya gore Botswana e ne e sa tlhaselwe ke dilo tse di bakang go sa tlhomamang mo merafeng e mengwe ya Aforika: go menola puso ga sesole le bonweenwee ka go dirisa madi a sesole.<ref>[[Beaulier & Subrick 2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], pp.&#x20;111–112.</ref> Sesole se ne sa bona ntwa ngwaga o o latelang fa dirukutlhi tsa Rhodesia di ne di tlhasela Leshoma, di bolaya masole a le lesome le botlhano.<ref name=":78" /> Ka tirisanommogo ya yone le De Beers, puso ya Botswana e ne ya tlhama kompone ya meepo ya Debswana ka ngwaga wa 1978, mme ya bona lotseno lo lo bonalang lwa puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Meepo e ne ya nna madirelo a a kwa godimo ya itsholelo ya lefatshe mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang,<ref name=":85">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> mme Botswana ya nna itsholelo e e golang ka bonako go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":86">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;33.</ref><ref name=":86" /> Go nna le seabe ga mafatshe a sele mo itsholelong go ne ga nna kgang ya sepolotiki ka nako e jaaka fa batho ba kwa ntle ba ne ba kokoanya kgolo ya setšhaba fa ditiro tsa selegae di ne di tlhabologa ka iketlo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;143–145.</ref> Thuo ya dikgomo, e e neng e setse e amilwe ke go runya mo gogolo ga [[:en:Foot-and-mouth_disease|bolwetse jwa tlhako le molomo]] ka ngwaga wa1977,<ref name=":82" /> e ne ya latlhegelwa ke botlhokwa jo e neng e na le jone pele.<ref name=":85" /> === Puso ya ga Quett Masire === [[Setshwantsho:Quett Masire DF-SC-85-12044.JPEG|thumb|Quett Masire a etetse America ka ngwaga wa 1984]] Morago ga loso lwa ga Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa 1980, Mothusa-Tautona Quett Masire o ne a nna tautona wa Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;117.</ref> Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego ka go tlhatlhama ga ga Khama, Masire o ne a tshegetsa mafaratlhatlha a puso a a neng a thusa go a aga le go boloka tumelo mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;182.</ref> Go ritibatsa morafe wa ga Khama wa Ngwato le merafe e mengwe ya bokone, Masire o ne a tlhoma ntsalae Khama, [[:en:Lenyeletse_Seretse|Lenyeletse Seretse]], go nna mothusa-tautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;232.</ref> Kakanyo e e neng e tlwaelesegile mo gare ga BaNgwato e ne e le gore morwa Khama, [[:en:Ian_Khama|Ian Khama]], o ne a tshwanelwa ke bo tautona. Fa Lenyeletse a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1983, Masire o ne a tlhopha [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] go tsena mo boemong jwa gagwe. Gompieno o ne a tlhopha mongwe go tswa mo morafeng wa borwa, gore a se ka a tlhoma sekao sa gore tautona le mothusa-tautona ka nako tsotlhe ba tshwanetse go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di fapaaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;233.</ref> Botswana e ne e le karolo ya Khonferense ya Kgokaganyo ya Tlhabololo ya Borwa jwa Aforika e e neng ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1980 go tlhama mmaraka wa borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":78" /> Setšhaba se ne sa amiwa ke [[:en:Early_1980s_recession|kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980]].<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Jwaneng_diamond_mine|Moepo wa diteemane wa Jwaneng]] o simolotse go dira ka ngwaga wa 1982, wa nna moepo o o dirang dipoelo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng. [[:en:University_of_Botswana|Mmadikolo wa Botswana]] o tlhomilwe ka one ngwaga o o neng o kgaogana le [[:en:University_of_Botswana,_Lesotho_and_Swaziland|Mmadikolo ya Botswana, Lesotho le Swaziland]].<ref name=":78" /> Ditlhabololo tsa semolao ka ngwaga wa 1982, Molawana wa Thuso ya Matlole le go dira gore tiro ya kgwebo gore e nne ya ka fa molaong ke badiredipuso, di ne tsa tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya naga mme gape tsa gagamolola melawana e e neng e tla thibela bonweenwee.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;127, 129.</ref> Jaaka fa puso ya batho le batho le kgolo ya itsholelo di itshupile e le diphetogo tsa paka e telele, Botswana e ne ya itsege jaaka "kgakgamatso ya Aforika".<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Kganetso e e nonofileng kgatlhanong le puso e e laolwang ke lekoko la BDP e ne ya tlhagelela la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go fenya ditlhopho tsa selegae, ditlhopha tsa dikgatlhego tsa simolola go tlhamiwa, mme makwalo a dikgang a matlhano a magolo a a kgatlhanong le lekoko la BDP a simolola go gatisiwa.<ref name=":64" /> Pele e ne e ikaegile ka tshegetso ya merafe e e rileng, lekoko la BNF le ne la bona tshegetso mo setlhopheng sa badiri.<ref name=":84" /> Ka ditlhopho ka kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1984, e ne e le lekoko kganetso le le gaisanang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;712.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya ama Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa1982 go fitlhela ka ngwaga wa 1987, mme ya tlhoka thuso ya dijo ya puso go ka nna karolo ya masome a marataro le botlhano mo lekgolong ya Batswana ba kwa magaeng.<ref name=":87">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;82.</ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba ga Masire ba ne ba mo amanya le komelelo e ka e ne e tsamaisana le tshimologo ya botautona jwa gagwe, ba akantsha gore Khama o ne a na le taelo ya bomodimo e Masire a neng a se na yone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;203.</ref> Mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1980, madirelo a ditaemane a ne a fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa yone ka karolo ya masome a matlhano le boraro mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya tlhagiso ya bosetšhaba.<ref name=":76" /> Ka nako e, itsholelo ya setšhaba e ne ya nonoha mo e leng gore baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba rotloediwa go tlhopha [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|temothuo ya go]] [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|itshidisa]] kgotsa go fuduga go ya go dira kwa Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":84" /> [[:en:Entrepreneurship|Bogwebi]] bo ne jwa anama thata, bogolosegolo mo badiring ba pele ba puso ba ba neng ba tswa mo [[:en:Public_sector|lephateng la puso]] go ya kwa lephateng la [[:en:Private_sector|e]] [[:en:Private_sector|seng la puso]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Thuto ya mahala ya [[:en:Secondary_education|sekole se segolwane]] ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1989.<ref name=":87" /> [[:en:Trade_union|Mekgatlho ya badiri]] le [[:en:Special_interest_group|ditlhopha tse di kgethegileng tsa dikgatlhego]] tse dingwe di ne tsa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go tlhotlheletsa melawana ya setšhaba, le fa gantsi puso e ne e sa batle go di amogela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], pp.&#x20;85–86.</ref> E tsibogetse mokgatlho o o neng o gola wa badiri ka go fetisa dithibelo tse di bokete mo mekgatlhong ya badiri ka ngwaga wa 1983.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dingwaga di le lesome gape o ne wa tlhagisa mekgatlho ya go amogela merafe e mennye, go gana boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba jwa Motswana.<ref name=":80" /> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, Aforika Borwa e ne ya simolola ditlhaselo tsa sesole mo Botswana go batla batlhabani ba Aforika Borwa. Go tsibogela dikgobalo tsa baagitse di neng tsa direga, puso ya Botswana e ne ya oketsa tiriso ya madi mo sesoleng.<ref name=":93">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;112.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> E ne gape ya fa sesole tiro ya go sireletsa diphologolo tsa naga le go tsenya mo tirisong molao o o kgatlhanong le go tsoma mo go seng ka fa molaong go tsibogela kotsi e e tlisiwang ke batsomi ba ba tshotseng dibetsa.<ref name=":94">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Palo ya ntlha ya [[:en:HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana|mogare wa segajaja]] mo Botswana e ne ya lemogiwa ka ngwaga wa 1985, mme mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang lefatshe ;e ne la nna lone le le neng la amega thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;265.</ref> [[:en:Life_expectancy|Botshelo jo bo solofetsweng]] mo Botswana bo ne bo tla wela tlase tswa go masomeng a maratarole bosupa go ya kwa masomeng a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 1997.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;175.</ref> Phetogo e e gakgamatsang mo tsamaisong ya botsogo ya Botswana e ne ya latela go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1980 le bo 1990; Bongaka jwa Bophirima bo ne jwa tlotliwa thata mmogo le kalafi ya setso, mme go ne ga tlhongwa dikokelo tse e seng tsa puso go nna mmogo le dikago tse di tsamaisiwang ke puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> [[:en:Early_1990s_recession|Kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1990]] e ne ya ama Botswana.<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Attorney_General_of_Botswana_v._Unity_Dow|Tsheko e e botlhokwa ya kgotlatshekelo ya molaomotheo]] e e neng ya tlisiwa ke Unity Dow e ne ya felela ka katlholo ka ngwaga wa 1991 ya gore bana ba ka fiwa boagedi mo go bomme ba bone ga mmogo le borraabone, e e neng ya amogelwa go nna molao ka Molao wa Boagi wa 1995.<ref name=":88">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xx.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang sa Kgabo se ne sa tshwarwa ka ngwaga wa 1991 go batlisisa lekgotla la kabo ditsha tsa lefatshe tsa puso, mme sa fitlhela gore go dirilwe ditlolomolao tsa maitsholo a a siameng ke mothusa-tautona Peter Mmusi le mokwaledi wa kakaretso wa lekoko la BDP [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]], ba bobedi jwa bone gape e neng e le maloko a setlhopa sa ditona tsa puso ya Botswana.<ref name=":89">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;346.</ref><ref name=":90">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;333.</ref> Ka go lebana le go galefa mo pusong le mo setšhabeng, bobedi jwa bone ba ne ba rola tiro.<ref name=":90" /> Go wa mo go ne ga tlhola ditlhopha tse pedi tse di kgaoganeng mo teng ga lekoko, e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke maloko a mabedi a pele a setlhopa sa ditona (Ba babedi ba bagolo),<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;333–335.</ref> mme e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke baganetsi ba bona (ba batlhano ba bagolo): [[:en:Festus_Mogae|Festus Mogae]], Bihiti Temane, Chapson Butale, [[:en:Gaositwe_Chiepe|Gaositwe Chiepe]], le moeteledipele wa bona [[:en:Mompati_Merafhe|Mompati Merafhe]].<ref name=":91">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;235.</ref> Se se ne sa aga mo dikgotlhang tse di neng di godile fa gare ga boeteledipele jwa borwa jwa BLP le kokomana e ntšhwa ya boradipolotiki go tswa kwa bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], pp.&#x20;233–234.</ref> Masire o ne a tlhopha Mogae go nna mothusa- tautona yo mosha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;334.</ref> Ka go tshwenyega ka kgonagalo ya go tlwaetsa bonweenwee, Masire o ne a thapa mothusa- mogolwane wa [[:en:Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)|setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang e e Ikemetseng ya Hong Kong e e Kgatlhanong le Bonweenwee (Hong Kong)]] go tlhama mokgatlho o o tshwanang mo Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;222.</ref> [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Bokaedi jwa Bonweenwee le Bosenyi jwa]] [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Itsholelo]] bo ne jwa tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, mme lekgotla la kabo ditsha le ne la tlhamiwa go reetsa boikuelo jwa ditshwetso tsa kabo ditsha ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Boemo jwa lekoko la BDP jaaka lekoko le le laolang bo ne jwa amogela kgwetlho ya jone ya ntlha e e masisi ka ntlha ya Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlsisa kgota go sekaseka dikgang ya Kgabo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;249.</ref> Matlhabisaditlhong le go kgaogana mo go neng ga nna teng mo lekokong la BDP go ne ga dira gore lekoko la BNF le nne lekoko la kganetso le le gaisanang thata morago ga ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;335–336.</ref><ref name=":89" /> Ka go mathata a a oketsegileng a go tsenngwa ga ditoropo go fokotsa motheo wa BDP kwa metseselegaeng, makoko a kganetso a ne a na le bonnye jo bo bonalang mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa ga Mmusi, Kwelagobe o ne a ikgolaganya le [[:en:Ponatshego_Kedikilwe|Ponatshego Kedikilwe]], mme ba bopa setlhopa se sennye sa Barata-Phathi sa lekoko la BDP. Ba batlhano ba bagolo ba ne ba nna setlhopa se sennye sa A-Team.<ref name=":89" /> Botswana e ne ya solegelwa molemo ke go khutla ga puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, ka puso e ntšhwa e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Aforika e ne e sa thibele kgolo ya Botswana kgotsa go tsenelela mo ditirong tsa sesole go kgabaganya molelwane.<ref name=":81" /> Fa kgaolo e ntse e tlhomama, ditlhabololo tsa itsholelo tse di tshwanang le mabentlele a magolo, kakanyo e e sa netefadiwang ya dithoto, le bojanala jwa baagi di ne tsa atologa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;675.</ref> Morafe wa Ngwaketse o ne wa nna le kgotlang le puso ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa 1994, fa tona ya pusoselegae le mafatshe Patrick Balope a ne a latofatsa kgosi Seepapitso wa bone ka go palelwa ke go diragatsa ditiro tsa gagwe mme a laela gore kgosi e emisiwe—e leng go emisiwa ga bobedi ga puso ya ga Seepapitso.<ref name=":83" /> Morwa wa ga Seepapitso e bong Leema o ne a amogela go tlhomiwa go dira tiro eo, kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa ga Seepapitso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;141–142.</ref> Morafe o ne wa lwantshana le kgang ya go nna semolao mo go sa tlhaloganyesegeng ga ga Leema le poifo ya gore setso sa morafe ga se kitla se tlhola se lemogiwa, mme go tlosiwa ga gagwe go ne ga nna kgang ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;142–143.</ref> Seepapitso o ne a tsenya kganetso ya semolao, mme kgotlatshekelo ya atlhola ka Tlhakole a tlhola malatsia le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 1995 gore le fa go tlosiwa ga ga Seepapitso go ne go le ka fa molaong, go tlhomiwa ga ga Leema go ne go se kafa molaong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;145.</ref> Ka maatla a go tlhoma a ne a buseditswe mo morafeng, ba ne ba gana go tlhopha moeteledipele yo mosha jaaka tsela ya go ikuela. Puso e ne ya ineela mme ya letlelela Seepapitso go busediwa mo tirong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;145–146.</ref> [[:en:Ritual_murder|Polao ya dipheko]] ya ga [[:en:Segametsi_Mogomotsi|Segametsi Mogomotsi]], mosetsana wa dingwaga di le lesome le bone wa kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]], e diragetse ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 1994. Dikhuduego tsa loago di ne tsa tsoga fa babelaelwa bao, ba e neng e le borakgwebo le boradipolotiki ba ba humileng, ba ne ba gololwa ka ntlha ya go tlhoka bosupi. Mo dikgweding tse di latelang, go ne ga nna le ditshupetso le dikhuduego tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke baithuti kgatlhanong le tiriso ya ditiro tsa masaitsiweng tse di tshwanang le polao ya dipheko go bona khumo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;286–290.</ref> Go tlhagoga ga bolwetse jo bo [[:en:Contagious_bovine_pleuropneumonia|tshelanwang jwa pleuropneumonia ya dikgomo]] ka ngwaga wa 1995 go ne ga baka dintsho tsa dikgomo di le dikete tse makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi .<ref name=":88" /> Molao wa Temothuo wa ngwaga ya 1995 o ne wa atolosa thulaganyo ya go dira lefatshe la baagi la le e seng la puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Merafe e mennye e ne ya tswelela go kgaratlhela go lemogiwa go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;163–164.</ref> Puso e simolotse go ntsha batho ba Basarwa mo [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|Lefelong la Diphologolo la Kalahari]] [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|la Bogare]] ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Le fa e ne e nganga gore maikaelelo e ne e le go thusa go kopanya baagi ba ba neng ba le kgakala thata, mme e neelana ka leruo go rotloetsa tirisanommogo, mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba e ne ya pega molato puso ka go pateletsa le go [[:en:Forced_displacement|fudusiwa ka dikgoka]] ga batho go dira sebaka sa meepo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;11–12.</ref> Maiteko a ntlha a magolo a semolao a go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa merafe e mennye a ne a tswa mo tshitshinyong ya ngwaga wa 1995 kwa palamenteng ya go tlhalosa molaomotheo jaaka o o sa tseyeng letlhakore mo merafeng, mme o ne wa bewa mo tafoleng. Mokgatlho wa Kamanakao o ne wa tlhamiwa ka one ngwaga oo ke morutegi [[:en:Lydia_Nyati-Ramahobo|Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo]] go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa [[:en:Yeyi_people|batho ba Yeyi]].<ref name=":95">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;215.</ref> Motseletsele wa diphetogo tsa puso le tsa ditlhopho di ne tsa tsenngwa mo tirisong mo dingwageng tsa bofelo tsa bo tautona jwa ga Masire. Tlhokomelo ya ditlhopho e ne ya fetisediwa kwa setheong se se ikemetseng, dingwaga tsa go tlhopa di ne tsa fokodiwa go tswa ko masomeng a mabedi le bongwe go ya ko lesomeng le borobabobedi , go [[:en:Postal_voting|tlhopa ka poso]] go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong, mme ga tsenngwa tirisong melawana ya go sireletsa [[:en:Labour_rights|ditshwanelo tsa badiri]] le [[:en:Gender_equality|tekatekano ya bong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;168.</ref> Masire o ne a eletsa go tlhama [[:en:Order_of_succession|tatelano e e tlhomameng ya]] [[:en:Order_of_succession|go tlhatlologana]] mo bogosing le go netefatsa gore motlhatlogi wa gagwe yo a mo tlhophileng mothusa Tautona Mogae e nna tautona, ka jalo o ne a dirisana le mmueledi Parks Tafa go kwala paakanyo ya molaotheo. Se se ne sa tsenya tirisong tatelano e e itirisang le [[:en:Term_limit|melelwane ya paka]] ya botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;337–338.</ref> O ne a pateletsa paakanyo ka boene.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;304–305.</ref> Go fetola itsholelo ya lefatshe, go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong tsamaiso ya nakwana ya go nna le [[:en:Tripartism|makoko a mararo]] go kopanya puso, lekalana le e seng la puso, le baemedi ba badiri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;169.</ref> Fa lekoko le ne le tlhopha maloko a komiti ya lone ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1997, kotsi ya go nna le ditlhopha e ne ya gola mo e leng gore Masire o ne a phimola ditlhopho tsa lone tse di mo teng ga mokgatlho mme a dira gore ditlhopha di mo fe manaane a maina.<ref name=":91" /> === Puso ya ga Festus Mogae === [[Setshwantsho:George Bush with African national leaders February 26, 2002.jpg|thumb|Festus Mogae mmogo le botautona ba mafatshe a sele [[:en:Joaquim_Chissano|Joaquim Chissano]], [[:en:George_W._Bush|George W. Bush]] le [[:en:José_Eduardo_dos_Santos|José Eduardo dos Santos]] ka ngwaga wa 2002]] Masire o ne a tlogela tiro ya botautona ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le ngwe ka ngwaga wa 1998, mme a latelelelwa ke mothusa tautona Festus Mogae.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;338.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya tshwetso e e neng ya tsosa kganetsano ya go tlhoma Ian Khama, molaodi wa sesole le morwa Seretse Khama, go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang,<ref name=":72" /> a fetisa kgetho ya gagwe ka go tshosetsa go phatlalatsa palamente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Le fa ba ne ba sa tseye letlhakore semmuso fa gare ga ditlhopha tsa lekoko la BDP, Mogae le Khama ka bobedi ba ne ba tlhaloganngwa e le batho ba bagolo mo gare ga A-Team.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;347.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1998 o ne wa bona nngwe ya dikgaogano tse dintsi mo teng ga lekoko la kganetso la BNF. E ne e kgaogane ka ditlhopha tse pedi: batho ba ba sa rateng diphetogo ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa loago le ba ba neng ba tswelela pele ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa puso ya batho ka batho ya loago. Dikhuduego kwa mokgatlhong wa lekoko di ne tsa dira gore batho ba ba neng ba rata kgatelopele ba kgaogane go nna lekoko la bone, [[:en:Botswana_Congress_Party|Botswana Congress Party]] (BCP), le le neng la nna lekoko le legolo la kganetso go fitlhela ba latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa manno a bone mo [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa]] [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 1999]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Kgaogano e ya kganetso, mmogo le diphetogo tsa selegae tsa dingwaga tse di fetileng, di ne tsa dira gore lekoko la BDP le boelwe ke ditilo dingwe tse e neng ya di latlhegelwa ka ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;168–169.</ref> Maloko a le mmalwa a borwa a boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BCP a ne a boela kwa lekokong la BNF morago ga gore maemo otlhe a a kwa godimo a tsewe ke batho ba bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;237.</ref> Go itlhatlosa go ya kwa maemong a merafe ya Tswana, batho ba Yeyi ba ne ba bitsa kgosi e e kwa godimo ka ngwaga wa 1999, fela se se ne sa se ka sa lemogiwa ke Molao wa Bogosi. Ba ne ba tlisa kgang eo kwa Kgotlatshekelong e Kgolo, e e neng ya tlhasela thulaganyo e e maleba ya molao e le e e tlhaolang.<ref name=":95" /> Mogae o ne a tlhoma setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang ka ngwaga wa 2000 go sekaseka kemedi ya merafe e mennye mo Ntlong ya Dikgosi, mme seo sa baka boipelaetso go tswa mo go ba ba neng ba ikutlwa gore Mogae o batla go nyatsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;239.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang se ne sa tlhomamisa gore Ntlo ya Dikgosi e tshwanetse go nna teng, mme ya bidiwa Setswana ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;216.</ref> Diphetogo tse dingwe tse di fetotsweng ga di a amogelwa morago ga go kgarametswa go tswa mo merafeng e megolo ya Batswana, bogolosegolo ba Ngwato.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;217–218.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, batho ba Kgatla-baga-Mmanaana ba ne ba bona kgosi ya bone Gobuamang Gobuamang wa bobedi a amogelwa semmuso jaaka kgosi e nnye mo teng ga kgaolo ya Kwena kwa ba nnang teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;177.</ref> [[:en:Botswana–Namibia_border|Molelwane wa Botswana le Namibia]] o ne wa tsena mo kganetsanong ka ngwaga wa 1999 fa mafatshe ka bobedi a ne a batla kgaolo mo [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Mopakong wa Caprivi]].[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;xx–xxi.</ref>] Ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000, Botswana e ne ya beeletsa thata mo go tlhabololeng sesole sa mowa.<ref name=":93" /> [[:en:Botswana_Television|Setshwantso sa motshikinyego sa Botswana]] se tlhomilwe ka ngwaga wa 2000. Lentswe tsa Tsodilo le ne la nna [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|Lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe]] ka ngwaga wa 2001. Batho ba Basarwa ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao ka ngwaga wa 2002 go ganetsa go ntshiwa ga bona kwa Central Kalahari Game Reserve, fela kgang e sekisiwang e ne ya tlhokomologiwa. [[:en:Mosadi_Seboko|Mosadi Seboko]] wa [[:en:Lete_people|morafe wa]] [[:en:Lete_people|Balete]] o ne a nna moeteledipele wa ntlha wa mosadi wa morafe ka ngwaga wa 2003.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xxi.</ref> Mogae o ne a dira gore mongwe wa batshwayadiphoso ba ba tlhageletseng thata ba puso, [[:en:Kenneth_Good_(political_scientist)|Kenneth Good]], a lelekwe mo lefatsheng la gagwe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], pp.&#x20;333–334.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;226–227.</ref> [[:en:Three_Dikgosi_Monument|Sefikantswe sa Dikgosi tse Tharo]] se ne sa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;680.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya bolwetsi jo bo anameng lefatshe la HIV/AIDS e le kgang e e botlhokwa thata ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Go e lwantsha, o ne a dira gore dikalafi tsa [[:en:Antiretroviral|diantiretroviral]] tsa HIV/AIDS di nne teng mahala.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;225.</ref> === Puso ya ga Ian Khama === [[Setshwantsho:London Conference on The Illegal Wildlife Trade (12499797834).jpg|thumb|Kopano ya ga Ian Khama le [[:en:William_Hague|William Hague]] kwa Lontone]] Ian Khama o ne a latela mo maemong a botautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Mogae ka kgwedi ya Moranang a le letsatsi le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref name=":96">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mokgwa wa gagwe wa boeteledipele o ne wa phatlaladiwa jaaka o o latelang "di-D tse nne": puso ya batho ka batho, tlhabololo, seriti, le kotlhao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Fa a sena go nna mo setilong, o ne a rulaganya sešwa khuduthamaga ya setšhaba ka mokgwa wa tatelano, a kopanya maatla go dikologa botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;227–228.</ref> Khama o ne a gatelela tshireletsego ya setshaba mo tsamaisong ya gagwe. Ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo maemong a gagwe, Lekalana la Bosenodi le Tshireletsego le ne la itsege ka go dira ditlhodi tse di neng di tlhotlhelediwa ke dipolotiki le go tshwara baganetsi ba gagwe ba sepolotiki. O ne gape a tlhoma batho ba le mmalwa ba pele ba sesole mo pusong ya gagwe<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], pp.&#x20;714–715.</ref> Botswana o ne e sa amege thata mo [[:en:African_Union|Kopanong ya Aforika]] ka nako ya botautona jwa ga Khama, go na le moo e ne ya tlhagisa molawana wa mafatshe a sele a a neng e lebisitswe thata mo Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;190.</ref> Mathata a matlole a ngwaga wa 2008 a ne a gatelela itsholelo ya Botswana, e e neng ya nna e ikaegile ka meepo ya ditaemane le fa puso e ne e dira maiteko.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;202.</ref> Madirelo a diteemane a ne a fedisa kwelotlase e e tlhomameng fa e ne e tlhomama ka bokana ka karolo ya masome a mararo le borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tse di tlhagisitsweng tsa lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 2009.<ref name=":76" /> Taolo ya dikgosi e ne ya fetolwa ka ngwaga wa 2008 ka Molao wa Bogosi.<ref name=":92" /> Khama o ne a rotloetsa go neela dikgosi maatla ka leina la go busetsa kotlhao le maitsholo a setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], pp.&#x20;196–197.</ref> O ne a ntsha taelo e e neng ya oketsa dingwaga tsa go nwa tse di kafa molaong go nna masome a mabedi le bongwe, ya fa baeteledipele ba merafe e mennye maatla a go laela gore batho ba itewe, ya tlhama ditlhopha tsa mephato go nna balebedi, le go tsenya gape [[:en:Corporal_punishment_in_schools|kotlhao ya go itaya mo dikolong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Dikgosi di le mmalwa tse di sa tswang go tlhongwa di ne tsa tshegetsa melawana e mme tsa tsenya tirisong dikotlhao tse di gagametseng tsa badiraphoso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Gareng ga bone go ne go na le Kgafela wa bobedi, kgosana ya morafe wa Kgatla. Go dira gore batho ba gagwe ba nne le boitsholo jo bo tlwaelegileng, o ne a oketsa thata go itewa ga batho ba ba neng ba tlola molao. Kgafela le ba bangwe ba ba amegang ba ne ba pegwa molato wa bosenyi ka ntlha ya go dirisa kotlhao ka tsela e e sa siamang ka ngwaga wa 2010, mme kgotlatshekelo e ne ya kgaphela thoko kopo ya gagwe ya go sirelediwa, ya tlhomamisa gore dikgosi ga di na boipuso mme di laolwa ke molaotheo.<ref name=":97">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;157.</ref> Jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le tlhopha boeteledipele jwa lekoko la yone ka ngwaga wa 2009, Khama o ne a tlhoma batho ba le bantsi ba A-Team mo dikomiting tse potlana tsa lekoko le fa Barata-Phathi e ne ya fenya ka nako ya mokgatlho wa lekoko.<ref name=":97" /><ref name=":98">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;335.</ref> Fa mokwaledi mogolo wa lekoko leo, Rre [[:en:Gomolemo_Motswaledi|Gomolemo Motswaledi]] a ne a rerisana le babueledi go botsa gore a ditiro tsa ga Khama di ka fa molaong, Khama o ne a dira gore a sekegiwe mo komiting. Morago ga go isa kgang kwa kgotlatshekelo, go ne ga fitlhelwa gore tautona yo o mo maemong ao ga a kgone go sekisiwa semolao, mme Khama o ne a emisa Motswaledi mo BDP gotlhelele.<ref name=":98" />Mo tshimologong ya ngwaga wa 2010, Khama o ne a emisa mme morago a ntsha maloko a mangwe a le mmalwa a lekalana le le mo teng ga lekoko la Barata-Phathi mo lekokong BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], pp.&#x20;354–355.</ref> Se se ne sa baka go kgaogana ga ntlha ga BDP ka Mopitlwe fa lekoko la Barata-Phathi le ne le tswa mo lekokong go bopa Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Temokerasi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;345.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Molao wa Tirelosetšhaba o tsentswe tirisong ka ngwaga wa 2010, o dira gore badiredipuso ba dire ditshupetso ka ha molaong mo maemong mangwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mo ngwageng o o latelang, Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Mekgatlho ya Badiri (BOFEPUSU) o ne wa etelela pele ditshupetso tsa dikgwedi di le pedi mo gare ga badiredipuso ba lefatshe go batla tuelo ya karolo ya lesome le borataro mo lekgolong, mme puso ya tsiboga ka go ntsha diketekete tsa badiri mo maemong a bone.<ref name=":96" /> Go ntshiwa ga batho go ne go okametswe ke [[:en:Mokgweetsi_Masisi|Mokgweetsi Masisi]], Tona ya Merero ya Botautona.<ref name=":99">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Go ganetsa boemo jwa puso, BOFEPUSU e ne ya tlhofofatsa go kopanngwa ga makoko a magolo a kganetso go nna [[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC).<ref name=":96" /> Setlhopha se sešwa se se ne se eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Duma_Boko|Duma Boko]], yo o neng a tsere taolo ya BNF ka ngwaga wa 2010 mme a laola dipuo tsa yona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;715.</ref> Khama o ne a diragatsa diphetogo tse di nonofileng tsa tshomarelo ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe, bogolo jang mabapi le go tsoma. Le fa ba ne ba opa diatla kwa mahatsheng a mangwe le go bopa leina la Botswana jaaka "kgakgamatso e tala", ba ne ba kopana le go kgobega marapo mo nageng ka ntlha ya ditsela tse di neng di dirisiwa go tswa kwa godimo go ya kwa tlase, bogolosegolo go tswa mo go ba ba nnang mo mafelong a a tlhomilweng a tshomarelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Melawana e e ne e akaretsa go oketsega ga mekgwa ya sesole e e kgatlhanong le go tsoma diphologolo; digongwana tse di kgatlhanong le go tsoma di ne di tsentswe ditlhobolo tse di itirisang go tlaleletsa melawana ya go thuntsha go bolaya kgatlhanong le batho ba ba belaelwang gore ke batsomi.<ref name=":94" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boloka bontsi jwa yone mo lekgotleng la peomolao morago ga [[:en:2014_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopho tse di latelang]], mme e le lekgetho la ntlha e ne ya dira jalo ka bontsi fela jwa ditlhopo tsa batho.<ref>[[Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;705.</ref> Ian Khama o ne a tlhoma Masisi go nna mothusa tautona wa gagwe.<ref name=":99" /> Tshwetso e ne ya tsosa kganetsano ka ntlha ya go tlhoka maitemogelo ga ga Masisi fa go bapisiwa le ditlhopho tse dingwe tse di ka kgonegang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Go ya ka Mogae, Masisi o ne a tlhophiwa ka tlhaloganyo ya gore o tla tlhoma [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|Tshekedi Khama]] [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|wa bobedi]] go nna mothusa tautona morago ga go tsaya botautona ka boene.<ref name=":99" /> Botsalo Ntuane o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Mokwaledi Mogolo wa lekoko la BDP ka ngwaga 2015 mo seraleng sa twantsho tshenyetso setshaba le phetolo ya ditlhopho. Se se ne sa tshosetsa tlholego e e tseneletseng ya lekoko la BDP, mme Ntuane a bona mmaba wa sepolotiki kwa Masisi.<ref name=":99" /> Khama o ne a le bobaba mo bobegadikgannyeng, bogolo jang mo mafelong a a neng a sa dumalane le ditiro tsa puso ya gagwe. O ne a na le babegadikgang ba babedi ba ba neng ba latofadiwa ka [[:en:Sedition|botsuolodi]] ka ngwaga wa 2017, mme moragonyana ditatofatso di ne tsa latlhiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;714.</ref> === Puso ya ga Mokgweetsi Masisi === [[Setshwantsho:Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference London 2018 (45245990491).jpg|thumb|Mokgweetsi Masisi a bua kwa bokopanong jo bo neng bo bua ka kgwebisano e e seng ka fa molaong ya diphologolo tsa naga kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:London|London]] ka ngwaga wa 2018]] Masisi o ne a nna tautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Khama ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2018. Fa ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2019_Botswana_general_election|kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 2019]] di ntse di atamela, Masisi o ne a tlhama setshwantsho sa go ipharologanya le Khama, a itlhagisa jaaka motho yo o [[:en:Anti-corruption|lwantshanang le bonweenwee]] fa a ntse a tshegetsa bobegakgang le BOFEPUSU.<ref name=":02">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;716.</ref><ref name=":02" /> Letsholo la gagwe la go lwantsha bonweenwee le ne la felela ka go tshwarwa ga ga Isaac Kgosi, yo o neng a eteletse pele Bokaedi jwa Botlhodi le Tshireletso mo pusong ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;717.</ref><ref name=":110" /> Masisi o ne a tswelela ka go busetsa morago bontsi jwa melawana ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110" /> Gareng ga tse e ne e le go phimolwa ga melawana ya tshomarelo, go akaretsa le thibelo ya go tsoma e e neng e tsoma e e neng e lebisitswe mo kgwebong ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|manaka a tlou]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;23–24, 33–34.</ref> O ne gape a okametse go fedisiwa ga go tsewa go ratana ka bong bole bongwe e le molato.<ref>Rotberg 2023, pp.&#x20;228–229.</ref> Fa se se ntse se tsweletse, Masisi le Khama ba nna baganetsi go na le go nna balekane. Khama o ne a leka go thapa [[:en:Pelonomi_Venson-Moitoi|Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi]] go nna ntlhopheng yo mongwe wa BDP kgatlhanong le Masisi, mme fa seo se palelwa, o ne a itlhomela lekoko la gagwe, la [[:en:Botswana_Patriotic_Front|Botswana Patriotic Front]] (BPF).<ref name=":99" /><ref name=":110" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boelwa ke bontsi jwa ditlhopho tsa batho ka ngwaga wa 2019,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> mme ditlhopho di ne tsa senngwa ke kgatelelo ya puso le diphuruphutsho tsa nako le nako kgatlhanong le batho ba kganetso. Lekoko la UDC le ne la gwetlha maduo, mme ga di a atlega.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;308.</ref> Diphetogo tsa kgaolo di ne tsa fetoga ka ngwaga wa 2019 jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le latlhegelwa ke thotloetso nngwe kwa bokone fa e ntse e oketsa tlhotlheletso ya yone kwa borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;231.</ref> Ditlhopho gape di ne tsa bona lekokokganetso le legolo, BNF, le latlhegelwa ke BCP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> Jaaka ditšhaba di le dintsi, [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana|Botswana e ne ya bona kwelotlase e e kgolo ya tsholelo ka nako ya tlhaselo ya bolwetsi jwa COVID-19]], mme lefatshe le ne la nna [[:en:COVID-19_lockdowns|mo thibelong ya metsamao]] bontsi jwa ngwaga wa 2020 le ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;309.</ref> Mofuta wa SARS-CoV-2 Omicron o ribolotswe kwa Botswana moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Maikutlo a a kgatlhanong le makula a ne a anama ka setšhaba sa makula kwa Botswana se ne se humile thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;310.</ref> Khama o ne a tshabela kwa lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa a le kwa botshabelo ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele ka ngwaga wa 2021, mme puso ya Botswana ya mo latofatsa ka go nna le dibetsa e se ka fa molaong ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;311–312.</ref> === Puso ya ga Duma Boko === [[Setshwantsho:Secretary Rubio Meets with Botswana President Boko (54371806715).jpg|thumb|Duma Boko o ikanisa tumalano le lefatshe la Amerika ka ngwaga wa 2025]] Lekoko la [:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change][[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC) le nnile lekokokganetso la ntlha mo Botswana go tsaya puso morago ga phenyo ya lone mo [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa]] [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 2024]] , mme se sa fedisa dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi tsa puso ya [[:en:Botswana_Democratic_Party|lekoko la Botswana la batho ka batho]] (BDP).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMuiaZane2024|Muia &#x26; Zane 2024]]</ref> Mo puisanong ya gagwe ya ntlha ya Maemo a Setšhaba ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2024, Duma Boko o boletse gore puso ya gagwe e tla kgaratlhela go oketsa dipeeletso mo maatleng a letsatsi, [[:en:Cannabis|motokwane]] ya kalafi le mofuta wa motokwane o o lengwang ka lebaka la madirelo. O ne gape a itsise ditirisano le [[:en:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] go atolosa phitlhelelo ya mafaratlhatlha a maranyane e e teng lefatshe ka bophara ka [[:en:Starlink|Starlink]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFFrance242024|France24 2024]]</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2025, Botswana e ne ya romela sathalaete ya yone ya ntlha, e leng [[:en:BOTSAT‑1|BOTSAT‐1,]] kwa lefaufaung.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRanjan2025|Ranjan 2025]]</ref> [[:en:Duma_Boko|Boko]] o ne a tsenela go itsisiwe semmuso ga sathalaete, e e neng ya tshwarelwa kwa mafelong a [[:en:SpaceX|SpaceX]] kwa lefatsheng la United States.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNamunwa2025|Namunwa 2025]].</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Lekwalokwalo la Botswana * [[Ngwao ya Botswana|Ngwao ya Batswana]] * Dipalopalo tsa Botswana * [[Itsholelo ya Botswana]] * Thutafatshe ya Botswana * [[Ditso tsa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Borwa jwa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Gaborone]] * [[Lenaane la dikgang tse di amanang le Botswana]] * Lenaane la dingwaga mo Botswana * [[Tlhaloso ya Botswana]] * Mola wa nako wa Botswana * Mola wa nako ya Gaborone * [[Dipolotiki tsa Botswana]] == Dintlhana tse di kwa tlase == <references /> == Metswedi == === Dibuka === * Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). Culture and Customs of Botswana. Greenwood Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-313-33178-7</nowiki>. OCLC 62118271. * Gulbrandsen, Ørnulf (2012). The State and the Social: State Formation in Botswana and its Precolonial and Colonial Genealogies. Berghahn Books. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85745-298-6</nowiki>. * Hillbom, Ellen; Bolt, Jutta (2018). Botswana – A Modern Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73144-5. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-73144-5</nowiki>. * Holm, John D.; Molutsi, Patrick P. (1992). "State-Society Relations in Botswana: Beginning Liberalization". In Hydén, Göran; Bratton, Michael (eds.). Governance and Politics in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 75–95. doi:10.1515/9781685853297. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-55587-285-4</nowiki>. * Jackson, Ashley (1999). Botswana, 1939-1945: An African Country at War. Clarendon Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-820764-1</nowiki>. * Leith, James Clark (2005). Why Botswana Prospered. McGill-Queen's University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7735-2821-5</nowiki>. * Molutsi, Patrick (2004). "Botswana: The Path to Democracy and Development". In Gyimah-Boadi, E. (ed.). Democratic Reform in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 159–182. doi:10.1515/9781685857325. <nowiki>ISBN 9781685857325</nowiki>. * Nyamnjoh, Francis B. (2007). "'Ever-Diminishing Circles': The Paradoxes of Belonging in Botswana". In de la Cadena, Marisol; Starn, Orin (eds.). Indigenous Experience Today. Routledge. pp. 305–332. <nowiki>ISBN 9781003085690</nowiki>. * Rotberg, Robert I. (2023). "Botswana: Africa's Democratic Exception". Overcoming the Oppressors: White and Black in Southern Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–231. <nowiki>ISBN 9780197674239</nowiki>. * Samatar, Abdi Ismail (1999). An African Miracle: State and Class Leadership and Colonial Legacy in Botswana Development. Heinemann. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-325-00068-8</nowiki>. * Tlou, Thomas; Campbell, Alec C. (1997) [1984]. History of Botswana (2nd ed.). Macmillan Botswana. <nowiki>ISBN 9991278087</nowiki>. == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> cqbqcymyt47fbq5s1jsyu485ypd62nd 53667 53664 2026-07-30T18:06:28Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Pre-colonial history" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366623313|History of Botswana]]" 53667 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditso tsa lefatshe la Botswana''' di akaretsa tsa bogologolo le tsa ngwao ya kgaolo, go diriwa kolone ya [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Bechuanaland Protectorate]], le go nna Republic of [[Botswana]] gompieno. Batho ba ntlha ba motlha wa gompieno go nna mo [[Botswana]] e ne e le Basarwa, temothuo e tlhabolotswe dingwaga di ka nna dikete pedi, le makgolo a mararo a a fetileng. Batho bantsho ba Bantu ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago ga loso lwa ga Keresete, fa [[Batswana]] ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago. Batswana ba ne ba kgaogana ka ditlhopha tsa merafe mo dingwageng tse di dikete tse di latelang fa diphudugo mo kgaolong di tswelela, tse di neng tsa baka [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]] mo lekgolong la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi. Go amana le lefatshe le le kgolo le le naleng dikarolo la Europe ga ntlha go diragetse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi lesome le borataro, mo go bakileng go diriwa Bakeresete ga batho ba kgaolo. Magosi a Batswana a a neng a na le thotloetso e kgolo a ne a ikopela go nna mo tlhokomelong ya lefatshe la [[United Kingdom]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le botlhano ka ba ne ba itemogela matshosetsi go tswa kwa [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German South West Africa]] le mo Maburung. Batho ba Britain ba ne ba kgaoganya kgaolo go nna merafe e kgosi nngwe le nngwe e tlaa e etelelang pele, ba a fa dikgosi maatla a a fetang a ba neng ba na le one pele, mme ba ne ba nna le taolo e e lekanetseng fela mo lefatsheng. Puso ya Britain e ne ya nna le seabe se setlhagafetseng ka dinwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la ema nokeng go tsaya karolo ga Britain mo ntweng ya bobedi ya mafatshe, bontsi ba ne ba lwa e le bontlha jwa sesole sa [[Aferika|Aforika]] sa Auxiliary Pioneer Corps. Go lwela go laola go nnile teng ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a matlhano fa gare ga Kgosi ya [[Bangwato]] [[Seretse Khama]] le motlhatlhami wa gagwe [[Tshekedi Khama]]. Go nyala mosadi wa lekgoa ebong [[Ruth Williams Khama]] ga ga Seretse, go ne ga baka gore batho ba Britain ba mo thibele go nna mo [[Botswana]]. O ne a boa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a matlhano le borataro, ka a ne a na le kemo nokeng e kgolo, merafe e ne inaakanya le puso e e tlhophilweng fa letsholo la boipuso le tlhamiwa. Molao wa lefatshe o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le motso, ga tlhamiwa diphathi tsa polotiki. Seretse o ne a nna moeteledipele wa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Bechuanaland Democratic Party]], e e neng e bueletswe ke puso ya Britain go busa morago ga boipuso, e ne ya nna le kemo nokeng e e tsitsibanyang mmele mo ditlhophong tsa ntlha tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le botlhano. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la neelwa boipuso jo bo tletseng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro. Ka maikaelelo a a nonofileng, Seretse le phathi ya gagwe ba ne ba tlhama puso ya batho ka batho ya bophirima ba simolola go tlhabolola dikago mo lefatsheng le e neng e le lengwe la a a neng a humanegile thata ka nako eo. Go ne ga lemogiwa fa go na le diteemane ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabongwe, mo go neng ga bopa sesha itsholelo ya Botswana. Kompone ya meepo ya [[Debswana]] e tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi, lefatshe la Botswana la nna la itsholelo e e golang ka bofefo thata go gaisa a mangwe mo Botswana. Phathi ya sepolotiki ya Botswana Democratic e ne ya tswelela e le yone phathi e e busang go tswa ka nako ya boipuso go fitlhelela phathi ya [[Umbrella for Democratic Change]] e fenya ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone.]] == Ditso tsa pele ga bokolone == === Ditso tsa pele === [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo Hills rock paintings4.jpg|thumb|metako ya magaga kwa Tsodilo mo ditsong tsa pele]] Lefatshe la Botswana la gompieno e ne e le sekgwa fela dingwaga di le didikadike tse di lesome tse di fitileng, dinoka di ne di le ditona go fetisa gompieno, di tshela kwa [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|letsheng la Makgadikgadi]].<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou, Thomas]]; [[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Campbell, Alec C]]. (1997) [1984]. ''[[History of Botswana]]'' (2nd&nbsp;ed.). Macmillan Botswana. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/9991278087|&nbsp;<bdi>9991278087</bdi>.]]</ref> Batho ba sebopego sa ntlha sa Homo erectus ba ne ba nna mo kgaolong eo ka motlha wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997,]] p.&nbsp;14.</ref> Didirisiwa tsa lejwe mo Botswana wa gompieno, di tshwana le dilepe, di tswa go o lowe, dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fitileng.<ref name=":4">Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). [[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|''Culture and Customs of Botswana''.]] Greenwood Press. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33178-7|<bdi>978-0-313-33178-7</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#Identifiers_and_linked_data|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/title/62118271 62118271.]</ref><ref name=":0">Klehm, Carla (28 June 2021). "Archaeology of Botswana". ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History''. doi:[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61663/chapter/553401196 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.792]. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4|<bdi>978-0-19-027773-4</bdi>.]]</ref> Phudugo go ya sekakeng sa Kalahari go akanyediwa fa e diragetse pele ga legato la borataro dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro tse di fitileng.<ref name=":0" /> Letsha la Makgadikgadi le simolotse go fokotsega dingwaga di le dikete di le masome matlhano tse di fitileng.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;17.]]</ref> Bagolagolwane ba merafe e e sa amaneng ka gope ba ba bidiwang Basarwa fa ba kgobokantswe, ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome mane go tsena masome a mararo tse di fitileng. Ba ka tswa e le bone batho ba ntlha go nna mo motlheng wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&nbsp;18, 23.</ref> Ba ne ba itlhoma go bapa le dinoka ka dipaka tsa komelelo, mme ba phatlalale le kgaolo ka nako ya dipula.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&nbsp;24.</ref>Go ne go itsewe fa ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikaganyeditseng [[letsha la Makgadikgadi]], ga mmogo le [[Tsodilo]] le GI.<ref name=":1">[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;xv.</ref> Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba [[Nata]], Shua le Xani, go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref name=":2">Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;23.</ref>[[:en:Rock_art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse masome a mararo tse di fetileng,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Meepo ya specularite le hematite e simolotse ka nako e go tlhama dipente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;48.</ref> Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a leruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome mabedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":1" /> Thuto e e tseneletseng ya Aforika e e kwa borwa mo [[:en:Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Matlapa]] e ntse e lekanyeditswe.<ref name=":0" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[:en:Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba sala ka ditlhopha tse dinnye mme ba dira kgwebo le ba bangwe.<ref name=":2" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere tshimo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monna yo mogolo wa lelapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tse dikgolo, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela le go tshwara diphologolo tse dinnye.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Ditlhopha di ne di nyalana mme di dirisa thulaganyo ya magadi, xaro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete tse tse di fetileng, batho ba kgaolo eo ba ne ba tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana wa gompieno mme ba simolola go dira dinkgwana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;8.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;28.</ref>Temothuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga le go wela tlase fa seemo sa loapi le ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo di ne di dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;29–30.</ref>Gareng ga dijalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[:en:Pearl_millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[:en:Sorghum|mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[:en:Cowpea|dinawa tsa kgomo]], le dimela tsa lelapa la [[:en:Cucurbitaceae|cucurbits]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba Bantu ba ne ba [[:en:Bantu_expansion|fudugela kwa kgaolong]] e dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi le dingwaga dile selete le makgolo a matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong leno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;22–24, 28.</ref> [[:en:Kalanga_people|Batho ba Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba goroga c. 200 C.E.<ref name=":3">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Bagologolwane ba morafe wa ntlha wa [[:en:Tswana_people|Batswana]] (bongwe ''Motswana'', bontsi ''Batswana'') go fopholediwa fa ba gorogile c. 400 C.E.<ref name=":3" /> Batho ba ba Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didirisiwa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna mo ditseleng tsa metsi tsa leruri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;9.</ref> Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a leruri a matlo a ka nna lesome go fitlhela lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Pole-and-daga|dipale le mmu]] nngwe le nngwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa Khoisan e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;44–45.</ref> BaKhoisan le Bantu ba ka tswa ba ne ba gweba le go nyalana mo pakeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;36.</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlhela ka lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga === Setlhopha sa batho ba Zhizo, batho ba Taukome, ba ne ba goroga mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme ba nna fa gare ga [[:en:Shashe_River|Noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|Noka ya Serorome]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref><ref name=":5">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;10.</ref> Go nna le [[:en:Glass_bead|dipheta tsa galase]] go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo ya Lewatle la India]].<ref name=":5" /> Palo ya leruo le le ruiwang mo Botswana wa gompieno e ne ya oketsega thata fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa borobabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":4" /> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso ya morafe, e e bidiwang ''morafe'' (bontsi merafe), mongwe le mongwe o eteletswe pele ke kgosi e e bidiwang ''[[:en:Kgosi|kgosi]]'' (bontsi dikgosi).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Tsamaiso e e ne ya tlhagisa puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le tse dingwe mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;40.</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong, mme go nna mong wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho.<ref name=":6">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;11.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ditso tsa bogologolo tsa batho ba Tswana e sa ntse e sa itsiwe thata ka gonne go setse bosupi jo bonnye jwa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo.<ref name=":3" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Sekaka sa Kalahari]] ka makgolo ale borobabongwe morago ga ga Keresete,<ref name=":1" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong le le latelang la dingwaga, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng kwa Lewatleng la India.<ref name=":6" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Bangwe ba batho ba Eiland ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa ya gompieno go tsena mo Botswana wa gompieno mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Batho ba Toutswe, ba bangwe ba morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, ba bona khumo ya bona ka go nna le dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;13.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Go ne ga agiwa metse e meraro ya Ba-Toutswe kwa [[:en:Bosutswe|Bosutswe]], Sung, le [[:en:Toutswemogala|Toutswemogala]], mongwe le mongwe wa bone o ne o busa metse e mennye e e neng e e dikologile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 12, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba anametse kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;60.</ref> Boleng jwa ditlhagiswa bo ne jwa fetogafetoga fa kgwebisano e ntse e atolosiwa le ditšhaba di sele mme go ribololwa ga gauta go ne ga diragala, go fokotsa kgatlhego mo ditlhagisweng tsa sebilo le tsa diphologolo jaaka lonaka lwa tlou.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;27–28.</ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":7">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Merafe e e kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditiragalo tse mme e ne ya sala e sa amege thata.<ref name=":8">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Baagisani ba Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe le wa lesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard's Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":9">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> <ref name=":10">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;61.</ref>Ba tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[:en:Bambandyanalo|Bambandyanalo]], ba ne ba nna batho ba bagolo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe kwa ba neng ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;67–68.</ref> Ba ne ba bonela pele tlhotlheletso go ralala kgaolo fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> Batho ba Okavango Delta le batho ba Tsodilo mme morago ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bodulo mo nakong e, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke batho ba Khoe fela ba ba neng ba nna mo lefelong leo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou & Campbell 1997]], pp. 46, 81.</ref>Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro,<ref name=":11">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;14.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa mo nako e le nngwe.<ref name=":10" />Batho ba Mambo ba ne ba nna go dikologa [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]] ya gompieno mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo tikologong ya nako e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Batho ba segompieno ba Tswana, [[:en:Khalagari_people|Khalagari]], le [[:en:Sotho_people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo e ka nnang ka lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":12">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Ba-Khalagari ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana.<ref name=":13">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Batho ba Fokeng le bone ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi,<ref name=":14">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;93.</ref> mme batho ba Moloko ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro.<ref name=":12" /> Morafe wa tshimologo wa BaTswana, losika lwa bogosi lwa Phofu, o tlhodilwe kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro ke Mogale. Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, e ne ya kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa le merafe ya Bahurutshe, [[:en:Kwena_people|Kwena]], [[:en:Ngwaketse_people|Ngwaketse]], [[:en:Ngwato_people|Ngwato]], Tlharo, le batho ba ba [[:en:Ngwato_people|Kgatla]].<ref name=":13" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa ema mo boemong jwa Mapungubwe e le maatla a kgaolo ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro fa batho ba Gumanye ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[:en:Great_Zimbabwe|Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le le botlhokwa le ditsompelo tsa yone le go nna gaufi le lebopo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;77–78.</ref> Zimbabwe e ne e laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le teng mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana,<ref name=":15">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvi.</ref> mme kgwebisano ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo eo.<ref name=":11" /> Zimbabwe e ne e latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga, mme e ne ya wela mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Dinaga tse dingwe di le mmalwa di ne tsa tlhagelela morago ga go wa ga yone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo neng jwa bopiwa ke [[:en:Kalanga_people|merafe ya Kalanga]], bo ne jwa tsaya maemo a Zimbabwe mo molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;98–100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana le [[:en:Pedi_people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bone<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> mme [[:en:Rolong_people|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Morolong.<ref name=":13" /> Kgosi Masilo go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya bophirima jwa Tswana ka nako e, go fitlhela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga moo go bolelwa fa lefelo le le ne le busiwa ke Malope kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":14" /> === Lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell - Thlapingkaptein en sy vrou.png|thumb|Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1800]] Batho ba baTswana ba ne ba fuduga fa gare ga Botswana wa gompieno ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke batho ba naga le batho ba mmuso wa ga mmamosadinyana go tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":16">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;19.</ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga sekete le makgolo a le marataro.<ref name=":17">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, losika lwa ga Phofu, lo ne lwa wela tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;104.</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la lesome le botlhano le la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":11" /> Batho ba ba Kalanga ba ne ba laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[:en:Motloutse_River|Noka ya Motloutse]] le [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Letsha la Makgadikgadi]] go fitlhela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabobedi.<ref name=":7" /> Batho ba Hurutshe, Kgatla, le Kwena ba ne ba kgaogana le losika lwa segosi lwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo gare ga komelelo le dintwa tsa boswa, mme kgabagare ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;10.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Batho ba Ngwaketse le ba Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le boraro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;105.</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo ba ne ba nna mo Motlheng wa Bofelo wa Leje go fitlha mo e ka nnang mo lekgolong la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;22.</ref> Batho ba Botswana wa gompieno ba simolodistse ditsela tse di telle tsa motsamao ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa, e tsamaelwa dikilometara tse makgolo go rekisa,go tsoma le go itsalanya le batho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;108–109.</ref>Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana motlhofo abo e ipopa ka bongwe go tswa mo go ba bangwe ka gore dithoto tse dipotlana , le leruo tsa lefelo ne di kgona go tsmaisiwa motlhofo.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":16" />Merafe ya botlhabatsatsi e ne e tshabellwa ke go kgaogana ka ntlha ya seele se se tona gareng ga toropo le ditshimo.<ref name=":18">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;392.</ref>Kgaogano gareng ga ditlhopa tsa baTswana e nnile mo gareng ga ngwagakgolong ya lesome le bosupa, e tlhalosa merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":19">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;106.</ref>Merafe ya baTswana ba botlhabatsatsi e ne e nna e le maikaelelo a dintwa tsa [[:en:Griqua_people|batho ba Griqua]].<ref name=":18" /> Fa batho ba baTswana ba tswa bokone go ya Botswana wa borwa-bophirima wa segompieno ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa , ba ne ba nna mo metseng e e neng e nna batho ba Kgalagari, ba ba tshwaetsa kgotsa ba ba ntsha. Batho ba ba Kwena le merafe ya bone ya lekala ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa segompieno ka fa tlase ga taolo ya [[:en:Kgabo_II|Kgabo wa bobedi]] ba bo ba nna gaufi le motse wa [[:en:Molepolole|Molepolole]].<ref name=":19" />Go ya ka setso sa molomo, bapatole ba e leng batho ba Herero le Mbanderu ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathung ba Mbunda ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bosupa fa ntwa tsa leruo la batswana le ne le phatlalatsa ditlhopa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> le batho ba Bayeyi ba ne ba fudugela kwa Okavango Delta go ya kwa nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;8.</ref>Mo mafelong a mangwe, batho ba Kaa ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathong ba Rolong le batho ba Khurutse ba kgaogana le batho ba Bahurutshe, fa ditlhopa tsotlhe di fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":20">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;107.</ref>Batho ba Bashaga ba ne ba kopana le batho ba Kgalagari ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;110.</ref> State sa ntlha sa Tswana se tlhamilwe ke batho ba Ngwaketse bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi. Si state tse dingwe tsa Tswana di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka go latelana ke batho ba ba Kwena, batho ba Ngwato le batho ba ba Tawana mo dingwageng tse lesome tse nne di latela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;113.</ref> Ka se go ne ga tla ditlhabololo tsa ''mophato (''bontsi ''mephato),'' mephato ya sesole e e rulagantsweng k a dingwaga tsa setlhopa, gareng ga batho ba Tswana ba bophirima mo dingwageng tsa sekete le makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano''.''<ref name=":21">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;386.</ref>Batho ba le babedi ba Kgatla , batho ba Kgafela le batho ba ba Tlokwa, ba tsene mo nakong e ba bo ba tsaa taolo mo tikologong ya [[:en:Pilanesberg|Pilanesberg]] mo Aforika Borewng wa segompieno. Ba ne ba laola ka thata bontsi jwa batho mo lefelong leo mme ebile ba fentse dintwa tse pedi le batho ba Fokeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;390–391.</ref>Tiriso ya mephato e ne ya phatlatsega kwa bathong ba Tswana ba kwa botlhaba kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":21" />E ne e sa amogelwa go phutologilwe mo borwa === Difaqane === [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]], nako ya dintwa le phuduso mo borwa jwa Aforika , e diragetse kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi le tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;17.</ref> Mo nakong ye, batho ba baTswana ba ne ba le mo '''kgonegong''' ya dintwa ke ditlhopa di le dintsi ,di akaretsa [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Ndebele]], ba [[:en:Kololo_people|Kololo]], ba [[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]],<ref name=":8" /> ba Pedi, le ba [[:en:Voortrekker|Voortrekkers]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;391.</ref>Bontsi jwa ditlhopa tsa ba Tswana di itlhopetse go boela morago ko ntlheng ga go lwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;394.</ref>Sese ne sa trigger phudugo e e extensive e e ralalang lefelo, go baka gore morafe wa ba Tswana o phatlalale thata abo o simolodisa bolengteng jo bo nonofileng gareng ga territory ya Botswana wa segompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo [[:en:Hardveld|nageng e e thata]] e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Batho ba Kwena le ba Ngwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa motseng wa [[:en:South_African_Republic|Transvaal]] go ya kwa ''lefelong la motlhaba''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;18.</ref> Batho ba ntlha wa Kgatla go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, batho ba Mmanaana, o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[:en:Moshupa|Moshupa]] le [[:en:Thamaga|Thamaga]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53, 56.</ref> Ke fela bangwe ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba bolokwa mo go fudugeng kgotsa mo go kgorelediweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;393.</ref> Batho ba Kololo ba ne ba tlhasela merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa 1826, ba pateletsa BaKwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bona ka go farologana. Sebogo, molaodi wa morafe wa Ngwaketse, o ne a tsosa banna ba le dikete dile nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa Dithubaruba kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ba bolaya batlhabani le baagi, ba kobela ruri Bakololo mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;393–394.</ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma dinaga tsa yone gape ka dingwaga tsa bo 1840, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;31.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;693.</ref><ref name=":22">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;114.</ref> Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[:en:Kgotla|kgotla]]'', kopano ya dipuisano e mo go yone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a utlwa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagi ba banna pele a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref name=":34">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;695.</ref><ref name=":23">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1880, batho ba Tswana le ba Khalagari ba ne ba dirile Botswana yotlhe ya gompieno dikolone.<ref name=":20" /> === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe ba ne ba goroga lantlha mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|London Missionary Society]]. Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa dira go fetolela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":24">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Morongwa [[:en:Robert_Moffat_(missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya motse wa gagwe wa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa Botswana wa gompieno jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le Maburu gore ba se ka ba kgona go ya kwa teng.<ref name=":8" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a ne a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekeresete le go kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente e Kgologolo le e Ntšhwa ka bobedi di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa 1857.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;57, 65.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgopolo di le mmalwa tsa itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aforika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''mafisa'' ya bahumi ba adima bahumanegi dikgomo go ba ananya ka tiro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;701.</ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya dithoto tse di fhapegileng ka bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe , mme banna ba ba nyetsweng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le tshwanelo ya ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;698.</ref> Banna ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref> Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se lengwa thata mo kgaolong eo mo lekgolong la lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela komelelo e ne e raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Bagwebi ba lefatshe la Britain ba gorogile ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":24" /> Go tla ga baagi ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe ba ba neng ba nna gaufi le foo go ne ga dira gore merafe ya Batswana e kgone go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Sechele_I|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_I|wa ntlha]] wa batho ba Bakwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya lefatshe la Britain ya morafe wa gagwe.<ref name=":22" /> Morongwa wa kwa Scotland e bong [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o ne a goroga mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma lekgotla la [[:en:Kolobeng_Mission|Kolobeng Mission]]. Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe mo go bokete ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe mo merafeng ya Batswana fa ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano tsa dikontinente tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":15" /> Moaparo wa Bophirima o ne wa amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala ngwagakgolo otlhe mme o kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;120–121.</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a fa batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu.<ref name=":25">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa batho ba Kalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba lebana le kgotlhang go tswa mo ditlhopheng tse dingwe mo kgaolong, mme ya goroga kwa setlhoeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1850. Batswana ba le bantsi, bogolosegolo merafe ya Kwena le Ngwato, ba ne ba lwa kgatlhanong le merafe ya Maaforikanere le ya MaZulu kwa botlhaba jwa Sekaka sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;195.</ref> Ba-Kwena le Ba-Mmanaana ba ne ba lwantsha Maburu go tswa kwa Transvaal ka ngwaga wa 1852, ba sireletsa kgaolo ya bone mme ba fedisa go atologa ga setšhaba go ya kwa bophirima.<ref name=":26">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;396.</ref> Batswana ba ne ba bona ditlhopha tsa barongwa e le tsela ya go tshabela mo batlhaseding, ba rotloetsa go sokologela mo Bokereseteng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Sechele o ne a kopa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Britain ka 1853 go fedisa dintwa tsa kgaolo, mme o ne a ganwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;107.</ref> Baeng ba Europa ba ne ba tlwaelesegile thata mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga fa batsomi, batlhotlhomisi, le bagwebi ba ne ba batla dipoelo le go bona dilo tse di kgatlhang mo kgaolong eo.<ref name=":25" /> Ba le bantsi ba ne ba kwala [[:en:Travel_book|dibuka tsa maeto]] ka ga lefelo leo, tse e neng e le dingwe tsa dikgatiso fela tse e seng tsa thuto ka ga Botswana wa gompieno ka nako eo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;65–66.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1860, go fuduga go tswa mo kgaolong go ne ga oketsega fa banna ba Batswana ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya go bereka kwa meepong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Go ribololwa ga Masimo a [[:en:Tati_Goldfields|Gauta a Tati]] go ne ga tsosa go batla gauta ga ntlha ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe kwa Borwa jwa Aforika ka ngwaga wa 1868.<ref name=":24" /> Kampa ya pele ya meepo e e neng ya tlhongwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1870 e ne ya atologa thata fa e ne e nna lefelo le legolo la terena fa gare ga [[:en:Cape_Province|kgaolo ya Cape]] le [[:en:Bulawayo|Bulawayo]], mme ya nna toropokgolo ya ntlha ya Botswana, e leng [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;15, 29.</ref> Mo nakong e mo hisitoring ya Botswana, dikgosi tse dikgolo tsotlhe e ne e le Bakeresete.[92] Ntwa magareng ga Bakwena le BaKgafela ka ngwaga wa 1875.<ref name=":26" />Kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga di le lesome, kgosi [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa batho ba Ngwato o ne a gapa taolo ya kgwebisano ya Borithane mo bathong ba Kwena.<ref name=":22" /> == Tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland == ''Setlhogo se segolo: [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]'' Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e oketsegang ya lefatshe la Germany mo kgaolong, mme e ne ya dumela go bopa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]].<ref name=":27">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom & Bolt 2018]], p. 40.</ref><ref name=":28">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Makgowa a Britain a ne a eletsa go somarela tlhotlheletso ya yone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka a ne a neelana ka kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aforika.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Dikgosi tsa Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane ya Aforika Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maaforikaner]],<ref name=":29">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;161.</ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ya taolo ya Borithane e ne e le bokoloniale jwa baagi ke Jeremane.<ref name=":30">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;694.</ref> Ba ne ba eletsa gape go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Aforika Borwa kgotsa moeteledipele wa meepo [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa tshireletso e santse e iphitlhela e ikaegile ka Aforika Borwa mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe go nna lefatshe la merafe le le busiwang ke dikgosi le [[:en:Crown_land|lefatshe la segosi]] le le laolwang ke United Kingdom.<ref name=":29" /> Merafe e borobarobedi e ne ya amogelwa ke Maesemane fa go ne go tlhodiwa protectorate. Tse nne tse dikgolo di ne tsa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe: Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Gape go ne ga lemogiwa tse tharo tse dinnye: tsa Kgatla, tsa [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Tlokwa]] le tsa ga [[:en:Malete_people|Malete]]. Ba borobedi, ba Tshidi, ba ne ba fiwa lefelo la polokelo le le kgabaganyang molelwane magareng ga naga e e sireleditsweng le Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;30n1.</ref> Fa maloko a merafe e mennye e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe tsa bona.<ref name=":17" /> Go tsenngwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola mofuta wa puso ya Motswana, ka merafe e ne e sa tlhalosiwe thata mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka dikgaolo di kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;46–47.</ref><ref name=":31">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;24.</ref> Tshireletso kwa tshimologong e ne ya atologela kwa Ngwato, e fitlha go tswa go didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa go ya kwa [[:en:Molopo_River|Nokeng ya Molopo]], mme e ne ya atolosiwa go ya kwa didikiriing di le lesome le borobabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhela kwa Nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwaga wa 1890.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;30.</ref>Se se ne sa tlamela Maborithane ka badiri ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya yona mme sa bopa sekgoreletsi se segolo sa go lekanyetsa bokoloniale jwa Jeremane.<ref name=":32" /> Batho ba bangwe ba Tswana ba ne ba nna kwa borwa jwa tshireletso mme moragonyana ba ne ba tsenngwa mo Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":28" /> Batho ba ga Kgafela ba ne ba nna kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa 1887. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna seka-Kgatla.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53.</ref>Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa 1891 go tlhoma tshireletso semmuso.<ref name=":29" /> Puso ya yone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa mookamedi go nna tlhogo ya yone. Mookamedi o ne a fiwa dithata tse di anameng mo tshireletsong, fa fela a ne a tlotla molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> Motsemogolo wa yone e ne e le toropo ya Aforika Borwa ya Vryburg, go supa gore babusi ba bokoloniale ba ne ba sa nne mo tshireletsong mme ba ne ba sa amege ka tlhamalalo mo mererong ya yona.<ref name=":33">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;41.</ref>Go na le moo, mookamedi yo mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusa-baokamedi ba babedi, mme mookamedi wa kgaolo o ne a tlhofofatsa go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":35">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Go tsenngwa ga puso ya Borithane mo Aforikaborwa go ne go raya gore Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne e ikaegile ka yona mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;162.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore Bechuanaland Protectorate ke setheo sa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore e tla tloga e tsewa ke kolone ya Borithane.<ref name=":37">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;115.</ref> Fa go ntse jalo, e ne e dumela gore tshireletso e e kgonang go itshedisa e tla ja madi a mannye go e tlhokomela.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":41">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;108.</ref> Ka ntlha ya mabaka a, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya gapeletsa taolo e nnye fela e e tlhamaletseng ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland.<ref name=":23" /> Dikgosi di ne di akola dikgang tse mme tsa kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jo bo anameng, fela tshegetso ya bokoloniale e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka tumelelo ya merafe go tshegetsa puso.<ref name=":36">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;41–42.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;66–67.</ref>[ Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya seemanosi, se se neng sa baka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho le go tlhaola basadi le merafe e mennye.<ref name=":38">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;161–162.</ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa tshireletso === {{Multiple image|total_width=300|image1=Chief-khama-III.jpg|image2=Sebele I by Fritsch 1865.jpg|image3=Bathoen I in london1895.jpg|footer=Khama III, Sebele I le Bathoen I, ba ba neng ba kgona go tlhotlheletsa puso ya Borithane gore e se ka ya tsenya Bechuanaland Protectorate mo taolong ya Khamphani ya British South Africa.|direction=Horizontal}} Batho ba lefatshe la Britain ba ne a rulagantse gore kwa bofelong ba akaretse Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland mo Kopanong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":31" /> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso, United Kingdom e ne ya tsena mo dipuisanong le Cecil Rhodes go e tsenya mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aforika Borwa ya Borithane]].<ref name=":27" /> Fa ba araba, dikgosi tse tharo tse di nang le tlhotlheletso thata—Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, Sebele Iwa ntlha wa Ba-Kwena, le Bathoen wa ntlha wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto lwa bodipolomate go ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa1895 mme ba dira gore puso e se ka ya wetsa tumalano eo.<ref name=":33" /><ref name=":39">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvii.</ref>Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di dirisanang le makgoa a lefatshe la Briritsh jaaka setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref name=":40">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> mme sa kwala batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka setšhaba se le sengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[:en:Jameson_Raid|Jameson Raid]] ka yone e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba makgowa a lefatshe la British marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;30–31.</ref> Go ketekwa ga dikgosi tse go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aforika: ''Khamé'', ''Sebéle'' le ''Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa lefatshe la London ka one ngwaga oo. Mokwalo o o [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhagisitse tlhamane]] e e simolotseng ya gore merafe ya bone e meraro ka go farologana e tlhodilwe ke bakaulengwe ba bararo.<ref name=":42">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;670.</ref> Gape ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropong e nngwe ya Aforika Borwa, [[:en:Mafeking|Mafeking]],<ref name=":33" />mme kompone ya Marope a Bogologolo e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marope a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go batla gauta.<ref name=":32" /> Tshireletso e ne ya amiwa thata ke go runya ga bolwane mo diphologolong ya Aforika ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, ya latlhegelwa ke dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa leruo la yona le diphologolo tsa naga.<ref name=":39" /> [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|Seporo sa tshireletso se agilwe ka]] [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|ngwaga wa 1897]] jaaka mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tsosa [[:en:Pioneer_Column|setlhopa sa Babulatsela]] go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa Ngwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole.<ref name=":43">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la [[:en:Jameson_Raid|tlhaselo ya ga Jameson]] ka 1896.<ref name=":39" /> Morafe wa Kgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya [[:en:Boer_War|Ntwa ya Maburu]], o lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane.<ref name=":43" /> Itsholelo ya pele ya bokoloniale ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne ya nna e tshwana thata le itsholelo ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref /> United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata naga ya tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e fa Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka mo meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;42.</ref> Makgetho le one a ne a tsenngwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la ntlwana]] ka ngwaga wa 1899, le le neng la emisediwa ka [[:en:Poll_tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa 1909.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Lekgetho la selegae le ne la tsenngwa moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 1919.<ref name=":44">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;31.</ref>Makgetho a bokoloniale kwa Tshireletsong ya Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme se sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagi go ba rotloetsa go nna.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;43–44.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la akanyetsa go kopanya tshireletso mo Aforika Borwa jaaka e ne e [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|kopanya dikoloni tsa yona tsa borwa jwa Aforika]], fela kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":39" /> ya kopana ka ngwaga wa 1910.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;137.</ref> Boloko bo ne bo dira gore tshireletso e nne le karolo tse pedi mo lekgolong fela ya lotseno lwa bokopano.<ref name=":44" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1910, merafe yotlhe ya Batswana e ne e amogetse Bokeresete.<ref name=":24" />Bechuanaland e ne ya romela masole a le makgolo a le mmalwa go thusa Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya [[:en:World_War_I|Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya ntlha]].<ref name=":43" /> Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o ne wa iphitlhela o wela tlase ka nako eo, mme ka iketlo o ne wa latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso mo pusong e e neng e sireleditswe.<ref name=":42" /> [[:en:Sebele_II|Sebele wa bobedi]] o ne a nna kgosi ya Kwena ka ngwaga wa 1918, a tlhatlhama rraagwe, [[:en:Sechele_II|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_II|wa bobedi]]. Sechele II o ne a thulana le Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o o neng o laola, a letlelela go nna teng ga Anglican le go busetsa mekgwa e mentsi ya setso e e jaaka go nyala basadi ba le bantsi, go dira pula le ''[[:en:Bogwera|bogwera]]''. Sebele II o ne a tswelela ka kgwetlho ya ga rraagwe kwa Mokgatlhong wa Barongwa wa London, go ngongorega ga puso ya Borithane.<ref /> Puso e e gabedi ya dikgosi le tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya dira gore tsamaiso e nne thata, ka jalo tsamaiso e ne ya tlhama makgotla a mabedi a bagakolodi go lekalekanya balaodi bao.<ref name=":44" /> Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana (moragonyana Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Aforika) le ne la tlhongwa ka ngwagawa 1919.<ref name=":35" />Kopano e ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya dikgosi le batho ba bangwe ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso mo tshireletsong e ne ya letla puso ya Borithane go utlwa le go laola merafe mmogo go na le ka bongwe.[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;47–49.</ref>] Khama wa boraro wa Ngwato o ne a gana go tsaya karolo, a supa bokoa jwa tiragatso ya thibelo ya bojalwa mo morafeng wa borwa. Khama wa boraro o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1923<ref name=":45">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;230.</ref> mme a tlhatlhangwa ke [[:en:Sekgoma_II|Sekgoma]] [[:en:Sekgoma_II|wa bobedi]], yo o neng a direla go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1926.<ref name=":45" /> Morwa wa ga Sekgoma e bong [[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] o ne a sa ntse a le lesea, ka jalo [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama|Tshekedi Khama]] o ne a nna mmusi.<ref name=":46">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Tshekedi o ne a lemogwa jaaka moemedi wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> Fa Seretse a ntse a gola, Tshekedi o ne a gatelela gore a fiwe [[:en:Liberal_education|thuto e e gololesegileng]] go na le gore a romelwe kwa sekolong sa madirelo sa Rhodesia.<ref>Samatar 1999, p.&#x20;179.</ref> === Tlhabololo le tlhotlheletso e e oketsegileng ya Borithane === Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920, kgosi Isang Pilane wa batho ba Kgatla o ne a okametse sekema sa ntlha se segolo sa tlhabololo ya metsi sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland , a dira gore go epiwe metswedi ya metsi e le lesomethataro, mme di le supa tsa tsone di ne tsa nna ditlamelo tsa metsi tse di atlegileng. Tse e ne tsa tlwaelega thata mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang fa puso ya Borithane e ne e kgatlhegela go atolosa itsholelo ya tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;70.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930, Isang Pilane le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana ba ne ba dira gore dikhuti di nne tse di hapegileng, ka gonne di ne di sa tlhokomelwe ka fa tlase ga bong jo bo kopanetsweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], pp.&#x20;699–700.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya nna teng mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1930, ya bolaya go feta karolo ya masome a marataro mo lekgolong ya dikgomo tsa tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne ya tsaya karolo e e matlhagatlhaga mo pusong ya tshireletso go simolola ka ngwaga wa 1930.<ref name=":47">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;58.</ref><ref name=":41" />Mo ngwageng oo, e ne ya simolola go tlamela ka matlole ka tlhamalalo go tshireletso.<ref name=":48">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Charles Rey o ne a tlhomiwa go nna molaodi wa Moagi wa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, mme o ne a na le maikarabelo a go rulaganya itsholelo sešwa go dikologa dikgomo tsa go romelwa kwa ntle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;55–56.</ref> Maiteko a go fetola tshireletso go ya kwa tlhabololong ya meepo le temothuo ya kgwebo a ne a lekwa mme a bona a kgarametswa morago go tswa mo dikgosing.<ref name=":37" /> Molaodi wa Moagi Rey o ne a thulana le kgosi Sebele wa bobedi, mme a dira gore a lelekwe ka 1931. Sebele II o ne a emisediwa ka morwarraagwe yo mmotlana, Kgari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dikgato tse dingwe di ne tsa lekwa ke puso ya Borithane ka 1934 go thibela maatla a a sa laolweng a dikgosi morago ga go menolwa ga ga Sebele II. Dikgato tseno di ne tsa laela makgotla a bagakolodi a dikgosi di neng di tshwanetse go buisana le one mme di ne di batla gore puso ya Borithane e newe phitlhelelo ya direkoto tsa kgotlatshekelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;69–70.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;49.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Bathoen_II|Bathoen wa bobedi]] wa Ngwaketse le moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao mo maitekong a. Le fa kgotlatshekelo ya Borithane e ne ya atlhola kgatlhanong le kgwetlho, dipholisi tse dišwa ga di ise di ko di tsenngwe tirisong ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;72–73.</ref><ref name=":49">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Dithibelo tse dingwe di ne tsa amogelwa ka kgoeletso ya bokoloniale go lekanyetsa bokgoni jwa dikgosi go lefisa makgetho le go gapa dikgomo tse di timetseng.<ref name=":39" /> Molaodi yo mošwa wa baagi, [[:en:Charles_Arden-Clarke|Charles Arden-Clarke]], o ne a tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1936 mme a dira gaufi le dikgosi.<ref name=":49" /> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe II === Dipoifo tsa tlhaselo ya Jeremane kwa Bechuanaland di ne tsa gola pele ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi ka ntlha ya boemo jwa yone jwa togamaano fa gare ga dikoloni tsa Boritane tse di fa gare le tse di kwa borwa mo Aforika. Malatsi a le lesome le bongwe pele ga ntwa e itsisiwe, puso ya Borithane e ne ya tlhagisa naga e e sireleditsweng gore e nne e le mo seemong se se siameng, mme masole a sesole a ne a rulaganngwa. Malatsi a le manè morago ga gore Borithane e bolele ntwa kgatlhanong le lefatshe la Germany, Molaodi wa Moagi Arden-Clarke o ne a tshwara kopano le dikgosi kwa ba neng ba solofetsa go tshegetsa maiteko a ntwa ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> Letsatsi le le latelang, khomišene e kgolo e ne ya ntsha kgoeletso ya [[:en:Emergency_powers|dithata tsa tshoganyetso]] tse di neng tsa e fa taolo e e feletseng mo tirong ya setšhaba mo tshireletsong, fela dikgosi di ne tsa itsisiwe gore di tla nna le maikarabelo a bontsi jwa tiragatso le go boloka kagiso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;33–34.</ref> Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi di ne di batlile go se go nne le tshusumetso epe mo bathong ba Bechuanaland, mme bontsi bo ne bo na le kakanyo e e sa tlhamalalang fela ya gore ntwa e ne e le teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya ngotlega fa palo e kgolo ya baagi ba basweu ba ne ba ikwadisa mo Sesoleng sa Boritane. Ba ba neng ba setse ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo mo thulaganyong ya tshireletsego fa go ka direga gore borwa jwa Aforika bo nne letlhakore le lengwe mo ntweng.<ref name=":50">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;35.</ref> Kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa dikgosi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya rotloetsa Batswana ba ba neng ba eletsa go direla le Sesole sa Borithane go ikwadisa le Sesole sa Batswana sa Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Banna ba Batswana ba ka nna makgolo a supa ba ne ba ikwadisa le setlhopha seno.<ref name=":51">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Go tlhokomela Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland go ne ga nna selo se se kwa tlase mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya Kwelotlase e Kgolo ya itsholelo le Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi,<ref name=":41" /> mme tshireletso ga e a ka ya amogela matlole ape go tswa kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":48" /> Mmusomogolo wa Borithane o ne o na le taolo e nnye mo Bechuanaland fa o bapisiwa le dikgaolo tsa one tse dingwe, mme maiteko a Borithane a go laola tlhagiso ya nako ya ntwa mo tshireletsong a ne a sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;124.</ref> Ntwa e ne ya fetola thata itsholelo ya tshireletso fa e ntse e tswelela, ya tlhagisa tlhaelo, go aba dijo, le ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> [[:en:Profiteering|Go dira dipoelo]] le go [[:en:Price_gouging|fokotsa ditlhwatlhwa]] go ne go tlwaelesegile, mme puso ya bokoloniale, e e neng e sa kgone go gagamatsa [[:en:Price_control|ditaolo tsa ditlhwatlhwa]], e ne ya dirisa [[:en:Gentlemen's_agreement|ditumalano tsa banna]] le bagwebi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;138.</ref> Makgetho a ne a tlhatlosiwa mme mananeo a Letlole la Tlhabololo ya Bokoloniale di ne tsa fokodiwa kwa tshimologong ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi go tlhoma boipuso jwa matlole go tswa mo mmusomogolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;125–126.</ref> Kgoeletso ya Taolo ya Madirelo a Leruo ya ntlha ya ngwaga wa 1940 e ne ya fetisiwa go duedisa dikgomo lekgetho, madirelo a a magolo a tshireletso, mme fela e ne ya kopana le kganetso e e boitshegang go tswa kwa Batswaneng le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la kaorolokgolong ya lefatsa ya Europe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> Letlole la ntwa le ne le dira kwa Bechuanaland, mme le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le solohetse gore meneelo e nne ya boithaopo, dikgosi di ne tsa dirisa taolo ya tsone mo merafeng ya tsone go pateletsa meneelo. E ne ya emisediwa ka lekgetho ka ngwaga wa1941, fela se se ne se sa ratwe thata mme sa itshupa se le thata go se diragatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;128–131.</ref> === Botsayakarolo jwa Batswana mo Ntweng ya Lefatshe II === [[Setshwantsho:Bechuanaland Boys cleaning Aa Guns in the Twilight after Action, Syracuse, Sicily Art.IWMARTLD4576.jpg|thumb|Basimane ba Bechuanaland ba phepafatsa Ditlhobolo tsa Aa mo Lefifing morago ga Tiragalo, Syracuse, Sicily, tiro ya botaki ya 1944 e e dirilweng ke [[:en:Leslie_Cole_(artist)|Leslie Cole]]]] Go thapiwa ga sesole go simolotse kwa Bechuanaland ka ngwaga wa 1941.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;34–35.</ref> Banna ba ka nna dikete tse tlhano le makgolo a matlhano ba ne ba katisiwa mme ba romelwa kwa ntweng mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse thataro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Banna ba bangwe ba Batswana ba le dikete tse tlhano ba ne ba tsenelela ntwa ka ngwaga wa 1942.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ka kakaretso, masole a ka nna dikete tse lesome le bongwe go tswa kwa Bechuanaland a ne a lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":50" /> Ba feta dikete tse lesome ba bone ba ne ba direla mo Sesoleng sa Boritane sa [[:en:African_Auxiliary_Pioneer_Corps|Babulatsela ba ba Thusang ba Aforika]].<ref name=":51" /> Dikgosi ka tlwaelo di ne di na le tshwanelo ya go [[:en:Conscript|kwadisa]] masole, mme di ne di itlhokomolosa dikeletso tsa puso ya bokoloniale tsa gore tirelo ya sesole e nne ya boithaopo gotlhelele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;44–46.</ref> Moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato o ne a dira gore a se ka a ratwa ke batho ka go dirisa go tsenngwa mo sesoleng jaaka sedirisiwa sa taolo, a go dirisa sebetsa go didimatsa batshwayadiphoso le baganetsi ba sepolotiki.<ref name=":52">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Banna ba ba neng ba eletsa go tila go tsenela bosole ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Aforika Borwa kgotsa kwa mafelong a a kgakala jaaka metlhaba ya [[:en:Okavango_Delta|noka e phatlallang ya Okavango]] le [[:en:Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park|sekgwa sa Kgalagadi]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;47.</ref> Ba bangwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgato tsa go itlhokomela ka bonako, jaaka go epa dikhutsi fa bathapi ba ne ba etela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di eletsa go dirisa go tsaya karolo ga tsone mo ntweng go bona ditshwanelo tse dingwe mo teng ga Mmusomogolo wa Borithane, mme di ne di tshaba gore go fenngwa ga Borithane go tla ba dira babusiwa ba Jeremane kgotsa Aforika Borwa, e leng phelelo e ba neng ba eletsa go e tila.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;39–40.</ref> Maiteko a ntwa gape e ne e le tshono ya go busetsa banna ba Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugetse kwa Aforika Borwa go ya go dira ditiro tsa meepo; dikgosi di ne di eletsa go fedisa mokgwa o mme di ne di ikutlwa di ka dira jalo ka go neelana ka ditiro tsa sesole.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;41–43.</ref> Dituelo dingwe tsa sesole di ne tsa diegisiwa go malapa a masole, mme ditekanyetso tsa thomelo kwa ntle di ne tsa tlosiwa ka nako ya ntwa, mme tsa baka go tsena ga madi kwa Bechuanaland.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;133.</ref> Fa go bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tse di mo Mmusong wa Boritane, batho ba Bechuanaland ba ne ba amogela ntwa eo. Batswana ba le bantsi ba ne ba na le maikutlo a boikanyegi mo mmusomogolong kgotsa ba ikutlwa gore dikgatlhego tsa bone di a tsamaisana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;36–37.</ref> Dikgosi dingwe, jaaka [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|Kgari Sechele]] [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|wa bobedi]] wa kwa ga Kwena le Molefi Pilane wa ga Kgatla, ba ne ba ikwadisa ka sebele. Ba ne ba dira jaaka disajene tse dikgolo tsa masole, e leng maemo a a kwa godimo a a neng a le teng mo Batswaneng.<ref name=":52" /> Go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya letlelela Batswana go nna le diteseletso tsa kgwebo le go dira mo teng ga naga e e sireleditsweng. Se pele se ne se lekanyeditswe batho basweu le makula.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;135.</ref> Setlhopha sa Dikgaolo tsa Dikhomišene tse di Kwa Godimo se ne se le kwa Botlhabagare go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1946 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1949.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> === Mokgatlho wa boipuso === [[Setshwantsho:1960 6d Bechuanaland Protectorate stamp.jpg|thumb|Setempe sa ngwaga wa 1960 sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland se se nang le ditshwantsho tsa ga [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Kgosigadi Victoria]] le [[:en:Elizabeth_II|Elizabeth wa bobedi]], dikgosi tsa ntlha le tsa bofelo tsa Borithane tsa tshireletso .]] Bokhutlo jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi bo ne jwa tla ka phetogo e kgolo mo setšhabeng. Dikgosi di ne tsa bonwa di se botlhokwa thata mo sebopegong sa loago, mme bontsi bo ne jwa tlogela dipolelo tsa bone tsa lefatshe lotlhe mo dikgomong tsa merafe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;51.</ref> Didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa setšhaba, jaaka lefatshe le badiri, di ne tsa dirwa tse di hapegileng le go dirwa dithoto.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;52.</ref> Phitlhelelo ya thuto e ne ya tlhola setlhopha sa batlhalefi ba ba [[:en:Liberalism|gololesegileng]] ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le puso ya dikgosi mme ba simolola go ipopela mafelo a bone a maatla mo mekgatlhong ya badiri le ditlhopha tsa baagi.<ref name=":63">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;165.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1946, ke karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong fela ya paoyotlhe ya baagi e e neng e na le tiro kwa ntle ga temothuo le ditirelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya bona koketsego e kgolo ya dikelo tsa matsalo jaaka karolo ya bogare jwa [[:en:Mid-20th_century_baby_boom|ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi wa go tlhatloga ga masea]] mo dingwageng tsa morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, e e neng e tsamaya le koketsego ya [[:en:Life_expectancy|dingwaga tsa botshelo]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e simolotse lenaneo la yone la ntlha ya tlhabololo mo tshireletsong, e leng lefelo la matlhabelo, ka dingwaga tsa bo ka ngwaga wa 1950.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;81.</ref> Maborithane, a santse a solofetse go kopanya tshireletso go nna Aforika Borwa, kwa bofelong a ne a phimola leano le morago ga tshimologo ya [[:en:Apartheid|Tlhaolele]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref>Fa maiteko a simolola go tlhama tsela e ntšhwa ya isago ya tshireletso, tshireletso e ne ya bewa mo seemong sa go tlhoka maitseo, mme ga go na tsela ya go ya pele e e neng e bonala sentle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], pp.&#x20;672–673.</ref> Tshitshinyo nngwe e ne e le go e tsenya mo [[:en:Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland|Mokgatlhong wa Rhodesia le Nyasaland]], o lefatshe la United Kingdom e o tlhamileng ka fa tlase ga pholisi ya "tirisanommogo ya merafe e mentsi".<ref>Parsons 2006, p.&#x20;673.</ref> Fa mojaboswa wa Ngwato Seretse Khama a gola, mmusi Tshekedi Khama o ne a leka go tshwarelela mo pusong.<ref name=":53">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;696.</ref> Seretse o ne a nyala mosadi wa mosweu, [[:en:Ruth_Williams_Khama|Ruth Williams]], fa a ne a ithuta kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom, mme se sa baka matlhabisa ditlhong mo lelapeng la segosi la ga Ngwato.<ref name=":46" /> Le fa kwa tshimologong setšhaba se ne se le kgatlhanong le lenyalo le, go sa ratweng ga ga Tshekedi go ne ga fetola maikutlo a Seretse.<ref name=":47" /> Kgang e ne ya tlhagisiwa mo kgotleng ka ngwaga wa 1949, mme puso ya ga Tshekedi e ne ya ganwa ka bontsi ke diketekete tsa batho ba ba neng ba le teng.<ref name=":53" /><ref name=":47" /> Tshekedi le batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Kwena kwa botshabelo.<ref name=":54">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Puso ya makgowa e ne e sa itshokele lenyalo la ga Seretse le mosadi yo mosweu. Ka maiteko a go ritibatsa puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, e ne ya leleka banyalani ba mo pusong ya tshireletso ka ngwaga wa 1950. Se se ne sa tsosa mokgatlho wa bosetšhaba o o neng o gola mo gare ga baemanokeng ba ga Seretse mo pusong ya tshireletso, o o neng wa tlhagelela ka botlalo ka ngwaga wa 1952.<ref name=":37" /> Ka nako ya fa Seretse a ne a seyo, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la baya molaodi wa kgaolo dingwaga di le nne pele ga e tlhoma Rasebolai Kgamane, motshegetsi wa ga Tshekedi, go nna moemedi.<ref name=":54" /> Morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tsuologela go lelekwa ga ga Seretse.<ref name=":55">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;53.</ref> Batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba kopa gore a bowe, mme go ne ga tsoga dikhuduego fa ba ne ba ganwa. Seretse o ne a feleletsa a letleletswe go boa ka ngwaga wa1956.<ref name=":56">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Ka nako e, kgaogano e e gagametseng ya merafe mo Aforika Borwa ya Tlhaolele e ne ya thibela lefatshe la United Kingdom go e ritibatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;200.</ref> Mo nakong yotlhe ya mathata a go lelekwa ga ga Seretse, maatla a ne a tlogela bogosi mme a ya kwa mekgatlhong ya ditlhopho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;91.</ref> Tshekedi le Seretse ba ne ba dira kagiso fa Seretse a boa, mme Seretse a nna moeteledipele wa ''nnete'' wa Ngwato, le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le mo thibetse go nna kgosi ya semmuso.<ref name=":56" /> Ka thotloetso ya Borithane, morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tlhama lekgotla la morafe, le Seretse le Tshekedi ka bobedi e neng e le maloko a lone.<ref name=":55" /> Merafe e mengwe e ne ya tlhoma makgotla a merafe a a tshwanang, a a neng a dira jaaka ditšheke tsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Go ne ga sala letlhoo lengwe fa gare ga banna ba babedi ba: Tshekedi o ne a eletsa go boloka puso ya morafe le maatla a dikgosi, fa Seretse ene a ne a akanya ka puso ya batho ka batho ya boemedi le dikgosi tse di bokoa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;91–92.</ref> Selekanyo sa maatla a a beeleditsweng mo dikgosing e ne ya nna kgang e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata mo mokgatlhong wa boipuso o o neng o gola, bogolosegolo mo bathong ba ga Ngwato le ba lelapa la ga Khama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;93–94.</ref> Bechuanaland Protectorate Federal Party e ne e le lekoko la ntlha la sepolotiki le le neng la tlhamiwa mo kgaolong ya tshireletso fa le ne le tlhamiwa ke moeteledipele wa mokgatlo wa Ngwato [[:en:Leetile_Disang_Raditladi|Leetile Disang Raditladi]] ka ngwaga wa 1959. Le bopilwe thata ke batho ba maemo le batlhalefi, le ne le buelela kopano ya merafe ya Batswana. Lekoko le ne la palelwa ke go bona tshegetso mme la nna lobaka lo lokhutshwane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;94.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, [[:en:Bechuanaland_People's_Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] (BPP, moragonyana Lekoko la Batho la Botswana) le ne la tlhamiwa jaaka lekoko le le bogale thata, le le ganetsanang le puso ya merafe ya setso mme la bona boikuelo mo badiring ba bafaladi.<ref name=":57">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> E ne e eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Motsamai_Mpho|Motsamai Mpho]], [[:en:Philip_Matante|Philip Matante]], le Kgalemang Morsete.<ref name=":58">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xviii.</ref> BPP, e e neng ya tlhamiwa jaaka molekane wa Setswana wa lekoko la [[:en:African_National_Congress|African National Congress]] la Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":59">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;74.</ref> e ne ya tshegetsa boipuso jwa ka bonako le go fedisiwa gotlhelele ga bogosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Ka go tshaba gore BPP e tla nyatsa puso e e leng teng le go tshuba dikgotlhang le puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, dikgosi le puso ya Borithane di ne tsa thibela bokgoni jwa yona jwa go kopana.<ref name=":57" /> Merafe ya tshireletso mmogo e ne ya bopa lekgotla la peomolao ka ngwaga wa 1961.<ref name=":37" /> Batho ba Kwena ba ne ba iphitlhela ba le ka fa tlase ga moemedi, [[:en:Neale_Sechele|Neale Sechele]], ka ngwaga wa 1963, se se rayang gore ba ne ba na le tlhotlheletso e nnye ya sepolotiki fa mokgatlho wa boipuso o ntse o gola.<ref name=":60">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;102.</ref> Leano la Tlhabololo la Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland la dingwaga tsa 1963/1968 le ne la kwalwa ka thulaganyo ya dipuisano ka ngwaga wa 1963, le tlhama tlhaloso ya boipuso jwa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;26–27.</ref> Fa palo ya batho e ne ba sa dire sepe mo dipolotiking ka kakaretso, lefatshe la United Kingdom e ne ya nna nngwe ya mafatshe a a neng a etelela pele go bona boipuso. Ka go tshwenyega gore lekoko la BPP e ne e le e e tseneletseng thata, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa moeteledipele wa yone yo o mo ratang, Seretse Khama, go tlhama lekoko la sepolotiki.<ref name=":59" /> Le fa Khama a ne a dumalana le mekgwa ya lekoko la BPP e e kgatlhanong le bosemorafe le ya lefatshe, o ne a le kgatlhanong le tsela ya yone ya go tlhoma dipolotiki le go amogela ga yone bojammogo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;96.</ref>O ne a dumela go tlogela go bolela ga gagwe mo bathong ba ga Ngwato go dira jaaka radipolotiki, a tlhama [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Lekoko la]] [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|puso ya batho ka batho la Bechuanaland]] (BDP, moragonyana ya nna lekoko la Botswana Democratic ) ka ngwaga wa 1962.<ref name=":59" /> Lekoko la BDP e ne ya itlhoma jaaka "lekoko la dikgosi", mme ya amogela dikakanyo tse di amanang le puso ya merafe ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref name=":30" /> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa lekoko la BDP, le tlhaloganya gore le tla tshegetsa kgwebisano ya leruo ya motlha wa bokoloniale.<ref name=":73">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;149.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1963, kgosi ya Kgatla Linchwe e ne e le ene fela kgosi e e neng e le kgatlhanong le BDP e bile e na le tlhotlheletso ya sepolotiki, mme batho ba Kgatla ba ne ba rata lekoko la BDP, ka jalo o ne a nna a sa tsenelele mo dipolotiking.<ref name=":60" /> Thulaganyo ya phetogo e ne ya simolola ka lekoko la BDP e ne e solofetswe go busa Botswana yo o ikemetseng, mme puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya bereka le boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BDP go ba baakanyetsa go tsamaisa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Go ne ga tshwarwa bokopano ka ngwaga wa 1963 go okamela go tlhamiwa ga molaotheo o mosha. Dikgotlhang tsa ka fa gare ga lekoko la BPP di ne di raya gore lekoko la BDP e ne e na le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo thulaganyong. Tshekedi Khama o ne a tlhokafetse ka nako e, ka jalo Bathoen wa bobedi o ne a nna moeteledipele wa lekoko le le neng le ema nokeng puso ya bofederale, a dumela gore le tla boloka puso e le mo diatleng tsa dikgosi. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le boradipolotiki ba Batswana ba ne ba tshegetsa puso ya bosetšhaba e e kopaneng ka gonne Botswana e ne e humanegile thata go ka kgaoganya dithoto tsa yona le ka gonne go tlhoka go kopanya dithoto go ne go tla dira gore e nne mo kotsing ya go tlhaselwa ke merafe e mengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Puso ya dikgaolo e e itsholetseng e ne ya itshupa e sa kgonege mo dipolotiking, ka jalo go ne ga dirwa tumalano ya gore dikgosi di tla bopa Ntlo ya Dikgosi, e leng setlhopha sa bagakolodi mo teng ga [[:en:Parliament_of_Botswana|Palamente ya Botswana]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;98–99.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di santse di le kgatlhanong le thulaganyo e, mme mo mokgatlhong o o neng o eteletswe pele ke Bathoen, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya fetisa tlhopo ya [[:en:No_confidence|go sa tshepe]] puso e ntšhwa, mme fela go tlhoka maatla a yone a sepolotiki go ne ga e thibela go dirisa phetogo e e nang le bokao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Molao wa Lekgotla la Kgaolo o ne wa fetisiwa jaaka tsela e nngwe ya go lekanyetsa maatla a dikgosi ka go tlhama makgotla a a tla okamelang kgaolo le toropo nngwe le nngwe,<ref name=":58" /> go dira gore mekgatlho e e tlhophilweng e e nne balaodi ba konokono ba selegae.<ref name=":64">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Toropo ya [[:en:Gaborone|Gaborone]] e agilwe ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme ya itsisiwe jaaka motsemogolo o mošwa.<ref name=":59" /> E agilwe mo lefatsheng la puso ya Borithane, le le neng le tlamela ka lefelo le le sa tseyeng letlhakore le le neng le sa laolwe ke morafe ope .<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;16.</ref> [[:en:Constitution_of_Botswana|Molamotheo]] o ne wa tsenngwa tirisong ka one ngwaga oo.<ref name=":59" /> Ka se se tirisong, Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la fa tshireletso puso ya go ipusa.<ref name=":61">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;116.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1965 gape e ne ya bona go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Dikgotla tsa Dikgaolo o o neng wa fetola seabe sa bokoloniale sa molaodi wa kgaolo ka go se bofa mo makgotleng a dikgaolo a a sa tswang go tlhamiwa,<ref name=":74">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> mme wa bona go tlhongwa ga Banka ya Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba e e neng e le ya puso.<ref name=":75">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Mpho o ne a kgaogana le lekoko la BPP go tlhama Lekoko la Boipuso la Bechuanaland (BIP) ka ngwaga wa 1965.<ref name=":62">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> E eteletswe pele ke Seretse Khama le [[:en:Quett_Masire|Quett Masire]], lekoko la BDP le ne la dira letsholo mo e ka nnang mo motseng mongwe le mongwe wa kgaolo ya tshireletso pele ga ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kakaretso. Go farologana le batho ba bangwe ba sepolotiki kwa Bechuanaland, Seretse Khama o ne a na le boikuelo go ralala merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":60" /> Morago ga moo lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhophiwa go etelela puso ya ntlha pele.<ref name=":61" /> Lekoko la BPP le ne la gapa manno a le mararo fela mo lekgotleng la peomolao, mme lekoko la BIP le ne la palelwa ke go gapa epe.<ref name=":62" /> Morago ga ditlhopho, go ne ga tlhamiwa lekoko la [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|Botswana]] [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|National Front]] (BNF) jaaka lekoko le le kopaneng la kganetso ya BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Kenneth_Koma|Kenneth Koma]], lekoko la BNF le ne la nna mmaba yo mogolo wa lekoko la BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;109.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;31–33.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhopha Khama go nna tonakgolo ya naga.<ref name=":65">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;204.</ref>Go farologana le makoko a mantsi a sepolotiki a a tlhomilweng mo Aforika, BDP e ne e le lekoko le le itekanetseng le le sa fetogeng go na le go nna lekoko le le kgatlhanong le bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;711.</ref> Morago ga go tlhamiwa ga yona, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya ntsha tlhopo ya go sa tshepe molaotheo ka ngwaga wa 1966, mme se sa dira gore go nne le letsholo la bosetšhaba la go tshegetsa molaotheo le le neng la bona tshegetso e e lekaneng gore dikgosi di fedise maiteko a tsone a go o gwetlha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;100–101.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya newa boipuso jaaka Rephaboliki ya Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966.<ref name=":61" /> == Repaboliki ya Botswana == [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Independence, 1966.png|thumb|[[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] a ikanisa maikano a go nna Tautona wa ntlha wa Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966]] Boipuso jwa Botswana bo ne bo kaya go tsenngwa tirisong ga puso ya batho le batho e e gololesegileng, go tlisa ditlhopho, tshireletso ya ditshwanelo tsa batho, le tirelosetšhaba.<ref name=":64" /> Se se ne sa dira gore go nne le thulaganyo ya go tlhatlosiwa maemo e e ikaegileng ka bokgoni le go tlhamiwa ga tsamaiso ya puso ya maranyane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref>Setšhaba se ne sa bopa puso e e neng e fetotswe go tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]],<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;23–24.</ref> mme Tonakgolo Seretse Khama a nna Moporesidente Seretse Khama.<ref name=":65" /> Go ne ga tlhamiwa boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba, jwa kopanya merafe e e sa tshwaneng mo letshwaong le le lengwe la Setswana, ka ngwao e e ikaegileng ka ya merafe ya Setswana.<ref name=":80">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNyamnjoh2007|Nyamnjoh 2007]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Botswana e ne ya boloka bontsi jwa ditheo tsa yone tsa merafe tsa pele ga bokoloniale morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;54.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Se e ne e le ditlamorago tsa puso e e nonofileng e e neng e amana le merafe ya Batswana le tsereganyo e e lekanyeditsweng ya puso ya Borithane mo dinakong tsa bokoloniale.<ref name=":34" /> Mofuta wa go buisana wa dipolotiki tsa setšhaba pele le morago ga boipuso e ne e le mokgwa o o sa tlwaelesegang mo merafeng e mengwe e mentsi ya Aforika e e neng ya nna le babusaesi morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;30, 56.</ref> Go na le go fedisa bogosi, puso e ntšhwa e ne ya bo tsenya mo tsamaisong ya semolao, ya fa dikgosi dithata tsa boatlhodi ka ''kgotla'', go ikaegile ka dikgotlatshekelo tsa boikuelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe]] 2012, p.&#x20;36.</ref>Tlwaelo ya go ikobela boeteledipele, e e kileng ya fiwa dikgosi, e ne ya sutela kwa botautoneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;30.</ref> Puso e ne ya tiisa go tlhomama ga yona ka go thapa tirelosetšhaba ya yone ka baitseanape b<ref name=":66">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref>a dinaga di sele, go farologana le dinaga tse dingwe tse dišwa tsa Aforika tse gantsi di neng di leleka baitseanape ba dinaga di sele.<ref name=":67">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref name=":68">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;105.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;59.</ref> Se se ne sa boloka puso ya mofuta wa Bophirima e e neng e gatelela tlhabololo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;259.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go tlamela Botswana ka matlole mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse tlhano tsa go nna teng ga yone.<ref name=":61" /> Maemo a yone a kagiso, a puso ya batho ka batho fa a bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tsa Aforika a ne a raya gore e ne ya amogela thuso e ntsi go tswa mo mekgatlhong ya Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;255.</ref> Ka nako ya boipuso, Botswana e ne e le setšhaba se se humanegileng thata, go feta bontsi jwa dinaga tse dingwe mo Aforika.<ref name=":69">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;104.</ref><ref name=":66" /> E ne e sena badiri ba ba rutegileng, ka baagi ba le masome a mane fela ba ba nang le ditlankana tse di hagodimo tsa mmadikolo, mme go ne go sena ditlamelo tse di itsegeng tsa metswedi ya tlholego go tshegetsa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;62, 64.</ref> Botswana e ne e ikaegile ka puso ya Tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa go fitlhelela setšhaba sa lefatshe, mme bontsi jwa badiri ba Botswana e ne e le badiri ba bafaladi mo Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Botswana e ne ya tsena mo ntweng e e tlhamaletseng le Rhodesia, e e neng ya baka dintwa tsa sesole go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1978.<ref name=":63" /> Go nna le seabe mo go lekanyeditsweng ga Borithane go ne go kaya gore go ne go se na tlhabololo e ntsi fa e sale ka nako ya bokoloniale.<ref name=":69" /><ref name=":70">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;160.</ref> Bokgoni jwa go bala le go kwala e ne e le selekanyo sa karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong, mme go ne go na le dikilometara di le lesome fela tsa tsela e e tshetsweng.<ref name=":69" /> Mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a robangbongwe ya baagi e ne e le mo [[:en:Abject_poverty|lehumeng le le tseneletseng]],<ref name=":70" /> mme bontsi jwa baagi e ne e le balemibarui ba dikgomo kgotsa [[:en:Subsistence_farmers|balemibarui ba ba itshidisang]].<ref name=":71">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Fa setšhaba se fitlhelela boipuso, komelelo e e masisi e ne ya fedisa karolo ya masome amarao go fihlela masome a matlhano mo lekgolong ya palo ya dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa Batswana ba ne ba ikaegile ka [[:en:World_Food_Programme|Lenaneo la Dijo la Lefatshe]] go tila tlala.<ref name=":81">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;220.</ref> Ditšhaba tse dingwe di ne di na le ditsholofelo tse di kwa tlase mo Botswana, mme mo Aforika yotlhe e ne e bonwa jaaka [[:en:Bantustan|Bantustan]] ya Tlhaolele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;1.</ref> Kamano e le Tlhaolele gape e ne e le ntlha ya katlego ya Botswana jaaka setšhaba se se ikemetseng: boeteledipele jwa Batswana bo ne bo eletsa go tila phelelo e e tshwanang le ya Aforika Borwa fa setšhaba se ka palelwa, mme dikgolagano tsa dikgang tsa mafatshe fatshe tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa le Bophirima go thibela go tsenngwa ke Aforika Borwa di ne di raya gore Botswana o ne a tshepa thata dinaga tsa Bophirima go amogela thuso le thato ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;76–77.</ref> Boeteledipele jwa ntlha jwa Botswana bo ne bo laolwa ke malapa a merafe e e busang mmogo le palo e nnye ya badiredipuso ba ba rutegileng thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;6.</ref> Go tshwana ga bona ga itsholelo le dikgopolo go ne go raya gore puso e nne e tlhomame kwa ntle ga dintwa tsa sepolotiki.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;71.</ref> Le fa Bathoen a ne a tlogela maemo a gagwe a go nna kgosi go ya go dira dipolotiki, bontsi jwa dikgosi tse dingwe di ne tsa amogela maatla a tsona a a fokoditsweng a sepolotiki mo pusong e ntšhwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;56–57.</ref> Tiro e nngwe ya dikgosi e ne e laolwa ke Molao wa Bogosi wa ngwaga ya 1966.<ref name=":92">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;140.</ref> Go tlhoka bonweenwee go ne ga dira gore puso e nne semolao thata mme ya ratwa ke balekane ba Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;166.</ref> Go farologana le bontsi jwa merafe e e sa tswang go tlhamiwa ya Aforika, bontsi jwa boeteledipele bo ne bo tswa mo setšhabeng sa temothuo, go kaya gore dikgatlhego tsa bona di ne di tsamaisana le bontsi.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":71" /> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa go boloka dipholisi tsa motlha wa bokoloniale tse di neng di solegela barui ba dikgomo molemo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;75.</ref> Setlhopa sa semmuso sa Nama ya Botswana se ne sa tlhamiwa go laola madirelo a nama ya kgomo.<ref name=":58" /> Boikuelo jwa lekoko la BDP jwa merafe yotlhe le kgatlhego e e kopanetsweng ya go tlhoma boipuso di ne tsa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa gape go dira mo dikgatlhegelong tsa bontsi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref> Ditlhopha tse dinnye tsa baagi ba basweu di ne tsa sala mo nageng mme tsa ganetsa boipuso jwa yone.<ref name=":63" /> Le fa moragonyana di ne di tla nna botlhokwa mo tlhabololong ya Botswana, ditshwanelo tsa ditswammung di ne tsa fiwa botlhokwa jo bo kwa tlase fa di bona boipuso, mme merafe e ne ya di fetisetsa kwa pusong ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1967.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;103–104.</ref> === Puso ya ga Seretse Khama === Khama o ne a ratwa ke batho botlhe mme a bonwa e le moeteledipele wa tlholego wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;202–203.</ref> Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya tsenya tirisong maano a a neng a lebisitswe mo go tlhameng mafaratlhatlha le dithoto tsa setšhaba, bogolosegolo go tsenya tshela ditsela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;111.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;86.</ref> O ne a simolola go aga dikolo, matlhabelo le dikhuti tse di neng tsa tswelela mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. Lefatshe le le nang le banni la Batswana le Basarwa le ne la dirisiwa go aga mesima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;219.</ref> Tlhabololo e ne ya tla ka tshenyegelo ya kgwebo le tlhagiso, e e neng e lekanyeditswe go tlamela ka matlole a leruo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004,]] p.&#x20;164.</ref> Go ne ga tlhongwa mogopolo thata mo go otla dikgomo le go aga matlhabelo go rotloetsa madirelo a nama ya kgomo mo gare ga go tlhoka metsi. <ref name=":82">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;205.</ref>[[:en:Public_welfare|Mananeo a katlaatleloloago]] le one a ne a tlhongwa.<ref name=":67" /> Go ribololwa ga ditaemane go ne ga netefatsa gore mananeo a a bona madi a a lekaneng.<ref name=":72">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Dipeeletso tse le mokgwa o o sa fetogeng wa go somarela madi a puso di ne tsa thibela boemo jwa [[:en:Dutch_disease|bolwetse jwa Dutch]] jo bo neng jwa golafatsa dinaga tse dingwe tsa Aforika tse di neng di tletse ka didirisiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;4.</ref> Thuto e ne ya atolosiwa mo setšhabeng sotlhe, mme puo ya Setswana e ne ya lekanngwa mmogo le Seesemane ka go latlhegelwa ke dipuo tse dingwe.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":68" /> Khama o ne a siamisa seo jaaka tsela ya go fitlhelela kutlwano.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;228.</ref> Quett Masire o ne a dira jaaka Mothusa tautona ka fa tlase ga ga Seretse Khama mmogo le Tona ya tsa madi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> O ne a laola tekanyetsokabo ya lefatshe le tiriso ya madi ka go tlhama motseletsele wa Maano a Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba, go ikaegilwe ka kamogelo ya Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba le Komiti ya itsholelo ya Kabinete.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Dipoeletso tsa maano a di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya molao wa semmuso ya puso morago ga gore batlhatlhami ba ga Khama le Masire ba tsene mo maemong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;171.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, ditaemane di ne tsa fitlhellwa kwa Botswana ke setlamo sa Aforika Borwa sa ditaemane sa [[:en:De_Beers|De Beers]], mme ditiro di ne tsa simolola ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref name=":76">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;110.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;61.</ref> Dipeeletso tsa kopore di ne tsa fitlhelwa kwa [[:en:Selebi-Phikwe|Selebi-Phikwe]] ka ngwaga oo, mme se sa senola gape khumo ya ditswammung tsa setšhaba.<ref name=":58" /> Puso e ne ya dirisana le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1969 go dira ditiro tse dikgolo tsa meepo ya ditaemane,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> mme e ne ya amega mo dipuisanong sešwa tsa [[:en:Southern_African_Customs_Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa]] ka one ngwaga oo go tokafatsa thata maatla a yone a itsholelo mo kgaolong.<ref name=":77">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;65.</ref> Moepo mongwe kwa [[:en:Morupule|Morupule]] o ne wa simolola go ntsha magala ka ngwaga wa 1973, mme wa tlamela setšhaba ka karolo e kgolo ya motlakase.<ref name=":78">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xix.</ref> [[:en:Orapa_diamond_mine|Moepo wa ditaemane wa Orapa]] o ne wa bulwa kwa Orapa ka ngwaga wa 1971, mme go ne ga tlomamisiwia tumalano ya go abelana lotseno fa gare ga puso le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1974.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;125.</ref> Moragonyana Masire o ne a netefatsa gore De Beers e ne e tshegeditse dikgwebo tsa gagwe tse di hapegileng ka madi, mme se sa dira gore go akanyediwe gore setlamo se ka tswa se amogetse tumalano e e mosola mo kgannyeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;129–130.</ref> Molao wa Metsi le Molao wa ditsha tsa Morafe di ne tsa tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1968, mme tsa tlhama lekgotla la Kabo ya Metsi le lekgotla tsa naga di le lesome le bobedi, ka go latelana. Tse di ne di okametse kabo ya ditshwanelo tsa metsi le lefatshe ke puso go na le ka go nna mong wa morafe mongwe le mongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;76.</ref> Ka se, ba ne ba tsenya dithata tsa setso tsa dikgosi.<ref name=":74" /> Molao wa Mafatshe a Phulo a Merafe e ne ya tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1975 go thibela [[:en:Overgrazing|phulo e e feteletseng]], mme fela e ne ya itshupa e sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;67.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;173.</ref> Tota e bile, e ne e letla baagi ba ba humileng go kopa ditsha tse dikgolo tsa dikgomo ka tshenyegelo ya baagi ba ba sa humang thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Ditlhopho tsa ntlha morago ga boipuso di ne tsa diragala ka ngwaga wa 1969.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la dira maswe go le gonnye fa e bapisiwa le tiragatso ya yona ya ngwaga wa 1965, mme mothusa tautona Masire o ne a latlhegelwa ke setilo sa gagwe ke Bathoen, se se neng sa mo tlhoka gore a tseye setilo se se kgethegileng se se tlhophilweng.<ref name=":79">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Lekoko la BPP le ne la nyelela ka botlhokwa fa dipolotiki tsa Botswana di ntse di gola.<ref name=":73" /> Koporase ya Tlhabololo ya Botswana e e neng e le ya puso e ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1970,<ref name=":75" /> mme moepo wa diteemane wa Orapa o ne wa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 1971.<ref name=":78" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, diteemane di ne di dira karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong ya Palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana,<ref name=":76" /> mme kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1970, meepo e ne e le madirelo a magolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;5.</ref> Goromente wa Botswana o ne a buisana gape ka tumalano ya yone ya meepo le De Beers magareng ga ngwaga wa 1971 le ngwaga wa 1975, ya sutisetsa bontsi jwa dituelo kwa setšhabeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;210.</ref> Fa itsholelo ya teemane e ntse e tlhabologa le dipeeletso di boela mo lefatsheng, Botswana e ne ya falola lehuma mme ya bonwa jaaka katlego mo merafeng e mengwe mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara morago ga bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;212.</ref> Ditlhabololo tse di dirile gore Botswana e nne naga e e golang ka bonako mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":77" /> Batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo le a a fa gare ba ne ba bona molemo thata, go oketsa go [[:en:Wealth_inequality|tlhoka tekatekano ga khumo]], mme gape go ne go raya gore makgetho a ka fokodiwa, se se neng sa dira gore balemi ba ba tshegetse.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;71–72.</ref> Tlhabololo ya Botswana le tiriso ya yone ya tirelosetšhaba ya mafatshe a sele e ne ya atlega mo e leng gore puso e ne ya tlhotlheletsa lefatshe la United States go romela setlhopa sa baithaopi ba kagiso (Peace Corps) kwa ntle ga ditekanyetso tsa setso tsa gore ke dikarolo dife tse mokgatlho o ka di dirang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go ne ga tla koketsego ya Batswana ba ba botlana ba ba rutegileng mo lefelong la gaeno, ba ba neng ba nna le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo pusong.<ref name=":64" /> Jaaka fa batho ba bašwa ba ba ne ba amogela thuto e e tshwanang mme ba simolola go dira mo setsong se le sengwe sa tsamaiso, go ne go sena pharologano e kgolo ya tiro fa gare ga tirelosetšhaba e e neng e eteletswe pele ke batswakwa le e e neng e tsamaisiwa ke Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Lephata la Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo le ne le le teng ka bokhutshwane morago ga go kgaogana mo Lephateng la Matlole magareng ga batlhokomedi ba setso ba ba neng ba amana le tshireletso kgatlhanong le baemanokeng ba ga Masire ba ba neng ba eletsa go bona tlhabololo e e bogale thata. Ya bofelo e ne ya tsaya taolo, mme ditona di ne tsa kopanngwa gape go nna Lephata la Matlole le Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo ka ngwaga wa 1970. Ka ntlha ya palo e e lekanyeditsweng ya batho ba ba tshwanelegang go laola itsholelo, lephata le le ne la tsaya taolo e feletseng ya tiriso ya madi a puso mme la simolola lenaneo la Shashe le le neng le batla gore naga e nne le tlhabololo e e tseneletseng ya palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana. Se se ne se akaretsa go tlhoma lefelo la meepo ya kopore le nikele, le le neng la nna selo se se tlang pele mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;84–85.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, [[:en:Seepapitso_IV|Seepapitso wa bone]] o ne a nna kgosi ya ntlha go emisiwa mo maemong a gagwe morago ga nako ya bokoloniele.<ref name=":83">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;141.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la atlega thata gape ka [[:en:1974_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopo tsa ngwaga wa 1974]].<ref name=":79" /> [[:en:Minimum_wage|Dituelo tse di kwa tlase]] di ne tsa tlhagisiwa ka one ngwaga oo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Botswana e simolotse go ntsha madi a one, e leng [[:en:Botswana_pula|Botswana pula]], ka ngwaga wa 1976. Mmusi wa [[:en:Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya Botswana]] Quill Hermans o ne a kgaratlhela go kgaogana ga madi le Aforika Borwa le [[:en:South_African_rand|ranta ya yone ya Aforika Borwa]]. Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego a boditšhabatšhaba a gore Botswana e ka nna ya se ka ya kgona go tshegetsa madi a yone, Khama o ne a ikutlwa gore bagakolodi ba gagwe ba itsholelo ba na le bokgoni mme o ne a tshepa tshwetso ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tsa boipuso, Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya ditšhaba tse di humileng thata mo [[:en:Third_World|Lefatsheng la Boraro]].<ref name=":67" /> Phetogo ya itsholelo e kaiwa jaaka "kgakgamatso" ya Botswana.<ref name=":77" /> Linchwe II, kgosi ya [[:en:Kgatla_people|batho ba Kgatla]], o ne a busetsa ngwao ya go simolola bogwera mo morafeng wa gagwe ka ngwaga wa 1975, mme se sa gakatsa puso ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;148.</ref> Khama o ne a tsaya tsela ya go akaretsa batho botlhe mo pusong ya gagwe, a tila dipolotiki tsa merafe le go gana tlhotlheletso ya baeteledipele ba merafe a rata badiredipuso.<ref name=":84">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> Ka dinako tse dingwe o ne a kopa batho go rola tiro fa morafe mongwe o ka nna le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo tirelong ya setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tshaba gore go sa dumalane le batho ba ba kwa tlase ba Kalanga go ka nna ga dira gore go se ka ga nna le kagiso. Go rarabolola se, Khama o ne a tsenya maloko a a rutegileng a morafe wa Kalanga mo pusong, a tlhoma bontsi mo maemong a a kwa godimo. Tshwetso e ne e tsosa kganetsano, mme e ne ya tsosa dikgopolo tsa bolotsana ka ga tlhotlheletso e e bosula ya Kalanga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;122.</ref> Tse ka dinako tse dingwe di ne di ikaegile ka Mokgatlho wa Baithuti ba Bakalanga, o o neng wa nna Mokgatlho wa Tsweletso ya Puo ya Ikalanga ka ngwaga wa 1980.<ref>[[Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 123.|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> Poifo ya dipuso tsa baagisani tse di eteletsweng pele ke basweu kwa Namibia, Rhodesia, le Aforika Borwa, mmogo le kotsi ya [[:en:Angolan_Civil_War|Ntwa ya Selegae ya Angola]], di dirile gore Botswana e tlhame [[:en:Botswana_Defence_Force|sesole sa bosetšhaba]] ka ngwaga wa 1977.<ref name=":78" /> Pele ga se, [[:en:Botswana_Police_Service|Tirelo ya Sepodisi]] sa Botswana e ne e tlhokometse tshireletso ya setshaba. Go tlhoka sesole go ne go raya gore Botswana e ne e sa tlhaselwe ke dilo tse di bakang go sa tlhomamang mo merafeng e mengwe ya Aforika: go menola puso ga sesole le bonweenwee ka go dirisa madi a sesole.<ref>[[Beaulier & Subrick 2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], pp.&#x20;111–112.</ref> Sesole se ne sa bona ntwa ngwaga o o latelang fa dirukutlhi tsa Rhodesia di ne di tlhasela Leshoma, di bolaya masole a le lesome le botlhano.<ref name=":78" /> Ka tirisanommogo ya yone le De Beers, puso ya Botswana e ne ya tlhama kompone ya meepo ya Debswana ka ngwaga wa 1978, mme ya bona lotseno lo lo bonalang lwa puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Meepo e ne ya nna madirelo a a kwa godimo ya itsholelo ya lefatshe mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang,<ref name=":85">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> mme Botswana ya nna itsholelo e e golang ka bonako go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":86">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;33.</ref><ref name=":86" /> Go nna le seabe ga mafatshe a sele mo itsholelong go ne ga nna kgang ya sepolotiki ka nako e jaaka fa batho ba kwa ntle ba ne ba kokoanya kgolo ya setšhaba fa ditiro tsa selegae di ne di tlhabologa ka iketlo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;143–145.</ref> Thuo ya dikgomo, e e neng e setse e amilwe ke go runya mo gogolo ga [[:en:Foot-and-mouth_disease|bolwetse jwa tlhako le molomo]] ka ngwaga wa1977,<ref name=":82" /> e ne ya latlhegelwa ke botlhokwa jo e neng e na le jone pele.<ref name=":85" /> === Puso ya ga Quett Masire === [[Setshwantsho:Quett Masire DF-SC-85-12044.JPEG|thumb|Quett Masire a etetse America ka ngwaga wa 1984]] Morago ga loso lwa ga Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa 1980, Mothusa-Tautona Quett Masire o ne a nna tautona wa Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;117.</ref> Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego ka go tlhatlhama ga ga Khama, Masire o ne a tshegetsa mafaratlhatlha a puso a a neng a thusa go a aga le go boloka tumelo mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;182.</ref> Go ritibatsa morafe wa ga Khama wa Ngwato le merafe e mengwe ya bokone, Masire o ne a tlhoma ntsalae Khama, [[:en:Lenyeletse_Seretse|Lenyeletse Seretse]], go nna mothusa-tautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;232.</ref> Kakanyo e e neng e tlwaelesegile mo gare ga BaNgwato e ne e le gore morwa Khama, [[:en:Ian_Khama|Ian Khama]], o ne a tshwanelwa ke bo tautona. Fa Lenyeletse a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1983, Masire o ne a tlhopha [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] go tsena mo boemong jwa gagwe. Gompieno o ne a tlhopha mongwe go tswa mo morafeng wa borwa, gore a se ka a tlhoma sekao sa gore tautona le mothusa-tautona ka nako tsotlhe ba tshwanetse go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di fapaaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;233.</ref> Botswana e ne e le karolo ya Khonferense ya Kgokaganyo ya Tlhabololo ya Borwa jwa Aforika e e neng ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1980 go tlhama mmaraka wa borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":78" /> Setšhaba se ne sa amiwa ke [[:en:Early_1980s_recession|kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980]].<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Jwaneng_diamond_mine|Moepo wa diteemane wa Jwaneng]] o simolotse go dira ka ngwaga wa 1982, wa nna moepo o o dirang dipoelo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng. [[:en:University_of_Botswana|Mmadikolo wa Botswana]] o tlhomilwe ka one ngwaga o o neng o kgaogana le [[:en:University_of_Botswana,_Lesotho_and_Swaziland|Mmadikolo ya Botswana, Lesotho le Swaziland]].<ref name=":78" /> Ditlhabololo tsa semolao ka ngwaga wa 1982, Molawana wa Thuso ya Matlole le go dira gore tiro ya kgwebo gore e nne ya ka fa molaong ke badiredipuso, di ne tsa tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya naga mme gape tsa gagamolola melawana e e neng e tla thibela bonweenwee.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;127, 129.</ref> Jaaka fa puso ya batho le batho le kgolo ya itsholelo di itshupile e le diphetogo tsa paka e telele, Botswana e ne ya itsege jaaka "kgakgamatso ya Aforika".<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Kganetso e e nonofileng kgatlhanong le puso e e laolwang ke lekoko la BDP e ne ya tlhagelela la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go fenya ditlhopho tsa selegae, ditlhopha tsa dikgatlhego tsa simolola go tlhamiwa, mme makwalo a dikgang a matlhano a magolo a a kgatlhanong le lekoko la BDP a simolola go gatisiwa.<ref name=":64" /> Pele e ne e ikaegile ka tshegetso ya merafe e e rileng, lekoko la BNF le ne la bona tshegetso mo setlhopheng sa badiri.<ref name=":84" /> Ka ditlhopho ka kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1984, e ne e le lekoko kganetso le le gaisanang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;712.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya ama Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa1982 go fitlhela ka ngwaga wa 1987, mme ya tlhoka thuso ya dijo ya puso go ka nna karolo ya masome a marataro le botlhano mo lekgolong ya Batswana ba kwa magaeng.<ref name=":87">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;82.</ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba ga Masire ba ne ba mo amanya le komelelo e ka e ne e tsamaisana le tshimologo ya botautona jwa gagwe, ba akantsha gore Khama o ne a na le taelo ya bomodimo e Masire a neng a se na yone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;203.</ref> Mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1980, madirelo a ditaemane a ne a fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa yone ka karolo ya masome a matlhano le boraro mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya tlhagiso ya bosetšhaba.<ref name=":76" /> Ka nako e, itsholelo ya setšhaba e ne ya nonoha mo e leng gore baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba rotloediwa go tlhopha [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|temothuo ya go]] [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|itshidisa]] kgotsa go fuduga go ya go dira kwa Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":84" /> [[:en:Entrepreneurship|Bogwebi]] bo ne jwa anama thata, bogolosegolo mo badiring ba pele ba puso ba ba neng ba tswa mo [[:en:Public_sector|lephateng la puso]] go ya kwa lephateng la [[:en:Private_sector|e]] [[:en:Private_sector|seng la puso]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Thuto ya mahala ya [[:en:Secondary_education|sekole se segolwane]] ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1989.<ref name=":87" /> [[:en:Trade_union|Mekgatlho ya badiri]] le [[:en:Special_interest_group|ditlhopha tse di kgethegileng tsa dikgatlhego]] tse dingwe di ne tsa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go tlhotlheletsa melawana ya setšhaba, le fa gantsi puso e ne e sa batle go di amogela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], pp.&#x20;85–86.</ref> E tsibogetse mokgatlho o o neng o gola wa badiri ka go fetisa dithibelo tse di bokete mo mekgatlhong ya badiri ka ngwaga wa 1983.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dingwaga di le lesome gape o ne wa tlhagisa mekgatlho ya go amogela merafe e mennye, go gana boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba jwa Motswana.<ref name=":80" /> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, Aforika Borwa e ne ya simolola ditlhaselo tsa sesole mo Botswana go batla batlhabani ba Aforika Borwa. Go tsibogela dikgobalo tsa baagitse di neng tsa direga, puso ya Botswana e ne ya oketsa tiriso ya madi mo sesoleng.<ref name=":93">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;112.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> E ne gape ya fa sesole tiro ya go sireletsa diphologolo tsa naga le go tsenya mo tirisong molao o o kgatlhanong le go tsoma mo go seng ka fa molaong go tsibogela kotsi e e tlisiwang ke batsomi ba ba tshotseng dibetsa.<ref name=":94">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Palo ya ntlha ya [[:en:HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana|mogare wa segajaja]] mo Botswana e ne ya lemogiwa ka ngwaga wa 1985, mme mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang lefatshe ;e ne la nna lone le le neng la amega thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;265.</ref> [[:en:Life_expectancy|Botshelo jo bo solofetsweng]] mo Botswana bo ne bo tla wela tlase tswa go masomeng a maratarole bosupa go ya kwa masomeng a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 1997.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;175.</ref> Phetogo e e gakgamatsang mo tsamaisong ya botsogo ya Botswana e ne ya latela go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1980 le bo 1990; Bongaka jwa Bophirima bo ne jwa tlotliwa thata mmogo le kalafi ya setso, mme go ne ga tlhongwa dikokelo tse e seng tsa puso go nna mmogo le dikago tse di tsamaisiwang ke puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> [[:en:Early_1990s_recession|Kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1990]] e ne ya ama Botswana.<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Attorney_General_of_Botswana_v._Unity_Dow|Tsheko e e botlhokwa ya kgotlatshekelo ya molaomotheo]] e e neng ya tlisiwa ke Unity Dow e ne ya felela ka katlholo ka ngwaga wa 1991 ya gore bana ba ka fiwa boagedi mo go bomme ba bone ga mmogo le borraabone, e e neng ya amogelwa go nna molao ka Molao wa Boagi wa 1995.<ref name=":88">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xx.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang sa Kgabo se ne sa tshwarwa ka ngwaga wa 1991 go batlisisa lekgotla la kabo ditsha tsa lefatshe tsa puso, mme sa fitlhela gore go dirilwe ditlolomolao tsa maitsholo a a siameng ke mothusa-tautona Peter Mmusi le mokwaledi wa kakaretso wa lekoko la BDP [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]], ba bobedi jwa bone gape e neng e le maloko a setlhopa sa ditona tsa puso ya Botswana.<ref name=":89">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;346.</ref><ref name=":90">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;333.</ref> Ka go lebana le go galefa mo pusong le mo setšhabeng, bobedi jwa bone ba ne ba rola tiro.<ref name=":90" /> Go wa mo go ne ga tlhola ditlhopha tse pedi tse di kgaoganeng mo teng ga lekoko, e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke maloko a mabedi a pele a setlhopa sa ditona (Ba babedi ba bagolo),<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;333–335.</ref> mme e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke baganetsi ba bona (ba batlhano ba bagolo): [[:en:Festus_Mogae|Festus Mogae]], Bihiti Temane, Chapson Butale, [[:en:Gaositwe_Chiepe|Gaositwe Chiepe]], le moeteledipele wa bona [[:en:Mompati_Merafhe|Mompati Merafhe]].<ref name=":91">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;235.</ref> Se se ne sa aga mo dikgotlhang tse di neng di godile fa gare ga boeteledipele jwa borwa jwa BLP le kokomana e ntšhwa ya boradipolotiki go tswa kwa bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], pp.&#x20;233–234.</ref> Masire o ne a tlhopha Mogae go nna mothusa- tautona yo mosha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;334.</ref> Ka go tshwenyega ka kgonagalo ya go tlwaetsa bonweenwee, Masire o ne a thapa mothusa- mogolwane wa [[:en:Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)|setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang e e Ikemetseng ya Hong Kong e e Kgatlhanong le Bonweenwee (Hong Kong)]] go tlhama mokgatlho o o tshwanang mo Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;222.</ref> [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Bokaedi jwa Bonweenwee le Bosenyi jwa]] [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Itsholelo]] bo ne jwa tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, mme lekgotla la kabo ditsha le ne la tlhamiwa go reetsa boikuelo jwa ditshwetso tsa kabo ditsha ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Boemo jwa lekoko la BDP jaaka lekoko le le laolang bo ne jwa amogela kgwetlho ya jone ya ntlha e e masisi ka ntlha ya Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlsisa kgota go sekaseka dikgang ya Kgabo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;249.</ref> Matlhabisaditlhong le go kgaogana mo go neng ga nna teng mo lekokong la BDP go ne ga dira gore lekoko la BNF le nne lekoko la kganetso le le gaisanang thata morago ga ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;335–336.</ref><ref name=":89" /> Ka go mathata a a oketsegileng a go tsenngwa ga ditoropo go fokotsa motheo wa BDP kwa metseselegaeng, makoko a kganetso a ne a na le bonnye jo bo bonalang mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa ga Mmusi, Kwelagobe o ne a ikgolaganya le [[:en:Ponatshego_Kedikilwe|Ponatshego Kedikilwe]], mme ba bopa setlhopa se sennye sa Barata-Phathi sa lekoko la BDP. Ba batlhano ba bagolo ba ne ba nna setlhopa se sennye sa A-Team.<ref name=":89" /> Botswana e ne ya solegelwa molemo ke go khutla ga puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, ka puso e ntšhwa e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Aforika e ne e sa thibele kgolo ya Botswana kgotsa go tsenelela mo ditirong tsa sesole go kgabaganya molelwane.<ref name=":81" /> Fa kgaolo e ntse e tlhomama, ditlhabololo tsa itsholelo tse di tshwanang le mabentlele a magolo, kakanyo e e sa netefadiwang ya dithoto, le bojanala jwa baagi di ne tsa atologa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;675.</ref> Morafe wa Ngwaketse o ne wa nna le kgotlang le puso ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa 1994, fa tona ya pusoselegae le mafatshe Patrick Balope a ne a latofatsa kgosi Seepapitso wa bone ka go palelwa ke go diragatsa ditiro tsa gagwe mme a laela gore kgosi e emisiwe—e leng go emisiwa ga bobedi ga puso ya ga Seepapitso.<ref name=":83" /> Morwa wa ga Seepapitso e bong Leema o ne a amogela go tlhomiwa go dira tiro eo, kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa ga Seepapitso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;141–142.</ref> Morafe o ne wa lwantshana le kgang ya go nna semolao mo go sa tlhaloganyesegeng ga ga Leema le poifo ya gore setso sa morafe ga se kitla se tlhola se lemogiwa, mme go tlosiwa ga gagwe go ne ga nna kgang ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;142–143.</ref> Seepapitso o ne a tsenya kganetso ya semolao, mme kgotlatshekelo ya atlhola ka Tlhakole a tlhola malatsia le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 1995 gore le fa go tlosiwa ga ga Seepapitso go ne go le ka fa molaong, go tlhomiwa ga ga Leema go ne go se kafa molaong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;145.</ref> Ka maatla a go tlhoma a ne a buseditswe mo morafeng, ba ne ba gana go tlhopha moeteledipele yo mosha jaaka tsela ya go ikuela. Puso e ne ya ineela mme ya letlelela Seepapitso go busediwa mo tirong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;145–146.</ref> [[:en:Ritual_murder|Polao ya dipheko]] ya ga [[:en:Segametsi_Mogomotsi|Segametsi Mogomotsi]], mosetsana wa dingwaga di le lesome le bone wa kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]], e diragetse ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 1994. Dikhuduego tsa loago di ne tsa tsoga fa babelaelwa bao, ba e neng e le borakgwebo le boradipolotiki ba ba humileng, ba ne ba gololwa ka ntlha ya go tlhoka bosupi. Mo dikgweding tse di latelang, go ne ga nna le ditshupetso le dikhuduego tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke baithuti kgatlhanong le tiriso ya ditiro tsa masaitsiweng tse di tshwanang le polao ya dipheko go bona khumo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;286–290.</ref> Go tlhagoga ga bolwetse jo bo [[:en:Contagious_bovine_pleuropneumonia|tshelanwang jwa pleuropneumonia ya dikgomo]] ka ngwaga wa 1995 go ne ga baka dintsho tsa dikgomo di le dikete tse makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi .<ref name=":88" /> Molao wa Temothuo wa ngwaga ya 1995 o ne wa atolosa thulaganyo ya go dira lefatshe la baagi la le e seng la puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Merafe e mennye e ne ya tswelela go kgaratlhela go lemogiwa go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;163–164.</ref> Puso e simolotse go ntsha batho ba Basarwa mo [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|Lefelong la Diphologolo la Kalahari]] [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|la Bogare]] ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Le fa e ne e nganga gore maikaelelo e ne e le go thusa go kopanya baagi ba ba neng ba le kgakala thata, mme e neelana ka leruo go rotloetsa tirisanommogo, mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba e ne ya pega molato puso ka go pateletsa le go [[:en:Forced_displacement|fudusiwa ka dikgoka]] ga batho go dira sebaka sa meepo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;11–12.</ref> Maiteko a ntlha a magolo a semolao a go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa merafe e mennye a ne a tswa mo tshitshinyong ya ngwaga wa 1995 kwa palamenteng ya go tlhalosa molaomotheo jaaka o o sa tseyeng letlhakore mo merafeng, mme o ne wa bewa mo tafoleng. Mokgatlho wa Kamanakao o ne wa tlhamiwa ka one ngwaga oo ke morutegi [[:en:Lydia_Nyati-Ramahobo|Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo]] go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa [[:en:Yeyi_people|batho ba Yeyi]].<ref name=":95">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;215.</ref> Motseletsele wa diphetogo tsa puso le tsa ditlhopho di ne tsa tsenngwa mo tirisong mo dingwageng tsa bofelo tsa bo tautona jwa ga Masire. Tlhokomelo ya ditlhopho e ne ya fetisediwa kwa setheong se se ikemetseng, dingwaga tsa go tlhopa di ne tsa fokodiwa go tswa ko masomeng a mabedi le bongwe go ya ko lesomeng le borobabobedi , go [[:en:Postal_voting|tlhopa ka poso]] go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong, mme ga tsenngwa tirisong melawana ya go sireletsa [[:en:Labour_rights|ditshwanelo tsa badiri]] le [[:en:Gender_equality|tekatekano ya bong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;168.</ref> Masire o ne a eletsa go tlhama [[:en:Order_of_succession|tatelano e e tlhomameng ya]] [[:en:Order_of_succession|go tlhatlologana]] mo bogosing le go netefatsa gore motlhatlogi wa gagwe yo a mo tlhophileng mothusa Tautona Mogae e nna tautona, ka jalo o ne a dirisana le mmueledi Parks Tafa go kwala paakanyo ya molaotheo. Se se ne sa tsenya tirisong tatelano e e itirisang le [[:en:Term_limit|melelwane ya paka]] ya botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;337–338.</ref> O ne a pateletsa paakanyo ka boene.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;304–305.</ref> Go fetola itsholelo ya lefatshe, go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong tsamaiso ya nakwana ya go nna le [[:en:Tripartism|makoko a mararo]] go kopanya puso, lekalana le e seng la puso, le baemedi ba badiri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;169.</ref> Fa lekoko le ne le tlhopha maloko a komiti ya lone ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1997, kotsi ya go nna le ditlhopha e ne ya gola mo e leng gore Masire o ne a phimola ditlhopho tsa lone tse di mo teng ga mokgatlho mme a dira gore ditlhopha di mo fe manaane a maina.<ref name=":91" /> === Puso ya ga Festus Mogae === [[Setshwantsho:George Bush with African national leaders February 26, 2002.jpg|thumb|Festus Mogae mmogo le botautona ba mafatshe a sele [[:en:Joaquim_Chissano|Joaquim Chissano]], [[:en:George_W._Bush|George W. Bush]] le [[:en:José_Eduardo_dos_Santos|José Eduardo dos Santos]] ka ngwaga wa 2002]] Masire o ne a tlogela tiro ya botautona ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le ngwe ka ngwaga wa 1998, mme a latelelelwa ke mothusa tautona Festus Mogae.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;338.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya tshwetso e e neng ya tsosa kganetsano ya go tlhoma Ian Khama, molaodi wa sesole le morwa Seretse Khama, go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang,<ref name=":72" /> a fetisa kgetho ya gagwe ka go tshosetsa go phatlalatsa palamente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Le fa ba ne ba sa tseye letlhakore semmuso fa gare ga ditlhopha tsa lekoko la BDP, Mogae le Khama ka bobedi ba ne ba tlhaloganngwa e le batho ba bagolo mo gare ga A-Team.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;347.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1998 o ne wa bona nngwe ya dikgaogano tse dintsi mo teng ga lekoko la kganetso la BNF. E ne e kgaogane ka ditlhopha tse pedi: batho ba ba sa rateng diphetogo ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa loago le ba ba neng ba tswelela pele ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa puso ya batho ka batho ya loago. Dikhuduego kwa mokgatlhong wa lekoko di ne tsa dira gore batho ba ba neng ba rata kgatelopele ba kgaogane go nna lekoko la bone, [[:en:Botswana_Congress_Party|Botswana Congress Party]] (BCP), le le neng la nna lekoko le legolo la kganetso go fitlhela ba latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa manno a bone mo [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa]] [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 1999]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Kgaogano e ya kganetso, mmogo le diphetogo tsa selegae tsa dingwaga tse di fetileng, di ne tsa dira gore lekoko la BDP le boelwe ke ditilo dingwe tse e neng ya di latlhegelwa ka ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;168–169.</ref> Maloko a le mmalwa a borwa a boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BCP a ne a boela kwa lekokong la BNF morago ga gore maemo otlhe a a kwa godimo a tsewe ke batho ba bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;237.</ref> Go itlhatlosa go ya kwa maemong a merafe ya Tswana, batho ba Yeyi ba ne ba bitsa kgosi e e kwa godimo ka ngwaga wa 1999, fela se se ne sa se ka sa lemogiwa ke Molao wa Bogosi. Ba ne ba tlisa kgang eo kwa Kgotlatshekelong e Kgolo, e e neng ya tlhasela thulaganyo e e maleba ya molao e le e e tlhaolang.<ref name=":95" /> Mogae o ne a tlhoma setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang ka ngwaga wa 2000 go sekaseka kemedi ya merafe e mennye mo Ntlong ya Dikgosi, mme seo sa baka boipelaetso go tswa mo go ba ba neng ba ikutlwa gore Mogae o batla go nyatsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;239.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang se ne sa tlhomamisa gore Ntlo ya Dikgosi e tshwanetse go nna teng, mme ya bidiwa Setswana ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;216.</ref> Diphetogo tse dingwe tse di fetotsweng ga di a amogelwa morago ga go kgarametswa go tswa mo merafeng e megolo ya Batswana, bogolosegolo ba Ngwato.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;217–218.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, batho ba Kgatla-baga-Mmanaana ba ne ba bona kgosi ya bone Gobuamang Gobuamang wa bobedi a amogelwa semmuso jaaka kgosi e nnye mo teng ga kgaolo ya Kwena kwa ba nnang teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;177.</ref> [[:en:Botswana–Namibia_border|Molelwane wa Botswana le Namibia]] o ne wa tsena mo kganetsanong ka ngwaga wa 1999 fa mafatshe ka bobedi a ne a batla kgaolo mo [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Mopakong wa Caprivi]].[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;xx–xxi.</ref>] Ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000, Botswana e ne ya beeletsa thata mo go tlhabololeng sesole sa mowa.<ref name=":93" /> [[:en:Botswana_Television|Setshwantso sa motshikinyego sa Botswana]] se tlhomilwe ka ngwaga wa 2000. Lentswe tsa Tsodilo le ne la nna [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|Lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe]] ka ngwaga wa 2001. Batho ba Basarwa ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao ka ngwaga wa 2002 go ganetsa go ntshiwa ga bona kwa Central Kalahari Game Reserve, fela kgang e sekisiwang e ne ya tlhokomologiwa. [[:en:Mosadi_Seboko|Mosadi Seboko]] wa [[:en:Lete_people|morafe wa]] [[:en:Lete_people|Balete]] o ne a nna moeteledipele wa ntlha wa mosadi wa morafe ka ngwaga wa 2003.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xxi.</ref> Mogae o ne a dira gore mongwe wa batshwayadiphoso ba ba tlhageletseng thata ba puso, [[:en:Kenneth_Good_(political_scientist)|Kenneth Good]], a lelekwe mo lefatsheng la gagwe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], pp.&#x20;333–334.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;226–227.</ref> [[:en:Three_Dikgosi_Monument|Sefikantswe sa Dikgosi tse Tharo]] se ne sa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;680.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya bolwetsi jo bo anameng lefatshe la HIV/AIDS e le kgang e e botlhokwa thata ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Go e lwantsha, o ne a dira gore dikalafi tsa [[:en:Antiretroviral|diantiretroviral]] tsa HIV/AIDS di nne teng mahala.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;225.</ref> === Puso ya ga Ian Khama === [[Setshwantsho:London Conference on The Illegal Wildlife Trade (12499797834).jpg|thumb|Kopano ya ga Ian Khama le [[:en:William_Hague|William Hague]] kwa Lontone]] Ian Khama o ne a latela mo maemong a botautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Mogae ka kgwedi ya Moranang a le letsatsi le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref name=":96">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mokgwa wa gagwe wa boeteledipele o ne wa phatlaladiwa jaaka o o latelang "di-D tse nne": puso ya batho ka batho, tlhabololo, seriti, le kotlhao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Fa a sena go nna mo setilong, o ne a rulaganya sešwa khuduthamaga ya setšhaba ka mokgwa wa tatelano, a kopanya maatla go dikologa botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;227–228.</ref> Khama o ne a gatelela tshireletsego ya setshaba mo tsamaisong ya gagwe. Ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo maemong a gagwe, Lekalana la Bosenodi le Tshireletsego le ne la itsege ka go dira ditlhodi tse di neng di tlhotlhelediwa ke dipolotiki le go tshwara baganetsi ba gagwe ba sepolotiki. O ne gape a tlhoma batho ba le mmalwa ba pele ba sesole mo pusong ya gagwe<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], pp.&#x20;714–715.</ref> Botswana o ne e sa amege thata mo [[:en:African_Union|Kopanong ya Aforika]] ka nako ya botautona jwa ga Khama, go na le moo e ne ya tlhagisa molawana wa mafatshe a sele a a neng e lebisitswe thata mo Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;190.</ref> Mathata a matlole a ngwaga wa 2008 a ne a gatelela itsholelo ya Botswana, e e neng ya nna e ikaegile ka meepo ya ditaemane le fa puso e ne e dira maiteko.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;202.</ref> Madirelo a diteemane a ne a fedisa kwelotlase e e tlhomameng fa e ne e tlhomama ka bokana ka karolo ya masome a mararo le borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tse di tlhagisitsweng tsa lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 2009.<ref name=":76" /> Taolo ya dikgosi e ne ya fetolwa ka ngwaga wa 2008 ka Molao wa Bogosi.<ref name=":92" /> Khama o ne a rotloetsa go neela dikgosi maatla ka leina la go busetsa kotlhao le maitsholo a setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], pp.&#x20;196–197.</ref> O ne a ntsha taelo e e neng ya oketsa dingwaga tsa go nwa tse di kafa molaong go nna masome a mabedi le bongwe, ya fa baeteledipele ba merafe e mennye maatla a go laela gore batho ba itewe, ya tlhama ditlhopha tsa mephato go nna balebedi, le go tsenya gape [[:en:Corporal_punishment_in_schools|kotlhao ya go itaya mo dikolong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Dikgosi di le mmalwa tse di sa tswang go tlhongwa di ne tsa tshegetsa melawana e mme tsa tsenya tirisong dikotlhao tse di gagametseng tsa badiraphoso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Gareng ga bone go ne go na le Kgafela wa bobedi, kgosana ya morafe wa Kgatla. Go dira gore batho ba gagwe ba nne le boitsholo jo bo tlwaelegileng, o ne a oketsa thata go itewa ga batho ba ba neng ba tlola molao. Kgafela le ba bangwe ba ba amegang ba ne ba pegwa molato wa bosenyi ka ntlha ya go dirisa kotlhao ka tsela e e sa siamang ka ngwaga wa 2010, mme kgotlatshekelo e ne ya kgaphela thoko kopo ya gagwe ya go sirelediwa, ya tlhomamisa gore dikgosi ga di na boipuso mme di laolwa ke molaotheo.<ref name=":97">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;157.</ref> Jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le tlhopha boeteledipele jwa lekoko la yone ka ngwaga wa 2009, Khama o ne a tlhoma batho ba le bantsi ba A-Team mo dikomiting tse potlana tsa lekoko le fa Barata-Phathi e ne ya fenya ka nako ya mokgatlho wa lekoko.<ref name=":97" /><ref name=":98">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;335.</ref> Fa mokwaledi mogolo wa lekoko leo, Rre [[:en:Gomolemo_Motswaledi|Gomolemo Motswaledi]] a ne a rerisana le babueledi go botsa gore a ditiro tsa ga Khama di ka fa molaong, Khama o ne a dira gore a sekegiwe mo komiting. Morago ga go isa kgang kwa kgotlatshekelo, go ne ga fitlhelwa gore tautona yo o mo maemong ao ga a kgone go sekisiwa semolao, mme Khama o ne a emisa Motswaledi mo BDP gotlhelele.<ref name=":98" />Mo tshimologong ya ngwaga wa 2010, Khama o ne a emisa mme morago a ntsha maloko a mangwe a le mmalwa a lekalana le le mo teng ga lekoko la Barata-Phathi mo lekokong BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], pp.&#x20;354–355.</ref> Se se ne sa baka go kgaogana ga ntlha ga BDP ka Mopitlwe fa lekoko la Barata-Phathi le ne le tswa mo lekokong go bopa Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Temokerasi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;345.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Molao wa Tirelosetšhaba o tsentswe tirisong ka ngwaga wa 2010, o dira gore badiredipuso ba dire ditshupetso ka ha molaong mo maemong mangwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mo ngwageng o o latelang, Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Mekgatlho ya Badiri (BOFEPUSU) o ne wa etelela pele ditshupetso tsa dikgwedi di le pedi mo gare ga badiredipuso ba lefatshe go batla tuelo ya karolo ya lesome le borataro mo lekgolong, mme puso ya tsiboga ka go ntsha diketekete tsa badiri mo maemong a bone.<ref name=":96" /> Go ntshiwa ga batho go ne go okametswe ke [[:en:Mokgweetsi_Masisi|Mokgweetsi Masisi]], Tona ya Merero ya Botautona.<ref name=":99">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Go ganetsa boemo jwa puso, BOFEPUSU e ne ya tlhofofatsa go kopanngwa ga makoko a magolo a kganetso go nna [[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC).<ref name=":96" /> Setlhopha se sešwa se se ne se eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Duma_Boko|Duma Boko]], yo o neng a tsere taolo ya BNF ka ngwaga wa 2010 mme a laola dipuo tsa yona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;715.</ref> Khama o ne a diragatsa diphetogo tse di nonofileng tsa tshomarelo ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe, bogolo jang mabapi le go tsoma. Le fa ba ne ba opa diatla kwa mahatsheng a mangwe le go bopa leina la Botswana jaaka "kgakgamatso e tala", ba ne ba kopana le go kgobega marapo mo nageng ka ntlha ya ditsela tse di neng di dirisiwa go tswa kwa godimo go ya kwa tlase, bogolosegolo go tswa mo go ba ba nnang mo mafelong a a tlhomilweng a tshomarelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Melawana e e ne e akaretsa go oketsega ga mekgwa ya sesole e e kgatlhanong le go tsoma diphologolo; digongwana tse di kgatlhanong le go tsoma di ne di tsentswe ditlhobolo tse di itirisang go tlaleletsa melawana ya go thuntsha go bolaya kgatlhanong le batho ba ba belaelwang gore ke batsomi.<ref name=":94" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boloka bontsi jwa yone mo lekgotleng la peomolao morago ga [[:en:2014_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopho tse di latelang]], mme e le lekgetho la ntlha e ne ya dira jalo ka bontsi fela jwa ditlhopo tsa batho.<ref>[[Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;705.</ref> Ian Khama o ne a tlhoma Masisi go nna mothusa tautona wa gagwe.<ref name=":99" /> Tshwetso e ne ya tsosa kganetsano ka ntlha ya go tlhoka maitemogelo ga ga Masisi fa go bapisiwa le ditlhopho tse dingwe tse di ka kgonegang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Go ya ka Mogae, Masisi o ne a tlhophiwa ka tlhaloganyo ya gore o tla tlhoma [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|Tshekedi Khama]] [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|wa bobedi]] go nna mothusa tautona morago ga go tsaya botautona ka boene.<ref name=":99" /> Botsalo Ntuane o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Mokwaledi Mogolo wa lekoko la BDP ka ngwaga 2015 mo seraleng sa twantsho tshenyetso setshaba le phetolo ya ditlhopho. Se se ne sa tshosetsa tlholego e e tseneletseng ya lekoko la BDP, mme Ntuane a bona mmaba wa sepolotiki kwa Masisi.<ref name=":99" /> Khama o ne a le bobaba mo bobegadikgannyeng, bogolo jang mo mafelong a a neng a sa dumalane le ditiro tsa puso ya gagwe. O ne a na le babegadikgang ba babedi ba ba neng ba latofadiwa ka [[:en:Sedition|botsuolodi]] ka ngwaga wa 2017, mme moragonyana ditatofatso di ne tsa latlhiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;714.</ref> === Puso ya ga Mokgweetsi Masisi === [[Setshwantsho:Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference London 2018 (45245990491).jpg|thumb|Mokgweetsi Masisi a bua kwa bokopanong jo bo neng bo bua ka kgwebisano e e seng ka fa molaong ya diphologolo tsa naga kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:London|London]] ka ngwaga wa 2018]] Masisi o ne a nna tautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Khama ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2018. Fa ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2019_Botswana_general_election|kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 2019]] di ntse di atamela, Masisi o ne a tlhama setshwantsho sa go ipharologanya le Khama, a itlhagisa jaaka motho yo o [[:en:Anti-corruption|lwantshanang le bonweenwee]] fa a ntse a tshegetsa bobegakgang le BOFEPUSU.<ref name=":02">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;716.</ref><ref name=":02" /> Letsholo la gagwe la go lwantsha bonweenwee le ne la felela ka go tshwarwa ga ga Isaac Kgosi, yo o neng a eteletse pele Bokaedi jwa Botlhodi le Tshireletso mo pusong ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;717.</ref><ref name=":110" /> Masisi o ne a tswelela ka go busetsa morago bontsi jwa melawana ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110" /> Gareng ga tse e ne e le go phimolwa ga melawana ya tshomarelo, go akaretsa le thibelo ya go tsoma e e neng e tsoma e e neng e lebisitswe mo kgwebong ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|manaka a tlou]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;23–24, 33–34.</ref> O ne gape a okametse go fedisiwa ga go tsewa go ratana ka bong bole bongwe e le molato.<ref>Rotberg 2023, pp.&#x20;228–229.</ref> Fa se se ntse se tsweletse, Masisi le Khama ba nna baganetsi go na le go nna balekane. Khama o ne a leka go thapa [[:en:Pelonomi_Venson-Moitoi|Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi]] go nna ntlhopheng yo mongwe wa BDP kgatlhanong le Masisi, mme fa seo se palelwa, o ne a itlhomela lekoko la gagwe, la [[:en:Botswana_Patriotic_Front|Botswana Patriotic Front]] (BPF).<ref name=":99" /><ref name=":110" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boelwa ke bontsi jwa ditlhopho tsa batho ka ngwaga wa 2019,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> mme ditlhopho di ne tsa senngwa ke kgatelelo ya puso le diphuruphutsho tsa nako le nako kgatlhanong le batho ba kganetso. Lekoko la UDC le ne la gwetlha maduo, mme ga di a atlega.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;308.</ref> Diphetogo tsa kgaolo di ne tsa fetoga ka ngwaga wa 2019 jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le latlhegelwa ke thotloetso nngwe kwa bokone fa e ntse e oketsa tlhotlheletso ya yone kwa borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;231.</ref> Ditlhopho gape di ne tsa bona lekokokganetso le legolo, BNF, le latlhegelwa ke BCP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> Jaaka ditšhaba di le dintsi, [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana|Botswana e ne ya bona kwelotlase e e kgolo ya tsholelo ka nako ya tlhaselo ya bolwetsi jwa COVID-19]], mme lefatshe le ne la nna [[:en:COVID-19_lockdowns|mo thibelong ya metsamao]] bontsi jwa ngwaga wa 2020 le ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;309.</ref> Mofuta wa SARS-CoV-2 Omicron o ribolotswe kwa Botswana moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Maikutlo a a kgatlhanong le makula a ne a anama ka setšhaba sa makula kwa Botswana se ne se humile thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;310.</ref> Khama o ne a tshabela kwa lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa a le kwa botshabelo ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele ka ngwaga wa 2021, mme puso ya Botswana ya mo latofatsa ka go nna le dibetsa e se ka fa molaong ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;311–312.</ref> === Puso ya ga Duma Boko === [[Setshwantsho:Secretary Rubio Meets with Botswana President Boko (54371806715).jpg|thumb|Duma Boko o ikanisa tumalano le lefatshe la Amerika ka ngwaga wa 2025]] Lekoko la [:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change][[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC) le nnile lekokokganetso la ntlha mo Botswana go tsaya puso morago ga phenyo ya lone mo [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa]] [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 2024]] , mme se sa fedisa dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi tsa puso ya [[:en:Botswana_Democratic_Party|lekoko la Botswana la batho ka batho]] (BDP).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMuiaZane2024|Muia &#x26; Zane 2024]]</ref> Mo puisanong ya gagwe ya ntlha ya Maemo a Setšhaba ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2024, Duma Boko o boletse gore puso ya gagwe e tla kgaratlhela go oketsa dipeeletso mo maatleng a letsatsi, [[:en:Cannabis|motokwane]] ya kalafi le mofuta wa motokwane o o lengwang ka lebaka la madirelo. O ne gape a itsise ditirisano le [[:en:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] go atolosa phitlhelelo ya mafaratlhatlha a maranyane e e teng lefatshe ka bophara ka [[:en:Starlink|Starlink]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFFrance242024|France24 2024]]</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2025, Botswana e ne ya romela sathalaete ya yone ya ntlha, e leng [[:en:BOTSAT‑1|BOTSAT‐1,]] kwa lefaufaung.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRanjan2025|Ranjan 2025]]</ref> [[:en:Duma_Boko|Boko]] o ne a tsenela go itsisiwe semmuso ga sathalaete, e e neng ya tshwarelwa kwa mafelong a [[:en:SpaceX|SpaceX]] kwa lefatsheng la United States.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNamunwa2025|Namunwa 2025]].</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Lekwalokwalo la Botswana * [[Ngwao ya Botswana|Ngwao ya Batswana]] * Dipalopalo tsa Botswana * [[Itsholelo ya Botswana]] * Thutafatshe ya Botswana * [[Ditso tsa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Borwa jwa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Gaborone]] * [[Lenaane la dikgang tse di amanang le Botswana]] * Lenaane la dingwaga mo Botswana * [[Tlhaloso ya Botswana]] * Mola wa nako wa Botswana * Mola wa nako ya Gaborone * [[Dipolotiki tsa Botswana]] == Dintlhana tse di kwa tlase == <references /> == Metswedi == === Dibuka === * Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). Culture and Customs of Botswana. Greenwood Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-313-33178-7</nowiki>. OCLC 62118271. * Gulbrandsen, Ørnulf (2012). The State and the Social: State Formation in Botswana and its Precolonial and Colonial Genealogies. Berghahn Books. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85745-298-6</nowiki>. * Hillbom, Ellen; Bolt, Jutta (2018). Botswana – A Modern Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73144-5. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-73144-5</nowiki>. * Holm, John D.; Molutsi, Patrick P. (1992). "State-Society Relations in Botswana: Beginning Liberalization". In Hydén, Göran; Bratton, Michael (eds.). Governance and Politics in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 75–95. doi:10.1515/9781685853297. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-55587-285-4</nowiki>. * Jackson, Ashley (1999). Botswana, 1939-1945: An African Country at War. Clarendon Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-820764-1</nowiki>. * Leith, James Clark (2005). Why Botswana Prospered. McGill-Queen's University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7735-2821-5</nowiki>. * Molutsi, Patrick (2004). "Botswana: The Path to Democracy and Development". In Gyimah-Boadi, E. (ed.). Democratic Reform in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 159–182. doi:10.1515/9781685857325. <nowiki>ISBN 9781685857325</nowiki>. * Nyamnjoh, Francis B. (2007). "'Ever-Diminishing Circles': The Paradoxes of Belonging in Botswana". In de la Cadena, Marisol; Starn, Orin (eds.). Indigenous Experience Today. Routledge. pp. 305–332. <nowiki>ISBN 9781003085690</nowiki>. * Rotberg, Robert I. (2023). "Botswana: Africa's Democratic Exception". Overcoming the Oppressors: White and Black in Southern Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–231. <nowiki>ISBN 9780197674239</nowiki>. * Samatar, Abdi Ismail (1999). An African Miracle: State and Class Leadership and Colonial Legacy in Botswana Development. Heinemann. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-325-00068-8</nowiki>. * Tlou, Thomas; Campbell, Alec C. (1997) [1984]. History of Botswana (2nd ed.). Macmillan Botswana. <nowiki>ISBN 9991278087</nowiki>. == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref name=":2"><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> gclqptffsyfbniiyo6l58laktyznlo3 53670 53667 2026-07-30T18:17:45Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Pre-colonial history" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366623313|History of Botswana]]" 53670 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditso tsa lefatshe la Botswana''' di akaretsa tsa bogologolo le tsa ngwao ya kgaolo, go diriwa kolone ya [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Bechuanaland Protectorate]], le go nna Republic of [[Botswana]] gompieno. Batho ba ntlha ba motlha wa gompieno go nna mo [[Botswana]] e ne e le Basarwa, temothuo e tlhabolotswe dingwaga di ka nna dikete pedi, le makgolo a mararo a a fetileng. Batho bantsho ba Bantu ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago ga loso lwa ga Keresete, fa [[Batswana]] ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago. Batswana ba ne ba kgaogana ka ditlhopha tsa merafe mo dingwageng tse di dikete tse di latelang fa diphudugo mo kgaolong di tswelela, tse di neng tsa baka [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]] mo lekgolong la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi. Go amana le lefatshe le le kgolo le le naleng dikarolo la Europe ga ntlha go diragetse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi lesome le borataro, mo go bakileng go diriwa Bakeresete ga batho ba kgaolo. Magosi a Batswana a a neng a na le thotloetso e kgolo a ne a ikopela go nna mo tlhokomelong ya lefatshe la [[United Kingdom]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le botlhano ka ba ne ba itemogela matshosetsi go tswa kwa [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German South West Africa]] le mo Maburung. Batho ba Britain ba ne ba kgaoganya kgaolo go nna merafe e kgosi nngwe le nngwe e tlaa e etelelang pele, ba a fa dikgosi maatla a a fetang a ba neng ba na le one pele, mme ba ne ba nna le taolo e e lekanetseng fela mo lefatsheng. Puso ya Britain e ne ya nna le seabe se setlhagafetseng ka dinwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la ema nokeng go tsaya karolo ga Britain mo ntweng ya bobedi ya mafatshe, bontsi ba ne ba lwa e le bontlha jwa sesole sa [[Aferika|Aforika]] sa Auxiliary Pioneer Corps. Go lwela go laola go nnile teng ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a matlhano fa gare ga Kgosi ya [[Bangwato]] [[Seretse Khama]] le motlhatlhami wa gagwe [[Tshekedi Khama]]. Go nyala mosadi wa lekgoa ebong [[Ruth Williams Khama]] ga ga Seretse, go ne ga baka gore batho ba Britain ba mo thibele go nna mo [[Botswana]]. O ne a boa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a matlhano le borataro, ka a ne a na le kemo nokeng e kgolo, merafe e ne inaakanya le puso e e tlhophilweng fa letsholo la boipuso le tlhamiwa. Molao wa lefatshe o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le motso, ga tlhamiwa diphathi tsa polotiki. Seretse o ne a nna moeteledipele wa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Bechuanaland Democratic Party]], e e neng e bueletswe ke puso ya Britain go busa morago ga boipuso, e ne ya nna le kemo nokeng e e tsitsibanyang mmele mo ditlhophong tsa ntlha tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le botlhano. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la neelwa boipuso jo bo tletseng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro. Ka maikaelelo a a nonofileng, Seretse le phathi ya gagwe ba ne ba tlhama puso ya batho ka batho ya bophirima ba simolola go tlhabolola dikago mo lefatsheng le e neng e le lengwe la a a neng a humanegile thata ka nako eo. Go ne ga lemogiwa fa go na le diteemane ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabongwe, mo go neng ga bopa sesha itsholelo ya Botswana. Kompone ya meepo ya [[Debswana]] e tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi, lefatshe la Botswana la nna la itsholelo e e golang ka bofefo thata go gaisa a mangwe mo Botswana. Phathi ya sepolotiki ya Botswana Democratic e ne ya tswelela e le yone phathi e e busang go tswa ka nako ya boipuso go fitlhelela phathi ya [[Umbrella for Democratic Change]] e fenya ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone.]] == Ditso tsa pele ga bokolone == === Ditso tsa pele === [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo Hills rock paintings4.jpg|thumb|metako ya magaga kwa Tsodilo mo ditsong tsa pele]] Lefatshe la Botswana la gompieno e ne e le sekgwa fela dingwaga di le didikadike tse di lesome tse di fitileng, dinoka di ne di le ditona go fetisa gompieno, di tshela kwa [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|letsheng la Makgadikgadi]].<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou, Thomas]]; [[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Campbell, Alec C]]. (1997) [1984]. ''[[History of Botswana]]'' (2nd&nbsp;ed.). Macmillan Botswana. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/9991278087|&nbsp;<bdi>9991278087</bdi>.]]</ref> Batho ba sebopego sa ntlha sa Homo erectus ba ne ba nna mo kgaolong eo ka motlha wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997,]] p.&nbsp;14.</ref> Didirisiwa tsa lejwe mo Botswana wa gompieno, di tshwana le dilepe, di tswa go o lowe, dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fitileng.<ref name=":4">Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). [[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|''Culture and Customs of Botswana''.]] Greenwood Press. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33178-7|<bdi>978-0-313-33178-7</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#Identifiers_and_linked_data|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/title/62118271 62118271.]</ref><ref name=":0">Klehm, Carla (28 June 2021). "Archaeology of Botswana". ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History''. doi:[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61663/chapter/553401196 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.792]. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4|<bdi>978-0-19-027773-4</bdi>.]]</ref> Phudugo go ya sekakeng sa Kalahari go akanyediwa fa e diragetse pele ga legato la borataro dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro tse di fitileng.<ref name=":0" /> Letsha la Makgadikgadi le simolotse go fokotsega dingwaga di le dikete di le masome matlhano tse di fitileng.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;17.]]</ref> Bagolagolwane ba merafe e e sa amaneng ka gope ba ba bidiwang Basarwa fa ba kgobokantswe, ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome mane go tsena masome a mararo tse di fitileng. Ba ka tswa e le bone batho ba ntlha go nna mo motlheng wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&nbsp;18, 23.</ref> Ba ne ba itlhoma go bapa le dinoka ka dipaka tsa komelelo, mme ba phatlalale le kgaolo ka nako ya dipula.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&nbsp;24.</ref>Go ne go itsewe fa ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikaganyeditseng [[letsha la Makgadikgadi]], ga mmogo le [[Tsodilo]] le GI.<ref name=":1">[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;xv.</ref> Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba [[Nata]], Shua le Xani, go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref name=":2">Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;23.</ref>[[:en:Rock_art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse masome a mararo tse di fetileng,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Meepo ya specularite le hematite e simolotse ka nako e go tlhama dipente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;48.</ref> Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a leruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome mabedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":1" /> Thuto e e tseneletseng ya Aforika e e kwa borwa mo [[:en:Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Matlapa]] e ntse e lekanyeditswe.<ref name=":0" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[:en:Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba sala ka ditlhopha tse dinnye mme ba dira kgwebo le ba bangwe.<ref name=":2" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere tshimo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monna yo mogolo wa lelapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tse dikgolo, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela le go tshwara diphologolo tse dinnye.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Ditlhopha di ne di nyalana mme di dirisa thulaganyo ya magadi, xaro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete tse tse di fetileng, batho ba kgaolo eo ba ne ba tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana wa gompieno mme ba simolola go dira dinkgwana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;8.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;28.</ref>Temothuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga le go wela tlase fa seemo sa loapi le ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo di ne di dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;29–30.</ref>Gareng ga dijalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[:en:Pearl_millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[:en:Sorghum|mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[:en:Cowpea|dinawa tsa kgomo]], le dimela tsa lelapa la [[:en:Cucurbitaceae|cucurbits]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba Bantu ba ne ba [[:en:Bantu_expansion|fudugela kwa kgaolong]] e dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi le dingwaga dile selete le makgolo a matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong leno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;22–24, 28.</ref> [[:en:Kalanga_people|Batho ba Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba goroga c. 200 C.E.<ref name=":3">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Bagologolwane ba morafe wa ntlha wa [[:en:Tswana_people|Batswana]] (bongwe ''Motswana'', bontsi ''Batswana'') go fopholediwa fa ba gorogile c. 400 C.E.<ref name=":3" /> Batho ba ba Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didirisiwa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna mo ditseleng tsa metsi tsa leruri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;9.</ref> Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a leruri a matlo a ka nna lesome go fitlhela lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Pole-and-daga|dipale le mmu]] nngwe le nngwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa Khoisan e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;44–45.</ref> BaKhoisan le Bantu ba ka tswa ba ne ba gweba le go nyalana mo pakeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;36.</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlhela ka lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga === Setlhopha sa batho ba Zhizo, batho ba Taukome, ba ne ba goroga mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme ba nna fa gare ga [[:en:Shashe_River|Noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|Noka ya Serorome]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref><ref name=":5">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;10.</ref> Go nna le [[:en:Glass_bead|dipheta tsa galase]] go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo ya Lewatle la India]].<ref name=":5" /> Palo ya leruo le le ruiwang mo Botswana wa gompieno e ne ya oketsega thata fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa borobabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":4" /> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso ya morafe, e e bidiwang ''morafe'' (bontsi merafe), mongwe le mongwe o eteletswe pele ke kgosi e e bidiwang ''[[:en:Kgosi|kgosi]]'' (bontsi dikgosi).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Tsamaiso e e ne ya tlhagisa puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le tse dingwe mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;40.</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong, mme go nna mong wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho.<ref name=":6">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;11.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ditso tsa bogologolo tsa batho ba Tswana e sa ntse e sa itsiwe thata ka gonne go setse bosupi jo bonnye jwa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo.<ref name=":3" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Sekaka sa Kalahari]] ka makgolo ale borobabongwe morago ga ga Keresete,<ref name=":1" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong le le latelang la dingwaga, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng kwa Lewatleng la India.<ref name=":6" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Bangwe ba batho ba Eiland ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa ya gompieno go tsena mo Botswana wa gompieno mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Batho ba Toutswe, ba bangwe ba morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, ba bona khumo ya bona ka go nna le dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;13.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Go ne ga agiwa metse e meraro ya Ba-Toutswe kwa [[:en:Bosutswe|Bosutswe]], Sung, le [[:en:Toutswemogala|Toutswemogala]], mongwe le mongwe wa bone o ne o busa metse e mennye e e neng e e dikologile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 12, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba anametse kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;60.</ref> Boleng jwa ditlhagiswa bo ne jwa fetogafetoga fa kgwebisano e ntse e atolosiwa le ditšhaba di sele mme go ribololwa ga gauta go ne ga diragala, go fokotsa kgatlhego mo ditlhagisweng tsa sebilo le tsa diphologolo jaaka lonaka lwa tlou.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;27–28.</ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":7">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Merafe e e kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditiragalo tse mme e ne ya sala e sa amege thata.<ref name=":8">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Baagisani ba Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe le wa lesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard's Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":9">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> <ref name=":10">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;61.</ref>Ba tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[:en:Bambandyanalo|Bambandyanalo]], ba ne ba nna batho ba bagolo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe kwa ba neng ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;67–68.</ref> Ba ne ba bonela pele tlhotlheletso go ralala kgaolo fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> Batho ba Okavango Delta le batho ba Tsodilo mme morago ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bodulo mo nakong e, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke batho ba Khoe fela ba ba neng ba nna mo lefelong leo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou & Campbell 1997]], pp. 46, 81.</ref>Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro,<ref name=":11">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;14.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa mo nako e le nngwe.<ref name=":10" />Batho ba Mambo ba ne ba nna go dikologa [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]] ya gompieno mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo tikologong ya nako e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Batho ba segompieno ba Tswana, [[:en:Khalagari_people|Khalagari]], le [[:en:Sotho_people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo e ka nnang ka lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":12">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Ba-Khalagari ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana.<ref name=":13">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Batho ba Fokeng le bone ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi,<ref name=":14">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;93.</ref> mme batho ba Moloko ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro.<ref name=":12" /> Morafe wa tshimologo wa BaTswana, losika lwa bogosi lwa Phofu, o tlhodilwe kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro ke Mogale. Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, e ne ya kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa le merafe ya Bahurutshe, [[:en:Kwena_people|Kwena]], [[:en:Ngwaketse_people|Ngwaketse]], [[:en:Ngwato_people|Ngwato]], Tlharo, le batho ba ba [[:en:Ngwato_people|Kgatla]].<ref name=":13" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa ema mo boemong jwa Mapungubwe e le maatla a kgaolo ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro fa batho ba Gumanye ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[:en:Great_Zimbabwe|Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le le botlhokwa le ditsompelo tsa yone le go nna gaufi le lebopo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;77–78.</ref> Zimbabwe e ne e laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le teng mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana,<ref name=":15">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvi.</ref> mme kgwebisano ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo eo.<ref name=":11" /> Zimbabwe e ne e latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga, mme e ne ya wela mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Dinaga tse dingwe di le mmalwa di ne tsa tlhagelela morago ga go wa ga yone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo neng jwa bopiwa ke [[:en:Kalanga_people|merafe ya Kalanga]], bo ne jwa tsaya maemo a Zimbabwe mo molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;98–100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana le [[:en:Pedi_people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bone<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> mme [[:en:Rolong_people|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Morolong.<ref name=":13" /> Kgosi Masilo go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya bophirima jwa Tswana ka nako e, go fitlhela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga moo go bolelwa fa lefelo le le ne le busiwa ke Malope kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":14" /> === Lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell - Thlapingkaptein en sy vrou.png|thumb|Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1800]] Batho ba baTswana ba ne ba fuduga fa gare ga Botswana wa gompieno ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke batho ba naga le batho ba mmuso wa ga mmamosadinyana go tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":16">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;19.</ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga sekete le makgolo a le marataro.<ref name=":17">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, losika lwa ga Phofu, lo ne lwa wela tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;104.</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la lesome le botlhano le la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":11" /> Batho ba ba Kalanga ba ne ba laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[:en:Motloutse_River|Noka ya Motloutse]] le [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Letsha la Makgadikgadi]] go fitlhela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabobedi.<ref name=":7" /> Batho ba Hurutshe, Kgatla, le Kwena ba ne ba kgaogana le losika lwa segosi lwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo gare ga komelelo le dintwa tsa boswa, mme kgabagare ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;10.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Batho ba Ngwaketse le ba Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le boraro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;105.</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo ba ne ba nna mo Motlheng wa Bofelo wa Leje go fitlha mo e ka nnang mo lekgolong la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;22.</ref> Batho ba Botswana wa gompieno ba simolodistse ditsela tse di telle tsa motsamao ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa, e tsamaelwa dikilometara tse makgolo go rekisa,go tsoma le go itsalanya le batho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;108–109.</ref>Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana motlhofo abo e ipopa ka bongwe go tswa mo go ba bangwe ka gore dithoto tse dipotlana , le leruo tsa lefelo ne di kgona go tsmaisiwa motlhofo.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":16" />Merafe ya botlhabatsatsi e ne e tshabellwa ke go kgaogana ka ntlha ya seele se se tona gareng ga toropo le ditshimo.<ref name=":18">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;392.</ref>Kgaogano gareng ga ditlhopa tsa baTswana e nnile mo gareng ga ngwagakgolong ya lesome le bosupa, e tlhalosa merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":19">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;106.</ref>Merafe ya baTswana ba botlhabatsatsi e ne e nna e le maikaelelo a dintwa tsa [[:en:Griqua_people|batho ba Griqua]].<ref name=":18" /> Fa batho ba baTswana ba tswa bokone go ya Botswana wa borwa-bophirima wa segompieno ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa , ba ne ba nna mo metseng e e neng e nna batho ba Kgalagari, ba ba tshwaetsa kgotsa ba ba ntsha. Batho ba ba Kwena le merafe ya bone ya lekala ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa segompieno ka fa tlase ga taolo ya [[:en:Kgabo_II|Kgabo wa bobedi]] ba bo ba nna gaufi le motse wa [[:en:Molepolole|Molepolole]].<ref name=":19" />Go ya ka setso sa molomo, bapatole ba e leng batho ba Herero le Mbanderu ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathung ba Mbunda ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bosupa fa ntwa tsa leruo la batswana le ne le phatlalatsa ditlhopa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> le batho ba Bayeyi ba ne ba fudugela kwa Okavango Delta go ya kwa nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;8.</ref>Mo mafelong a mangwe, batho ba Kaa ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathong ba Rolong le batho ba Khurutse ba kgaogana le batho ba Bahurutshe, fa ditlhopa tsotlhe di fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":20">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;107.</ref>Batho ba Bashaga ba ne ba kopana le batho ba Kgalagari ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;110.</ref> State sa ntlha sa Tswana se tlhamilwe ke batho ba Ngwaketse bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi. Si state tse dingwe tsa Tswana di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka go latelana ke batho ba ba Kwena, batho ba Ngwato le batho ba ba Tawana mo dingwageng tse lesome tse nne di latela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;113.</ref> Ka se go ne ga tla ditlhabololo tsa ''mophato (''bontsi ''mephato),'' mephato ya sesole e e rulagantsweng k a dingwaga tsa setlhopa, gareng ga batho ba Tswana ba bophirima mo dingwageng tsa sekete le makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano''.''<ref name=":21">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;386.</ref>Batho ba le babedi ba Kgatla , batho ba Kgafela le batho ba ba Tlokwa, ba tsene mo nakong e ba bo ba tsaa taolo mo tikologong ya [[:en:Pilanesberg|Pilanesberg]] mo Aforika Borewng wa segompieno. Ba ne ba laola ka thata bontsi jwa batho mo lefelong leo mme ebile ba fentse dintwa tse pedi le batho ba Fokeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;390–391.</ref>Tiriso ya mephato e ne ya phatlatsega kwa bathong ba Tswana ba kwa botlhaba kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":21" />E ne e sa amogelwa go phutologilwe mo borwa === Difaqane === [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]], nako ya dintwa le phuduso mo borwa jwa Aforika , e diragetse kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi le tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;17.</ref> Mo nakong ye, batho ba baTswana ba ne ba le mo '''kgonegong''' ya dintwa ke ditlhopa di le dintsi ,di akaretsa [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Ndebele]], ba [[:en:Kololo_people|Kololo]], ba [[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]],<ref name=":8" /> ba Pedi, le ba [[:en:Voortrekker|Voortrekkers]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;391.</ref>Bontsi jwa ditlhopa tsa ba Tswana di itlhopetse go boela morago ko ntlheng ga go lwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;394.</ref>Sese ne sa trigger phudugo e e extensive e e ralalang lefelo, go baka gore morafe wa ba Tswana o phatlalale thata abo o simolodisa bolengteng jo bo nonofileng gareng ga territory ya Botswana wa segompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo [[:en:Hardveld|nageng e e thata]] e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Batho ba Kwena le ba Ngwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa motseng wa [[:en:South_African_Republic|Transvaal]] go ya kwa ''lefelong la motlhaba''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;18.</ref> Batho ba ntlha wa Kgatla go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, batho ba Mmanaana, o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[:en:Moshupa|Moshupa]] le [[:en:Thamaga|Thamaga]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53, 56.</ref> Ke fela bangwe ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba bolokwa mo go fudugeng kgotsa mo go kgorelediweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;393.</ref> Batho ba Kololo ba ne ba tlhasela merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa 1826, ba pateletsa BaKwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bona ka go farologana. Sebogo, molaodi wa morafe wa Ngwaketse, o ne a tsosa banna ba le dikete dile nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa Dithubaruba kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ba bolaya batlhabani le baagi, ba kobela ruri Bakololo mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;393–394.</ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma dinaga tsa yone gape ka dingwaga tsa bo 1840, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;31.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;693.</ref><ref name=":22">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;114.</ref> Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[:en:Kgotla|kgotla]]'', kopano ya dipuisano e mo go yone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a utlwa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagi ba banna pele a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref name=":34">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;695.</ref><ref name=":23">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1880, batho ba Tswana le ba Khalagari ba ne ba dirile Botswana yotlhe ya gompieno dikolone.<ref name=":20" /> === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe ba ne ba goroga lantlha mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|London Missionary Society]]. Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa dira go fetolela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":24">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Morongwa [[:en:Robert_Moffat_(missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya motse wa gagwe wa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa Botswana wa gompieno jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le Maburu gore ba se ka ba kgona go ya kwa teng.<ref name=":8" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a ne a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekeresete le go kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente e Kgologolo le e Ntšhwa ka bobedi di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa 1857.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;57, 65.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgopolo di le mmalwa tsa itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aforika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''mafisa'' ya bahumi ba adima bahumanegi dikgomo go ba ananya ka tiro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;701.</ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya dithoto tse di fhapegileng ka bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe , mme banna ba ba nyetsweng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le tshwanelo ya ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;698.</ref> Banna ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref> Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se lengwa thata mo kgaolong eo mo lekgolong la lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela komelelo e ne e raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Bagwebi ba lefatshe la Britain ba gorogile ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":24" /> Go tla ga baagi ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe ba ba neng ba nna gaufi le foo go ne ga dira gore merafe ya Batswana e kgone go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Sechele_I|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_I|wa ntlha]] wa batho ba Bakwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya lefatshe la Britain ya morafe wa gagwe.<ref name=":22" /> Morongwa wa kwa Scotland e bong [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o ne a goroga mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma lekgotla la [[:en:Kolobeng_Mission|Kolobeng Mission]]. Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe mo go bokete ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe mo merafeng ya Batswana fa ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano tsa dikontinente tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":15" /> Moaparo wa Bophirima o ne wa amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala ngwagakgolo otlhe mme o kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;120–121.</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a fa batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu.<ref name=":25">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa batho ba Kalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba lebana le kgotlhang go tswa mo ditlhopheng tse dingwe mo kgaolong, mme ya goroga kwa setlhoeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1850. Batswana ba le bantsi, bogolosegolo merafe ya Kwena le Ngwato, ba ne ba lwa kgatlhanong le merafe ya Maaforikanere le ya MaZulu kwa botlhaba jwa Sekaka sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;195.</ref> Ba-Kwena le Ba-Mmanaana ba ne ba lwantsha Maburu go tswa kwa Transvaal ka ngwaga wa 1852, ba sireletsa kgaolo ya bone mme ba fedisa go atologa ga setšhaba go ya kwa bophirima.<ref name=":26">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;396.</ref> Batswana ba ne ba bona ditlhopha tsa barongwa e le tsela ya go tshabela mo batlhaseding, ba rotloetsa go sokologela mo Bokereseteng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Sechele o ne a kopa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Britain ka 1853 go fedisa dintwa tsa kgaolo, mme o ne a ganwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;107.</ref> Baeng ba Europa ba ne ba tlwaelesegile thata mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga fa batsomi, batlhotlhomisi, le bagwebi ba ne ba batla dipoelo le go bona dilo tse di kgatlhang mo kgaolong eo.<ref name=":25" /> Ba le bantsi ba ne ba kwala [[:en:Travel_book|dibuka tsa maeto]] ka ga lefelo leo, tse e neng e le dingwe tsa dikgatiso fela tse e seng tsa thuto ka ga Botswana wa gompieno ka nako eo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;65–66.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1860, go fuduga go tswa mo kgaolong go ne ga oketsega fa banna ba Batswana ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya go bereka kwa meepong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Go ribololwa ga Masimo a [[:en:Tati_Goldfields|Gauta a Tati]] go ne ga tsosa go batla gauta ga ntlha ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe kwa Borwa jwa Aforika ka ngwaga wa 1868.<ref name=":24" /> Kampa ya pele ya meepo e e neng ya tlhongwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1870 e ne ya atologa thata fa e ne e nna lefelo le legolo la terena fa gare ga [[:en:Cape_Province|kgaolo ya Cape]] le [[:en:Bulawayo|Bulawayo]], mme ya nna toropokgolo ya ntlha ya Botswana, e leng [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;15, 29.</ref> Mo nakong e mo hisitoring ya Botswana, dikgosi tse dikgolo tsotlhe e ne e le Bakeresete.[92] Ntwa magareng ga Bakwena le BaKgafela ka ngwaga wa 1875.<ref name=":26" />Kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga di le lesome, kgosi [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa batho ba Ngwato o ne a gapa taolo ya kgwebisano ya Borithane mo bathong ba Kwena.<ref name=":22" /> == Tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland == ''Setlhogo se segolo: [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]'' Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e oketsegang ya lefatshe la Germany mo kgaolong, mme e ne ya dumela go bopa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]].<ref name=":27">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom & Bolt 2018]], p. 40.</ref><ref name=":28">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Makgowa a Britain a ne a eletsa go somarela tlhotlheletso ya yone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka a ne a neelana ka kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aforika.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Dikgosi tsa Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane ya Aforika Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maaforikaner]],<ref name=":29">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;161.</ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ya taolo ya Borithane e ne e le bokoloniale jwa baagi ke Jeremane.<ref name=":30">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;694.</ref> Ba ne ba eletsa gape go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Aforika Borwa kgotsa moeteledipele wa meepo [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa tshireletso e santse e iphitlhela e ikaegile ka Aforika Borwa mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe go nna lefatshe la merafe le le busiwang ke dikgosi le [[:en:Crown_land|lefatshe la segosi]] le le laolwang ke United Kingdom.<ref name=":29" /> Merafe e borobarobedi e ne ya amogelwa ke Maesemane fa go ne go tlhodiwa protectorate. Tse nne tse dikgolo di ne tsa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe: Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Gape go ne ga lemogiwa tse tharo tse dinnye: tsa Kgatla, tsa [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Tlokwa]] le tsa ga [[:en:Malete_people|Malete]]. Ba borobedi, ba Tshidi, ba ne ba fiwa lefelo la polokelo le le kgabaganyang molelwane magareng ga naga e e sireleditsweng le Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;30n1.</ref> Fa maloko a merafe e mennye e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe tsa bona.<ref name=":17" /> Go tsenngwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola mofuta wa puso ya Motswana, ka merafe e ne e sa tlhalosiwe thata mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka dikgaolo di kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;46–47.</ref><ref name=":31">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;24.</ref> Tshireletso kwa tshimologong e ne ya atologela kwa Ngwato, e fitlha go tswa go didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa go ya kwa [[:en:Molopo_River|Nokeng ya Molopo]], mme e ne ya atolosiwa go ya kwa didikiriing di le lesome le borobabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhela kwa Nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwaga wa 1890.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;30.</ref>Se se ne sa tlamela Maborithane ka badiri ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya yona mme sa bopa sekgoreletsi se segolo sa go lekanyetsa bokoloniale jwa Jeremane.<ref name=":32" /> Batho ba bangwe ba Tswana ba ne ba nna kwa borwa jwa tshireletso mme moragonyana ba ne ba tsenngwa mo Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":28" /> Batho ba ga Kgafela ba ne ba nna kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa 1887. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna seka-Kgatla.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53.</ref>Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa 1891 go tlhoma tshireletso semmuso.<ref name=":29" /> Puso ya yone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa mookamedi go nna tlhogo ya yone. Mookamedi o ne a fiwa dithata tse di anameng mo tshireletsong, fa fela a ne a tlotla molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> Motsemogolo wa yone e ne e le toropo ya Aforika Borwa ya Vryburg, go supa gore babusi ba bokoloniale ba ne ba sa nne mo tshireletsong mme ba ne ba sa amege ka tlhamalalo mo mererong ya yona.<ref name=":33">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;41.</ref>Go na le moo, mookamedi yo mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusa-baokamedi ba babedi, mme mookamedi wa kgaolo o ne a tlhofofatsa go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":35">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Go tsenngwa ga puso ya Borithane mo Aforikaborwa go ne go raya gore Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne e ikaegile ka yona mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;162.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore Bechuanaland Protectorate ke setheo sa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore e tla tloga e tsewa ke kolone ya Borithane.<ref name=":37">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;115.</ref> Fa go ntse jalo, e ne e dumela gore tshireletso e e kgonang go itshedisa e tla ja madi a mannye go e tlhokomela.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":41">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;108.</ref> Ka ntlha ya mabaka a, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya gapeletsa taolo e nnye fela e e tlhamaletseng ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland.<ref name=":23" /> Dikgosi di ne di akola dikgang tse mme tsa kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jo bo anameng, fela tshegetso ya bokoloniale e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka tumelelo ya merafe go tshegetsa puso.<ref name=":36">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;41–42.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;66–67.</ref>[ Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya seemanosi, se se neng sa baka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho le go tlhaola basadi le merafe e mennye.<ref name=":38">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;161–162.</ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa tshireletso === {{Multiple image|total_width=300|image1=Chief-khama-III.jpg|image2=Sebele I by Fritsch 1865.jpg|image3=Bathoen I in london1895.jpg|footer=Khama III, Sebele I le Bathoen I, ba ba neng ba kgona go tlhotlheletsa puso ya Borithane gore e se ka ya tsenya Bechuanaland Protectorate mo taolong ya Khamphani ya British South Africa.|direction=Horizontal}} Batho ba lefatshe la Britain ba ne a rulagantse gore kwa bofelong ba akaretse Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland mo Kopanong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":31" /> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso, United Kingdom e ne ya tsena mo dipuisanong le Cecil Rhodes go e tsenya mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aforika Borwa ya Borithane]].<ref name=":27" /> Fa ba araba, dikgosi tse tharo tse di nang le tlhotlheletso thata—Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, Sebele Iwa ntlha wa Ba-Kwena, le Bathoen wa ntlha wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto lwa bodipolomate go ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa1895 mme ba dira gore puso e se ka ya wetsa tumalano eo.<ref name=":33" /><ref name=":39">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvii.</ref>Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di dirisanang le makgoa a lefatshe la Briritsh jaaka setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref name=":40">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> mme sa kwala batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka setšhaba se le sengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[:en:Jameson_Raid|Jameson Raid]] ka yone e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba makgowa a lefatshe la British marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;30–31.</ref> Go ketekwa ga dikgosi tse go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aforika: ''Khamé'', ''Sebéle'' le ''Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa lefatshe la London ka one ngwaga oo. Mokwalo o o [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhagisitse tlhamane]] e e simolotseng ya gore merafe ya bone e meraro ka go farologana e tlhodilwe ke bakaulengwe ba bararo.<ref name=":42">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;670.</ref> Gape ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropong e nngwe ya Aforika Borwa, [[:en:Mafeking|Mafeking]],<ref name=":33" />mme kompone ya Marope a Bogologolo e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marope a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go batla gauta.<ref name=":32" /> Tshireletso e ne ya amiwa thata ke go runya ga bolwane mo diphologolong ya Aforika ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, ya latlhegelwa ke dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa leruo la yona le diphologolo tsa naga.<ref name=":39" /> [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|Seporo sa tshireletso se agilwe ka]] [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|ngwaga wa 1897]] jaaka mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tsosa [[:en:Pioneer_Column|setlhopa sa Babulatsela]] go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa Ngwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole.<ref name=":43">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la [[:en:Jameson_Raid|tlhaselo ya ga Jameson]] ka 1896.<ref name=":39" /> Morafe wa Kgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya [[:en:Boer_War|Ntwa ya Maburu]], o lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane.<ref name=":43" /> Itsholelo ya pele ya bokoloniale ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne ya nna e tshwana thata le itsholelo ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref /> United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata naga ya tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e fa Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka mo meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;42.</ref> Makgetho le one a ne a tsenngwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la ntlwana]] ka ngwaga wa 1899, le le neng la emisediwa ka [[:en:Poll_tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa 1909.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Lekgetho la selegae le ne la tsenngwa moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 1919.<ref name=":44">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;31.</ref>Makgetho a bokoloniale kwa Tshireletsong ya Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme se sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagi go ba rotloetsa go nna.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;43–44.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la akanyetsa go kopanya tshireletso mo Aforika Borwa jaaka e ne e [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|kopanya dikoloni tsa yona tsa borwa jwa Aforika]], fela kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":39" /> ya kopana ka ngwaga wa 1910.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;137.</ref> Boloko bo ne bo dira gore tshireletso e nne le karolo tse pedi mo lekgolong fela ya lotseno lwa bokopano.<ref name=":44" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1910, merafe yotlhe ya Batswana e ne e amogetse Bokeresete.<ref name=":24" />Bechuanaland e ne ya romela masole a le makgolo a le mmalwa go thusa Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya [[:en:World_War_I|Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya ntlha]].<ref name=":43" /> Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o ne wa iphitlhela o wela tlase ka nako eo, mme ka iketlo o ne wa latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso mo pusong e e neng e sireleditswe.<ref name=":42" /> [[:en:Sebele_II|Sebele wa bobedi]] o ne a nna kgosi ya Kwena ka ngwaga wa 1918, a tlhatlhama rraagwe, [[:en:Sechele_II|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_II|wa bobedi]]. Sechele II o ne a thulana le Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o o neng o laola, a letlelela go nna teng ga Anglican le go busetsa mekgwa e mentsi ya setso e e jaaka go nyala basadi ba le bantsi, go dira pula le ''[[:en:Bogwera|bogwera]]''. Sebele II o ne a tswelela ka kgwetlho ya ga rraagwe kwa Mokgatlhong wa Barongwa wa London, go ngongorega ga puso ya Borithane.<ref /> Puso e e gabedi ya dikgosi le tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya dira gore tsamaiso e nne thata, ka jalo tsamaiso e ne ya tlhama makgotla a mabedi a bagakolodi go lekalekanya balaodi bao.<ref name=":44" /> Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana (moragonyana Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Aforika) le ne la tlhongwa ka ngwagawa 1919.<ref name=":35" />Kopano e ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya dikgosi le batho ba bangwe ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso mo tshireletsong e ne ya letla puso ya Borithane go utlwa le go laola merafe mmogo go na le ka bongwe.[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;47–49.</ref>] Khama wa boraro wa Ngwato o ne a gana go tsaya karolo, a supa bokoa jwa tiragatso ya thibelo ya bojalwa mo morafeng wa borwa. Khama wa boraro o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1923<ref name=":45">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;230.</ref> mme a tlhatlhangwa ke [[:en:Sekgoma_II|Sekgoma]] [[:en:Sekgoma_II|wa bobedi]], yo o neng a direla go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1926.<ref name=":45" /> Morwa wa ga Sekgoma e bong [[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] o ne a sa ntse a le lesea, ka jalo [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama|Tshekedi Khama]] o ne a nna mmusi.<ref name=":46">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Tshekedi o ne a lemogwa jaaka moemedi wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> Fa Seretse a ntse a gola, Tshekedi o ne a gatelela gore a fiwe [[:en:Liberal_education|thuto e e gololesegileng]] go na le gore a romelwe kwa sekolong sa madirelo sa Rhodesia.<ref>Samatar 1999, p.&#x20;179.</ref> === Tlhabololo le tlhotlheletso e e oketsegileng ya Borithane === Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920, kgosi Isang Pilane wa batho ba Kgatla o ne a okametse sekema sa ntlha se segolo sa tlhabololo ya metsi sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland , a dira gore go epiwe metswedi ya metsi e le lesomethataro, mme di le supa tsa tsone di ne tsa nna ditlamelo tsa metsi tse di atlegileng. Tse e ne tsa tlwaelega thata mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang fa puso ya Borithane e ne e kgatlhegela go atolosa itsholelo ya tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;70.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930, Isang Pilane le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana ba ne ba dira gore dikhuti di nne tse di hapegileng, ka gonne di ne di sa tlhokomelwe ka fa tlase ga bong jo bo kopanetsweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], pp.&#x20;699–700.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya nna teng mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1930, ya bolaya go feta karolo ya masome a marataro mo lekgolong ya dikgomo tsa tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne ya tsaya karolo e e matlhagatlhaga mo pusong ya tshireletso go simolola ka ngwaga wa 1930.<ref name=":47">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;58.</ref><ref name=":41" />Mo ngwageng oo, e ne ya simolola go tlamela ka matlole ka tlhamalalo go tshireletso.<ref name=":48">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Charles Rey o ne a tlhomiwa go nna molaodi wa Moagi wa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, mme o ne a na le maikarabelo a go rulaganya itsholelo sešwa go dikologa dikgomo tsa go romelwa kwa ntle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;55–56.</ref> Maiteko a go fetola tshireletso go ya kwa tlhabololong ya meepo le temothuo ya kgwebo a ne a lekwa mme a bona a kgarametswa morago go tswa mo dikgosing.<ref name=":37" /> Molaodi wa Moagi Rey o ne a thulana le kgosi Sebele wa bobedi, mme a dira gore a lelekwe ka 1931. Sebele II o ne a emisediwa ka morwarraagwe yo mmotlana, Kgari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dikgato tse dingwe di ne tsa lekwa ke puso ya Borithane ka 1934 go thibela maatla a a sa laolweng a dikgosi morago ga go menolwa ga ga Sebele II. Dikgato tseno di ne tsa laela makgotla a bagakolodi a dikgosi di neng di tshwanetse go buisana le one mme di ne di batla gore puso ya Borithane e newe phitlhelelo ya direkoto tsa kgotlatshekelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;69–70.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;49.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Bathoen_II|Bathoen wa bobedi]] wa Ngwaketse le moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao mo maitekong a. Le fa kgotlatshekelo ya Borithane e ne ya atlhola kgatlhanong le kgwetlho, dipholisi tse dišwa ga di ise di ko di tsenngwe tirisong ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;72–73.</ref><ref name=":49">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Dithibelo tse dingwe di ne tsa amogelwa ka kgoeletso ya bokoloniale go lekanyetsa bokgoni jwa dikgosi go lefisa makgetho le go gapa dikgomo tse di timetseng.<ref name=":39" /> Molaodi yo mošwa wa baagi, [[:en:Charles_Arden-Clarke|Charles Arden-Clarke]], o ne a tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1936 mme a dira gaufi le dikgosi.<ref name=":49" /> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe II === Dipoifo tsa tlhaselo ya Jeremane kwa Bechuanaland di ne tsa gola pele ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi ka ntlha ya boemo jwa yone jwa togamaano fa gare ga dikoloni tsa Boritane tse di fa gare le tse di kwa borwa mo Aforika. Malatsi a le lesome le bongwe pele ga ntwa e itsisiwe, puso ya Borithane e ne ya tlhagisa naga e e sireleditsweng gore e nne e le mo seemong se se siameng, mme masole a sesole a ne a rulaganngwa. Malatsi a le manè morago ga gore Borithane e bolele ntwa kgatlhanong le lefatshe la Germany, Molaodi wa Moagi Arden-Clarke o ne a tshwara kopano le dikgosi kwa ba neng ba solofetsa go tshegetsa maiteko a ntwa ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> Letsatsi le le latelang, khomišene e kgolo e ne ya ntsha kgoeletso ya [[:en:Emergency_powers|dithata tsa tshoganyetso]] tse di neng tsa e fa taolo e e feletseng mo tirong ya setšhaba mo tshireletsong, fela dikgosi di ne tsa itsisiwe gore di tla nna le maikarabelo a bontsi jwa tiragatso le go boloka kagiso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;33–34.</ref> Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi di ne di batlile go se go nne le tshusumetso epe mo bathong ba Bechuanaland, mme bontsi bo ne bo na le kakanyo e e sa tlhamalalang fela ya gore ntwa e ne e le teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya ngotlega fa palo e kgolo ya baagi ba basweu ba ne ba ikwadisa mo Sesoleng sa Boritane. Ba ba neng ba setse ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo mo thulaganyong ya tshireletsego fa go ka direga gore borwa jwa Aforika bo nne letlhakore le lengwe mo ntweng.<ref name=":50">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;35.</ref> Kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa dikgosi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya rotloetsa Batswana ba ba neng ba eletsa go direla le Sesole sa Borithane go ikwadisa le Sesole sa Batswana sa Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Banna ba Batswana ba ka nna makgolo a supa ba ne ba ikwadisa le setlhopha seno.<ref name=":51">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Go tlhokomela Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland go ne ga nna selo se se kwa tlase mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya Kwelotlase e Kgolo ya itsholelo le Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi,<ref name=":41" /> mme tshireletso ga e a ka ya amogela matlole ape go tswa kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":48" /> Mmusomogolo wa Borithane o ne o na le taolo e nnye mo Bechuanaland fa o bapisiwa le dikgaolo tsa one tse dingwe, mme maiteko a Borithane a go laola tlhagiso ya nako ya ntwa mo tshireletsong a ne a sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;124.</ref> Ntwa e ne ya fetola thata itsholelo ya tshireletso fa e ntse e tswelela, ya tlhagisa tlhaelo, go aba dijo, le ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> [[:en:Profiteering|Go dira dipoelo]] le go [[:en:Price_gouging|fokotsa ditlhwatlhwa]] go ne go tlwaelesegile, mme puso ya bokoloniale, e e neng e sa kgone go gagamatsa [[:en:Price_control|ditaolo tsa ditlhwatlhwa]], e ne ya dirisa [[:en:Gentlemen's_agreement|ditumalano tsa banna]] le bagwebi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;138.</ref> Makgetho a ne a tlhatlosiwa mme mananeo a Letlole la Tlhabololo ya Bokoloniale di ne tsa fokodiwa kwa tshimologong ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi go tlhoma boipuso jwa matlole go tswa mo mmusomogolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;125–126.</ref> Kgoeletso ya Taolo ya Madirelo a Leruo ya ntlha ya ngwaga wa 1940 e ne ya fetisiwa go duedisa dikgomo lekgetho, madirelo a a magolo a tshireletso, mme fela e ne ya kopana le kganetso e e boitshegang go tswa kwa Batswaneng le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la kaorolokgolong ya lefatsa ya Europe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> Letlole la ntwa le ne le dira kwa Bechuanaland, mme le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le solohetse gore meneelo e nne ya boithaopo, dikgosi di ne tsa dirisa taolo ya tsone mo merafeng ya tsone go pateletsa meneelo. E ne ya emisediwa ka lekgetho ka ngwaga wa1941, fela se se ne se sa ratwe thata mme sa itshupa se le thata go se diragatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;128–131.</ref> === Botsayakarolo jwa Batswana mo Ntweng ya Lefatshe II === [[Setshwantsho:Bechuanaland Boys cleaning Aa Guns in the Twilight after Action, Syracuse, Sicily Art.IWMARTLD4576.jpg|thumb|Basimane ba Bechuanaland ba phepafatsa Ditlhobolo tsa Aa mo Lefifing morago ga Tiragalo, Syracuse, Sicily, tiro ya botaki ya 1944 e e dirilweng ke [[:en:Leslie_Cole_(artist)|Leslie Cole]]]] Go thapiwa ga sesole go simolotse kwa Bechuanaland ka ngwaga wa 1941.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;34–35.</ref> Banna ba ka nna dikete tse tlhano le makgolo a matlhano ba ne ba katisiwa mme ba romelwa kwa ntweng mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse thataro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Banna ba bangwe ba Batswana ba le dikete tse tlhano ba ne ba tsenelela ntwa ka ngwaga wa 1942.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ka kakaretso, masole a ka nna dikete tse lesome le bongwe go tswa kwa Bechuanaland a ne a lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":50" /> Ba feta dikete tse lesome ba bone ba ne ba direla mo Sesoleng sa Boritane sa [[:en:African_Auxiliary_Pioneer_Corps|Babulatsela ba ba Thusang ba Aforika]].<ref name=":51" /> Dikgosi ka tlwaelo di ne di na le tshwanelo ya go [[:en:Conscript|kwadisa]] masole, mme di ne di itlhokomolosa dikeletso tsa puso ya bokoloniale tsa gore tirelo ya sesole e nne ya boithaopo gotlhelele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;44–46.</ref> Moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato o ne a dira gore a se ka a ratwa ke batho ka go dirisa go tsenngwa mo sesoleng jaaka sedirisiwa sa taolo, a go dirisa sebetsa go didimatsa batshwayadiphoso le baganetsi ba sepolotiki.<ref name=":52">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Banna ba ba neng ba eletsa go tila go tsenela bosole ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Aforika Borwa kgotsa kwa mafelong a a kgakala jaaka metlhaba ya [[:en:Okavango_Delta|noka e phatlallang ya Okavango]] le [[:en:Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park|sekgwa sa Kgalagadi]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;47.</ref> Ba bangwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgato tsa go itlhokomela ka bonako, jaaka go epa dikhutsi fa bathapi ba ne ba etela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di eletsa go dirisa go tsaya karolo ga tsone mo ntweng go bona ditshwanelo tse dingwe mo teng ga Mmusomogolo wa Borithane, mme di ne di tshaba gore go fenngwa ga Borithane go tla ba dira babusiwa ba Jeremane kgotsa Aforika Borwa, e leng phelelo e ba neng ba eletsa go e tila.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;39–40.</ref> Maiteko a ntwa gape e ne e le tshono ya go busetsa banna ba Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugetse kwa Aforika Borwa go ya go dira ditiro tsa meepo; dikgosi di ne di eletsa go fedisa mokgwa o mme di ne di ikutlwa di ka dira jalo ka go neelana ka ditiro tsa sesole.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;41–43.</ref> Dituelo dingwe tsa sesole di ne tsa diegisiwa go malapa a masole, mme ditekanyetso tsa thomelo kwa ntle di ne tsa tlosiwa ka nako ya ntwa, mme tsa baka go tsena ga madi kwa Bechuanaland.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;133.</ref> Fa go bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tse di mo Mmusong wa Boritane, batho ba Bechuanaland ba ne ba amogela ntwa eo. Batswana ba le bantsi ba ne ba na le maikutlo a boikanyegi mo mmusomogolong kgotsa ba ikutlwa gore dikgatlhego tsa bone di a tsamaisana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;36–37.</ref> Dikgosi dingwe, jaaka [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|Kgari Sechele]] [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|wa bobedi]] wa kwa ga Kwena le Molefi Pilane wa ga Kgatla, ba ne ba ikwadisa ka sebele. Ba ne ba dira jaaka disajene tse dikgolo tsa masole, e leng maemo a a kwa godimo a a neng a le teng mo Batswaneng.<ref name=":52" /> Go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya letlelela Batswana go nna le diteseletso tsa kgwebo le go dira mo teng ga naga e e sireleditsweng. Se pele se ne se lekanyeditswe batho basweu le makula.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;135.</ref> Setlhopha sa Dikgaolo tsa Dikhomišene tse di Kwa Godimo se ne se le kwa Botlhabagare go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1946 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1949.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> === Mokgatlho wa boipuso === [[Setshwantsho:1960 6d Bechuanaland Protectorate stamp.jpg|thumb|Setempe sa ngwaga wa 1960 sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland se se nang le ditshwantsho tsa ga [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Kgosigadi Victoria]] le [[:en:Elizabeth_II|Elizabeth wa bobedi]], dikgosi tsa ntlha le tsa bofelo tsa Borithane tsa tshireletso .]] Bokhutlo jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi bo ne jwa tla ka phetogo e kgolo mo setšhabeng. Dikgosi di ne tsa bonwa di se botlhokwa thata mo sebopegong sa loago, mme bontsi bo ne jwa tlogela dipolelo tsa bone tsa lefatshe lotlhe mo dikgomong tsa merafe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;51.</ref> Didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa setšhaba, jaaka lefatshe le badiri, di ne tsa dirwa tse di hapegileng le go dirwa dithoto.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;52.</ref> Phitlhelelo ya thuto e ne ya tlhola setlhopha sa batlhalefi ba ba [[:en:Liberalism|gololesegileng]] ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le puso ya dikgosi mme ba simolola go ipopela mafelo a bone a maatla mo mekgatlhong ya badiri le ditlhopha tsa baagi.<ref name=":63">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;165.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1946, ke karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong fela ya paoyotlhe ya baagi e e neng e na le tiro kwa ntle ga temothuo le ditirelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya bona koketsego e kgolo ya dikelo tsa matsalo jaaka karolo ya bogare jwa [[:en:Mid-20th_century_baby_boom|ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi wa go tlhatloga ga masea]] mo dingwageng tsa morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, e e neng e tsamaya le koketsego ya [[:en:Life_expectancy|dingwaga tsa botshelo]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e simolotse lenaneo la yone la ntlha ya tlhabololo mo tshireletsong, e leng lefelo la matlhabelo, ka dingwaga tsa bo ka ngwaga wa 1950.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;81.</ref> Maborithane, a santse a solofetse go kopanya tshireletso go nna Aforika Borwa, kwa bofelong a ne a phimola leano le morago ga tshimologo ya [[:en:Apartheid|Tlhaolele]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref>Fa maiteko a simolola go tlhama tsela e ntšhwa ya isago ya tshireletso, tshireletso e ne ya bewa mo seemong sa go tlhoka maitseo, mme ga go na tsela ya go ya pele e e neng e bonala sentle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], pp.&#x20;672–673.</ref> Tshitshinyo nngwe e ne e le go e tsenya mo [[:en:Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland|Mokgatlhong wa Rhodesia le Nyasaland]], o lefatshe la United Kingdom e o tlhamileng ka fa tlase ga pholisi ya "tirisanommogo ya merafe e mentsi".<ref>Parsons 2006, p.&#x20;673.</ref> Fa mojaboswa wa Ngwato Seretse Khama a gola, mmusi Tshekedi Khama o ne a leka go tshwarelela mo pusong.<ref name=":53">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;696.</ref> Seretse o ne a nyala mosadi wa mosweu, [[:en:Ruth_Williams_Khama|Ruth Williams]], fa a ne a ithuta kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom, mme se sa baka matlhabisa ditlhong mo lelapeng la segosi la ga Ngwato.<ref name=":46" /> Le fa kwa tshimologong setšhaba se ne se le kgatlhanong le lenyalo le, go sa ratweng ga ga Tshekedi go ne ga fetola maikutlo a Seretse.<ref name=":47" /> Kgang e ne ya tlhagisiwa mo kgotleng ka ngwaga wa 1949, mme puso ya ga Tshekedi e ne ya ganwa ka bontsi ke diketekete tsa batho ba ba neng ba le teng.<ref name=":53" /><ref name=":47" /> Tshekedi le batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Kwena kwa botshabelo.<ref name=":54">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Puso ya makgowa e ne e sa itshokele lenyalo la ga Seretse le mosadi yo mosweu. Ka maiteko a go ritibatsa puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, e ne ya leleka banyalani ba mo pusong ya tshireletso ka ngwaga wa 1950. Se se ne sa tsosa mokgatlho wa bosetšhaba o o neng o gola mo gare ga baemanokeng ba ga Seretse mo pusong ya tshireletso, o o neng wa tlhagelela ka botlalo ka ngwaga wa 1952.<ref name=":37" /> Ka nako ya fa Seretse a ne a seyo, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la baya molaodi wa kgaolo dingwaga di le nne pele ga e tlhoma Rasebolai Kgamane, motshegetsi wa ga Tshekedi, go nna moemedi.<ref name=":54" /> Morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tsuologela go lelekwa ga ga Seretse.<ref name=":55">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;53.</ref> Batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba kopa gore a bowe, mme go ne ga tsoga dikhuduego fa ba ne ba ganwa. Seretse o ne a feleletsa a letleletswe go boa ka ngwaga wa1956.<ref name=":56">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Ka nako e, kgaogano e e gagametseng ya merafe mo Aforika Borwa ya Tlhaolele e ne ya thibela lefatshe la United Kingdom go e ritibatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;200.</ref> Mo nakong yotlhe ya mathata a go lelekwa ga ga Seretse, maatla a ne a tlogela bogosi mme a ya kwa mekgatlhong ya ditlhopho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;91.</ref> Tshekedi le Seretse ba ne ba dira kagiso fa Seretse a boa, mme Seretse a nna moeteledipele wa ''nnete'' wa Ngwato, le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le mo thibetse go nna kgosi ya semmuso.<ref name=":56" /> Ka thotloetso ya Borithane, morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tlhama lekgotla la morafe, le Seretse le Tshekedi ka bobedi e neng e le maloko a lone.<ref name=":55" /> Merafe e mengwe e ne ya tlhoma makgotla a merafe a a tshwanang, a a neng a dira jaaka ditšheke tsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Go ne ga sala letlhoo lengwe fa gare ga banna ba babedi ba: Tshekedi o ne a eletsa go boloka puso ya morafe le maatla a dikgosi, fa Seretse ene a ne a akanya ka puso ya batho ka batho ya boemedi le dikgosi tse di bokoa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;91–92.</ref> Selekanyo sa maatla a a beeleditsweng mo dikgosing e ne ya nna kgang e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata mo mokgatlhong wa boipuso o o neng o gola, bogolosegolo mo bathong ba ga Ngwato le ba lelapa la ga Khama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;93–94.</ref> Bechuanaland Protectorate Federal Party e ne e le lekoko la ntlha la sepolotiki le le neng la tlhamiwa mo kgaolong ya tshireletso fa le ne le tlhamiwa ke moeteledipele wa mokgatlo wa Ngwato [[:en:Leetile_Disang_Raditladi|Leetile Disang Raditladi]] ka ngwaga wa 1959. Le bopilwe thata ke batho ba maemo le batlhalefi, le ne le buelela kopano ya merafe ya Batswana. Lekoko le ne la palelwa ke go bona tshegetso mme la nna lobaka lo lokhutshwane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;94.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, [[:en:Bechuanaland_People's_Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] (BPP, moragonyana Lekoko la Batho la Botswana) le ne la tlhamiwa jaaka lekoko le le bogale thata, le le ganetsanang le puso ya merafe ya setso mme la bona boikuelo mo badiring ba bafaladi.<ref name=":57">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> E ne e eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Motsamai_Mpho|Motsamai Mpho]], [[:en:Philip_Matante|Philip Matante]], le Kgalemang Morsete.<ref name=":58">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xviii.</ref> BPP, e e neng ya tlhamiwa jaaka molekane wa Setswana wa lekoko la [[:en:African_National_Congress|African National Congress]] la Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":59">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;74.</ref> e ne ya tshegetsa boipuso jwa ka bonako le go fedisiwa gotlhelele ga bogosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Ka go tshaba gore BPP e tla nyatsa puso e e leng teng le go tshuba dikgotlhang le puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, dikgosi le puso ya Borithane di ne tsa thibela bokgoni jwa yona jwa go kopana.<ref name=":57" /> Merafe ya tshireletso mmogo e ne ya bopa lekgotla la peomolao ka ngwaga wa 1961.<ref name=":37" /> Batho ba Kwena ba ne ba iphitlhela ba le ka fa tlase ga moemedi, [[:en:Neale_Sechele|Neale Sechele]], ka ngwaga wa 1963, se se rayang gore ba ne ba na le tlhotlheletso e nnye ya sepolotiki fa mokgatlho wa boipuso o ntse o gola.<ref name=":60">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;102.</ref> Leano la Tlhabololo la Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland la dingwaga tsa 1963/1968 le ne la kwalwa ka thulaganyo ya dipuisano ka ngwaga wa 1963, le tlhama tlhaloso ya boipuso jwa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;26–27.</ref> Fa palo ya batho e ne ba sa dire sepe mo dipolotiking ka kakaretso, lefatshe la United Kingdom e ne ya nna nngwe ya mafatshe a a neng a etelela pele go bona boipuso. Ka go tshwenyega gore lekoko la BPP e ne e le e e tseneletseng thata, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa moeteledipele wa yone yo o mo ratang, Seretse Khama, go tlhama lekoko la sepolotiki.<ref name=":59" /> Le fa Khama a ne a dumalana le mekgwa ya lekoko la BPP e e kgatlhanong le bosemorafe le ya lefatshe, o ne a le kgatlhanong le tsela ya yone ya go tlhoma dipolotiki le go amogela ga yone bojammogo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;96.</ref>O ne a dumela go tlogela go bolela ga gagwe mo bathong ba ga Ngwato go dira jaaka radipolotiki, a tlhama [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Lekoko la]] [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|puso ya batho ka batho la Bechuanaland]] (BDP, moragonyana ya nna lekoko la Botswana Democratic ) ka ngwaga wa 1962.<ref name=":59" /> Lekoko la BDP e ne ya itlhoma jaaka "lekoko la dikgosi", mme ya amogela dikakanyo tse di amanang le puso ya merafe ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref name=":30" /> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa lekoko la BDP, le tlhaloganya gore le tla tshegetsa kgwebisano ya leruo ya motlha wa bokoloniale.<ref name=":73">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;149.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1963, kgosi ya Kgatla Linchwe e ne e le ene fela kgosi e e neng e le kgatlhanong le BDP e bile e na le tlhotlheletso ya sepolotiki, mme batho ba Kgatla ba ne ba rata lekoko la BDP, ka jalo o ne a nna a sa tsenelele mo dipolotiking.<ref name=":60" /> Thulaganyo ya phetogo e ne ya simolola ka lekoko la BDP e ne e solofetswe go busa Botswana yo o ikemetseng, mme puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya bereka le boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BDP go ba baakanyetsa go tsamaisa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Go ne ga tshwarwa bokopano ka ngwaga wa 1963 go okamela go tlhamiwa ga molaotheo o mosha. Dikgotlhang tsa ka fa gare ga lekoko la BPP di ne di raya gore lekoko la BDP e ne e na le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo thulaganyong. Tshekedi Khama o ne a tlhokafetse ka nako e, ka jalo Bathoen wa bobedi o ne a nna moeteledipele wa lekoko le le neng le ema nokeng puso ya bofederale, a dumela gore le tla boloka puso e le mo diatleng tsa dikgosi. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le boradipolotiki ba Batswana ba ne ba tshegetsa puso ya bosetšhaba e e kopaneng ka gonne Botswana e ne e humanegile thata go ka kgaoganya dithoto tsa yona le ka gonne go tlhoka go kopanya dithoto go ne go tla dira gore e nne mo kotsing ya go tlhaselwa ke merafe e mengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Puso ya dikgaolo e e itsholetseng e ne ya itshupa e sa kgonege mo dipolotiking, ka jalo go ne ga dirwa tumalano ya gore dikgosi di tla bopa Ntlo ya Dikgosi, e leng setlhopha sa bagakolodi mo teng ga [[:en:Parliament_of_Botswana|Palamente ya Botswana]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;98–99.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di santse di le kgatlhanong le thulaganyo e, mme mo mokgatlhong o o neng o eteletswe pele ke Bathoen, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya fetisa tlhopo ya [[:en:No_confidence|go sa tshepe]] puso e ntšhwa, mme fela go tlhoka maatla a yone a sepolotiki go ne ga e thibela go dirisa phetogo e e nang le bokao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Molao wa Lekgotla la Kgaolo o ne wa fetisiwa jaaka tsela e nngwe ya go lekanyetsa maatla a dikgosi ka go tlhama makgotla a a tla okamelang kgaolo le toropo nngwe le nngwe,<ref name=":58" /> go dira gore mekgatlho e e tlhophilweng e e nne balaodi ba konokono ba selegae.<ref name=":64">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Toropo ya [[:en:Gaborone|Gaborone]] e agilwe ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme ya itsisiwe jaaka motsemogolo o mošwa.<ref name=":59" /> E agilwe mo lefatsheng la puso ya Borithane, le le neng le tlamela ka lefelo le le sa tseyeng letlhakore le le neng le sa laolwe ke morafe ope .<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;16.</ref> [[:en:Constitution_of_Botswana|Molamotheo]] o ne wa tsenngwa tirisong ka one ngwaga oo.<ref name=":59" /> Ka se se tirisong, Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la fa tshireletso puso ya go ipusa.<ref name=":61">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;116.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1965 gape e ne ya bona go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Dikgotla tsa Dikgaolo o o neng wa fetola seabe sa bokoloniale sa molaodi wa kgaolo ka go se bofa mo makgotleng a dikgaolo a a sa tswang go tlhamiwa,<ref name=":74">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> mme wa bona go tlhongwa ga Banka ya Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba e e neng e le ya puso.<ref name=":75">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Mpho o ne a kgaogana le lekoko la BPP go tlhama Lekoko la Boipuso la Bechuanaland (BIP) ka ngwaga wa 1965.<ref name=":62">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> E eteletswe pele ke Seretse Khama le [[:en:Quett_Masire|Quett Masire]], lekoko la BDP le ne la dira letsholo mo e ka nnang mo motseng mongwe le mongwe wa kgaolo ya tshireletso pele ga ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kakaretso. Go farologana le batho ba bangwe ba sepolotiki kwa Bechuanaland, Seretse Khama o ne a na le boikuelo go ralala merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":60" /> Morago ga moo lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhophiwa go etelela puso ya ntlha pele.<ref name=":61" /> Lekoko la BPP le ne la gapa manno a le mararo fela mo lekgotleng la peomolao, mme lekoko la BIP le ne la palelwa ke go gapa epe.<ref name=":62" /> Morago ga ditlhopho, go ne ga tlhamiwa lekoko la [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|Botswana]] [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|National Front]] (BNF) jaaka lekoko le le kopaneng la kganetso ya BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Kenneth_Koma|Kenneth Koma]], lekoko la BNF le ne la nna mmaba yo mogolo wa lekoko la BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;109.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;31–33.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhopha Khama go nna tonakgolo ya naga.<ref name=":65">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;204.</ref>Go farologana le makoko a mantsi a sepolotiki a a tlhomilweng mo Aforika, BDP e ne e le lekoko le le itekanetseng le le sa fetogeng go na le go nna lekoko le le kgatlhanong le bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;711.</ref> Morago ga go tlhamiwa ga yona, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya ntsha tlhopo ya go sa tshepe molaotheo ka ngwaga wa 1966, mme se sa dira gore go nne le letsholo la bosetšhaba la go tshegetsa molaotheo le le neng la bona tshegetso e e lekaneng gore dikgosi di fedise maiteko a tsone a go o gwetlha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;100–101.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya newa boipuso jaaka Rephaboliki ya Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966.<ref name=":61" /> == Repaboliki ya Botswana == [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Independence, 1966.png|thumb|[[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] a ikanisa maikano a go nna Tautona wa ntlha wa Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966]] Boipuso jwa Botswana bo ne bo kaya go tsenngwa tirisong ga puso ya batho le batho e e gololesegileng, go tlisa ditlhopho, tshireletso ya ditshwanelo tsa batho, le tirelosetšhaba.<ref name=":64" /> Se se ne sa dira gore go nne le thulaganyo ya go tlhatlosiwa maemo e e ikaegileng ka bokgoni le go tlhamiwa ga tsamaiso ya puso ya maranyane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref>Setšhaba se ne sa bopa puso e e neng e fetotswe go tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]],<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;23–24.</ref> mme Tonakgolo Seretse Khama a nna Moporesidente Seretse Khama.<ref name=":65" /> Go ne ga tlhamiwa boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba, jwa kopanya merafe e e sa tshwaneng mo letshwaong le le lengwe la Setswana, ka ngwao e e ikaegileng ka ya merafe ya Setswana.<ref name=":80">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNyamnjoh2007|Nyamnjoh 2007]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Botswana e ne ya boloka bontsi jwa ditheo tsa yone tsa merafe tsa pele ga bokoloniale morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;54.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Se e ne e le ditlamorago tsa puso e e nonofileng e e neng e amana le merafe ya Batswana le tsereganyo e e lekanyeditsweng ya puso ya Borithane mo dinakong tsa bokoloniale.<ref name=":34" /> Mofuta wa go buisana wa dipolotiki tsa setšhaba pele le morago ga boipuso e ne e le mokgwa o o sa tlwaelesegang mo merafeng e mengwe e mentsi ya Aforika e e neng ya nna le babusaesi morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;30, 56.</ref> Go na le go fedisa bogosi, puso e ntšhwa e ne ya bo tsenya mo tsamaisong ya semolao, ya fa dikgosi dithata tsa boatlhodi ka ''kgotla'', go ikaegile ka dikgotlatshekelo tsa boikuelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe]] 2012, p.&#x20;36.</ref>Tlwaelo ya go ikobela boeteledipele, e e kileng ya fiwa dikgosi, e ne ya sutela kwa botautoneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;30.</ref> Puso e ne ya tiisa go tlhomama ga yona ka go thapa tirelosetšhaba ya yone ka baitseanape b<ref name=":66">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref>a dinaga di sele, go farologana le dinaga tse dingwe tse dišwa tsa Aforika tse gantsi di neng di leleka baitseanape ba dinaga di sele.<ref name=":67">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref name=":68">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;105.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;59.</ref> Se se ne sa boloka puso ya mofuta wa Bophirima e e neng e gatelela tlhabololo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;259.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go tlamela Botswana ka matlole mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse tlhano tsa go nna teng ga yone.<ref name=":61" /> Maemo a yone a kagiso, a puso ya batho ka batho fa a bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tsa Aforika a ne a raya gore e ne ya amogela thuso e ntsi go tswa mo mekgatlhong ya Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;255.</ref> Ka nako ya boipuso, Botswana e ne e le setšhaba se se humanegileng thata, go feta bontsi jwa dinaga tse dingwe mo Aforika.<ref name=":69">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;104.</ref><ref name=":66" /> E ne e sena badiri ba ba rutegileng, ka baagi ba le masome a mane fela ba ba nang le ditlankana tse di hagodimo tsa mmadikolo, mme go ne go sena ditlamelo tse di itsegeng tsa metswedi ya tlholego go tshegetsa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;62, 64.</ref> Botswana e ne e ikaegile ka puso ya Tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa go fitlhelela setšhaba sa lefatshe, mme bontsi jwa badiri ba Botswana e ne e le badiri ba bafaladi mo Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Botswana e ne ya tsena mo ntweng e e tlhamaletseng le Rhodesia, e e neng ya baka dintwa tsa sesole go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1978.<ref name=":63" /> Go nna le seabe mo go lekanyeditsweng ga Borithane go ne go kaya gore go ne go se na tlhabololo e ntsi fa e sale ka nako ya bokoloniale.<ref name=":69" /><ref name=":70">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;160.</ref> Bokgoni jwa go bala le go kwala e ne e le selekanyo sa karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong, mme go ne go na le dikilometara di le lesome fela tsa tsela e e tshetsweng.<ref name=":69" /> Mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a robangbongwe ya baagi e ne e le mo [[:en:Abject_poverty|lehumeng le le tseneletseng]],<ref name=":70" /> mme bontsi jwa baagi e ne e le balemibarui ba dikgomo kgotsa [[:en:Subsistence_farmers|balemibarui ba ba itshidisang]].<ref name=":71">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Fa setšhaba se fitlhelela boipuso, komelelo e e masisi e ne ya fedisa karolo ya masome amarao go fihlela masome a matlhano mo lekgolong ya palo ya dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa Batswana ba ne ba ikaegile ka [[:en:World_Food_Programme|Lenaneo la Dijo la Lefatshe]] go tila tlala.<ref name=":81">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;220.</ref> Ditšhaba tse dingwe di ne di na le ditsholofelo tse di kwa tlase mo Botswana, mme mo Aforika yotlhe e ne e bonwa jaaka [[:en:Bantustan|Bantustan]] ya Tlhaolele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;1.</ref> Kamano e le Tlhaolele gape e ne e le ntlha ya katlego ya Botswana jaaka setšhaba se se ikemetseng: boeteledipele jwa Batswana bo ne bo eletsa go tila phelelo e e tshwanang le ya Aforika Borwa fa setšhaba se ka palelwa, mme dikgolagano tsa dikgang tsa mafatshe fatshe tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa le Bophirima go thibela go tsenngwa ke Aforika Borwa di ne di raya gore Botswana o ne a tshepa thata dinaga tsa Bophirima go amogela thuso le thato ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;76–77.</ref> Boeteledipele jwa ntlha jwa Botswana bo ne bo laolwa ke malapa a merafe e e busang mmogo le palo e nnye ya badiredipuso ba ba rutegileng thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;6.</ref> Go tshwana ga bona ga itsholelo le dikgopolo go ne go raya gore puso e nne e tlhomame kwa ntle ga dintwa tsa sepolotiki.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;71.</ref> Le fa Bathoen a ne a tlogela maemo a gagwe a go nna kgosi go ya go dira dipolotiki, bontsi jwa dikgosi tse dingwe di ne tsa amogela maatla a tsona a a fokoditsweng a sepolotiki mo pusong e ntšhwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;56–57.</ref> Tiro e nngwe ya dikgosi e ne e laolwa ke Molao wa Bogosi wa ngwaga ya 1966.<ref name=":92">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;140.</ref> Go tlhoka bonweenwee go ne ga dira gore puso e nne semolao thata mme ya ratwa ke balekane ba Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;166.</ref> Go farologana le bontsi jwa merafe e e sa tswang go tlhamiwa ya Aforika, bontsi jwa boeteledipele bo ne bo tswa mo setšhabeng sa temothuo, go kaya gore dikgatlhego tsa bona di ne di tsamaisana le bontsi.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":71" /> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa go boloka dipholisi tsa motlha wa bokoloniale tse di neng di solegela barui ba dikgomo molemo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;75.</ref> Setlhopa sa semmuso sa Nama ya Botswana se ne sa tlhamiwa go laola madirelo a nama ya kgomo.<ref name=":58" /> Boikuelo jwa lekoko la BDP jwa merafe yotlhe le kgatlhego e e kopanetsweng ya go tlhoma boipuso di ne tsa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa gape go dira mo dikgatlhegelong tsa bontsi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref> Ditlhopha tse dinnye tsa baagi ba basweu di ne tsa sala mo nageng mme tsa ganetsa boipuso jwa yone.<ref name=":63" /> Le fa moragonyana di ne di tla nna botlhokwa mo tlhabololong ya Botswana, ditshwanelo tsa ditswammung di ne tsa fiwa botlhokwa jo bo kwa tlase fa di bona boipuso, mme merafe e ne ya di fetisetsa kwa pusong ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1967.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;103–104.</ref> === Puso ya ga Seretse Khama === Khama o ne a ratwa ke batho botlhe mme a bonwa e le moeteledipele wa tlholego wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;202–203.</ref> Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya tsenya tirisong maano a a neng a lebisitswe mo go tlhameng mafaratlhatlha le dithoto tsa setšhaba, bogolosegolo go tsenya tshela ditsela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;111.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;86.</ref> O ne a simolola go aga dikolo, matlhabelo le dikhuti tse di neng tsa tswelela mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. Lefatshe le le nang le banni la Batswana le Basarwa le ne la dirisiwa go aga mesima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;219.</ref> Tlhabololo e ne ya tla ka tshenyegelo ya kgwebo le tlhagiso, e e neng e lekanyeditswe go tlamela ka matlole a leruo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004,]] p.&#x20;164.</ref> Go ne ga tlhongwa mogopolo thata mo go otla dikgomo le go aga matlhabelo go rotloetsa madirelo a nama ya kgomo mo gare ga go tlhoka metsi. <ref name=":82">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;205.</ref>[[:en:Public_welfare|Mananeo a katlaatleloloago]] le one a ne a tlhongwa.<ref name=":67" /> Go ribololwa ga ditaemane go ne ga netefatsa gore mananeo a a bona madi a a lekaneng.<ref name=":72">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Dipeeletso tse le mokgwa o o sa fetogeng wa go somarela madi a puso di ne tsa thibela boemo jwa [[:en:Dutch_disease|bolwetse jwa Dutch]] jo bo neng jwa golafatsa dinaga tse dingwe tsa Aforika tse di neng di tletse ka didirisiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;4.</ref> Thuto e ne ya atolosiwa mo setšhabeng sotlhe, mme puo ya Setswana e ne ya lekanngwa mmogo le Seesemane ka go latlhegelwa ke dipuo tse dingwe.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":68" /> Khama o ne a siamisa seo jaaka tsela ya go fitlhelela kutlwano.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;228.</ref> Quett Masire o ne a dira jaaka Mothusa tautona ka fa tlase ga ga Seretse Khama mmogo le Tona ya tsa madi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> O ne a laola tekanyetsokabo ya lefatshe le tiriso ya madi ka go tlhama motseletsele wa Maano a Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba, go ikaegilwe ka kamogelo ya Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba le Komiti ya itsholelo ya Kabinete.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Dipoeletso tsa maano a di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya molao wa semmuso ya puso morago ga gore batlhatlhami ba ga Khama le Masire ba tsene mo maemong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;171.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, ditaemane di ne tsa fitlhellwa kwa Botswana ke setlamo sa Aforika Borwa sa ditaemane sa [[:en:De_Beers|De Beers]], mme ditiro di ne tsa simolola ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref name=":76">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;110.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;61.</ref> Dipeeletso tsa kopore di ne tsa fitlhelwa kwa [[:en:Selebi-Phikwe|Selebi-Phikwe]] ka ngwaga oo, mme se sa senola gape khumo ya ditswammung tsa setšhaba.<ref name=":58" /> Puso e ne ya dirisana le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1969 go dira ditiro tse dikgolo tsa meepo ya ditaemane,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> mme e ne ya amega mo dipuisanong sešwa tsa [[:en:Southern_African_Customs_Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa]] ka one ngwaga oo go tokafatsa thata maatla a yone a itsholelo mo kgaolong.<ref name=":77">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;65.</ref> Moepo mongwe kwa [[:en:Morupule|Morupule]] o ne wa simolola go ntsha magala ka ngwaga wa 1973, mme wa tlamela setšhaba ka karolo e kgolo ya motlakase.<ref name=":78">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xix.</ref> [[:en:Orapa_diamond_mine|Moepo wa ditaemane wa Orapa]] o ne wa bulwa kwa Orapa ka ngwaga wa 1971, mme go ne ga tlomamisiwia tumalano ya go abelana lotseno fa gare ga puso le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1974.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;125.</ref> Moragonyana Masire o ne a netefatsa gore De Beers e ne e tshegeditse dikgwebo tsa gagwe tse di hapegileng ka madi, mme se sa dira gore go akanyediwe gore setlamo se ka tswa se amogetse tumalano e e mosola mo kgannyeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;129–130.</ref> Molao wa Metsi le Molao wa ditsha tsa Morafe di ne tsa tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1968, mme tsa tlhama lekgotla la Kabo ya Metsi le lekgotla tsa naga di le lesome le bobedi, ka go latelana. Tse di ne di okametse kabo ya ditshwanelo tsa metsi le lefatshe ke puso go na le ka go nna mong wa morafe mongwe le mongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;76.</ref> Ka se, ba ne ba tsenya dithata tsa setso tsa dikgosi.<ref name=":74" /> Molao wa Mafatshe a Phulo a Merafe e ne ya tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1975 go thibela [[:en:Overgrazing|phulo e e feteletseng]], mme fela e ne ya itshupa e sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;67.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;173.</ref> Tota e bile, e ne e letla baagi ba ba humileng go kopa ditsha tse dikgolo tsa dikgomo ka tshenyegelo ya baagi ba ba sa humang thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Ditlhopho tsa ntlha morago ga boipuso di ne tsa diragala ka ngwaga wa 1969.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la dira maswe go le gonnye fa e bapisiwa le tiragatso ya yona ya ngwaga wa 1965, mme mothusa tautona Masire o ne a latlhegelwa ke setilo sa gagwe ke Bathoen, se se neng sa mo tlhoka gore a tseye setilo se se kgethegileng se se tlhophilweng.<ref name=":79">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Lekoko la BPP le ne la nyelela ka botlhokwa fa dipolotiki tsa Botswana di ntse di gola.<ref name=":73" /> Koporase ya Tlhabololo ya Botswana e e neng e le ya puso e ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1970,<ref name=":75" /> mme moepo wa diteemane wa Orapa o ne wa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 1971.<ref name=":78" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, diteemane di ne di dira karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong ya Palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana,<ref name=":76" /> mme kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1970, meepo e ne e le madirelo a magolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;5.</ref> Goromente wa Botswana o ne a buisana gape ka tumalano ya yone ya meepo le De Beers magareng ga ngwaga wa 1971 le ngwaga wa 1975, ya sutisetsa bontsi jwa dituelo kwa setšhabeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;210.</ref> Fa itsholelo ya teemane e ntse e tlhabologa le dipeeletso di boela mo lefatsheng, Botswana e ne ya falola lehuma mme ya bonwa jaaka katlego mo merafeng e mengwe mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara morago ga bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;212.</ref> Ditlhabololo tse di dirile gore Botswana e nne naga e e golang ka bonako mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":77" /> Batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo le a a fa gare ba ne ba bona molemo thata, go oketsa go [[:en:Wealth_inequality|tlhoka tekatekano ga khumo]], mme gape go ne go raya gore makgetho a ka fokodiwa, se se neng sa dira gore balemi ba ba tshegetse.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;71–72.</ref> Tlhabololo ya Botswana le tiriso ya yone ya tirelosetšhaba ya mafatshe a sele e ne ya atlega mo e leng gore puso e ne ya tlhotlheletsa lefatshe la United States go romela setlhopa sa baithaopi ba kagiso (Peace Corps) kwa ntle ga ditekanyetso tsa setso tsa gore ke dikarolo dife tse mokgatlho o ka di dirang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go ne ga tla koketsego ya Batswana ba ba botlana ba ba rutegileng mo lefelong la gaeno, ba ba neng ba nna le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo pusong.<ref name=":64" /> Jaaka fa batho ba bašwa ba ba ne ba amogela thuto e e tshwanang mme ba simolola go dira mo setsong se le sengwe sa tsamaiso, go ne go sena pharologano e kgolo ya tiro fa gare ga tirelosetšhaba e e neng e eteletswe pele ke batswakwa le e e neng e tsamaisiwa ke Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Lephata la Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo le ne le le teng ka bokhutshwane morago ga go kgaogana mo Lephateng la Matlole magareng ga batlhokomedi ba setso ba ba neng ba amana le tshireletso kgatlhanong le baemanokeng ba ga Masire ba ba neng ba eletsa go bona tlhabololo e e bogale thata. Ya bofelo e ne ya tsaya taolo, mme ditona di ne tsa kopanngwa gape go nna Lephata la Matlole le Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo ka ngwaga wa 1970. Ka ntlha ya palo e e lekanyeditsweng ya batho ba ba tshwanelegang go laola itsholelo, lephata le le ne la tsaya taolo e feletseng ya tiriso ya madi a puso mme la simolola lenaneo la Shashe le le neng le batla gore naga e nne le tlhabololo e e tseneletseng ya palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana. Se se ne se akaretsa go tlhoma lefelo la meepo ya kopore le nikele, le le neng la nna selo se se tlang pele mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;84–85.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, [[:en:Seepapitso_IV|Seepapitso wa bone]] o ne a nna kgosi ya ntlha go emisiwa mo maemong a gagwe morago ga nako ya bokoloniele.<ref name=":83">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;141.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la atlega thata gape ka [[:en:1974_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopo tsa ngwaga wa 1974]].<ref name=":79" /> [[:en:Minimum_wage|Dituelo tse di kwa tlase]] di ne tsa tlhagisiwa ka one ngwaga oo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Botswana e simolotse go ntsha madi a one, e leng [[:en:Botswana_pula|Botswana pula]], ka ngwaga wa 1976. Mmusi wa [[:en:Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya Botswana]] Quill Hermans o ne a kgaratlhela go kgaogana ga madi le Aforika Borwa le [[:en:South_African_rand|ranta ya yone ya Aforika Borwa]]. Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego a boditšhabatšhaba a gore Botswana e ka nna ya se ka ya kgona go tshegetsa madi a yone, Khama o ne a ikutlwa gore bagakolodi ba gagwe ba itsholelo ba na le bokgoni mme o ne a tshepa tshwetso ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tsa boipuso, Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya ditšhaba tse di humileng thata mo [[:en:Third_World|Lefatsheng la Boraro]].<ref name=":67" /> Phetogo ya itsholelo e kaiwa jaaka "kgakgamatso" ya Botswana.<ref name=":77" /> Linchwe II, kgosi ya [[:en:Kgatla_people|batho ba Kgatla]], o ne a busetsa ngwao ya go simolola bogwera mo morafeng wa gagwe ka ngwaga wa 1975, mme se sa gakatsa puso ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;148.</ref> Khama o ne a tsaya tsela ya go akaretsa batho botlhe mo pusong ya gagwe, a tila dipolotiki tsa merafe le go gana tlhotlheletso ya baeteledipele ba merafe a rata badiredipuso.<ref name=":84">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> Ka dinako tse dingwe o ne a kopa batho go rola tiro fa morafe mongwe o ka nna le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo tirelong ya setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tshaba gore go sa dumalane le batho ba ba kwa tlase ba Kalanga go ka nna ga dira gore go se ka ga nna le kagiso. Go rarabolola se, Khama o ne a tsenya maloko a a rutegileng a morafe wa Kalanga mo pusong, a tlhoma bontsi mo maemong a a kwa godimo. Tshwetso e ne e tsosa kganetsano, mme e ne ya tsosa dikgopolo tsa bolotsana ka ga tlhotlheletso e e bosula ya Kalanga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;122.</ref> Tse ka dinako tse dingwe di ne di ikaegile ka Mokgatlho wa Baithuti ba Bakalanga, o o neng wa nna Mokgatlho wa Tsweletso ya Puo ya Ikalanga ka ngwaga wa 1980.<ref>[[Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 123.|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> Poifo ya dipuso tsa baagisani tse di eteletsweng pele ke basweu kwa Namibia, Rhodesia, le Aforika Borwa, mmogo le kotsi ya [[:en:Angolan_Civil_War|Ntwa ya Selegae ya Angola]], di dirile gore Botswana e tlhame [[:en:Botswana_Defence_Force|sesole sa bosetšhaba]] ka ngwaga wa 1977.<ref name=":78" /> Pele ga se, [[:en:Botswana_Police_Service|Tirelo ya Sepodisi]] sa Botswana e ne e tlhokometse tshireletso ya setshaba. Go tlhoka sesole go ne go raya gore Botswana e ne e sa tlhaselwe ke dilo tse di bakang go sa tlhomamang mo merafeng e mengwe ya Aforika: go menola puso ga sesole le bonweenwee ka go dirisa madi a sesole.<ref>[[Beaulier & Subrick 2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], pp.&#x20;111–112.</ref> Sesole se ne sa bona ntwa ngwaga o o latelang fa dirukutlhi tsa Rhodesia di ne di tlhasela Leshoma, di bolaya masole a le lesome le botlhano.<ref name=":78" /> Ka tirisanommogo ya yone le De Beers, puso ya Botswana e ne ya tlhama kompone ya meepo ya Debswana ka ngwaga wa 1978, mme ya bona lotseno lo lo bonalang lwa puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Meepo e ne ya nna madirelo a a kwa godimo ya itsholelo ya lefatshe mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang,<ref name=":85">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> mme Botswana ya nna itsholelo e e golang ka bonako go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":86">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;33.</ref><ref name=":86" /> Go nna le seabe ga mafatshe a sele mo itsholelong go ne ga nna kgang ya sepolotiki ka nako e jaaka fa batho ba kwa ntle ba ne ba kokoanya kgolo ya setšhaba fa ditiro tsa selegae di ne di tlhabologa ka iketlo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;143–145.</ref> Thuo ya dikgomo, e e neng e setse e amilwe ke go runya mo gogolo ga [[:en:Foot-and-mouth_disease|bolwetse jwa tlhako le molomo]] ka ngwaga wa1977,<ref name=":82" /> e ne ya latlhegelwa ke botlhokwa jo e neng e na le jone pele.<ref name=":85" /> === Puso ya ga Quett Masire === [[Setshwantsho:Quett Masire DF-SC-85-12044.JPEG|thumb|Quett Masire a etetse America ka ngwaga wa 1984]] Morago ga loso lwa ga Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa 1980, Mothusa-Tautona Quett Masire o ne a nna tautona wa Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;117.</ref> Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego ka go tlhatlhama ga ga Khama, Masire o ne a tshegetsa mafaratlhatlha a puso a a neng a thusa go a aga le go boloka tumelo mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;182.</ref> Go ritibatsa morafe wa ga Khama wa Ngwato le merafe e mengwe ya bokone, Masire o ne a tlhoma ntsalae Khama, [[:en:Lenyeletse_Seretse|Lenyeletse Seretse]], go nna mothusa-tautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;232.</ref> Kakanyo e e neng e tlwaelesegile mo gare ga BaNgwato e ne e le gore morwa Khama, [[:en:Ian_Khama|Ian Khama]], o ne a tshwanelwa ke bo tautona. Fa Lenyeletse a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1983, Masire o ne a tlhopha [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] go tsena mo boemong jwa gagwe. Gompieno o ne a tlhopha mongwe go tswa mo morafeng wa borwa, gore a se ka a tlhoma sekao sa gore tautona le mothusa-tautona ka nako tsotlhe ba tshwanetse go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di fapaaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;233.</ref> Botswana e ne e le karolo ya Khonferense ya Kgokaganyo ya Tlhabololo ya Borwa jwa Aforika e e neng ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1980 go tlhama mmaraka wa borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":78" /> Setšhaba se ne sa amiwa ke [[:en:Early_1980s_recession|kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980]].<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Jwaneng_diamond_mine|Moepo wa diteemane wa Jwaneng]] o simolotse go dira ka ngwaga wa 1982, wa nna moepo o o dirang dipoelo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng. [[:en:University_of_Botswana|Mmadikolo wa Botswana]] o tlhomilwe ka one ngwaga o o neng o kgaogana le [[:en:University_of_Botswana,_Lesotho_and_Swaziland|Mmadikolo ya Botswana, Lesotho le Swaziland]].<ref name=":78" /> Ditlhabololo tsa semolao ka ngwaga wa 1982, Molawana wa Thuso ya Matlole le go dira gore tiro ya kgwebo gore e nne ya ka fa molaong ke badiredipuso, di ne tsa tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya naga mme gape tsa gagamolola melawana e e neng e tla thibela bonweenwee.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;127, 129.</ref> Jaaka fa puso ya batho le batho le kgolo ya itsholelo di itshupile e le diphetogo tsa paka e telele, Botswana e ne ya itsege jaaka "kgakgamatso ya Aforika".<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Kganetso e e nonofileng kgatlhanong le puso e e laolwang ke lekoko la BDP e ne ya tlhagelela la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go fenya ditlhopho tsa selegae, ditlhopha tsa dikgatlhego tsa simolola go tlhamiwa, mme makwalo a dikgang a matlhano a magolo a a kgatlhanong le lekoko la BDP a simolola go gatisiwa.<ref name=":64" /> Pele e ne e ikaegile ka tshegetso ya merafe e e rileng, lekoko la BNF le ne la bona tshegetso mo setlhopheng sa badiri.<ref name=":84" /> Ka ditlhopho ka kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1984, e ne e le lekoko kganetso le le gaisanang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;712.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya ama Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa1982 go fitlhela ka ngwaga wa 1987, mme ya tlhoka thuso ya dijo ya puso go ka nna karolo ya masome a marataro le botlhano mo lekgolong ya Batswana ba kwa magaeng.<ref name=":87">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;82.</ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba ga Masire ba ne ba mo amanya le komelelo e ka e ne e tsamaisana le tshimologo ya botautona jwa gagwe, ba akantsha gore Khama o ne a na le taelo ya bomodimo e Masire a neng a se na yone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;203.</ref> Mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1980, madirelo a ditaemane a ne a fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa yone ka karolo ya masome a matlhano le boraro mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya tlhagiso ya bosetšhaba.<ref name=":76" /> Ka nako e, itsholelo ya setšhaba e ne ya nonoha mo e leng gore baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba rotloediwa go tlhopha [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|temothuo ya go]] [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|itshidisa]] kgotsa go fuduga go ya go dira kwa Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":84" /> [[:en:Entrepreneurship|Bogwebi]] bo ne jwa anama thata, bogolosegolo mo badiring ba pele ba puso ba ba neng ba tswa mo [[:en:Public_sector|lephateng la puso]] go ya kwa lephateng la [[:en:Private_sector|e]] [[:en:Private_sector|seng la puso]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Thuto ya mahala ya [[:en:Secondary_education|sekole se segolwane]] ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1989.<ref name=":87" /> [[:en:Trade_union|Mekgatlho ya badiri]] le [[:en:Special_interest_group|ditlhopha tse di kgethegileng tsa dikgatlhego]] tse dingwe di ne tsa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go tlhotlheletsa melawana ya setšhaba, le fa gantsi puso e ne e sa batle go di amogela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], pp.&#x20;85–86.</ref> E tsibogetse mokgatlho o o neng o gola wa badiri ka go fetisa dithibelo tse di bokete mo mekgatlhong ya badiri ka ngwaga wa 1983.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dingwaga di le lesome gape o ne wa tlhagisa mekgatlho ya go amogela merafe e mennye, go gana boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba jwa Motswana.<ref name=":80" /> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, Aforika Borwa e ne ya simolola ditlhaselo tsa sesole mo Botswana go batla batlhabani ba Aforika Borwa. Go tsibogela dikgobalo tsa baagitse di neng tsa direga, puso ya Botswana e ne ya oketsa tiriso ya madi mo sesoleng.<ref name=":93">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;112.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> E ne gape ya fa sesole tiro ya go sireletsa diphologolo tsa naga le go tsenya mo tirisong molao o o kgatlhanong le go tsoma mo go seng ka fa molaong go tsibogela kotsi e e tlisiwang ke batsomi ba ba tshotseng dibetsa.<ref name=":94">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Palo ya ntlha ya [[:en:HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana|mogare wa segajaja]] mo Botswana e ne ya lemogiwa ka ngwaga wa 1985, mme mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang lefatshe ;e ne la nna lone le le neng la amega thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;265.</ref> [[:en:Life_expectancy|Botshelo jo bo solofetsweng]] mo Botswana bo ne bo tla wela tlase tswa go masomeng a maratarole bosupa go ya kwa masomeng a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 1997.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;175.</ref> Phetogo e e gakgamatsang mo tsamaisong ya botsogo ya Botswana e ne ya latela go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1980 le bo 1990; Bongaka jwa Bophirima bo ne jwa tlotliwa thata mmogo le kalafi ya setso, mme go ne ga tlhongwa dikokelo tse e seng tsa puso go nna mmogo le dikago tse di tsamaisiwang ke puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> [[:en:Early_1990s_recession|Kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1990]] e ne ya ama Botswana.<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Attorney_General_of_Botswana_v._Unity_Dow|Tsheko e e botlhokwa ya kgotlatshekelo ya molaomotheo]] e e neng ya tlisiwa ke Unity Dow e ne ya felela ka katlholo ka ngwaga wa 1991 ya gore bana ba ka fiwa boagedi mo go bomme ba bone ga mmogo le borraabone, e e neng ya amogelwa go nna molao ka Molao wa Boagi wa 1995.<ref name=":88">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xx.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang sa Kgabo se ne sa tshwarwa ka ngwaga wa 1991 go batlisisa lekgotla la kabo ditsha tsa lefatshe tsa puso, mme sa fitlhela gore go dirilwe ditlolomolao tsa maitsholo a a siameng ke mothusa-tautona Peter Mmusi le mokwaledi wa kakaretso wa lekoko la BDP [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]], ba bobedi jwa bone gape e neng e le maloko a setlhopa sa ditona tsa puso ya Botswana.<ref name=":89">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;346.</ref><ref name=":90">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;333.</ref> Ka go lebana le go galefa mo pusong le mo setšhabeng, bobedi jwa bone ba ne ba rola tiro.<ref name=":90" /> Go wa mo go ne ga tlhola ditlhopha tse pedi tse di kgaoganeng mo teng ga lekoko, e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke maloko a mabedi a pele a setlhopa sa ditona (Ba babedi ba bagolo),<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;333–335.</ref> mme e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke baganetsi ba bona (ba batlhano ba bagolo): [[:en:Festus_Mogae|Festus Mogae]], Bihiti Temane, Chapson Butale, [[:en:Gaositwe_Chiepe|Gaositwe Chiepe]], le moeteledipele wa bona [[:en:Mompati_Merafhe|Mompati Merafhe]].<ref name=":91">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;235.</ref> Se se ne sa aga mo dikgotlhang tse di neng di godile fa gare ga boeteledipele jwa borwa jwa BLP le kokomana e ntšhwa ya boradipolotiki go tswa kwa bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], pp.&#x20;233–234.</ref> Masire o ne a tlhopha Mogae go nna mothusa- tautona yo mosha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;334.</ref> Ka go tshwenyega ka kgonagalo ya go tlwaetsa bonweenwee, Masire o ne a thapa mothusa- mogolwane wa [[:en:Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)|setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang e e Ikemetseng ya Hong Kong e e Kgatlhanong le Bonweenwee (Hong Kong)]] go tlhama mokgatlho o o tshwanang mo Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;222.</ref> [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Bokaedi jwa Bonweenwee le Bosenyi jwa]] [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Itsholelo]] bo ne jwa tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, mme lekgotla la kabo ditsha le ne la tlhamiwa go reetsa boikuelo jwa ditshwetso tsa kabo ditsha ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Boemo jwa lekoko la BDP jaaka lekoko le le laolang bo ne jwa amogela kgwetlho ya jone ya ntlha e e masisi ka ntlha ya Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlsisa kgota go sekaseka dikgang ya Kgabo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;249.</ref> Matlhabisaditlhong le go kgaogana mo go neng ga nna teng mo lekokong la BDP go ne ga dira gore lekoko la BNF le nne lekoko la kganetso le le gaisanang thata morago ga ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;335–336.</ref><ref name=":89" /> Ka go mathata a a oketsegileng a go tsenngwa ga ditoropo go fokotsa motheo wa BDP kwa metseselegaeng, makoko a kganetso a ne a na le bonnye jo bo bonalang mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa ga Mmusi, Kwelagobe o ne a ikgolaganya le [[:en:Ponatshego_Kedikilwe|Ponatshego Kedikilwe]], mme ba bopa setlhopa se sennye sa Barata-Phathi sa lekoko la BDP. Ba batlhano ba bagolo ba ne ba nna setlhopa se sennye sa A-Team.<ref name=":89" /> Botswana e ne ya solegelwa molemo ke go khutla ga puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, ka puso e ntšhwa e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Aforika e ne e sa thibele kgolo ya Botswana kgotsa go tsenelela mo ditirong tsa sesole go kgabaganya molelwane.<ref name=":81" /> Fa kgaolo e ntse e tlhomama, ditlhabololo tsa itsholelo tse di tshwanang le mabentlele a magolo, kakanyo e e sa netefadiwang ya dithoto, le bojanala jwa baagi di ne tsa atologa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;675.</ref> Morafe wa Ngwaketse o ne wa nna le kgotlang le puso ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa 1994, fa tona ya pusoselegae le mafatshe Patrick Balope a ne a latofatsa kgosi Seepapitso wa bone ka go palelwa ke go diragatsa ditiro tsa gagwe mme a laela gore kgosi e emisiwe—e leng go emisiwa ga bobedi ga puso ya ga Seepapitso.<ref name=":83" /> Morwa wa ga Seepapitso e bong Leema o ne a amogela go tlhomiwa go dira tiro eo, kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa ga Seepapitso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;141–142.</ref> Morafe o ne wa lwantshana le kgang ya go nna semolao mo go sa tlhaloganyesegeng ga ga Leema le poifo ya gore setso sa morafe ga se kitla se tlhola se lemogiwa, mme go tlosiwa ga gagwe go ne ga nna kgang ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;142–143.</ref> Seepapitso o ne a tsenya kganetso ya semolao, mme kgotlatshekelo ya atlhola ka Tlhakole a tlhola malatsia le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 1995 gore le fa go tlosiwa ga ga Seepapitso go ne go le ka fa molaong, go tlhomiwa ga ga Leema go ne go se kafa molaong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;145.</ref> Ka maatla a go tlhoma a ne a buseditswe mo morafeng, ba ne ba gana go tlhopha moeteledipele yo mosha jaaka tsela ya go ikuela. Puso e ne ya ineela mme ya letlelela Seepapitso go busediwa mo tirong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;145–146.</ref> [[:en:Ritual_murder|Polao ya dipheko]] ya ga [[:en:Segametsi_Mogomotsi|Segametsi Mogomotsi]], mosetsana wa dingwaga di le lesome le bone wa kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]], e diragetse ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 1994. Dikhuduego tsa loago di ne tsa tsoga fa babelaelwa bao, ba e neng e le borakgwebo le boradipolotiki ba ba humileng, ba ne ba gololwa ka ntlha ya go tlhoka bosupi. Mo dikgweding tse di latelang, go ne ga nna le ditshupetso le dikhuduego tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke baithuti kgatlhanong le tiriso ya ditiro tsa masaitsiweng tse di tshwanang le polao ya dipheko go bona khumo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;286–290.</ref> Go tlhagoga ga bolwetse jo bo [[:en:Contagious_bovine_pleuropneumonia|tshelanwang jwa pleuropneumonia ya dikgomo]] ka ngwaga wa 1995 go ne ga baka dintsho tsa dikgomo di le dikete tse makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi .<ref name=":88" /> Molao wa Temothuo wa ngwaga ya 1995 o ne wa atolosa thulaganyo ya go dira lefatshe la baagi la le e seng la puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Merafe e mennye e ne ya tswelela go kgaratlhela go lemogiwa go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;163–164.</ref> Puso e simolotse go ntsha batho ba Basarwa mo [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|Lefelong la Diphologolo la Kalahari]] [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|la Bogare]] ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Le fa e ne e nganga gore maikaelelo e ne e le go thusa go kopanya baagi ba ba neng ba le kgakala thata, mme e neelana ka leruo go rotloetsa tirisanommogo, mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba e ne ya pega molato puso ka go pateletsa le go [[:en:Forced_displacement|fudusiwa ka dikgoka]] ga batho go dira sebaka sa meepo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;11–12.</ref> Maiteko a ntlha a magolo a semolao a go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa merafe e mennye a ne a tswa mo tshitshinyong ya ngwaga wa 1995 kwa palamenteng ya go tlhalosa molaomotheo jaaka o o sa tseyeng letlhakore mo merafeng, mme o ne wa bewa mo tafoleng. Mokgatlho wa Kamanakao o ne wa tlhamiwa ka one ngwaga oo ke morutegi [[:en:Lydia_Nyati-Ramahobo|Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo]] go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa [[:en:Yeyi_people|batho ba Yeyi]].<ref name=":95">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;215.</ref> Motseletsele wa diphetogo tsa puso le tsa ditlhopho di ne tsa tsenngwa mo tirisong mo dingwageng tsa bofelo tsa bo tautona jwa ga Masire. Tlhokomelo ya ditlhopho e ne ya fetisediwa kwa setheong se se ikemetseng, dingwaga tsa go tlhopa di ne tsa fokodiwa go tswa ko masomeng a mabedi le bongwe go ya ko lesomeng le borobabobedi , go [[:en:Postal_voting|tlhopa ka poso]] go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong, mme ga tsenngwa tirisong melawana ya go sireletsa [[:en:Labour_rights|ditshwanelo tsa badiri]] le [[:en:Gender_equality|tekatekano ya bong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;168.</ref> Masire o ne a eletsa go tlhama [[:en:Order_of_succession|tatelano e e tlhomameng ya]] [[:en:Order_of_succession|go tlhatlologana]] mo bogosing le go netefatsa gore motlhatlogi wa gagwe yo a mo tlhophileng mothusa Tautona Mogae e nna tautona, ka jalo o ne a dirisana le mmueledi Parks Tafa go kwala paakanyo ya molaotheo. Se se ne sa tsenya tirisong tatelano e e itirisang le [[:en:Term_limit|melelwane ya paka]] ya botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;337–338.</ref> O ne a pateletsa paakanyo ka boene.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;304–305.</ref> Go fetola itsholelo ya lefatshe, go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong tsamaiso ya nakwana ya go nna le [[:en:Tripartism|makoko a mararo]] go kopanya puso, lekalana le e seng la puso, le baemedi ba badiri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;169.</ref> Fa lekoko le ne le tlhopha maloko a komiti ya lone ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1997, kotsi ya go nna le ditlhopha e ne ya gola mo e leng gore Masire o ne a phimola ditlhopho tsa lone tse di mo teng ga mokgatlho mme a dira gore ditlhopha di mo fe manaane a maina.<ref name=":91" /> === Puso ya ga Festus Mogae === [[Setshwantsho:George Bush with African national leaders February 26, 2002.jpg|thumb|Festus Mogae mmogo le botautona ba mafatshe a sele [[:en:Joaquim_Chissano|Joaquim Chissano]], [[:en:George_W._Bush|George W. Bush]] le [[:en:José_Eduardo_dos_Santos|José Eduardo dos Santos]] ka ngwaga wa 2002]] Masire o ne a tlogela tiro ya botautona ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le ngwe ka ngwaga wa 1998, mme a latelelelwa ke mothusa tautona Festus Mogae.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;338.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya tshwetso e e neng ya tsosa kganetsano ya go tlhoma Ian Khama, molaodi wa sesole le morwa Seretse Khama, go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang,<ref name=":72" /> a fetisa kgetho ya gagwe ka go tshosetsa go phatlalatsa palamente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Le fa ba ne ba sa tseye letlhakore semmuso fa gare ga ditlhopha tsa lekoko la BDP, Mogae le Khama ka bobedi ba ne ba tlhaloganngwa e le batho ba bagolo mo gare ga A-Team.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;347.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1998 o ne wa bona nngwe ya dikgaogano tse dintsi mo teng ga lekoko la kganetso la BNF. E ne e kgaogane ka ditlhopha tse pedi: batho ba ba sa rateng diphetogo ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa loago le ba ba neng ba tswelela pele ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa puso ya batho ka batho ya loago. Dikhuduego kwa mokgatlhong wa lekoko di ne tsa dira gore batho ba ba neng ba rata kgatelopele ba kgaogane go nna lekoko la bone, [[:en:Botswana_Congress_Party|Botswana Congress Party]] (BCP), le le neng la nna lekoko le legolo la kganetso go fitlhela ba latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa manno a bone mo [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa]] [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 1999]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Kgaogano e ya kganetso, mmogo le diphetogo tsa selegae tsa dingwaga tse di fetileng, di ne tsa dira gore lekoko la BDP le boelwe ke ditilo dingwe tse e neng ya di latlhegelwa ka ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;168–169.</ref> Maloko a le mmalwa a borwa a boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BCP a ne a boela kwa lekokong la BNF morago ga gore maemo otlhe a a kwa godimo a tsewe ke batho ba bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;237.</ref> Go itlhatlosa go ya kwa maemong a merafe ya Tswana, batho ba Yeyi ba ne ba bitsa kgosi e e kwa godimo ka ngwaga wa 1999, fela se se ne sa se ka sa lemogiwa ke Molao wa Bogosi. Ba ne ba tlisa kgang eo kwa Kgotlatshekelong e Kgolo, e e neng ya tlhasela thulaganyo e e maleba ya molao e le e e tlhaolang.<ref name=":95" /> Mogae o ne a tlhoma setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang ka ngwaga wa 2000 go sekaseka kemedi ya merafe e mennye mo Ntlong ya Dikgosi, mme seo sa baka boipelaetso go tswa mo go ba ba neng ba ikutlwa gore Mogae o batla go nyatsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;239.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang se ne sa tlhomamisa gore Ntlo ya Dikgosi e tshwanetse go nna teng, mme ya bidiwa Setswana ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;216.</ref> Diphetogo tse dingwe tse di fetotsweng ga di a amogelwa morago ga go kgarametswa go tswa mo merafeng e megolo ya Batswana, bogolosegolo ba Ngwato.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;217–218.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, batho ba Kgatla-baga-Mmanaana ba ne ba bona kgosi ya bone Gobuamang Gobuamang wa bobedi a amogelwa semmuso jaaka kgosi e nnye mo teng ga kgaolo ya Kwena kwa ba nnang teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;177.</ref> [[:en:Botswana–Namibia_border|Molelwane wa Botswana le Namibia]] o ne wa tsena mo kganetsanong ka ngwaga wa 1999 fa mafatshe ka bobedi a ne a batla kgaolo mo [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Mopakong wa Caprivi]].[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;xx–xxi.</ref>] Ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000, Botswana e ne ya beeletsa thata mo go tlhabololeng sesole sa mowa.<ref name=":93" /> [[:en:Botswana_Television|Setshwantso sa motshikinyego sa Botswana]] se tlhomilwe ka ngwaga wa 2000. Lentswe tsa Tsodilo le ne la nna [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|Lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe]] ka ngwaga wa 2001. Batho ba Basarwa ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao ka ngwaga wa 2002 go ganetsa go ntshiwa ga bona kwa Central Kalahari Game Reserve, fela kgang e sekisiwang e ne ya tlhokomologiwa. [[:en:Mosadi_Seboko|Mosadi Seboko]] wa [[:en:Lete_people|morafe wa]] [[:en:Lete_people|Balete]] o ne a nna moeteledipele wa ntlha wa mosadi wa morafe ka ngwaga wa 2003.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xxi.</ref> Mogae o ne a dira gore mongwe wa batshwayadiphoso ba ba tlhageletseng thata ba puso, [[:en:Kenneth_Good_(political_scientist)|Kenneth Good]], a lelekwe mo lefatsheng la gagwe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], pp.&#x20;333–334.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;226–227.</ref> [[:en:Three_Dikgosi_Monument|Sefikantswe sa Dikgosi tse Tharo]] se ne sa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;680.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya bolwetsi jo bo anameng lefatshe la HIV/AIDS e le kgang e e botlhokwa thata ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Go e lwantsha, o ne a dira gore dikalafi tsa [[:en:Antiretroviral|diantiretroviral]] tsa HIV/AIDS di nne teng mahala.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;225.</ref> === Puso ya ga Ian Khama === [[Setshwantsho:London Conference on The Illegal Wildlife Trade (12499797834).jpg|thumb|Kopano ya ga Ian Khama le [[:en:William_Hague|William Hague]] kwa Lontone]] Ian Khama o ne a latela mo maemong a botautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Mogae ka kgwedi ya Moranang a le letsatsi le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref name=":96">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mokgwa wa gagwe wa boeteledipele o ne wa phatlaladiwa jaaka o o latelang "di-D tse nne": puso ya batho ka batho, tlhabololo, seriti, le kotlhao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Fa a sena go nna mo setilong, o ne a rulaganya sešwa khuduthamaga ya setšhaba ka mokgwa wa tatelano, a kopanya maatla go dikologa botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;227–228.</ref> Khama o ne a gatelela tshireletsego ya setshaba mo tsamaisong ya gagwe. Ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo maemong a gagwe, Lekalana la Bosenodi le Tshireletsego le ne la itsege ka go dira ditlhodi tse di neng di tlhotlhelediwa ke dipolotiki le go tshwara baganetsi ba gagwe ba sepolotiki. O ne gape a tlhoma batho ba le mmalwa ba pele ba sesole mo pusong ya gagwe<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], pp.&#x20;714–715.</ref> Botswana o ne e sa amege thata mo [[:en:African_Union|Kopanong ya Aforika]] ka nako ya botautona jwa ga Khama, go na le moo e ne ya tlhagisa molawana wa mafatshe a sele a a neng e lebisitswe thata mo Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;190.</ref> Mathata a matlole a ngwaga wa 2008 a ne a gatelela itsholelo ya Botswana, e e neng ya nna e ikaegile ka meepo ya ditaemane le fa puso e ne e dira maiteko.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;202.</ref> Madirelo a diteemane a ne a fedisa kwelotlase e e tlhomameng fa e ne e tlhomama ka bokana ka karolo ya masome a mararo le borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tse di tlhagisitsweng tsa lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 2009.<ref name=":76" /> Taolo ya dikgosi e ne ya fetolwa ka ngwaga wa 2008 ka Molao wa Bogosi.<ref name=":92" /> Khama o ne a rotloetsa go neela dikgosi maatla ka leina la go busetsa kotlhao le maitsholo a setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], pp.&#x20;196–197.</ref> O ne a ntsha taelo e e neng ya oketsa dingwaga tsa go nwa tse di kafa molaong go nna masome a mabedi le bongwe, ya fa baeteledipele ba merafe e mennye maatla a go laela gore batho ba itewe, ya tlhama ditlhopha tsa mephato go nna balebedi, le go tsenya gape [[:en:Corporal_punishment_in_schools|kotlhao ya go itaya mo dikolong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Dikgosi di le mmalwa tse di sa tswang go tlhongwa di ne tsa tshegetsa melawana e mme tsa tsenya tirisong dikotlhao tse di gagametseng tsa badiraphoso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Gareng ga bone go ne go na le Kgafela wa bobedi, kgosana ya morafe wa Kgatla. Go dira gore batho ba gagwe ba nne le boitsholo jo bo tlwaelegileng, o ne a oketsa thata go itewa ga batho ba ba neng ba tlola molao. Kgafela le ba bangwe ba ba amegang ba ne ba pegwa molato wa bosenyi ka ntlha ya go dirisa kotlhao ka tsela e e sa siamang ka ngwaga wa 2010, mme kgotlatshekelo e ne ya kgaphela thoko kopo ya gagwe ya go sirelediwa, ya tlhomamisa gore dikgosi ga di na boipuso mme di laolwa ke molaotheo.<ref name=":97">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;157.</ref> Jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le tlhopha boeteledipele jwa lekoko la yone ka ngwaga wa 2009, Khama o ne a tlhoma batho ba le bantsi ba A-Team mo dikomiting tse potlana tsa lekoko le fa Barata-Phathi e ne ya fenya ka nako ya mokgatlho wa lekoko.<ref name=":97" /><ref name=":98">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;335.</ref> Fa mokwaledi mogolo wa lekoko leo, Rre [[:en:Gomolemo_Motswaledi|Gomolemo Motswaledi]] a ne a rerisana le babueledi go botsa gore a ditiro tsa ga Khama di ka fa molaong, Khama o ne a dira gore a sekegiwe mo komiting. Morago ga go isa kgang kwa kgotlatshekelo, go ne ga fitlhelwa gore tautona yo o mo maemong ao ga a kgone go sekisiwa semolao, mme Khama o ne a emisa Motswaledi mo BDP gotlhelele.<ref name=":98" />Mo tshimologong ya ngwaga wa 2010, Khama o ne a emisa mme morago a ntsha maloko a mangwe a le mmalwa a lekalana le le mo teng ga lekoko la Barata-Phathi mo lekokong BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], pp.&#x20;354–355.</ref> Se se ne sa baka go kgaogana ga ntlha ga BDP ka Mopitlwe fa lekoko la Barata-Phathi le ne le tswa mo lekokong go bopa Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Temokerasi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;345.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Molao wa Tirelosetšhaba o tsentswe tirisong ka ngwaga wa 2010, o dira gore badiredipuso ba dire ditshupetso ka ha molaong mo maemong mangwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mo ngwageng o o latelang, Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Mekgatlho ya Badiri (BOFEPUSU) o ne wa etelela pele ditshupetso tsa dikgwedi di le pedi mo gare ga badiredipuso ba lefatshe go batla tuelo ya karolo ya lesome le borataro mo lekgolong, mme puso ya tsiboga ka go ntsha diketekete tsa badiri mo maemong a bone.<ref name=":96" /> Go ntshiwa ga batho go ne go okametswe ke [[:en:Mokgweetsi_Masisi|Mokgweetsi Masisi]], Tona ya Merero ya Botautona.<ref name=":99">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Go ganetsa boemo jwa puso, BOFEPUSU e ne ya tlhofofatsa go kopanngwa ga makoko a magolo a kganetso go nna [[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC).<ref name=":96" /> Setlhopha se sešwa se se ne se eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Duma_Boko|Duma Boko]], yo o neng a tsere taolo ya BNF ka ngwaga wa 2010 mme a laola dipuo tsa yona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;715.</ref> Khama o ne a diragatsa diphetogo tse di nonofileng tsa tshomarelo ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe, bogolo jang mabapi le go tsoma. Le fa ba ne ba opa diatla kwa mahatsheng a mangwe le go bopa leina la Botswana jaaka "kgakgamatso e tala", ba ne ba kopana le go kgobega marapo mo nageng ka ntlha ya ditsela tse di neng di dirisiwa go tswa kwa godimo go ya kwa tlase, bogolosegolo go tswa mo go ba ba nnang mo mafelong a a tlhomilweng a tshomarelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Melawana e e ne e akaretsa go oketsega ga mekgwa ya sesole e e kgatlhanong le go tsoma diphologolo; digongwana tse di kgatlhanong le go tsoma di ne di tsentswe ditlhobolo tse di itirisang go tlaleletsa melawana ya go thuntsha go bolaya kgatlhanong le batho ba ba belaelwang gore ke batsomi.<ref name=":94" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boloka bontsi jwa yone mo lekgotleng la peomolao morago ga [[:en:2014_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopho tse di latelang]], mme e le lekgetho la ntlha e ne ya dira jalo ka bontsi fela jwa ditlhopo tsa batho.<ref>[[Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;705.</ref> Ian Khama o ne a tlhoma Masisi go nna mothusa tautona wa gagwe.<ref name=":99" /> Tshwetso e ne ya tsosa kganetsano ka ntlha ya go tlhoka maitemogelo ga ga Masisi fa go bapisiwa le ditlhopho tse dingwe tse di ka kgonegang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Go ya ka Mogae, Masisi o ne a tlhophiwa ka tlhaloganyo ya gore o tla tlhoma [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|Tshekedi Khama]] [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|wa bobedi]] go nna mothusa tautona morago ga go tsaya botautona ka boene.<ref name=":99" /> Botsalo Ntuane o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Mokwaledi Mogolo wa lekoko la BDP ka ngwaga 2015 mo seraleng sa twantsho tshenyetso setshaba le phetolo ya ditlhopho. Se se ne sa tshosetsa tlholego e e tseneletseng ya lekoko la BDP, mme Ntuane a bona mmaba wa sepolotiki kwa Masisi.<ref name=":99" /> Khama o ne a le bobaba mo bobegadikgannyeng, bogolo jang mo mafelong a a neng a sa dumalane le ditiro tsa puso ya gagwe. O ne a na le babegadikgang ba babedi ba ba neng ba latofadiwa ka [[:en:Sedition|botsuolodi]] ka ngwaga wa 2017, mme moragonyana ditatofatso di ne tsa latlhiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;714.</ref> === Puso ya ga Mokgweetsi Masisi === [[Setshwantsho:Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference London 2018 (45245990491).jpg|thumb|Mokgweetsi Masisi a bua kwa bokopanong jo bo neng bo bua ka kgwebisano e e seng ka fa molaong ya diphologolo tsa naga kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:London|London]] ka ngwaga wa 2018]] Masisi o ne a nna tautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Khama ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2018. Fa ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2019_Botswana_general_election|kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 2019]] di ntse di atamela, Masisi o ne a tlhama setshwantsho sa go ipharologanya le Khama, a itlhagisa jaaka motho yo o [[:en:Anti-corruption|lwantshanang le bonweenwee]] fa a ntse a tshegetsa bobegakgang le BOFEPUSU.<ref name=":02">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;716.</ref><ref name=":02" /> Letsholo la gagwe la go lwantsha bonweenwee le ne la felela ka go tshwarwa ga ga Isaac Kgosi, yo o neng a eteletse pele Bokaedi jwa Botlhodi le Tshireletso mo pusong ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;717.</ref><ref name=":110" /> Masisi o ne a tswelela ka go busetsa morago bontsi jwa melawana ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110" /> Gareng ga tse e ne e le go phimolwa ga melawana ya tshomarelo, go akaretsa le thibelo ya go tsoma e e neng e tsoma e e neng e lebisitswe mo kgwebong ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|manaka a tlou]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;23–24, 33–34.</ref> O ne gape a okametse go fedisiwa ga go tsewa go ratana ka bong bole bongwe e le molato.<ref>Rotberg 2023, pp.&#x20;228–229.</ref> Fa se se ntse se tsweletse, Masisi le Khama ba nna baganetsi go na le go nna balekane. Khama o ne a leka go thapa [[:en:Pelonomi_Venson-Moitoi|Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi]] go nna ntlhopheng yo mongwe wa BDP kgatlhanong le Masisi, mme fa seo se palelwa, o ne a itlhomela lekoko la gagwe, la [[:en:Botswana_Patriotic_Front|Botswana Patriotic Front]] (BPF).<ref name=":99" /><ref name=":110" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boelwa ke bontsi jwa ditlhopho tsa batho ka ngwaga wa 2019,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> mme ditlhopho di ne tsa senngwa ke kgatelelo ya puso le diphuruphutsho tsa nako le nako kgatlhanong le batho ba kganetso. Lekoko la UDC le ne la gwetlha maduo, mme ga di a atlega.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;308.</ref> Diphetogo tsa kgaolo di ne tsa fetoga ka ngwaga wa 2019 jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le latlhegelwa ke thotloetso nngwe kwa bokone fa e ntse e oketsa tlhotlheletso ya yone kwa borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;231.</ref> Ditlhopho gape di ne tsa bona lekokokganetso le legolo, BNF, le latlhegelwa ke BCP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> Jaaka ditšhaba di le dintsi, [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana|Botswana e ne ya bona kwelotlase e e kgolo ya tsholelo ka nako ya tlhaselo ya bolwetsi jwa COVID-19]], mme lefatshe le ne la nna [[:en:COVID-19_lockdowns|mo thibelong ya metsamao]] bontsi jwa ngwaga wa 2020 le ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;309.</ref> Mofuta wa SARS-CoV-2 Omicron o ribolotswe kwa Botswana moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Maikutlo a a kgatlhanong le makula a ne a anama ka setšhaba sa makula kwa Botswana se ne se humile thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;310.</ref> Khama o ne a tshabela kwa lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa a le kwa botshabelo ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele ka ngwaga wa 2021, mme puso ya Botswana ya mo latofatsa ka go nna le dibetsa e se ka fa molaong ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;311–312.</ref> === Puso ya ga Duma Boko === [[Setshwantsho:Secretary Rubio Meets with Botswana President Boko (54371806715).jpg|thumb|Duma Boko o ikanisa tumalano le lefatshe la Amerika ka ngwaga wa 2025]] Lekoko la [:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change][[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC) le nnile lekokokganetso la ntlha mo Botswana go tsaya puso morago ga phenyo ya lone mo [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa]] [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 2024]] , mme se sa fedisa dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi tsa puso ya [[:en:Botswana_Democratic_Party|lekoko la Botswana la batho ka batho]] (BDP).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMuiaZane2024|Muia &#x26; Zane 2024]]</ref> Mo puisanong ya gagwe ya ntlha ya Maemo a Setšhaba ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2024, Duma Boko o boletse gore puso ya gagwe e tla kgaratlhela go oketsa dipeeletso mo maatleng a letsatsi, [[:en:Cannabis|motokwane]] ya kalafi le mofuta wa motokwane o o lengwang ka lebaka la madirelo. O ne gape a itsise ditirisano le [[:en:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] go atolosa phitlhelelo ya mafaratlhatlha a maranyane e e teng lefatshe ka bophara ka [[:en:Starlink|Starlink]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFFrance242024|France24 2024]]</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2025, Botswana e ne ya romela sathalaete ya yone ya ntlha, e leng [[:en:BOTSAT‑1|BOTSAT‐1,]] kwa lefaufaung.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRanjan2025|Ranjan 2025]]</ref> [[:en:Duma_Boko|Boko]] o ne a tsenela go itsisiwe semmuso ga sathalaete, e e neng ya tshwarelwa kwa mafelong a [[:en:SpaceX|SpaceX]] kwa lefatsheng la United States.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNamunwa2025|Namunwa 2025]].</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Lekwalokwalo la Botswana * [[Ngwao ya Botswana|Ngwao ya Batswana]] * Dipalopalo tsa Botswana * [[Itsholelo ya Botswana]] * Thutafatshe ya Botswana * [[Ditso tsa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Borwa jwa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Gaborone]] * [[Lenaane la dikgang tse di amanang le Botswana]] * Lenaane la dingwaga mo Botswana * [[Tlhaloso ya Botswana]] * Mola wa nako wa Botswana * Mola wa nako ya Gaborone * [[Dipolotiki tsa Botswana]] == Dintlhana tse di kwa tlase == <references /> == Metswedi == === Dibuka === * Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). Culture and Customs of Botswana. Greenwood Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-313-33178-7</nowiki>. OCLC 62118271. * Gulbrandsen, Ørnulf (2012). The State and the Social: State Formation in Botswana and its Precolonial and Colonial Genealogies. Berghahn Books. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85745-298-6</nowiki>. * Hillbom, Ellen; Bolt, Jutta (2018). Botswana – A Modern Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73144-5. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-73144-5</nowiki>. * Holm, John D.; Molutsi, Patrick P. (1992). "State-Society Relations in Botswana: Beginning Liberalization". In Hydén, Göran; Bratton, Michael (eds.). Governance and Politics in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 75–95. doi:10.1515/9781685853297. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-55587-285-4</nowiki>. * Jackson, Ashley (1999). Botswana, 1939-1945: An African Country at War. Clarendon Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-820764-1</nowiki>. * Leith, James Clark (2005). Why Botswana Prospered. McGill-Queen's University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7735-2821-5</nowiki>. * Molutsi, Patrick (2004). "Botswana: The Path to Democracy and Development". In Gyimah-Boadi, E. (ed.). Democratic Reform in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 159–182. doi:10.1515/9781685857325. <nowiki>ISBN 9781685857325</nowiki>. * Nyamnjoh, Francis B. (2007). "'Ever-Diminishing Circles': The Paradoxes of Belonging in Botswana". In de la Cadena, Marisol; Starn, Orin (eds.). Indigenous Experience Today. Routledge. pp. 305–332. <nowiki>ISBN 9781003085690</nowiki>. * Rotberg, Robert I. (2023). "Botswana: Africa's Democratic Exception". Overcoming the Oppressors: White and Black in Southern Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–231. <nowiki>ISBN 9780197674239</nowiki>. * Samatar, Abdi Ismail (1999). An African Miracle: State and Class Leadership and Colonial Legacy in Botswana Development. Heinemann. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-325-00068-8</nowiki>. * Tlou, Thomas; Campbell, Alec C. (1997) [1984]. History of Botswana (2nd ed.). Macmillan Botswana. <nowiki>ISBN 9991278087</nowiki>. == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref name=":2"><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> 0v7hf1sx81v6ortowdt2i7p0j7sok0s 53671 53670 2026-07-30T18:34:34Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Pre-colonial history" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366623313|History of Botswana]]" 53671 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditso tsa lefatshe la Botswana''' di akaretsa tsa bogologolo le tsa ngwao ya kgaolo, go diriwa kolone ya [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Bechuanaland Protectorate]], le go nna Republic of [[Botswana]] gompieno. Batho ba ntlha ba motlha wa gompieno go nna mo [[Botswana]] e ne e le Basarwa, temothuo e tlhabolotswe dingwaga di ka nna dikete pedi, le makgolo a mararo a a fetileng. Batho bantsho ba Bantu ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago ga loso lwa ga Keresete, fa [[Batswana]] ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago. Batswana ba ne ba kgaogana ka ditlhopha tsa merafe mo dingwageng tse di dikete tse di latelang fa diphudugo mo kgaolong di tswelela, tse di neng tsa baka [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]] mo lekgolong la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi. Go amana le lefatshe le le kgolo le le naleng dikarolo la Europe ga ntlha go diragetse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi lesome le borataro, mo go bakileng go diriwa Bakeresete ga batho ba kgaolo. Magosi a Batswana a a neng a na le thotloetso e kgolo a ne a ikopela go nna mo tlhokomelong ya lefatshe la [[United Kingdom]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le botlhano ka ba ne ba itemogela matshosetsi go tswa kwa [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German South West Africa]] le mo Maburung. Batho ba Britain ba ne ba kgaoganya kgaolo go nna merafe e kgosi nngwe le nngwe e tlaa e etelelang pele, ba a fa dikgosi maatla a a fetang a ba neng ba na le one pele, mme ba ne ba nna le taolo e e lekanetseng fela mo lefatsheng. Puso ya Britain e ne ya nna le seabe se setlhagafetseng ka dinwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la ema nokeng go tsaya karolo ga Britain mo ntweng ya bobedi ya mafatshe, bontsi ba ne ba lwa e le bontlha jwa sesole sa [[Aferika|Aforika]] sa Auxiliary Pioneer Corps. Go lwela go laola go nnile teng ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a matlhano fa gare ga Kgosi ya [[Bangwato]] [[Seretse Khama]] le motlhatlhami wa gagwe [[Tshekedi Khama]]. Go nyala mosadi wa lekgoa ebong [[Ruth Williams Khama]] ga ga Seretse, go ne ga baka gore batho ba Britain ba mo thibele go nna mo [[Botswana]]. O ne a boa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a matlhano le borataro, ka a ne a na le kemo nokeng e kgolo, merafe e ne inaakanya le puso e e tlhophilweng fa letsholo la boipuso le tlhamiwa. Molao wa lefatshe o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le motso, ga tlhamiwa diphathi tsa polotiki. Seretse o ne a nna moeteledipele wa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Bechuanaland Democratic Party]], e e neng e bueletswe ke puso ya Britain go busa morago ga boipuso, e ne ya nna le kemo nokeng e e tsitsibanyang mmele mo ditlhophong tsa ntlha tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le botlhano. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la neelwa boipuso jo bo tletseng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro. Ka maikaelelo a a nonofileng, Seretse le phathi ya gagwe ba ne ba tlhama puso ya batho ka batho ya bophirima ba simolola go tlhabolola dikago mo lefatsheng le e neng e le lengwe la a a neng a humanegile thata ka nako eo. Go ne ga lemogiwa fa go na le diteemane ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabongwe, mo go neng ga bopa sesha itsholelo ya Botswana. Kompone ya meepo ya [[Debswana]] e tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi, lefatshe la Botswana la nna la itsholelo e e golang ka bofefo thata go gaisa a mangwe mo Botswana. Phathi ya sepolotiki ya Botswana Democratic e ne ya tswelela e le yone phathi e e busang go tswa ka nako ya boipuso go fitlhelela phathi ya [[Umbrella for Democratic Change]] e fenya ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone.]] == Ditso tsa pele ga bokolone == === Ditso tsa pele === [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo Hills rock paintings4.jpg|thumb|metako ya magaga kwa Tsodilo mo ditsong tsa pele]] Lefatshe la Botswana la gompieno e ne e le sekgwa fela dingwaga di le didikadike tse di lesome tse di fitileng, dinoka di ne di le ditona go fetisa gompieno, di tshela kwa [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|letsheng la Makgadikgadi]].<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou, Thomas]]; [[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Campbell, Alec C]]. (1997) [1984]. ''[[History of Botswana]]'' (2nd&nbsp;ed.). Macmillan Botswana. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/9991278087|&nbsp;<bdi>9991278087</bdi>.]]</ref> Batho ba sebopego sa ntlha sa Homo erectus ba ne ba nna mo kgaolong eo ka motlha wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997,]] p.&nbsp;14.</ref> Didirisiwa tsa lejwe mo Botswana wa gompieno, di tshwana le dilepe, di tswa go o lowe, dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fitileng.<ref name=":4">Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). [[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|''Culture and Customs of Botswana''.]] Greenwood Press. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33178-7|<bdi>978-0-313-33178-7</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#Identifiers_and_linked_data|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/title/62118271 62118271.]</ref><ref name=":0">Klehm, Carla (28 June 2021). "Archaeology of Botswana". ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History''. doi:[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61663/chapter/553401196 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.792]. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4|<bdi>978-0-19-027773-4</bdi>.]]</ref> Phudugo go ya sekakeng sa Kalahari go akanyediwa fa e diragetse pele ga legato la borataro dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro tse di fitileng.<ref name=":0" /> Letsha la Makgadikgadi le simolotse go fokotsega dingwaga di le dikete di le masome matlhano tse di fitileng.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;17.]]</ref> Bagolagolwane ba merafe e e sa amaneng ka gope ba ba bidiwang Basarwa fa ba kgobokantswe, ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome mane go tsena masome a mararo tse di fitileng. Ba ka tswa e le bone batho ba ntlha go nna mo motlheng wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&nbsp;18, 23.</ref> Ba ne ba itlhoma go bapa le dinoka ka dipaka tsa komelelo, mme ba phatlalale le kgaolo ka nako ya dipula.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&nbsp;24.</ref>Go ne go itsewe fa ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikaganyeditseng [[letsha la Makgadikgadi]], ga mmogo le [[Tsodilo]] le GI.<ref name=":1">[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;xv.</ref> Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba [[Nata]], Shua le Xani, go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref name=":2">Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;23.</ref>[[:en:Rock_art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse masome a mararo tse di fetileng,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Meepo ya specularite le hematite e simolotse ka nako e go tlhama dipente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;48.</ref> Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a leruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome mabedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":1" /> Thuto e e tseneletseng ya Aforika e e kwa borwa mo [[:en:Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Matlapa]] e ntse e lekanyeditswe.<ref name=":0" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[:en:Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba sala ka ditlhopha tse dinnye mme ba dira kgwebo le ba bangwe.<ref name=":2" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere tshimo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monna yo mogolo wa lelapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tse dikgolo, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela le go tshwara diphologolo tse dinnye.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Ditlhopha di ne di nyalana mme di dirisa thulaganyo ya magadi, xaro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete tse tse di fetileng, batho ba kgaolo eo ba ne ba tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana wa gompieno mme ba simolola go dira dinkgwana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;8.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;28.</ref>Temothuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga le go wela tlase fa seemo sa loapi le ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo di ne di dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;29–30.</ref>Gareng ga dijalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[:en:Pearl_millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[:en:Sorghum|mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[:en:Cowpea|dinawa tsa kgomo]], le dimela tsa lelapa la [[:en:Cucurbitaceae|cucurbits]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba Bantu ba ne ba [[:en:Bantu_expansion|fudugela kwa kgaolong]] e dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi le dingwaga dile selete le makgolo a matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong leno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;22–24, 28.</ref> [[:en:Kalanga_people|Batho ba Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba goroga c. 200 C.E.<ref name=":3">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Bagologolwane ba morafe wa ntlha wa [[:en:Tswana_people|Batswana]] (bongwe ''Motswana'', bontsi ''Batswana'') go fopholediwa fa ba gorogile c. 400 C.E.<ref name=":3" /> Batho ba ba Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didirisiwa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna mo ditseleng tsa metsi tsa leruri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;9.</ref> Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a leruri a matlo a ka nna lesome go fitlhela lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Pole-and-daga|dipale le mmu]] nngwe le nngwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa Khoisan e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;44–45.</ref> BaKhoisan le Bantu ba ka tswa ba ne ba gweba le go nyalana mo pakeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;36.</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlhela ka lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga === Setlhopha sa batho ba Zhizo, batho ba Taukome, ba ne ba goroga mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme ba nna fa gare ga [[:en:Shashe_River|Noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|Noka ya Serorome]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref><ref name=":5">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;10.</ref> Go nna le [[:en:Glass_bead|dipheta tsa galase]] go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo ya Lewatle la India]].<ref name=":5" /> Palo ya leruo le le ruiwang mo Botswana wa gompieno e ne ya oketsega thata fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa borobabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":4" /> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso ya morafe, e e bidiwang ''morafe'' (bontsi merafe), mongwe le mongwe o eteletswe pele ke kgosi e e bidiwang ''[[:en:Kgosi|kgosi]]'' (bontsi dikgosi).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Tsamaiso e e ne ya tlhagisa puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le tse dingwe mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;40.</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong, mme go nna mong wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho.<ref name=":6">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;11.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ditso tsa bogologolo tsa batho ba Tswana e sa ntse e sa itsiwe thata ka gonne go setse bosupi jo bonnye jwa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo.<ref name=":3" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Sekaka sa Kalahari]] ka makgolo ale borobabongwe morago ga ga Keresete,<ref name=":1" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong le le latelang la dingwaga, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng kwa Lewatleng la India.<ref name=":6" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Bangwe ba batho ba Eiland ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa ya gompieno go tsena mo Botswana wa gompieno mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Batho ba Toutswe, ba bangwe ba morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, ba bona khumo ya bona ka go nna le dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;13.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Go ne ga agiwa metse e meraro ya Ba-Toutswe kwa [[:en:Bosutswe|Bosutswe]], Sung, le [[:en:Toutswemogala|Toutswemogala]], mongwe le mongwe wa bone o ne o busa metse e mennye e e neng e e dikologile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 12, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba anametse kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;60.</ref> Boleng jwa ditlhagiswa bo ne jwa fetogafetoga fa kgwebisano e ntse e atolosiwa le ditšhaba di sele mme go ribololwa ga gauta go ne ga diragala, go fokotsa kgatlhego mo ditlhagisweng tsa sebilo le tsa diphologolo jaaka lonaka lwa tlou.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;27–28.</ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":7">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Merafe e e kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditiragalo tse mme e ne ya sala e sa amege thata.<ref name=":8">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Baagisani ba Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe le wa lesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard's Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":9">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> <ref name=":10">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;61.</ref>Ba tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[:en:Bambandyanalo|Bambandyanalo]], ba ne ba nna batho ba bagolo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe kwa ba neng ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;67–68.</ref> Ba ne ba bonela pele tlhotlheletso go ralala kgaolo fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> Batho ba Okavango Delta le batho ba Tsodilo mme morago ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bodulo mo nakong e, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke batho ba Khoe fela ba ba neng ba nna mo lefelong leo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou & Campbell 1997]], pp. 46, 81.</ref>Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro,<ref name=":11">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;14.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa mo nako e le nngwe.<ref name=":10" />Batho ba Mambo ba ne ba nna go dikologa [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]] ya gompieno mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo tikologong ya nako e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Batho ba segompieno ba Tswana, [[:en:Khalagari_people|Khalagari]], le [[:en:Sotho_people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo e ka nnang ka lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":12">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Ba-Khalagari ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana.<ref name=":13">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Batho ba Fokeng le bone ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi,<ref name=":14">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;93.</ref> mme batho ba Moloko ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro.<ref name=":12" /> Morafe wa tshimologo wa BaTswana, losika lwa bogosi lwa Phofu, o tlhodilwe kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro ke Mogale. Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, e ne ya kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa le merafe ya Bahurutshe, [[:en:Kwena_people|Kwena]], [[:en:Ngwaketse_people|Ngwaketse]], [[:en:Ngwato_people|Ngwato]], Tlharo, le batho ba ba [[:en:Ngwato_people|Kgatla]].<ref name=":13" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa ema mo boemong jwa Mapungubwe e le maatla a kgaolo ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro fa batho ba Gumanye ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[:en:Great_Zimbabwe|Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le le botlhokwa le ditsompelo tsa yone le go nna gaufi le lebopo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;77–78.</ref> Zimbabwe e ne e laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le teng mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana,<ref name=":15">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvi.</ref> mme kgwebisano ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo eo.<ref name=":11" /> Zimbabwe e ne e latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga, mme e ne ya wela mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Dinaga tse dingwe di le mmalwa di ne tsa tlhagelela morago ga go wa ga yone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo neng jwa bopiwa ke [[:en:Kalanga_people|merafe ya Kalanga]], bo ne jwa tsaya maemo a Zimbabwe mo molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;98–100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana le [[:en:Pedi_people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bone<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> mme [[:en:Rolong_people|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Morolong.<ref name=":13" /> Kgosi Masilo go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya bophirima jwa Tswana ka nako e, go fitlhela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga moo go bolelwa fa lefelo le le ne le busiwa ke Malope kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":14" /> === Lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell - Thlapingkaptein en sy vrou.png|thumb|Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1800]] Batho ba baTswana ba ne ba fuduga fa gare ga Botswana wa gompieno ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke batho ba naga le batho ba mmuso wa ga mmamosadinyana go tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":16">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;19.</ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga sekete le makgolo a le marataro.<ref name=":17">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, losika lwa ga Phofu, lo ne lwa wela tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;104.</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la lesome le botlhano le la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":11" /> Batho ba ba Kalanga ba ne ba laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[:en:Motloutse_River|Noka ya Motloutse]] le [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Letsha la Makgadikgadi]] go fitlhela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabobedi.<ref name=":7" /> Batho ba Hurutshe, Kgatla, le Kwena ba ne ba kgaogana le losika lwa segosi lwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo gare ga komelelo le dintwa tsa boswa, mme kgabagare ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;10.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Batho ba Ngwaketse le ba Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le boraro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;105.</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo ba ne ba nna mo Motlheng wa Bofelo wa Leje go fitlha mo e ka nnang mo lekgolong la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;22.</ref> Batho ba Botswana wa gompieno ba simolodistse ditsela tse di telle tsa motsamao ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa, e tsamaelwa dikilometara tse makgolo go rekisa,go tsoma le go itsalanya le batho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;108–109.</ref>Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana motlhofo abo e ipopa ka bongwe go tswa mo go ba bangwe ka gore dithoto tse dipotlana , le leruo tsa lefelo ne di kgona go tsmaisiwa motlhofo.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":16" />Merafe ya botlhabatsatsi e ne e tshabellwa ke go kgaogana ka ntlha ya seele se se tona gareng ga toropo le ditshimo.<ref name=":18">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;392.</ref>Kgaogano gareng ga ditlhopa tsa baTswana e nnile mo gareng ga ngwagakgolong ya lesome le bosupa, e tlhalosa merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":19">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;106.</ref>Merafe ya baTswana ba botlhabatsatsi e ne e nna e le maikaelelo a dintwa tsa [[:en:Griqua_people|batho ba Griqua]].<ref name=":18" /> Fa batho ba baTswana ba tswa bokone go ya Botswana wa borwa-bophirima wa segompieno ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa , ba ne ba nna mo metseng e e neng e nna batho ba Kgalagari, ba ba tshwaetsa kgotsa ba ba ntsha. Batho ba ba Kwena le merafe ya bone ya lekala ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa segompieno ka fa tlase ga taolo ya [[:en:Kgabo_II|Kgabo wa bobedi]] ba bo ba nna gaufi le motse wa [[:en:Molepolole|Molepolole]].<ref name=":19" />Go ya ka setso sa molomo, bapatole ba e leng batho ba Herero le Mbanderu ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathung ba Mbunda ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bosupa fa ntwa tsa leruo la batswana le ne le phatlalatsa ditlhopa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> le batho ba Bayeyi ba ne ba fudugela kwa Okavango Delta go ya kwa nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;8.</ref>Mo mafelong a mangwe, batho ba Kaa ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathong ba Rolong le batho ba Khurutse ba kgaogana le batho ba Bahurutshe, fa ditlhopa tsotlhe di fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":20">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;107.</ref>Batho ba Bashaga ba ne ba kopana le batho ba Kgalagari ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;110.</ref> State sa ntlha sa Tswana se tlhamilwe ke batho ba Ngwaketse bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi. Si state tse dingwe tsa Tswana di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka go latelana ke batho ba ba Kwena, batho ba Ngwato le batho ba ba Tawana mo dingwageng tse lesome tse nne di latela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;113.</ref> Ka se go ne ga tla ditlhabololo tsa ''mophato (''bontsi ''mephato),'' mephato ya sesole e e rulagantsweng k a dingwaga tsa setlhopa, gareng ga batho ba Tswana ba bophirima mo dingwageng tsa sekete le makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano''.''<ref name=":21">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;386.</ref>Batho ba le babedi ba Kgatla , batho ba Kgafela le batho ba ba Tlokwa, ba tsene mo nakong e ba bo ba tsaa taolo mo tikologong ya [[:en:Pilanesberg|Pilanesberg]] mo Aforika Borewng wa segompieno. Ba ne ba laola ka thata bontsi jwa batho mo lefelong leo mme ebile ba fentse dintwa tse pedi le batho ba Fokeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;390–391.</ref>Tiriso ya mephato e ne ya phatlatsega kwa bathong ba Tswana ba kwa botlhaba kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":21" />E ne e sa amogelwa go phutologilwe mo borwa === Difaqane === [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]], nako ya dintwa le phuduso mo borwa jwa Aforika , e diragetse kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi le tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;17.</ref> Mo nakong ye, batho ba baTswana ba ne ba le mo '''kgonegong''' ya dintwa ke ditlhopa di le dintsi ,di akaretsa [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Ndebele]], ba [[:en:Kololo_people|Kololo]], ba [[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]],<ref name=":8" /> ba Pedi, le ba [[:en:Voortrekker|Voortrekkers]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;391.</ref>Bontsi jwa ditlhopa tsa ba Tswana di itlhopetse go boela morago ko ntlheng ga go lwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;394.</ref>Sese ne sa trigger phudugo e e extensive e e ralalang lefelo, go baka gore morafe wa ba Tswana o phatlalale thata abo o simolodisa bolengteng jo bo nonofileng gareng ga territory ya Botswana wa segompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo [[:en:Hardveld|nageng e e thata]] e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Batho ba Kwena le ba Ngwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa motseng wa [[:en:South_African_Republic|Transvaal]] go ya kwa ''lefelong la motlhaba''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;18.</ref> Batho ba ntlha wa Kgatla go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, batho ba Mmanaana, o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[:en:Moshupa|Moshupa]] le [[:en:Thamaga|Thamaga]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53, 56.</ref> Ke fela bangwe ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba bolokwa mo go fudugeng kgotsa mo go kgorelediweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;393.</ref> Batho ba Kololo ba ne ba tlhasela merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa 1826, ba pateletsa BaKwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bona ka go farologana. Sebogo, molaodi wa morafe wa Ngwaketse, o ne a tsosa banna ba le dikete dile nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa Dithubaruba kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ba bolaya batlhabani le baagi, ba kobela ruri Bakololo mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;393–394.</ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma dinaga tsa yone gape ka dingwaga tsa bo 1840, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;31.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;693.</ref><ref name=":22">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;114.</ref> Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[:en:Kgotla|kgotla]]'', kopano ya dipuisano e mo go yone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a utlwa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagi ba banna pele a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref name=":34">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;695.</ref><ref name=":23">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1880, batho ba Tswana le ba Khalagari ba ne ba dirile Botswana yotlhe ya gompieno dikolone.<ref name=":20" /> === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe ba ne ba goroga lantlha mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|London Missionary Society]]. Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa dira go fetolela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":24">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Morongwa [[:en:Robert_Moffat_(missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya motse wa gagwe wa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa Botswana wa gompieno jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le Maburu gore ba se ka ba kgona go ya kwa teng.<ref name=":8" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a ne a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekeresete le go kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente e Kgologolo le e Ntšhwa ka bobedi di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa 1857.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;57, 65.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgopolo di le mmalwa tsa itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aforika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''mafisa'' ya bahumi ba adima bahumanegi dikgomo go ba ananya ka tiro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;701.</ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya dithoto tse di fhapegileng ka bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe , mme banna ba ba nyetsweng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le tshwanelo ya ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;698.</ref> Banna ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref> Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se lengwa thata mo kgaolong eo mo lekgolong la lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela komelelo e ne e raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Bagwebi ba lefatshe la Britain ba gorogile ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":24" /> Go tla ga baagi ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe ba ba neng ba nna gaufi le foo go ne ga dira gore merafe ya Batswana e kgone go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Sechele_I|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_I|wa ntlha]] wa batho ba Bakwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya lefatshe la Britain ya morafe wa gagwe.<ref name=":22" /> Morongwa wa kwa Scotland e bong [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o ne a goroga mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma lekgotla la [[:en:Kolobeng_Mission|Kolobeng Mission]]. Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe mo go bokete ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe mo merafeng ya Batswana fa ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano tsa dikontinente tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":15" /> Moaparo wa Bophirima o ne wa amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala ngwagakgolo otlhe mme o kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;120–121.</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a fa batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu.<ref name=":25">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa batho ba Kalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba lebana le kgotlhang go tswa mo ditlhopheng tse dingwe mo kgaolong, mme ya goroga kwa setlhoeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1850. Batswana ba le bantsi, bogolosegolo merafe ya Kwena le Ngwato, ba ne ba lwa kgatlhanong le merafe ya Maaforikanere le ya MaZulu kwa botlhaba jwa Sekaka sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;195.</ref> Ba-Kwena le Ba-Mmanaana ba ne ba lwantsha Maburu go tswa kwa Transvaal ka ngwaga wa 1852, ba sireletsa kgaolo ya bone mme ba fedisa go atologa ga setšhaba go ya kwa bophirima.<ref name=":26">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;396.</ref> Batswana ba ne ba bona ditlhopha tsa barongwa e le tsela ya go tshabela mo batlhaseding, ba rotloetsa go sokologela mo Bokereseteng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Sechele o ne a kopa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Britain ka 1853 go fedisa dintwa tsa kgaolo, mme o ne a ganwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;107.</ref> Baeng ba Europa ba ne ba tlwaelesegile thata mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga fa batsomi, batlhotlhomisi, le bagwebi ba ne ba batla dipoelo le go bona dilo tse di kgatlhang mo kgaolong eo.<ref name=":25" /> Ba le bantsi ba ne ba kwala [[:en:Travel_book|dibuka tsa maeto]] ka ga lefelo leo, tse e neng e le dingwe tsa dikgatiso fela tse e seng tsa thuto ka ga Botswana wa gompieno ka nako eo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;65–66.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1860, go fuduga go tswa mo kgaolong go ne ga oketsega fa banna ba Batswana ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya go bereka kwa meepong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Go ribololwa ga Masimo a [[:en:Tati_Goldfields|Gauta a Tati]] go ne ga tsosa go batla gauta ga ntlha ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe kwa Borwa jwa Aforika ka ngwaga wa 1868.<ref name=":24" /> Kampa ya pele ya meepo e e neng ya tlhongwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1870 e ne ya atologa thata fa e ne e nna lefelo le legolo la terena fa gare ga [[:en:Cape_Province|kgaolo ya Cape]] le [[:en:Bulawayo|Bulawayo]], mme ya nna toropokgolo ya ntlha ya Botswana, e leng [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;15, 29.</ref> Mo nakong e mo hisitoring ya Botswana, dikgosi tse dikgolo tsotlhe e ne e le Bakeresete.[92] Ntwa magareng ga Bakwena le BaKgafela ka ngwaga wa 1875.<ref name=":26" />Kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga di le lesome, kgosi [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa batho ba Ngwato o ne a gapa taolo ya kgwebisano ya Borithane mo bathong ba Kwena.<ref name=":22" /> == Tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland == ''Setlhogo se segolo: [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]'' Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e oketsegang ya lefatshe la Germany mo kgaolong, mme e ne ya dumela go bopa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]].<ref name=":27">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom & Bolt 2018]], p. 40.</ref><ref name=":28">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Makgowa a Britain a ne a eletsa go somarela tlhotlheletso ya yone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka a ne a neelana ka kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aforika.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Dikgosi tsa Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane ya Aforika Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maaforikaner]],<ref name=":29">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;161.</ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ya taolo ya Borithane e ne e le bokoloniale jwa baagi ke Jeremane.<ref name=":30">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;694.</ref> Ba ne ba eletsa gape go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Aforika Borwa kgotsa moeteledipele wa meepo [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa tshireletso e santse e iphitlhela e ikaegile ka Aforika Borwa mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe go nna lefatshe la merafe le le busiwang ke dikgosi le [[:en:Crown_land|lefatshe la segosi]] le le laolwang ke United Kingdom.<ref name=":29" /> Merafe e borobarobedi e ne ya amogelwa ke Maesemane fa go ne go tlhodiwa protectorate. Tse nne tse dikgolo di ne tsa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe: Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Gape go ne ga lemogiwa tse tharo tse dinnye: tsa Kgatla, tsa [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Tlokwa]] le tsa ga [[:en:Malete_people|Malete]]. Ba borobedi, ba Tshidi, ba ne ba fiwa lefelo la polokelo le le kgabaganyang molelwane magareng ga naga e e sireleditsweng le Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;30n1.</ref> Fa maloko a merafe e mennye e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe tsa bona.<ref name=":17" /> Go tsenngwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola mofuta wa puso ya Motswana, ka merafe e ne e sa tlhalosiwe thata mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka dikgaolo di kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;46–47.</ref><ref name=":31">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;24.</ref> Tshireletso kwa tshimologong e ne ya atologela kwa Ngwato, e fitlha go tswa go didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa go ya kwa [[:en:Molopo_River|Nokeng ya Molopo]], mme e ne ya atolosiwa go ya kwa didikiriing di le lesome le borobabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhela kwa Nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwaga wa 1890.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;30.</ref>Se se ne sa tlamela Maborithane ka badiri ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya yona mme sa bopa sekgoreletsi se segolo sa go lekanyetsa bokoloniale jwa Jeremane.<ref name=":32" /> Batho ba bangwe ba Tswana ba ne ba nna kwa borwa jwa tshireletso mme moragonyana ba ne ba tsenngwa mo Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":28" /> Batho ba ga Kgafela ba ne ba nna kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa 1887. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna seka-Kgatla.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53.</ref>Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa 1891 go tlhoma tshireletso semmuso.<ref name=":29" /> Puso ya yone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa mookamedi go nna tlhogo ya yone. Mookamedi o ne a fiwa dithata tse di anameng mo tshireletsong, fa fela a ne a tlotla molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> Motsemogolo wa yone e ne e le toropo ya Aforika Borwa ya Vryburg, go supa gore babusi ba bokoloniale ba ne ba sa nne mo tshireletsong mme ba ne ba sa amege ka tlhamalalo mo mererong ya yona.<ref name=":33">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;41.</ref>Go na le moo, mookamedi yo mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusa-baokamedi ba babedi, mme mookamedi wa kgaolo o ne a tlhofofatsa go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":35">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Go tsenngwa ga puso ya Borithane mo Aforikaborwa go ne go raya gore Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne e ikaegile ka yona mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;162.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore Bechuanaland Protectorate ke setheo sa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore e tla tloga e tsewa ke kolone ya Borithane.<ref name=":37">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;115.</ref> Fa go ntse jalo, e ne e dumela gore tshireletso e e kgonang go itshedisa e tla ja madi a mannye go e tlhokomela.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":41">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;108.</ref> Ka ntlha ya mabaka a, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya gapeletsa taolo e nnye fela e e tlhamaletseng ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland.<ref name=":23" /> Dikgosi di ne di akola dikgang tse mme tsa kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jo bo anameng, fela tshegetso ya bokoloniale e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka tumelelo ya merafe go tshegetsa puso.<ref name=":36">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;41–42.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;66–67.</ref>[ Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya seemanosi, se se neng sa baka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho le go tlhaola basadi le merafe e mennye.<ref name=":38">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;161–162.</ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa tshireletso === {{Multiple image|total_width=300|image1=Chief-khama-III.jpg|image2=Sebele I by Fritsch 1865.jpg|image3=Bathoen I in london1895.jpg|footer=Khama III, Sebele I le Bathoen I, ba ba neng ba kgona go tlhotlheletsa puso ya Borithane gore e se ka ya tsenya Bechuanaland Protectorate mo taolong ya Khamphani ya British South Africa.|direction=Horizontal}} Batho ba lefatshe la Britain ba ne a rulagantse gore kwa bofelong ba akaretse Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland mo Kopanong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":31" /> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso, United Kingdom e ne ya tsena mo dipuisanong le Cecil Rhodes go e tsenya mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aforika Borwa ya Borithane]].<ref name=":27" /> Fa ba araba, dikgosi tse tharo tse di nang le tlhotlheletso thata—Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, Sebele Iwa ntlha wa Ba-Kwena, le Bathoen wa ntlha wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto lwa bodipolomate go ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa1895 mme ba dira gore puso e se ka ya wetsa tumalano eo.<ref name=":33" /><ref name=":39">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvii.</ref>Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di dirisanang le makgoa a lefatshe la Briritsh jaaka setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref name=":40">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> mme sa kwala batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka setšhaba se le sengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[:en:Jameson_Raid|Jameson Raid]] ka yone e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba makgowa a lefatshe la British marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;30–31.</ref> Go ketekwa ga dikgosi tse go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aforika: ''Khamé'', ''Sebéle'' le ''Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa lefatshe la London ka one ngwaga oo. Mokwalo o o [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhagisitse tlhamane]] e e simolotseng ya gore merafe ya bone e meraro ka go farologana e tlhodilwe ke bakaulengwe ba bararo.<ref name=":42">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;670.</ref> Gape ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropong e nngwe ya Aforika Borwa, [[:en:Mafeking|Mafeking]],<ref name=":33" />mme kompone ya Marope a Bogologolo e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marope a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go batla gauta.<ref name=":32" /> Tshireletso e ne ya amiwa thata ke go runya ga bolwane mo diphologolong ya Aforika ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, ya latlhegelwa ke dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa leruo la yona le diphologolo tsa naga.<ref name=":39" /> [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|Seporo sa tshireletso se agilwe ka]] [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|ngwaga wa 1897]] jaaka mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tsosa [[:en:Pioneer_Column|setlhopa sa Babulatsela]] go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa Ngwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole.<ref name=":43">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la [[:en:Jameson_Raid|tlhaselo ya ga Jameson]] ka 1896.<ref name=":39" /> Morafe wa Kgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya [[:en:Boer_War|Ntwa ya Maburu]], o lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane.<ref name=":43" /> Itsholelo ya pele ya bokoloniale ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne ya nna e tshwana thata le itsholelo ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref /> United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata naga ya tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e fa Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka mo meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;42.</ref> Makgetho le one a ne a tsenngwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la ntlwana]] ka ngwaga wa 1899, le le neng la emisediwa ka [[:en:Poll_tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa 1909.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Lekgetho la selegae le ne la tsenngwa moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 1919.<ref name=":44">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;31.</ref>Makgetho a bokoloniale kwa Tshireletsong ya Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme se sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagi go ba rotloetsa go nna.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;43–44.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la akanyetsa go kopanya tshireletso mo Aforika Borwa jaaka e ne e [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|kopanya dikoloni tsa yona tsa borwa jwa Aforika]], fela kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":39" /> ya kopana ka ngwaga wa 1910.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;137.</ref> Boloko bo ne bo dira gore tshireletso e nne le karolo tse pedi mo lekgolong fela ya lotseno lwa bokopano.<ref name=":44" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1910, merafe yotlhe ya Batswana e ne e amogetse Bokeresete.<ref name=":24" />Bechuanaland e ne ya romela masole a le makgolo a le mmalwa go thusa Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya [[:en:World_War_I|Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya ntlha]].<ref name=":43" /> Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o ne wa iphitlhela o wela tlase ka nako eo, mme ka iketlo o ne wa latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso mo pusong e e neng e sireleditswe.<ref name=":42" /> [[:en:Sebele_II|Sebele wa bobedi]] o ne a nna kgosi ya Kwena ka ngwaga wa 1918, a tlhatlhama rraagwe, [[:en:Sechele_II|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_II|wa bobedi]]. Sechele II o ne a thulana le Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o o neng o laola, a letlelela go nna teng ga Anglican le go busetsa mekgwa e mentsi ya setso e e jaaka go nyala basadi ba le bantsi, go dira pula le ''[[:en:Bogwera|bogwera]]''. Sebele II o ne a tswelela ka kgwetlho ya ga rraagwe kwa Mokgatlhong wa Barongwa wa London, go ngongorega ga puso ya Borithane.<ref /> Puso e e gabedi ya dikgosi le tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya dira gore tsamaiso e nne thata, ka jalo tsamaiso e ne ya tlhama makgotla a mabedi a bagakolodi go lekalekanya balaodi bao.<ref name=":44" /> Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana (moragonyana Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Aforika) le ne la tlhongwa ka ngwagawa 1919.<ref name=":35" />Kopano e ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya dikgosi le batho ba bangwe ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso mo tshireletsong e ne ya letla puso ya Borithane go utlwa le go laola merafe mmogo go na le ka bongwe.[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;47–49.</ref>] Khama wa boraro wa Ngwato o ne a gana go tsaya karolo, a supa bokoa jwa tiragatso ya thibelo ya bojalwa mo morafeng wa borwa. Khama wa boraro o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1923<ref name=":45">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;230.</ref> mme a tlhatlhangwa ke [[:en:Sekgoma_II|Sekgoma]] [[:en:Sekgoma_II|wa bobedi]], yo o neng a direla go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1926.<ref name=":45" /> Morwa wa ga Sekgoma e bong [[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] o ne a sa ntse a le lesea, ka jalo [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama|Tshekedi Khama]] o ne a nna mmusi.<ref name=":46">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Tshekedi o ne a lemogwa jaaka moemedi wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> Fa Seretse a ntse a gola, Tshekedi o ne a gatelela gore a fiwe [[:en:Liberal_education|thuto e e gololesegileng]] go na le gore a romelwe kwa sekolong sa madirelo sa Rhodesia.<ref>Samatar 1999, p.&#x20;179.</ref> === Tlhabololo le tlhotlheletso e e oketsegileng ya Borithane === Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920, kgosi Isang Pilane wa batho ba Kgatla o ne a okametse sekema sa ntlha se segolo sa tlhabololo ya metsi sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland , a dira gore go epiwe metswedi ya metsi e le lesomethataro, mme di le supa tsa tsone di ne tsa nna ditlamelo tsa metsi tse di atlegileng. Tse e ne tsa tlwaelega thata mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang fa puso ya Borithane e ne e kgatlhegela go atolosa itsholelo ya tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;70.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930, Isang Pilane le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana ba ne ba dira gore dikhuti di nne tse di hapegileng, ka gonne di ne di sa tlhokomelwe ka fa tlase ga bong jo bo kopanetsweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], pp.&#x20;699–700.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya nna teng mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1930, ya bolaya go feta karolo ya masome a marataro mo lekgolong ya dikgomo tsa tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne ya tsaya karolo e e matlhagatlhaga mo pusong ya tshireletso go simolola ka ngwaga wa 1930.<ref name=":47">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;58.</ref><ref name=":41" />Mo ngwageng oo, e ne ya simolola go tlamela ka matlole ka tlhamalalo go tshireletso.<ref name=":48">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Charles Rey o ne a tlhomiwa go nna molaodi wa Moagi wa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, mme o ne a na le maikarabelo a go rulaganya itsholelo sešwa go dikologa dikgomo tsa go romelwa kwa ntle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;55–56.</ref> Maiteko a go fetola tshireletso go ya kwa tlhabololong ya meepo le temothuo ya kgwebo a ne a lekwa mme a bona a kgarametswa morago go tswa mo dikgosing.<ref name=":37" /> Molaodi wa Moagi Rey o ne a thulana le kgosi Sebele wa bobedi, mme a dira gore a lelekwe ka 1931. Sebele II o ne a emisediwa ka morwarraagwe yo mmotlana, Kgari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dikgato tse dingwe di ne tsa lekwa ke puso ya Borithane ka 1934 go thibela maatla a a sa laolweng a dikgosi morago ga go menolwa ga ga Sebele II. Dikgato tseno di ne tsa laela makgotla a bagakolodi a dikgosi di neng di tshwanetse go buisana le one mme di ne di batla gore puso ya Borithane e newe phitlhelelo ya direkoto tsa kgotlatshekelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;69–70.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;49.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Bathoen_II|Bathoen wa bobedi]] wa Ngwaketse le moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao mo maitekong a. Le fa kgotlatshekelo ya Borithane e ne ya atlhola kgatlhanong le kgwetlho, dipholisi tse dišwa ga di ise di ko di tsenngwe tirisong ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;72–73.</ref><ref name=":49">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Dithibelo tse dingwe di ne tsa amogelwa ka kgoeletso ya bokoloniale go lekanyetsa bokgoni jwa dikgosi go lefisa makgetho le go gapa dikgomo tse di timetseng.<ref name=":39" /> Molaodi yo mošwa wa baagi, [[:en:Charles_Arden-Clarke|Charles Arden-Clarke]], o ne a tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1936 mme a dira gaufi le dikgosi.<ref name=":49" /> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe II === Dipoifo tsa tlhaselo ya Jeremane kwa Bechuanaland di ne tsa gola pele ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi ka ntlha ya boemo jwa yone jwa togamaano fa gare ga dikoloni tsa Boritane tse di fa gare le tse di kwa borwa mo Aforika. Malatsi a le lesome le bongwe pele ga ntwa e itsisiwe, puso ya Borithane e ne ya tlhagisa naga e e sireleditsweng gore e nne e le mo seemong se se siameng, mme masole a sesole a ne a rulaganngwa. Malatsi a le manè morago ga gore Borithane e bolele ntwa kgatlhanong le lefatshe la Germany, Molaodi wa Moagi Arden-Clarke o ne a tshwara kopano le dikgosi kwa ba neng ba solofetsa go tshegetsa maiteko a ntwa ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> Letsatsi le le latelang, khomišene e kgolo e ne ya ntsha kgoeletso ya [[:en:Emergency_powers|dithata tsa tshoganyetso]] tse di neng tsa e fa taolo e e feletseng mo tirong ya setšhaba mo tshireletsong, fela dikgosi di ne tsa itsisiwe gore di tla nna le maikarabelo a bontsi jwa tiragatso le go boloka kagiso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;33–34.</ref> Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi di ne di batlile go se go nne le tshusumetso epe mo bathong ba Bechuanaland, mme bontsi bo ne bo na le kakanyo e e sa tlhamalalang fela ya gore ntwa e ne e le teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya ngotlega fa palo e kgolo ya baagi ba basweu ba ne ba ikwadisa mo Sesoleng sa Boritane. Ba ba neng ba setse ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo mo thulaganyong ya tshireletsego fa go ka direga gore borwa jwa Aforika bo nne letlhakore le lengwe mo ntweng.<ref name=":50">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;35.</ref> Kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa dikgosi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya rotloetsa Batswana ba ba neng ba eletsa go direla le Sesole sa Borithane go ikwadisa le Sesole sa Batswana sa Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Banna ba Batswana ba ka nna makgolo a supa ba ne ba ikwadisa le setlhopha seno.<ref name=":51">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Go tlhokomela Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland go ne ga nna selo se se kwa tlase mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya Kwelotlase e Kgolo ya itsholelo le Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi,<ref name=":41" /> mme tshireletso ga e a ka ya amogela matlole ape go tswa kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":48" /> Mmusomogolo wa Borithane o ne o na le taolo e nnye mo Bechuanaland fa o bapisiwa le dikgaolo tsa one tse dingwe, mme maiteko a Borithane a go laola tlhagiso ya nako ya ntwa mo tshireletsong a ne a sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;124.</ref> Ntwa e ne ya fetola thata itsholelo ya tshireletso fa e ntse e tswelela, ya tlhagisa tlhaelo, go aba dijo, le ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> [[:en:Profiteering|Go dira dipoelo]] le go [[:en:Price_gouging|fokotsa ditlhwatlhwa]] go ne go tlwaelesegile, mme puso ya bokoloniale, e e neng e sa kgone go gagamatsa [[:en:Price_control|ditaolo tsa ditlhwatlhwa]], e ne ya dirisa [[:en:Gentlemen's_agreement|ditumalano tsa banna]] le bagwebi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;138.</ref> Makgetho a ne a tlhatlosiwa mme mananeo a Letlole la Tlhabololo ya Bokoloniale di ne tsa fokodiwa kwa tshimologong ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi go tlhoma boipuso jwa matlole go tswa mo mmusomogolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;125–126.</ref> Kgoeletso ya Taolo ya Madirelo a Leruo ya ntlha ya ngwaga wa 1940 e ne ya fetisiwa go duedisa dikgomo lekgetho, madirelo a a magolo a tshireletso, mme fela e ne ya kopana le kganetso e e boitshegang go tswa kwa Batswaneng le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la kaorolokgolong ya lefatsa ya Europe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> Letlole la ntwa le ne le dira kwa Bechuanaland, mme le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le solohetse gore meneelo e nne ya boithaopo, dikgosi di ne tsa dirisa taolo ya tsone mo merafeng ya tsone go pateletsa meneelo. E ne ya emisediwa ka lekgetho ka ngwaga wa1941, fela se se ne se sa ratwe thata mme sa itshupa se le thata go se diragatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;128–131.</ref> === Botsayakarolo jwa Batswana mo Ntweng ya Lefatshe II === [[Setshwantsho:Bechuanaland Boys cleaning Aa Guns in the Twilight after Action, Syracuse, Sicily Art.IWMARTLD4576.jpg|thumb|Basimane ba Bechuanaland ba phepafatsa Ditlhobolo tsa Aa mo Lefifing morago ga Tiragalo, Syracuse, Sicily, tiro ya botaki ya 1944 e e dirilweng ke [[:en:Leslie_Cole_(artist)|Leslie Cole]]]] Go thapiwa ga sesole go simolotse kwa Bechuanaland ka ngwaga wa 1941.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;34–35.</ref> Banna ba ka nna dikete tse tlhano le makgolo a matlhano ba ne ba katisiwa mme ba romelwa kwa ntweng mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse thataro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Banna ba bangwe ba Batswana ba le dikete tse tlhano ba ne ba tsenelela ntwa ka ngwaga wa 1942.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ka kakaretso, masole a ka nna dikete tse lesome le bongwe go tswa kwa Bechuanaland a ne a lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":50" /> Ba feta dikete tse lesome ba bone ba ne ba direla mo Sesoleng sa Boritane sa [[:en:African_Auxiliary_Pioneer_Corps|Babulatsela ba ba Thusang ba Aforika]].<ref name=":51" /> Dikgosi ka tlwaelo di ne di na le tshwanelo ya go [[:en:Conscript|kwadisa]] masole, mme di ne di itlhokomolosa dikeletso tsa puso ya bokoloniale tsa gore tirelo ya sesole e nne ya boithaopo gotlhelele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;44–46.</ref> Moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato o ne a dira gore a se ka a ratwa ke batho ka go dirisa go tsenngwa mo sesoleng jaaka sedirisiwa sa taolo, a go dirisa sebetsa go didimatsa batshwayadiphoso le baganetsi ba sepolotiki.<ref name=":52">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Banna ba ba neng ba eletsa go tila go tsenela bosole ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Aforika Borwa kgotsa kwa mafelong a a kgakala jaaka metlhaba ya [[:en:Okavango_Delta|noka e phatlallang ya Okavango]] le [[:en:Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park|sekgwa sa Kgalagadi]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;47.</ref> Ba bangwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgato tsa go itlhokomela ka bonako, jaaka go epa dikhutsi fa bathapi ba ne ba etela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di eletsa go dirisa go tsaya karolo ga tsone mo ntweng go bona ditshwanelo tse dingwe mo teng ga Mmusomogolo wa Borithane, mme di ne di tshaba gore go fenngwa ga Borithane go tla ba dira babusiwa ba Jeremane kgotsa Aforika Borwa, e leng phelelo e ba neng ba eletsa go e tila.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;39–40.</ref> Maiteko a ntwa gape e ne e le tshono ya go busetsa banna ba Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugetse kwa Aforika Borwa go ya go dira ditiro tsa meepo; dikgosi di ne di eletsa go fedisa mokgwa o mme di ne di ikutlwa di ka dira jalo ka go neelana ka ditiro tsa sesole.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;41–43.</ref> Dituelo dingwe tsa sesole di ne tsa diegisiwa go malapa a masole, mme ditekanyetso tsa thomelo kwa ntle di ne tsa tlosiwa ka nako ya ntwa, mme tsa baka go tsena ga madi kwa Bechuanaland.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;133.</ref> Fa go bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tse di mo Mmusong wa Boritane, batho ba Bechuanaland ba ne ba amogela ntwa eo. Batswana ba le bantsi ba ne ba na le maikutlo a boikanyegi mo mmusomogolong kgotsa ba ikutlwa gore dikgatlhego tsa bone di a tsamaisana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;36–37.</ref> Dikgosi dingwe, jaaka [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|Kgari Sechele]] [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|wa bobedi]] wa kwa ga Kwena le Molefi Pilane wa ga Kgatla, ba ne ba ikwadisa ka sebele. Ba ne ba dira jaaka disajene tse dikgolo tsa masole, e leng maemo a a kwa godimo a a neng a le teng mo Batswaneng.<ref name=":52" /> Go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya letlelela Batswana go nna le diteseletso tsa kgwebo le go dira mo teng ga naga e e sireleditsweng. Se pele se ne se lekanyeditswe batho basweu le makula.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;135.</ref> Setlhopha sa Dikgaolo tsa Dikhomišene tse di Kwa Godimo se ne se le kwa Botlhabagare go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1946 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1949.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> === Mokgatlho wa boipuso === [[Setshwantsho:1960 6d Bechuanaland Protectorate stamp.jpg|thumb|Setempe sa ngwaga wa 1960 sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland se se nang le ditshwantsho tsa ga [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Kgosigadi Victoria]] le [[:en:Elizabeth_II|Elizabeth wa bobedi]], dikgosi tsa ntlha le tsa bofelo tsa Borithane tsa tshireletso .]] Bokhutlo jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi bo ne jwa tla ka phetogo e kgolo mo setšhabeng. Dikgosi di ne tsa bonwa di se botlhokwa thata mo sebopegong sa loago, mme bontsi bo ne jwa tlogela dipolelo tsa bone tsa lefatshe lotlhe mo dikgomong tsa merafe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;51.</ref> Didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa setšhaba, jaaka lefatshe le badiri, di ne tsa dirwa tse di hapegileng le go dirwa dithoto.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;52.</ref> Phitlhelelo ya thuto e ne ya tlhola setlhopha sa batlhalefi ba ba [[:en:Liberalism|gololesegileng]] ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le puso ya dikgosi mme ba simolola go ipopela mafelo a bone a maatla mo mekgatlhong ya badiri le ditlhopha tsa baagi.<ref name=":63">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;165.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1946, ke karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong fela ya paoyotlhe ya baagi e e neng e na le tiro kwa ntle ga temothuo le ditirelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya bona koketsego e kgolo ya dikelo tsa matsalo jaaka karolo ya bogare jwa [[:en:Mid-20th_century_baby_boom|ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi wa go tlhatloga ga masea]] mo dingwageng tsa morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, e e neng e tsamaya le koketsego ya [[:en:Life_expectancy|dingwaga tsa botshelo]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e simolotse lenaneo la yone la ntlha ya tlhabololo mo tshireletsong, e leng lefelo la matlhabelo, ka dingwaga tsa bo ka ngwaga wa 1950.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;81.</ref> Maborithane, a santse a solofetse go kopanya tshireletso go nna Aforika Borwa, kwa bofelong a ne a phimola leano le morago ga tshimologo ya [[:en:Apartheid|Tlhaolele]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref>Fa maiteko a simolola go tlhama tsela e ntšhwa ya isago ya tshireletso, tshireletso e ne ya bewa mo seemong sa go tlhoka maitseo, mme ga go na tsela ya go ya pele e e neng e bonala sentle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], pp.&#x20;672–673.</ref> Tshitshinyo nngwe e ne e le go e tsenya mo [[:en:Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland|Mokgatlhong wa Rhodesia le Nyasaland]], o lefatshe la United Kingdom e o tlhamileng ka fa tlase ga pholisi ya "tirisanommogo ya merafe e mentsi".<ref>Parsons 2006, p.&#x20;673.</ref> Fa mojaboswa wa Ngwato Seretse Khama a gola, mmusi Tshekedi Khama o ne a leka go tshwarelela mo pusong.<ref name=":53">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;696.</ref> Seretse o ne a nyala mosadi wa mosweu, [[:en:Ruth_Williams_Khama|Ruth Williams]], fa a ne a ithuta kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom, mme se sa baka matlhabisa ditlhong mo lelapeng la segosi la ga Ngwato.<ref name=":46" /> Le fa kwa tshimologong setšhaba se ne se le kgatlhanong le lenyalo le, go sa ratweng ga ga Tshekedi go ne ga fetola maikutlo a Seretse.<ref name=":47" /> Kgang e ne ya tlhagisiwa mo kgotleng ka ngwaga wa 1949, mme puso ya ga Tshekedi e ne ya ganwa ka bontsi ke diketekete tsa batho ba ba neng ba le teng.<ref name=":53" /><ref name=":47" /> Tshekedi le batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Kwena kwa botshabelo.<ref name=":54">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Puso ya makgowa e ne e sa itshokele lenyalo la ga Seretse le mosadi yo mosweu. Ka maiteko a go ritibatsa puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, e ne ya leleka banyalani ba mo pusong ya tshireletso ka ngwaga wa 1950. Se se ne sa tsosa mokgatlho wa bosetšhaba o o neng o gola mo gare ga baemanokeng ba ga Seretse mo pusong ya tshireletso, o o neng wa tlhagelela ka botlalo ka ngwaga wa 1952.<ref name=":37" /> Ka nako ya fa Seretse a ne a seyo, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la baya molaodi wa kgaolo dingwaga di le nne pele ga e tlhoma Rasebolai Kgamane, motshegetsi wa ga Tshekedi, go nna moemedi.<ref name=":54" /> Morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tsuologela go lelekwa ga ga Seretse.<ref name=":55">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;53.</ref> Batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba kopa gore a bowe, mme go ne ga tsoga dikhuduego fa ba ne ba ganwa. Seretse o ne a feleletsa a letleletswe go boa ka ngwaga wa1956.<ref name=":56">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Ka nako e, kgaogano e e gagametseng ya merafe mo Aforika Borwa ya Tlhaolele e ne ya thibela lefatshe la United Kingdom go e ritibatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;200.</ref> Mo nakong yotlhe ya mathata a go lelekwa ga ga Seretse, maatla a ne a tlogela bogosi mme a ya kwa mekgatlhong ya ditlhopho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;91.</ref> Tshekedi le Seretse ba ne ba dira kagiso fa Seretse a boa, mme Seretse a nna moeteledipele wa ''nnete'' wa Ngwato, le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le mo thibetse go nna kgosi ya semmuso.<ref name=":56" /> Ka thotloetso ya Borithane, morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tlhama lekgotla la morafe, le Seretse le Tshekedi ka bobedi e neng e le maloko a lone.<ref name=":55" /> Merafe e mengwe e ne ya tlhoma makgotla a merafe a a tshwanang, a a neng a dira jaaka ditšheke tsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Go ne ga sala letlhoo lengwe fa gare ga banna ba babedi ba: Tshekedi o ne a eletsa go boloka puso ya morafe le maatla a dikgosi, fa Seretse ene a ne a akanya ka puso ya batho ka batho ya boemedi le dikgosi tse di bokoa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;91–92.</ref> Selekanyo sa maatla a a beeleditsweng mo dikgosing e ne ya nna kgang e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata mo mokgatlhong wa boipuso o o neng o gola, bogolosegolo mo bathong ba ga Ngwato le ba lelapa la ga Khama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;93–94.</ref> Bechuanaland Protectorate Federal Party e ne e le lekoko la ntlha la sepolotiki le le neng la tlhamiwa mo kgaolong ya tshireletso fa le ne le tlhamiwa ke moeteledipele wa mokgatlo wa Ngwato [[:en:Leetile_Disang_Raditladi|Leetile Disang Raditladi]] ka ngwaga wa 1959. Le bopilwe thata ke batho ba maemo le batlhalefi, le ne le buelela kopano ya merafe ya Batswana. Lekoko le ne la palelwa ke go bona tshegetso mme la nna lobaka lo lokhutshwane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;94.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, [[:en:Bechuanaland_People's_Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] (BPP, moragonyana Lekoko la Batho la Botswana) le ne la tlhamiwa jaaka lekoko le le bogale thata, le le ganetsanang le puso ya merafe ya setso mme la bona boikuelo mo badiring ba bafaladi.<ref name=":57">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> E ne e eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Motsamai_Mpho|Motsamai Mpho]], [[:en:Philip_Matante|Philip Matante]], le Kgalemang Morsete.<ref name=":58">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xviii.</ref> BPP, e e neng ya tlhamiwa jaaka molekane wa Setswana wa lekoko la [[:en:African_National_Congress|African National Congress]] la Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":59">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;74.</ref> e ne ya tshegetsa boipuso jwa ka bonako le go fedisiwa gotlhelele ga bogosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Ka go tshaba gore BPP e tla nyatsa puso e e leng teng le go tshuba dikgotlhang le puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, dikgosi le puso ya Borithane di ne tsa thibela bokgoni jwa yona jwa go kopana.<ref name=":57" /> Merafe ya tshireletso mmogo e ne ya bopa lekgotla la peomolao ka ngwaga wa 1961.<ref name=":37" /> Batho ba Kwena ba ne ba iphitlhela ba le ka fa tlase ga moemedi, [[:en:Neale_Sechele|Neale Sechele]], ka ngwaga wa 1963, se se rayang gore ba ne ba na le tlhotlheletso e nnye ya sepolotiki fa mokgatlho wa boipuso o ntse o gola.<ref name=":60">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;102.</ref> Leano la Tlhabololo la Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland la dingwaga tsa 1963/1968 le ne la kwalwa ka thulaganyo ya dipuisano ka ngwaga wa 1963, le tlhama tlhaloso ya boipuso jwa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;26–27.</ref> Fa palo ya batho e ne ba sa dire sepe mo dipolotiking ka kakaretso, lefatshe la United Kingdom e ne ya nna nngwe ya mafatshe a a neng a etelela pele go bona boipuso. Ka go tshwenyega gore lekoko la BPP e ne e le e e tseneletseng thata, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa moeteledipele wa yone yo o mo ratang, Seretse Khama, go tlhama lekoko la sepolotiki.<ref name=":59" /> Le fa Khama a ne a dumalana le mekgwa ya lekoko la BPP e e kgatlhanong le bosemorafe le ya lefatshe, o ne a le kgatlhanong le tsela ya yone ya go tlhoma dipolotiki le go amogela ga yone bojammogo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;96.</ref>O ne a dumela go tlogela go bolela ga gagwe mo bathong ba ga Ngwato go dira jaaka radipolotiki, a tlhama [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Lekoko la]] [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|puso ya batho ka batho la Bechuanaland]] (BDP, moragonyana ya nna lekoko la Botswana Democratic ) ka ngwaga wa 1962.<ref name=":59" /> Lekoko la BDP e ne ya itlhoma jaaka "lekoko la dikgosi", mme ya amogela dikakanyo tse di amanang le puso ya merafe ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref name=":30" /> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa lekoko la BDP, le tlhaloganya gore le tla tshegetsa kgwebisano ya leruo ya motlha wa bokoloniale.<ref name=":73">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;149.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1963, kgosi ya Kgatla Linchwe e ne e le ene fela kgosi e e neng e le kgatlhanong le BDP e bile e na le tlhotlheletso ya sepolotiki, mme batho ba Kgatla ba ne ba rata lekoko la BDP, ka jalo o ne a nna a sa tsenelele mo dipolotiking.<ref name=":60" /> Thulaganyo ya phetogo e ne ya simolola ka lekoko la BDP e ne e solofetswe go busa Botswana yo o ikemetseng, mme puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya bereka le boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BDP go ba baakanyetsa go tsamaisa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Go ne ga tshwarwa bokopano ka ngwaga wa 1963 go okamela go tlhamiwa ga molaotheo o mosha. Dikgotlhang tsa ka fa gare ga lekoko la BPP di ne di raya gore lekoko la BDP e ne e na le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo thulaganyong. Tshekedi Khama o ne a tlhokafetse ka nako e, ka jalo Bathoen wa bobedi o ne a nna moeteledipele wa lekoko le le neng le ema nokeng puso ya bofederale, a dumela gore le tla boloka puso e le mo diatleng tsa dikgosi. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le boradipolotiki ba Batswana ba ne ba tshegetsa puso ya bosetšhaba e e kopaneng ka gonne Botswana e ne e humanegile thata go ka kgaoganya dithoto tsa yona le ka gonne go tlhoka go kopanya dithoto go ne go tla dira gore e nne mo kotsing ya go tlhaselwa ke merafe e mengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Puso ya dikgaolo e e itsholetseng e ne ya itshupa e sa kgonege mo dipolotiking, ka jalo go ne ga dirwa tumalano ya gore dikgosi di tla bopa Ntlo ya Dikgosi, e leng setlhopha sa bagakolodi mo teng ga [[:en:Parliament_of_Botswana|Palamente ya Botswana]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;98–99.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di santse di le kgatlhanong le thulaganyo e, mme mo mokgatlhong o o neng o eteletswe pele ke Bathoen, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya fetisa tlhopo ya [[:en:No_confidence|go sa tshepe]] puso e ntšhwa, mme fela go tlhoka maatla a yone a sepolotiki go ne ga e thibela go dirisa phetogo e e nang le bokao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Molao wa Lekgotla la Kgaolo o ne wa fetisiwa jaaka tsela e nngwe ya go lekanyetsa maatla a dikgosi ka go tlhama makgotla a a tla okamelang kgaolo le toropo nngwe le nngwe,<ref name=":58" /> go dira gore mekgatlho e e tlhophilweng e e nne balaodi ba konokono ba selegae.<ref name=":64">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Toropo ya [[:en:Gaborone|Gaborone]] e agilwe ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme ya itsisiwe jaaka motsemogolo o mošwa.<ref name=":59" /> E agilwe mo lefatsheng la puso ya Borithane, le le neng le tlamela ka lefelo le le sa tseyeng letlhakore le le neng le sa laolwe ke morafe ope .<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;16.</ref> [[:en:Constitution_of_Botswana|Molamotheo]] o ne wa tsenngwa tirisong ka one ngwaga oo.<ref name=":59" /> Ka se se tirisong, Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la fa tshireletso puso ya go ipusa.<ref name=":61">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;116.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1965 gape e ne ya bona go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Dikgotla tsa Dikgaolo o o neng wa fetola seabe sa bokoloniale sa molaodi wa kgaolo ka go se bofa mo makgotleng a dikgaolo a a sa tswang go tlhamiwa,<ref name=":74">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> mme wa bona go tlhongwa ga Banka ya Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba e e neng e le ya puso.<ref name=":75">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Mpho o ne a kgaogana le lekoko la BPP go tlhama Lekoko la Boipuso la Bechuanaland (BIP) ka ngwaga wa 1965.<ref name=":62">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> E eteletswe pele ke Seretse Khama le [[:en:Quett_Masire|Quett Masire]], lekoko la BDP le ne la dira letsholo mo e ka nnang mo motseng mongwe le mongwe wa kgaolo ya tshireletso pele ga ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kakaretso. Go farologana le batho ba bangwe ba sepolotiki kwa Bechuanaland, Seretse Khama o ne a na le boikuelo go ralala merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":60" /> Morago ga moo lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhophiwa go etelela puso ya ntlha pele.<ref name=":61" /> Lekoko la BPP le ne la gapa manno a le mararo fela mo lekgotleng la peomolao, mme lekoko la BIP le ne la palelwa ke go gapa epe.<ref name=":62" /> Morago ga ditlhopho, go ne ga tlhamiwa lekoko la [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|Botswana]] [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|National Front]] (BNF) jaaka lekoko le le kopaneng la kganetso ya BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Kenneth_Koma|Kenneth Koma]], lekoko la BNF le ne la nna mmaba yo mogolo wa lekoko la BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;109.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;31–33.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhopha Khama go nna tonakgolo ya naga.<ref name=":65">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;204.</ref>Go farologana le makoko a mantsi a sepolotiki a a tlhomilweng mo Aforika, BDP e ne e le lekoko le le itekanetseng le le sa fetogeng go na le go nna lekoko le le kgatlhanong le bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;711.</ref> Morago ga go tlhamiwa ga yona, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya ntsha tlhopo ya go sa tshepe molaotheo ka ngwaga wa 1966, mme se sa dira gore go nne le letsholo la bosetšhaba la go tshegetsa molaotheo le le neng la bona tshegetso e e lekaneng gore dikgosi di fedise maiteko a tsone a go o gwetlha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;100–101.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya newa boipuso jaaka Rephaboliki ya Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966.<ref name=":61" /> == Repaboliki ya Botswana == [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Independence, 1966.png|thumb|[[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] a ikanisa maikano a go nna Tautona wa ntlha wa Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966]] Boipuso jwa Botswana bo ne bo kaya go tsenngwa tirisong ga puso ya batho le batho e e gololesegileng, go tlisa ditlhopho, tshireletso ya ditshwanelo tsa batho, le tirelosetšhaba.<ref name=":64" /> Se se ne sa dira gore go nne le thulaganyo ya go tlhatlosiwa maemo e e ikaegileng ka bokgoni le go tlhamiwa ga tsamaiso ya puso ya maranyane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref>Setšhaba se ne sa bopa puso e e neng e fetotswe go tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]],<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;23–24.</ref> mme Tonakgolo Seretse Khama a nna Moporesidente Seretse Khama.<ref name=":65" /> Go ne ga tlhamiwa boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba, jwa kopanya merafe e e sa tshwaneng mo letshwaong le le lengwe la Setswana, ka ngwao e e ikaegileng ka ya merafe ya Setswana.<ref name=":80">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNyamnjoh2007|Nyamnjoh 2007]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Botswana e ne ya boloka bontsi jwa ditheo tsa yone tsa merafe tsa pele ga bokoloniale morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;54.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Se e ne e le ditlamorago tsa puso e e nonofileng e e neng e amana le merafe ya Batswana le tsereganyo e e lekanyeditsweng ya puso ya Borithane mo dinakong tsa bokoloniale.<ref name=":34" /> Mofuta wa go buisana wa dipolotiki tsa setšhaba pele le morago ga boipuso e ne e le mokgwa o o sa tlwaelesegang mo merafeng e mengwe e mentsi ya Aforika e e neng ya nna le babusaesi morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;30, 56.</ref> Go na le go fedisa bogosi, puso e ntšhwa e ne ya bo tsenya mo tsamaisong ya semolao, ya fa dikgosi dithata tsa boatlhodi ka ''kgotla'', go ikaegile ka dikgotlatshekelo tsa boikuelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe]] 2012, p.&#x20;36.</ref>Tlwaelo ya go ikobela boeteledipele, e e kileng ya fiwa dikgosi, e ne ya sutela kwa botautoneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;30.</ref> Puso e ne ya tiisa go tlhomama ga yona ka go thapa tirelosetšhaba ya yone ka baitseanape b<ref name=":66">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref>a dinaga di sele, go farologana le dinaga tse dingwe tse dišwa tsa Aforika tse gantsi di neng di leleka baitseanape ba dinaga di sele.<ref name=":67">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref name=":68">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;105.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;59.</ref> Se se ne sa boloka puso ya mofuta wa Bophirima e e neng e gatelela tlhabololo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;259.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go tlamela Botswana ka matlole mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse tlhano tsa go nna teng ga yone.<ref name=":61" /> Maemo a yone a kagiso, a puso ya batho ka batho fa a bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tsa Aforika a ne a raya gore e ne ya amogela thuso e ntsi go tswa mo mekgatlhong ya Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;255.</ref> Ka nako ya boipuso, Botswana e ne e le setšhaba se se humanegileng thata, go feta bontsi jwa dinaga tse dingwe mo Aforika.<ref name=":69">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;104.</ref><ref name=":66" /> E ne e sena badiri ba ba rutegileng, ka baagi ba le masome a mane fela ba ba nang le ditlankana tse di hagodimo tsa mmadikolo, mme go ne go sena ditlamelo tse di itsegeng tsa metswedi ya tlholego go tshegetsa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;62, 64.</ref> Botswana e ne e ikaegile ka puso ya Tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa go fitlhelela setšhaba sa lefatshe, mme bontsi jwa badiri ba Botswana e ne e le badiri ba bafaladi mo Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Botswana e ne ya tsena mo ntweng e e tlhamaletseng le Rhodesia, e e neng ya baka dintwa tsa sesole go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1978.<ref name=":63" /> Go nna le seabe mo go lekanyeditsweng ga Borithane go ne go kaya gore go ne go se na tlhabololo e ntsi fa e sale ka nako ya bokoloniale.<ref name=":69" /><ref name=":70">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;160.</ref> Bokgoni jwa go bala le go kwala e ne e le selekanyo sa karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong, mme go ne go na le dikilometara di le lesome fela tsa tsela e e tshetsweng.<ref name=":69" /> Mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a robangbongwe ya baagi e ne e le mo [[:en:Abject_poverty|lehumeng le le tseneletseng]],<ref name=":70" /> mme bontsi jwa baagi e ne e le balemibarui ba dikgomo kgotsa [[:en:Subsistence_farmers|balemibarui ba ba itshidisang]].<ref name=":71">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Fa setšhaba se fitlhelela boipuso, komelelo e e masisi e ne ya fedisa karolo ya masome amarao go fihlela masome a matlhano mo lekgolong ya palo ya dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa Batswana ba ne ba ikaegile ka [[:en:World_Food_Programme|Lenaneo la Dijo la Lefatshe]] go tila tlala.<ref name=":81">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;220.</ref> Ditšhaba tse dingwe di ne di na le ditsholofelo tse di kwa tlase mo Botswana, mme mo Aforika yotlhe e ne e bonwa jaaka [[:en:Bantustan|Bantustan]] ya Tlhaolele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;1.</ref> Kamano e le Tlhaolele gape e ne e le ntlha ya katlego ya Botswana jaaka setšhaba se se ikemetseng: boeteledipele jwa Batswana bo ne bo eletsa go tila phelelo e e tshwanang le ya Aforika Borwa fa setšhaba se ka palelwa, mme dikgolagano tsa dikgang tsa mafatshe fatshe tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa le Bophirima go thibela go tsenngwa ke Aforika Borwa di ne di raya gore Botswana o ne a tshepa thata dinaga tsa Bophirima go amogela thuso le thato ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;76–77.</ref> Boeteledipele jwa ntlha jwa Botswana bo ne bo laolwa ke malapa a merafe e e busang mmogo le palo e nnye ya badiredipuso ba ba rutegileng thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;6.</ref> Go tshwana ga bona ga itsholelo le dikgopolo go ne go raya gore puso e nne e tlhomame kwa ntle ga dintwa tsa sepolotiki.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;71.</ref> Le fa Bathoen a ne a tlogela maemo a gagwe a go nna kgosi go ya go dira dipolotiki, bontsi jwa dikgosi tse dingwe di ne tsa amogela maatla a tsona a a fokoditsweng a sepolotiki mo pusong e ntšhwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;56–57.</ref> Tiro e nngwe ya dikgosi e ne e laolwa ke Molao wa Bogosi wa ngwaga ya 1966.<ref name=":92">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;140.</ref> Go tlhoka bonweenwee go ne ga dira gore puso e nne semolao thata mme ya ratwa ke balekane ba Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;166.</ref> Go farologana le bontsi jwa merafe e e sa tswang go tlhamiwa ya Aforika, bontsi jwa boeteledipele bo ne bo tswa mo setšhabeng sa temothuo, go kaya gore dikgatlhego tsa bona di ne di tsamaisana le bontsi.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":71" /> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa go boloka dipholisi tsa motlha wa bokoloniale tse di neng di solegela barui ba dikgomo molemo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;75.</ref> Setlhopa sa semmuso sa Nama ya Botswana se ne sa tlhamiwa go laola madirelo a nama ya kgomo.<ref name=":58" /> Boikuelo jwa lekoko la BDP jwa merafe yotlhe le kgatlhego e e kopanetsweng ya go tlhoma boipuso di ne tsa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa gape go dira mo dikgatlhegelong tsa bontsi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref> Ditlhopha tse dinnye tsa baagi ba basweu di ne tsa sala mo nageng mme tsa ganetsa boipuso jwa yone.<ref name=":63" /> Le fa moragonyana di ne di tla nna botlhokwa mo tlhabololong ya Botswana, ditshwanelo tsa ditswammung di ne tsa fiwa botlhokwa jo bo kwa tlase fa di bona boipuso, mme merafe e ne ya di fetisetsa kwa pusong ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1967.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;103–104.</ref> === Puso ya ga Seretse Khama === Khama o ne a ratwa ke batho botlhe mme a bonwa e le moeteledipele wa tlholego wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;202–203.</ref> Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya tsenya tirisong maano a a neng a lebisitswe mo go tlhameng mafaratlhatlha le dithoto tsa setšhaba, bogolosegolo go tsenya tshela ditsela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;111.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;86.</ref> O ne a simolola go aga dikolo, matlhabelo le dikhuti tse di neng tsa tswelela mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. Lefatshe le le nang le banni la Batswana le Basarwa le ne la dirisiwa go aga mesima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;219.</ref> Tlhabololo e ne ya tla ka tshenyegelo ya kgwebo le tlhagiso, e e neng e lekanyeditswe go tlamela ka matlole a leruo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004,]] p.&#x20;164.</ref> Go ne ga tlhongwa mogopolo thata mo go otla dikgomo le go aga matlhabelo go rotloetsa madirelo a nama ya kgomo mo gare ga go tlhoka metsi. <ref name=":82">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;205.</ref>[[:en:Public_welfare|Mananeo a katlaatleloloago]] le one a ne a tlhongwa.<ref name=":67" /> Go ribololwa ga ditaemane go ne ga netefatsa gore mananeo a a bona madi a a lekaneng.<ref name=":72">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Dipeeletso tse le mokgwa o o sa fetogeng wa go somarela madi a puso di ne tsa thibela boemo jwa [[:en:Dutch_disease|bolwetse jwa Dutch]] jo bo neng jwa golafatsa dinaga tse dingwe tsa Aforika tse di neng di tletse ka didirisiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;4.</ref> Thuto e ne ya atolosiwa mo setšhabeng sotlhe, mme puo ya Setswana e ne ya lekanngwa mmogo le Seesemane ka go latlhegelwa ke dipuo tse dingwe.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":68" /> Khama o ne a siamisa seo jaaka tsela ya go fitlhelela kutlwano.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;228.</ref> Quett Masire o ne a dira jaaka Mothusa tautona ka fa tlase ga ga Seretse Khama mmogo le Tona ya tsa madi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> O ne a laola tekanyetsokabo ya lefatshe le tiriso ya madi ka go tlhama motseletsele wa Maano a Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba, go ikaegilwe ka kamogelo ya Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba le Komiti ya itsholelo ya Kabinete.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Dipoeletso tsa maano a di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya molao wa semmuso ya puso morago ga gore batlhatlhami ba ga Khama le Masire ba tsene mo maemong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;171.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, ditaemane di ne tsa fitlhellwa kwa Botswana ke setlamo sa Aforika Borwa sa ditaemane sa [[:en:De_Beers|De Beers]], mme ditiro di ne tsa simolola ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref name=":76">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;110.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;61.</ref> Dipeeletso tsa kopore di ne tsa fitlhelwa kwa [[:en:Selebi-Phikwe|Selebi-Phikwe]] ka ngwaga oo, mme se sa senola gape khumo ya ditswammung tsa setšhaba.<ref name=":58" /> Puso e ne ya dirisana le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1969 go dira ditiro tse dikgolo tsa meepo ya ditaemane,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> mme e ne ya amega mo dipuisanong sešwa tsa [[:en:Southern_African_Customs_Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa]] ka one ngwaga oo go tokafatsa thata maatla a yone a itsholelo mo kgaolong.<ref name=":77">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;65.</ref> Moepo mongwe kwa [[:en:Morupule|Morupule]] o ne wa simolola go ntsha magala ka ngwaga wa 1973, mme wa tlamela setšhaba ka karolo e kgolo ya motlakase.<ref name=":78">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xix.</ref> [[:en:Orapa_diamond_mine|Moepo wa ditaemane wa Orapa]] o ne wa bulwa kwa Orapa ka ngwaga wa 1971, mme go ne ga tlomamisiwia tumalano ya go abelana lotseno fa gare ga puso le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1974.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;125.</ref> Moragonyana Masire o ne a netefatsa gore De Beers e ne e tshegeditse dikgwebo tsa gagwe tse di hapegileng ka madi, mme se sa dira gore go akanyediwe gore setlamo se ka tswa se amogetse tumalano e e mosola mo kgannyeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;129–130.</ref> Molao wa Metsi le Molao wa ditsha tsa Morafe di ne tsa tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1968, mme tsa tlhama lekgotla la Kabo ya Metsi le lekgotla tsa naga di le lesome le bobedi, ka go latelana. Tse di ne di okametse kabo ya ditshwanelo tsa metsi le lefatshe ke puso go na le ka go nna mong wa morafe mongwe le mongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;76.</ref> Ka se, ba ne ba tsenya dithata tsa setso tsa dikgosi.<ref name=":74" /> Molao wa Mafatshe a Phulo a Merafe e ne ya tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1975 go thibela [[:en:Overgrazing|phulo e e feteletseng]], mme fela e ne ya itshupa e sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;67.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;173.</ref> Tota e bile, e ne e letla baagi ba ba humileng go kopa ditsha tse dikgolo tsa dikgomo ka tshenyegelo ya baagi ba ba sa humang thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Ditlhopho tsa ntlha morago ga boipuso di ne tsa diragala ka ngwaga wa 1969.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la dira maswe go le gonnye fa e bapisiwa le tiragatso ya yona ya ngwaga wa 1965, mme mothusa tautona Masire o ne a latlhegelwa ke setilo sa gagwe ke Bathoen, se se neng sa mo tlhoka gore a tseye setilo se se kgethegileng se se tlhophilweng.<ref name=":79">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Lekoko la BPP le ne la nyelela ka botlhokwa fa dipolotiki tsa Botswana di ntse di gola.<ref name=":73" /> Koporase ya Tlhabololo ya Botswana e e neng e le ya puso e ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1970,<ref name=":75" /> mme moepo wa diteemane wa Orapa o ne wa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 1971.<ref name=":78" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, diteemane di ne di dira karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong ya Palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana,<ref name=":76" /> mme kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1970, meepo e ne e le madirelo a magolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;5.</ref> Goromente wa Botswana o ne a buisana gape ka tumalano ya yone ya meepo le De Beers magareng ga ngwaga wa 1971 le ngwaga wa 1975, ya sutisetsa bontsi jwa dituelo kwa setšhabeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;210.</ref> Fa itsholelo ya teemane e ntse e tlhabologa le dipeeletso di boela mo lefatsheng, Botswana e ne ya falola lehuma mme ya bonwa jaaka katlego mo merafeng e mengwe mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara morago ga bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;212.</ref> Ditlhabololo tse di dirile gore Botswana e nne naga e e golang ka bonako mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":77" /> Batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo le a a fa gare ba ne ba bona molemo thata, go oketsa go [[:en:Wealth_inequality|tlhoka tekatekano ga khumo]], mme gape go ne go raya gore makgetho a ka fokodiwa, se se neng sa dira gore balemi ba ba tshegetse.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;71–72.</ref> Tlhabololo ya Botswana le tiriso ya yone ya tirelosetšhaba ya mafatshe a sele e ne ya atlega mo e leng gore puso e ne ya tlhotlheletsa lefatshe la United States go romela setlhopa sa baithaopi ba kagiso (Peace Corps) kwa ntle ga ditekanyetso tsa setso tsa gore ke dikarolo dife tse mokgatlho o ka di dirang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go ne ga tla koketsego ya Batswana ba ba botlana ba ba rutegileng mo lefelong la gaeno, ba ba neng ba nna le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo pusong.<ref name=":64" /> Jaaka fa batho ba bašwa ba ba ne ba amogela thuto e e tshwanang mme ba simolola go dira mo setsong se le sengwe sa tsamaiso, go ne go sena pharologano e kgolo ya tiro fa gare ga tirelosetšhaba e e neng e eteletswe pele ke batswakwa le e e neng e tsamaisiwa ke Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Lephata la Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo le ne le le teng ka bokhutshwane morago ga go kgaogana mo Lephateng la Matlole magareng ga batlhokomedi ba setso ba ba neng ba amana le tshireletso kgatlhanong le baemanokeng ba ga Masire ba ba neng ba eletsa go bona tlhabololo e e bogale thata. Ya bofelo e ne ya tsaya taolo, mme ditona di ne tsa kopanngwa gape go nna Lephata la Matlole le Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo ka ngwaga wa 1970. Ka ntlha ya palo e e lekanyeditsweng ya batho ba ba tshwanelegang go laola itsholelo, lephata le le ne la tsaya taolo e feletseng ya tiriso ya madi a puso mme la simolola lenaneo la Shashe le le neng le batla gore naga e nne le tlhabololo e e tseneletseng ya palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana. Se se ne se akaretsa go tlhoma lefelo la meepo ya kopore le nikele, le le neng la nna selo se se tlang pele mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;84–85.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, [[:en:Seepapitso_IV|Seepapitso wa bone]] o ne a nna kgosi ya ntlha go emisiwa mo maemong a gagwe morago ga nako ya bokoloniele.<ref name=":83">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;141.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la atlega thata gape ka [[:en:1974_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopo tsa ngwaga wa 1974]].<ref name=":79" /> [[:en:Minimum_wage|Dituelo tse di kwa tlase]] di ne tsa tlhagisiwa ka one ngwaga oo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Botswana e simolotse go ntsha madi a one, e leng [[:en:Botswana_pula|Botswana pula]], ka ngwaga wa 1976. Mmusi wa [[:en:Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya Botswana]] Quill Hermans o ne a kgaratlhela go kgaogana ga madi le Aforika Borwa le [[:en:South_African_rand|ranta ya yone ya Aforika Borwa]]. Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego a boditšhabatšhaba a gore Botswana e ka nna ya se ka ya kgona go tshegetsa madi a yone, Khama o ne a ikutlwa gore bagakolodi ba gagwe ba itsholelo ba na le bokgoni mme o ne a tshepa tshwetso ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tsa boipuso, Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya ditšhaba tse di humileng thata mo [[:en:Third_World|Lefatsheng la Boraro]].<ref name=":67" /> Phetogo ya itsholelo e kaiwa jaaka "kgakgamatso" ya Botswana.<ref name=":77" /> Linchwe II, kgosi ya [[:en:Kgatla_people|batho ba Kgatla]], o ne a busetsa ngwao ya go simolola bogwera mo morafeng wa gagwe ka ngwaga wa 1975, mme se sa gakatsa puso ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;148.</ref> Khama o ne a tsaya tsela ya go akaretsa batho botlhe mo pusong ya gagwe, a tila dipolotiki tsa merafe le go gana tlhotlheletso ya baeteledipele ba merafe a rata badiredipuso.<ref name=":84">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> Ka dinako tse dingwe o ne a kopa batho go rola tiro fa morafe mongwe o ka nna le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo tirelong ya setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tshaba gore go sa dumalane le batho ba ba kwa tlase ba Kalanga go ka nna ga dira gore go se ka ga nna le kagiso. Go rarabolola se, Khama o ne a tsenya maloko a a rutegileng a morafe wa Kalanga mo pusong, a tlhoma bontsi mo maemong a a kwa godimo. Tshwetso e ne e tsosa kganetsano, mme e ne ya tsosa dikgopolo tsa bolotsana ka ga tlhotlheletso e e bosula ya Kalanga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;122.</ref> Tse ka dinako tse dingwe di ne di ikaegile ka Mokgatlho wa Baithuti ba Bakalanga, o o neng wa nna Mokgatlho wa Tsweletso ya Puo ya Ikalanga ka ngwaga wa 1980.<ref>[[Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 123.|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> Poifo ya dipuso tsa baagisani tse di eteletsweng pele ke basweu kwa Namibia, Rhodesia, le Aforika Borwa, mmogo le kotsi ya [[:en:Angolan_Civil_War|Ntwa ya Selegae ya Angola]], di dirile gore Botswana e tlhame [[:en:Botswana_Defence_Force|sesole sa bosetšhaba]] ka ngwaga wa 1977.<ref name=":78" /> Pele ga se, [[:en:Botswana_Police_Service|Tirelo ya Sepodisi]] sa Botswana e ne e tlhokometse tshireletso ya setshaba. Go tlhoka sesole go ne go raya gore Botswana e ne e sa tlhaselwe ke dilo tse di bakang go sa tlhomamang mo merafeng e mengwe ya Aforika: go menola puso ga sesole le bonweenwee ka go dirisa madi a sesole.<ref>[[Beaulier & Subrick 2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], pp.&#x20;111–112.</ref> Sesole se ne sa bona ntwa ngwaga o o latelang fa dirukutlhi tsa Rhodesia di ne di tlhasela Leshoma, di bolaya masole a le lesome le botlhano.<ref name=":78" /> Ka tirisanommogo ya yone le De Beers, puso ya Botswana e ne ya tlhama kompone ya meepo ya Debswana ka ngwaga wa 1978, mme ya bona lotseno lo lo bonalang lwa puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Meepo e ne ya nna madirelo a a kwa godimo ya itsholelo ya lefatshe mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang,<ref name=":85">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> mme Botswana ya nna itsholelo e e golang ka bonako go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":86">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;33.</ref><ref name=":86" /> Go nna le seabe ga mafatshe a sele mo itsholelong go ne ga nna kgang ya sepolotiki ka nako e jaaka fa batho ba kwa ntle ba ne ba kokoanya kgolo ya setšhaba fa ditiro tsa selegae di ne di tlhabologa ka iketlo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;143–145.</ref> Thuo ya dikgomo, e e neng e setse e amilwe ke go runya mo gogolo ga [[:en:Foot-and-mouth_disease|bolwetse jwa tlhako le molomo]] ka ngwaga wa1977,<ref name=":82" /> e ne ya latlhegelwa ke botlhokwa jo e neng e na le jone pele.<ref name=":85" /> === Puso ya ga Quett Masire === [[Setshwantsho:Quett Masire DF-SC-85-12044.JPEG|thumb|Quett Masire a etetse America ka ngwaga wa 1984]] Morago ga loso lwa ga Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa 1980, Mothusa-Tautona Quett Masire o ne a nna tautona wa Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;117.</ref> Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego ka go tlhatlhama ga ga Khama, Masire o ne a tshegetsa mafaratlhatlha a puso a a neng a thusa go a aga le go boloka tumelo mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;182.</ref> Go ritibatsa morafe wa ga Khama wa Ngwato le merafe e mengwe ya bokone, Masire o ne a tlhoma ntsalae Khama, [[:en:Lenyeletse_Seretse|Lenyeletse Seretse]], go nna mothusa-tautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;232.</ref> Kakanyo e e neng e tlwaelesegile mo gare ga BaNgwato e ne e le gore morwa Khama, [[:en:Ian_Khama|Ian Khama]], o ne a tshwanelwa ke bo tautona. Fa Lenyeletse a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1983, Masire o ne a tlhopha [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] go tsena mo boemong jwa gagwe. Gompieno o ne a tlhopha mongwe go tswa mo morafeng wa borwa, gore a se ka a tlhoma sekao sa gore tautona le mothusa-tautona ka nako tsotlhe ba tshwanetse go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di fapaaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;233.</ref> Botswana e ne e le karolo ya Khonferense ya Kgokaganyo ya Tlhabololo ya Borwa jwa Aforika e e neng ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1980 go tlhama mmaraka wa borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":78" /> Setšhaba se ne sa amiwa ke [[:en:Early_1980s_recession|kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980]].<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Jwaneng_diamond_mine|Moepo wa diteemane wa Jwaneng]] o simolotse go dira ka ngwaga wa 1982, wa nna moepo o o dirang dipoelo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng. [[:en:University_of_Botswana|Mmadikolo wa Botswana]] o tlhomilwe ka one ngwaga o o neng o kgaogana le [[:en:University_of_Botswana,_Lesotho_and_Swaziland|Mmadikolo ya Botswana, Lesotho le Swaziland]].<ref name=":78" /> Ditlhabololo tsa semolao ka ngwaga wa 1982, Molawana wa Thuso ya Matlole le go dira gore tiro ya kgwebo gore e nne ya ka fa molaong ke badiredipuso, di ne tsa tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya naga mme gape tsa gagamolola melawana e e neng e tla thibela bonweenwee.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;127, 129.</ref> Jaaka fa puso ya batho le batho le kgolo ya itsholelo di itshupile e le diphetogo tsa paka e telele, Botswana e ne ya itsege jaaka "kgakgamatso ya Aforika".<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Kganetso e e nonofileng kgatlhanong le puso e e laolwang ke lekoko la BDP e ne ya tlhagelela la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go fenya ditlhopho tsa selegae, ditlhopha tsa dikgatlhego tsa simolola go tlhamiwa, mme makwalo a dikgang a matlhano a magolo a a kgatlhanong le lekoko la BDP a simolola go gatisiwa.<ref name=":64" /> Pele e ne e ikaegile ka tshegetso ya merafe e e rileng, lekoko la BNF le ne la bona tshegetso mo setlhopheng sa badiri.<ref name=":84" /> Ka ditlhopho ka kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1984, e ne e le lekoko kganetso le le gaisanang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;712.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya ama Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa1982 go fitlhela ka ngwaga wa 1987, mme ya tlhoka thuso ya dijo ya puso go ka nna karolo ya masome a marataro le botlhano mo lekgolong ya Batswana ba kwa magaeng.<ref name=":87">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;82.</ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba ga Masire ba ne ba mo amanya le komelelo e ka e ne e tsamaisana le tshimologo ya botautona jwa gagwe, ba akantsha gore Khama o ne a na le taelo ya bomodimo e Masire a neng a se na yone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;203.</ref> Mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1980, madirelo a ditaemane a ne a fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa yone ka karolo ya masome a matlhano le boraro mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya tlhagiso ya bosetšhaba.<ref name=":76" /> Ka nako e, itsholelo ya setšhaba e ne ya nonoha mo e leng gore baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba rotloediwa go tlhopha [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|temothuo ya go]] [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|itshidisa]] kgotsa go fuduga go ya go dira kwa Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":84" /> [[:en:Entrepreneurship|Bogwebi]] bo ne jwa anama thata, bogolosegolo mo badiring ba pele ba puso ba ba neng ba tswa mo [[:en:Public_sector|lephateng la puso]] go ya kwa lephateng la [[:en:Private_sector|e]] [[:en:Private_sector|seng la puso]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Thuto ya mahala ya [[:en:Secondary_education|sekole se segolwane]] ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1989.<ref name=":87" /> [[:en:Trade_union|Mekgatlho ya badiri]] le [[:en:Special_interest_group|ditlhopha tse di kgethegileng tsa dikgatlhego]] tse dingwe di ne tsa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go tlhotlheletsa melawana ya setšhaba, le fa gantsi puso e ne e sa batle go di amogela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], pp.&#x20;85–86.</ref> E tsibogetse mokgatlho o o neng o gola wa badiri ka go fetisa dithibelo tse di bokete mo mekgatlhong ya badiri ka ngwaga wa 1983.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dingwaga di le lesome gape o ne wa tlhagisa mekgatlho ya go amogela merafe e mennye, go gana boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba jwa Motswana.<ref name=":80" /> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, Aforika Borwa e ne ya simolola ditlhaselo tsa sesole mo Botswana go batla batlhabani ba Aforika Borwa. Go tsibogela dikgobalo tsa baagitse di neng tsa direga, puso ya Botswana e ne ya oketsa tiriso ya madi mo sesoleng.<ref name=":93">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;112.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> E ne gape ya fa sesole tiro ya go sireletsa diphologolo tsa naga le go tsenya mo tirisong molao o o kgatlhanong le go tsoma mo go seng ka fa molaong go tsibogela kotsi e e tlisiwang ke batsomi ba ba tshotseng dibetsa.<ref name=":94">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Palo ya ntlha ya [[:en:HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana|mogare wa segajaja]] mo Botswana e ne ya lemogiwa ka ngwaga wa 1985, mme mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang lefatshe ;e ne la nna lone le le neng la amega thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;265.</ref> [[:en:Life_expectancy|Botshelo jo bo solofetsweng]] mo Botswana bo ne bo tla wela tlase tswa go masomeng a maratarole bosupa go ya kwa masomeng a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 1997.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;175.</ref> Phetogo e e gakgamatsang mo tsamaisong ya botsogo ya Botswana e ne ya latela go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1980 le bo 1990; Bongaka jwa Bophirima bo ne jwa tlotliwa thata mmogo le kalafi ya setso, mme go ne ga tlhongwa dikokelo tse e seng tsa puso go nna mmogo le dikago tse di tsamaisiwang ke puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> [[:en:Early_1990s_recession|Kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1990]] e ne ya ama Botswana.<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Attorney_General_of_Botswana_v._Unity_Dow|Tsheko e e botlhokwa ya kgotlatshekelo ya molaomotheo]] e e neng ya tlisiwa ke Unity Dow e ne ya felela ka katlholo ka ngwaga wa 1991 ya gore bana ba ka fiwa boagedi mo go bomme ba bone ga mmogo le borraabone, e e neng ya amogelwa go nna molao ka Molao wa Boagi wa 1995.<ref name=":88">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xx.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang sa Kgabo se ne sa tshwarwa ka ngwaga wa 1991 go batlisisa lekgotla la kabo ditsha tsa lefatshe tsa puso, mme sa fitlhela gore go dirilwe ditlolomolao tsa maitsholo a a siameng ke mothusa-tautona Peter Mmusi le mokwaledi wa kakaretso wa lekoko la BDP [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]], ba bobedi jwa bone gape e neng e le maloko a setlhopa sa ditona tsa puso ya Botswana.<ref name=":89">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;346.</ref><ref name=":90">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;333.</ref> Ka go lebana le go galefa mo pusong le mo setšhabeng, bobedi jwa bone ba ne ba rola tiro.<ref name=":90" /> Go wa mo go ne ga tlhola ditlhopha tse pedi tse di kgaoganeng mo teng ga lekoko, e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke maloko a mabedi a pele a setlhopa sa ditona (Ba babedi ba bagolo),<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;333–335.</ref> mme e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke baganetsi ba bona (ba batlhano ba bagolo): [[:en:Festus_Mogae|Festus Mogae]], Bihiti Temane, Chapson Butale, [[:en:Gaositwe_Chiepe|Gaositwe Chiepe]], le moeteledipele wa bona [[:en:Mompati_Merafhe|Mompati Merafhe]].<ref name=":91">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;235.</ref> Se se ne sa aga mo dikgotlhang tse di neng di godile fa gare ga boeteledipele jwa borwa jwa BLP le kokomana e ntšhwa ya boradipolotiki go tswa kwa bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], pp.&#x20;233–234.</ref> Masire o ne a tlhopha Mogae go nna mothusa- tautona yo mosha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;334.</ref> Ka go tshwenyega ka kgonagalo ya go tlwaetsa bonweenwee, Masire o ne a thapa mothusa- mogolwane wa [[:en:Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)|setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang e e Ikemetseng ya Hong Kong e e Kgatlhanong le Bonweenwee (Hong Kong)]] go tlhama mokgatlho o o tshwanang mo Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;222.</ref> [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Bokaedi jwa Bonweenwee le Bosenyi jwa]] [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Itsholelo]] bo ne jwa tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, mme lekgotla la kabo ditsha le ne la tlhamiwa go reetsa boikuelo jwa ditshwetso tsa kabo ditsha ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Boemo jwa lekoko la BDP jaaka lekoko le le laolang bo ne jwa amogela kgwetlho ya jone ya ntlha e e masisi ka ntlha ya Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlsisa kgota go sekaseka dikgang ya Kgabo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;249.</ref> Matlhabisaditlhong le go kgaogana mo go neng ga nna teng mo lekokong la BDP go ne ga dira gore lekoko la BNF le nne lekoko la kganetso le le gaisanang thata morago ga ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;335–336.</ref><ref name=":89" /> Ka go mathata a a oketsegileng a go tsenngwa ga ditoropo go fokotsa motheo wa BDP kwa metseselegaeng, makoko a kganetso a ne a na le bonnye jo bo bonalang mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa ga Mmusi, Kwelagobe o ne a ikgolaganya le [[:en:Ponatshego_Kedikilwe|Ponatshego Kedikilwe]], mme ba bopa setlhopa se sennye sa Barata-Phathi sa lekoko la BDP. Ba batlhano ba bagolo ba ne ba nna setlhopa se sennye sa A-Team.<ref name=":89" /> Botswana e ne ya solegelwa molemo ke go khutla ga puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, ka puso e ntšhwa e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Aforika e ne e sa thibele kgolo ya Botswana kgotsa go tsenelela mo ditirong tsa sesole go kgabaganya molelwane.<ref name=":81" /> Fa kgaolo e ntse e tlhomama, ditlhabololo tsa itsholelo tse di tshwanang le mabentlele a magolo, kakanyo e e sa netefadiwang ya dithoto, le bojanala jwa baagi di ne tsa atologa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;675.</ref> Morafe wa Ngwaketse o ne wa nna le kgotlang le puso ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa 1994, fa tona ya pusoselegae le mafatshe Patrick Balope a ne a latofatsa kgosi Seepapitso wa bone ka go palelwa ke go diragatsa ditiro tsa gagwe mme a laela gore kgosi e emisiwe—e leng go emisiwa ga bobedi ga puso ya ga Seepapitso.<ref name=":83" /> Morwa wa ga Seepapitso e bong Leema o ne a amogela go tlhomiwa go dira tiro eo, kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa ga Seepapitso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;141–142.</ref> Morafe o ne wa lwantshana le kgang ya go nna semolao mo go sa tlhaloganyesegeng ga ga Leema le poifo ya gore setso sa morafe ga se kitla se tlhola se lemogiwa, mme go tlosiwa ga gagwe go ne ga nna kgang ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;142–143.</ref> Seepapitso o ne a tsenya kganetso ya semolao, mme kgotlatshekelo ya atlhola ka Tlhakole a tlhola malatsia le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 1995 gore le fa go tlosiwa ga ga Seepapitso go ne go le ka fa molaong, go tlhomiwa ga ga Leema go ne go se kafa molaong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;145.</ref> Ka maatla a go tlhoma a ne a buseditswe mo morafeng, ba ne ba gana go tlhopha moeteledipele yo mosha jaaka tsela ya go ikuela. Puso e ne ya ineela mme ya letlelela Seepapitso go busediwa mo tirong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;145–146.</ref> [[:en:Ritual_murder|Polao ya dipheko]] ya ga [[:en:Segametsi_Mogomotsi|Segametsi Mogomotsi]], mosetsana wa dingwaga di le lesome le bone wa kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]], e diragetse ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 1994. Dikhuduego tsa loago di ne tsa tsoga fa babelaelwa bao, ba e neng e le borakgwebo le boradipolotiki ba ba humileng, ba ne ba gololwa ka ntlha ya go tlhoka bosupi. Mo dikgweding tse di latelang, go ne ga nna le ditshupetso le dikhuduego tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke baithuti kgatlhanong le tiriso ya ditiro tsa masaitsiweng tse di tshwanang le polao ya dipheko go bona khumo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;286–290.</ref> Go tlhagoga ga bolwetse jo bo [[:en:Contagious_bovine_pleuropneumonia|tshelanwang jwa pleuropneumonia ya dikgomo]] ka ngwaga wa 1995 go ne ga baka dintsho tsa dikgomo di le dikete tse makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi .<ref name=":88" /> Molao wa Temothuo wa ngwaga ya 1995 o ne wa atolosa thulaganyo ya go dira lefatshe la baagi la le e seng la puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Merafe e mennye e ne ya tswelela go kgaratlhela go lemogiwa go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;163–164.</ref> Puso e simolotse go ntsha batho ba Basarwa mo [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|Lefelong la Diphologolo la Kalahari]] [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|la Bogare]] ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Le fa e ne e nganga gore maikaelelo e ne e le go thusa go kopanya baagi ba ba neng ba le kgakala thata, mme e neelana ka leruo go rotloetsa tirisanommogo, mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba e ne ya pega molato puso ka go pateletsa le go [[:en:Forced_displacement|fudusiwa ka dikgoka]] ga batho go dira sebaka sa meepo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;11–12.</ref> Maiteko a ntlha a magolo a semolao a go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa merafe e mennye a ne a tswa mo tshitshinyong ya ngwaga wa 1995 kwa palamenteng ya go tlhalosa molaomotheo jaaka o o sa tseyeng letlhakore mo merafeng, mme o ne wa bewa mo tafoleng. Mokgatlho wa Kamanakao o ne wa tlhamiwa ka one ngwaga oo ke morutegi [[:en:Lydia_Nyati-Ramahobo|Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo]] go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa [[:en:Yeyi_people|batho ba Yeyi]].<ref name=":95">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;215.</ref> Motseletsele wa diphetogo tsa puso le tsa ditlhopho di ne tsa tsenngwa mo tirisong mo dingwageng tsa bofelo tsa bo tautona jwa ga Masire. Tlhokomelo ya ditlhopho e ne ya fetisediwa kwa setheong se se ikemetseng, dingwaga tsa go tlhopa di ne tsa fokodiwa go tswa ko masomeng a mabedi le bongwe go ya ko lesomeng le borobabobedi , go [[:en:Postal_voting|tlhopa ka poso]] go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong, mme ga tsenngwa tirisong melawana ya go sireletsa [[:en:Labour_rights|ditshwanelo tsa badiri]] le [[:en:Gender_equality|tekatekano ya bong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;168.</ref> Masire o ne a eletsa go tlhama [[:en:Order_of_succession|tatelano e e tlhomameng ya]] [[:en:Order_of_succession|go tlhatlologana]] mo bogosing le go netefatsa gore motlhatlogi wa gagwe yo a mo tlhophileng mothusa Tautona Mogae e nna tautona, ka jalo o ne a dirisana le mmueledi Parks Tafa go kwala paakanyo ya molaotheo. Se se ne sa tsenya tirisong tatelano e e itirisang le [[:en:Term_limit|melelwane ya paka]] ya botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;337–338.</ref> O ne a pateletsa paakanyo ka boene.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;304–305.</ref> Go fetola itsholelo ya lefatshe, go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong tsamaiso ya nakwana ya go nna le [[:en:Tripartism|makoko a mararo]] go kopanya puso, lekalana le e seng la puso, le baemedi ba badiri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;169.</ref> Fa lekoko le ne le tlhopha maloko a komiti ya lone ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1997, kotsi ya go nna le ditlhopha e ne ya gola mo e leng gore Masire o ne a phimola ditlhopho tsa lone tse di mo teng ga mokgatlho mme a dira gore ditlhopha di mo fe manaane a maina.<ref name=":91" /> === Puso ya ga Festus Mogae === [[Setshwantsho:George Bush with African national leaders February 26, 2002.jpg|thumb|Festus Mogae mmogo le botautona ba mafatshe a sele [[:en:Joaquim_Chissano|Joaquim Chissano]], [[:en:George_W._Bush|George W. Bush]] le [[:en:José_Eduardo_dos_Santos|José Eduardo dos Santos]] ka ngwaga wa 2002]] Masire o ne a tlogela tiro ya botautona ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le ngwe ka ngwaga wa 1998, mme a latelelelwa ke mothusa tautona Festus Mogae.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;338.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya tshwetso e e neng ya tsosa kganetsano ya go tlhoma Ian Khama, molaodi wa sesole le morwa Seretse Khama, go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang,<ref name=":72" /> a fetisa kgetho ya gagwe ka go tshosetsa go phatlalatsa palamente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Le fa ba ne ba sa tseye letlhakore semmuso fa gare ga ditlhopha tsa lekoko la BDP, Mogae le Khama ka bobedi ba ne ba tlhaloganngwa e le batho ba bagolo mo gare ga A-Team.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;347.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1998 o ne wa bona nngwe ya dikgaogano tse dintsi mo teng ga lekoko la kganetso la BNF. E ne e kgaogane ka ditlhopha tse pedi: batho ba ba sa rateng diphetogo ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa loago le ba ba neng ba tswelela pele ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa puso ya batho ka batho ya loago. Dikhuduego kwa mokgatlhong wa lekoko di ne tsa dira gore batho ba ba neng ba rata kgatelopele ba kgaogane go nna lekoko la bone, [[:en:Botswana_Congress_Party|Botswana Congress Party]] (BCP), le le neng la nna lekoko le legolo la kganetso go fitlhela ba latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa manno a bone mo [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa]] [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 1999]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Kgaogano e ya kganetso, mmogo le diphetogo tsa selegae tsa dingwaga tse di fetileng, di ne tsa dira gore lekoko la BDP le boelwe ke ditilo dingwe tse e neng ya di latlhegelwa ka ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;168–169.</ref> Maloko a le mmalwa a borwa a boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BCP a ne a boela kwa lekokong la BNF morago ga gore maemo otlhe a a kwa godimo a tsewe ke batho ba bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;237.</ref> Go itlhatlosa go ya kwa maemong a merafe ya Tswana, batho ba Yeyi ba ne ba bitsa kgosi e e kwa godimo ka ngwaga wa 1999, fela se se ne sa se ka sa lemogiwa ke Molao wa Bogosi. Ba ne ba tlisa kgang eo kwa Kgotlatshekelong e Kgolo, e e neng ya tlhasela thulaganyo e e maleba ya molao e le e e tlhaolang.<ref name=":95" /> Mogae o ne a tlhoma setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang ka ngwaga wa 2000 go sekaseka kemedi ya merafe e mennye mo Ntlong ya Dikgosi, mme seo sa baka boipelaetso go tswa mo go ba ba neng ba ikutlwa gore Mogae o batla go nyatsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;239.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang se ne sa tlhomamisa gore Ntlo ya Dikgosi e tshwanetse go nna teng, mme ya bidiwa Setswana ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;216.</ref> Diphetogo tse dingwe tse di fetotsweng ga di a amogelwa morago ga go kgarametswa go tswa mo merafeng e megolo ya Batswana, bogolosegolo ba Ngwato.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;217–218.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, batho ba Kgatla-baga-Mmanaana ba ne ba bona kgosi ya bone Gobuamang Gobuamang wa bobedi a amogelwa semmuso jaaka kgosi e nnye mo teng ga kgaolo ya Kwena kwa ba nnang teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;177.</ref> [[:en:Botswana–Namibia_border|Molelwane wa Botswana le Namibia]] o ne wa tsena mo kganetsanong ka ngwaga wa 1999 fa mafatshe ka bobedi a ne a batla kgaolo mo [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Mopakong wa Caprivi]].[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;xx–xxi.</ref>] Ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000, Botswana e ne ya beeletsa thata mo go tlhabololeng sesole sa mowa.<ref name=":93" /> [[:en:Botswana_Television|Setshwantso sa motshikinyego sa Botswana]] se tlhomilwe ka ngwaga wa 2000. Lentswe tsa Tsodilo le ne la nna [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|Lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe]] ka ngwaga wa 2001. Batho ba Basarwa ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao ka ngwaga wa 2002 go ganetsa go ntshiwa ga bona kwa Central Kalahari Game Reserve, fela kgang e sekisiwang e ne ya tlhokomologiwa. [[:en:Mosadi_Seboko|Mosadi Seboko]] wa [[:en:Lete_people|morafe wa]] [[:en:Lete_people|Balete]] o ne a nna moeteledipele wa ntlha wa mosadi wa morafe ka ngwaga wa 2003.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xxi.</ref> Mogae o ne a dira gore mongwe wa batshwayadiphoso ba ba tlhageletseng thata ba puso, [[:en:Kenneth_Good_(political_scientist)|Kenneth Good]], a lelekwe mo lefatsheng la gagwe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], pp.&#x20;333–334.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;226–227.</ref> [[:en:Three_Dikgosi_Monument|Sefikantswe sa Dikgosi tse Tharo]] se ne sa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;680.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya bolwetsi jo bo anameng lefatshe la HIV/AIDS e le kgang e e botlhokwa thata ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Go e lwantsha, o ne a dira gore dikalafi tsa [[:en:Antiretroviral|diantiretroviral]] tsa HIV/AIDS di nne teng mahala.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;225.</ref> === Puso ya ga Ian Khama === [[Setshwantsho:London Conference on The Illegal Wildlife Trade (12499797834).jpg|thumb|Kopano ya ga Ian Khama le [[:en:William_Hague|William Hague]] kwa Lontone]] Ian Khama o ne a latela mo maemong a botautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Mogae ka kgwedi ya Moranang a le letsatsi le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref name=":96">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mokgwa wa gagwe wa boeteledipele o ne wa phatlaladiwa jaaka o o latelang "di-D tse nne": puso ya batho ka batho, tlhabololo, seriti, le kotlhao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Fa a sena go nna mo setilong, o ne a rulaganya sešwa khuduthamaga ya setšhaba ka mokgwa wa tatelano, a kopanya maatla go dikologa botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;227–228.</ref> Khama o ne a gatelela tshireletsego ya setshaba mo tsamaisong ya gagwe. Ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo maemong a gagwe, Lekalana la Bosenodi le Tshireletsego le ne la itsege ka go dira ditlhodi tse di neng di tlhotlhelediwa ke dipolotiki le go tshwara baganetsi ba gagwe ba sepolotiki. O ne gape a tlhoma batho ba le mmalwa ba pele ba sesole mo pusong ya gagwe<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], pp.&#x20;714–715.</ref> Botswana o ne e sa amege thata mo [[:en:African_Union|Kopanong ya Aforika]] ka nako ya botautona jwa ga Khama, go na le moo e ne ya tlhagisa molawana wa mafatshe a sele a a neng e lebisitswe thata mo Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;190.</ref> Mathata a matlole a ngwaga wa 2008 a ne a gatelela itsholelo ya Botswana, e e neng ya nna e ikaegile ka meepo ya ditaemane le fa puso e ne e dira maiteko.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;202.</ref> Madirelo a diteemane a ne a fedisa kwelotlase e e tlhomameng fa e ne e tlhomama ka bokana ka karolo ya masome a mararo le borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tse di tlhagisitsweng tsa lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 2009.<ref name=":76" /> Taolo ya dikgosi e ne ya fetolwa ka ngwaga wa 2008 ka Molao wa Bogosi.<ref name=":92" /> Khama o ne a rotloetsa go neela dikgosi maatla ka leina la go busetsa kotlhao le maitsholo a setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], pp.&#x20;196–197.</ref> O ne a ntsha taelo e e neng ya oketsa dingwaga tsa go nwa tse di kafa molaong go nna masome a mabedi le bongwe, ya fa baeteledipele ba merafe e mennye maatla a go laela gore batho ba itewe, ya tlhama ditlhopha tsa mephato go nna balebedi, le go tsenya gape [[:en:Corporal_punishment_in_schools|kotlhao ya go itaya mo dikolong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Dikgosi di le mmalwa tse di sa tswang go tlhongwa di ne tsa tshegetsa melawana e mme tsa tsenya tirisong dikotlhao tse di gagametseng tsa badiraphoso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Gareng ga bone go ne go na le Kgafela wa bobedi, kgosana ya morafe wa Kgatla. Go dira gore batho ba gagwe ba nne le boitsholo jo bo tlwaelegileng, o ne a oketsa thata go itewa ga batho ba ba neng ba tlola molao. Kgafela le ba bangwe ba ba amegang ba ne ba pegwa molato wa bosenyi ka ntlha ya go dirisa kotlhao ka tsela e e sa siamang ka ngwaga wa 2010, mme kgotlatshekelo e ne ya kgaphela thoko kopo ya gagwe ya go sirelediwa, ya tlhomamisa gore dikgosi ga di na boipuso mme di laolwa ke molaotheo.<ref name=":97">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;157.</ref> Jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le tlhopha boeteledipele jwa lekoko la yone ka ngwaga wa 2009, Khama o ne a tlhoma batho ba le bantsi ba A-Team mo dikomiting tse potlana tsa lekoko le fa Barata-Phathi e ne ya fenya ka nako ya mokgatlho wa lekoko.<ref name=":97" /><ref name=":98">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;335.</ref> Fa mokwaledi mogolo wa lekoko leo, Rre [[:en:Gomolemo_Motswaledi|Gomolemo Motswaledi]] a ne a rerisana le babueledi go botsa gore a ditiro tsa ga Khama di ka fa molaong, Khama o ne a dira gore a sekegiwe mo komiting. Morago ga go isa kgang kwa kgotlatshekelo, go ne ga fitlhelwa gore tautona yo o mo maemong ao ga a kgone go sekisiwa semolao, mme Khama o ne a emisa Motswaledi mo BDP gotlhelele.<ref name=":98" />Mo tshimologong ya ngwaga wa 2010, Khama o ne a emisa mme morago a ntsha maloko a mangwe a le mmalwa a lekalana le le mo teng ga lekoko la Barata-Phathi mo lekokong BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], pp.&#x20;354–355.</ref> Se se ne sa baka go kgaogana ga ntlha ga BDP ka Mopitlwe fa lekoko la Barata-Phathi le ne le tswa mo lekokong go bopa Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Temokerasi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;345.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Molao wa Tirelosetšhaba o tsentswe tirisong ka ngwaga wa 2010, o dira gore badiredipuso ba dire ditshupetso ka ha molaong mo maemong mangwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mo ngwageng o o latelang, Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Mekgatlho ya Badiri (BOFEPUSU) o ne wa etelela pele ditshupetso tsa dikgwedi di le pedi mo gare ga badiredipuso ba lefatshe go batla tuelo ya karolo ya lesome le borataro mo lekgolong, mme puso ya tsiboga ka go ntsha diketekete tsa badiri mo maemong a bone.<ref name=":96" /> Go ntshiwa ga batho go ne go okametswe ke [[:en:Mokgweetsi_Masisi|Mokgweetsi Masisi]], Tona ya Merero ya Botautona.<ref name=":99">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Go ganetsa boemo jwa puso, BOFEPUSU e ne ya tlhofofatsa go kopanngwa ga makoko a magolo a kganetso go nna [[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC).<ref name=":96" /> Setlhopha se sešwa se se ne se eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Duma_Boko|Duma Boko]], yo o neng a tsere taolo ya BNF ka ngwaga wa 2010 mme a laola dipuo tsa yona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;715.</ref> Khama o ne a diragatsa diphetogo tse di nonofileng tsa tshomarelo ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe, bogolo jang mabapi le go tsoma. Le fa ba ne ba opa diatla kwa mahatsheng a mangwe le go bopa leina la Botswana jaaka "kgakgamatso e tala", ba ne ba kopana le go kgobega marapo mo nageng ka ntlha ya ditsela tse di neng di dirisiwa go tswa kwa godimo go ya kwa tlase, bogolosegolo go tswa mo go ba ba nnang mo mafelong a a tlhomilweng a tshomarelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Melawana e e ne e akaretsa go oketsega ga mekgwa ya sesole e e kgatlhanong le go tsoma diphologolo; digongwana tse di kgatlhanong le go tsoma di ne di tsentswe ditlhobolo tse di itirisang go tlaleletsa melawana ya go thuntsha go bolaya kgatlhanong le batho ba ba belaelwang gore ke batsomi.<ref name=":94" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boloka bontsi jwa yone mo lekgotleng la peomolao morago ga [[:en:2014_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopho tse di latelang]], mme e le lekgetho la ntlha e ne ya dira jalo ka bontsi fela jwa ditlhopo tsa batho.<ref>[[Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;705.</ref> Ian Khama o ne a tlhoma Masisi go nna mothusa tautona wa gagwe.<ref name=":99" /> Tshwetso e ne ya tsosa kganetsano ka ntlha ya go tlhoka maitemogelo ga ga Masisi fa go bapisiwa le ditlhopho tse dingwe tse di ka kgonegang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Go ya ka Mogae, Masisi o ne a tlhophiwa ka tlhaloganyo ya gore o tla tlhoma [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|Tshekedi Khama]] [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|wa bobedi]] go nna mothusa tautona morago ga go tsaya botautona ka boene.<ref name=":99" /> Botsalo Ntuane o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Mokwaledi Mogolo wa lekoko la BDP ka ngwaga 2015 mo seraleng sa twantsho tshenyetso setshaba le phetolo ya ditlhopho. Se se ne sa tshosetsa tlholego e e tseneletseng ya lekoko la BDP, mme Ntuane a bona mmaba wa sepolotiki kwa Masisi.<ref name=":99" /> Khama o ne a le bobaba mo bobegadikgannyeng, bogolo jang mo mafelong a a neng a sa dumalane le ditiro tsa puso ya gagwe. O ne a na le babegadikgang ba babedi ba ba neng ba latofadiwa ka [[:en:Sedition|botsuolodi]] ka ngwaga wa 2017, mme moragonyana ditatofatso di ne tsa latlhiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;714.</ref> === Puso ya ga Mokgweetsi Masisi === [[Setshwantsho:Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference London 2018 (45245990491).jpg|thumb|Mokgweetsi Masisi a bua kwa bokopanong jo bo neng bo bua ka kgwebisano e e seng ka fa molaong ya diphologolo tsa naga kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:London|London]] ka ngwaga wa 2018]] Masisi o ne a nna tautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Khama ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2018. Fa ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2019_Botswana_general_election|kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 2019]] di ntse di atamela, Masisi o ne a tlhama setshwantsho sa go ipharologanya le Khama, a itlhagisa jaaka motho yo o [[:en:Anti-corruption|lwantshanang le bonweenwee]] fa a ntse a tshegetsa bobegakgang le BOFEPUSU.<ref name=":02">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;716.</ref><ref name=":02" /> Letsholo la gagwe la go lwantsha bonweenwee le ne la felela ka go tshwarwa ga ga Isaac Kgosi, yo o neng a eteletse pele Bokaedi jwa Botlhodi le Tshireletso mo pusong ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;717.</ref><ref name=":110" /> Masisi o ne a tswelela ka go busetsa morago bontsi jwa melawana ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110" /> Gareng ga tse e ne e le go phimolwa ga melawana ya tshomarelo, go akaretsa le thibelo ya go tsoma e e neng e tsoma e e neng e lebisitswe mo kgwebong ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|manaka a tlou]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;23–24, 33–34.</ref> O ne gape a okametse go fedisiwa ga go tsewa go ratana ka bong bole bongwe e le molato.<ref>Rotberg 2023, pp.&#x20;228–229.</ref> Fa se se ntse se tsweletse, Masisi le Khama ba nna baganetsi go na le go nna balekane. Khama o ne a leka go thapa [[:en:Pelonomi_Venson-Moitoi|Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi]] go nna ntlhopheng yo mongwe wa BDP kgatlhanong le Masisi, mme fa seo se palelwa, o ne a itlhomela lekoko la gagwe, la [[:en:Botswana_Patriotic_Front|Botswana Patriotic Front]] (BPF).<ref name=":99" /><ref name=":110" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boelwa ke bontsi jwa ditlhopho tsa batho ka ngwaga wa 2019,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> mme ditlhopho di ne tsa senngwa ke kgatelelo ya puso le diphuruphutsho tsa nako le nako kgatlhanong le batho ba kganetso. Lekoko la UDC le ne la gwetlha maduo, mme ga di a atlega.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;308.</ref> Diphetogo tsa kgaolo di ne tsa fetoga ka ngwaga wa 2019 jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le latlhegelwa ke thotloetso nngwe kwa bokone fa e ntse e oketsa tlhotlheletso ya yone kwa borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;231.</ref> Ditlhopho gape di ne tsa bona lekokokganetso le legolo, BNF, le latlhegelwa ke BCP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> Jaaka ditšhaba di le dintsi, [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana|Botswana e ne ya bona kwelotlase e e kgolo ya tsholelo ka nako ya tlhaselo ya bolwetsi jwa COVID-19]], mme lefatshe le ne la nna [[:en:COVID-19_lockdowns|mo thibelong ya metsamao]] bontsi jwa ngwaga wa 2020 le ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;309.</ref> Mofuta wa SARS-CoV-2 Omicron o ribolotswe kwa Botswana moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Maikutlo a a kgatlhanong le makula a ne a anama ka setšhaba sa makula kwa Botswana se ne se humile thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;310.</ref> Khama o ne a tshabela kwa lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa a le kwa botshabelo ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele ka ngwaga wa 2021, mme puso ya Botswana ya mo latofatsa ka go nna le dibetsa e se ka fa molaong ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;311–312.</ref> === Puso ya ga Duma Boko === [[Setshwantsho:Secretary Rubio Meets with Botswana President Boko (54371806715).jpg|thumb|Duma Boko o ikanisa tumalano le lefatshe la Amerika ka ngwaga wa 2025]] Lekoko la [:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change][[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC) le nnile lekokokganetso la ntlha mo Botswana go tsaya puso morago ga phenyo ya lone mo [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa]] [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 2024]] , mme se sa fedisa dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi tsa puso ya [[:en:Botswana_Democratic_Party|lekoko la Botswana la batho ka batho]] (BDP).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMuiaZane2024|Muia &#x26; Zane 2024]]</ref> Mo puisanong ya gagwe ya ntlha ya Maemo a Setšhaba ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2024, Duma Boko o boletse gore puso ya gagwe e tla kgaratlhela go oketsa dipeeletso mo maatleng a letsatsi, [[:en:Cannabis|motokwane]] ya kalafi le mofuta wa motokwane o o lengwang ka lebaka la madirelo. O ne gape a itsise ditirisano le [[:en:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] go atolosa phitlhelelo ya mafaratlhatlha a maranyane e e teng lefatshe ka bophara ka [[:en:Starlink|Starlink]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFFrance242024|France24 2024]]</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2025, Botswana e ne ya romela sathalaete ya yone ya ntlha, e leng [[:en:BOTSAT‑1|BOTSAT‐1,]] kwa lefaufaung.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRanjan2025|Ranjan 2025]]</ref> [[:en:Duma_Boko|Boko]] o ne a tsenela go itsisiwe semmuso ga sathalaete, e e neng ya tshwarelwa kwa mafelong a [[:en:SpaceX|SpaceX]] kwa lefatsheng la United States.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNamunwa2025|Namunwa 2025]].</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Lekwalokwalo la Botswana * [[Ngwao ya Botswana|Ngwao ya Batswana]] * Dipalopalo tsa Botswana * [[Itsholelo ya Botswana]] * Thutafatshe ya Botswana * [[Ditso tsa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Borwa jwa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Gaborone]] * [[Lenaane la dikgang tse di amanang le Botswana]] * Lenaane la dingwaga mo Botswana * [[Tlhaloso ya Botswana]] * Mola wa nako wa Botswana * Mola wa nako ya Gaborone * [[Dipolotiki tsa Botswana]] == Dintlhana tse di kwa tlase == <references /> == Metswedi == === Dibuka === * Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). Culture and Customs of Botswana. Greenwood Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-313-33178-7</nowiki>. OCLC 62118271. * Gulbrandsen, Ørnulf (2012). The State and the Social: State Formation in Botswana and its Precolonial and Colonial Genealogies. Berghahn Books. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85745-298-6</nowiki>. * Hillbom, Ellen; Bolt, Jutta (2018). Botswana – A Modern Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73144-5. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-73144-5</nowiki>. * Holm, John D.; Molutsi, Patrick P. (1992). "State-Society Relations in Botswana: Beginning Liberalization". In Hydén, Göran; Bratton, Michael (eds.). Governance and Politics in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 75–95. doi:10.1515/9781685853297. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-55587-285-4</nowiki>. * Jackson, Ashley (1999). Botswana, 1939-1945: An African Country at War. Clarendon Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-820764-1</nowiki>. * Leith, James Clark (2005). Why Botswana Prospered. McGill-Queen's University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7735-2821-5</nowiki>. * Molutsi, Patrick (2004). "Botswana: The Path to Democracy and Development". In Gyimah-Boadi, E. (ed.). Democratic Reform in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 159–182. doi:10.1515/9781685857325. <nowiki>ISBN 9781685857325</nowiki>. * Nyamnjoh, Francis B. (2007). "'Ever-Diminishing Circles': The Paradoxes of Belonging in Botswana". In de la Cadena, Marisol; Starn, Orin (eds.). Indigenous Experience Today. Routledge. pp. 305–332. <nowiki>ISBN 9781003085690</nowiki>. * Rotberg, Robert I. (2023). "Botswana: Africa's Democratic Exception". Overcoming the Oppressors: White and Black in Southern Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–231. <nowiki>ISBN 9780197674239</nowiki>. * Samatar, Abdi Ismail (1999). An African Miracle: State and Class Leadership and Colonial Legacy in Botswana Development. Heinemann. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-325-00068-8</nowiki>. * Tlou, Thomas; Campbell, Alec C. (1997) [1984]. History of Botswana (2nd ed.). Macmillan Botswana. <nowiki>ISBN 9991278087</nowiki>. == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref name=":2"><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> pyoxjyf77dmmjnzu566wfyg2faag7g6 53677 53671 2026-07-30T19:46:10Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Pre-colonial history" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366623313|History of Botswana]]" 53677 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditso tsa lefatshe la Botswana''' di akaretsa tsa bogologolo le tsa ngwao ya kgaolo, go diriwa kolone ya [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Bechuanaland Protectorate]], le go nna Republic of [[Botswana]] gompieno. Batho ba ntlha ba motlha wa gompieno go nna mo [[Botswana]] e ne e le Basarwa, temothuo e tlhabolotswe dingwaga di ka nna dikete pedi, le makgolo a mararo a a fetileng. Batho bantsho ba Bantu ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago ga loso lwa ga Keresete, fa [[Batswana]] ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago. Batswana ba ne ba kgaogana ka ditlhopha tsa merafe mo dingwageng tse di dikete tse di latelang fa diphudugo mo kgaolong di tswelela, tse di neng tsa baka [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]] mo lekgolong la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi. Go amana le lefatshe le le kgolo le le naleng dikarolo la Europe ga ntlha go diragetse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi lesome le borataro, mo go bakileng go diriwa Bakeresete ga batho ba kgaolo. Magosi a Batswana a a neng a na le thotloetso e kgolo a ne a ikopela go nna mo tlhokomelong ya lefatshe la [[United Kingdom]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le botlhano ka ba ne ba itemogela matshosetsi go tswa kwa [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German South West Africa]] le mo Maburung. Batho ba Britain ba ne ba kgaoganya kgaolo go nna merafe e kgosi nngwe le nngwe e tlaa e etelelang pele, ba a fa dikgosi maatla a a fetang a ba neng ba na le one pele, mme ba ne ba nna le taolo e e lekanetseng fela mo lefatsheng. Puso ya Britain e ne ya nna le seabe se setlhagafetseng ka dinwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la ema nokeng go tsaya karolo ga Britain mo ntweng ya bobedi ya mafatshe, bontsi ba ne ba lwa e le bontlha jwa sesole sa [[Aferika|Aforika]] sa Auxiliary Pioneer Corps. Go lwela go laola go nnile teng ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a matlhano fa gare ga Kgosi ya [[Bangwato]] [[Seretse Khama]] le motlhatlhami wa gagwe [[Tshekedi Khama]]. Go nyala mosadi wa lekgoa ebong [[Ruth Williams Khama]] ga ga Seretse, go ne ga baka gore batho ba Britain ba mo thibele go nna mo [[Botswana]]. O ne a boa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a matlhano le borataro, ka a ne a na le kemo nokeng e kgolo, merafe e ne inaakanya le puso e e tlhophilweng fa letsholo la boipuso le tlhamiwa. Molao wa lefatshe o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le motso, ga tlhamiwa diphathi tsa polotiki. Seretse o ne a nna moeteledipele wa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Bechuanaland Democratic Party]], e e neng e bueletswe ke puso ya Britain go busa morago ga boipuso, e ne ya nna le kemo nokeng e e tsitsibanyang mmele mo ditlhophong tsa ntlha tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le botlhano. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la neelwa boipuso jo bo tletseng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro. Ka maikaelelo a a nonofileng, Seretse le phathi ya gagwe ba ne ba tlhama puso ya batho ka batho ya bophirima ba simolola go tlhabolola dikago mo lefatsheng le e neng e le lengwe la a a neng a humanegile thata ka nako eo. Go ne ga lemogiwa fa go na le diteemane ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabongwe, mo go neng ga bopa sesha itsholelo ya Botswana. Kompone ya meepo ya [[Debswana]] e tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi, lefatshe la Botswana la nna la itsholelo e e golang ka bofefo thata go gaisa a mangwe mo Botswana. Phathi ya sepolotiki ya Botswana Democratic e ne ya tswelela e le yone phathi e e busang go tswa ka nako ya boipuso go fitlhelela phathi ya [[Umbrella for Democratic Change]] e fenya ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone.]] == Ditso tsa pele ga bokolone == === Ditso tsa pele === [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo Hills rock paintings4.jpg|thumb|metako ya magaga kwa Tsodilo mo ditsong tsa pele]] Lefatshe la Botswana la gompieno e ne e le sekgwa fela dingwaga di le didikadike tse di lesome tse di fitileng, dinoka di ne di le ditona go fetisa gompieno, di tshela kwa [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|letsheng la Makgadikgadi]].<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou, Thomas]]; [[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Campbell, Alec C]]. (1997) [1984]. ''[[History of Botswana]]'' (2nd&nbsp;ed.). Macmillan Botswana. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/9991278087|&nbsp;<bdi>9991278087</bdi>.]]</ref> Batho ba sebopego sa ntlha sa Homo erectus ba ne ba nna mo kgaolong eo ka motlha wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997,]] p.&nbsp;14.</ref> Didirisiwa tsa lejwe mo Botswana wa gompieno, di tshwana le dilepe, di tswa go o lowe, dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fitileng.<ref name=":4">Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). [[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|''Culture and Customs of Botswana''.]] Greenwood Press. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33178-7|<bdi>978-0-313-33178-7</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#Identifiers_and_linked_data|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/title/62118271 62118271.]</ref><ref name=":0">Klehm, Carla (28 June 2021). "Archaeology of Botswana". ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History''. doi:[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61663/chapter/553401196 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.792]. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4|<bdi>978-0-19-027773-4</bdi>.]]</ref> Phudugo go ya sekakeng sa Kalahari go akanyediwa fa e diragetse pele ga legato la borataro dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro tse di fitileng.<ref name=":0" /> Letsha la Makgadikgadi le simolotse go fokotsega dingwaga di le dikete di le masome matlhano tse di fitileng.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;17.]]</ref> Bagolagolwane ba merafe e e sa amaneng ka gope ba ba bidiwang Basarwa fa ba kgobokantswe, ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome mane go tsena masome a mararo tse di fitileng. Ba ka tswa e le bone batho ba ntlha go nna mo motlheng wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&nbsp;18, 23.</ref> Ba ne ba itlhoma go bapa le dinoka ka dipaka tsa komelelo, mme ba phatlalale le kgaolo ka nako ya dipula.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&nbsp;24.</ref>Go ne go itsewe fa ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikaganyeditseng [[letsha la Makgadikgadi]], ga mmogo le [[Tsodilo]] le GI.<ref name=":1">[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;xv.</ref> Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba [[Nata]], Shua le Xani, go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref name=":2">Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;23.</ref>[[:en:Rock_art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse masome a mararo tse di fetileng,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Meepo ya specularite le hematite e simolotse ka nako e go tlhama dipente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;48.</ref> Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a leruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome mabedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":1" /> Thuto e e tseneletseng ya Aforika e e kwa borwa mo [[:en:Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Matlapa]] e ntse e lekanyeditswe.<ref name=":0" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[:en:Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba sala ka ditlhopha tse dinnye mme ba dira kgwebo le ba bangwe.<ref name=":2" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere tshimo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monna yo mogolo wa lelapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tse dikgolo, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela le go tshwara diphologolo tse dinnye.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Ditlhopha di ne di nyalana mme di dirisa thulaganyo ya magadi, xaro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete tse tse di fetileng, batho ba kgaolo eo ba ne ba tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana wa gompieno mme ba simolola go dira dinkgwana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;8.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;28.</ref>Temothuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga le go wela tlase fa seemo sa loapi le ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo di ne di dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;29–30.</ref>Gareng ga dijalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[:en:Pearl_millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[:en:Sorghum|mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[:en:Cowpea|dinawa tsa kgomo]], le dimela tsa lelapa la [[:en:Cucurbitaceae|cucurbits]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba Bantu ba ne ba [[:en:Bantu_expansion|fudugela kwa kgaolong]] e dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi le dingwaga dile selete le makgolo a matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong leno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;22–24, 28.</ref> [[:en:Kalanga_people|Batho ba Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba goroga c. 200 C.E.<ref name=":3">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Bagologolwane ba morafe wa ntlha wa [[:en:Tswana_people|Batswana]] (bongwe ''Motswana'', bontsi ''Batswana'') go fopholediwa fa ba gorogile c. 400 C.E.<ref name=":3" /> Batho ba ba Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didirisiwa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna mo ditseleng tsa metsi tsa leruri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;9.</ref> Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a leruri a matlo a ka nna lesome go fitlhela lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Pole-and-daga|dipale le mmu]] nngwe le nngwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa Khoisan e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;44–45.</ref> BaKhoisan le Bantu ba ka tswa ba ne ba gweba le go nyalana mo pakeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;36.</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlhela ka lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga === Setlhopha sa batho ba Zhizo, batho ba Taukome, ba ne ba goroga mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme ba nna fa gare ga [[:en:Shashe_River|Noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|Noka ya Serorome]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref><ref name=":5">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;10.</ref> Go nna le [[:en:Glass_bead|dipheta tsa galase]] go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo ya Lewatle la India]].<ref name=":5" /> Palo ya leruo le le ruiwang mo Botswana wa gompieno e ne ya oketsega thata fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa borobabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":4" /> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso ya morafe, e e bidiwang ''morafe'' (bontsi merafe), mongwe le mongwe o eteletswe pele ke kgosi e e bidiwang ''[[:en:Kgosi|kgosi]]'' (bontsi dikgosi).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Tsamaiso e e ne ya tlhagisa puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le tse dingwe mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;40.</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong, mme go nna mong wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho.<ref name=":6">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;11.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ditso tsa bogologolo tsa batho ba Tswana e sa ntse e sa itsiwe thata ka gonne go setse bosupi jo bonnye jwa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo.<ref name=":3" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Sekaka sa Kalahari]] ka makgolo ale borobabongwe morago ga ga Keresete,<ref name=":1" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong le le latelang la dingwaga, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng kwa Lewatleng la India.<ref name=":6" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Bangwe ba batho ba Eiland ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa ya gompieno go tsena mo Botswana wa gompieno mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Batho ba Toutswe, ba bangwe ba morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, ba bona khumo ya bona ka go nna le dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;13.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Go ne ga agiwa metse e meraro ya Ba-Toutswe kwa [[:en:Bosutswe|Bosutswe]], Sung, le [[:en:Toutswemogala|Toutswemogala]], mongwe le mongwe wa bone o ne o busa metse e mennye e e neng e e dikologile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 12, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba anametse kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;60.</ref> Boleng jwa ditlhagiswa bo ne jwa fetogafetoga fa kgwebisano e ntse e atolosiwa le ditšhaba di sele mme go ribololwa ga gauta go ne ga diragala, go fokotsa kgatlhego mo ditlhagisweng tsa sebilo le tsa diphologolo jaaka lonaka lwa tlou.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;27–28.</ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":7">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Merafe e e kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditiragalo tse mme e ne ya sala e sa amege thata.<ref name=":8">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Baagisani ba Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe le wa lesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard's Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":9">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> <ref name=":10">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;61.</ref>Ba tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[:en:Bambandyanalo|Bambandyanalo]], ba ne ba nna batho ba bagolo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe kwa ba neng ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;67–68.</ref> Ba ne ba bonela pele tlhotlheletso go ralala kgaolo fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> Batho ba Okavango Delta le batho ba Tsodilo mme morago ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bodulo mo nakong e, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke batho ba Khoe fela ba ba neng ba nna mo lefelong leo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou & Campbell 1997]], pp. 46, 81.</ref>Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro,<ref name=":11">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;14.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa mo nako e le nngwe.<ref name=":10" />Batho ba Mambo ba ne ba nna go dikologa [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]] ya gompieno mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo tikologong ya nako e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Batho ba segompieno ba Tswana, [[:en:Khalagari_people|Khalagari]], le [[:en:Sotho_people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo e ka nnang ka lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":12">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Ba-Khalagari ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana.<ref name=":13">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Batho ba Fokeng le bone ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi,<ref name=":14">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;93.</ref> mme batho ba Moloko ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro.<ref name=":12" /> Morafe wa tshimologo wa BaTswana, losika lwa bogosi lwa Phofu, o tlhodilwe kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro ke Mogale. Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, e ne ya kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa le merafe ya Bahurutshe, [[:en:Kwena_people|Kwena]], [[:en:Ngwaketse_people|Ngwaketse]], [[:en:Ngwato_people|Ngwato]], Tlharo, le batho ba ba [[:en:Ngwato_people|Kgatla]].<ref name=":13" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa ema mo boemong jwa Mapungubwe e le maatla a kgaolo ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro fa batho ba Gumanye ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[:en:Great_Zimbabwe|Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le le botlhokwa le ditsompelo tsa yone le go nna gaufi le lebopo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;77–78.</ref> Zimbabwe e ne e laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le teng mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana,<ref name=":15">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvi.</ref> mme kgwebisano ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo eo.<ref name=":11" /> Zimbabwe e ne e latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga, mme e ne ya wela mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Dinaga tse dingwe di le mmalwa di ne tsa tlhagelela morago ga go wa ga yone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo neng jwa bopiwa ke [[:en:Kalanga_people|merafe ya Kalanga]], bo ne jwa tsaya maemo a Zimbabwe mo molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;98–100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana le [[:en:Pedi_people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bone<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> mme [[:en:Rolong_people|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Morolong.<ref name=":13" /> Kgosi Masilo go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya bophirima jwa Tswana ka nako e, go fitlhela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga moo go bolelwa fa lefelo le le ne le busiwa ke Malope kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":14" /> === Lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell - Thlapingkaptein en sy vrou.png|thumb|Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1800]] Batho ba baTswana ba ne ba fuduga fa gare ga Botswana wa gompieno ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke batho ba naga le batho ba mmuso wa ga mmamosadinyana go tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":16">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;19.</ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga sekete le makgolo a le marataro.<ref name=":17">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, losika lwa ga Phofu, lo ne lwa wela tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;104.</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la lesome le botlhano le la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":11" /> Batho ba ba Kalanga ba ne ba laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[:en:Motloutse_River|Noka ya Motloutse]] le [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Letsha la Makgadikgadi]] go fitlhela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabobedi.<ref name=":7" /> Batho ba Hurutshe, Kgatla, le Kwena ba ne ba kgaogana le losika lwa segosi lwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo gare ga komelelo le dintwa tsa boswa, mme kgabagare ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;10.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Batho ba Ngwaketse le ba Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le boraro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;105.</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo ba ne ba nna mo Motlheng wa Bofelo wa Leje go fitlha mo e ka nnang mo lekgolong la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;22.</ref> Batho ba Botswana wa gompieno ba simolodistse ditsela tse di telle tsa motsamao ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa, e tsamaelwa dikilometara tse makgolo go rekisa,go tsoma le go itsalanya le batho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;108–109.</ref>Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana motlhofo abo e ipopa ka bongwe go tswa mo go ba bangwe ka gore dithoto tse dipotlana , le leruo tsa lefelo ne di kgona go tsmaisiwa motlhofo.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":16" />Merafe ya botlhabatsatsi e ne e tshabellwa ke go kgaogana ka ntlha ya seele se se tona gareng ga toropo le ditshimo.<ref name=":18">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;392.</ref>Kgaogano gareng ga ditlhopa tsa baTswana e nnile mo gareng ga ngwagakgolong ya lesome le bosupa, e tlhalosa merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":19">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;106.</ref>Merafe ya baTswana ba botlhabatsatsi e ne e nna e le maikaelelo a dintwa tsa [[:en:Griqua_people|batho ba Griqua]].<ref name=":18" /> Fa batho ba baTswana ba tswa bokone go ya Botswana wa borwa-bophirima wa segompieno ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa , ba ne ba nna mo metseng e e neng e nna batho ba Kgalagari, ba ba tshwaetsa kgotsa ba ba ntsha. Batho ba ba Kwena le merafe ya bone ya lekala ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa segompieno ka fa tlase ga taolo ya [[:en:Kgabo_II|Kgabo wa bobedi]] ba bo ba nna gaufi le motse wa [[:en:Molepolole|Molepolole]].<ref name=":19" />Go ya ka setso sa molomo, bapatole ba e leng batho ba Herero le Mbanderu ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathung ba Mbunda ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bosupa fa ntwa tsa leruo la batswana le ne le phatlalatsa ditlhopa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> le batho ba Bayeyi ba ne ba fudugela kwa Okavango Delta go ya kwa nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;8.</ref>Mo mafelong a mangwe, batho ba Kaa ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathong ba Rolong le batho ba Khurutse ba kgaogana le batho ba Bahurutshe, fa ditlhopa tsotlhe di fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":20">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;107.</ref>Batho ba Bashaga ba ne ba kopana le batho ba Kgalagari ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;110.</ref> State sa ntlha sa Tswana se tlhamilwe ke batho ba Ngwaketse bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi. Si state tse dingwe tsa Tswana di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka go latelana ke batho ba ba Kwena, batho ba Ngwato le batho ba ba Tawana mo dingwageng tse lesome tse nne di latela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;113.</ref> Ka se go ne ga tla ditlhabololo tsa ''mophato (''bontsi ''mephato),'' mephato ya sesole e e rulagantsweng k a dingwaga tsa setlhopa, gareng ga batho ba Tswana ba bophirima mo dingwageng tsa sekete le makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano''.''<ref name=":21">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;386.</ref>Batho ba le babedi ba Kgatla , batho ba Kgafela le batho ba ba Tlokwa, ba tsene mo nakong e ba bo ba tsaa taolo mo tikologong ya [[:en:Pilanesberg|Pilanesberg]] mo Aforika Borewng wa segompieno. Ba ne ba laola ka thata bontsi jwa batho mo lefelong leo mme ebile ba fentse dintwa tse pedi le batho ba Fokeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;390–391.</ref>Tiriso ya mephato e ne ya phatlatsega kwa bathong ba Tswana ba kwa botlhaba kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":21" />E ne e sa amogelwa go phutologilwe mo borwa === Difaqane === [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]], nako ya dintwa le phuduso mo borwa jwa Aforika , e diragetse kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi le tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;17.</ref> Mo nakong ye, batho ba baTswana ba ne ba le mo '''kgonegong''' ya dintwa ke ditlhopa di le dintsi ,di akaretsa [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Ndebele]], ba [[:en:Kololo_people|Kololo]], ba [[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]],<ref name=":8" /> ba Pedi, le ba [[:en:Voortrekker|Voortrekkers]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;391.</ref>Bontsi jwa ditlhopa tsa ba Tswana di itlhopetse go boela morago ko ntlheng ga go lwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;394.</ref>Sese ne sa trigger phudugo e e extensive e e ralalang lefelo, go baka gore morafe wa ba Tswana o phatlalale thata abo o simolodisa bolengteng jo bo nonofileng gareng ga territory ya Botswana wa segompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo [[:en:Hardveld|nageng e e thata]] e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Batho ba Kwena le ba Ngwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa motseng wa [[:en:South_African_Republic|Transvaal]] go ya kwa ''lefelong la motlhaba''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;18.</ref> Batho ba ntlha wa Kgatla go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, batho ba Mmanaana, o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[:en:Moshupa|Moshupa]] le [[:en:Thamaga|Thamaga]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53, 56.</ref> Ke fela bangwe ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba bolokwa mo go fudugeng kgotsa mo go kgorelediweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;393.</ref> Batho ba Kololo ba ne ba tlhasela merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa 1826, ba pateletsa BaKwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bona ka go farologana. Sebogo, molaodi wa morafe wa Ngwaketse, o ne a tsosa banna ba le dikete dile nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa Dithubaruba kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ba bolaya batlhabani le baagi, ba kobela ruri Bakololo mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;393–394.</ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma dinaga tsa yone gape ka dingwaga tsa bo 1840, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;31.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;693.</ref><ref name=":22">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;114.</ref> Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[:en:Kgotla|kgotla]]'', kopano ya dipuisano e mo go yone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a utlwa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagi ba banna pele a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref name=":34">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;695.</ref><ref name=":23">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1880, batho ba Tswana le ba Khalagari ba ne ba dirile Botswana yotlhe ya gompieno dikolone.<ref name=":20" /> === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe ba ne ba goroga lantlha mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|London Missionary Society]]. Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa dira go fetolela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":24">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Morongwa [[:en:Robert_Moffat_(missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya motse wa gagwe wa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa Botswana wa gompieno jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le Maburu gore ba se ka ba kgona go ya kwa teng.<ref name=":8" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a ne a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekeresete le go kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente e Kgologolo le e Ntšhwa ka bobedi di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa 1857.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;57, 65.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgopolo di le mmalwa tsa itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aforika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''mafisa'' ya bahumi ba adima bahumanegi dikgomo go ba ananya ka tiro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;701.</ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya dithoto tse di fhapegileng ka bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe , mme banna ba ba nyetsweng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le tshwanelo ya ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;698.</ref> Banna ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref> Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se lengwa thata mo kgaolong eo mo lekgolong la lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela komelelo e ne e raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Bagwebi ba lefatshe la Britain ba gorogile ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":24" /> Go tla ga baagi ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe ba ba neng ba nna gaufi le foo go ne ga dira gore merafe ya Batswana e kgone go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Sechele_I|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_I|wa ntlha]] wa batho ba Bakwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya lefatshe la Britain ya morafe wa gagwe.<ref name=":22" /> Morongwa wa kwa Scotland e bong [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o ne a goroga mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma lekgotla la [[:en:Kolobeng_Mission|Kolobeng Mission]]. Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe mo go bokete ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe mo merafeng ya Batswana fa ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano tsa dikontinente tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":15" /> Moaparo wa Bophirima o ne wa amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala ngwagakgolo otlhe mme o kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;120–121.</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a fa batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu.<ref name=":25">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa batho ba Kalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba lebana le kgotlhang go tswa mo ditlhopheng tse dingwe mo kgaolong, mme ya goroga kwa setlhoeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1850. Batswana ba le bantsi, bogolosegolo merafe ya Kwena le Ngwato, ba ne ba lwa kgatlhanong le merafe ya Maaforikanere le ya MaZulu kwa botlhaba jwa Sekaka sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;195.</ref> Ba-Kwena le Ba-Mmanaana ba ne ba lwantsha Maburu go tswa kwa Transvaal ka ngwaga wa 1852, ba sireletsa kgaolo ya bone mme ba fedisa go atologa ga setšhaba go ya kwa bophirima.<ref name=":26">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;396.</ref> Batswana ba ne ba bona ditlhopha tsa barongwa e le tsela ya go tshabela mo batlhaseding, ba rotloetsa go sokologela mo Bokereseteng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Sechele o ne a kopa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Britain ka 1853 go fedisa dintwa tsa kgaolo, mme o ne a ganwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;107.</ref> Baeng ba Europa ba ne ba tlwaelesegile thata mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga fa batsomi, batlhotlhomisi, le bagwebi ba ne ba batla dipoelo le go bona dilo tse di kgatlhang mo kgaolong eo.<ref name=":25" /> Ba le bantsi ba ne ba kwala [[:en:Travel_book|dibuka tsa maeto]] ka ga lefelo leo, tse e neng e le dingwe tsa dikgatiso fela tse e seng tsa thuto ka ga Botswana wa gompieno ka nako eo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;65–66.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1860, go fuduga go tswa mo kgaolong go ne ga oketsega fa banna ba Batswana ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya go bereka kwa meepong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Go ribololwa ga Masimo a [[:en:Tati_Goldfields|Gauta a Tati]] go ne ga tsosa go batla gauta ga ntlha ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe kwa Borwa jwa Aforika ka ngwaga wa 1868.<ref name=":24" /> Kampa ya pele ya meepo e e neng ya tlhongwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1870 e ne ya atologa thata fa e ne e nna lefelo le legolo la terena fa gare ga [[:en:Cape_Province|kgaolo ya Cape]] le [[:en:Bulawayo|Bulawayo]], mme ya nna toropokgolo ya ntlha ya Botswana, e leng [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;15, 29.</ref> Mo nakong e mo hisitoring ya Botswana, dikgosi tse dikgolo tsotlhe e ne e le Bakeresete.[92] Ntwa magareng ga Bakwena le BaKgafela ka ngwaga wa 1875.<ref name=":26" />Kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga di le lesome, kgosi [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa batho ba Ngwato o ne a gapa taolo ya kgwebisano ya Borithane mo bathong ba Kwena.<ref name=":22" /> == Tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland == ''Setlhogo se segolo: [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]'' Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e oketsegang ya lefatshe la Germany mo kgaolong, mme e ne ya dumela go bopa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]].<ref name=":27">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom & Bolt 2018]], p. 40.</ref><ref name=":28">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Makgowa a Britain a ne a eletsa go somarela tlhotlheletso ya yone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka a ne a neelana ka kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aforika.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Dikgosi tsa Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane ya Aforika Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maaforikaner]],<ref name=":29">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;161.</ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ya taolo ya Borithane e ne e le bokoloniale jwa baagi ke Jeremane.<ref name=":30">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;694.</ref> Ba ne ba eletsa gape go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Aforika Borwa kgotsa moeteledipele wa meepo [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa tshireletso e santse e iphitlhela e ikaegile ka Aforika Borwa mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe go nna lefatshe la merafe le le busiwang ke dikgosi le [[:en:Crown_land|lefatshe la segosi]] le le laolwang ke United Kingdom.<ref name=":29" /> Merafe e borobarobedi e ne ya amogelwa ke Maesemane fa go ne go tlhodiwa protectorate. Tse nne tse dikgolo di ne tsa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe: Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Gape go ne ga lemogiwa tse tharo tse dinnye: tsa Kgatla, tsa [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Tlokwa]] le tsa ga [[:en:Malete_people|Malete]]. Ba borobedi, ba Tshidi, ba ne ba fiwa lefelo la polokelo le le kgabaganyang molelwane magareng ga naga e e sireleditsweng le Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;30n1.</ref> Fa maloko a merafe e mennye e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe tsa bona.<ref name=":17" /> Go tsenngwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola mofuta wa puso ya Motswana, ka merafe e ne e sa tlhalosiwe thata mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka dikgaolo di kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;46–47.</ref><ref name=":31">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;24.</ref> Tshireletso kwa tshimologong e ne ya atologela kwa Ngwato, e fitlha go tswa go didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa go ya kwa [[:en:Molopo_River|Nokeng ya Molopo]], mme e ne ya atolosiwa go ya kwa didikiriing di le lesome le borobabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhela kwa Nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwaga wa 1890.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;30.</ref>Se se ne sa tlamela Maborithane ka badiri ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya yona mme sa bopa sekgoreletsi se segolo sa go lekanyetsa bokoloniale jwa Jeremane.<ref name=":32" /> Batho ba bangwe ba Tswana ba ne ba nna kwa borwa jwa tshireletso mme moragonyana ba ne ba tsenngwa mo Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":28" /> Batho ba ga Kgafela ba ne ba nna kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa 1887. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna seka-Kgatla.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53.</ref>Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa 1891 go tlhoma tshireletso semmuso.<ref name=":29" /> Puso ya yone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa mookamedi go nna tlhogo ya yone. Mookamedi o ne a fiwa dithata tse di anameng mo tshireletsong, fa fela a ne a tlotla molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> Motsemogolo wa yone e ne e le toropo ya Aforika Borwa ya Vryburg, go supa gore babusi ba bokoloniale ba ne ba sa nne mo tshireletsong mme ba ne ba sa amege ka tlhamalalo mo mererong ya yona.<ref name=":33">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;41.</ref>Go na le moo, mookamedi yo mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusa-baokamedi ba babedi, mme mookamedi wa kgaolo o ne a tlhofofatsa go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":35">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Go tsenngwa ga puso ya Borithane mo Aforikaborwa go ne go raya gore Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne e ikaegile ka yona mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;162.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore Bechuanaland Protectorate ke setheo sa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore e tla tloga e tsewa ke kolone ya Borithane.<ref name=":37">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;115.</ref> Fa go ntse jalo, e ne e dumela gore tshireletso e e kgonang go itshedisa e tla ja madi a mannye go e tlhokomela.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":41">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;108.</ref> Ka ntlha ya mabaka a, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya gapeletsa taolo e nnye fela e e tlhamaletseng ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland.<ref name=":23" /> Dikgosi di ne di akola dikgang tse mme tsa kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jo bo anameng, fela tshegetso ya bokoloniale e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka tumelelo ya merafe go tshegetsa puso.<ref name=":36">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;41–42.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;66–67.</ref>[ Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya seemanosi, se se neng sa baka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho le go tlhaola basadi le merafe e mennye.<ref name=":38">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;161–162.</ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa tshireletso === {{Multiple image|total_width=300|image1=Chief-khama-III.jpg|image2=Sebele I by Fritsch 1865.jpg|image3=Bathoen I in london1895.jpg|footer=Khama III, Sebele I le Bathoen I, ba ba neng ba kgona go tlhotlheletsa puso ya Borithane gore e se ka ya tsenya Bechuanaland Protectorate mo taolong ya Khamphani ya British South Africa.|direction=Horizontal}} Batho ba lefatshe la Britain ba ne a rulagantse gore kwa bofelong ba akaretse Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland mo Kopanong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":31" /> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso, United Kingdom e ne ya tsena mo dipuisanong le Cecil Rhodes go e tsenya mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aforika Borwa ya Borithane]].<ref name=":27" /> Fa ba araba, dikgosi tse tharo tse di nang le tlhotlheletso thata—Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, Sebele Iwa ntlha wa Ba-Kwena, le Bathoen wa ntlha wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto lwa bodipolomate go ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa1895 mme ba dira gore puso e se ka ya wetsa tumalano eo.<ref name=":33" /><ref name=":39">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvii.</ref>Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di dirisanang le makgoa a lefatshe la Briritsh jaaka setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref name=":40">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> mme sa kwala batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka setšhaba se le sengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[:en:Jameson_Raid|Jameson Raid]] ka yone e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba makgowa a lefatshe la British marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;30–31.</ref> Go ketekwa ga dikgosi tse go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aforika: ''Khamé'', ''Sebéle'' le ''Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa lefatshe la London ka one ngwaga oo. Mokwalo o o [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhagisitse tlhamane]] e e simolotseng ya gore merafe ya bone e meraro ka go farologana e tlhodilwe ke bakaulengwe ba bararo.<ref name=":42">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;670.</ref> Gape ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropong e nngwe ya Aforika Borwa, [[:en:Mafeking|Mafeking]],<ref name=":33" />mme kompone ya Marope a Bogologolo e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marope a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go batla gauta.<ref name=":32" /> Tshireletso e ne ya amiwa thata ke go runya ga bolwane mo diphologolong ya Aforika ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, ya latlhegelwa ke dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa leruo la yona le diphologolo tsa naga.<ref name=":39" /> [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|Seporo sa tshireletso se agilwe ka]] [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|ngwaga wa 1897]] jaaka mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tsosa [[:en:Pioneer_Column|setlhopa sa Babulatsela]] go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa Ngwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole.<ref name=":43">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la [[:en:Jameson_Raid|tlhaselo ya ga Jameson]] ka 1896.<ref name=":39" /> Morafe wa Kgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya [[:en:Boer_War|Ntwa ya Maburu]], o lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane.<ref name=":43" /> Itsholelo ya pele ya bokoloniale ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne ya nna e tshwana thata le itsholelo ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref /> United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata naga ya tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e fa Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka mo meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;42.</ref> Makgetho le one a ne a tsenngwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la ntlwana]] ka ngwaga wa 1899, le le neng la emisediwa ka [[:en:Poll_tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa 1909.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Lekgetho la selegae le ne la tsenngwa moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 1919.<ref name=":44">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;31.</ref>Makgetho a bokoloniale kwa Tshireletsong ya Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme se sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagi go ba rotloetsa go nna.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;43–44.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la akanyetsa go kopanya tshireletso mo Aforika Borwa jaaka e ne e [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|kopanya dikoloni tsa yona tsa borwa jwa Aforika]], fela kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":39" /> ya kopana ka ngwaga wa 1910.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;137.</ref> Boloko bo ne bo dira gore tshireletso e nne le karolo tse pedi mo lekgolong fela ya lotseno lwa bokopano.<ref name=":44" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1910, merafe yotlhe ya Batswana e ne e amogetse Bokeresete.<ref name=":24" />Bechuanaland e ne ya romela masole a le makgolo a le mmalwa go thusa Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya [[:en:World_War_I|Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya ntlha]].<ref name=":43" /> Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o ne wa iphitlhela o wela tlase ka nako eo, mme ka iketlo o ne wa latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso mo pusong e e neng e sireleditswe.<ref name=":42" /> [[:en:Sebele_II|Sebele wa bobedi]] o ne a nna kgosi ya Kwena ka ngwaga wa 1918, a tlhatlhama rraagwe, [[:en:Sechele_II|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_II|wa bobedi]]. Sechele II o ne a thulana le Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o o neng o laola, a letlelela go nna teng ga Anglican le go busetsa mekgwa e mentsi ya setso e e jaaka go nyala basadi ba le bantsi, go dira pula le ''[[:en:Bogwera|bogwera]]''. Sebele II o ne a tswelela ka kgwetlho ya ga rraagwe kwa Mokgatlhong wa Barongwa wa London, go ngongorega ga puso ya Borithane.<ref /> Puso e e gabedi ya dikgosi le tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya dira gore tsamaiso e nne thata, ka jalo tsamaiso e ne ya tlhama makgotla a mabedi a bagakolodi go lekalekanya balaodi bao.<ref name=":44" /> Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana (moragonyana Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Aforika) le ne la tlhongwa ka ngwagawa 1919.<ref name=":35" />Kopano e ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya dikgosi le batho ba bangwe ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso mo tshireletsong e ne ya letla puso ya Borithane go utlwa le go laola merafe mmogo go na le ka bongwe.[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;47–49.</ref>] Khama wa boraro wa Ngwato o ne a gana go tsaya karolo, a supa bokoa jwa tiragatso ya thibelo ya bojalwa mo morafeng wa borwa. Khama wa boraro o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1923<ref name=":45">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;230.</ref> mme a tlhatlhangwa ke [[:en:Sekgoma_II|Sekgoma]] [[:en:Sekgoma_II|wa bobedi]], yo o neng a direla go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1926.<ref name=":45" /> Morwa wa ga Sekgoma e bong [[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] o ne a sa ntse a le lesea, ka jalo [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama|Tshekedi Khama]] o ne a nna mmusi.<ref name=":46">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Tshekedi o ne a lemogwa jaaka moemedi wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> Fa Seretse a ntse a gola, Tshekedi o ne a gatelela gore a fiwe [[:en:Liberal_education|thuto e e gololesegileng]] go na le gore a romelwe kwa sekolong sa madirelo sa Rhodesia.<ref>Samatar 1999, p.&#x20;179.</ref> === Tlhabololo le tlhotlheletso e e oketsegileng ya Borithane === Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920, kgosi Isang Pilane wa batho ba Kgatla o ne a okametse sekema sa ntlha se segolo sa tlhabololo ya metsi sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland , a dira gore go epiwe metswedi ya metsi e le lesomethataro, mme di le supa tsa tsone di ne tsa nna ditlamelo tsa metsi tse di atlegileng. Tse e ne tsa tlwaelega thata mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang fa puso ya Borithane e ne e kgatlhegela go atolosa itsholelo ya tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;70.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930, Isang Pilane le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana ba ne ba dira gore dikhuti di nne tse di hapegileng, ka gonne di ne di sa tlhokomelwe ka fa tlase ga bong jo bo kopanetsweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], pp.&#x20;699–700.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya nna teng mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1930, ya bolaya go feta karolo ya masome a marataro mo lekgolong ya dikgomo tsa tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne ya tsaya karolo e e matlhagatlhaga mo pusong ya tshireletso go simolola ka ngwaga wa 1930.<ref name=":47">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;58.</ref><ref name=":41" />Mo ngwageng oo, e ne ya simolola go tlamela ka matlole ka tlhamalalo go tshireletso.<ref name=":48">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Charles Rey o ne a tlhomiwa go nna molaodi wa Moagi wa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, mme o ne a na le maikarabelo a go rulaganya itsholelo sešwa go dikologa dikgomo tsa go romelwa kwa ntle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;55–56.</ref> Maiteko a go fetola tshireletso go ya kwa tlhabololong ya meepo le temothuo ya kgwebo a ne a lekwa mme a bona a kgarametswa morago go tswa mo dikgosing.<ref name=":37" /> Molaodi wa Moagi Rey o ne a thulana le kgosi Sebele wa bobedi, mme a dira gore a lelekwe ka 1931. Sebele II o ne a emisediwa ka morwarraagwe yo mmotlana, Kgari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dikgato tse dingwe di ne tsa lekwa ke puso ya Borithane ka 1934 go thibela maatla a a sa laolweng a dikgosi morago ga go menolwa ga ga Sebele II. Dikgato tseno di ne tsa laela makgotla a bagakolodi a dikgosi di neng di tshwanetse go buisana le one mme di ne di batla gore puso ya Borithane e newe phitlhelelo ya direkoto tsa kgotlatshekelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;69–70.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;49.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Bathoen_II|Bathoen wa bobedi]] wa Ngwaketse le moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao mo maitekong a. Le fa kgotlatshekelo ya Borithane e ne ya atlhola kgatlhanong le kgwetlho, dipholisi tse dišwa ga di ise di ko di tsenngwe tirisong ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;72–73.</ref><ref name=":49">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Dithibelo tse dingwe di ne tsa amogelwa ka kgoeletso ya bokoloniale go lekanyetsa bokgoni jwa dikgosi go lefisa makgetho le go gapa dikgomo tse di timetseng.<ref name=":39" /> Molaodi yo mošwa wa baagi, [[:en:Charles_Arden-Clarke|Charles Arden-Clarke]], o ne a tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1936 mme a dira gaufi le dikgosi.<ref name=":49" /> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe II === Dipoifo tsa tlhaselo ya Jeremane kwa Bechuanaland di ne tsa gola pele ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi ka ntlha ya boemo jwa yone jwa togamaano fa gare ga dikoloni tsa Boritane tse di fa gare le tse di kwa borwa mo Aforika. Malatsi a le lesome le bongwe pele ga ntwa e itsisiwe, puso ya Borithane e ne ya tlhagisa naga e e sireleditsweng gore e nne e le mo seemong se se siameng, mme masole a sesole a ne a rulaganngwa. Malatsi a le manè morago ga gore Borithane e bolele ntwa kgatlhanong le lefatshe la Germany, Molaodi wa Moagi Arden-Clarke o ne a tshwara kopano le dikgosi kwa ba neng ba solofetsa go tshegetsa maiteko a ntwa ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> Letsatsi le le latelang, khomišene e kgolo e ne ya ntsha kgoeletso ya [[:en:Emergency_powers|dithata tsa tshoganyetso]] tse di neng tsa e fa taolo e e feletseng mo tirong ya setšhaba mo tshireletsong, fela dikgosi di ne tsa itsisiwe gore di tla nna le maikarabelo a bontsi jwa tiragatso le go boloka kagiso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;33–34.</ref> Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi di ne di batlile go se go nne le tshusumetso epe mo bathong ba Bechuanaland, mme bontsi bo ne bo na le kakanyo e e sa tlhamalalang fela ya gore ntwa e ne e le teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya ngotlega fa palo e kgolo ya baagi ba basweu ba ne ba ikwadisa mo Sesoleng sa Boritane. Ba ba neng ba setse ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo mo thulaganyong ya tshireletsego fa go ka direga gore borwa jwa Aforika bo nne letlhakore le lengwe mo ntweng.<ref name=":50">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;35.</ref> Kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa dikgosi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya rotloetsa Batswana ba ba neng ba eletsa go direla le Sesole sa Borithane go ikwadisa le Sesole sa Batswana sa Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Banna ba Batswana ba ka nna makgolo a supa ba ne ba ikwadisa le setlhopha seno.<ref name=":51">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Go tlhokomela Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland go ne ga nna selo se se kwa tlase mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya Kwelotlase e Kgolo ya itsholelo le Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi,<ref name=":41" /> mme tshireletso ga e a ka ya amogela matlole ape go tswa kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":48" /> Mmusomogolo wa Borithane o ne o na le taolo e nnye mo Bechuanaland fa o bapisiwa le dikgaolo tsa one tse dingwe, mme maiteko a Borithane a go laola tlhagiso ya nako ya ntwa mo tshireletsong a ne a sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;124.</ref> Ntwa e ne ya fetola thata itsholelo ya tshireletso fa e ntse e tswelela, ya tlhagisa tlhaelo, go aba dijo, le ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> [[:en:Profiteering|Go dira dipoelo]] le go [[:en:Price_gouging|fokotsa ditlhwatlhwa]] go ne go tlwaelesegile, mme puso ya bokoloniale, e e neng e sa kgone go gagamatsa [[:en:Price_control|ditaolo tsa ditlhwatlhwa]], e ne ya dirisa [[:en:Gentlemen's_agreement|ditumalano tsa banna]] le bagwebi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;138.</ref> Makgetho a ne a tlhatlosiwa mme mananeo a Letlole la Tlhabololo ya Bokoloniale di ne tsa fokodiwa kwa tshimologong ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi go tlhoma boipuso jwa matlole go tswa mo mmusomogolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;125–126.</ref> Kgoeletso ya Taolo ya Madirelo a Leruo ya ntlha ya ngwaga wa 1940 e ne ya fetisiwa go duedisa dikgomo lekgetho, madirelo a a magolo a tshireletso, mme fela e ne ya kopana le kganetso e e boitshegang go tswa kwa Batswaneng le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la kaorolokgolong ya lefatsa ya Europe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> Letlole la ntwa le ne le dira kwa Bechuanaland, mme le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le solohetse gore meneelo e nne ya boithaopo, dikgosi di ne tsa dirisa taolo ya tsone mo merafeng ya tsone go pateletsa meneelo. E ne ya emisediwa ka lekgetho ka ngwaga wa1941, fela se se ne se sa ratwe thata mme sa itshupa se le thata go se diragatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;128–131.</ref> === Botsayakarolo jwa Batswana mo Ntweng ya Lefatshe II === [[Setshwantsho:Bechuanaland Boys cleaning Aa Guns in the Twilight after Action, Syracuse, Sicily Art.IWMARTLD4576.jpg|thumb|Basimane ba Bechuanaland ba phepafatsa Ditlhobolo tsa Aa mo Lefifing morago ga Tiragalo, Syracuse, Sicily, tiro ya botaki ya 1944 e e dirilweng ke [[:en:Leslie_Cole_(artist)|Leslie Cole]]]] Go thapiwa ga sesole go simolotse kwa Bechuanaland ka ngwaga wa 1941.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;34–35.</ref> Banna ba ka nna dikete tse tlhano le makgolo a matlhano ba ne ba katisiwa mme ba romelwa kwa ntweng mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse thataro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Banna ba bangwe ba Batswana ba le dikete tse tlhano ba ne ba tsenelela ntwa ka ngwaga wa 1942.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ka kakaretso, masole a ka nna dikete tse lesome le bongwe go tswa kwa Bechuanaland a ne a lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":50" /> Ba feta dikete tse lesome ba bone ba ne ba direla mo Sesoleng sa Boritane sa [[:en:African_Auxiliary_Pioneer_Corps|Babulatsela ba ba Thusang ba Aforika]].<ref name=":51" /> Dikgosi ka tlwaelo di ne di na le tshwanelo ya go [[:en:Conscript|kwadisa]] masole, mme di ne di itlhokomolosa dikeletso tsa puso ya bokoloniale tsa gore tirelo ya sesole e nne ya boithaopo gotlhelele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;44–46.</ref> Moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato o ne a dira gore a se ka a ratwa ke batho ka go dirisa go tsenngwa mo sesoleng jaaka sedirisiwa sa taolo, a go dirisa sebetsa go didimatsa batshwayadiphoso le baganetsi ba sepolotiki.<ref name=":52">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Banna ba ba neng ba eletsa go tila go tsenela bosole ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Aforika Borwa kgotsa kwa mafelong a a kgakala jaaka metlhaba ya [[:en:Okavango_Delta|noka e phatlallang ya Okavango]] le [[:en:Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park|sekgwa sa Kgalagadi]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;47.</ref> Ba bangwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgato tsa go itlhokomela ka bonako, jaaka go epa dikhutsi fa bathapi ba ne ba etela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di eletsa go dirisa go tsaya karolo ga tsone mo ntweng go bona ditshwanelo tse dingwe mo teng ga Mmusomogolo wa Borithane, mme di ne di tshaba gore go fenngwa ga Borithane go tla ba dira babusiwa ba Jeremane kgotsa Aforika Borwa, e leng phelelo e ba neng ba eletsa go e tila.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;39–40.</ref> Maiteko a ntwa gape e ne e le tshono ya go busetsa banna ba Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugetse kwa Aforika Borwa go ya go dira ditiro tsa meepo; dikgosi di ne di eletsa go fedisa mokgwa o mme di ne di ikutlwa di ka dira jalo ka go neelana ka ditiro tsa sesole.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;41–43.</ref> Dituelo dingwe tsa sesole di ne tsa diegisiwa go malapa a masole, mme ditekanyetso tsa thomelo kwa ntle di ne tsa tlosiwa ka nako ya ntwa, mme tsa baka go tsena ga madi kwa Bechuanaland.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;133.</ref> Fa go bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tse di mo Mmusong wa Boritane, batho ba Bechuanaland ba ne ba amogela ntwa eo. Batswana ba le bantsi ba ne ba na le maikutlo a boikanyegi mo mmusomogolong kgotsa ba ikutlwa gore dikgatlhego tsa bone di a tsamaisana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;36–37.</ref> Dikgosi dingwe, jaaka [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|Kgari Sechele]] [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|wa bobedi]] wa kwa ga Kwena le Molefi Pilane wa ga Kgatla, ba ne ba ikwadisa ka sebele. Ba ne ba dira jaaka disajene tse dikgolo tsa masole, e leng maemo a a kwa godimo a a neng a le teng mo Batswaneng.<ref name=":52" /> Go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya letlelela Batswana go nna le diteseletso tsa kgwebo le go dira mo teng ga naga e e sireleditsweng. Se pele se ne se lekanyeditswe batho basweu le makula.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;135.</ref> Setlhopha sa Dikgaolo tsa Dikhomišene tse di Kwa Godimo se ne se le kwa Botlhabagare go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1946 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1949.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> === Mokgatlho wa boipuso === [[Setshwantsho:1960 6d Bechuanaland Protectorate stamp.jpg|thumb|Setempe sa ngwaga wa 1960 sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland se se nang le ditshwantsho tsa ga [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Kgosigadi Victoria]] le [[:en:Elizabeth_II|Elizabeth wa bobedi]], dikgosi tsa ntlha le tsa bofelo tsa Borithane tsa tshireletso .]] Bokhutlo jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi bo ne jwa tla ka phetogo e kgolo mo setšhabeng. Dikgosi di ne tsa bonwa di se botlhokwa thata mo sebopegong sa loago, mme bontsi bo ne jwa tlogela dipolelo tsa bone tsa lefatshe lotlhe mo dikgomong tsa merafe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;51.</ref> Didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa setšhaba, jaaka lefatshe le badiri, di ne tsa dirwa tse di hapegileng le go dirwa dithoto.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;52.</ref> Phitlhelelo ya thuto e ne ya tlhola setlhopha sa batlhalefi ba ba [[:en:Liberalism|gololesegileng]] ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le puso ya dikgosi mme ba simolola go ipopela mafelo a bone a maatla mo mekgatlhong ya badiri le ditlhopha tsa baagi.<ref name=":63">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;165.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1946, ke karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong fela ya paoyotlhe ya baagi e e neng e na le tiro kwa ntle ga temothuo le ditirelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya bona koketsego e kgolo ya dikelo tsa matsalo jaaka karolo ya bogare jwa [[:en:Mid-20th_century_baby_boom|ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi wa go tlhatloga ga masea]] mo dingwageng tsa morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, e e neng e tsamaya le koketsego ya [[:en:Life_expectancy|dingwaga tsa botshelo]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e simolotse lenaneo la yone la ntlha ya tlhabololo mo tshireletsong, e leng lefelo la matlhabelo, ka dingwaga tsa bo ka ngwaga wa 1950.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;81.</ref> Maborithane, a santse a solofetse go kopanya tshireletso go nna Aforika Borwa, kwa bofelong a ne a phimola leano le morago ga tshimologo ya [[:en:Apartheid|Tlhaolele]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref>Fa maiteko a simolola go tlhama tsela e ntšhwa ya isago ya tshireletso, tshireletso e ne ya bewa mo seemong sa go tlhoka maitseo, mme ga go na tsela ya go ya pele e e neng e bonala sentle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], pp.&#x20;672–673.</ref> Tshitshinyo nngwe e ne e le go e tsenya mo [[:en:Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland|Mokgatlhong wa Rhodesia le Nyasaland]], o lefatshe la United Kingdom e o tlhamileng ka fa tlase ga pholisi ya "tirisanommogo ya merafe e mentsi".<ref>Parsons 2006, p.&#x20;673.</ref> Fa mojaboswa wa Ngwato Seretse Khama a gola, mmusi Tshekedi Khama o ne a leka go tshwarelela mo pusong.<ref name=":53">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;696.</ref> Seretse o ne a nyala mosadi wa mosweu, [[:en:Ruth_Williams_Khama|Ruth Williams]], fa a ne a ithuta kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom, mme se sa baka matlhabisa ditlhong mo lelapeng la segosi la ga Ngwato.<ref name=":46" /> Le fa kwa tshimologong setšhaba se ne se le kgatlhanong le lenyalo le, go sa ratweng ga ga Tshekedi go ne ga fetola maikutlo a Seretse.<ref name=":47" /> Kgang e ne ya tlhagisiwa mo kgotleng ka ngwaga wa 1949, mme puso ya ga Tshekedi e ne ya ganwa ka bontsi ke diketekete tsa batho ba ba neng ba le teng.<ref name=":53" /><ref name=":47" /> Tshekedi le batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Kwena kwa botshabelo.<ref name=":54">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Puso ya makgowa e ne e sa itshokele lenyalo la ga Seretse le mosadi yo mosweu. Ka maiteko a go ritibatsa puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, e ne ya leleka banyalani ba mo pusong ya tshireletso ka ngwaga wa 1950. Se se ne sa tsosa mokgatlho wa bosetšhaba o o neng o gola mo gare ga baemanokeng ba ga Seretse mo pusong ya tshireletso, o o neng wa tlhagelela ka botlalo ka ngwaga wa 1952.<ref name=":37" /> Ka nako ya fa Seretse a ne a seyo, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la baya molaodi wa kgaolo dingwaga di le nne pele ga e tlhoma Rasebolai Kgamane, motshegetsi wa ga Tshekedi, go nna moemedi.<ref name=":54" /> Morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tsuologela go lelekwa ga ga Seretse.<ref name=":55">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;53.</ref> Batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba kopa gore a bowe, mme go ne ga tsoga dikhuduego fa ba ne ba ganwa. Seretse o ne a feleletsa a letleletswe go boa ka ngwaga wa1956.<ref name=":56">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Ka nako e, kgaogano e e gagametseng ya merafe mo Aforika Borwa ya Tlhaolele e ne ya thibela lefatshe la United Kingdom go e ritibatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;200.</ref> Mo nakong yotlhe ya mathata a go lelekwa ga ga Seretse, maatla a ne a tlogela bogosi mme a ya kwa mekgatlhong ya ditlhopho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;91.</ref> Tshekedi le Seretse ba ne ba dira kagiso fa Seretse a boa, mme Seretse a nna moeteledipele wa ''nnete'' wa Ngwato, le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le mo thibetse go nna kgosi ya semmuso.<ref name=":56" /> Ka thotloetso ya Borithane, morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tlhama lekgotla la morafe, le Seretse le Tshekedi ka bobedi e neng e le maloko a lone.<ref name=":55" /> Merafe e mengwe e ne ya tlhoma makgotla a merafe a a tshwanang, a a neng a dira jaaka ditšheke tsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Go ne ga sala letlhoo lengwe fa gare ga banna ba babedi ba: Tshekedi o ne a eletsa go boloka puso ya morafe le maatla a dikgosi, fa Seretse ene a ne a akanya ka puso ya batho ka batho ya boemedi le dikgosi tse di bokoa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;91–92.</ref> Selekanyo sa maatla a a beeleditsweng mo dikgosing e ne ya nna kgang e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata mo mokgatlhong wa boipuso o o neng o gola, bogolosegolo mo bathong ba ga Ngwato le ba lelapa la ga Khama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;93–94.</ref> Bechuanaland Protectorate Federal Party e ne e le lekoko la ntlha la sepolotiki le le neng la tlhamiwa mo kgaolong ya tshireletso fa le ne le tlhamiwa ke moeteledipele wa mokgatlo wa Ngwato [[:en:Leetile_Disang_Raditladi|Leetile Disang Raditladi]] ka ngwaga wa 1959. Le bopilwe thata ke batho ba maemo le batlhalefi, le ne le buelela kopano ya merafe ya Batswana. Lekoko le ne la palelwa ke go bona tshegetso mme la nna lobaka lo lokhutshwane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;94.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, [[:en:Bechuanaland_People's_Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] (BPP, moragonyana Lekoko la Batho la Botswana) le ne la tlhamiwa jaaka lekoko le le bogale thata, le le ganetsanang le puso ya merafe ya setso mme la bona boikuelo mo badiring ba bafaladi.<ref name=":57">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> E ne e eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Motsamai_Mpho|Motsamai Mpho]], [[:en:Philip_Matante|Philip Matante]], le Kgalemang Morsete.<ref name=":58">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xviii.</ref> BPP, e e neng ya tlhamiwa jaaka molekane wa Setswana wa lekoko la [[:en:African_National_Congress|African National Congress]] la Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":59">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;74.</ref> e ne ya tshegetsa boipuso jwa ka bonako le go fedisiwa gotlhelele ga bogosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Ka go tshaba gore BPP e tla nyatsa puso e e leng teng le go tshuba dikgotlhang le puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, dikgosi le puso ya Borithane di ne tsa thibela bokgoni jwa yona jwa go kopana.<ref name=":57" /> Merafe ya tshireletso mmogo e ne ya bopa lekgotla la peomolao ka ngwaga wa 1961.<ref name=":37" /> Batho ba Kwena ba ne ba iphitlhela ba le ka fa tlase ga moemedi, [[:en:Neale_Sechele|Neale Sechele]], ka ngwaga wa 1963, se se rayang gore ba ne ba na le tlhotlheletso e nnye ya sepolotiki fa mokgatlho wa boipuso o ntse o gola.<ref name=":60">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;102.</ref> Leano la Tlhabololo la Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland la dingwaga tsa 1963/1968 le ne la kwalwa ka thulaganyo ya dipuisano ka ngwaga wa 1963, le tlhama tlhaloso ya boipuso jwa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;26–27.</ref> Fa palo ya batho e ne ba sa dire sepe mo dipolotiking ka kakaretso, lefatshe la United Kingdom e ne ya nna nngwe ya mafatshe a a neng a etelela pele go bona boipuso. Ka go tshwenyega gore lekoko la BPP e ne e le e e tseneletseng thata, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa moeteledipele wa yone yo o mo ratang, Seretse Khama, go tlhama lekoko la sepolotiki.<ref name=":59" /> Le fa Khama a ne a dumalana le mekgwa ya lekoko la BPP e e kgatlhanong le bosemorafe le ya lefatshe, o ne a le kgatlhanong le tsela ya yone ya go tlhoma dipolotiki le go amogela ga yone bojammogo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;96.</ref>O ne a dumela go tlogela go bolela ga gagwe mo bathong ba ga Ngwato go dira jaaka radipolotiki, a tlhama [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Lekoko la]] [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|puso ya batho ka batho la Bechuanaland]] (BDP, moragonyana ya nna lekoko la Botswana Democratic ) ka ngwaga wa 1962.<ref name=":59" /> Lekoko la BDP e ne ya itlhoma jaaka "lekoko la dikgosi", mme ya amogela dikakanyo tse di amanang le puso ya merafe ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref name=":30" /> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa lekoko la BDP, le tlhaloganya gore le tla tshegetsa kgwebisano ya leruo ya motlha wa bokoloniale.<ref name=":73">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;149.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1963, kgosi ya Kgatla Linchwe e ne e le ene fela kgosi e e neng e le kgatlhanong le BDP e bile e na le tlhotlheletso ya sepolotiki, mme batho ba Kgatla ba ne ba rata lekoko la BDP, ka jalo o ne a nna a sa tsenelele mo dipolotiking.<ref name=":60" /> Thulaganyo ya phetogo e ne ya simolola ka lekoko la BDP e ne e solofetswe go busa Botswana yo o ikemetseng, mme puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya bereka le boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BDP go ba baakanyetsa go tsamaisa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Go ne ga tshwarwa bokopano ka ngwaga wa 1963 go okamela go tlhamiwa ga molaotheo o mosha. Dikgotlhang tsa ka fa gare ga lekoko la BPP di ne di raya gore lekoko la BDP e ne e na le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo thulaganyong. Tshekedi Khama o ne a tlhokafetse ka nako e, ka jalo Bathoen wa bobedi o ne a nna moeteledipele wa lekoko le le neng le ema nokeng puso ya bofederale, a dumela gore le tla boloka puso e le mo diatleng tsa dikgosi. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le boradipolotiki ba Batswana ba ne ba tshegetsa puso ya bosetšhaba e e kopaneng ka gonne Botswana e ne e humanegile thata go ka kgaoganya dithoto tsa yona le ka gonne go tlhoka go kopanya dithoto go ne go tla dira gore e nne mo kotsing ya go tlhaselwa ke merafe e mengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Puso ya dikgaolo e e itsholetseng e ne ya itshupa e sa kgonege mo dipolotiking, ka jalo go ne ga dirwa tumalano ya gore dikgosi di tla bopa Ntlo ya Dikgosi, e leng setlhopha sa bagakolodi mo teng ga [[:en:Parliament_of_Botswana|Palamente ya Botswana]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;98–99.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di santse di le kgatlhanong le thulaganyo e, mme mo mokgatlhong o o neng o eteletswe pele ke Bathoen, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya fetisa tlhopo ya [[:en:No_confidence|go sa tshepe]] puso e ntšhwa, mme fela go tlhoka maatla a yone a sepolotiki go ne ga e thibela go dirisa phetogo e e nang le bokao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Molao wa Lekgotla la Kgaolo o ne wa fetisiwa jaaka tsela e nngwe ya go lekanyetsa maatla a dikgosi ka go tlhama makgotla a a tla okamelang kgaolo le toropo nngwe le nngwe,<ref name=":58" /> go dira gore mekgatlho e e tlhophilweng e e nne balaodi ba konokono ba selegae.<ref name=":64">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Toropo ya [[:en:Gaborone|Gaborone]] e agilwe ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme ya itsisiwe jaaka motsemogolo o mošwa.<ref name=":59" /> E agilwe mo lefatsheng la puso ya Borithane, le le neng le tlamela ka lefelo le le sa tseyeng letlhakore le le neng le sa laolwe ke morafe ope .<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;16.</ref> [[:en:Constitution_of_Botswana|Molamotheo]] o ne wa tsenngwa tirisong ka one ngwaga oo.<ref name=":59" /> Ka se se tirisong, Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la fa tshireletso puso ya go ipusa.<ref name=":61">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;116.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1965 gape e ne ya bona go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Dikgotla tsa Dikgaolo o o neng wa fetola seabe sa bokoloniale sa molaodi wa kgaolo ka go se bofa mo makgotleng a dikgaolo a a sa tswang go tlhamiwa,<ref name=":74">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> mme wa bona go tlhongwa ga Banka ya Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba e e neng e le ya puso.<ref name=":75">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Mpho o ne a kgaogana le lekoko la BPP go tlhama Lekoko la Boipuso la Bechuanaland (BIP) ka ngwaga wa 1965.<ref name=":62">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> E eteletswe pele ke Seretse Khama le [[:en:Quett_Masire|Quett Masire]], lekoko la BDP le ne la dira letsholo mo e ka nnang mo motseng mongwe le mongwe wa kgaolo ya tshireletso pele ga ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kakaretso. Go farologana le batho ba bangwe ba sepolotiki kwa Bechuanaland, Seretse Khama o ne a na le boikuelo go ralala merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":60" /> Morago ga moo lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhophiwa go etelela puso ya ntlha pele.<ref name=":61" /> Lekoko la BPP le ne la gapa manno a le mararo fela mo lekgotleng la peomolao, mme lekoko la BIP le ne la palelwa ke go gapa epe.<ref name=":62" /> Morago ga ditlhopho, go ne ga tlhamiwa lekoko la [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|Botswana]] [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|National Front]] (BNF) jaaka lekoko le le kopaneng la kganetso ya BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Kenneth_Koma|Kenneth Koma]], lekoko la BNF le ne la nna mmaba yo mogolo wa lekoko la BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;109.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;31–33.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhopha Khama go nna tonakgolo ya naga.<ref name=":65">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;204.</ref>Go farologana le makoko a mantsi a sepolotiki a a tlhomilweng mo Aforika, BDP e ne e le lekoko le le itekanetseng le le sa fetogeng go na le go nna lekoko le le kgatlhanong le bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;711.</ref> Morago ga go tlhamiwa ga yona, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya ntsha tlhopo ya go sa tshepe molaotheo ka ngwaga wa 1966, mme se sa dira gore go nne le letsholo la bosetšhaba la go tshegetsa molaotheo le le neng la bona tshegetso e e lekaneng gore dikgosi di fedise maiteko a tsone a go o gwetlha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;100–101.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya newa boipuso jaaka Rephaboliki ya Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966.<ref name=":61" /> == Repaboliki ya Botswana == [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Independence, 1966.png|thumb|[[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] a ikanisa maikano a go nna Tautona wa ntlha wa Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966]] Boipuso jwa Botswana bo ne bo kaya go tsenngwa tirisong ga puso ya batho le batho e e gololesegileng, go tlisa ditlhopho, tshireletso ya ditshwanelo tsa batho, le tirelosetšhaba.<ref name=":64" /> Se se ne sa dira gore go nne le thulaganyo ya go tlhatlosiwa maemo e e ikaegileng ka bokgoni le go tlhamiwa ga tsamaiso ya puso ya maranyane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref>Setšhaba se ne sa bopa puso e e neng e fetotswe go tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]],<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;23–24.</ref> mme Tonakgolo Seretse Khama a nna Moporesidente Seretse Khama.<ref name=":65" /> Go ne ga tlhamiwa boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba, jwa kopanya merafe e e sa tshwaneng mo letshwaong le le lengwe la Setswana, ka ngwao e e ikaegileng ka ya merafe ya Setswana.<ref name=":80">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNyamnjoh2007|Nyamnjoh 2007]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Botswana e ne ya boloka bontsi jwa ditheo tsa yone tsa merafe tsa pele ga bokoloniale morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;54.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Se e ne e le ditlamorago tsa puso e e nonofileng e e neng e amana le merafe ya Batswana le tsereganyo e e lekanyeditsweng ya puso ya Borithane mo dinakong tsa bokoloniale.<ref name=":34" /> Mofuta wa go buisana wa dipolotiki tsa setšhaba pele le morago ga boipuso e ne e le mokgwa o o sa tlwaelesegang mo merafeng e mengwe e mentsi ya Aforika e e neng ya nna le babusaesi morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;30, 56.</ref> Go na le go fedisa bogosi, puso e ntšhwa e ne ya bo tsenya mo tsamaisong ya semolao, ya fa dikgosi dithata tsa boatlhodi ka ''kgotla'', go ikaegile ka dikgotlatshekelo tsa boikuelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe]] 2012, p.&#x20;36.</ref>Tlwaelo ya go ikobela boeteledipele, e e kileng ya fiwa dikgosi, e ne ya sutela kwa botautoneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;30.</ref> Puso e ne ya tiisa go tlhomama ga yona ka go thapa tirelosetšhaba ya yone ka baitseanape b<ref name=":66">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref>a dinaga di sele, go farologana le dinaga tse dingwe tse dišwa tsa Aforika tse gantsi di neng di leleka baitseanape ba dinaga di sele.<ref name=":67">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref name=":68">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;105.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;59.</ref> Se se ne sa boloka puso ya mofuta wa Bophirima e e neng e gatelela tlhabololo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;259.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go tlamela Botswana ka matlole mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse tlhano tsa go nna teng ga yone.<ref name=":61" /> Maemo a yone a kagiso, a puso ya batho ka batho fa a bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tsa Aforika a ne a raya gore e ne ya amogela thuso e ntsi go tswa mo mekgatlhong ya Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;255.</ref> Ka nako ya boipuso, Botswana e ne e le setšhaba se se humanegileng thata, go feta bontsi jwa dinaga tse dingwe mo Aforika.<ref name=":69">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;104.</ref><ref name=":66" /> E ne e sena badiri ba ba rutegileng, ka baagi ba le masome a mane fela ba ba nang le ditlankana tse di hagodimo tsa mmadikolo, mme go ne go sena ditlamelo tse di itsegeng tsa metswedi ya tlholego go tshegetsa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;62, 64.</ref> Botswana e ne e ikaegile ka puso ya Tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa go fitlhelela setšhaba sa lefatshe, mme bontsi jwa badiri ba Botswana e ne e le badiri ba bafaladi mo Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Botswana e ne ya tsena mo ntweng e e tlhamaletseng le Rhodesia, e e neng ya baka dintwa tsa sesole go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1978.<ref name=":63" /> Go nna le seabe mo go lekanyeditsweng ga Borithane go ne go kaya gore go ne go se na tlhabololo e ntsi fa e sale ka nako ya bokoloniale.<ref name=":69" /><ref name=":70">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;160.</ref> Bokgoni jwa go bala le go kwala e ne e le selekanyo sa karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong, mme go ne go na le dikilometara di le lesome fela tsa tsela e e tshetsweng.<ref name=":69" /> Mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a robangbongwe ya baagi e ne e le mo [[:en:Abject_poverty|lehumeng le le tseneletseng]],<ref name=":70" /> mme bontsi jwa baagi e ne e le balemibarui ba dikgomo kgotsa [[:en:Subsistence_farmers|balemibarui ba ba itshidisang]].<ref name=":71">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Fa setšhaba se fitlhelela boipuso, komelelo e e masisi e ne ya fedisa karolo ya masome amarao go fihlela masome a matlhano mo lekgolong ya palo ya dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa Batswana ba ne ba ikaegile ka [[:en:World_Food_Programme|Lenaneo la Dijo la Lefatshe]] go tila tlala.<ref name=":81">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;220.</ref> Ditšhaba tse dingwe di ne di na le ditsholofelo tse di kwa tlase mo Botswana, mme mo Aforika yotlhe e ne e bonwa jaaka [[:en:Bantustan|Bantustan]] ya Tlhaolele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;1.</ref> Kamano e le Tlhaolele gape e ne e le ntlha ya katlego ya Botswana jaaka setšhaba se se ikemetseng: boeteledipele jwa Batswana bo ne bo eletsa go tila phelelo e e tshwanang le ya Aforika Borwa fa setšhaba se ka palelwa, mme dikgolagano tsa dikgang tsa mafatshe fatshe tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa le Bophirima go thibela go tsenngwa ke Aforika Borwa di ne di raya gore Botswana o ne a tshepa thata dinaga tsa Bophirima go amogela thuso le thato ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;76–77.</ref> Boeteledipele jwa ntlha jwa Botswana bo ne bo laolwa ke malapa a merafe e e busang mmogo le palo e nnye ya badiredipuso ba ba rutegileng thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;6.</ref> Go tshwana ga bona ga itsholelo le dikgopolo go ne go raya gore puso e nne e tlhomame kwa ntle ga dintwa tsa sepolotiki.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;71.</ref> Le fa Bathoen a ne a tlogela maemo a gagwe a go nna kgosi go ya go dira dipolotiki, bontsi jwa dikgosi tse dingwe di ne tsa amogela maatla a tsona a a fokoditsweng a sepolotiki mo pusong e ntšhwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;56–57.</ref> Tiro e nngwe ya dikgosi e ne e laolwa ke Molao wa Bogosi wa ngwaga ya 1966.<ref name=":92">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;140.</ref> Go tlhoka bonweenwee go ne ga dira gore puso e nne semolao thata mme ya ratwa ke balekane ba Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;166.</ref> Go farologana le bontsi jwa merafe e e sa tswang go tlhamiwa ya Aforika, bontsi jwa boeteledipele bo ne bo tswa mo setšhabeng sa temothuo, go kaya gore dikgatlhego tsa bona di ne di tsamaisana le bontsi.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":71" /> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa go boloka dipholisi tsa motlha wa bokoloniale tse di neng di solegela barui ba dikgomo molemo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;75.</ref> Setlhopa sa semmuso sa Nama ya Botswana se ne sa tlhamiwa go laola madirelo a nama ya kgomo.<ref name=":58" /> Boikuelo jwa lekoko la BDP jwa merafe yotlhe le kgatlhego e e kopanetsweng ya go tlhoma boipuso di ne tsa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa gape go dira mo dikgatlhegelong tsa bontsi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref> Ditlhopha tse dinnye tsa baagi ba basweu di ne tsa sala mo nageng mme tsa ganetsa boipuso jwa yone.<ref name=":63" /> Le fa moragonyana di ne di tla nna botlhokwa mo tlhabololong ya Botswana, ditshwanelo tsa ditswammung di ne tsa fiwa botlhokwa jo bo kwa tlase fa di bona boipuso, mme merafe e ne ya di fetisetsa kwa pusong ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1967.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;103–104.</ref> === Puso ya ga Seretse Khama === Khama o ne a ratwa ke batho botlhe mme a bonwa e le moeteledipele wa tlholego wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;202–203.</ref> Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya tsenya tirisong maano a a neng a lebisitswe mo go tlhameng mafaratlhatlha le dithoto tsa setšhaba, bogolosegolo go tsenya tshela ditsela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;111.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;86.</ref> O ne a simolola go aga dikolo, matlhabelo le dikhuti tse di neng tsa tswelela mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. Lefatshe le le nang le banni la Batswana le Basarwa le ne la dirisiwa go aga mesima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;219.</ref> Tlhabololo e ne ya tla ka tshenyegelo ya kgwebo le tlhagiso, e e neng e lekanyeditswe go tlamela ka matlole a leruo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004,]] p.&#x20;164.</ref> Go ne ga tlhongwa mogopolo thata mo go otla dikgomo le go aga matlhabelo go rotloetsa madirelo a nama ya kgomo mo gare ga go tlhoka metsi. <ref name=":82">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;205.</ref>[[:en:Public_welfare|Mananeo a katlaatleloloago]] le one a ne a tlhongwa.<ref name=":67" /> Go ribololwa ga ditaemane go ne ga netefatsa gore mananeo a a bona madi a a lekaneng.<ref name=":72">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Dipeeletso tse le mokgwa o o sa fetogeng wa go somarela madi a puso di ne tsa thibela boemo jwa [[:en:Dutch_disease|bolwetse jwa Dutch]] jo bo neng jwa golafatsa dinaga tse dingwe tsa Aforika tse di neng di tletse ka didirisiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;4.</ref> Thuto e ne ya atolosiwa mo setšhabeng sotlhe, mme puo ya Setswana e ne ya lekanngwa mmogo le Seesemane ka go latlhegelwa ke dipuo tse dingwe.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":68" /> Khama o ne a siamisa seo jaaka tsela ya go fitlhelela kutlwano.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;228.</ref> Quett Masire o ne a dira jaaka Mothusa tautona ka fa tlase ga ga Seretse Khama mmogo le Tona ya tsa madi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> O ne a laola tekanyetsokabo ya lefatshe le tiriso ya madi ka go tlhama motseletsele wa Maano a Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba, go ikaegilwe ka kamogelo ya Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba le Komiti ya itsholelo ya Kabinete.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Dipoeletso tsa maano a di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya molao wa semmuso ya puso morago ga gore batlhatlhami ba ga Khama le Masire ba tsene mo maemong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;171.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, ditaemane di ne tsa fitlhellwa kwa Botswana ke setlamo sa Aforika Borwa sa ditaemane sa [[:en:De_Beers|De Beers]], mme ditiro di ne tsa simolola ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref name=":76">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;110.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;61.</ref> Dipeeletso tsa kopore di ne tsa fitlhelwa kwa [[:en:Selebi-Phikwe|Selebi-Phikwe]] ka ngwaga oo, mme se sa senola gape khumo ya ditswammung tsa setšhaba.<ref name=":58" /> Puso e ne ya dirisana le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1969 go dira ditiro tse dikgolo tsa meepo ya ditaemane,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> mme e ne ya amega mo dipuisanong sešwa tsa [[:en:Southern_African_Customs_Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa]] ka one ngwaga oo go tokafatsa thata maatla a yone a itsholelo mo kgaolong.<ref name=":77">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;65.</ref> Moepo mongwe kwa [[:en:Morupule|Morupule]] o ne wa simolola go ntsha magala ka ngwaga wa 1973, mme wa tlamela setšhaba ka karolo e kgolo ya motlakase.<ref name=":78">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xix.</ref> [[:en:Orapa_diamond_mine|Moepo wa ditaemane wa Orapa]] o ne wa bulwa kwa Orapa ka ngwaga wa 1971, mme go ne ga tlomamisiwia tumalano ya go abelana lotseno fa gare ga puso le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1974.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;125.</ref> Moragonyana Masire o ne a netefatsa gore De Beers e ne e tshegeditse dikgwebo tsa gagwe tse di hapegileng ka madi, mme se sa dira gore go akanyediwe gore setlamo se ka tswa se amogetse tumalano e e mosola mo kgannyeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;129–130.</ref> Molao wa Metsi le Molao wa ditsha tsa Morafe di ne tsa tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1968, mme tsa tlhama lekgotla la Kabo ya Metsi le lekgotla tsa naga di le lesome le bobedi, ka go latelana. Tse di ne di okametse kabo ya ditshwanelo tsa metsi le lefatshe ke puso go na le ka go nna mong wa morafe mongwe le mongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;76.</ref> Ka se, ba ne ba tsenya dithata tsa setso tsa dikgosi.<ref name=":74" /> Molao wa Mafatshe a Phulo a Merafe e ne ya tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1975 go thibela [[:en:Overgrazing|phulo e e feteletseng]], mme fela e ne ya itshupa e sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;67.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;173.</ref> Tota e bile, e ne e letla baagi ba ba humileng go kopa ditsha tse dikgolo tsa dikgomo ka tshenyegelo ya baagi ba ba sa humang thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Ditlhopho tsa ntlha morago ga boipuso di ne tsa diragala ka ngwaga wa 1969.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la dira maswe go le gonnye fa e bapisiwa le tiragatso ya yona ya ngwaga wa 1965, mme mothusa tautona Masire o ne a latlhegelwa ke setilo sa gagwe ke Bathoen, se se neng sa mo tlhoka gore a tseye setilo se se kgethegileng se se tlhophilweng.<ref name=":79">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Lekoko la BPP le ne la nyelela ka botlhokwa fa dipolotiki tsa Botswana di ntse di gola.<ref name=":73" /> Koporase ya Tlhabololo ya Botswana e e neng e le ya puso e ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1970,<ref name=":75" /> mme moepo wa diteemane wa Orapa o ne wa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 1971.<ref name=":78" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, diteemane di ne di dira karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong ya Palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana,<ref name=":76" /> mme kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1970, meepo e ne e le madirelo a magolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;5.</ref> Goromente wa Botswana o ne a buisana gape ka tumalano ya yone ya meepo le De Beers magareng ga ngwaga wa 1971 le ngwaga wa 1975, ya sutisetsa bontsi jwa dituelo kwa setšhabeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;210.</ref> Fa itsholelo ya teemane e ntse e tlhabologa le dipeeletso di boela mo lefatsheng, Botswana e ne ya falola lehuma mme ya bonwa jaaka katlego mo merafeng e mengwe mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara morago ga bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;212.</ref> Ditlhabololo tse di dirile gore Botswana e nne naga e e golang ka bonako mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":77" /> Batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo le a a fa gare ba ne ba bona molemo thata, go oketsa go [[:en:Wealth_inequality|tlhoka tekatekano ga khumo]], mme gape go ne go raya gore makgetho a ka fokodiwa, se se neng sa dira gore balemi ba ba tshegetse.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;71–72.</ref> Tlhabololo ya Botswana le tiriso ya yone ya tirelosetšhaba ya mafatshe a sele e ne ya atlega mo e leng gore puso e ne ya tlhotlheletsa lefatshe la United States go romela setlhopa sa baithaopi ba kagiso (Peace Corps) kwa ntle ga ditekanyetso tsa setso tsa gore ke dikarolo dife tse mokgatlho o ka di dirang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go ne ga tla koketsego ya Batswana ba ba botlana ba ba rutegileng mo lefelong la gaeno, ba ba neng ba nna le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo pusong.<ref name=":64" /> Jaaka fa batho ba bašwa ba ba ne ba amogela thuto e e tshwanang mme ba simolola go dira mo setsong se le sengwe sa tsamaiso, go ne go sena pharologano e kgolo ya tiro fa gare ga tirelosetšhaba e e neng e eteletswe pele ke batswakwa le e e neng e tsamaisiwa ke Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Lephata la Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo le ne le le teng ka bokhutshwane morago ga go kgaogana mo Lephateng la Matlole magareng ga batlhokomedi ba setso ba ba neng ba amana le tshireletso kgatlhanong le baemanokeng ba ga Masire ba ba neng ba eletsa go bona tlhabololo e e bogale thata. Ya bofelo e ne ya tsaya taolo, mme ditona di ne tsa kopanngwa gape go nna Lephata la Matlole le Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo ka ngwaga wa 1970. Ka ntlha ya palo e e lekanyeditsweng ya batho ba ba tshwanelegang go laola itsholelo, lephata le le ne la tsaya taolo e feletseng ya tiriso ya madi a puso mme la simolola lenaneo la Shashe le le neng le batla gore naga e nne le tlhabololo e e tseneletseng ya palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana. Se se ne se akaretsa go tlhoma lefelo la meepo ya kopore le nikele, le le neng la nna selo se se tlang pele mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;84–85.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, [[:en:Seepapitso_IV|Seepapitso wa bone]] o ne a nna kgosi ya ntlha go emisiwa mo maemong a gagwe morago ga nako ya bokoloniele.<ref name=":83">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;141.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la atlega thata gape ka [[:en:1974_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopo tsa ngwaga wa 1974]].<ref name=":79" /> [[:en:Minimum_wage|Dituelo tse di kwa tlase]] di ne tsa tlhagisiwa ka one ngwaga oo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Botswana e simolotse go ntsha madi a one, e leng [[:en:Botswana_pula|Botswana pula]], ka ngwaga wa 1976. Mmusi wa [[:en:Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya Botswana]] Quill Hermans o ne a kgaratlhela go kgaogana ga madi le Aforika Borwa le [[:en:South_African_rand|ranta ya yone ya Aforika Borwa]]. Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego a boditšhabatšhaba a gore Botswana e ka nna ya se ka ya kgona go tshegetsa madi a yone, Khama o ne a ikutlwa gore bagakolodi ba gagwe ba itsholelo ba na le bokgoni mme o ne a tshepa tshwetso ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tsa boipuso, Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya ditšhaba tse di humileng thata mo [[:en:Third_World|Lefatsheng la Boraro]].<ref name=":67" /> Phetogo ya itsholelo e kaiwa jaaka "kgakgamatso" ya Botswana.<ref name=":77" /> Linchwe II, kgosi ya [[:en:Kgatla_people|batho ba Kgatla]], o ne a busetsa ngwao ya go simolola bogwera mo morafeng wa gagwe ka ngwaga wa 1975, mme se sa gakatsa puso ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;148.</ref> Khama o ne a tsaya tsela ya go akaretsa batho botlhe mo pusong ya gagwe, a tila dipolotiki tsa merafe le go gana tlhotlheletso ya baeteledipele ba merafe a rata badiredipuso.<ref name=":84">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> Ka dinako tse dingwe o ne a kopa batho go rola tiro fa morafe mongwe o ka nna le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo tirelong ya setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tshaba gore go sa dumalane le batho ba ba kwa tlase ba Kalanga go ka nna ga dira gore go se ka ga nna le kagiso. Go rarabolola se, Khama o ne a tsenya maloko a a rutegileng a morafe wa Kalanga mo pusong, a tlhoma bontsi mo maemong a a kwa godimo. Tshwetso e ne e tsosa kganetsano, mme e ne ya tsosa dikgopolo tsa bolotsana ka ga tlhotlheletso e e bosula ya Kalanga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;122.</ref> Tse ka dinako tse dingwe di ne di ikaegile ka Mokgatlho wa Baithuti ba Bakalanga, o o neng wa nna Mokgatlho wa Tsweletso ya Puo ya Ikalanga ka ngwaga wa 1980.<ref>[[Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 123.|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> Poifo ya dipuso tsa baagisani tse di eteletsweng pele ke basweu kwa Namibia, Rhodesia, le Aforika Borwa, mmogo le kotsi ya [[:en:Angolan_Civil_War|Ntwa ya Selegae ya Angola]], di dirile gore Botswana e tlhame [[:en:Botswana_Defence_Force|sesole sa bosetšhaba]] ka ngwaga wa 1977.<ref name=":78" /> Pele ga se, [[:en:Botswana_Police_Service|Tirelo ya Sepodisi]] sa Botswana e ne e tlhokometse tshireletso ya setshaba. Go tlhoka sesole go ne go raya gore Botswana e ne e sa tlhaselwe ke dilo tse di bakang go sa tlhomamang mo merafeng e mengwe ya Aforika: go menola puso ga sesole le bonweenwee ka go dirisa madi a sesole.<ref>[[Beaulier & Subrick 2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], pp.&#x20;111–112.</ref> Sesole se ne sa bona ntwa ngwaga o o latelang fa dirukutlhi tsa Rhodesia di ne di tlhasela Leshoma, di bolaya masole a le lesome le botlhano.<ref name=":78" /> Ka tirisanommogo ya yone le De Beers, puso ya Botswana e ne ya tlhama kompone ya meepo ya Debswana ka ngwaga wa 1978, mme ya bona lotseno lo lo bonalang lwa puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Meepo e ne ya nna madirelo a a kwa godimo ya itsholelo ya lefatshe mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang,<ref name=":85">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> mme Botswana ya nna itsholelo e e golang ka bonako go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":86">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;33.</ref><ref name=":86" /> Go nna le seabe ga mafatshe a sele mo itsholelong go ne ga nna kgang ya sepolotiki ka nako e jaaka fa batho ba kwa ntle ba ne ba kokoanya kgolo ya setšhaba fa ditiro tsa selegae di ne di tlhabologa ka iketlo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;143–145.</ref> Thuo ya dikgomo, e e neng e setse e amilwe ke go runya mo gogolo ga [[:en:Foot-and-mouth_disease|bolwetse jwa tlhako le molomo]] ka ngwaga wa1977,<ref name=":82" /> e ne ya latlhegelwa ke botlhokwa jo e neng e na le jone pele.<ref name=":85" /> === Puso ya ga Quett Masire === [[Setshwantsho:Quett Masire DF-SC-85-12044.JPEG|thumb|Quett Masire a etetse America ka ngwaga wa 1984]] Morago ga loso lwa ga Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa 1980, Mothusa-Tautona Quett Masire o ne a nna tautona wa Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;117.</ref> Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego ka go tlhatlhama ga ga Khama, Masire o ne a tshegetsa mafaratlhatlha a puso a a neng a thusa go a aga le go boloka tumelo mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;182.</ref> Go ritibatsa morafe wa ga Khama wa Ngwato le merafe e mengwe ya bokone, Masire o ne a tlhoma ntsalae Khama, [[:en:Lenyeletse_Seretse|Lenyeletse Seretse]], go nna mothusa-tautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;232.</ref> Kakanyo e e neng e tlwaelesegile mo gare ga BaNgwato e ne e le gore morwa Khama, [[:en:Ian_Khama|Ian Khama]], o ne a tshwanelwa ke bo tautona. Fa Lenyeletse a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1983, Masire o ne a tlhopha [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] go tsena mo boemong jwa gagwe. Gompieno o ne a tlhopha mongwe go tswa mo morafeng wa borwa, gore a se ka a tlhoma sekao sa gore tautona le mothusa-tautona ka nako tsotlhe ba tshwanetse go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di fapaaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;233.</ref> Botswana e ne e le karolo ya Khonferense ya Kgokaganyo ya Tlhabololo ya Borwa jwa Aforika e e neng ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1980 go tlhama mmaraka wa borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":78" /> Setšhaba se ne sa amiwa ke [[:en:Early_1980s_recession|kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980]].<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Jwaneng_diamond_mine|Moepo wa diteemane wa Jwaneng]] o simolotse go dira ka ngwaga wa 1982, wa nna moepo o o dirang dipoelo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng. [[:en:University_of_Botswana|Mmadikolo wa Botswana]] o tlhomilwe ka one ngwaga o o neng o kgaogana le [[:en:University_of_Botswana,_Lesotho_and_Swaziland|Mmadikolo ya Botswana, Lesotho le Swaziland]].<ref name=":78" /> Ditlhabololo tsa semolao ka ngwaga wa 1982, Molawana wa Thuso ya Matlole le go dira gore tiro ya kgwebo gore e nne ya ka fa molaong ke badiredipuso, di ne tsa tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya naga mme gape tsa gagamolola melawana e e neng e tla thibela bonweenwee.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;127, 129.</ref> Jaaka fa puso ya batho le batho le kgolo ya itsholelo di itshupile e le diphetogo tsa paka e telele, Botswana e ne ya itsege jaaka "kgakgamatso ya Aforika".<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Kganetso e e nonofileng kgatlhanong le puso e e laolwang ke lekoko la BDP e ne ya tlhagelela la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go fenya ditlhopho tsa selegae, ditlhopha tsa dikgatlhego tsa simolola go tlhamiwa, mme makwalo a dikgang a matlhano a magolo a a kgatlhanong le lekoko la BDP a simolola go gatisiwa.<ref name=":64" /> Pele e ne e ikaegile ka tshegetso ya merafe e e rileng, lekoko la BNF le ne la bona tshegetso mo setlhopheng sa badiri.<ref name=":84" /> Ka ditlhopho ka kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1984, e ne e le lekoko kganetso le le gaisanang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;712.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya ama Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa1982 go fitlhela ka ngwaga wa 1987, mme ya tlhoka thuso ya dijo ya puso go ka nna karolo ya masome a marataro le botlhano mo lekgolong ya Batswana ba kwa magaeng.<ref name=":87">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;82.</ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba ga Masire ba ne ba mo amanya le komelelo e ka e ne e tsamaisana le tshimologo ya botautona jwa gagwe, ba akantsha gore Khama o ne a na le taelo ya bomodimo e Masire a neng a se na yone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;203.</ref> Mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1980, madirelo a ditaemane a ne a fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa yone ka karolo ya masome a matlhano le boraro mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya tlhagiso ya bosetšhaba.<ref name=":76" /> Ka nako e, itsholelo ya setšhaba e ne ya nonoha mo e leng gore baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba rotloediwa go tlhopha [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|temothuo ya go]] [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|itshidisa]] kgotsa go fuduga go ya go dira kwa Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":84" /> [[:en:Entrepreneurship|Bogwebi]] bo ne jwa anama thata, bogolosegolo mo badiring ba pele ba puso ba ba neng ba tswa mo [[:en:Public_sector|lephateng la puso]] go ya kwa lephateng la [[:en:Private_sector|e]] [[:en:Private_sector|seng la puso]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Thuto ya mahala ya [[:en:Secondary_education|sekole se segolwane]] ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1989.<ref name=":87" /> [[:en:Trade_union|Mekgatlho ya badiri]] le [[:en:Special_interest_group|ditlhopha tse di kgethegileng tsa dikgatlhego]] tse dingwe di ne tsa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go tlhotlheletsa melawana ya setšhaba, le fa gantsi puso e ne e sa batle go di amogela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], pp.&#x20;85–86.</ref> E tsibogetse mokgatlho o o neng o gola wa badiri ka go fetisa dithibelo tse di bokete mo mekgatlhong ya badiri ka ngwaga wa 1983.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dingwaga di le lesome gape o ne wa tlhagisa mekgatlho ya go amogela merafe e mennye, go gana boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba jwa Motswana.<ref name=":80" /> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, Aforika Borwa e ne ya simolola ditlhaselo tsa sesole mo Botswana go batla batlhabani ba Aforika Borwa. Go tsibogela dikgobalo tsa baagitse di neng tsa direga, puso ya Botswana e ne ya oketsa tiriso ya madi mo sesoleng.<ref name=":93">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;112.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> E ne gape ya fa sesole tiro ya go sireletsa diphologolo tsa naga le go tsenya mo tirisong molao o o kgatlhanong le go tsoma mo go seng ka fa molaong go tsibogela kotsi e e tlisiwang ke batsomi ba ba tshotseng dibetsa.<ref name=":94">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Palo ya ntlha ya [[:en:HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana|mogare wa segajaja]] mo Botswana e ne ya lemogiwa ka ngwaga wa 1985, mme mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang lefatshe ;e ne la nna lone le le neng la amega thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;265.</ref> [[:en:Life_expectancy|Botshelo jo bo solofetsweng]] mo Botswana bo ne bo tla wela tlase tswa go masomeng a maratarole bosupa go ya kwa masomeng a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 1997.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;175.</ref> Phetogo e e gakgamatsang mo tsamaisong ya botsogo ya Botswana e ne ya latela go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1980 le bo 1990; Bongaka jwa Bophirima bo ne jwa tlotliwa thata mmogo le kalafi ya setso, mme go ne ga tlhongwa dikokelo tse e seng tsa puso go nna mmogo le dikago tse di tsamaisiwang ke puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> [[:en:Early_1990s_recession|Kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1990]] e ne ya ama Botswana.<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Attorney_General_of_Botswana_v._Unity_Dow|Tsheko e e botlhokwa ya kgotlatshekelo ya molaomotheo]] e e neng ya tlisiwa ke Unity Dow e ne ya felela ka katlholo ka ngwaga wa 1991 ya gore bana ba ka fiwa boagedi mo go bomme ba bone ga mmogo le borraabone, e e neng ya amogelwa go nna molao ka Molao wa Boagi wa 1995.<ref name=":88">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xx.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang sa Kgabo se ne sa tshwarwa ka ngwaga wa 1991 go batlisisa lekgotla la kabo ditsha tsa lefatshe tsa puso, mme sa fitlhela gore go dirilwe ditlolomolao tsa maitsholo a a siameng ke mothusa-tautona Peter Mmusi le mokwaledi wa kakaretso wa lekoko la BDP [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]], ba bobedi jwa bone gape e neng e le maloko a setlhopa sa ditona tsa puso ya Botswana.<ref name=":89">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;346.</ref><ref name=":90">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;333.</ref> Ka go lebana le go galefa mo pusong le mo setšhabeng, bobedi jwa bone ba ne ba rola tiro.<ref name=":90" /> Go wa mo go ne ga tlhola ditlhopha tse pedi tse di kgaoganeng mo teng ga lekoko, e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke maloko a mabedi a pele a setlhopa sa ditona (Ba babedi ba bagolo),<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;333–335.</ref> mme e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke baganetsi ba bona (ba batlhano ba bagolo): [[:en:Festus_Mogae|Festus Mogae]], Bihiti Temane, Chapson Butale, [[:en:Gaositwe_Chiepe|Gaositwe Chiepe]], le moeteledipele wa bona [[:en:Mompati_Merafhe|Mompati Merafhe]].<ref name=":91">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;235.</ref> Se se ne sa aga mo dikgotlhang tse di neng di godile fa gare ga boeteledipele jwa borwa jwa BLP le kokomana e ntšhwa ya boradipolotiki go tswa kwa bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], pp.&#x20;233–234.</ref> Masire o ne a tlhopha Mogae go nna mothusa- tautona yo mosha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;334.</ref> Ka go tshwenyega ka kgonagalo ya go tlwaetsa bonweenwee, Masire o ne a thapa mothusa- mogolwane wa [[:en:Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)|setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang e e Ikemetseng ya Hong Kong e e Kgatlhanong le Bonweenwee (Hong Kong)]] go tlhama mokgatlho o o tshwanang mo Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;222.</ref> [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Bokaedi jwa Bonweenwee le Bosenyi jwa]] [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Itsholelo]] bo ne jwa tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, mme lekgotla la kabo ditsha le ne la tlhamiwa go reetsa boikuelo jwa ditshwetso tsa kabo ditsha ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Boemo jwa lekoko la BDP jaaka lekoko le le laolang bo ne jwa amogela kgwetlho ya jone ya ntlha e e masisi ka ntlha ya Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlsisa kgota go sekaseka dikgang ya Kgabo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;249.</ref> Matlhabisaditlhong le go kgaogana mo go neng ga nna teng mo lekokong la BDP go ne ga dira gore lekoko la BNF le nne lekoko la kganetso le le gaisanang thata morago ga ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;335–336.</ref><ref name=":89" /> Ka go mathata a a oketsegileng a go tsenngwa ga ditoropo go fokotsa motheo wa BDP kwa metseselegaeng, makoko a kganetso a ne a na le bonnye jo bo bonalang mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa ga Mmusi, Kwelagobe o ne a ikgolaganya le [[:en:Ponatshego_Kedikilwe|Ponatshego Kedikilwe]], mme ba bopa setlhopa se sennye sa Barata-Phathi sa lekoko la BDP. Ba batlhano ba bagolo ba ne ba nna setlhopa se sennye sa A-Team.<ref name=":89" /> Botswana e ne ya solegelwa molemo ke go khutla ga puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, ka puso e ntšhwa e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Aforika e ne e sa thibele kgolo ya Botswana kgotsa go tsenelela mo ditirong tsa sesole go kgabaganya molelwane.<ref name=":81" /> Fa kgaolo e ntse e tlhomama, ditlhabololo tsa itsholelo tse di tshwanang le mabentlele a magolo, kakanyo e e sa netefadiwang ya dithoto, le bojanala jwa baagi di ne tsa atologa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;675.</ref> Morafe wa Ngwaketse o ne wa nna le kgotlang le puso ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa 1994, fa tona ya pusoselegae le mafatshe Patrick Balope a ne a latofatsa kgosi Seepapitso wa bone ka go palelwa ke go diragatsa ditiro tsa gagwe mme a laela gore kgosi e emisiwe—e leng go emisiwa ga bobedi ga puso ya ga Seepapitso.<ref name=":83" /> Morwa wa ga Seepapitso e bong Leema o ne a amogela go tlhomiwa go dira tiro eo, kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa ga Seepapitso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;141–142.</ref> Morafe o ne wa lwantshana le kgang ya go nna semolao mo go sa tlhaloganyesegeng ga ga Leema le poifo ya gore setso sa morafe ga se kitla se tlhola se lemogiwa, mme go tlosiwa ga gagwe go ne ga nna kgang ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;142–143.</ref> Seepapitso o ne a tsenya kganetso ya semolao, mme kgotlatshekelo ya atlhola ka Tlhakole a tlhola malatsia le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 1995 gore le fa go tlosiwa ga ga Seepapitso go ne go le ka fa molaong, go tlhomiwa ga ga Leema go ne go se kafa molaong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;145.</ref> Ka maatla a go tlhoma a ne a buseditswe mo morafeng, ba ne ba gana go tlhopha moeteledipele yo mosha jaaka tsela ya go ikuela. Puso e ne ya ineela mme ya letlelela Seepapitso go busediwa mo tirong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;145–146.</ref> [[:en:Ritual_murder|Polao ya dipheko]] ya ga [[:en:Segametsi_Mogomotsi|Segametsi Mogomotsi]], mosetsana wa dingwaga di le lesome le bone wa kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]], e diragetse ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 1994. Dikhuduego tsa loago di ne tsa tsoga fa babelaelwa bao, ba e neng e le borakgwebo le boradipolotiki ba ba humileng, ba ne ba gololwa ka ntlha ya go tlhoka bosupi. Mo dikgweding tse di latelang, go ne ga nna le ditshupetso le dikhuduego tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke baithuti kgatlhanong le tiriso ya ditiro tsa masaitsiweng tse di tshwanang le polao ya dipheko go bona khumo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;286–290.</ref> Go tlhagoga ga bolwetse jo bo [[:en:Contagious_bovine_pleuropneumonia|tshelanwang jwa pleuropneumonia ya dikgomo]] ka ngwaga wa 1995 go ne ga baka dintsho tsa dikgomo di le dikete tse makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi .<ref name=":88" /> Molao wa Temothuo wa ngwaga ya 1995 o ne wa atolosa thulaganyo ya go dira lefatshe la baagi la le e seng la puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Merafe e mennye e ne ya tswelela go kgaratlhela go lemogiwa go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;163–164.</ref> Puso e simolotse go ntsha batho ba Basarwa mo [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|Lefelong la Diphologolo la Kalahari]] [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|la Bogare]] ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Le fa e ne e nganga gore maikaelelo e ne e le go thusa go kopanya baagi ba ba neng ba le kgakala thata, mme e neelana ka leruo go rotloetsa tirisanommogo, mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba e ne ya pega molato puso ka go pateletsa le go [[:en:Forced_displacement|fudusiwa ka dikgoka]] ga batho go dira sebaka sa meepo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;11–12.</ref> Maiteko a ntlha a magolo a semolao a go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa merafe e mennye a ne a tswa mo tshitshinyong ya ngwaga wa 1995 kwa palamenteng ya go tlhalosa molaomotheo jaaka o o sa tseyeng letlhakore mo merafeng, mme o ne wa bewa mo tafoleng. Mokgatlho wa Kamanakao o ne wa tlhamiwa ka one ngwaga oo ke morutegi [[:en:Lydia_Nyati-Ramahobo|Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo]] go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa [[:en:Yeyi_people|batho ba Yeyi]].<ref name=":95">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;215.</ref> Motseletsele wa diphetogo tsa puso le tsa ditlhopho di ne tsa tsenngwa mo tirisong mo dingwageng tsa bofelo tsa bo tautona jwa ga Masire. Tlhokomelo ya ditlhopho e ne ya fetisediwa kwa setheong se se ikemetseng, dingwaga tsa go tlhopa di ne tsa fokodiwa go tswa ko masomeng a mabedi le bongwe go ya ko lesomeng le borobabobedi , go [[:en:Postal_voting|tlhopa ka poso]] go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong, mme ga tsenngwa tirisong melawana ya go sireletsa [[:en:Labour_rights|ditshwanelo tsa badiri]] le [[:en:Gender_equality|tekatekano ya bong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;168.</ref> Masire o ne a eletsa go tlhama [[:en:Order_of_succession|tatelano e e tlhomameng ya]] [[:en:Order_of_succession|go tlhatlologana]] mo bogosing le go netefatsa gore motlhatlogi wa gagwe yo a mo tlhophileng mothusa Tautona Mogae e nna tautona, ka jalo o ne a dirisana le mmueledi Parks Tafa go kwala paakanyo ya molaotheo. Se se ne sa tsenya tirisong tatelano e e itirisang le [[:en:Term_limit|melelwane ya paka]] ya botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;337–338.</ref> O ne a pateletsa paakanyo ka boene.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;304–305.</ref> Go fetola itsholelo ya lefatshe, go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong tsamaiso ya nakwana ya go nna le [[:en:Tripartism|makoko a mararo]] go kopanya puso, lekalana le e seng la puso, le baemedi ba badiri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;169.</ref> Fa lekoko le ne le tlhopha maloko a komiti ya lone ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1997, kotsi ya go nna le ditlhopha e ne ya gola mo e leng gore Masire o ne a phimola ditlhopho tsa lone tse di mo teng ga mokgatlho mme a dira gore ditlhopha di mo fe manaane a maina.<ref name=":91" /> === Puso ya ga Festus Mogae === [[Setshwantsho:George Bush with African national leaders February 26, 2002.jpg|thumb|Festus Mogae mmogo le botautona ba mafatshe a sele [[:en:Joaquim_Chissano|Joaquim Chissano]], [[:en:George_W._Bush|George W. Bush]] le [[:en:José_Eduardo_dos_Santos|José Eduardo dos Santos]] ka ngwaga wa 2002]] Masire o ne a tlogela tiro ya botautona ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le ngwe ka ngwaga wa 1998, mme a latelelelwa ke mothusa tautona Festus Mogae.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;338.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya tshwetso e e neng ya tsosa kganetsano ya go tlhoma Ian Khama, molaodi wa sesole le morwa Seretse Khama, go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang,<ref name=":72" /> a fetisa kgetho ya gagwe ka go tshosetsa go phatlalatsa palamente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Le fa ba ne ba sa tseye letlhakore semmuso fa gare ga ditlhopha tsa lekoko la BDP, Mogae le Khama ka bobedi ba ne ba tlhaloganngwa e le batho ba bagolo mo gare ga A-Team.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;347.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1998 o ne wa bona nngwe ya dikgaogano tse dintsi mo teng ga lekoko la kganetso la BNF. E ne e kgaogane ka ditlhopha tse pedi: batho ba ba sa rateng diphetogo ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa loago le ba ba neng ba tswelela pele ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa puso ya batho ka batho ya loago. Dikhuduego kwa mokgatlhong wa lekoko di ne tsa dira gore batho ba ba neng ba rata kgatelopele ba kgaogane go nna lekoko la bone, [[:en:Botswana_Congress_Party|Botswana Congress Party]] (BCP), le le neng la nna lekoko le legolo la kganetso go fitlhela ba latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa manno a bone mo [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa]] [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 1999]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Kgaogano e ya kganetso, mmogo le diphetogo tsa selegae tsa dingwaga tse di fetileng, di ne tsa dira gore lekoko la BDP le boelwe ke ditilo dingwe tse e neng ya di latlhegelwa ka ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;168–169.</ref> Maloko a le mmalwa a borwa a boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BCP a ne a boela kwa lekokong la BNF morago ga gore maemo otlhe a a kwa godimo a tsewe ke batho ba bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;237.</ref> Go itlhatlosa go ya kwa maemong a merafe ya Tswana, batho ba Yeyi ba ne ba bitsa kgosi e e kwa godimo ka ngwaga wa 1999, fela se se ne sa se ka sa lemogiwa ke Molao wa Bogosi. Ba ne ba tlisa kgang eo kwa Kgotlatshekelong e Kgolo, e e neng ya tlhasela thulaganyo e e maleba ya molao e le e e tlhaolang.<ref name=":95" /> Mogae o ne a tlhoma setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang ka ngwaga wa 2000 go sekaseka kemedi ya merafe e mennye mo Ntlong ya Dikgosi, mme seo sa baka boipelaetso go tswa mo go ba ba neng ba ikutlwa gore Mogae o batla go nyatsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;239.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang se ne sa tlhomamisa gore Ntlo ya Dikgosi e tshwanetse go nna teng, mme ya bidiwa Setswana ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;216.</ref> Diphetogo tse dingwe tse di fetotsweng ga di a amogelwa morago ga go kgarametswa go tswa mo merafeng e megolo ya Batswana, bogolosegolo ba Ngwato.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;217–218.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, batho ba Kgatla-baga-Mmanaana ba ne ba bona kgosi ya bone Gobuamang Gobuamang wa bobedi a amogelwa semmuso jaaka kgosi e nnye mo teng ga kgaolo ya Kwena kwa ba nnang teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;177.</ref> [[:en:Botswana–Namibia_border|Molelwane wa Botswana le Namibia]] o ne wa tsena mo kganetsanong ka ngwaga wa 1999 fa mafatshe ka bobedi a ne a batla kgaolo mo [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Mopakong wa Caprivi]].[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;xx–xxi.</ref>] Ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000, Botswana e ne ya beeletsa thata mo go tlhabololeng sesole sa mowa.<ref name=":93" /> [[:en:Botswana_Television|Setshwantso sa motshikinyego sa Botswana]] se tlhomilwe ka ngwaga wa 2000. Lentswe tsa Tsodilo le ne la nna [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|Lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe]] ka ngwaga wa 2001. Batho ba Basarwa ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao ka ngwaga wa 2002 go ganetsa go ntshiwa ga bona kwa Central Kalahari Game Reserve, fela kgang e sekisiwang e ne ya tlhokomologiwa. [[:en:Mosadi_Seboko|Mosadi Seboko]] wa [[:en:Lete_people|morafe wa]] [[:en:Lete_people|Balete]] o ne a nna moeteledipele wa ntlha wa mosadi wa morafe ka ngwaga wa 2003.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xxi.</ref> Mogae o ne a dira gore mongwe wa batshwayadiphoso ba ba tlhageletseng thata ba puso, [[:en:Kenneth_Good_(political_scientist)|Kenneth Good]], a lelekwe mo lefatsheng la gagwe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], pp.&#x20;333–334.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;226–227.</ref> [[:en:Three_Dikgosi_Monument|Sefikantswe sa Dikgosi tse Tharo]] se ne sa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;680.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya bolwetsi jo bo anameng lefatshe la HIV/AIDS e le kgang e e botlhokwa thata ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Go e lwantsha, o ne a dira gore dikalafi tsa [[:en:Antiretroviral|diantiretroviral]] tsa HIV/AIDS di nne teng mahala.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;225.</ref> === Puso ya ga Ian Khama === [[Setshwantsho:London Conference on The Illegal Wildlife Trade (12499797834).jpg|thumb|Kopano ya ga Ian Khama le [[:en:William_Hague|William Hague]] kwa Lontone]] Ian Khama o ne a latela mo maemong a botautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Mogae ka kgwedi ya Moranang a le letsatsi le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref name=":96">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mokgwa wa gagwe wa boeteledipele o ne wa phatlaladiwa jaaka o o latelang "di-D tse nne": puso ya batho ka batho, tlhabololo, seriti, le kotlhao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Fa a sena go nna mo setilong, o ne a rulaganya sešwa khuduthamaga ya setšhaba ka mokgwa wa tatelano, a kopanya maatla go dikologa botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;227–228.</ref> Khama o ne a gatelela tshireletsego ya setshaba mo tsamaisong ya gagwe. Ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo maemong a gagwe, Lekalana la Bosenodi le Tshireletsego le ne la itsege ka go dira ditlhodi tse di neng di tlhotlhelediwa ke dipolotiki le go tshwara baganetsi ba gagwe ba sepolotiki. O ne gape a tlhoma batho ba le mmalwa ba pele ba sesole mo pusong ya gagwe<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], pp.&#x20;714–715.</ref> Botswana o ne e sa amege thata mo [[:en:African_Union|Kopanong ya Aforika]] ka nako ya botautona jwa ga Khama, go na le moo e ne ya tlhagisa molawana wa mafatshe a sele a a neng e lebisitswe thata mo Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;190.</ref> Mathata a matlole a ngwaga wa 2008 a ne a gatelela itsholelo ya Botswana, e e neng ya nna e ikaegile ka meepo ya ditaemane le fa puso e ne e dira maiteko.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;202.</ref> Madirelo a diteemane a ne a fedisa kwelotlase e e tlhomameng fa e ne e tlhomama ka bokana ka karolo ya masome a mararo le borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tse di tlhagisitsweng tsa lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 2009.<ref name=":76" /> Taolo ya dikgosi e ne ya fetolwa ka ngwaga wa 2008 ka Molao wa Bogosi.<ref name=":92" /> Khama o ne a rotloetsa go neela dikgosi maatla ka leina la go busetsa kotlhao le maitsholo a setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], pp.&#x20;196–197.</ref> O ne a ntsha taelo e e neng ya oketsa dingwaga tsa go nwa tse di kafa molaong go nna masome a mabedi le bongwe, ya fa baeteledipele ba merafe e mennye maatla a go laela gore batho ba itewe, ya tlhama ditlhopha tsa mephato go nna balebedi, le go tsenya gape [[:en:Corporal_punishment_in_schools|kotlhao ya go itaya mo dikolong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Dikgosi di le mmalwa tse di sa tswang go tlhongwa di ne tsa tshegetsa melawana e mme tsa tsenya tirisong dikotlhao tse di gagametseng tsa badiraphoso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Gareng ga bone go ne go na le Kgafela wa bobedi, kgosana ya morafe wa Kgatla. Go dira gore batho ba gagwe ba nne le boitsholo jo bo tlwaelegileng, o ne a oketsa thata go itewa ga batho ba ba neng ba tlola molao. Kgafela le ba bangwe ba ba amegang ba ne ba pegwa molato wa bosenyi ka ntlha ya go dirisa kotlhao ka tsela e e sa siamang ka ngwaga wa 2010, mme kgotlatshekelo e ne ya kgaphela thoko kopo ya gagwe ya go sirelediwa, ya tlhomamisa gore dikgosi ga di na boipuso mme di laolwa ke molaotheo.<ref name=":97">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;157.</ref> Jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le tlhopha boeteledipele jwa lekoko la yone ka ngwaga wa 2009, Khama o ne a tlhoma batho ba le bantsi ba A-Team mo dikomiting tse potlana tsa lekoko le fa Barata-Phathi e ne ya fenya ka nako ya mokgatlho wa lekoko.<ref name=":97" /><ref name=":98">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;335.</ref> Fa mokwaledi mogolo wa lekoko leo, Rre [[:en:Gomolemo_Motswaledi|Gomolemo Motswaledi]] a ne a rerisana le babueledi go botsa gore a ditiro tsa ga Khama di ka fa molaong, Khama o ne a dira gore a sekegiwe mo komiting. Morago ga go isa kgang kwa kgotlatshekelo, go ne ga fitlhelwa gore tautona yo o mo maemong ao ga a kgone go sekisiwa semolao, mme Khama o ne a emisa Motswaledi mo BDP gotlhelele.<ref name=":98" />Mo tshimologong ya ngwaga wa 2010, Khama o ne a emisa mme morago a ntsha maloko a mangwe a le mmalwa a lekalana le le mo teng ga lekoko la Barata-Phathi mo lekokong BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], pp.&#x20;354–355.</ref> Se se ne sa baka go kgaogana ga ntlha ga BDP ka Mopitlwe fa lekoko la Barata-Phathi le ne le tswa mo lekokong go bopa Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Temokerasi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;345.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Molao wa Tirelosetšhaba o tsentswe tirisong ka ngwaga wa 2010, o dira gore badiredipuso ba dire ditshupetso ka ha molaong mo maemong mangwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mo ngwageng o o latelang, Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Mekgatlho ya Badiri (BOFEPUSU) o ne wa etelela pele ditshupetso tsa dikgwedi di le pedi mo gare ga badiredipuso ba lefatshe go batla tuelo ya karolo ya lesome le borataro mo lekgolong, mme puso ya tsiboga ka go ntsha diketekete tsa badiri mo maemong a bone.<ref name=":96" /> Go ntshiwa ga batho go ne go okametswe ke [[:en:Mokgweetsi_Masisi|Mokgweetsi Masisi]], Tona ya Merero ya Botautona.<ref name=":99">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Go ganetsa boemo jwa puso, BOFEPUSU e ne ya tlhofofatsa go kopanngwa ga makoko a magolo a kganetso go nna [[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC).<ref name=":96" /> Setlhopha se sešwa se se ne se eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Duma_Boko|Duma Boko]], yo o neng a tsere taolo ya BNF ka ngwaga wa 2010 mme a laola dipuo tsa yona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;715.</ref> Khama o ne a diragatsa diphetogo tse di nonofileng tsa tshomarelo ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe, bogolo jang mabapi le go tsoma. Le fa ba ne ba opa diatla kwa mahatsheng a mangwe le go bopa leina la Botswana jaaka "kgakgamatso e tala", ba ne ba kopana le go kgobega marapo mo nageng ka ntlha ya ditsela tse di neng di dirisiwa go tswa kwa godimo go ya kwa tlase, bogolosegolo go tswa mo go ba ba nnang mo mafelong a a tlhomilweng a tshomarelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Melawana e e ne e akaretsa go oketsega ga mekgwa ya sesole e e kgatlhanong le go tsoma diphologolo; digongwana tse di kgatlhanong le go tsoma di ne di tsentswe ditlhobolo tse di itirisang go tlaleletsa melawana ya go thuntsha go bolaya kgatlhanong le batho ba ba belaelwang gore ke batsomi.<ref name=":94" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boloka bontsi jwa yone mo lekgotleng la peomolao morago ga [[:en:2014_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopho tse di latelang]], mme e le lekgetho la ntlha e ne ya dira jalo ka bontsi fela jwa ditlhopo tsa batho.<ref>[[Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;705.</ref> Ian Khama o ne a tlhoma Masisi go nna mothusa tautona wa gagwe.<ref name=":99" /> Tshwetso e ne ya tsosa kganetsano ka ntlha ya go tlhoka maitemogelo ga ga Masisi fa go bapisiwa le ditlhopho tse dingwe tse di ka kgonegang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Go ya ka Mogae, Masisi o ne a tlhophiwa ka tlhaloganyo ya gore o tla tlhoma [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|Tshekedi Khama]] [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|wa bobedi]] go nna mothusa tautona morago ga go tsaya botautona ka boene.<ref name=":99" /> Botsalo Ntuane o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Mokwaledi Mogolo wa lekoko la BDP ka ngwaga 2015 mo seraleng sa twantsho tshenyetso setshaba le phetolo ya ditlhopho. Se se ne sa tshosetsa tlholego e e tseneletseng ya lekoko la BDP, mme Ntuane a bona mmaba wa sepolotiki kwa Masisi.<ref name=":99" /> Khama o ne a le bobaba mo bobegadikgannyeng, bogolo jang mo mafelong a a neng a sa dumalane le ditiro tsa puso ya gagwe. O ne a na le babegadikgang ba babedi ba ba neng ba latofadiwa ka [[:en:Sedition|botsuolodi]] ka ngwaga wa 2017, mme moragonyana ditatofatso di ne tsa latlhiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;714.</ref> === Puso ya ga Mokgweetsi Masisi === [[Setshwantsho:Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference London 2018 (45245990491).jpg|thumb|Mokgweetsi Masisi a bua kwa bokopanong jo bo neng bo bua ka kgwebisano e e seng ka fa molaong ya diphologolo tsa naga kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:London|London]] ka ngwaga wa 2018]] Masisi o ne a nna tautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Khama ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2018. Fa ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2019_Botswana_general_election|kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 2019]] di ntse di atamela, Masisi o ne a tlhama setshwantsho sa go ipharologanya le Khama, a itlhagisa jaaka motho yo o [[:en:Anti-corruption|lwantshanang le bonweenwee]] fa a ntse a tshegetsa bobegakgang le BOFEPUSU.<ref name=":02">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;716.</ref><ref name=":02" /> Letsholo la gagwe la go lwantsha bonweenwee le ne la felela ka go tshwarwa ga ga Isaac Kgosi, yo o neng a eteletse pele Bokaedi jwa Botlhodi le Tshireletso mo pusong ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;717.</ref><ref name=":110" /> Masisi o ne a tswelela ka go busetsa morago bontsi jwa melawana ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110" /> Gareng ga tse e ne e le go phimolwa ga melawana ya tshomarelo, go akaretsa le thibelo ya go tsoma e e neng e tsoma e e neng e lebisitswe mo kgwebong ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|manaka a tlou]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;23–24, 33–34.</ref> O ne gape a okametse go fedisiwa ga go tsewa go ratana ka bong bole bongwe e le molato.<ref>Rotberg 2023, pp.&#x20;228–229.</ref> Fa se se ntse se tsweletse, Masisi le Khama ba nna baganetsi go na le go nna balekane. Khama o ne a leka go thapa [[:en:Pelonomi_Venson-Moitoi|Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi]] go nna ntlhopheng yo mongwe wa BDP kgatlhanong le Masisi, mme fa seo se palelwa, o ne a itlhomela lekoko la gagwe, la [[:en:Botswana_Patriotic_Front|Botswana Patriotic Front]] (BPF).<ref name=":99" /><ref name=":110" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boelwa ke bontsi jwa ditlhopho tsa batho ka ngwaga wa 2019,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> mme ditlhopho di ne tsa senngwa ke kgatelelo ya puso le diphuruphutsho tsa nako le nako kgatlhanong le batho ba kganetso. Lekoko la UDC le ne la gwetlha maduo, mme ga di a atlega.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;308.</ref> Diphetogo tsa kgaolo di ne tsa fetoga ka ngwaga wa 2019 jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le latlhegelwa ke thotloetso nngwe kwa bokone fa e ntse e oketsa tlhotlheletso ya yone kwa borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;231.</ref> Ditlhopho gape di ne tsa bona lekokokganetso le legolo, BNF, le latlhegelwa ke BCP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> Jaaka ditšhaba di le dintsi, [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana|Botswana e ne ya bona kwelotlase e e kgolo ya tsholelo ka nako ya tlhaselo ya bolwetsi jwa COVID-19]], mme lefatshe le ne la nna [[:en:COVID-19_lockdowns|mo thibelong ya metsamao]] bontsi jwa ngwaga wa 2020 le ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;309.</ref> Mofuta wa SARS-CoV-2 Omicron o ribolotswe kwa Botswana moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Maikutlo a a kgatlhanong le makula a ne a anama ka setšhaba sa makula kwa Botswana se ne se humile thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;310.</ref> Khama o ne a tshabela kwa lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa a le kwa botshabelo ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele ka ngwaga wa 2021, mme puso ya Botswana ya mo latofatsa ka go nna le dibetsa e se ka fa molaong ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;311–312.</ref> === Puso ya ga Duma Boko === [[Setshwantsho:Secretary Rubio Meets with Botswana President Boko (54371806715).jpg|thumb|Duma Boko o ikanisa tumalano le lefatshe la Amerika ka ngwaga wa 2025]] Lekoko la [:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change][[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC) le nnile lekokokganetso la ntlha mo Botswana go tsaya puso morago ga phenyo ya lone mo [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa]] [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 2024]] , mme se sa fedisa dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi tsa puso ya [[:en:Botswana_Democratic_Party|lekoko la Botswana la batho ka batho]] (BDP).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMuiaZane2024|Muia &#x26; Zane 2024]]</ref> Mo puisanong ya gagwe ya ntlha ya Maemo a Setšhaba ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2024, Duma Boko o boletse gore puso ya gagwe e tla kgaratlhela go oketsa dipeeletso mo maatleng a letsatsi, [[:en:Cannabis|motokwane]] ya kalafi le mofuta wa motokwane o o lengwang ka lebaka la madirelo. O ne gape a itsise ditirisano le [[:en:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] go atolosa phitlhelelo ya mafaratlhatlha a maranyane e e teng lefatshe ka bophara ka [[:en:Starlink|Starlink]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFFrance242024|France24 2024]]</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2025, Botswana e ne ya romela sathalaete ya yone ya ntlha, e leng [[:en:BOTSAT‑1|BOTSAT‐1,]] kwa lefaufaung.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRanjan2025|Ranjan 2025]]</ref> [[:en:Duma_Boko|Boko]] o ne a tsenela go itsisiwe semmuso ga sathalaete, e e neng ya tshwarelwa kwa mafelong a [[:en:SpaceX|SpaceX]] kwa lefatsheng la United States.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNamunwa2025|Namunwa 2025]].</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Lekwalokwalo la Botswana * [[Ngwao ya Botswana|Ngwao ya Batswana]] * Dipalopalo tsa Botswana * [[Itsholelo ya Botswana]] * Thutafatshe ya Botswana * [[Ditso tsa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Borwa jwa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Gaborone]] * [[Lenaane la dikgang tse di amanang le Botswana]] * Lenaane la dingwaga mo Botswana * [[Tlhaloso ya Botswana]] * Mola wa nako wa Botswana * Mola wa nako ya Gaborone * [[Dipolotiki tsa Botswana]] == Dintlhana tse di kwa tlase == <references /> == Metswedi == === Dibuka === * Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). Culture and Customs of Botswana. Greenwood Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-313-33178-7</nowiki>. OCLC 62118271. * Gulbrandsen, Ørnulf (2012). The State and the Social: State Formation in Botswana and its Precolonial and Colonial Genealogies. Berghahn Books. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85745-298-6</nowiki>. * Hillbom, Ellen; Bolt, Jutta (2018). Botswana – A Modern Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73144-5. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-73144-5</nowiki>. * Holm, John D.; Molutsi, Patrick P. (1992). "State-Society Relations in Botswana: Beginning Liberalization". In Hydén, Göran; Bratton, Michael (eds.). Governance and Politics in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 75–95. doi:10.1515/9781685853297. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-55587-285-4</nowiki>. * Jackson, Ashley (1999). Botswana, 1939-1945: An African Country at War. Clarendon Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-820764-1</nowiki>. * Leith, James Clark (2005). Why Botswana Prospered. McGill-Queen's University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7735-2821-5</nowiki>. * Molutsi, Patrick (2004). "Botswana: The Path to Democracy and Development". In Gyimah-Boadi, E. (ed.). Democratic Reform in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 159–182. doi:10.1515/9781685857325. <nowiki>ISBN 9781685857325</nowiki>. * Nyamnjoh, Francis B. (2007). "'Ever-Diminishing Circles': The Paradoxes of Belonging in Botswana". In de la Cadena, Marisol; Starn, Orin (eds.). Indigenous Experience Today. Routledge. pp. 305–332. <nowiki>ISBN 9781003085690</nowiki>. * Rotberg, Robert I. (2023). "Botswana: Africa's Democratic Exception". Overcoming the Oppressors: White and Black in Southern Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–231. <nowiki>ISBN 9780197674239</nowiki>. * Samatar, Abdi Ismail (1999). An African Miracle: State and Class Leadership and Colonial Legacy in Botswana Development. Heinemann. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-325-00068-8</nowiki>. * Tlou, Thomas; Campbell, Alec C. (1997) [1984]. History of Botswana (2nd ed.). Macmillan Botswana. <nowiki>ISBN 9991278087</nowiki>. == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref name=":2"><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> iaxpdih4dl61jrhloj69abv203kgc3s 53678 53677 2026-07-30T20:00:00Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Pre-colonial history" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366623313|History of Botswana]]" 53678 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditso tsa lefatshe la Botswana''' di akaretsa tsa bogologolo le tsa ngwao ya kgaolo, go diriwa kolone ya [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Bechuanaland Protectorate]], le go nna Republic of [[Botswana]] gompieno. Batho ba ntlha ba motlha wa gompieno go nna mo [[Botswana]] e ne e le Basarwa, temothuo e tlhabolotswe dingwaga di ka nna dikete pedi, le makgolo a mararo a a fetileng. Batho bantsho ba Bantu ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago ga loso lwa ga Keresete, fa [[Batswana]] ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago. Batswana ba ne ba kgaogana ka ditlhopha tsa merafe mo dingwageng tse di dikete tse di latelang fa diphudugo mo kgaolong di tswelela, tse di neng tsa baka [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]] mo lekgolong la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi. Go amana le lefatshe le le kgolo le le naleng dikarolo la Europe ga ntlha go diragetse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi lesome le borataro, mo go bakileng go diriwa Bakeresete ga batho ba kgaolo. Magosi a Batswana a a neng a na le thotloetso e kgolo a ne a ikopela go nna mo tlhokomelong ya lefatshe la [[United Kingdom]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le botlhano ka ba ne ba itemogela matshosetsi go tswa kwa [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German South West Africa]] le mo Maburung. Batho ba Britain ba ne ba kgaoganya kgaolo go nna merafe e kgosi nngwe le nngwe e tlaa e etelelang pele, ba a fa dikgosi maatla a a fetang a ba neng ba na le one pele, mme ba ne ba nna le taolo e e lekanetseng fela mo lefatsheng. Puso ya Britain e ne ya nna le seabe se setlhagafetseng ka dinwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la ema nokeng go tsaya karolo ga Britain mo ntweng ya bobedi ya mafatshe, bontsi ba ne ba lwa e le bontlha jwa sesole sa [[Aferika|Aforika]] sa Auxiliary Pioneer Corps. Go lwela go laola go nnile teng ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a matlhano fa gare ga Kgosi ya [[Bangwato]] [[Seretse Khama]] le motlhatlhami wa gagwe [[Tshekedi Khama]]. Go nyala mosadi wa lekgoa ebong [[Ruth Williams Khama]] ga ga Seretse, go ne ga baka gore batho ba Britain ba mo thibele go nna mo [[Botswana]]. O ne a boa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a matlhano le borataro, ka a ne a na le kemo nokeng e kgolo, merafe e ne inaakanya le puso e e tlhophilweng fa letsholo la boipuso le tlhamiwa. Molao wa lefatshe o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le motso, ga tlhamiwa diphathi tsa polotiki. Seretse o ne a nna moeteledipele wa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Bechuanaland Democratic Party]], e e neng e bueletswe ke puso ya Britain go busa morago ga boipuso, e ne ya nna le kemo nokeng e e tsitsibanyang mmele mo ditlhophong tsa ntlha tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le botlhano. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la neelwa boipuso jo bo tletseng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro. Ka maikaelelo a a nonofileng, Seretse le phathi ya gagwe ba ne ba tlhama puso ya batho ka batho ya bophirima ba simolola go tlhabolola dikago mo lefatsheng le e neng e le lengwe la a a neng a humanegile thata ka nako eo. Go ne ga lemogiwa fa go na le diteemane ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabongwe, mo go neng ga bopa sesha itsholelo ya Botswana. Kompone ya meepo ya [[Debswana]] e tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi, lefatshe la Botswana la nna la itsholelo e e golang ka bofefo thata go gaisa a mangwe mo Botswana. Phathi ya sepolotiki ya Botswana Democratic e ne ya tswelela e le yone phathi e e busang go tswa ka nako ya boipuso go fitlhelela phathi ya [[Umbrella for Democratic Change]] e fenya ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone.]] == Ditso tsa pele ga bokolone == === Ditso tsa pele === [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo Hills rock paintings4.jpg|thumb|metako ya magaga kwa Tsodilo mo ditsong tsa pele]] Lefatshe la Botswana la gompieno e ne e le sekgwa fela dingwaga di le didikadike tse di lesome tse di fitileng, dinoka di ne di le ditona go fetisa gompieno, di tshela kwa [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|letsheng la Makgadikgadi]].<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou, Thomas]]; [[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Campbell, Alec C]]. (1997) [1984]. ''[[History of Botswana]]'' (2nd&nbsp;ed.). Macmillan Botswana. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/9991278087|&nbsp;<bdi>9991278087</bdi>.]]</ref> Batho ba sebopego sa ntlha sa Homo erectus ba ne ba nna mo kgaolong eo ka motlha wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997,]] p.&nbsp;14.</ref> Didirisiwa tsa lejwe mo Botswana wa gompieno, di tshwana le dilepe, di tswa go o lowe, dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fitileng.<ref name=":4">Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). [[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|''Culture and Customs of Botswana''.]] Greenwood Press. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33178-7|<bdi>978-0-313-33178-7</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#Identifiers_and_linked_data|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/title/62118271 62118271.]</ref><ref name=":0">Klehm, Carla (28 June 2021). "Archaeology of Botswana". ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History''. doi:[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61663/chapter/553401196 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.792]. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4|<bdi>978-0-19-027773-4</bdi>.]]</ref> Phudugo go ya sekakeng sa Kalahari go akanyediwa fa e diragetse pele ga legato la borataro dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro tse di fitileng.<ref name=":0" /> Letsha la Makgadikgadi le simolotse go fokotsega dingwaga di le dikete di le masome matlhano tse di fitileng.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;17.]]</ref> Bagolagolwane ba merafe e e sa amaneng ka gope ba ba bidiwang Basarwa fa ba kgobokantswe, ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome mane go tsena masome a mararo tse di fitileng. Ba ka tswa e le bone batho ba ntlha go nna mo motlheng wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&nbsp;18, 23.</ref> Ba ne ba itlhoma go bapa le dinoka ka dipaka tsa komelelo, mme ba phatlalale le kgaolo ka nako ya dipula.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&nbsp;24.</ref>Go ne go itsewe fa ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikaganyeditseng [[letsha la Makgadikgadi]], ga mmogo le [[Tsodilo]] le GI.<ref name=":1">[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;xv.</ref> Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba [[Nata]], Shua le Xani, go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref name=":2">Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;23.</ref>[[:en:Rock_art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse masome a mararo tse di fetileng,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Meepo ya specularite le hematite e simolotse ka nako e go tlhama dipente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;48.</ref> Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a leruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome mabedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":1" /> Thuto e e tseneletseng ya Aforika e e kwa borwa mo [[:en:Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Matlapa]] e ntse e lekanyeditswe.<ref name=":0" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[:en:Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba sala ka ditlhopha tse dinnye mme ba dira kgwebo le ba bangwe.<ref name=":2" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere tshimo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monna yo mogolo wa lelapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tse dikgolo, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela le go tshwara diphologolo tse dinnye.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Ditlhopha di ne di nyalana mme di dirisa thulaganyo ya magadi, xaro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete tse tse di fetileng, batho ba kgaolo eo ba ne ba tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana wa gompieno mme ba simolola go dira dinkgwana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;8.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;28.</ref>Temothuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga le go wela tlase fa seemo sa loapi le ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo di ne di dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;29–30.</ref>Gareng ga dijalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[:en:Pearl_millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[:en:Sorghum|mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[:en:Cowpea|dinawa tsa kgomo]], le dimela tsa lelapa la [[:en:Cucurbitaceae|cucurbits]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba Bantu ba ne ba [[:en:Bantu_expansion|fudugela kwa kgaolong]] e dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi le dingwaga dile selete le makgolo a matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong leno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;22–24, 28.</ref> [[:en:Kalanga_people|Batho ba Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba goroga c. 200 C.E.<ref name=":3">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Bagologolwane ba morafe wa ntlha wa [[:en:Tswana_people|Batswana]] (bongwe ''Motswana'', bontsi ''Batswana'') go fopholediwa fa ba gorogile c. 400 C.E.<ref name=":3" /> Batho ba ba Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didirisiwa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna mo ditseleng tsa metsi tsa leruri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;9.</ref> Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a leruri a matlo a ka nna lesome go fitlhela lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Pole-and-daga|dipale le mmu]] nngwe le nngwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa Khoisan e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;44–45.</ref> BaKhoisan le Bantu ba ka tswa ba ne ba gweba le go nyalana mo pakeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;36.</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlhela ka lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga === Setlhopha sa batho ba Zhizo, batho ba Taukome, ba ne ba goroga mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme ba nna fa gare ga [[:en:Shashe_River|Noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|Noka ya Serorome]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref><ref name=":5">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;10.</ref> Go nna le [[:en:Glass_bead|dipheta tsa galase]] go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo ya Lewatle la India]].<ref name=":5" /> Palo ya leruo le le ruiwang mo Botswana wa gompieno e ne ya oketsega thata fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa borobabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":4" /> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso ya morafe, e e bidiwang ''morafe'' (bontsi merafe), mongwe le mongwe o eteletswe pele ke kgosi e e bidiwang ''[[:en:Kgosi|kgosi]]'' (bontsi dikgosi).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Tsamaiso e e ne ya tlhagisa puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le tse dingwe mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;40.</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong, mme go nna mong wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho.<ref name=":6">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;11.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ditso tsa bogologolo tsa batho ba Tswana e sa ntse e sa itsiwe thata ka gonne go setse bosupi jo bonnye jwa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo.<ref name=":3" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Sekaka sa Kalahari]] ka makgolo ale borobabongwe morago ga ga Keresete,<ref name=":1" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong le le latelang la dingwaga, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng kwa Lewatleng la India.<ref name=":6" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Bangwe ba batho ba Eiland ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa ya gompieno go tsena mo Botswana wa gompieno mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Batho ba Toutswe, ba bangwe ba morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, ba bona khumo ya bona ka go nna le dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;13.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Go ne ga agiwa metse e meraro ya Ba-Toutswe kwa [[:en:Bosutswe|Bosutswe]], Sung, le [[:en:Toutswemogala|Toutswemogala]], mongwe le mongwe wa bone o ne o busa metse e mennye e e neng e e dikologile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 12, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba anametse kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;60.</ref> Boleng jwa ditlhagiswa bo ne jwa fetogafetoga fa kgwebisano e ntse e atolosiwa le ditšhaba di sele mme go ribololwa ga gauta go ne ga diragala, go fokotsa kgatlhego mo ditlhagisweng tsa sebilo le tsa diphologolo jaaka lonaka lwa tlou.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;27–28.</ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":7">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Merafe e e kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditiragalo tse mme e ne ya sala e sa amege thata.<ref name=":8">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Baagisani ba Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe le wa lesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard's Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":9">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> <ref name=":10">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;61.</ref>Ba tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[:en:Bambandyanalo|Bambandyanalo]], ba ne ba nna batho ba bagolo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe kwa ba neng ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;67–68.</ref> Ba ne ba bonela pele tlhotlheletso go ralala kgaolo fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> Batho ba Okavango Delta le batho ba Tsodilo mme morago ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bodulo mo nakong e, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke batho ba Khoe fela ba ba neng ba nna mo lefelong leo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou & Campbell 1997]], pp. 46, 81.</ref>Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro,<ref name=":11">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;14.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa mo nako e le nngwe.<ref name=":10" />Batho ba Mambo ba ne ba nna go dikologa [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]] ya gompieno mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo tikologong ya nako e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Batho ba segompieno ba Tswana, [[:en:Khalagari_people|Khalagari]], le [[:en:Sotho_people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo e ka nnang ka lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":12">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Ba-Khalagari ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana.<ref name=":13">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Batho ba Fokeng le bone ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi,<ref name=":14">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;93.</ref> mme batho ba Moloko ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro.<ref name=":12" /> Morafe wa tshimologo wa BaTswana, losika lwa bogosi lwa Phofu, o tlhodilwe kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro ke Mogale. Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, e ne ya kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa le merafe ya Bahurutshe, [[:en:Kwena_people|Kwena]], [[:en:Ngwaketse_people|Ngwaketse]], [[:en:Ngwato_people|Ngwato]], Tlharo, le batho ba ba [[:en:Ngwato_people|Kgatla]].<ref name=":13" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa ema mo boemong jwa Mapungubwe e le maatla a kgaolo ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro fa batho ba Gumanye ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[:en:Great_Zimbabwe|Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le le botlhokwa le ditsompelo tsa yone le go nna gaufi le lebopo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;77–78.</ref> Zimbabwe e ne e laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le teng mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana,<ref name=":15">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvi.</ref> mme kgwebisano ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo eo.<ref name=":11" /> Zimbabwe e ne e latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga, mme e ne ya wela mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Dinaga tse dingwe di le mmalwa di ne tsa tlhagelela morago ga go wa ga yone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo neng jwa bopiwa ke [[:en:Kalanga_people|merafe ya Kalanga]], bo ne jwa tsaya maemo a Zimbabwe mo molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;98–100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana le [[:en:Pedi_people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bone<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> mme [[:en:Rolong_people|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Morolong.<ref name=":13" /> Kgosi Masilo go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya bophirima jwa Tswana ka nako e, go fitlhela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga moo go bolelwa fa lefelo le le ne le busiwa ke Malope kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":14" /> === Lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell - Thlapingkaptein en sy vrou.png|thumb|Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1800]] Batho ba baTswana ba ne ba fuduga fa gare ga Botswana wa gompieno ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke batho ba naga le batho ba mmuso wa ga mmamosadinyana go tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":16">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;19.</ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga sekete le makgolo a le marataro.<ref name=":17">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, losika lwa ga Phofu, lo ne lwa wela tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;104.</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la lesome le botlhano le la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":11" /> Batho ba ba Kalanga ba ne ba laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[:en:Motloutse_River|Noka ya Motloutse]] le [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Letsha la Makgadikgadi]] go fitlhela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabobedi.<ref name=":7" /> Batho ba Hurutshe, Kgatla, le Kwena ba ne ba kgaogana le losika lwa segosi lwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo gare ga komelelo le dintwa tsa boswa, mme kgabagare ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;10.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Batho ba Ngwaketse le ba Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le boraro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;105.</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo ba ne ba nna mo Motlheng wa Bofelo wa Leje go fitlha mo e ka nnang mo lekgolong la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;22.</ref> Batho ba Botswana wa gompieno ba simolodistse ditsela tse di telle tsa motsamao ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa, e tsamaelwa dikilometara tse makgolo go rekisa,go tsoma le go itsalanya le batho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;108–109.</ref>Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana motlhofo abo e ipopa ka bongwe go tswa mo go ba bangwe ka gore dithoto tse dipotlana , le leruo tsa lefelo ne di kgona go tsmaisiwa motlhofo.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":16" />Merafe ya botlhabatsatsi e ne e tshabellwa ke go kgaogana ka ntlha ya seele se se tona gareng ga toropo le ditshimo.<ref name=":18">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;392.</ref>Kgaogano gareng ga ditlhopa tsa baTswana e nnile mo gareng ga ngwagakgolong ya lesome le bosupa, e tlhalosa merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":19">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;106.</ref>Merafe ya baTswana ba botlhabatsatsi e ne e nna e le maikaelelo a dintwa tsa [[:en:Griqua_people|batho ba Griqua]].<ref name=":18" /> Fa batho ba baTswana ba tswa bokone go ya Botswana wa borwa-bophirima wa segompieno ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa , ba ne ba nna mo metseng e e neng e nna batho ba Kgalagari, ba ba tshwaetsa kgotsa ba ba ntsha. Batho ba ba Kwena le merafe ya bone ya lekala ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa segompieno ka fa tlase ga taolo ya [[:en:Kgabo_II|Kgabo wa bobedi]] ba bo ba nna gaufi le motse wa [[:en:Molepolole|Molepolole]].<ref name=":19" />Go ya ka setso sa molomo, bapatole ba e leng batho ba Herero le Mbanderu ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathung ba Mbunda ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bosupa fa ntwa tsa leruo la batswana le ne le phatlalatsa ditlhopa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> le batho ba Bayeyi ba ne ba fudugela kwa Okavango Delta go ya kwa nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;8.</ref>Mo mafelong a mangwe, batho ba Kaa ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathong ba Rolong le batho ba Khurutse ba kgaogana le batho ba Bahurutshe, fa ditlhopa tsotlhe di fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":20">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;107.</ref>Batho ba Bashaga ba ne ba kopana le batho ba Kgalagari ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;110.</ref> State sa ntlha sa Tswana se tlhamilwe ke batho ba Ngwaketse bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi. Si state tse dingwe tsa Tswana di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka go latelana ke batho ba ba Kwena, batho ba Ngwato le batho ba ba Tawana mo dingwageng tse lesome tse nne di latela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;113.</ref> Ka se go ne ga tla ditlhabololo tsa ''mophato (''bontsi ''mephato),'' mephato ya sesole e e rulagantsweng k a dingwaga tsa setlhopa, gareng ga batho ba Tswana ba bophirima mo dingwageng tsa sekete le makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano''.''<ref name=":21">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;386.</ref>Batho ba le babedi ba Kgatla , batho ba Kgafela le batho ba ba Tlokwa, ba tsene mo nakong e ba bo ba tsaa taolo mo tikologong ya [[:en:Pilanesberg|Pilanesberg]] mo Aforika Borewng wa segompieno. Ba ne ba laola ka thata bontsi jwa batho mo lefelong leo mme ebile ba fentse dintwa tse pedi le batho ba Fokeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;390–391.</ref>Tiriso ya mephato e ne ya phatlatsega kwa bathong ba Tswana ba kwa botlhaba kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":21" />E ne e sa amogelwa go phutologilwe mo borwa === Difaqane === [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]], nako ya dintwa le phuduso mo borwa jwa Aforika , e diragetse kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi le tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;17.</ref> Mo nakong ye, batho ba baTswana ba ne ba le mo '''kgonegong''' ya dintwa ke ditlhopa di le dintsi ,di akaretsa [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Ndebele]], ba [[:en:Kololo_people|Kololo]], ba [[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]],<ref name=":8" /> ba Pedi, le ba [[:en:Voortrekker|Voortrekkers]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;391.</ref>Bontsi jwa ditlhopa tsa ba Tswana di itlhopetse go boela morago ko ntlheng ga go lwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;394.</ref>Sese ne sa trigger phudugo e e extensive e e ralalang lefelo, go baka gore morafe wa ba Tswana o phatlalale thata abo o simolodisa bolengteng jo bo nonofileng gareng ga territory ya Botswana wa segompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo [[:en:Hardveld|nageng e e thata]] e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Batho ba Kwena le ba Ngwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa motseng wa [[:en:South_African_Republic|Transvaal]] go ya kwa ''lefelong la motlhaba''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;18.</ref> Batho ba ntlha wa Kgatla go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, batho ba Mmanaana, o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[:en:Moshupa|Moshupa]] le [[:en:Thamaga|Thamaga]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53, 56.</ref> Ke fela bangwe ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba bolokwa mo go fudugeng kgotsa mo go kgorelediweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;393.</ref> Batho ba Kololo ba ne ba tlhasela merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa 1826, ba pateletsa BaKwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bona ka go farologana. Sebogo, molaodi wa morafe wa Ngwaketse, o ne a tsosa banna ba le dikete dile nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa Dithubaruba kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ba bolaya batlhabani le baagi, ba kobela ruri Bakololo mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;393–394.</ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma dinaga tsa yone gape ka dingwaga tsa bo 1840, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;31.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;693.</ref><ref name=":22">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;114.</ref> Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[:en:Kgotla|kgotla]]'', kopano ya dipuisano e mo go yone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a utlwa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagi ba banna pele a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref name=":34">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;695.</ref><ref name=":23">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1880, batho ba Tswana le ba Khalagari ba ne ba dirile Botswana yotlhe ya gompieno dikolone.<ref name=":20" /> === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe ba ne ba goroga lantlha mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|London Missionary Society]]. Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa dira go fetolela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":24">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Morongwa [[:en:Robert_Moffat_(missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya motse wa gagwe wa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa Botswana wa gompieno jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le Maburu gore ba se ka ba kgona go ya kwa teng.<ref name=":8" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a ne a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekeresete le go kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente e Kgologolo le e Ntšhwa ka bobedi di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa 1857.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;57, 65.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgopolo di le mmalwa tsa itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aforika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''mafisa'' ya bahumi ba adima bahumanegi dikgomo go ba ananya ka tiro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;701.</ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya dithoto tse di fhapegileng ka bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe , mme banna ba ba nyetsweng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le tshwanelo ya ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;698.</ref> Banna ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref> Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se lengwa thata mo kgaolong eo mo lekgolong la lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela komelelo e ne e raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Bagwebi ba lefatshe la Britain ba gorogile ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":24" /> Go tla ga baagi ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe ba ba neng ba nna gaufi le foo go ne ga dira gore merafe ya Batswana e kgone go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Sechele_I|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_I|wa ntlha]] wa batho ba Bakwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya lefatshe la Britain ya morafe wa gagwe.<ref name=":22" /> Morongwa wa kwa Scotland e bong [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o ne a goroga mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma lekgotla la [[:en:Kolobeng_Mission|Kolobeng Mission]]. Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe mo go bokete ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe mo merafeng ya Batswana fa ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano tsa dikontinente tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":15" /> Moaparo wa Bophirima o ne wa amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala ngwagakgolo otlhe mme o kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;120–121.</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a fa batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu.<ref name=":25">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa batho ba Kalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba lebana le kgotlhang go tswa mo ditlhopheng tse dingwe mo kgaolong, mme ya goroga kwa setlhoeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1850. Batswana ba le bantsi, bogolosegolo merafe ya Kwena le Ngwato, ba ne ba lwa kgatlhanong le merafe ya Maaforikanere le ya MaZulu kwa botlhaba jwa Sekaka sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;195.</ref> Ba-Kwena le Ba-Mmanaana ba ne ba lwantsha Maburu go tswa kwa Transvaal ka ngwaga wa 1852, ba sireletsa kgaolo ya bone mme ba fedisa go atologa ga setšhaba go ya kwa bophirima.<ref name=":26">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;396.</ref> Batswana ba ne ba bona ditlhopha tsa barongwa e le tsela ya go tshabela mo batlhaseding, ba rotloetsa go sokologela mo Bokereseteng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Sechele o ne a kopa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Britain ka 1853 go fedisa dintwa tsa kgaolo, mme o ne a ganwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;107.</ref> Baeng ba Europa ba ne ba tlwaelesegile thata mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga fa batsomi, batlhotlhomisi, le bagwebi ba ne ba batla dipoelo le go bona dilo tse di kgatlhang mo kgaolong eo.<ref name=":25" /> Ba le bantsi ba ne ba kwala [[:en:Travel_book|dibuka tsa maeto]] ka ga lefelo leo, tse e neng e le dingwe tsa dikgatiso fela tse e seng tsa thuto ka ga Botswana wa gompieno ka nako eo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;65–66.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1860, go fuduga go tswa mo kgaolong go ne ga oketsega fa banna ba Batswana ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya go bereka kwa meepong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Go ribololwa ga Masimo a [[:en:Tati_Goldfields|Gauta a Tati]] go ne ga tsosa go batla gauta ga ntlha ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe kwa Borwa jwa Aforika ka ngwaga wa 1868.<ref name=":24" /> Kampa ya pele ya meepo e e neng ya tlhongwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1870 e ne ya atologa thata fa e ne e nna lefelo le legolo la terena fa gare ga [[:en:Cape_Province|kgaolo ya Cape]] le [[:en:Bulawayo|Bulawayo]], mme ya nna toropokgolo ya ntlha ya Botswana, e leng [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;15, 29.</ref> Mo nakong e mo hisitoring ya Botswana, dikgosi tse dikgolo tsotlhe e ne e le Bakeresete.[92] Ntwa magareng ga Bakwena le BaKgafela ka ngwaga wa 1875.<ref name=":26" />Kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga di le lesome, kgosi [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa batho ba Ngwato o ne a gapa taolo ya kgwebisano ya Borithane mo bathong ba Kwena.<ref name=":22" /> == Tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland == ''Setlhogo se segolo: [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]'' Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e oketsegang ya lefatshe la Germany mo kgaolong, mme e ne ya dumela go bopa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]].<ref name=":27">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom & Bolt 2018]], p. 40.</ref><ref name=":28">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Makgowa a Britain a ne a eletsa go somarela tlhotlheletso ya yone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka a ne a neelana ka kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aforika.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Dikgosi tsa Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane ya Aforika Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maaforikaner]],<ref name=":29">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;161.</ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ya taolo ya Borithane e ne e le bokoloniale jwa baagi ke Jeremane.<ref name=":30">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;694.</ref> Ba ne ba eletsa gape go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Aforika Borwa kgotsa moeteledipele wa meepo [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa tshireletso e santse e iphitlhela e ikaegile ka Aforika Borwa mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe go nna lefatshe la merafe le le busiwang ke dikgosi le [[:en:Crown_land|lefatshe la segosi]] le le laolwang ke United Kingdom.<ref name=":29" /> Merafe e borobarobedi e ne ya amogelwa ke Maesemane fa go ne go tlhodiwa protectorate. Tse nne tse dikgolo di ne tsa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe: Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Gape go ne ga lemogiwa tse tharo tse dinnye: tsa Kgatla, tsa [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Tlokwa]] le tsa ga [[:en:Malete_people|Malete]]. Ba borobedi, ba Tshidi, ba ne ba fiwa lefelo la polokelo le le kgabaganyang molelwane magareng ga naga e e sireleditsweng le Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;30n1.</ref> Fa maloko a merafe e mennye e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe tsa bona.<ref name=":17" /> Go tsenngwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola mofuta wa puso ya Motswana, ka merafe e ne e sa tlhalosiwe thata mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka dikgaolo di kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;46–47.</ref><ref name=":31">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;24.</ref> Tshireletso kwa tshimologong e ne ya atologela kwa Ngwato, e fitlha go tswa go didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa go ya kwa [[:en:Molopo_River|Nokeng ya Molopo]], mme e ne ya atolosiwa go ya kwa didikiriing di le lesome le borobabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhela kwa Nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwaga wa 1890.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;30.</ref>Se se ne sa tlamela Maborithane ka badiri ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya yona mme sa bopa sekgoreletsi se segolo sa go lekanyetsa bokoloniale jwa Jeremane.<ref name=":32" /> Batho ba bangwe ba Tswana ba ne ba nna kwa borwa jwa tshireletso mme moragonyana ba ne ba tsenngwa mo Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":28" /> Batho ba ga Kgafela ba ne ba nna kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa 1887. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna seka-Kgatla.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53.</ref>Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa 1891 go tlhoma tshireletso semmuso.<ref name=":29" /> Puso ya yone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa mookamedi go nna tlhogo ya yone. Mookamedi o ne a fiwa dithata tse di anameng mo tshireletsong, fa fela a ne a tlotla molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> Motsemogolo wa yone e ne e le toropo ya Aforika Borwa ya Vryburg, go supa gore babusi ba bokoloniale ba ne ba sa nne mo tshireletsong mme ba ne ba sa amege ka tlhamalalo mo mererong ya yona.<ref name=":33">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;41.</ref>Go na le moo, mookamedi yo mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusa-baokamedi ba babedi, mme mookamedi wa kgaolo o ne a tlhofofatsa go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":35">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Go tsenngwa ga puso ya Borithane mo Aforikaborwa go ne go raya gore Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne e ikaegile ka yona mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;162.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore Bechuanaland Protectorate ke setheo sa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore e tla tloga e tsewa ke kolone ya Borithane.<ref name=":37">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;115.</ref> Fa go ntse jalo, e ne e dumela gore tshireletso e e kgonang go itshedisa e tla ja madi a mannye go e tlhokomela.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":41">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;108.</ref> Ka ntlha ya mabaka a, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya gapeletsa taolo e nnye fela e e tlhamaletseng ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland.<ref name=":23" /> Dikgosi di ne di akola dikgang tse mme tsa kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jo bo anameng, fela tshegetso ya bokoloniale e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka tumelelo ya merafe go tshegetsa puso.<ref name=":36">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;41–42.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;66–67.</ref>[ Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya seemanosi, se se neng sa baka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho le go tlhaola basadi le merafe e mennye.<ref name=":38">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;161–162.</ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa tshireletso === {{Multiple image|total_width=300|image1=Chief-khama-III.jpg|image2=Sebele I by Fritsch 1865.jpg|image3=Bathoen I in london1895.jpg|footer=Khama III, Sebele I le Bathoen I, ba ba neng ba kgona go tlhotlheletsa puso ya Borithane gore e se ka ya tsenya Bechuanaland Protectorate mo taolong ya Khamphani ya British South Africa.|direction=Horizontal}} Batho ba lefatshe la Britain ba ne a rulagantse gore kwa bofelong ba akaretse Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland mo Kopanong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":31" /> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso, United Kingdom e ne ya tsena mo dipuisanong le Cecil Rhodes go e tsenya mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aforika Borwa ya Borithane]].<ref name=":27" /> Fa ba araba, dikgosi tse tharo tse di nang le tlhotlheletso thata—Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, Sebele Iwa ntlha wa Ba-Kwena, le Bathoen wa ntlha wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto lwa bodipolomate go ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa1895 mme ba dira gore puso e se ka ya wetsa tumalano eo.<ref name=":33" /><ref name=":39">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvii.</ref>Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di dirisanang le makgoa a lefatshe la Briritsh jaaka setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref name=":40">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> mme sa kwala batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka setšhaba se le sengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[:en:Jameson_Raid|Jameson Raid]] ka yone e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba makgowa a lefatshe la British marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;30–31.</ref> Go ketekwa ga dikgosi tse go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aforika: ''Khamé'', ''Sebéle'' le ''Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa lefatshe la London ka one ngwaga oo. Mokwalo o o [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhagisitse tlhamane]] e e simolotseng ya gore merafe ya bone e meraro ka go farologana e tlhodilwe ke bakaulengwe ba bararo.<ref name=":42">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;670.</ref> Gape ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropong e nngwe ya Aforika Borwa, [[:en:Mafeking|Mafeking]],<ref name=":33" />mme kompone ya Marope a Bogologolo e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marope a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go batla gauta.<ref name=":32" /> Tshireletso e ne ya amiwa thata ke go runya ga bolwane mo diphologolong ya Aforika ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, ya latlhegelwa ke dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa leruo la yona le diphologolo tsa naga.<ref name=":39" /> [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|Seporo sa tshireletso se agilwe ka]] [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|ngwaga wa 1897]] jaaka mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tsosa [[:en:Pioneer_Column|setlhopa sa Babulatsela]] go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa Ngwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole.<ref name=":43">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la [[:en:Jameson_Raid|tlhaselo ya ga Jameson]] ka 1896.<ref name=":39" /> Morafe wa Kgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya [[:en:Boer_War|Ntwa ya Maburu]], o lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane.<ref name=":43" /> Itsholelo ya pele ya bokoloniale ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne ya nna e tshwana thata le itsholelo ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref /> United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata naga ya tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e fa Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka mo meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;42.</ref> Makgetho le one a ne a tsenngwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la ntlwana]] ka ngwaga wa 1899, le le neng la emisediwa ka [[:en:Poll_tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa 1909.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Lekgetho la selegae le ne la tsenngwa moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 1919.<ref name=":44">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;31.</ref>Makgetho a bokoloniale kwa Tshireletsong ya Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme se sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagi go ba rotloetsa go nna.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;43–44.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la akanyetsa go kopanya tshireletso mo Aforika Borwa jaaka e ne e [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|kopanya dikoloni tsa yona tsa borwa jwa Aforika]], fela kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":39" /> ya kopana ka ngwaga wa 1910.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;137.</ref> Boloko bo ne bo dira gore tshireletso e nne le karolo tse pedi mo lekgolong fela ya lotseno lwa bokopano.<ref name=":44" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1910, merafe yotlhe ya Batswana e ne e amogetse Bokeresete.<ref name=":24" />Bechuanaland e ne ya romela masole a le makgolo a le mmalwa go thusa Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya [[:en:World_War_I|Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya ntlha]].<ref name=":43" /> Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o ne wa iphitlhela o wela tlase ka nako eo, mme ka iketlo o ne wa latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso mo pusong e e neng e sireleditswe.<ref name=":42" /> [[:en:Sebele_II|Sebele wa bobedi]] o ne a nna kgosi ya Kwena ka ngwaga wa 1918, a tlhatlhama rraagwe, [[:en:Sechele_II|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_II|wa bobedi]]. Sechele II o ne a thulana le Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o o neng o laola, a letlelela go nna teng ga Anglican le go busetsa mekgwa e mentsi ya setso e e jaaka go nyala basadi ba le bantsi, go dira pula le ''[[:en:Bogwera|bogwera]]''. Sebele II o ne a tswelela ka kgwetlho ya ga rraagwe kwa Mokgatlhong wa Barongwa wa London, go ngongorega ga puso ya Borithane.<ref /> Puso e e gabedi ya dikgosi le tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya dira gore tsamaiso e nne thata, ka jalo tsamaiso e ne ya tlhama makgotla a mabedi a bagakolodi go lekalekanya balaodi bao.<ref name=":44" /> Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana (moragonyana Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Aforika) le ne la tlhongwa ka ngwagawa 1919.<ref name=":35" />Kopano e ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya dikgosi le batho ba bangwe ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso mo tshireletsong e ne ya letla puso ya Borithane go utlwa le go laola merafe mmogo go na le ka bongwe.[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;47–49.</ref>] Khama wa boraro wa Ngwato o ne a gana go tsaya karolo, a supa bokoa jwa tiragatso ya thibelo ya bojalwa mo morafeng wa borwa. Khama wa boraro o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1923<ref name=":45">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;230.</ref> mme a tlhatlhangwa ke [[:en:Sekgoma_II|Sekgoma]] [[:en:Sekgoma_II|wa bobedi]], yo o neng a direla go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1926.<ref name=":45" /> Morwa wa ga Sekgoma e bong [[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] o ne a sa ntse a le lesea, ka jalo [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama|Tshekedi Khama]] o ne a nna mmusi.<ref name=":46">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Tshekedi o ne a lemogwa jaaka moemedi wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> Fa Seretse a ntse a gola, Tshekedi o ne a gatelela gore a fiwe [[:en:Liberal_education|thuto e e gololesegileng]] go na le gore a romelwe kwa sekolong sa madirelo sa Rhodesia.<ref>Samatar 1999, p.&#x20;179.</ref> === Tlhabololo le tlhotlheletso e e oketsegileng ya Borithane === Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920, kgosi Isang Pilane wa batho ba Kgatla o ne a okametse sekema sa ntlha se segolo sa tlhabololo ya metsi sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland , a dira gore go epiwe metswedi ya metsi e le lesomethataro, mme di le supa tsa tsone di ne tsa nna ditlamelo tsa metsi tse di atlegileng. Tse e ne tsa tlwaelega thata mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang fa puso ya Borithane e ne e kgatlhegela go atolosa itsholelo ya tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;70.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930, Isang Pilane le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana ba ne ba dira gore dikhuti di nne tse di hapegileng, ka gonne di ne di sa tlhokomelwe ka fa tlase ga bong jo bo kopanetsweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], pp.&#x20;699–700.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya nna teng mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1930, ya bolaya go feta karolo ya masome a marataro mo lekgolong ya dikgomo tsa tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne ya tsaya karolo e e matlhagatlhaga mo pusong ya tshireletso go simolola ka ngwaga wa 1930.<ref name=":47">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;58.</ref><ref name=":41" />Mo ngwageng oo, e ne ya simolola go tlamela ka matlole ka tlhamalalo go tshireletso.<ref name=":48">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Charles Rey o ne a tlhomiwa go nna molaodi wa Moagi wa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, mme o ne a na le maikarabelo a go rulaganya itsholelo sešwa go dikologa dikgomo tsa go romelwa kwa ntle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;55–56.</ref> Maiteko a go fetola tshireletso go ya kwa tlhabololong ya meepo le temothuo ya kgwebo a ne a lekwa mme a bona a kgarametswa morago go tswa mo dikgosing.<ref name=":37" /> Molaodi wa Moagi Rey o ne a thulana le kgosi Sebele wa bobedi, mme a dira gore a lelekwe ka 1931. Sebele II o ne a emisediwa ka morwarraagwe yo mmotlana, Kgari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dikgato tse dingwe di ne tsa lekwa ke puso ya Borithane ka 1934 go thibela maatla a a sa laolweng a dikgosi morago ga go menolwa ga ga Sebele II. Dikgato tseno di ne tsa laela makgotla a bagakolodi a dikgosi di neng di tshwanetse go buisana le one mme di ne di batla gore puso ya Borithane e newe phitlhelelo ya direkoto tsa kgotlatshekelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;69–70.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;49.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Bathoen_II|Bathoen wa bobedi]] wa Ngwaketse le moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao mo maitekong a. Le fa kgotlatshekelo ya Borithane e ne ya atlhola kgatlhanong le kgwetlho, dipholisi tse dišwa ga di ise di ko di tsenngwe tirisong ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;72–73.</ref><ref name=":49">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Dithibelo tse dingwe di ne tsa amogelwa ka kgoeletso ya bokoloniale go lekanyetsa bokgoni jwa dikgosi go lefisa makgetho le go gapa dikgomo tse di timetseng.<ref name=":39" /> Molaodi yo mošwa wa baagi, [[:en:Charles_Arden-Clarke|Charles Arden-Clarke]], o ne a tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1936 mme a dira gaufi le dikgosi.<ref name=":49" /> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe II === Dipoifo tsa tlhaselo ya Jeremane kwa Bechuanaland di ne tsa gola pele ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi ka ntlha ya boemo jwa yone jwa togamaano fa gare ga dikoloni tsa Boritane tse di fa gare le tse di kwa borwa mo Aforika. Malatsi a le lesome le bongwe pele ga ntwa e itsisiwe, puso ya Borithane e ne ya tlhagisa naga e e sireleditsweng gore e nne e le mo seemong se se siameng, mme masole a sesole a ne a rulaganngwa. Malatsi a le manè morago ga gore Borithane e bolele ntwa kgatlhanong le lefatshe la Germany, Molaodi wa Moagi Arden-Clarke o ne a tshwara kopano le dikgosi kwa ba neng ba solofetsa go tshegetsa maiteko a ntwa ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> Letsatsi le le latelang, khomišene e kgolo e ne ya ntsha kgoeletso ya [[:en:Emergency_powers|dithata tsa tshoganyetso]] tse di neng tsa e fa taolo e e feletseng mo tirong ya setšhaba mo tshireletsong, fela dikgosi di ne tsa itsisiwe gore di tla nna le maikarabelo a bontsi jwa tiragatso le go boloka kagiso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;33–34.</ref> Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi di ne di batlile go se go nne le tshusumetso epe mo bathong ba Bechuanaland, mme bontsi bo ne bo na le kakanyo e e sa tlhamalalang fela ya gore ntwa e ne e le teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya ngotlega fa palo e kgolo ya baagi ba basweu ba ne ba ikwadisa mo Sesoleng sa Boritane. Ba ba neng ba setse ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo mo thulaganyong ya tshireletsego fa go ka direga gore borwa jwa Aforika bo nne letlhakore le lengwe mo ntweng.<ref name=":50">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;35.</ref> Kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa dikgosi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya rotloetsa Batswana ba ba neng ba eletsa go direla le Sesole sa Borithane go ikwadisa le Sesole sa Batswana sa Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Banna ba Batswana ba ka nna makgolo a supa ba ne ba ikwadisa le setlhopha seno.<ref name=":51">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Go tlhokomela Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland go ne ga nna selo se se kwa tlase mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya Kwelotlase e Kgolo ya itsholelo le Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi,<ref name=":41" /> mme tshireletso ga e a ka ya amogela matlole ape go tswa kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":48" /> Mmusomogolo wa Borithane o ne o na le taolo e nnye mo Bechuanaland fa o bapisiwa le dikgaolo tsa one tse dingwe, mme maiteko a Borithane a go laola tlhagiso ya nako ya ntwa mo tshireletsong a ne a sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;124.</ref> Ntwa e ne ya fetola thata itsholelo ya tshireletso fa e ntse e tswelela, ya tlhagisa tlhaelo, go aba dijo, le ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> [[:en:Profiteering|Go dira dipoelo]] le go [[:en:Price_gouging|fokotsa ditlhwatlhwa]] go ne go tlwaelesegile, mme puso ya bokoloniale, e e neng e sa kgone go gagamatsa [[:en:Price_control|ditaolo tsa ditlhwatlhwa]], e ne ya dirisa [[:en:Gentlemen's_agreement|ditumalano tsa banna]] le bagwebi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;138.</ref> Makgetho a ne a tlhatlosiwa mme mananeo a Letlole la Tlhabololo ya Bokoloniale di ne tsa fokodiwa kwa tshimologong ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi go tlhoma boipuso jwa matlole go tswa mo mmusomogolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;125–126.</ref> Kgoeletso ya Taolo ya Madirelo a Leruo ya ntlha ya ngwaga wa 1940 e ne ya fetisiwa go duedisa dikgomo lekgetho, madirelo a a magolo a tshireletso, mme fela e ne ya kopana le kganetso e e boitshegang go tswa kwa Batswaneng le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la kaorolokgolong ya lefatsa ya Europe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> Letlole la ntwa le ne le dira kwa Bechuanaland, mme le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le solohetse gore meneelo e nne ya boithaopo, dikgosi di ne tsa dirisa taolo ya tsone mo merafeng ya tsone go pateletsa meneelo. E ne ya emisediwa ka lekgetho ka ngwaga wa1941, fela se se ne se sa ratwe thata mme sa itshupa se le thata go se diragatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;128–131.</ref> === Botsayakarolo jwa Batswana mo Ntweng ya Lefatshe II === [[Setshwantsho:Bechuanaland Boys cleaning Aa Guns in the Twilight after Action, Syracuse, Sicily Art.IWMARTLD4576.jpg|thumb|Basimane ba Bechuanaland ba phepafatsa Ditlhobolo tsa Aa mo Lefifing morago ga Tiragalo, Syracuse, Sicily, tiro ya botaki ya 1944 e e dirilweng ke [[:en:Leslie_Cole_(artist)|Leslie Cole]]]] Go thapiwa ga sesole go simolotse kwa Bechuanaland ka ngwaga wa 1941.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;34–35.</ref> Banna ba ka nna dikete tse tlhano le makgolo a matlhano ba ne ba katisiwa mme ba romelwa kwa ntweng mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse thataro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Banna ba bangwe ba Batswana ba le dikete tse tlhano ba ne ba tsenelela ntwa ka ngwaga wa 1942.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ka kakaretso, masole a ka nna dikete tse lesome le bongwe go tswa kwa Bechuanaland a ne a lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":50" /> Ba feta dikete tse lesome ba bone ba ne ba direla mo Sesoleng sa Boritane sa [[:en:African_Auxiliary_Pioneer_Corps|Babulatsela ba ba Thusang ba Aforika]].<ref name=":51" /> Dikgosi ka tlwaelo di ne di na le tshwanelo ya go [[:en:Conscript|kwadisa]] masole, mme di ne di itlhokomolosa dikeletso tsa puso ya bokoloniale tsa gore tirelo ya sesole e nne ya boithaopo gotlhelele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;44–46.</ref> Moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato o ne a dira gore a se ka a ratwa ke batho ka go dirisa go tsenngwa mo sesoleng jaaka sedirisiwa sa taolo, a go dirisa sebetsa go didimatsa batshwayadiphoso le baganetsi ba sepolotiki.<ref name=":52">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Banna ba ba neng ba eletsa go tila go tsenela bosole ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Aforika Borwa kgotsa kwa mafelong a a kgakala jaaka metlhaba ya [[:en:Okavango_Delta|noka e phatlallang ya Okavango]] le [[:en:Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park|sekgwa sa Kgalagadi]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;47.</ref> Ba bangwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgato tsa go itlhokomela ka bonako, jaaka go epa dikhutsi fa bathapi ba ne ba etela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di eletsa go dirisa go tsaya karolo ga tsone mo ntweng go bona ditshwanelo tse dingwe mo teng ga Mmusomogolo wa Borithane, mme di ne di tshaba gore go fenngwa ga Borithane go tla ba dira babusiwa ba Jeremane kgotsa Aforika Borwa, e leng phelelo e ba neng ba eletsa go e tila.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;39–40.</ref> Maiteko a ntwa gape e ne e le tshono ya go busetsa banna ba Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugetse kwa Aforika Borwa go ya go dira ditiro tsa meepo; dikgosi di ne di eletsa go fedisa mokgwa o mme di ne di ikutlwa di ka dira jalo ka go neelana ka ditiro tsa sesole.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;41–43.</ref> Dituelo dingwe tsa sesole di ne tsa diegisiwa go malapa a masole, mme ditekanyetso tsa thomelo kwa ntle di ne tsa tlosiwa ka nako ya ntwa, mme tsa baka go tsena ga madi kwa Bechuanaland.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;133.</ref> Fa go bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tse di mo Mmusong wa Boritane, batho ba Bechuanaland ba ne ba amogela ntwa eo. Batswana ba le bantsi ba ne ba na le maikutlo a boikanyegi mo mmusomogolong kgotsa ba ikutlwa gore dikgatlhego tsa bone di a tsamaisana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;36–37.</ref> Dikgosi dingwe, jaaka [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|Kgari Sechele]] [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|wa bobedi]] wa kwa ga Kwena le Molefi Pilane wa ga Kgatla, ba ne ba ikwadisa ka sebele. Ba ne ba dira jaaka disajene tse dikgolo tsa masole, e leng maemo a a kwa godimo a a neng a le teng mo Batswaneng.<ref name=":52" /> Go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya letlelela Batswana go nna le diteseletso tsa kgwebo le go dira mo teng ga naga e e sireleditsweng. Se pele se ne se lekanyeditswe batho basweu le makula.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;135.</ref> Setlhopha sa Dikgaolo tsa Dikhomišene tse di Kwa Godimo se ne se le kwa Botlhabagare go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1946 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1949.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> === Mokgatlho wa boipuso === [[Setshwantsho:1960 6d Bechuanaland Protectorate stamp.jpg|thumb|Setempe sa ngwaga wa 1960 sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland se se nang le ditshwantsho tsa ga [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Kgosigadi Victoria]] le [[:en:Elizabeth_II|Elizabeth wa bobedi]], dikgosi tsa ntlha le tsa bofelo tsa Borithane tsa tshireletso .]] Bokhutlo jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi bo ne jwa tla ka phetogo e kgolo mo setšhabeng. Dikgosi di ne tsa bonwa di se botlhokwa thata mo sebopegong sa loago, mme bontsi bo ne jwa tlogela dipolelo tsa bone tsa lefatshe lotlhe mo dikgomong tsa merafe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;51.</ref> Didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa setšhaba, jaaka lefatshe le badiri, di ne tsa dirwa tse di hapegileng le go dirwa dithoto.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;52.</ref> Phitlhelelo ya thuto e ne ya tlhola setlhopha sa batlhalefi ba ba [[:en:Liberalism|gololesegileng]] ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le puso ya dikgosi mme ba simolola go ipopela mafelo a bone a maatla mo mekgatlhong ya badiri le ditlhopha tsa baagi.<ref name=":63">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;165.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1946, ke karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong fela ya paoyotlhe ya baagi e e neng e na le tiro kwa ntle ga temothuo le ditirelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya bona koketsego e kgolo ya dikelo tsa matsalo jaaka karolo ya bogare jwa [[:en:Mid-20th_century_baby_boom|ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi wa go tlhatloga ga masea]] mo dingwageng tsa morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, e e neng e tsamaya le koketsego ya [[:en:Life_expectancy|dingwaga tsa botshelo]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e simolotse lenaneo la yone la ntlha ya tlhabololo mo tshireletsong, e leng lefelo la matlhabelo, ka dingwaga tsa bo ka ngwaga wa 1950.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;81.</ref> Maborithane, a santse a solofetse go kopanya tshireletso go nna Aforika Borwa, kwa bofelong a ne a phimola leano le morago ga tshimologo ya [[:en:Apartheid|Tlhaolele]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref>Fa maiteko a simolola go tlhama tsela e ntšhwa ya isago ya tshireletso, tshireletso e ne ya bewa mo seemong sa go tlhoka maitseo, mme ga go na tsela ya go ya pele e e neng e bonala sentle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], pp.&#x20;672–673.</ref> Tshitshinyo nngwe e ne e le go e tsenya mo [[:en:Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland|Mokgatlhong wa Rhodesia le Nyasaland]], o lefatshe la United Kingdom e o tlhamileng ka fa tlase ga pholisi ya "tirisanommogo ya merafe e mentsi".<ref>Parsons 2006, p.&#x20;673.</ref> Fa mojaboswa wa Ngwato Seretse Khama a gola, mmusi Tshekedi Khama o ne a leka go tshwarelela mo pusong.<ref name=":53">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;696.</ref> Seretse o ne a nyala mosadi wa mosweu, [[:en:Ruth_Williams_Khama|Ruth Williams]], fa a ne a ithuta kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom, mme se sa baka matlhabisa ditlhong mo lelapeng la segosi la ga Ngwato.<ref name=":46" /> Le fa kwa tshimologong setšhaba se ne se le kgatlhanong le lenyalo le, go sa ratweng ga ga Tshekedi go ne ga fetola maikutlo a Seretse.<ref name=":47" /> Kgang e ne ya tlhagisiwa mo kgotleng ka ngwaga wa 1949, mme puso ya ga Tshekedi e ne ya ganwa ka bontsi ke diketekete tsa batho ba ba neng ba le teng.<ref name=":53" /><ref name=":47" /> Tshekedi le batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Kwena kwa botshabelo.<ref name=":54">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Puso ya makgowa e ne e sa itshokele lenyalo la ga Seretse le mosadi yo mosweu. Ka maiteko a go ritibatsa puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, e ne ya leleka banyalani ba mo pusong ya tshireletso ka ngwaga wa 1950. Se se ne sa tsosa mokgatlho wa bosetšhaba o o neng o gola mo gare ga baemanokeng ba ga Seretse mo pusong ya tshireletso, o o neng wa tlhagelela ka botlalo ka ngwaga wa 1952.<ref name=":37" /> Ka nako ya fa Seretse a ne a seyo, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la baya molaodi wa kgaolo dingwaga di le nne pele ga e tlhoma Rasebolai Kgamane, motshegetsi wa ga Tshekedi, go nna moemedi.<ref name=":54" /> Morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tsuologela go lelekwa ga ga Seretse.<ref name=":55">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;53.</ref> Batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba kopa gore a bowe, mme go ne ga tsoga dikhuduego fa ba ne ba ganwa. Seretse o ne a feleletsa a letleletswe go boa ka ngwaga wa1956.<ref name=":56">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Ka nako e, kgaogano e e gagametseng ya merafe mo Aforika Borwa ya Tlhaolele e ne ya thibela lefatshe la United Kingdom go e ritibatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;200.</ref> Mo nakong yotlhe ya mathata a go lelekwa ga ga Seretse, maatla a ne a tlogela bogosi mme a ya kwa mekgatlhong ya ditlhopho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;91.</ref> Tshekedi le Seretse ba ne ba dira kagiso fa Seretse a boa, mme Seretse a nna moeteledipele wa ''nnete'' wa Ngwato, le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le mo thibetse go nna kgosi ya semmuso.<ref name=":56" /> Ka thotloetso ya Borithane, morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tlhama lekgotla la morafe, le Seretse le Tshekedi ka bobedi e neng e le maloko a lone.<ref name=":55" /> Merafe e mengwe e ne ya tlhoma makgotla a merafe a a tshwanang, a a neng a dira jaaka ditšheke tsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Go ne ga sala letlhoo lengwe fa gare ga banna ba babedi ba: Tshekedi o ne a eletsa go boloka puso ya morafe le maatla a dikgosi, fa Seretse ene a ne a akanya ka puso ya batho ka batho ya boemedi le dikgosi tse di bokoa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;91–92.</ref> Selekanyo sa maatla a a beeleditsweng mo dikgosing e ne ya nna kgang e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata mo mokgatlhong wa boipuso o o neng o gola, bogolosegolo mo bathong ba ga Ngwato le ba lelapa la ga Khama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;93–94.</ref> Bechuanaland Protectorate Federal Party e ne e le lekoko la ntlha la sepolotiki le le neng la tlhamiwa mo kgaolong ya tshireletso fa le ne le tlhamiwa ke moeteledipele wa mokgatlo wa Ngwato [[:en:Leetile_Disang_Raditladi|Leetile Disang Raditladi]] ka ngwaga wa 1959. Le bopilwe thata ke batho ba maemo le batlhalefi, le ne le buelela kopano ya merafe ya Batswana. Lekoko le ne la palelwa ke go bona tshegetso mme la nna lobaka lo lokhutshwane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;94.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, [[:en:Bechuanaland_People's_Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] (BPP, moragonyana Lekoko la Batho la Botswana) le ne la tlhamiwa jaaka lekoko le le bogale thata, le le ganetsanang le puso ya merafe ya setso mme la bona boikuelo mo badiring ba bafaladi.<ref name=":57">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> E ne e eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Motsamai_Mpho|Motsamai Mpho]], [[:en:Philip_Matante|Philip Matante]], le Kgalemang Morsete.<ref name=":58">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xviii.</ref> BPP, e e neng ya tlhamiwa jaaka molekane wa Setswana wa lekoko la [[:en:African_National_Congress|African National Congress]] la Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":59">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;74.</ref> e ne ya tshegetsa boipuso jwa ka bonako le go fedisiwa gotlhelele ga bogosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Ka go tshaba gore BPP e tla nyatsa puso e e leng teng le go tshuba dikgotlhang le puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, dikgosi le puso ya Borithane di ne tsa thibela bokgoni jwa yona jwa go kopana.<ref name=":57" /> Merafe ya tshireletso mmogo e ne ya bopa lekgotla la peomolao ka ngwaga wa 1961.<ref name=":37" /> Batho ba Kwena ba ne ba iphitlhela ba le ka fa tlase ga moemedi, [[:en:Neale_Sechele|Neale Sechele]], ka ngwaga wa 1963, se se rayang gore ba ne ba na le tlhotlheletso e nnye ya sepolotiki fa mokgatlho wa boipuso o ntse o gola.<ref name=":60">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;102.</ref> Leano la Tlhabololo la Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland la dingwaga tsa 1963/1968 le ne la kwalwa ka thulaganyo ya dipuisano ka ngwaga wa 1963, le tlhama tlhaloso ya boipuso jwa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;26–27.</ref> Fa palo ya batho e ne ba sa dire sepe mo dipolotiking ka kakaretso, lefatshe la United Kingdom e ne ya nna nngwe ya mafatshe a a neng a etelela pele go bona boipuso. Ka go tshwenyega gore lekoko la BPP e ne e le e e tseneletseng thata, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa moeteledipele wa yone yo o mo ratang, Seretse Khama, go tlhama lekoko la sepolotiki.<ref name=":59" /> Le fa Khama a ne a dumalana le mekgwa ya lekoko la BPP e e kgatlhanong le bosemorafe le ya lefatshe, o ne a le kgatlhanong le tsela ya yone ya go tlhoma dipolotiki le go amogela ga yone bojammogo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;96.</ref>O ne a dumela go tlogela go bolela ga gagwe mo bathong ba ga Ngwato go dira jaaka radipolotiki, a tlhama [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Lekoko la]] [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|puso ya batho ka batho la Bechuanaland]] (BDP, moragonyana ya nna lekoko la Botswana Democratic ) ka ngwaga wa 1962.<ref name=":59" /> Lekoko la BDP e ne ya itlhoma jaaka "lekoko la dikgosi", mme ya amogela dikakanyo tse di amanang le puso ya merafe ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref name=":30" /> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa lekoko la BDP, le tlhaloganya gore le tla tshegetsa kgwebisano ya leruo ya motlha wa bokoloniale.<ref name=":73">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;149.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1963, kgosi ya Kgatla Linchwe e ne e le ene fela kgosi e e neng e le kgatlhanong le BDP e bile e na le tlhotlheletso ya sepolotiki, mme batho ba Kgatla ba ne ba rata lekoko la BDP, ka jalo o ne a nna a sa tsenelele mo dipolotiking.<ref name=":60" /> Thulaganyo ya phetogo e ne ya simolola ka lekoko la BDP e ne e solofetswe go busa Botswana yo o ikemetseng, mme puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya bereka le boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BDP go ba baakanyetsa go tsamaisa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Go ne ga tshwarwa bokopano ka ngwaga wa 1963 go okamela go tlhamiwa ga molaotheo o mosha. Dikgotlhang tsa ka fa gare ga lekoko la BPP di ne di raya gore lekoko la BDP e ne e na le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo thulaganyong. Tshekedi Khama o ne a tlhokafetse ka nako e, ka jalo Bathoen wa bobedi o ne a nna moeteledipele wa lekoko le le neng le ema nokeng puso ya bofederale, a dumela gore le tla boloka puso e le mo diatleng tsa dikgosi. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le boradipolotiki ba Batswana ba ne ba tshegetsa puso ya bosetšhaba e e kopaneng ka gonne Botswana e ne e humanegile thata go ka kgaoganya dithoto tsa yona le ka gonne go tlhoka go kopanya dithoto go ne go tla dira gore e nne mo kotsing ya go tlhaselwa ke merafe e mengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Puso ya dikgaolo e e itsholetseng e ne ya itshupa e sa kgonege mo dipolotiking, ka jalo go ne ga dirwa tumalano ya gore dikgosi di tla bopa Ntlo ya Dikgosi, e leng setlhopha sa bagakolodi mo teng ga [[:en:Parliament_of_Botswana|Palamente ya Botswana]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;98–99.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di santse di le kgatlhanong le thulaganyo e, mme mo mokgatlhong o o neng o eteletswe pele ke Bathoen, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya fetisa tlhopo ya [[:en:No_confidence|go sa tshepe]] puso e ntšhwa, mme fela go tlhoka maatla a yone a sepolotiki go ne ga e thibela go dirisa phetogo e e nang le bokao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Molao wa Lekgotla la Kgaolo o ne wa fetisiwa jaaka tsela e nngwe ya go lekanyetsa maatla a dikgosi ka go tlhama makgotla a a tla okamelang kgaolo le toropo nngwe le nngwe,<ref name=":58" /> go dira gore mekgatlho e e tlhophilweng e e nne balaodi ba konokono ba selegae.<ref name=":64">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Toropo ya [[:en:Gaborone|Gaborone]] e agilwe ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme ya itsisiwe jaaka motsemogolo o mošwa.<ref name=":59" /> E agilwe mo lefatsheng la puso ya Borithane, le le neng le tlamela ka lefelo le le sa tseyeng letlhakore le le neng le sa laolwe ke morafe ope .<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;16.</ref> [[:en:Constitution_of_Botswana|Molamotheo]] o ne wa tsenngwa tirisong ka one ngwaga oo.<ref name=":59" /> Ka se se tirisong, Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la fa tshireletso puso ya go ipusa.<ref name=":61">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;116.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1965 gape e ne ya bona go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Dikgotla tsa Dikgaolo o o neng wa fetola seabe sa bokoloniale sa molaodi wa kgaolo ka go se bofa mo makgotleng a dikgaolo a a sa tswang go tlhamiwa,<ref name=":74">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> mme wa bona go tlhongwa ga Banka ya Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba e e neng e le ya puso.<ref name=":75">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Mpho o ne a kgaogana le lekoko la BPP go tlhama Lekoko la Boipuso la Bechuanaland (BIP) ka ngwaga wa 1965.<ref name=":62">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> E eteletswe pele ke Seretse Khama le [[:en:Quett_Masire|Quett Masire]], lekoko la BDP le ne la dira letsholo mo e ka nnang mo motseng mongwe le mongwe wa kgaolo ya tshireletso pele ga ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kakaretso. Go farologana le batho ba bangwe ba sepolotiki kwa Bechuanaland, Seretse Khama o ne a na le boikuelo go ralala merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":60" /> Morago ga moo lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhophiwa go etelela puso ya ntlha pele.<ref name=":61" /> Lekoko la BPP le ne la gapa manno a le mararo fela mo lekgotleng la peomolao, mme lekoko la BIP le ne la palelwa ke go gapa epe.<ref name=":62" /> Morago ga ditlhopho, go ne ga tlhamiwa lekoko la [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|Botswana]] [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|National Front]] (BNF) jaaka lekoko le le kopaneng la kganetso ya BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Kenneth_Koma|Kenneth Koma]], lekoko la BNF le ne la nna mmaba yo mogolo wa lekoko la BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;109.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;31–33.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhopha Khama go nna tonakgolo ya naga.<ref name=":65">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;204.</ref>Go farologana le makoko a mantsi a sepolotiki a a tlhomilweng mo Aforika, BDP e ne e le lekoko le le itekanetseng le le sa fetogeng go na le go nna lekoko le le kgatlhanong le bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;711.</ref> Morago ga go tlhamiwa ga yona, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya ntsha tlhopo ya go sa tshepe molaotheo ka ngwaga wa 1966, mme se sa dira gore go nne le letsholo la bosetšhaba la go tshegetsa molaotheo le le neng la bona tshegetso e e lekaneng gore dikgosi di fedise maiteko a tsone a go o gwetlha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;100–101.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya newa boipuso jaaka Rephaboliki ya Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966.<ref name=":61" /> == Repaboliki ya Botswana == [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Independence, 1966.png|thumb|[[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] a ikanisa maikano a go nna Tautona wa ntlha wa Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966]] Boipuso jwa Botswana bo ne bo kaya go tsenngwa tirisong ga puso ya batho le batho e e gololesegileng, go tlisa ditlhopho, tshireletso ya ditshwanelo tsa batho, le tirelosetšhaba.<ref name=":64" /> Se se ne sa dira gore go nne le thulaganyo ya go tlhatlosiwa maemo e e ikaegileng ka bokgoni le go tlhamiwa ga tsamaiso ya puso ya maranyane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref>Setšhaba se ne sa bopa puso e e neng e fetotswe go tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]],<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;23–24.</ref> mme Tonakgolo Seretse Khama a nna Moporesidente Seretse Khama.<ref name=":65" /> Go ne ga tlhamiwa boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba, jwa kopanya merafe e e sa tshwaneng mo letshwaong le le lengwe la Setswana, ka ngwao e e ikaegileng ka ya merafe ya Setswana.<ref name=":80">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNyamnjoh2007|Nyamnjoh 2007]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Botswana e ne ya boloka bontsi jwa ditheo tsa yone tsa merafe tsa pele ga bokoloniale morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;54.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Se e ne e le ditlamorago tsa puso e e nonofileng e e neng e amana le merafe ya Batswana le tsereganyo e e lekanyeditsweng ya puso ya Borithane mo dinakong tsa bokoloniale.<ref name=":34" /> Mofuta wa go buisana wa dipolotiki tsa setšhaba pele le morago ga boipuso e ne e le mokgwa o o sa tlwaelesegang mo merafeng e mengwe e mentsi ya Aforika e e neng ya nna le babusaesi morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;30, 56.</ref> Go na le go fedisa bogosi, puso e ntšhwa e ne ya bo tsenya mo tsamaisong ya semolao, ya fa dikgosi dithata tsa boatlhodi ka ''kgotla'', go ikaegile ka dikgotlatshekelo tsa boikuelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe]] 2012, p.&#x20;36.</ref>Tlwaelo ya go ikobela boeteledipele, e e kileng ya fiwa dikgosi, e ne ya sutela kwa botautoneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;30.</ref> Puso e ne ya tiisa go tlhomama ga yona ka go thapa tirelosetšhaba ya yone ka baitseanape b<ref name=":66">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref>a dinaga di sele, go farologana le dinaga tse dingwe tse dišwa tsa Aforika tse gantsi di neng di leleka baitseanape ba dinaga di sele.<ref name=":67">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref name=":68">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;105.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;59.</ref> Se se ne sa boloka puso ya mofuta wa Bophirima e e neng e gatelela tlhabololo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;259.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go tlamela Botswana ka matlole mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse tlhano tsa go nna teng ga yone.<ref name=":61" /> Maemo a yone a kagiso, a puso ya batho ka batho fa a bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tsa Aforika a ne a raya gore e ne ya amogela thuso e ntsi go tswa mo mekgatlhong ya Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;255.</ref> Ka nako ya boipuso, Botswana e ne e le setšhaba se se humanegileng thata, go feta bontsi jwa dinaga tse dingwe mo Aforika.<ref name=":69">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;104.</ref><ref name=":66" /> E ne e sena badiri ba ba rutegileng, ka baagi ba le masome a mane fela ba ba nang le ditlankana tse di hagodimo tsa mmadikolo, mme go ne go sena ditlamelo tse di itsegeng tsa metswedi ya tlholego go tshegetsa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;62, 64.</ref> Botswana e ne e ikaegile ka puso ya Tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa go fitlhelela setšhaba sa lefatshe, mme bontsi jwa badiri ba Botswana e ne e le badiri ba bafaladi mo Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Botswana e ne ya tsena mo ntweng e e tlhamaletseng le Rhodesia, e e neng ya baka dintwa tsa sesole go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1978.<ref name=":63" /> Go nna le seabe mo go lekanyeditsweng ga Borithane go ne go kaya gore go ne go se na tlhabololo e ntsi fa e sale ka nako ya bokoloniale.<ref name=":69" /><ref name=":70">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;160.</ref> Bokgoni jwa go bala le go kwala e ne e le selekanyo sa karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong, mme go ne go na le dikilometara di le lesome fela tsa tsela e e tshetsweng.<ref name=":69" /> Mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a robangbongwe ya baagi e ne e le mo [[:en:Abject_poverty|lehumeng le le tseneletseng]],<ref name=":70" /> mme bontsi jwa baagi e ne e le balemibarui ba dikgomo kgotsa [[:en:Subsistence_farmers|balemibarui ba ba itshidisang]].<ref name=":71">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Fa setšhaba se fitlhelela boipuso, komelelo e e masisi e ne ya fedisa karolo ya masome amarao go fihlela masome a matlhano mo lekgolong ya palo ya dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa Batswana ba ne ba ikaegile ka [[:en:World_Food_Programme|Lenaneo la Dijo la Lefatshe]] go tila tlala.<ref name=":81">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;220.</ref> Ditšhaba tse dingwe di ne di na le ditsholofelo tse di kwa tlase mo Botswana, mme mo Aforika yotlhe e ne e bonwa jaaka [[:en:Bantustan|Bantustan]] ya Tlhaolele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;1.</ref> Kamano e le Tlhaolele gape e ne e le ntlha ya katlego ya Botswana jaaka setšhaba se se ikemetseng: boeteledipele jwa Batswana bo ne bo eletsa go tila phelelo e e tshwanang le ya Aforika Borwa fa setšhaba se ka palelwa, mme dikgolagano tsa dikgang tsa mafatshe fatshe tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa le Bophirima go thibela go tsenngwa ke Aforika Borwa di ne di raya gore Botswana o ne a tshepa thata dinaga tsa Bophirima go amogela thuso le thato ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;76–77.</ref> Boeteledipele jwa ntlha jwa Botswana bo ne bo laolwa ke malapa a merafe e e busang mmogo le palo e nnye ya badiredipuso ba ba rutegileng thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;6.</ref> Go tshwana ga bona ga itsholelo le dikgopolo go ne go raya gore puso e nne e tlhomame kwa ntle ga dintwa tsa sepolotiki.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;71.</ref> Le fa Bathoen a ne a tlogela maemo a gagwe a go nna kgosi go ya go dira dipolotiki, bontsi jwa dikgosi tse dingwe di ne tsa amogela maatla a tsona a a fokoditsweng a sepolotiki mo pusong e ntšhwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;56–57.</ref> Tiro e nngwe ya dikgosi e ne e laolwa ke Molao wa Bogosi wa ngwaga ya 1966.<ref name=":92">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;140.</ref> Go tlhoka bonweenwee go ne ga dira gore puso e nne semolao thata mme ya ratwa ke balekane ba Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;166.</ref> Go farologana le bontsi jwa merafe e e sa tswang go tlhamiwa ya Aforika, bontsi jwa boeteledipele bo ne bo tswa mo setšhabeng sa temothuo, go kaya gore dikgatlhego tsa bona di ne di tsamaisana le bontsi.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":71" /> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa go boloka dipholisi tsa motlha wa bokoloniale tse di neng di solegela barui ba dikgomo molemo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;75.</ref> Setlhopa sa semmuso sa Nama ya Botswana se ne sa tlhamiwa go laola madirelo a nama ya kgomo.<ref name=":58" /> Boikuelo jwa lekoko la BDP jwa merafe yotlhe le kgatlhego e e kopanetsweng ya go tlhoma boipuso di ne tsa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa gape go dira mo dikgatlhegelong tsa bontsi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref> Ditlhopha tse dinnye tsa baagi ba basweu di ne tsa sala mo nageng mme tsa ganetsa boipuso jwa yone.<ref name=":63" /> Le fa moragonyana di ne di tla nna botlhokwa mo tlhabololong ya Botswana, ditshwanelo tsa ditswammung di ne tsa fiwa botlhokwa jo bo kwa tlase fa di bona boipuso, mme merafe e ne ya di fetisetsa kwa pusong ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1967.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;103–104.</ref> === Puso ya ga Seretse Khama === Khama o ne a ratwa ke batho botlhe mme a bonwa e le moeteledipele wa tlholego wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;202–203.</ref> Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya tsenya tirisong maano a a neng a lebisitswe mo go tlhameng mafaratlhatlha le dithoto tsa setšhaba, bogolosegolo go tsenya tshela ditsela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;111.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;86.</ref> O ne a simolola go aga dikolo, matlhabelo le dikhuti tse di neng tsa tswelela mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. Lefatshe le le nang le banni la Batswana le Basarwa le ne la dirisiwa go aga mesima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;219.</ref> Tlhabololo e ne ya tla ka tshenyegelo ya kgwebo le tlhagiso, e e neng e lekanyeditswe go tlamela ka matlole a leruo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004,]] p.&#x20;164.</ref> Go ne ga tlhongwa mogopolo thata mo go otla dikgomo le go aga matlhabelo go rotloetsa madirelo a nama ya kgomo mo gare ga go tlhoka metsi. <ref name=":82">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;205.</ref>[[:en:Public_welfare|Mananeo a katlaatleloloago]] le one a ne a tlhongwa.<ref name=":67" /> Go ribololwa ga ditaemane go ne ga netefatsa gore mananeo a a bona madi a a lekaneng.<ref name=":72">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Dipeeletso tse le mokgwa o o sa fetogeng wa go somarela madi a puso di ne tsa thibela boemo jwa [[:en:Dutch_disease|bolwetse jwa Dutch]] jo bo neng jwa golafatsa dinaga tse dingwe tsa Aforika tse di neng di tletse ka didirisiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;4.</ref> Thuto e ne ya atolosiwa mo setšhabeng sotlhe, mme puo ya Setswana e ne ya lekanngwa mmogo le Seesemane ka go latlhegelwa ke dipuo tse dingwe.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":68" /> Khama o ne a siamisa seo jaaka tsela ya go fitlhelela kutlwano.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;228.</ref> Quett Masire o ne a dira jaaka Mothusa tautona ka fa tlase ga ga Seretse Khama mmogo le Tona ya tsa madi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> O ne a laola tekanyetsokabo ya lefatshe le tiriso ya madi ka go tlhama motseletsele wa Maano a Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba, go ikaegilwe ka kamogelo ya Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba le Komiti ya itsholelo ya Kabinete.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Dipoeletso tsa maano a di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya molao wa semmuso ya puso morago ga gore batlhatlhami ba ga Khama le Masire ba tsene mo maemong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;171.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, ditaemane di ne tsa fitlhellwa kwa Botswana ke setlamo sa Aforika Borwa sa ditaemane sa [[:en:De_Beers|De Beers]], mme ditiro di ne tsa simolola ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref name=":76">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;110.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;61.</ref> Dipeeletso tsa kopore di ne tsa fitlhelwa kwa [[:en:Selebi-Phikwe|Selebi-Phikwe]] ka ngwaga oo, mme se sa senola gape khumo ya ditswammung tsa setšhaba.<ref name=":58" /> Puso e ne ya dirisana le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1969 go dira ditiro tse dikgolo tsa meepo ya ditaemane,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> mme e ne ya amega mo dipuisanong sešwa tsa [[:en:Southern_African_Customs_Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa]] ka one ngwaga oo go tokafatsa thata maatla a yone a itsholelo mo kgaolong.<ref name=":77">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;65.</ref> Moepo mongwe kwa [[:en:Morupule|Morupule]] o ne wa simolola go ntsha magala ka ngwaga wa 1973, mme wa tlamela setšhaba ka karolo e kgolo ya motlakase.<ref name=":78">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xix.</ref> [[:en:Orapa_diamond_mine|Moepo wa ditaemane wa Orapa]] o ne wa bulwa kwa Orapa ka ngwaga wa 1971, mme go ne ga tlomamisiwia tumalano ya go abelana lotseno fa gare ga puso le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1974.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;125.</ref> Moragonyana Masire o ne a netefatsa gore De Beers e ne e tshegeditse dikgwebo tsa gagwe tse di hapegileng ka madi, mme se sa dira gore go akanyediwe gore setlamo se ka tswa se amogetse tumalano e e mosola mo kgannyeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;129–130.</ref> Molao wa Metsi le Molao wa ditsha tsa Morafe di ne tsa tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1968, mme tsa tlhama lekgotla la Kabo ya Metsi le lekgotla tsa naga di le lesome le bobedi, ka go latelana. Tse di ne di okametse kabo ya ditshwanelo tsa metsi le lefatshe ke puso go na le ka go nna mong wa morafe mongwe le mongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;76.</ref> Ka se, ba ne ba tsenya dithata tsa setso tsa dikgosi.<ref name=":74" /> Molao wa Mafatshe a Phulo a Merafe e ne ya tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1975 go thibela [[:en:Overgrazing|phulo e e feteletseng]], mme fela e ne ya itshupa e sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;67.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;173.</ref> Tota e bile, e ne e letla baagi ba ba humileng go kopa ditsha tse dikgolo tsa dikgomo ka tshenyegelo ya baagi ba ba sa humang thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Ditlhopho tsa ntlha morago ga boipuso di ne tsa diragala ka ngwaga wa 1969.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la dira maswe go le gonnye fa e bapisiwa le tiragatso ya yona ya ngwaga wa 1965, mme mothusa tautona Masire o ne a latlhegelwa ke setilo sa gagwe ke Bathoen, se se neng sa mo tlhoka gore a tseye setilo se se kgethegileng se se tlhophilweng.<ref name=":79">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Lekoko la BPP le ne la nyelela ka botlhokwa fa dipolotiki tsa Botswana di ntse di gola.<ref name=":73" /> Koporase ya Tlhabololo ya Botswana e e neng e le ya puso e ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1970,<ref name=":75" /> mme moepo wa diteemane wa Orapa o ne wa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 1971.<ref name=":78" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, diteemane di ne di dira karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong ya Palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana,<ref name=":76" /> mme kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1970, meepo e ne e le madirelo a magolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;5.</ref> Goromente wa Botswana o ne a buisana gape ka tumalano ya yone ya meepo le De Beers magareng ga ngwaga wa 1971 le ngwaga wa 1975, ya sutisetsa bontsi jwa dituelo kwa setšhabeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;210.</ref> Fa itsholelo ya teemane e ntse e tlhabologa le dipeeletso di boela mo lefatsheng, Botswana e ne ya falola lehuma mme ya bonwa jaaka katlego mo merafeng e mengwe mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara morago ga bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;212.</ref> Ditlhabololo tse di dirile gore Botswana e nne naga e e golang ka bonako mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":77" /> Batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo le a a fa gare ba ne ba bona molemo thata, go oketsa go [[:en:Wealth_inequality|tlhoka tekatekano ga khumo]], mme gape go ne go raya gore makgetho a ka fokodiwa, se se neng sa dira gore balemi ba ba tshegetse.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;71–72.</ref> Tlhabololo ya Botswana le tiriso ya yone ya tirelosetšhaba ya mafatshe a sele e ne ya atlega mo e leng gore puso e ne ya tlhotlheletsa lefatshe la United States go romela setlhopa sa baithaopi ba kagiso (Peace Corps) kwa ntle ga ditekanyetso tsa setso tsa gore ke dikarolo dife tse mokgatlho o ka di dirang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go ne ga tla koketsego ya Batswana ba ba botlana ba ba rutegileng mo lefelong la gaeno, ba ba neng ba nna le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo pusong.<ref name=":64" /> Jaaka fa batho ba bašwa ba ba ne ba amogela thuto e e tshwanang mme ba simolola go dira mo setsong se le sengwe sa tsamaiso, go ne go sena pharologano e kgolo ya tiro fa gare ga tirelosetšhaba e e neng e eteletswe pele ke batswakwa le e e neng e tsamaisiwa ke Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Lephata la Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo le ne le le teng ka bokhutshwane morago ga go kgaogana mo Lephateng la Matlole magareng ga batlhokomedi ba setso ba ba neng ba amana le tshireletso kgatlhanong le baemanokeng ba ga Masire ba ba neng ba eletsa go bona tlhabololo e e bogale thata. Ya bofelo e ne ya tsaya taolo, mme ditona di ne tsa kopanngwa gape go nna Lephata la Matlole le Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo ka ngwaga wa 1970. Ka ntlha ya palo e e lekanyeditsweng ya batho ba ba tshwanelegang go laola itsholelo, lephata le le ne la tsaya taolo e feletseng ya tiriso ya madi a puso mme la simolola lenaneo la Shashe le le neng le batla gore naga e nne le tlhabololo e e tseneletseng ya palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana. Se se ne se akaretsa go tlhoma lefelo la meepo ya kopore le nikele, le le neng la nna selo se se tlang pele mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;84–85.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, [[:en:Seepapitso_IV|Seepapitso wa bone]] o ne a nna kgosi ya ntlha go emisiwa mo maemong a gagwe morago ga nako ya bokoloniele.<ref name=":83">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;141.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la atlega thata gape ka [[:en:1974_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopo tsa ngwaga wa 1974]].<ref name=":79" /> [[:en:Minimum_wage|Dituelo tse di kwa tlase]] di ne tsa tlhagisiwa ka one ngwaga oo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Botswana e simolotse go ntsha madi a one, e leng [[:en:Botswana_pula|Botswana pula]], ka ngwaga wa 1976. Mmusi wa [[:en:Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya Botswana]] Quill Hermans o ne a kgaratlhela go kgaogana ga madi le Aforika Borwa le [[:en:South_African_rand|ranta ya yone ya Aforika Borwa]]. Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego a boditšhabatšhaba a gore Botswana e ka nna ya se ka ya kgona go tshegetsa madi a yone, Khama o ne a ikutlwa gore bagakolodi ba gagwe ba itsholelo ba na le bokgoni mme o ne a tshepa tshwetso ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tsa boipuso, Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya ditšhaba tse di humileng thata mo [[:en:Third_World|Lefatsheng la Boraro]].<ref name=":67" /> Phetogo ya itsholelo e kaiwa jaaka "kgakgamatso" ya Botswana.<ref name=":77" /> Linchwe II, kgosi ya [[:en:Kgatla_people|batho ba Kgatla]], o ne a busetsa ngwao ya go simolola bogwera mo morafeng wa gagwe ka ngwaga wa 1975, mme se sa gakatsa puso ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;148.</ref> Khama o ne a tsaya tsela ya go akaretsa batho botlhe mo pusong ya gagwe, a tila dipolotiki tsa merafe le go gana tlhotlheletso ya baeteledipele ba merafe a rata badiredipuso.<ref name=":84">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> Ka dinako tse dingwe o ne a kopa batho go rola tiro fa morafe mongwe o ka nna le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo tirelong ya setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tshaba gore go sa dumalane le batho ba ba kwa tlase ba Kalanga go ka nna ga dira gore go se ka ga nna le kagiso. Go rarabolola se, Khama o ne a tsenya maloko a a rutegileng a morafe wa Kalanga mo pusong, a tlhoma bontsi mo maemong a a kwa godimo. Tshwetso e ne e tsosa kganetsano, mme e ne ya tsosa dikgopolo tsa bolotsana ka ga tlhotlheletso e e bosula ya Kalanga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;122.</ref> Tse ka dinako tse dingwe di ne di ikaegile ka Mokgatlho wa Baithuti ba Bakalanga, o o neng wa nna Mokgatlho wa Tsweletso ya Puo ya Ikalanga ka ngwaga wa 1980.<ref>[[Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 123.|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> Poifo ya dipuso tsa baagisani tse di eteletsweng pele ke basweu kwa Namibia, Rhodesia, le Aforika Borwa, mmogo le kotsi ya [[:en:Angolan_Civil_War|Ntwa ya Selegae ya Angola]], di dirile gore Botswana e tlhame [[:en:Botswana_Defence_Force|sesole sa bosetšhaba]] ka ngwaga wa 1977.<ref name=":78" /> Pele ga se, [[:en:Botswana_Police_Service|Tirelo ya Sepodisi]] sa Botswana e ne e tlhokometse tshireletso ya setshaba. Go tlhoka sesole go ne go raya gore Botswana e ne e sa tlhaselwe ke dilo tse di bakang go sa tlhomamang mo merafeng e mengwe ya Aforika: go menola puso ga sesole le bonweenwee ka go dirisa madi a sesole.<ref>[[Beaulier & Subrick 2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], pp.&#x20;111–112.</ref> Sesole se ne sa bona ntwa ngwaga o o latelang fa dirukutlhi tsa Rhodesia di ne di tlhasela Leshoma, di bolaya masole a le lesome le botlhano.<ref name=":78" /> Ka tirisanommogo ya yone le De Beers, puso ya Botswana e ne ya tlhama kompone ya meepo ya Debswana ka ngwaga wa 1978, mme ya bona lotseno lo lo bonalang lwa puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Meepo e ne ya nna madirelo a a kwa godimo ya itsholelo ya lefatshe mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang,<ref name=":85">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> mme Botswana ya nna itsholelo e e golang ka bonako go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":86">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;33.</ref><ref name=":86" /> Go nna le seabe ga mafatshe a sele mo itsholelong go ne ga nna kgang ya sepolotiki ka nako e jaaka fa batho ba kwa ntle ba ne ba kokoanya kgolo ya setšhaba fa ditiro tsa selegae di ne di tlhabologa ka iketlo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;143–145.</ref> Thuo ya dikgomo, e e neng e setse e amilwe ke go runya mo gogolo ga [[:en:Foot-and-mouth_disease|bolwetse jwa tlhako le molomo]] ka ngwaga wa1977,<ref name=":82" /> e ne ya latlhegelwa ke botlhokwa jo e neng e na le jone pele.<ref name=":85" /> === Puso ya ga Quett Masire === [[Setshwantsho:Quett Masire DF-SC-85-12044.JPEG|thumb|Quett Masire a etetse America ka ngwaga wa 1984]] Morago ga loso lwa ga Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa 1980, Mothusa-Tautona Quett Masire o ne a nna tautona wa Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;117.</ref> Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego ka go tlhatlhama ga ga Khama, Masire o ne a tshegetsa mafaratlhatlha a puso a a neng a thusa go a aga le go boloka tumelo mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;182.</ref> Go ritibatsa morafe wa ga Khama wa Ngwato le merafe e mengwe ya bokone, Masire o ne a tlhoma ntsalae Khama, [[:en:Lenyeletse_Seretse|Lenyeletse Seretse]], go nna mothusa-tautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;232.</ref> Kakanyo e e neng e tlwaelesegile mo gare ga BaNgwato e ne e le gore morwa Khama, [[:en:Ian_Khama|Ian Khama]], o ne a tshwanelwa ke bo tautona. Fa Lenyeletse a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1983, Masire o ne a tlhopha [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] go tsena mo boemong jwa gagwe. Gompieno o ne a tlhopha mongwe go tswa mo morafeng wa borwa, gore a se ka a tlhoma sekao sa gore tautona le mothusa-tautona ka nako tsotlhe ba tshwanetse go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di fapaaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;233.</ref> Botswana e ne e le karolo ya Khonferense ya Kgokaganyo ya Tlhabololo ya Borwa jwa Aforika e e neng ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1980 go tlhama mmaraka wa borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":78" /> Setšhaba se ne sa amiwa ke [[:en:Early_1980s_recession|kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980]].<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Jwaneng_diamond_mine|Moepo wa diteemane wa Jwaneng]] o simolotse go dira ka ngwaga wa 1982, wa nna moepo o o dirang dipoelo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng. [[:en:University_of_Botswana|Mmadikolo wa Botswana]] o tlhomilwe ka one ngwaga o o neng o kgaogana le [[:en:University_of_Botswana,_Lesotho_and_Swaziland|Mmadikolo ya Botswana, Lesotho le Swaziland]].<ref name=":78" /> Ditlhabololo tsa semolao ka ngwaga wa 1982, Molawana wa Thuso ya Matlole le go dira gore tiro ya kgwebo gore e nne ya ka fa molaong ke badiredipuso, di ne tsa tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya naga mme gape tsa gagamolola melawana e e neng e tla thibela bonweenwee.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;127, 129.</ref> Jaaka fa puso ya batho le batho le kgolo ya itsholelo di itshupile e le diphetogo tsa paka e telele, Botswana e ne ya itsege jaaka "kgakgamatso ya Aforika".<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Kganetso e e nonofileng kgatlhanong le puso e e laolwang ke lekoko la BDP e ne ya tlhagelela la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go fenya ditlhopho tsa selegae, ditlhopha tsa dikgatlhego tsa simolola go tlhamiwa, mme makwalo a dikgang a matlhano a magolo a a kgatlhanong le lekoko la BDP a simolola go gatisiwa.<ref name=":64" /> Pele e ne e ikaegile ka tshegetso ya merafe e e rileng, lekoko la BNF le ne la bona tshegetso mo setlhopheng sa badiri.<ref name=":84" /> Ka ditlhopho ka kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1984, e ne e le lekoko kganetso le le gaisanang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;712.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya ama Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa1982 go fitlhela ka ngwaga wa 1987, mme ya tlhoka thuso ya dijo ya puso go ka nna karolo ya masome a marataro le botlhano mo lekgolong ya Batswana ba kwa magaeng.<ref name=":87">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;82.</ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba ga Masire ba ne ba mo amanya le komelelo e ka e ne e tsamaisana le tshimologo ya botautona jwa gagwe, ba akantsha gore Khama o ne a na le taelo ya bomodimo e Masire a neng a se na yone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;203.</ref> Mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1980, madirelo a ditaemane a ne a fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa yone ka karolo ya masome a matlhano le boraro mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya tlhagiso ya bosetšhaba.<ref name=":76" /> Ka nako e, itsholelo ya setšhaba e ne ya nonoha mo e leng gore baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba rotloediwa go tlhopha [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|temothuo ya go]] [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|itshidisa]] kgotsa go fuduga go ya go dira kwa Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":84" /> [[:en:Entrepreneurship|Bogwebi]] bo ne jwa anama thata, bogolosegolo mo badiring ba pele ba puso ba ba neng ba tswa mo [[:en:Public_sector|lephateng la puso]] go ya kwa lephateng la [[:en:Private_sector|e]] [[:en:Private_sector|seng la puso]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Thuto ya mahala ya [[:en:Secondary_education|sekole se segolwane]] ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1989.<ref name=":87" /> [[:en:Trade_union|Mekgatlho ya badiri]] le [[:en:Special_interest_group|ditlhopha tse di kgethegileng tsa dikgatlhego]] tse dingwe di ne tsa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go tlhotlheletsa melawana ya setšhaba, le fa gantsi puso e ne e sa batle go di amogela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], pp.&#x20;85–86.</ref> E tsibogetse mokgatlho o o neng o gola wa badiri ka go fetisa dithibelo tse di bokete mo mekgatlhong ya badiri ka ngwaga wa 1983.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dingwaga di le lesome gape o ne wa tlhagisa mekgatlho ya go amogela merafe e mennye, go gana boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba jwa Motswana.<ref name=":80" /> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, Aforika Borwa e ne ya simolola ditlhaselo tsa sesole mo Botswana go batla batlhabani ba Aforika Borwa. Go tsibogela dikgobalo tsa baagitse di neng tsa direga, puso ya Botswana e ne ya oketsa tiriso ya madi mo sesoleng.<ref name=":93">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;112.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> E ne gape ya fa sesole tiro ya go sireletsa diphologolo tsa naga le go tsenya mo tirisong molao o o kgatlhanong le go tsoma mo go seng ka fa molaong go tsibogela kotsi e e tlisiwang ke batsomi ba ba tshotseng dibetsa.<ref name=":94">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Palo ya ntlha ya [[:en:HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana|mogare wa segajaja]] mo Botswana e ne ya lemogiwa ka ngwaga wa 1985, mme mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang lefatshe ;e ne la nna lone le le neng la amega thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;265.</ref> [[:en:Life_expectancy|Botshelo jo bo solofetsweng]] mo Botswana bo ne bo tla wela tlase tswa go masomeng a maratarole bosupa go ya kwa masomeng a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 1997.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;175.</ref> Phetogo e e gakgamatsang mo tsamaisong ya botsogo ya Botswana e ne ya latela go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1980 le bo 1990; Bongaka jwa Bophirima bo ne jwa tlotliwa thata mmogo le kalafi ya setso, mme go ne ga tlhongwa dikokelo tse e seng tsa puso go nna mmogo le dikago tse di tsamaisiwang ke puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> [[:en:Early_1990s_recession|Kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1990]] e ne ya ama Botswana.<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Attorney_General_of_Botswana_v._Unity_Dow|Tsheko e e botlhokwa ya kgotlatshekelo ya molaomotheo]] e e neng ya tlisiwa ke Unity Dow e ne ya felela ka katlholo ka ngwaga wa 1991 ya gore bana ba ka fiwa boagedi mo go bomme ba bone ga mmogo le borraabone, e e neng ya amogelwa go nna molao ka Molao wa Boagi wa 1995.<ref name=":88">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xx.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang sa Kgabo se ne sa tshwarwa ka ngwaga wa 1991 go batlisisa lekgotla la kabo ditsha tsa lefatshe tsa puso, mme sa fitlhela gore go dirilwe ditlolomolao tsa maitsholo a a siameng ke mothusa-tautona Peter Mmusi le mokwaledi wa kakaretso wa lekoko la BDP [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]], ba bobedi jwa bone gape e neng e le maloko a setlhopa sa ditona tsa puso ya Botswana.<ref name=":89">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;346.</ref><ref name=":90">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;333.</ref> Ka go lebana le go galefa mo pusong le mo setšhabeng, bobedi jwa bone ba ne ba rola tiro.<ref name=":90" /> Go wa mo go ne ga tlhola ditlhopha tse pedi tse di kgaoganeng mo teng ga lekoko, e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke maloko a mabedi a pele a setlhopa sa ditona (Ba babedi ba bagolo),<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;333–335.</ref> mme e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke baganetsi ba bona (ba batlhano ba bagolo): [[:en:Festus_Mogae|Festus Mogae]], Bihiti Temane, Chapson Butale, [[:en:Gaositwe_Chiepe|Gaositwe Chiepe]], le moeteledipele wa bona [[:en:Mompati_Merafhe|Mompati Merafhe]].<ref name=":91">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;235.</ref> Se se ne sa aga mo dikgotlhang tse di neng di godile fa gare ga boeteledipele jwa borwa jwa BLP le kokomana e ntšhwa ya boradipolotiki go tswa kwa bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], pp.&#x20;233–234.</ref> Masire o ne a tlhopha Mogae go nna mothusa- tautona yo mosha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;334.</ref> Ka go tshwenyega ka kgonagalo ya go tlwaetsa bonweenwee, Masire o ne a thapa mothusa- mogolwane wa [[:en:Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)|setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang e e Ikemetseng ya Hong Kong e e Kgatlhanong le Bonweenwee (Hong Kong)]] go tlhama mokgatlho o o tshwanang mo Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;222.</ref> [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Bokaedi jwa Bonweenwee le Bosenyi jwa]] [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Itsholelo]] bo ne jwa tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, mme lekgotla la kabo ditsha le ne la tlhamiwa go reetsa boikuelo jwa ditshwetso tsa kabo ditsha ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Boemo jwa lekoko la BDP jaaka lekoko le le laolang bo ne jwa amogela kgwetlho ya jone ya ntlha e e masisi ka ntlha ya Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlsisa kgota go sekaseka dikgang ya Kgabo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;249.</ref> Matlhabisaditlhong le go kgaogana mo go neng ga nna teng mo lekokong la BDP go ne ga dira gore lekoko la BNF le nne lekoko la kganetso le le gaisanang thata morago ga ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;335–336.</ref><ref name=":89" /> Ka go mathata a a oketsegileng a go tsenngwa ga ditoropo go fokotsa motheo wa BDP kwa metseselegaeng, makoko a kganetso a ne a na le bonnye jo bo bonalang mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa ga Mmusi, Kwelagobe o ne a ikgolaganya le [[:en:Ponatshego_Kedikilwe|Ponatshego Kedikilwe]], mme ba bopa setlhopa se sennye sa Barata-Phathi sa lekoko la BDP. Ba batlhano ba bagolo ba ne ba nna setlhopa se sennye sa A-Team.<ref name=":89" /> Botswana e ne ya solegelwa molemo ke go khutla ga puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, ka puso e ntšhwa e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Aforika e ne e sa thibele kgolo ya Botswana kgotsa go tsenelela mo ditirong tsa sesole go kgabaganya molelwane.<ref name=":81" /> Fa kgaolo e ntse e tlhomama, ditlhabololo tsa itsholelo tse di tshwanang le mabentlele a magolo, kakanyo e e sa netefadiwang ya dithoto, le bojanala jwa baagi di ne tsa atologa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;675.</ref> Morafe wa Ngwaketse o ne wa nna le kgotlang le puso ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa 1994, fa tona ya pusoselegae le mafatshe Patrick Balope a ne a latofatsa kgosi Seepapitso wa bone ka go palelwa ke go diragatsa ditiro tsa gagwe mme a laela gore kgosi e emisiwe—e leng go emisiwa ga bobedi ga puso ya ga Seepapitso.<ref name=":83" /> Morwa wa ga Seepapitso e bong Leema o ne a amogela go tlhomiwa go dira tiro eo, kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa ga Seepapitso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;141–142.</ref> Morafe o ne wa lwantshana le kgang ya go nna semolao mo go sa tlhaloganyesegeng ga ga Leema le poifo ya gore setso sa morafe ga se kitla se tlhola se lemogiwa, mme go tlosiwa ga gagwe go ne ga nna kgang ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;142–143.</ref> Seepapitso o ne a tsenya kganetso ya semolao, mme kgotlatshekelo ya atlhola ka Tlhakole a tlhola malatsia le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 1995 gore le fa go tlosiwa ga ga Seepapitso go ne go le ka fa molaong, go tlhomiwa ga ga Leema go ne go se kafa molaong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;145.</ref> Ka maatla a go tlhoma a ne a buseditswe mo morafeng, ba ne ba gana go tlhopha moeteledipele yo mosha jaaka tsela ya go ikuela. Puso e ne ya ineela mme ya letlelela Seepapitso go busediwa mo tirong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;145–146.</ref> [[:en:Ritual_murder|Polao ya dipheko]] ya ga [[:en:Segametsi_Mogomotsi|Segametsi Mogomotsi]], mosetsana wa dingwaga di le lesome le bone wa kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]], e diragetse ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 1994. Dikhuduego tsa loago di ne tsa tsoga fa babelaelwa bao, ba e neng e le borakgwebo le boradipolotiki ba ba humileng, ba ne ba gololwa ka ntlha ya go tlhoka bosupi. Mo dikgweding tse di latelang, go ne ga nna le ditshupetso le dikhuduego tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke baithuti kgatlhanong le tiriso ya ditiro tsa masaitsiweng tse di tshwanang le polao ya dipheko go bona khumo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;286–290.</ref> Go tlhagoga ga bolwetse jo bo [[:en:Contagious_bovine_pleuropneumonia|tshelanwang jwa pleuropneumonia ya dikgomo]] ka ngwaga wa 1995 go ne ga baka dintsho tsa dikgomo di le dikete tse makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi .<ref name=":88" /> Molao wa Temothuo wa ngwaga ya 1995 o ne wa atolosa thulaganyo ya go dira lefatshe la baagi la le e seng la puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Merafe e mennye e ne ya tswelela go kgaratlhela go lemogiwa go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;163–164.</ref> Puso e simolotse go ntsha batho ba Basarwa mo [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|Lefelong la Diphologolo la Kalahari]] [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|la Bogare]] ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Le fa e ne e nganga gore maikaelelo e ne e le go thusa go kopanya baagi ba ba neng ba le kgakala thata, mme e neelana ka leruo go rotloetsa tirisanommogo, mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba e ne ya pega molato puso ka go pateletsa le go [[:en:Forced_displacement|fudusiwa ka dikgoka]] ga batho go dira sebaka sa meepo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;11–12.</ref> Maiteko a ntlha a magolo a semolao a go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa merafe e mennye a ne a tswa mo tshitshinyong ya ngwaga wa 1995 kwa palamenteng ya go tlhalosa molaomotheo jaaka o o sa tseyeng letlhakore mo merafeng, mme o ne wa bewa mo tafoleng. Mokgatlho wa Kamanakao o ne wa tlhamiwa ka one ngwaga oo ke morutegi [[:en:Lydia_Nyati-Ramahobo|Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo]] go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa [[:en:Yeyi_people|batho ba Yeyi]].<ref name=":95">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;215.</ref> Motseletsele wa diphetogo tsa puso le tsa ditlhopho di ne tsa tsenngwa mo tirisong mo dingwageng tsa bofelo tsa bo tautona jwa ga Masire. Tlhokomelo ya ditlhopho e ne ya fetisediwa kwa setheong se se ikemetseng, dingwaga tsa go tlhopa di ne tsa fokodiwa go tswa ko masomeng a mabedi le bongwe go ya ko lesomeng le borobabobedi , go [[:en:Postal_voting|tlhopa ka poso]] go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong, mme ga tsenngwa tirisong melawana ya go sireletsa [[:en:Labour_rights|ditshwanelo tsa badiri]] le [[:en:Gender_equality|tekatekano ya bong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;168.</ref> Masire o ne a eletsa go tlhama [[:en:Order_of_succession|tatelano e e tlhomameng ya]] [[:en:Order_of_succession|go tlhatlologana]] mo bogosing le go netefatsa gore motlhatlogi wa gagwe yo a mo tlhophileng mothusa Tautona Mogae e nna tautona, ka jalo o ne a dirisana le mmueledi Parks Tafa go kwala paakanyo ya molaotheo. Se se ne sa tsenya tirisong tatelano e e itirisang le [[:en:Term_limit|melelwane ya paka]] ya botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;337–338.</ref> O ne a pateletsa paakanyo ka boene.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;304–305.</ref> Go fetola itsholelo ya lefatshe, go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong tsamaiso ya nakwana ya go nna le [[:en:Tripartism|makoko a mararo]] go kopanya puso, lekalana le e seng la puso, le baemedi ba badiri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;169.</ref> Fa lekoko le ne le tlhopha maloko a komiti ya lone ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1997, kotsi ya go nna le ditlhopha e ne ya gola mo e leng gore Masire o ne a phimola ditlhopho tsa lone tse di mo teng ga mokgatlho mme a dira gore ditlhopha di mo fe manaane a maina.<ref name=":91" /> === Puso ya ga Festus Mogae === [[Setshwantsho:George Bush with African national leaders February 26, 2002.jpg|thumb|Festus Mogae mmogo le botautona ba mafatshe a sele [[:en:Joaquim_Chissano|Joaquim Chissano]], [[:en:George_W._Bush|George W. Bush]] le [[:en:José_Eduardo_dos_Santos|José Eduardo dos Santos]] ka ngwaga wa 2002]] Masire o ne a tlogela tiro ya botautona ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le ngwe ka ngwaga wa 1998, mme a latelelelwa ke mothusa tautona Festus Mogae.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;338.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya tshwetso e e neng ya tsosa kganetsano ya go tlhoma Ian Khama, molaodi wa sesole le morwa Seretse Khama, go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang,<ref name=":72" /> a fetisa kgetho ya gagwe ka go tshosetsa go phatlalatsa palamente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Le fa ba ne ba sa tseye letlhakore semmuso fa gare ga ditlhopha tsa lekoko la BDP, Mogae le Khama ka bobedi ba ne ba tlhaloganngwa e le batho ba bagolo mo gare ga A-Team.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;347.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1998 o ne wa bona nngwe ya dikgaogano tse dintsi mo teng ga lekoko la kganetso la BNF. E ne e kgaogane ka ditlhopha tse pedi: batho ba ba sa rateng diphetogo ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa loago le ba ba neng ba tswelela pele ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa puso ya batho ka batho ya loago. Dikhuduego kwa mokgatlhong wa lekoko di ne tsa dira gore batho ba ba neng ba rata kgatelopele ba kgaogane go nna lekoko la bone, [[:en:Botswana_Congress_Party|Botswana Congress Party]] (BCP), le le neng la nna lekoko le legolo la kganetso go fitlhela ba latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa manno a bone mo [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa]] [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 1999]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Kgaogano e ya kganetso, mmogo le diphetogo tsa selegae tsa dingwaga tse di fetileng, di ne tsa dira gore lekoko la BDP le boelwe ke ditilo dingwe tse e neng ya di latlhegelwa ka ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;168–169.</ref> Maloko a le mmalwa a borwa a boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BCP a ne a boela kwa lekokong la BNF morago ga gore maemo otlhe a a kwa godimo a tsewe ke batho ba bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;237.</ref> Go itlhatlosa go ya kwa maemong a merafe ya Tswana, batho ba Yeyi ba ne ba bitsa kgosi e e kwa godimo ka ngwaga wa 1999, fela se se ne sa se ka sa lemogiwa ke Molao wa Bogosi. Ba ne ba tlisa kgang eo kwa Kgotlatshekelong e Kgolo, e e neng ya tlhasela thulaganyo e e maleba ya molao e le e e tlhaolang.<ref name=":95" /> Mogae o ne a tlhoma setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang ka ngwaga wa 2000 go sekaseka kemedi ya merafe e mennye mo Ntlong ya Dikgosi, mme seo sa baka boipelaetso go tswa mo go ba ba neng ba ikutlwa gore Mogae o batla go nyatsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;239.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang se ne sa tlhomamisa gore Ntlo ya Dikgosi e tshwanetse go nna teng, mme ya bidiwa Setswana ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;216.</ref> Diphetogo tse dingwe tse di fetotsweng ga di a amogelwa morago ga go kgarametswa go tswa mo merafeng e megolo ya Batswana, bogolosegolo ba Ngwato.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;217–218.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, batho ba Kgatla-baga-Mmanaana ba ne ba bona kgosi ya bone Gobuamang Gobuamang wa bobedi a amogelwa semmuso jaaka kgosi e nnye mo teng ga kgaolo ya Kwena kwa ba nnang teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;177.</ref> [[:en:Botswana–Namibia_border|Molelwane wa Botswana le Namibia]] o ne wa tsena mo kganetsanong ka ngwaga wa 1999 fa mafatshe ka bobedi a ne a batla kgaolo mo [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Mopakong wa Caprivi]].[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;xx–xxi.</ref>] Ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000, Botswana e ne ya beeletsa thata mo go tlhabololeng sesole sa mowa.<ref name=":93" /> [[:en:Botswana_Television|Setshwantso sa motshikinyego sa Botswana]] se tlhomilwe ka ngwaga wa 2000. Lentswe tsa Tsodilo le ne la nna [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|Lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe]] ka ngwaga wa 2001. Batho ba Basarwa ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao ka ngwaga wa 2002 go ganetsa go ntshiwa ga bona kwa Central Kalahari Game Reserve, fela kgang e sekisiwang e ne ya tlhokomologiwa. [[:en:Mosadi_Seboko|Mosadi Seboko]] wa [[:en:Lete_people|morafe wa]] [[:en:Lete_people|Balete]] o ne a nna moeteledipele wa ntlha wa mosadi wa morafe ka ngwaga wa 2003.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xxi.</ref> Mogae o ne a dira gore mongwe wa batshwayadiphoso ba ba tlhageletseng thata ba puso, [[:en:Kenneth_Good_(political_scientist)|Kenneth Good]], a lelekwe mo lefatsheng la gagwe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], pp.&#x20;333–334.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;226–227.</ref> [[:en:Three_Dikgosi_Monument|Sefikantswe sa Dikgosi tse Tharo]] se ne sa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;680.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya bolwetsi jo bo anameng lefatshe la HIV/AIDS e le kgang e e botlhokwa thata ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Go e lwantsha, o ne a dira gore dikalafi tsa [[:en:Antiretroviral|diantiretroviral]] tsa HIV/AIDS di nne teng mahala.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;225.</ref> === Puso ya ga Ian Khama === [[Setshwantsho:London Conference on The Illegal Wildlife Trade (12499797834).jpg|thumb|Kopano ya ga Ian Khama le [[:en:William_Hague|William Hague]] kwa Lontone]] Ian Khama o ne a latela mo maemong a botautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Mogae ka kgwedi ya Moranang a le letsatsi le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref name=":96">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mokgwa wa gagwe wa boeteledipele o ne wa phatlaladiwa jaaka o o latelang "di-D tse nne": puso ya batho ka batho, tlhabololo, seriti, le kotlhao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Fa a sena go nna mo setilong, o ne a rulaganya sešwa khuduthamaga ya setšhaba ka mokgwa wa tatelano, a kopanya maatla go dikologa botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;227–228.</ref> Khama o ne a gatelela tshireletsego ya setshaba mo tsamaisong ya gagwe. Ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo maemong a gagwe, Lekalana la Bosenodi le Tshireletsego le ne la itsege ka go dira ditlhodi tse di neng di tlhotlhelediwa ke dipolotiki le go tshwara baganetsi ba gagwe ba sepolotiki. O ne gape a tlhoma batho ba le mmalwa ba pele ba sesole mo pusong ya gagwe<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], pp.&#x20;714–715.</ref> Botswana o ne e sa amege thata mo [[:en:African_Union|Kopanong ya Aforika]] ka nako ya botautona jwa ga Khama, go na le moo e ne ya tlhagisa molawana wa mafatshe a sele a a neng e lebisitswe thata mo Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;190.</ref> Mathata a matlole a ngwaga wa 2008 a ne a gatelela itsholelo ya Botswana, e e neng ya nna e ikaegile ka meepo ya ditaemane le fa puso e ne e dira maiteko.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;202.</ref> Madirelo a diteemane a ne a fedisa kwelotlase e e tlhomameng fa e ne e tlhomama ka bokana ka karolo ya masome a mararo le borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tse di tlhagisitsweng tsa lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 2009.<ref name=":76" /> Taolo ya dikgosi e ne ya fetolwa ka ngwaga wa 2008 ka Molao wa Bogosi.<ref name=":92" /> Khama o ne a rotloetsa go neela dikgosi maatla ka leina la go busetsa kotlhao le maitsholo a setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], pp.&#x20;196–197.</ref> O ne a ntsha taelo e e neng ya oketsa dingwaga tsa go nwa tse di kafa molaong go nna masome a mabedi le bongwe, ya fa baeteledipele ba merafe e mennye maatla a go laela gore batho ba itewe, ya tlhama ditlhopha tsa mephato go nna balebedi, le go tsenya gape [[:en:Corporal_punishment_in_schools|kotlhao ya go itaya mo dikolong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Dikgosi di le mmalwa tse di sa tswang go tlhongwa di ne tsa tshegetsa melawana e mme tsa tsenya tirisong dikotlhao tse di gagametseng tsa badiraphoso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Gareng ga bone go ne go na le Kgafela wa bobedi, kgosana ya morafe wa Kgatla. Go dira gore batho ba gagwe ba nne le boitsholo jo bo tlwaelegileng, o ne a oketsa thata go itewa ga batho ba ba neng ba tlola molao. Kgafela le ba bangwe ba ba amegang ba ne ba pegwa molato wa bosenyi ka ntlha ya go dirisa kotlhao ka tsela e e sa siamang ka ngwaga wa 2010, mme kgotlatshekelo e ne ya kgaphela thoko kopo ya gagwe ya go sirelediwa, ya tlhomamisa gore dikgosi ga di na boipuso mme di laolwa ke molaotheo.<ref name=":97">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;157.</ref> Jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le tlhopha boeteledipele jwa lekoko la yone ka ngwaga wa 2009, Khama o ne a tlhoma batho ba le bantsi ba A-Team mo dikomiting tse potlana tsa lekoko le fa Barata-Phathi e ne ya fenya ka nako ya mokgatlho wa lekoko.<ref name=":97" /><ref name=":98">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;335.</ref> Fa mokwaledi mogolo wa lekoko leo, Rre [[:en:Gomolemo_Motswaledi|Gomolemo Motswaledi]] a ne a rerisana le babueledi go botsa gore a ditiro tsa ga Khama di ka fa molaong, Khama o ne a dira gore a sekegiwe mo komiting. Morago ga go isa kgang kwa kgotlatshekelo, go ne ga fitlhelwa gore tautona yo o mo maemong ao ga a kgone go sekisiwa semolao, mme Khama o ne a emisa Motswaledi mo BDP gotlhelele.<ref name=":98" />Mo tshimologong ya ngwaga wa 2010, Khama o ne a emisa mme morago a ntsha maloko a mangwe a le mmalwa a lekalana le le mo teng ga lekoko la Barata-Phathi mo lekokong BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], pp.&#x20;354–355.</ref> Se se ne sa baka go kgaogana ga ntlha ga BDP ka Mopitlwe fa lekoko la Barata-Phathi le ne le tswa mo lekokong go bopa Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Temokerasi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;345.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Molao wa Tirelosetšhaba o tsentswe tirisong ka ngwaga wa 2010, o dira gore badiredipuso ba dire ditshupetso ka ha molaong mo maemong mangwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mo ngwageng o o latelang, Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Mekgatlho ya Badiri (BOFEPUSU) o ne wa etelela pele ditshupetso tsa dikgwedi di le pedi mo gare ga badiredipuso ba lefatshe go batla tuelo ya karolo ya lesome le borataro mo lekgolong, mme puso ya tsiboga ka go ntsha diketekete tsa badiri mo maemong a bone.<ref name=":96" /> Go ntshiwa ga batho go ne go okametswe ke [[:en:Mokgweetsi_Masisi|Mokgweetsi Masisi]], Tona ya Merero ya Botautona.<ref name=":99">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Go ganetsa boemo jwa puso, BOFEPUSU e ne ya tlhofofatsa go kopanngwa ga makoko a magolo a kganetso go nna [[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC).<ref name=":96" /> Setlhopha se sešwa se se ne se eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Duma_Boko|Duma Boko]], yo o neng a tsere taolo ya BNF ka ngwaga wa 2010 mme a laola dipuo tsa yona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;715.</ref> Khama o ne a diragatsa diphetogo tse di nonofileng tsa tshomarelo ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe, bogolo jang mabapi le go tsoma. Le fa ba ne ba opa diatla kwa mahatsheng a mangwe le go bopa leina la Botswana jaaka "kgakgamatso e tala", ba ne ba kopana le go kgobega marapo mo nageng ka ntlha ya ditsela tse di neng di dirisiwa go tswa kwa godimo go ya kwa tlase, bogolosegolo go tswa mo go ba ba nnang mo mafelong a a tlhomilweng a tshomarelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Melawana e e ne e akaretsa go oketsega ga mekgwa ya sesole e e kgatlhanong le go tsoma diphologolo; digongwana tse di kgatlhanong le go tsoma di ne di tsentswe ditlhobolo tse di itirisang go tlaleletsa melawana ya go thuntsha go bolaya kgatlhanong le batho ba ba belaelwang gore ke batsomi.<ref name=":94" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boloka bontsi jwa yone mo lekgotleng la peomolao morago ga [[:en:2014_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopho tse di latelang]], mme e le lekgetho la ntlha e ne ya dira jalo ka bontsi fela jwa ditlhopo tsa batho.<ref>[[Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;705.</ref> Ian Khama o ne a tlhoma Masisi go nna mothusa tautona wa gagwe.<ref name=":99" /> Tshwetso e ne ya tsosa kganetsano ka ntlha ya go tlhoka maitemogelo ga ga Masisi fa go bapisiwa le ditlhopho tse dingwe tse di ka kgonegang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Go ya ka Mogae, Masisi o ne a tlhophiwa ka tlhaloganyo ya gore o tla tlhoma [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|Tshekedi Khama]] [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|wa bobedi]] go nna mothusa tautona morago ga go tsaya botautona ka boene.<ref name=":99" /> Botsalo Ntuane o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Mokwaledi Mogolo wa lekoko la BDP ka ngwaga 2015 mo seraleng sa twantsho tshenyetso setshaba le phetolo ya ditlhopho. Se se ne sa tshosetsa tlholego e e tseneletseng ya lekoko la BDP, mme Ntuane a bona mmaba wa sepolotiki kwa Masisi.<ref name=":99" /> Khama o ne a le bobaba mo bobegadikgannyeng, bogolo jang mo mafelong a a neng a sa dumalane le ditiro tsa puso ya gagwe. O ne a na le babegadikgang ba babedi ba ba neng ba latofadiwa ka [[:en:Sedition|botsuolodi]] ka ngwaga wa 2017, mme moragonyana ditatofatso di ne tsa latlhiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;714.</ref> === Puso ya ga Mokgweetsi Masisi === [[Setshwantsho:Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference London 2018 (45245990491).jpg|thumb|Mokgweetsi Masisi a bua kwa bokopanong jo bo neng bo bua ka kgwebisano e e seng ka fa molaong ya diphologolo tsa naga kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:London|London]] ka ngwaga wa 2018]] Masisi o ne a nna tautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Khama ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2018. Fa ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2019_Botswana_general_election|kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 2019]] di ntse di atamela, Masisi o ne a tlhama setshwantsho sa go ipharologanya le Khama, a itlhagisa jaaka motho yo o [[:en:Anti-corruption|lwantshanang le bonweenwee]] fa a ntse a tshegetsa bobegakgang le BOFEPUSU.<ref name=":02">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;716.</ref><ref name=":02" /> Letsholo la gagwe la go lwantsha bonweenwee le ne la felela ka go tshwarwa ga ga Isaac Kgosi, yo o neng a eteletse pele Bokaedi jwa Botlhodi le Tshireletso mo pusong ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;717.</ref><ref name=":110" /> Masisi o ne a tswelela ka go busetsa morago bontsi jwa melawana ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110" /> Gareng ga tse e ne e le go phimolwa ga melawana ya tshomarelo, go akaretsa le thibelo ya go tsoma e e neng e tsoma e e neng e lebisitswe mo kgwebong ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|manaka a tlou]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;23–24, 33–34.</ref> O ne gape a okametse go fedisiwa ga go tsewa go ratana ka bong bole bongwe e le molato.<ref>Rotberg 2023, pp.&#x20;228–229.</ref> Fa se se ntse se tsweletse, Masisi le Khama ba nna baganetsi go na le go nna balekane. Khama o ne a leka go thapa [[:en:Pelonomi_Venson-Moitoi|Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi]] go nna ntlhopheng yo mongwe wa BDP kgatlhanong le Masisi, mme fa seo se palelwa, o ne a itlhomela lekoko la gagwe, la [[:en:Botswana_Patriotic_Front|Botswana Patriotic Front]] (BPF).<ref name=":99" /><ref name=":110" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boelwa ke bontsi jwa ditlhopho tsa batho ka ngwaga wa 2019,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> mme ditlhopho di ne tsa senngwa ke kgatelelo ya puso le diphuruphutsho tsa nako le nako kgatlhanong le batho ba kganetso. Lekoko la UDC le ne la gwetlha maduo, mme ga di a atlega.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;308.</ref> Diphetogo tsa kgaolo di ne tsa fetoga ka ngwaga wa 2019 jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le latlhegelwa ke thotloetso nngwe kwa bokone fa e ntse e oketsa tlhotlheletso ya yone kwa borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;231.</ref> Ditlhopho gape di ne tsa bona lekokokganetso le legolo, BNF, le latlhegelwa ke BCP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> Jaaka ditšhaba di le dintsi, [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana|Botswana e ne ya bona kwelotlase e e kgolo ya tsholelo ka nako ya tlhaselo ya bolwetsi jwa COVID-19]], mme lefatshe le ne la nna [[:en:COVID-19_lockdowns|mo thibelong ya metsamao]] bontsi jwa ngwaga wa 2020 le ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;309.</ref> Mofuta wa SARS-CoV-2 Omicron o ribolotswe kwa Botswana moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Maikutlo a a kgatlhanong le makula a ne a anama ka setšhaba sa makula kwa Botswana se ne se humile thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;310.</ref> Khama o ne a tshabela kwa lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa a le kwa botshabelo ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele ka ngwaga wa 2021, mme puso ya Botswana ya mo latofatsa ka go nna le dibetsa e se ka fa molaong ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;311–312.</ref> === Puso ya ga Duma Boko === [[Setshwantsho:Secretary Rubio Meets with Botswana President Boko (54371806715).jpg|thumb|Duma Boko o ikanisa tumalano le lefatshe la Amerika ka ngwaga wa 2025]] Lekoko la [:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change][[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC) le nnile lekokokganetso la ntlha mo Botswana go tsaya puso morago ga phenyo ya lone mo [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa]] [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 2024]] , mme se sa fedisa dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi tsa puso ya [[:en:Botswana_Democratic_Party|lekoko la Botswana la batho ka batho]] (BDP).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMuiaZane2024|Muia &#x26; Zane 2024]]</ref> Mo puisanong ya gagwe ya ntlha ya Maemo a Setšhaba ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2024, Duma Boko o boletse gore puso ya gagwe e tla kgaratlhela go oketsa dipeeletso mo maatleng a letsatsi, [[:en:Cannabis|motokwane]] ya kalafi le mofuta wa motokwane o o lengwang ka lebaka la madirelo. O ne gape a itsise ditirisano le [[:en:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] go atolosa phitlhelelo ya mafaratlhatlha a maranyane e e teng lefatshe ka bophara ka [[:en:Starlink|Starlink]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFFrance242024|France24 2024]]</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2025, Botswana e ne ya romela sathalaete ya yone ya ntlha, e leng [[:en:BOTSAT‑1|BOTSAT‐1,]] kwa lefaufaung.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRanjan2025|Ranjan 2025]]</ref> [[:en:Duma_Boko|Boko]] o ne a tsenela go itsisiwe semmuso ga sathalaete, e e neng ya tshwarelwa kwa mafelong a [[:en:SpaceX|SpaceX]] kwa lefatsheng la United States.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNamunwa2025|Namunwa 2025]].</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Lekwalokwalo la Botswana * [[Ngwao ya Botswana|Ngwao ya Batswana]] * Dipalopalo tsa Botswana * [[Itsholelo ya Botswana]] * Thutafatshe ya Botswana * [[Ditso tsa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Borwa jwa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Gaborone]] * [[Lenaane la dikgang tse di amanang le Botswana]] * Lenaane la dingwaga mo Botswana * [[Tlhaloso ya Botswana]] * Mola wa nako wa Botswana * Mola wa nako ya Gaborone * [[Dipolotiki tsa Botswana]] == Dintlhana tse di kwa tlase == <references /> == Metswedi == === Dibuka === * Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). Culture and Customs of Botswana. Greenwood Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-313-33178-7</nowiki>. OCLC 62118271. * Gulbrandsen, Ørnulf (2012). The State and the Social: State Formation in Botswana and its Precolonial and Colonial Genealogies. Berghahn Books. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85745-298-6</nowiki>. * Hillbom, Ellen; Bolt, Jutta (2018). Botswana – A Modern Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73144-5. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-73144-5</nowiki>. * Holm, John D.; Molutsi, Patrick P. (1992). "State-Society Relations in Botswana: Beginning Liberalization". In Hydén, Göran; Bratton, Michael (eds.). Governance and Politics in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 75–95. doi:10.1515/9781685853297. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-55587-285-4</nowiki>. * Jackson, Ashley (1999). Botswana, 1939-1945: An African Country at War. Clarendon Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-820764-1</nowiki>. * Leith, James Clark (2005). Why Botswana Prospered. McGill-Queen's University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7735-2821-5</nowiki>. * Molutsi, Patrick (2004). "Botswana: The Path to Democracy and Development". In Gyimah-Boadi, E. (ed.). Democratic Reform in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 159–182. doi:10.1515/9781685857325. <nowiki>ISBN 9781685857325</nowiki>. * Nyamnjoh, Francis B. (2007). "'Ever-Diminishing Circles': The Paradoxes of Belonging in Botswana". In de la Cadena, Marisol; Starn, Orin (eds.). Indigenous Experience Today. Routledge. pp. 305–332. <nowiki>ISBN 9781003085690</nowiki>. * Rotberg, Robert I. (2023). "Botswana: Africa's Democratic Exception". Overcoming the Oppressors: White and Black in Southern Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–231. <nowiki>ISBN 9780197674239</nowiki>. * Samatar, Abdi Ismail (1999). An African Miracle: State and Class Leadership and Colonial Legacy in Botswana Development. Heinemann. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-325-00068-8</nowiki>. * Tlou, Thomas; Campbell, Alec C. (1997) [1984]. History of Botswana (2nd ed.). Macmillan Botswana. <nowiki>ISBN 9991278087</nowiki>. == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref name=":2"><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> 3e5gezvuhueegd2s0irqx2dfr92pcpo 53680 53678 2026-07-30T20:10:11Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Pre-colonial history" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366623313|History of Botswana]]" 53680 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditso tsa lefatshe la Botswana''' di akaretsa tsa bogologolo le tsa ngwao ya kgaolo, go diriwa kolone ya [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Bechuanaland Protectorate]], le go nna Republic of [[Botswana]] gompieno. Batho ba ntlha ba motlha wa gompieno go nna mo [[Botswana]] e ne e le Basarwa, temothuo e tlhabolotswe dingwaga di ka nna dikete pedi, le makgolo a mararo a a fetileng. Batho bantsho ba Bantu ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago ga loso lwa ga Keresete, fa [[Batswana]] ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago. Batswana ba ne ba kgaogana ka ditlhopha tsa merafe mo dingwageng tse di dikete tse di latelang fa diphudugo mo kgaolong di tswelela, tse di neng tsa baka [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]] mo lekgolong la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi. Go amana le lefatshe le le kgolo le le naleng dikarolo la Europe ga ntlha go diragetse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi lesome le borataro, mo go bakileng go diriwa Bakeresete ga batho ba kgaolo. Magosi a Batswana a a neng a na le thotloetso e kgolo a ne a ikopela go nna mo tlhokomelong ya lefatshe la [[United Kingdom]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le botlhano ka ba ne ba itemogela matshosetsi go tswa kwa [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German South West Africa]] le mo Maburung. Batho ba Britain ba ne ba kgaoganya kgaolo go nna merafe e kgosi nngwe le nngwe e tlaa e etelelang pele, ba a fa dikgosi maatla a a fetang a ba neng ba na le one pele, mme ba ne ba nna le taolo e e lekanetseng fela mo lefatsheng. Puso ya Britain e ne ya nna le seabe se setlhagafetseng ka dinwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la ema nokeng go tsaya karolo ga Britain mo ntweng ya bobedi ya mafatshe, bontsi ba ne ba lwa e le bontlha jwa sesole sa [[Aferika|Aforika]] sa Auxiliary Pioneer Corps. Go lwela go laola go nnile teng ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a matlhano fa gare ga Kgosi ya [[Bangwato]] [[Seretse Khama]] le motlhatlhami wa gagwe [[Tshekedi Khama]]. Go nyala mosadi wa lekgoa ebong [[Ruth Williams Khama]] ga ga Seretse, go ne ga baka gore batho ba Britain ba mo thibele go nna mo [[Botswana]]. O ne a boa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a matlhano le borataro, ka a ne a na le kemo nokeng e kgolo, merafe e ne inaakanya le puso e e tlhophilweng fa letsholo la boipuso le tlhamiwa. Molao wa lefatshe o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le motso, ga tlhamiwa diphathi tsa polotiki. Seretse o ne a nna moeteledipele wa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Bechuanaland Democratic Party]], e e neng e bueletswe ke puso ya Britain go busa morago ga boipuso, e ne ya nna le kemo nokeng e e tsitsibanyang mmele mo ditlhophong tsa ntlha tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le botlhano. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la neelwa boipuso jo bo tletseng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro. Ka maikaelelo a a nonofileng, Seretse le phathi ya gagwe ba ne ba tlhama puso ya batho ka batho ya bophirima ba simolola go tlhabolola dikago mo lefatsheng le e neng e le lengwe la a a neng a humanegile thata ka nako eo. Go ne ga lemogiwa fa go na le diteemane ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabongwe, mo go neng ga bopa sesha itsholelo ya Botswana. Kompone ya meepo ya [[Debswana]] e tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi, lefatshe la Botswana la nna la itsholelo e e golang ka bofefo thata go gaisa a mangwe mo Botswana. Phathi ya sepolotiki ya Botswana Democratic e ne ya tswelela e le yone phathi e e busang go tswa ka nako ya boipuso go fitlhelela phathi ya [[Umbrella for Democratic Change]] e fenya ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone.]] == Ditso tsa pele ga bokolone == === Ditso tsa pele === [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo Hills rock paintings4.jpg|thumb|metako ya magaga kwa Tsodilo mo ditsong tsa pele]] Lefatshe la Botswana la gompieno e ne e le sekgwa fela dingwaga di le didikadike tse di lesome tse di fitileng, dinoka di ne di le ditona go fetisa gompieno, di tshela kwa [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|letsheng la Makgadikgadi]].<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou, Thomas]]; [[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Campbell, Alec C]]. (1997) [1984]. ''[[History of Botswana]]'' (2nd&nbsp;ed.). Macmillan Botswana. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/9991278087|&nbsp;<bdi>9991278087</bdi>.]]</ref> Batho ba sebopego sa ntlha sa Homo erectus ba ne ba nna mo kgaolong eo ka motlha wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997,]] p.&nbsp;14.</ref> Didirisiwa tsa lejwe mo Botswana wa gompieno, di tshwana le dilepe, di tswa go o lowe, dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fitileng.<ref name=":4">Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). [[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|''Culture and Customs of Botswana''.]] Greenwood Press. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33178-7|<bdi>978-0-313-33178-7</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#Identifiers_and_linked_data|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/title/62118271 62118271.]</ref><ref name=":0">Klehm, Carla (28 June 2021). "Archaeology of Botswana". ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History''. doi:[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61663/chapter/553401196 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.792]. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4|<bdi>978-0-19-027773-4</bdi>.]]</ref> Phudugo go ya sekakeng sa Kalahari go akanyediwa fa e diragetse pele ga legato la borataro dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro tse di fitileng.<ref name=":0" /> Letsha la Makgadikgadi le simolotse go fokotsega dingwaga di le dikete di le masome matlhano tse di fitileng.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;17.]]</ref> Bagolagolwane ba merafe e e sa amaneng ka gope ba ba bidiwang Basarwa fa ba kgobokantswe, ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome mane go tsena masome a mararo tse di fitileng. Ba ka tswa e le bone batho ba ntlha go nna mo motlheng wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&nbsp;18, 23.</ref> Ba ne ba itlhoma go bapa le dinoka ka dipaka tsa komelelo, mme ba phatlalale le kgaolo ka nako ya dipula.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&nbsp;24.</ref>Go ne go itsewe fa ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikaganyeditseng [[letsha la Makgadikgadi]], ga mmogo le [[Tsodilo]] le GI.<ref name=":1">[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;xv.</ref> Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba [[Nata]], Shua le Xani, go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref name=":2">Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;23.</ref>[[:en:Rock_art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse masome a mararo tse di fetileng,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Meepo ya specularite le hematite e simolotse ka nako e go tlhama dipente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;48.</ref> Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a leruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome mabedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":1" /> Thuto e e tseneletseng ya Aforika e e kwa borwa mo [[:en:Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Matlapa]] e ntse e lekanyeditswe.<ref name=":0" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[:en:Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba sala ka ditlhopha tse dinnye mme ba dira kgwebo le ba bangwe.<ref name=":2" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere tshimo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monna yo mogolo wa lelapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tse dikgolo, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela le go tshwara diphologolo tse dinnye.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Ditlhopha di ne di nyalana mme di dirisa thulaganyo ya magadi, xaro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete tse tse di fetileng, batho ba kgaolo eo ba ne ba tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana wa gompieno mme ba simolola go dira dinkgwana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;8.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;28.</ref>Temothuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga le go wela tlase fa seemo sa loapi le ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo di ne di dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;29–30.</ref>Gareng ga dijalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[:en:Pearl_millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[:en:Sorghum|mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[:en:Cowpea|dinawa tsa kgomo]], le dimela tsa lelapa la [[:en:Cucurbitaceae|cucurbits]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba Bantu ba ne ba [[:en:Bantu_expansion|fudugela kwa kgaolong]] e dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi le dingwaga dile selete le makgolo a matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong leno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;22–24, 28.</ref> [[:en:Kalanga_people|Batho ba Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba goroga c. 200 C.E.<ref name=":3">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Bagologolwane ba morafe wa ntlha wa [[:en:Tswana_people|Batswana]] (bongwe ''Motswana'', bontsi ''Batswana'') go fopholediwa fa ba gorogile c. 400 C.E.<ref name=":3" /> Batho ba ba Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didirisiwa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna mo ditseleng tsa metsi tsa leruri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;9.</ref> Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a leruri a matlo a ka nna lesome go fitlhela lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Pole-and-daga|dipale le mmu]] nngwe le nngwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa Khoisan e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;44–45.</ref> BaKhoisan le Bantu ba ka tswa ba ne ba gweba le go nyalana mo pakeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;36.</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlhela ka lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga === Setlhopha sa batho ba Zhizo, batho ba Taukome, ba ne ba goroga mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme ba nna fa gare ga [[:en:Shashe_River|Noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|Noka ya Serorome]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref><ref name=":5">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;10.</ref> Go nna le [[:en:Glass_bead|dipheta tsa galase]] go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo ya Lewatle la India]].<ref name=":5" /> Palo ya leruo le le ruiwang mo Botswana wa gompieno e ne ya oketsega thata fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa borobabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":4" /> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso ya morafe, e e bidiwang ''morafe'' (bontsi merafe), mongwe le mongwe o eteletswe pele ke kgosi e e bidiwang ''[[:en:Kgosi|kgosi]]'' (bontsi dikgosi).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Tsamaiso e e ne ya tlhagisa puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le tse dingwe mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;40.</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong, mme go nna mong wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho.<ref name=":6">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;11.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ditso tsa bogologolo tsa batho ba Tswana e sa ntse e sa itsiwe thata ka gonne go setse bosupi jo bonnye jwa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo.<ref name=":3" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Sekaka sa Kalahari]] ka makgolo ale borobabongwe morago ga ga Keresete,<ref name=":1" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong le le latelang la dingwaga, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng kwa Lewatleng la India.<ref name=":6" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Bangwe ba batho ba Eiland ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa ya gompieno go tsena mo Botswana wa gompieno mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Batho ba Toutswe, ba bangwe ba morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, ba bona khumo ya bona ka go nna le dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;13.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Go ne ga agiwa metse e meraro ya Ba-Toutswe kwa [[:en:Bosutswe|Bosutswe]], Sung, le [[:en:Toutswemogala|Toutswemogala]], mongwe le mongwe wa bone o ne o busa metse e mennye e e neng e e dikologile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 12, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba anametse kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;60.</ref> Boleng jwa ditlhagiswa bo ne jwa fetogafetoga fa kgwebisano e ntse e atolosiwa le ditšhaba di sele mme go ribololwa ga gauta go ne ga diragala, go fokotsa kgatlhego mo ditlhagisweng tsa sebilo le tsa diphologolo jaaka lonaka lwa tlou.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;27–28.</ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":7">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Merafe e e kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditiragalo tse mme e ne ya sala e sa amege thata.<ref name=":8">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Baagisani ba Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe le wa lesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard's Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":9">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> <ref name=":10">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;61.</ref>Ba tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[:en:Bambandyanalo|Bambandyanalo]], ba ne ba nna batho ba bagolo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe kwa ba neng ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;67–68.</ref> Ba ne ba bonela pele tlhotlheletso go ralala kgaolo fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> Batho ba Okavango Delta le batho ba Tsodilo mme morago ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bodulo mo nakong e, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke batho ba Khoe fela ba ba neng ba nna mo lefelong leo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou & Campbell 1997]], pp. 46, 81.</ref>Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro,<ref name=":11">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;14.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa mo nako e le nngwe.<ref name=":10" />Batho ba Mambo ba ne ba nna go dikologa [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]] ya gompieno mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo tikologong ya nako e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Batho ba segompieno ba Tswana, [[:en:Khalagari_people|Khalagari]], le [[:en:Sotho_people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo e ka nnang ka lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":12">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Ba-Khalagari ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana.<ref name=":13">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Batho ba Fokeng le bone ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi,<ref name=":14">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;93.</ref> mme batho ba Moloko ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro.<ref name=":12" /> Morafe wa tshimologo wa BaTswana, losika lwa bogosi lwa Phofu, o tlhodilwe kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro ke Mogale. Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, e ne ya kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa le merafe ya Bahurutshe, [[:en:Kwena_people|Kwena]], [[:en:Ngwaketse_people|Ngwaketse]], [[:en:Ngwato_people|Ngwato]], Tlharo, le batho ba ba [[:en:Ngwato_people|Kgatla]].<ref name=":13" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa ema mo boemong jwa Mapungubwe e le maatla a kgaolo ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro fa batho ba Gumanye ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[:en:Great_Zimbabwe|Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le le botlhokwa le ditsompelo tsa yone le go nna gaufi le lebopo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;77–78.</ref> Zimbabwe e ne e laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le teng mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana,<ref name=":15">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvi.</ref> mme kgwebisano ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo eo.<ref name=":11" /> Zimbabwe e ne e latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga, mme e ne ya wela mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Dinaga tse dingwe di le mmalwa di ne tsa tlhagelela morago ga go wa ga yone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo neng jwa bopiwa ke [[:en:Kalanga_people|merafe ya Kalanga]], bo ne jwa tsaya maemo a Zimbabwe mo molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;98–100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana le [[:en:Pedi_people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bone<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> mme [[:en:Rolong_people|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Morolong.<ref name=":13" /> Kgosi Masilo go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya bophirima jwa Tswana ka nako e, go fitlhela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga moo go bolelwa fa lefelo le le ne le busiwa ke Malope kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":14" /> === Lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell - Thlapingkaptein en sy vrou.png|thumb|Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1800]] Batho ba baTswana ba ne ba fuduga fa gare ga Botswana wa gompieno ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke batho ba naga le batho ba mmuso wa ga mmamosadinyana go tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":16">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;19.</ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga sekete le makgolo a le marataro.<ref name=":17">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, losika lwa ga Phofu, lo ne lwa wela tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;104.</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la lesome le botlhano le la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":11" /> Batho ba ba Kalanga ba ne ba laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[:en:Motloutse_River|Noka ya Motloutse]] le [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Letsha la Makgadikgadi]] go fitlhela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabobedi.<ref name=":7" /> Batho ba Hurutshe, Kgatla, le Kwena ba ne ba kgaogana le losika lwa segosi lwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo gare ga komelelo le dintwa tsa boswa, mme kgabagare ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;10.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Batho ba Ngwaketse le ba Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le boraro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;105.</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo ba ne ba nna mo Motlheng wa Bofelo wa Leje go fitlha mo e ka nnang mo lekgolong la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;22.</ref> Batho ba Botswana wa gompieno ba simolodistse ditsela tse di telle tsa motsamao ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa, e tsamaelwa dikilometara tse makgolo go rekisa,go tsoma le go itsalanya le batho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;108–109.</ref>Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana motlhofo abo e ipopa ka bongwe go tswa mo go ba bangwe ka gore dithoto tse dipotlana , le leruo tsa lefelo ne di kgona go tsmaisiwa motlhofo.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":16" />Merafe ya botlhabatsatsi e ne e tshabellwa ke go kgaogana ka ntlha ya seele se se tona gareng ga toropo le ditshimo.<ref name=":18">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;392.</ref>Kgaogano gareng ga ditlhopa tsa baTswana e nnile mo gareng ga ngwagakgolong ya lesome le bosupa, e tlhalosa merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":19">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;106.</ref>Merafe ya baTswana ba botlhabatsatsi e ne e nna e le maikaelelo a dintwa tsa [[:en:Griqua_people|batho ba Griqua]].<ref name=":18" /> Fa batho ba baTswana ba tswa bokone go ya Botswana wa borwa-bophirima wa segompieno ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa , ba ne ba nna mo metseng e e neng e nna batho ba Kgalagari, ba ba tshwaetsa kgotsa ba ba ntsha. Batho ba ba Kwena le merafe ya bone ya lekala ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa segompieno ka fa tlase ga taolo ya [[:en:Kgabo_II|Kgabo wa bobedi]] ba bo ba nna gaufi le motse wa [[:en:Molepolole|Molepolole]].<ref name=":19" />Go ya ka setso sa molomo, bapatole ba e leng batho ba Herero le Mbanderu ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathung ba Mbunda ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bosupa fa ntwa tsa leruo la batswana le ne le phatlalatsa ditlhopa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> le batho ba Bayeyi ba ne ba fudugela kwa Okavango Delta go ya kwa nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;8.</ref>Mo mafelong a mangwe, batho ba Kaa ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathong ba Rolong le batho ba Khurutse ba kgaogana le batho ba Bahurutshe, fa ditlhopa tsotlhe di fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":20">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;107.</ref>Batho ba Bashaga ba ne ba kopana le batho ba Kgalagari ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;110.</ref> State sa ntlha sa Tswana se tlhamilwe ke batho ba Ngwaketse bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi. Si state tse dingwe tsa Tswana di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka go latelana ke batho ba ba Kwena, batho ba Ngwato le batho ba ba Tawana mo dingwageng tse lesome tse nne di latela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;113.</ref> Ka se go ne ga tla ditlhabololo tsa ''mophato (''bontsi ''mephato),'' mephato ya sesole e e rulagantsweng k a dingwaga tsa setlhopa, gareng ga batho ba Tswana ba bophirima mo dingwageng tsa sekete le makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano''.''<ref name=":21">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;386.</ref>Batho ba le babedi ba Kgatla , batho ba Kgafela le batho ba ba Tlokwa, ba tsene mo nakong e ba bo ba tsaa taolo mo tikologong ya [[:en:Pilanesberg|Pilanesberg]] mo Aforika Borewng wa segompieno. Ba ne ba laola ka thata bontsi jwa batho mo lefelong leo mme ebile ba fentse dintwa tse pedi le batho ba Fokeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;390–391.</ref>Tiriso ya mephato e ne ya phatlatsega kwa bathong ba Tswana ba kwa botlhaba kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":21" />E ne e sa amogelwa go phutologilwe mo borwa === Difaqane === [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]], nako ya dintwa le phuduso mo borwa jwa Aforika , e diragetse kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi le tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;17.</ref> Mo nakong ye, batho ba baTswana ba ne ba le mo '''kgonegong''' ya dintwa ke ditlhopa di le dintsi ,di akaretsa [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Ndebele]], ba [[:en:Kololo_people|Kololo]], ba [[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]],<ref name=":8" /> ba Pedi, le ba [[:en:Voortrekker|Voortrekkers]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;391.</ref>Bontsi jwa ditlhopa tsa ba Tswana di itlhopetse go boela morago ko ntlheng ga go lwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;394.</ref>Sese ne sa trigger phudugo e e extensive e e ralalang lefelo, go baka gore morafe wa ba Tswana o phatlalale thata abo o simolodisa bolengteng jo bo nonofileng gareng ga territory ya Botswana wa segompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo [[:en:Hardveld|nageng e e thata]] e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Batho ba Kwena le ba Ngwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa motseng wa [[:en:South_African_Republic|Transvaal]] go ya kwa ''lefelong la motlhaba''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;18.</ref> Batho ba ntlha wa Kgatla go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, batho ba Mmanaana, o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[:en:Moshupa|Moshupa]] le [[:en:Thamaga|Thamaga]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53, 56.</ref> Ke fela bangwe ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba bolokwa mo go fudugeng kgotsa mo go kgorelediweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;393.</ref> Batho ba Kololo ba ne ba tlhasela merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa 1826, ba pateletsa BaKwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bona ka go farologana. Sebogo, molaodi wa morafe wa Ngwaketse, o ne a tsosa banna ba le dikete dile nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa Dithubaruba kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ba bolaya batlhabani le baagi, ba kobela ruri Bakololo mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;393–394.</ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma dinaga tsa yone gape ka dingwaga tsa bo 1840, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;31.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;693.</ref><ref name=":22">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;114.</ref> Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[:en:Kgotla|kgotla]]'', kopano ya dipuisano e mo go yone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a utlwa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagi ba banna pele a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref name=":34">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;695.</ref><ref name=":23">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1880, batho ba Tswana le ba Khalagari ba ne ba dirile Botswana yotlhe ya gompieno dikolone.<ref name=":20" /> === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe ba ne ba goroga lantlha mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|London Missionary Society]]. Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa dira go fetolela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":24">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Morongwa [[:en:Robert_Moffat_(missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya motse wa gagwe wa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa Botswana wa gompieno jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le Maburu gore ba se ka ba kgona go ya kwa teng.<ref name=":8" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a ne a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekeresete le go kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente e Kgologolo le e Ntšhwa ka bobedi di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa 1857.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;57, 65.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgopolo di le mmalwa tsa itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aforika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''mafisa'' ya bahumi ba adima bahumanegi dikgomo go ba ananya ka tiro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;701.</ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya dithoto tse di fhapegileng ka bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe , mme banna ba ba nyetsweng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le tshwanelo ya ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;698.</ref> Banna ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref> Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se lengwa thata mo kgaolong eo mo lekgolong la lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela komelelo e ne e raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Bagwebi ba lefatshe la Britain ba gorogile ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":24" /> Go tla ga baagi ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe ba ba neng ba nna gaufi le foo go ne ga dira gore merafe ya Batswana e kgone go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Sechele_I|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_I|wa ntlha]] wa batho ba Bakwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya lefatshe la Britain ya morafe wa gagwe.<ref name=":22" /> Morongwa wa kwa Scotland e bong [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o ne a goroga mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma lekgotla la [[:en:Kolobeng_Mission|Kolobeng Mission]]. Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe mo go bokete ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe mo merafeng ya Batswana fa ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano tsa dikontinente tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":15" /> Moaparo wa Bophirima o ne wa amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala ngwagakgolo otlhe mme o kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;120–121.</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a fa batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu.<ref name=":25">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa batho ba Kalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba lebana le kgotlhang go tswa mo ditlhopheng tse dingwe mo kgaolong, mme ya goroga kwa setlhoeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1850. Batswana ba le bantsi, bogolosegolo merafe ya Kwena le Ngwato, ba ne ba lwa kgatlhanong le merafe ya Maaforikanere le ya MaZulu kwa botlhaba jwa Sekaka sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;195.</ref> Ba-Kwena le Ba-Mmanaana ba ne ba lwantsha Maburu go tswa kwa Transvaal ka ngwaga wa 1852, ba sireletsa kgaolo ya bone mme ba fedisa go atologa ga setšhaba go ya kwa bophirima.<ref name=":26">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;396.</ref> Batswana ba ne ba bona ditlhopha tsa barongwa e le tsela ya go tshabela mo batlhaseding, ba rotloetsa go sokologela mo Bokereseteng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Sechele o ne a kopa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Britain ka 1853 go fedisa dintwa tsa kgaolo, mme o ne a ganwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;107.</ref> Baeng ba Europa ba ne ba tlwaelesegile thata mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga fa batsomi, batlhotlhomisi, le bagwebi ba ne ba batla dipoelo le go bona dilo tse di kgatlhang mo kgaolong eo.<ref name=":25" /> Ba le bantsi ba ne ba kwala [[:en:Travel_book|dibuka tsa maeto]] ka ga lefelo leo, tse e neng e le dingwe tsa dikgatiso fela tse e seng tsa thuto ka ga Botswana wa gompieno ka nako eo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;65–66.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1860, go fuduga go tswa mo kgaolong go ne ga oketsega fa banna ba Batswana ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya go bereka kwa meepong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Go ribololwa ga Masimo a [[:en:Tati_Goldfields|Gauta a Tati]] go ne ga tsosa go batla gauta ga ntlha ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe kwa Borwa jwa Aforika ka ngwaga wa 1868.<ref name=":24" /> Kampa ya pele ya meepo e e neng ya tlhongwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1870 e ne ya atologa thata fa e ne e nna lefelo le legolo la terena fa gare ga [[:en:Cape_Province|kgaolo ya Cape]] le [[:en:Bulawayo|Bulawayo]], mme ya nna toropokgolo ya ntlha ya Botswana, e leng [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;15, 29.</ref> Mo nakong e mo hisitoring ya Botswana, dikgosi tse dikgolo tsotlhe e ne e le Bakeresete.[92] Ntwa magareng ga Bakwena le BaKgafela ka ngwaga wa 1875.<ref name=":26" />Kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga di le lesome, kgosi [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa batho ba Ngwato o ne a gapa taolo ya kgwebisano ya Borithane mo bathong ba Kwena.<ref name=":22" /> == Tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland == ''Setlhogo se segolo: [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]'' Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e oketsegang ya lefatshe la Germany mo kgaolong, mme e ne ya dumela go bopa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]].<ref name=":27">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom & Bolt 2018]], p. 40.</ref><ref name=":28">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Makgowa a Britain a ne a eletsa go somarela tlhotlheletso ya yone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka a ne a neelana ka kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aforika.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Dikgosi tsa Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane ya Aforika Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maaforikaner]],<ref name=":29">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;161.</ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ya taolo ya Borithane e ne e le bokoloniale jwa baagi ke Jeremane.<ref name=":30">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;694.</ref> Ba ne ba eletsa gape go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Aforika Borwa kgotsa moeteledipele wa meepo [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa tshireletso e santse e iphitlhela e ikaegile ka Aforika Borwa mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe go nna lefatshe la merafe le le busiwang ke dikgosi le [[:en:Crown_land|lefatshe la segosi]] le le laolwang ke United Kingdom.<ref name=":29" /> Merafe e borobarobedi e ne ya amogelwa ke Maesemane fa go ne go tlhodiwa protectorate. Tse nne tse dikgolo di ne tsa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe: Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Gape go ne ga lemogiwa tse tharo tse dinnye: tsa Kgatla, tsa [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Tlokwa]] le tsa ga [[:en:Malete_people|Malete]]. Ba borobedi, ba Tshidi, ba ne ba fiwa lefelo la polokelo le le kgabaganyang molelwane magareng ga naga e e sireleditsweng le Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;30n1.</ref> Fa maloko a merafe e mennye e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe tsa bona.<ref name=":17" /> Go tsenngwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola mofuta wa puso ya Motswana, ka merafe e ne e sa tlhalosiwe thata mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka dikgaolo di kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;46–47.</ref><ref name=":31">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;24.</ref> Tshireletso kwa tshimologong e ne ya atologela kwa Ngwato, e fitlha go tswa go didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa go ya kwa [[:en:Molopo_River|Nokeng ya Molopo]], mme e ne ya atolosiwa go ya kwa didikiriing di le lesome le borobabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhela kwa Nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwaga wa 1890.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;30.</ref>Se se ne sa tlamela Maborithane ka badiri ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya yona mme sa bopa sekgoreletsi se segolo sa go lekanyetsa bokoloniale jwa Jeremane.<ref name=":32" /> Batho ba bangwe ba Tswana ba ne ba nna kwa borwa jwa tshireletso mme moragonyana ba ne ba tsenngwa mo Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":28" /> Batho ba ga Kgafela ba ne ba nna kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa 1887. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna seka-Kgatla.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53.</ref>Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa 1891 go tlhoma tshireletso semmuso.<ref name=":29" /> Puso ya yone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa mookamedi go nna tlhogo ya yone. Mookamedi o ne a fiwa dithata tse di anameng mo tshireletsong, fa fela a ne a tlotla molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> Motsemogolo wa yone e ne e le toropo ya Aforika Borwa ya Vryburg, go supa gore babusi ba bokoloniale ba ne ba sa nne mo tshireletsong mme ba ne ba sa amege ka tlhamalalo mo mererong ya yona.<ref name=":33">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;41.</ref>Go na le moo, mookamedi yo mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusa-baokamedi ba babedi, mme mookamedi wa kgaolo o ne a tlhofofatsa go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":35">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Go tsenngwa ga puso ya Borithane mo Aforikaborwa go ne go raya gore Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne e ikaegile ka yona mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;162.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore Bechuanaland Protectorate ke setheo sa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore e tla tloga e tsewa ke kolone ya Borithane.<ref name=":37">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;115.</ref> Fa go ntse jalo, e ne e dumela gore tshireletso e e kgonang go itshedisa e tla ja madi a mannye go e tlhokomela.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":41">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;108.</ref> Ka ntlha ya mabaka a, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya gapeletsa taolo e nnye fela e e tlhamaletseng ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland.<ref name=":23" /> Dikgosi di ne di akola dikgang tse mme tsa kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jo bo anameng, fela tshegetso ya bokoloniale e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka tumelelo ya merafe go tshegetsa puso.<ref name=":36">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;41–42.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;66–67.</ref>[ Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya seemanosi, se se neng sa baka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho le go tlhaola basadi le merafe e mennye.<ref name=":38">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;161–162.</ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa tshireletso === {{Multiple image|total_width=300|image1=Chief-khama-III.jpg|image2=Sebele I by Fritsch 1865.jpg|image3=Bathoen I in london1895.jpg|footer=Khama III, Sebele I le Bathoen I, ba ba neng ba kgona go tlhotlheletsa puso ya Borithane gore e se ka ya tsenya Bechuanaland Protectorate mo taolong ya Khamphani ya British South Africa.|direction=Horizontal}} Batho ba lefatshe la Britain ba ne a rulagantse gore kwa bofelong ba akaretse Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland mo Kopanong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":31" /> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso, United Kingdom e ne ya tsena mo dipuisanong le Cecil Rhodes go e tsenya mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aforika Borwa ya Borithane]].<ref name=":27" /> Fa ba araba, dikgosi tse tharo tse di nang le tlhotlheletso thata—Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, Sebele Iwa ntlha wa Ba-Kwena, le Bathoen wa ntlha wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto lwa bodipolomate go ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa1895 mme ba dira gore puso e se ka ya wetsa tumalano eo.<ref name=":33" /><ref name=":39">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvii.</ref>Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di dirisanang le makgoa a lefatshe la Briritsh jaaka setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref name=":40">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> mme sa kwala batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka setšhaba se le sengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[:en:Jameson_Raid|Jameson Raid]] ka yone e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba makgowa a lefatshe la British marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;30–31.</ref> Go ketekwa ga dikgosi tse go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aforika: ''Khamé'', ''Sebéle'' le ''Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa lefatshe la London ka one ngwaga oo. Mokwalo o o [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhagisitse tlhamane]] e e simolotseng ya gore merafe ya bone e meraro ka go farologana e tlhodilwe ke bakaulengwe ba bararo.<ref name=":42">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;670.</ref> Gape ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropong e nngwe ya Aforika Borwa, [[:en:Mafeking|Mafeking]],<ref name=":33" />mme kompone ya Marope a Bogologolo e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marope a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go batla gauta.<ref name=":32" /> Tshireletso e ne ya amiwa thata ke go runya ga bolwane mo diphologolong ya Aforika ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, ya latlhegelwa ke dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa leruo la yona le diphologolo tsa naga.<ref name=":39" /> [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|Seporo sa tshireletso se agilwe ka]] [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|ngwaga wa 1897]] jaaka mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tsosa [[:en:Pioneer_Column|setlhopa sa Babulatsela]] go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa Ngwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole.<ref name=":43">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la [[:en:Jameson_Raid|tlhaselo ya ga Jameson]] ka 1896.<ref name=":39" /> Morafe wa Kgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya [[:en:Boer_War|Ntwa ya Maburu]], o lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane.<ref name=":43" /> Itsholelo ya pele ya bokoloniale ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne ya nna e tshwana thata le itsholelo ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref /> United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata naga ya tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e fa Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka mo meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;42.</ref> Makgetho le one a ne a tsenngwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la ntlwana]] ka ngwaga wa 1899, le le neng la emisediwa ka [[:en:Poll_tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa 1909.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Lekgetho la selegae le ne la tsenngwa moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 1919.<ref name=":44">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;31.</ref>Makgetho a bokoloniale kwa Tshireletsong ya Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme se sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagi go ba rotloetsa go nna.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;43–44.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la akanyetsa go kopanya tshireletso mo Aforika Borwa jaaka e ne e [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|kopanya dikoloni tsa yona tsa borwa jwa Aforika]], fela kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":39" /> ya kopana ka ngwaga wa 1910.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;137.</ref> Boloko bo ne bo dira gore tshireletso e nne le karolo tse pedi mo lekgolong fela ya lotseno lwa bokopano.<ref name=":44" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1910, merafe yotlhe ya Batswana e ne e amogetse Bokeresete.<ref name=":24" />Bechuanaland e ne ya romela masole a le makgolo a le mmalwa go thusa Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya [[:en:World_War_I|Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya ntlha]].<ref name=":43" /> Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o ne wa iphitlhela o wela tlase ka nako eo, mme ka iketlo o ne wa latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso mo pusong e e neng e sireleditswe.<ref name=":42" /> [[:en:Sebele_II|Sebele wa bobedi]] o ne a nna kgosi ya Kwena ka ngwaga wa 1918, a tlhatlhama rraagwe, [[:en:Sechele_II|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_II|wa bobedi]]. Sechele II o ne a thulana le Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o o neng o laola, a letlelela go nna teng ga Anglican le go busetsa mekgwa e mentsi ya setso e e jaaka go nyala basadi ba le bantsi, go dira pula le ''[[:en:Bogwera|bogwera]]''. Sebele II o ne a tswelela ka kgwetlho ya ga rraagwe kwa Mokgatlhong wa Barongwa wa London, go ngongorega ga puso ya Borithane.<ref /> Puso e e gabedi ya dikgosi le tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya dira gore tsamaiso e nne thata, ka jalo tsamaiso e ne ya tlhama makgotla a mabedi a bagakolodi go lekalekanya balaodi bao.<ref name=":44" /> Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana (moragonyana Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Aforika) le ne la tlhongwa ka ngwagawa 1919.<ref name=":35" />Kopano e ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya dikgosi le batho ba bangwe ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso mo tshireletsong e ne ya letla puso ya Borithane go utlwa le go laola merafe mmogo go na le ka bongwe.[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;47–49.</ref>] Khama wa boraro wa Ngwato o ne a gana go tsaya karolo, a supa bokoa jwa tiragatso ya thibelo ya bojalwa mo morafeng wa borwa. Khama wa boraro o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1923<ref name=":45">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;230.</ref> mme a tlhatlhangwa ke [[:en:Sekgoma_II|Sekgoma]] [[:en:Sekgoma_II|wa bobedi]], yo o neng a direla go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1926.<ref name=":45" /> Morwa wa ga Sekgoma e bong [[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] o ne a sa ntse a le lesea, ka jalo [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama|Tshekedi Khama]] o ne a nna mmusi.<ref name=":46">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Tshekedi o ne a lemogwa jaaka moemedi wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> Fa Seretse a ntse a gola, Tshekedi o ne a gatelela gore a fiwe [[:en:Liberal_education|thuto e e gololesegileng]] go na le gore a romelwe kwa sekolong sa madirelo sa Rhodesia.<ref>Samatar 1999, p.&#x20;179.</ref> === Tlhabololo le tlhotlheletso e e oketsegileng ya Borithane === Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920, kgosi Isang Pilane wa batho ba Kgatla o ne a okametse sekema sa ntlha se segolo sa tlhabololo ya metsi sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland , a dira gore go epiwe metswedi ya metsi e le lesomethataro, mme di le supa tsa tsone di ne tsa nna ditlamelo tsa metsi tse di atlegileng. Tse e ne tsa tlwaelega thata mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang fa puso ya Borithane e ne e kgatlhegela go atolosa itsholelo ya tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;70.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930, Isang Pilane le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana ba ne ba dira gore dikhuti di nne tse di hapegileng, ka gonne di ne di sa tlhokomelwe ka fa tlase ga bong jo bo kopanetsweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], pp.&#x20;699–700.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya nna teng mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1930, ya bolaya go feta karolo ya masome a marataro mo lekgolong ya dikgomo tsa tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne ya tsaya karolo e e matlhagatlhaga mo pusong ya tshireletso go simolola ka ngwaga wa 1930.<ref name=":47">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;58.</ref><ref name=":41" />Mo ngwageng oo, e ne ya simolola go tlamela ka matlole ka tlhamalalo go tshireletso.<ref name=":48">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Charles Rey o ne a tlhomiwa go nna molaodi wa Moagi wa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, mme o ne a na le maikarabelo a go rulaganya itsholelo sešwa go dikologa dikgomo tsa go romelwa kwa ntle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;55–56.</ref> Maiteko a go fetola tshireletso go ya kwa tlhabololong ya meepo le temothuo ya kgwebo a ne a lekwa mme a bona a kgarametswa morago go tswa mo dikgosing.<ref name=":37" /> Molaodi wa Moagi Rey o ne a thulana le kgosi Sebele wa bobedi, mme a dira gore a lelekwe ka 1931. Sebele II o ne a emisediwa ka morwarraagwe yo mmotlana, Kgari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dikgato tse dingwe di ne tsa lekwa ke puso ya Borithane ka 1934 go thibela maatla a a sa laolweng a dikgosi morago ga go menolwa ga ga Sebele II. Dikgato tseno di ne tsa laela makgotla a bagakolodi a dikgosi di neng di tshwanetse go buisana le one mme di ne di batla gore puso ya Borithane e newe phitlhelelo ya direkoto tsa kgotlatshekelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;69–70.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;49.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Bathoen_II|Bathoen wa bobedi]] wa Ngwaketse le moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao mo maitekong a. Le fa kgotlatshekelo ya Borithane e ne ya atlhola kgatlhanong le kgwetlho, dipholisi tse dišwa ga di ise di ko di tsenngwe tirisong ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;72–73.</ref><ref name=":49">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Dithibelo tse dingwe di ne tsa amogelwa ka kgoeletso ya bokoloniale go lekanyetsa bokgoni jwa dikgosi go lefisa makgetho le go gapa dikgomo tse di timetseng.<ref name=":39" /> Molaodi yo mošwa wa baagi, [[:en:Charles_Arden-Clarke|Charles Arden-Clarke]], o ne a tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1936 mme a dira gaufi le dikgosi.<ref name=":49" /> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe II === Dipoifo tsa tlhaselo ya Jeremane kwa Bechuanaland di ne tsa gola pele ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi ka ntlha ya boemo jwa yone jwa togamaano fa gare ga dikoloni tsa Boritane tse di fa gare le tse di kwa borwa mo Aforika. Malatsi a le lesome le bongwe pele ga ntwa e itsisiwe, puso ya Borithane e ne ya tlhagisa naga e e sireleditsweng gore e nne e le mo seemong se se siameng, mme masole a sesole a ne a rulaganngwa. Malatsi a le manè morago ga gore Borithane e bolele ntwa kgatlhanong le lefatshe la Germany, Molaodi wa Moagi Arden-Clarke o ne a tshwara kopano le dikgosi kwa ba neng ba solofetsa go tshegetsa maiteko a ntwa ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> Letsatsi le le latelang, khomišene e kgolo e ne ya ntsha kgoeletso ya [[:en:Emergency_powers|dithata tsa tshoganyetso]] tse di neng tsa e fa taolo e e feletseng mo tirong ya setšhaba mo tshireletsong, fela dikgosi di ne tsa itsisiwe gore di tla nna le maikarabelo a bontsi jwa tiragatso le go boloka kagiso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;33–34.</ref> Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi di ne di batlile go se go nne le tshusumetso epe mo bathong ba Bechuanaland, mme bontsi bo ne bo na le kakanyo e e sa tlhamalalang fela ya gore ntwa e ne e le teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya ngotlega fa palo e kgolo ya baagi ba basweu ba ne ba ikwadisa mo Sesoleng sa Boritane. Ba ba neng ba setse ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo mo thulaganyong ya tshireletsego fa go ka direga gore borwa jwa Aforika bo nne letlhakore le lengwe mo ntweng.<ref name=":50">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;35.</ref> Kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa dikgosi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya rotloetsa Batswana ba ba neng ba eletsa go direla le Sesole sa Borithane go ikwadisa le Sesole sa Batswana sa Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Banna ba Batswana ba ka nna makgolo a supa ba ne ba ikwadisa le setlhopha seno.<ref name=":51">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Go tlhokomela Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland go ne ga nna selo se se kwa tlase mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya Kwelotlase e Kgolo ya itsholelo le Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi,<ref name=":41" /> mme tshireletso ga e a ka ya amogela matlole ape go tswa kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":48" /> Mmusomogolo wa Borithane o ne o na le taolo e nnye mo Bechuanaland fa o bapisiwa le dikgaolo tsa one tse dingwe, mme maiteko a Borithane a go laola tlhagiso ya nako ya ntwa mo tshireletsong a ne a sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;124.</ref> Ntwa e ne ya fetola thata itsholelo ya tshireletso fa e ntse e tswelela, ya tlhagisa tlhaelo, go aba dijo, le ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> [[:en:Profiteering|Go dira dipoelo]] le go [[:en:Price_gouging|fokotsa ditlhwatlhwa]] go ne go tlwaelesegile, mme puso ya bokoloniale, e e neng e sa kgone go gagamatsa [[:en:Price_control|ditaolo tsa ditlhwatlhwa]], e ne ya dirisa [[:en:Gentlemen's_agreement|ditumalano tsa banna]] le bagwebi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;138.</ref> Makgetho a ne a tlhatlosiwa mme mananeo a Letlole la Tlhabololo ya Bokoloniale di ne tsa fokodiwa kwa tshimologong ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi go tlhoma boipuso jwa matlole go tswa mo mmusomogolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;125–126.</ref> Kgoeletso ya Taolo ya Madirelo a Leruo ya ntlha ya ngwaga wa 1940 e ne ya fetisiwa go duedisa dikgomo lekgetho, madirelo a a magolo a tshireletso, mme fela e ne ya kopana le kganetso e e boitshegang go tswa kwa Batswaneng le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la kaorolokgolong ya lefatsa ya Europe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> Letlole la ntwa le ne le dira kwa Bechuanaland, mme le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le solohetse gore meneelo e nne ya boithaopo, dikgosi di ne tsa dirisa taolo ya tsone mo merafeng ya tsone go pateletsa meneelo. E ne ya emisediwa ka lekgetho ka ngwaga wa1941, fela se se ne se sa ratwe thata mme sa itshupa se le thata go se diragatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;128–131.</ref> === Botsayakarolo jwa Batswana mo Ntweng ya Lefatshe II === [[Setshwantsho:Bechuanaland Boys cleaning Aa Guns in the Twilight after Action, Syracuse, Sicily Art.IWMARTLD4576.jpg|thumb|Basimane ba Bechuanaland ba phepafatsa Ditlhobolo tsa Aa mo Lefifing morago ga Tiragalo, Syracuse, Sicily, tiro ya botaki ya 1944 e e dirilweng ke [[:en:Leslie_Cole_(artist)|Leslie Cole]]]] Go thapiwa ga sesole go simolotse kwa Bechuanaland ka ngwaga wa 1941.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;34–35.</ref> Banna ba ka nna dikete tse tlhano le makgolo a matlhano ba ne ba katisiwa mme ba romelwa kwa ntweng mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse thataro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Banna ba bangwe ba Batswana ba le dikete tse tlhano ba ne ba tsenelela ntwa ka ngwaga wa 1942.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ka kakaretso, masole a ka nna dikete tse lesome le bongwe go tswa kwa Bechuanaland a ne a lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":50" /> Ba feta dikete tse lesome ba bone ba ne ba direla mo Sesoleng sa Boritane sa [[:en:African_Auxiliary_Pioneer_Corps|Babulatsela ba ba Thusang ba Aforika]].<ref name=":51" /> Dikgosi ka tlwaelo di ne di na le tshwanelo ya go [[:en:Conscript|kwadisa]] masole, mme di ne di itlhokomolosa dikeletso tsa puso ya bokoloniale tsa gore tirelo ya sesole e nne ya boithaopo gotlhelele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;44–46.</ref> Moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato o ne a dira gore a se ka a ratwa ke batho ka go dirisa go tsenngwa mo sesoleng jaaka sedirisiwa sa taolo, a go dirisa sebetsa go didimatsa batshwayadiphoso le baganetsi ba sepolotiki.<ref name=":52">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Banna ba ba neng ba eletsa go tila go tsenela bosole ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Aforika Borwa kgotsa kwa mafelong a a kgakala jaaka metlhaba ya [[:en:Okavango_Delta|noka e phatlallang ya Okavango]] le [[:en:Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park|sekgwa sa Kgalagadi]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;47.</ref> Ba bangwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgato tsa go itlhokomela ka bonako, jaaka go epa dikhutsi fa bathapi ba ne ba etela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di eletsa go dirisa go tsaya karolo ga tsone mo ntweng go bona ditshwanelo tse dingwe mo teng ga Mmusomogolo wa Borithane, mme di ne di tshaba gore go fenngwa ga Borithane go tla ba dira babusiwa ba Jeremane kgotsa Aforika Borwa, e leng phelelo e ba neng ba eletsa go e tila.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;39–40.</ref> Maiteko a ntwa gape e ne e le tshono ya go busetsa banna ba Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugetse kwa Aforika Borwa go ya go dira ditiro tsa meepo; dikgosi di ne di eletsa go fedisa mokgwa o mme di ne di ikutlwa di ka dira jalo ka go neelana ka ditiro tsa sesole.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;41–43.</ref> Dituelo dingwe tsa sesole di ne tsa diegisiwa go malapa a masole, mme ditekanyetso tsa thomelo kwa ntle di ne tsa tlosiwa ka nako ya ntwa, mme tsa baka go tsena ga madi kwa Bechuanaland.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;133.</ref> Fa go bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tse di mo Mmusong wa Boritane, batho ba Bechuanaland ba ne ba amogela ntwa eo. Batswana ba le bantsi ba ne ba na le maikutlo a boikanyegi mo mmusomogolong kgotsa ba ikutlwa gore dikgatlhego tsa bone di a tsamaisana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;36–37.</ref> Dikgosi dingwe, jaaka [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|Kgari Sechele]] [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|wa bobedi]] wa kwa ga Kwena le Molefi Pilane wa ga Kgatla, ba ne ba ikwadisa ka sebele. Ba ne ba dira jaaka disajene tse dikgolo tsa masole, e leng maemo a a kwa godimo a a neng a le teng mo Batswaneng.<ref name=":52" /> Go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya letlelela Batswana go nna le diteseletso tsa kgwebo le go dira mo teng ga naga e e sireleditsweng. Se pele se ne se lekanyeditswe batho basweu le makula.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;135.</ref> Setlhopha sa Dikgaolo tsa Dikhomišene tse di Kwa Godimo se ne se le kwa Botlhabagare go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1946 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1949.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> === Mokgatlho wa boipuso === [[Setshwantsho:1960 6d Bechuanaland Protectorate stamp.jpg|thumb|Setempe sa ngwaga wa 1960 sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland se se nang le ditshwantsho tsa ga [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Kgosigadi Victoria]] le [[:en:Elizabeth_II|Elizabeth wa bobedi]], dikgosi tsa ntlha le tsa bofelo tsa Borithane tsa tshireletso .]] Bokhutlo jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi bo ne jwa tla ka phetogo e kgolo mo setšhabeng. Dikgosi di ne tsa bonwa di se botlhokwa thata mo sebopegong sa loago, mme bontsi bo ne jwa tlogela dipolelo tsa bone tsa lefatshe lotlhe mo dikgomong tsa merafe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;51.</ref> Didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa setšhaba, jaaka lefatshe le badiri, di ne tsa dirwa tse di hapegileng le go dirwa dithoto.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;52.</ref> Phitlhelelo ya thuto e ne ya tlhola setlhopha sa batlhalefi ba ba [[:en:Liberalism|gololesegileng]] ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le puso ya dikgosi mme ba simolola go ipopela mafelo a bone a maatla mo mekgatlhong ya badiri le ditlhopha tsa baagi.<ref name=":63">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;165.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1946, ke karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong fela ya paoyotlhe ya baagi e e neng e na le tiro kwa ntle ga temothuo le ditirelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya bona koketsego e kgolo ya dikelo tsa matsalo jaaka karolo ya bogare jwa [[:en:Mid-20th_century_baby_boom|ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi wa go tlhatloga ga masea]] mo dingwageng tsa morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, e e neng e tsamaya le koketsego ya [[:en:Life_expectancy|dingwaga tsa botshelo]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e simolotse lenaneo la yone la ntlha ya tlhabololo mo tshireletsong, e leng lefelo la matlhabelo, ka dingwaga tsa bo ka ngwaga wa 1950.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;81.</ref> Maborithane, a santse a solofetse go kopanya tshireletso go nna Aforika Borwa, kwa bofelong a ne a phimola leano le morago ga tshimologo ya [[:en:Apartheid|Tlhaolele]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref>Fa maiteko a simolola go tlhama tsela e ntšhwa ya isago ya tshireletso, tshireletso e ne ya bewa mo seemong sa go tlhoka maitseo, mme ga go na tsela ya go ya pele e e neng e bonala sentle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], pp.&#x20;672–673.</ref> Tshitshinyo nngwe e ne e le go e tsenya mo [[:en:Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland|Mokgatlhong wa Rhodesia le Nyasaland]], o lefatshe la United Kingdom e o tlhamileng ka fa tlase ga pholisi ya "tirisanommogo ya merafe e mentsi".<ref>Parsons 2006, p.&#x20;673.</ref> Fa mojaboswa wa Ngwato Seretse Khama a gola, mmusi Tshekedi Khama o ne a leka go tshwarelela mo pusong.<ref name=":53">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;696.</ref> Seretse o ne a nyala mosadi wa mosweu, [[:en:Ruth_Williams_Khama|Ruth Williams]], fa a ne a ithuta kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom, mme se sa baka matlhabisa ditlhong mo lelapeng la segosi la ga Ngwato.<ref name=":46" /> Le fa kwa tshimologong setšhaba se ne se le kgatlhanong le lenyalo le, go sa ratweng ga ga Tshekedi go ne ga fetola maikutlo a Seretse.<ref name=":47" /> Kgang e ne ya tlhagisiwa mo kgotleng ka ngwaga wa 1949, mme puso ya ga Tshekedi e ne ya ganwa ka bontsi ke diketekete tsa batho ba ba neng ba le teng.<ref name=":53" /><ref name=":47" /> Tshekedi le batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Kwena kwa botshabelo.<ref name=":54">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Puso ya makgowa e ne e sa itshokele lenyalo la ga Seretse le mosadi yo mosweu. Ka maiteko a go ritibatsa puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, e ne ya leleka banyalani ba mo pusong ya tshireletso ka ngwaga wa 1950. Se se ne sa tsosa mokgatlho wa bosetšhaba o o neng o gola mo gare ga baemanokeng ba ga Seretse mo pusong ya tshireletso, o o neng wa tlhagelela ka botlalo ka ngwaga wa 1952.<ref name=":37" /> Ka nako ya fa Seretse a ne a seyo, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la baya molaodi wa kgaolo dingwaga di le nne pele ga e tlhoma Rasebolai Kgamane, motshegetsi wa ga Tshekedi, go nna moemedi.<ref name=":54" /> Morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tsuologela go lelekwa ga ga Seretse.<ref name=":55">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;53.</ref> Batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba kopa gore a bowe, mme go ne ga tsoga dikhuduego fa ba ne ba ganwa. Seretse o ne a feleletsa a letleletswe go boa ka ngwaga wa1956.<ref name=":56">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Ka nako e, kgaogano e e gagametseng ya merafe mo Aforika Borwa ya Tlhaolele e ne ya thibela lefatshe la United Kingdom go e ritibatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;200.</ref> Mo nakong yotlhe ya mathata a go lelekwa ga ga Seretse, maatla a ne a tlogela bogosi mme a ya kwa mekgatlhong ya ditlhopho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;91.</ref> Tshekedi le Seretse ba ne ba dira kagiso fa Seretse a boa, mme Seretse a nna moeteledipele wa ''nnete'' wa Ngwato, le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le mo thibetse go nna kgosi ya semmuso.<ref name=":56" /> Ka thotloetso ya Borithane, morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tlhama lekgotla la morafe, le Seretse le Tshekedi ka bobedi e neng e le maloko a lone.<ref name=":55" /> Merafe e mengwe e ne ya tlhoma makgotla a merafe a a tshwanang, a a neng a dira jaaka ditšheke tsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Go ne ga sala letlhoo lengwe fa gare ga banna ba babedi ba: Tshekedi o ne a eletsa go boloka puso ya morafe le maatla a dikgosi, fa Seretse ene a ne a akanya ka puso ya batho ka batho ya boemedi le dikgosi tse di bokoa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;91–92.</ref> Selekanyo sa maatla a a beeleditsweng mo dikgosing e ne ya nna kgang e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata mo mokgatlhong wa boipuso o o neng o gola, bogolosegolo mo bathong ba ga Ngwato le ba lelapa la ga Khama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;93–94.</ref> Bechuanaland Protectorate Federal Party e ne e le lekoko la ntlha la sepolotiki le le neng la tlhamiwa mo kgaolong ya tshireletso fa le ne le tlhamiwa ke moeteledipele wa mokgatlo wa Ngwato [[:en:Leetile_Disang_Raditladi|Leetile Disang Raditladi]] ka ngwaga wa 1959. Le bopilwe thata ke batho ba maemo le batlhalefi, le ne le buelela kopano ya merafe ya Batswana. Lekoko le ne la palelwa ke go bona tshegetso mme la nna lobaka lo lokhutshwane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;94.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, [[:en:Bechuanaland_People's_Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] (BPP, moragonyana Lekoko la Batho la Botswana) le ne la tlhamiwa jaaka lekoko le le bogale thata, le le ganetsanang le puso ya merafe ya setso mme la bona boikuelo mo badiring ba bafaladi.<ref name=":57">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> E ne e eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Motsamai_Mpho|Motsamai Mpho]], [[:en:Philip_Matante|Philip Matante]], le Kgalemang Morsete.<ref name=":58">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xviii.</ref> BPP, e e neng ya tlhamiwa jaaka molekane wa Setswana wa lekoko la [[:en:African_National_Congress|African National Congress]] la Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":59">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;74.</ref> e ne ya tshegetsa boipuso jwa ka bonako le go fedisiwa gotlhelele ga bogosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Ka go tshaba gore BPP e tla nyatsa puso e e leng teng le go tshuba dikgotlhang le puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, dikgosi le puso ya Borithane di ne tsa thibela bokgoni jwa yona jwa go kopana.<ref name=":57" /> Merafe ya tshireletso mmogo e ne ya bopa lekgotla la peomolao ka ngwaga wa 1961.<ref name=":37" /> Batho ba Kwena ba ne ba iphitlhela ba le ka fa tlase ga moemedi, [[:en:Neale_Sechele|Neale Sechele]], ka ngwaga wa 1963, se se rayang gore ba ne ba na le tlhotlheletso e nnye ya sepolotiki fa mokgatlho wa boipuso o ntse o gola.<ref name=":60">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;102.</ref> Leano la Tlhabololo la Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland la dingwaga tsa 1963/1968 le ne la kwalwa ka thulaganyo ya dipuisano ka ngwaga wa 1963, le tlhama tlhaloso ya boipuso jwa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;26–27.</ref> Fa palo ya batho e ne ba sa dire sepe mo dipolotiking ka kakaretso, lefatshe la United Kingdom e ne ya nna nngwe ya mafatshe a a neng a etelela pele go bona boipuso. Ka go tshwenyega gore lekoko la BPP e ne e le e e tseneletseng thata, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa moeteledipele wa yone yo o mo ratang, Seretse Khama, go tlhama lekoko la sepolotiki.<ref name=":59" /> Le fa Khama a ne a dumalana le mekgwa ya lekoko la BPP e e kgatlhanong le bosemorafe le ya lefatshe, o ne a le kgatlhanong le tsela ya yone ya go tlhoma dipolotiki le go amogela ga yone bojammogo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;96.</ref>O ne a dumela go tlogela go bolela ga gagwe mo bathong ba ga Ngwato go dira jaaka radipolotiki, a tlhama [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Lekoko la]] [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|puso ya batho ka batho la Bechuanaland]] (BDP, moragonyana ya nna lekoko la Botswana Democratic ) ka ngwaga wa 1962.<ref name=":59" /> Lekoko la BDP e ne ya itlhoma jaaka "lekoko la dikgosi", mme ya amogela dikakanyo tse di amanang le puso ya merafe ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref name=":30" /> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa lekoko la BDP, le tlhaloganya gore le tla tshegetsa kgwebisano ya leruo ya motlha wa bokoloniale.<ref name=":73">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;149.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1963, kgosi ya Kgatla Linchwe e ne e le ene fela kgosi e e neng e le kgatlhanong le BDP e bile e na le tlhotlheletso ya sepolotiki, mme batho ba Kgatla ba ne ba rata lekoko la BDP, ka jalo o ne a nna a sa tsenelele mo dipolotiking.<ref name=":60" /> Thulaganyo ya phetogo e ne ya simolola ka lekoko la BDP e ne e solofetswe go busa Botswana yo o ikemetseng, mme puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya bereka le boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BDP go ba baakanyetsa go tsamaisa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Go ne ga tshwarwa bokopano ka ngwaga wa 1963 go okamela go tlhamiwa ga molaotheo o mosha. Dikgotlhang tsa ka fa gare ga lekoko la BPP di ne di raya gore lekoko la BDP e ne e na le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo thulaganyong. Tshekedi Khama o ne a tlhokafetse ka nako e, ka jalo Bathoen wa bobedi o ne a nna moeteledipele wa lekoko le le neng le ema nokeng puso ya bofederale, a dumela gore le tla boloka puso e le mo diatleng tsa dikgosi. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le boradipolotiki ba Batswana ba ne ba tshegetsa puso ya bosetšhaba e e kopaneng ka gonne Botswana e ne e humanegile thata go ka kgaoganya dithoto tsa yona le ka gonne go tlhoka go kopanya dithoto go ne go tla dira gore e nne mo kotsing ya go tlhaselwa ke merafe e mengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Puso ya dikgaolo e e itsholetseng e ne ya itshupa e sa kgonege mo dipolotiking, ka jalo go ne ga dirwa tumalano ya gore dikgosi di tla bopa Ntlo ya Dikgosi, e leng setlhopha sa bagakolodi mo teng ga [[:en:Parliament_of_Botswana|Palamente ya Botswana]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;98–99.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di santse di le kgatlhanong le thulaganyo e, mme mo mokgatlhong o o neng o eteletswe pele ke Bathoen, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya fetisa tlhopo ya [[:en:No_confidence|go sa tshepe]] puso e ntšhwa, mme fela go tlhoka maatla a yone a sepolotiki go ne ga e thibela go dirisa phetogo e e nang le bokao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Molao wa Lekgotla la Kgaolo o ne wa fetisiwa jaaka tsela e nngwe ya go lekanyetsa maatla a dikgosi ka go tlhama makgotla a a tla okamelang kgaolo le toropo nngwe le nngwe,<ref name=":58" /> go dira gore mekgatlho e e tlhophilweng e e nne balaodi ba konokono ba selegae.<ref name=":64">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Toropo ya [[:en:Gaborone|Gaborone]] e agilwe ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme ya itsisiwe jaaka motsemogolo o mošwa.<ref name=":59" /> E agilwe mo lefatsheng la puso ya Borithane, le le neng le tlamela ka lefelo le le sa tseyeng letlhakore le le neng le sa laolwe ke morafe ope .<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;16.</ref> [[:en:Constitution_of_Botswana|Molamotheo]] o ne wa tsenngwa tirisong ka one ngwaga oo.<ref name=":59" /> Ka se se tirisong, Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la fa tshireletso puso ya go ipusa.<ref name=":61">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;116.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1965 gape e ne ya bona go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Dikgotla tsa Dikgaolo o o neng wa fetola seabe sa bokoloniale sa molaodi wa kgaolo ka go se bofa mo makgotleng a dikgaolo a a sa tswang go tlhamiwa,<ref name=":74">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> mme wa bona go tlhongwa ga Banka ya Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba e e neng e le ya puso.<ref name=":75">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Mpho o ne a kgaogana le lekoko la BPP go tlhama Lekoko la Boipuso la Bechuanaland (BIP) ka ngwaga wa 1965.<ref name=":62">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> E eteletswe pele ke Seretse Khama le [[:en:Quett_Masire|Quett Masire]], lekoko la BDP le ne la dira letsholo mo e ka nnang mo motseng mongwe le mongwe wa kgaolo ya tshireletso pele ga ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kakaretso. Go farologana le batho ba bangwe ba sepolotiki kwa Bechuanaland, Seretse Khama o ne a na le boikuelo go ralala merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":60" /> Morago ga moo lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhophiwa go etelela puso ya ntlha pele.<ref name=":61" /> Lekoko la BPP le ne la gapa manno a le mararo fela mo lekgotleng la peomolao, mme lekoko la BIP le ne la palelwa ke go gapa epe.<ref name=":62" /> Morago ga ditlhopho, go ne ga tlhamiwa lekoko la [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|Botswana]] [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|National Front]] (BNF) jaaka lekoko le le kopaneng la kganetso ya BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Kenneth_Koma|Kenneth Koma]], lekoko la BNF le ne la nna mmaba yo mogolo wa lekoko la BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;109.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;31–33.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhopha Khama go nna tonakgolo ya naga.<ref name=":65">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;204.</ref>Go farologana le makoko a mantsi a sepolotiki a a tlhomilweng mo Aforika, BDP e ne e le lekoko le le itekanetseng le le sa fetogeng go na le go nna lekoko le le kgatlhanong le bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;711.</ref> Morago ga go tlhamiwa ga yona, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya ntsha tlhopo ya go sa tshepe molaotheo ka ngwaga wa 1966, mme se sa dira gore go nne le letsholo la bosetšhaba la go tshegetsa molaotheo le le neng la bona tshegetso e e lekaneng gore dikgosi di fedise maiteko a tsone a go o gwetlha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;100–101.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya newa boipuso jaaka Rephaboliki ya Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966.<ref name=":61" /> == Repaboliki ya Botswana == [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Independence, 1966.png|thumb|[[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] a ikanisa maikano a go nna Tautona wa ntlha wa Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966]] Boipuso jwa Botswana bo ne bo kaya go tsenngwa tirisong ga puso ya batho le batho e e gololesegileng, go tlisa ditlhopho, tshireletso ya ditshwanelo tsa batho, le tirelosetšhaba.<ref name=":64" /> Se se ne sa dira gore go nne le thulaganyo ya go tlhatlosiwa maemo e e ikaegileng ka bokgoni le go tlhamiwa ga tsamaiso ya puso ya maranyane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref>Setšhaba se ne sa bopa puso e e neng e fetotswe go tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]],<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;23–24.</ref> mme Tonakgolo Seretse Khama a nna Moporesidente Seretse Khama.<ref name=":65" /> Go ne ga tlhamiwa boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba, jwa kopanya merafe e e sa tshwaneng mo letshwaong le le lengwe la Setswana, ka ngwao e e ikaegileng ka ya merafe ya Setswana.<ref name=":80">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNyamnjoh2007|Nyamnjoh 2007]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Botswana e ne ya boloka bontsi jwa ditheo tsa yone tsa merafe tsa pele ga bokoloniale morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;54.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Se e ne e le ditlamorago tsa puso e e nonofileng e e neng e amana le merafe ya Batswana le tsereganyo e e lekanyeditsweng ya puso ya Borithane mo dinakong tsa bokoloniale.<ref name=":34" /> Mofuta wa go buisana wa dipolotiki tsa setšhaba pele le morago ga boipuso e ne e le mokgwa o o sa tlwaelesegang mo merafeng e mengwe e mentsi ya Aforika e e neng ya nna le babusaesi morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;30, 56.</ref> Go na le go fedisa bogosi, puso e ntšhwa e ne ya bo tsenya mo tsamaisong ya semolao, ya fa dikgosi dithata tsa boatlhodi ka ''kgotla'', go ikaegile ka dikgotlatshekelo tsa boikuelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe]] 2012, p.&#x20;36.</ref>Tlwaelo ya go ikobela boeteledipele, e e kileng ya fiwa dikgosi, e ne ya sutela kwa botautoneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;30.</ref> Puso e ne ya tiisa go tlhomama ga yona ka go thapa tirelosetšhaba ya yone ka baitseanape b<ref name=":66">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref>a dinaga di sele, go farologana le dinaga tse dingwe tse dišwa tsa Aforika tse gantsi di neng di leleka baitseanape ba dinaga di sele.<ref name=":67">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref name=":68">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;105.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;59.</ref> Se se ne sa boloka puso ya mofuta wa Bophirima e e neng e gatelela tlhabololo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;259.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go tlamela Botswana ka matlole mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse tlhano tsa go nna teng ga yone.<ref name=":61" /> Maemo a yone a kagiso, a puso ya batho ka batho fa a bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tsa Aforika a ne a raya gore e ne ya amogela thuso e ntsi go tswa mo mekgatlhong ya Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;255.</ref> Ka nako ya boipuso, Botswana e ne e le setšhaba se se humanegileng thata, go feta bontsi jwa dinaga tse dingwe mo Aforika.<ref name=":69">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;104.</ref><ref name=":66" /> E ne e sena badiri ba ba rutegileng, ka baagi ba le masome a mane fela ba ba nang le ditlankana tse di hagodimo tsa mmadikolo, mme go ne go sena ditlamelo tse di itsegeng tsa metswedi ya tlholego go tshegetsa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;62, 64.</ref> Botswana e ne e ikaegile ka puso ya Tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa go fitlhelela setšhaba sa lefatshe, mme bontsi jwa badiri ba Botswana e ne e le badiri ba bafaladi mo Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Botswana e ne ya tsena mo ntweng e e tlhamaletseng le Rhodesia, e e neng ya baka dintwa tsa sesole go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1978.<ref name=":63" /> Go nna le seabe mo go lekanyeditsweng ga Borithane go ne go kaya gore go ne go se na tlhabololo e ntsi fa e sale ka nako ya bokoloniale.<ref name=":69" /><ref name=":70">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;160.</ref> Bokgoni jwa go bala le go kwala e ne e le selekanyo sa karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong, mme go ne go na le dikilometara di le lesome fela tsa tsela e e tshetsweng.<ref name=":69" /> Mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a robangbongwe ya baagi e ne e le mo [[:en:Abject_poverty|lehumeng le le tseneletseng]],<ref name=":70" /> mme bontsi jwa baagi e ne e le balemibarui ba dikgomo kgotsa [[:en:Subsistence_farmers|balemibarui ba ba itshidisang]].<ref name=":71">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Fa setšhaba se fitlhelela boipuso, komelelo e e masisi e ne ya fedisa karolo ya masome amarao go fihlela masome a matlhano mo lekgolong ya palo ya dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa Batswana ba ne ba ikaegile ka [[:en:World_Food_Programme|Lenaneo la Dijo la Lefatshe]] go tila tlala.<ref name=":81">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;220.</ref> Ditšhaba tse dingwe di ne di na le ditsholofelo tse di kwa tlase mo Botswana, mme mo Aforika yotlhe e ne e bonwa jaaka [[:en:Bantustan|Bantustan]] ya Tlhaolele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;1.</ref> Kamano e le Tlhaolele gape e ne e le ntlha ya katlego ya Botswana jaaka setšhaba se se ikemetseng: boeteledipele jwa Batswana bo ne bo eletsa go tila phelelo e e tshwanang le ya Aforika Borwa fa setšhaba se ka palelwa, mme dikgolagano tsa dikgang tsa mafatshe fatshe tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa le Bophirima go thibela go tsenngwa ke Aforika Borwa di ne di raya gore Botswana o ne a tshepa thata dinaga tsa Bophirima go amogela thuso le thato ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;76–77.</ref> Boeteledipele jwa ntlha jwa Botswana bo ne bo laolwa ke malapa a merafe e e busang mmogo le palo e nnye ya badiredipuso ba ba rutegileng thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;6.</ref> Go tshwana ga bona ga itsholelo le dikgopolo go ne go raya gore puso e nne e tlhomame kwa ntle ga dintwa tsa sepolotiki.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;71.</ref> Le fa Bathoen a ne a tlogela maemo a gagwe a go nna kgosi go ya go dira dipolotiki, bontsi jwa dikgosi tse dingwe di ne tsa amogela maatla a tsona a a fokoditsweng a sepolotiki mo pusong e ntšhwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;56–57.</ref> Tiro e nngwe ya dikgosi e ne e laolwa ke Molao wa Bogosi wa ngwaga ya 1966.<ref name=":92">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;140.</ref> Go tlhoka bonweenwee go ne ga dira gore puso e nne semolao thata mme ya ratwa ke balekane ba Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;166.</ref> Go farologana le bontsi jwa merafe e e sa tswang go tlhamiwa ya Aforika, bontsi jwa boeteledipele bo ne bo tswa mo setšhabeng sa temothuo, go kaya gore dikgatlhego tsa bona di ne di tsamaisana le bontsi.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":71" /> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa go boloka dipholisi tsa motlha wa bokoloniale tse di neng di solegela barui ba dikgomo molemo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;75.</ref> Setlhopa sa semmuso sa Nama ya Botswana se ne sa tlhamiwa go laola madirelo a nama ya kgomo.<ref name=":58" /> Boikuelo jwa lekoko la BDP jwa merafe yotlhe le kgatlhego e e kopanetsweng ya go tlhoma boipuso di ne tsa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa gape go dira mo dikgatlhegelong tsa bontsi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref> Ditlhopha tse dinnye tsa baagi ba basweu di ne tsa sala mo nageng mme tsa ganetsa boipuso jwa yone.<ref name=":63" /> Le fa moragonyana di ne di tla nna botlhokwa mo tlhabololong ya Botswana, ditshwanelo tsa ditswammung di ne tsa fiwa botlhokwa jo bo kwa tlase fa di bona boipuso, mme merafe e ne ya di fetisetsa kwa pusong ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1967.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;103–104.</ref> === Puso ya ga Seretse Khama === Khama o ne a ratwa ke batho botlhe mme a bonwa e le moeteledipele wa tlholego wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;202–203.</ref> Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya tsenya tirisong maano a a neng a lebisitswe mo go tlhameng mafaratlhatlha le dithoto tsa setšhaba, bogolosegolo go tsenya tshela ditsela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;111.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;86.</ref> O ne a simolola go aga dikolo, matlhabelo le dikhuti tse di neng tsa tswelela mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. Lefatshe le le nang le banni la Batswana le Basarwa le ne la dirisiwa go aga mesima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;219.</ref> Tlhabololo e ne ya tla ka tshenyegelo ya kgwebo le tlhagiso, e e neng e lekanyeditswe go tlamela ka matlole a leruo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004,]] p.&#x20;164.</ref> Go ne ga tlhongwa mogopolo thata mo go otla dikgomo le go aga matlhabelo go rotloetsa madirelo a nama ya kgomo mo gare ga go tlhoka metsi. <ref name=":82">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;205.</ref>[[:en:Public_welfare|Mananeo a katlaatleloloago]] le one a ne a tlhongwa.<ref name=":67" /> Go ribololwa ga ditaemane go ne ga netefatsa gore mananeo a a bona madi a a lekaneng.<ref name=":72">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Dipeeletso tse le mokgwa o o sa fetogeng wa go somarela madi a puso di ne tsa thibela boemo jwa [[:en:Dutch_disease|bolwetse jwa Dutch]] jo bo neng jwa golafatsa dinaga tse dingwe tsa Aforika tse di neng di tletse ka didirisiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;4.</ref> Thuto e ne ya atolosiwa mo setšhabeng sotlhe, mme puo ya Setswana e ne ya lekanngwa mmogo le Seesemane ka go latlhegelwa ke dipuo tse dingwe.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":68" /> Khama o ne a siamisa seo jaaka tsela ya go fitlhelela kutlwano.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;228.</ref> Quett Masire o ne a dira jaaka Mothusa tautona ka fa tlase ga ga Seretse Khama mmogo le Tona ya tsa madi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> O ne a laola tekanyetsokabo ya lefatshe le tiriso ya madi ka go tlhama motseletsele wa Maano a Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba, go ikaegilwe ka kamogelo ya Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba le Komiti ya itsholelo ya Kabinete.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Dipoeletso tsa maano a di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya molao wa semmuso ya puso morago ga gore batlhatlhami ba ga Khama le Masire ba tsene mo maemong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;171.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, ditaemane di ne tsa fitlhellwa kwa Botswana ke setlamo sa Aforika Borwa sa ditaemane sa [[:en:De_Beers|De Beers]], mme ditiro di ne tsa simolola ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref name=":76">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;110.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;61.</ref> Dipeeletso tsa kopore di ne tsa fitlhelwa kwa [[:en:Selebi-Phikwe|Selebi-Phikwe]] ka ngwaga oo, mme se sa senola gape khumo ya ditswammung tsa setšhaba.<ref name=":58" /> Puso e ne ya dirisana le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1969 go dira ditiro tse dikgolo tsa meepo ya ditaemane,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> mme e ne ya amega mo dipuisanong sešwa tsa [[:en:Southern_African_Customs_Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa]] ka one ngwaga oo go tokafatsa thata maatla a yone a itsholelo mo kgaolong.<ref name=":77">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;65.</ref> Moepo mongwe kwa [[:en:Morupule|Morupule]] o ne wa simolola go ntsha magala ka ngwaga wa 1973, mme wa tlamela setšhaba ka karolo e kgolo ya motlakase.<ref name=":78">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xix.</ref> [[:en:Orapa_diamond_mine|Moepo wa ditaemane wa Orapa]] o ne wa bulwa kwa Orapa ka ngwaga wa 1971, mme go ne ga tlomamisiwia tumalano ya go abelana lotseno fa gare ga puso le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1974.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;125.</ref> Moragonyana Masire o ne a netefatsa gore De Beers e ne e tshegeditse dikgwebo tsa gagwe tse di hapegileng ka madi, mme se sa dira gore go akanyediwe gore setlamo se ka tswa se amogetse tumalano e e mosola mo kgannyeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;129–130.</ref> Molao wa Metsi le Molao wa ditsha tsa Morafe di ne tsa tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1968, mme tsa tlhama lekgotla la Kabo ya Metsi le lekgotla tsa naga di le lesome le bobedi, ka go latelana. Tse di ne di okametse kabo ya ditshwanelo tsa metsi le lefatshe ke puso go na le ka go nna mong wa morafe mongwe le mongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;76.</ref> Ka se, ba ne ba tsenya dithata tsa setso tsa dikgosi.<ref name=":74" /> Molao wa Mafatshe a Phulo a Merafe e ne ya tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1975 go thibela [[:en:Overgrazing|phulo e e feteletseng]], mme fela e ne ya itshupa e sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;67.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;173.</ref> Tota e bile, e ne e letla baagi ba ba humileng go kopa ditsha tse dikgolo tsa dikgomo ka tshenyegelo ya baagi ba ba sa humang thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Ditlhopho tsa ntlha morago ga boipuso di ne tsa diragala ka ngwaga wa 1969.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la dira maswe go le gonnye fa e bapisiwa le tiragatso ya yona ya ngwaga wa 1965, mme mothusa tautona Masire o ne a latlhegelwa ke setilo sa gagwe ke Bathoen, se se neng sa mo tlhoka gore a tseye setilo se se kgethegileng se se tlhophilweng.<ref name=":79">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Lekoko la BPP le ne la nyelela ka botlhokwa fa dipolotiki tsa Botswana di ntse di gola.<ref name=":73" /> Koporase ya Tlhabololo ya Botswana e e neng e le ya puso e ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1970,<ref name=":75" /> mme moepo wa diteemane wa Orapa o ne wa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 1971.<ref name=":78" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, diteemane di ne di dira karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong ya Palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana,<ref name=":76" /> mme kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1970, meepo e ne e le madirelo a magolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;5.</ref> Goromente wa Botswana o ne a buisana gape ka tumalano ya yone ya meepo le De Beers magareng ga ngwaga wa 1971 le ngwaga wa 1975, ya sutisetsa bontsi jwa dituelo kwa setšhabeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;210.</ref> Fa itsholelo ya teemane e ntse e tlhabologa le dipeeletso di boela mo lefatsheng, Botswana e ne ya falola lehuma mme ya bonwa jaaka katlego mo merafeng e mengwe mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara morago ga bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;212.</ref> Ditlhabololo tse di dirile gore Botswana e nne naga e e golang ka bonako mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":77" /> Batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo le a a fa gare ba ne ba bona molemo thata, go oketsa go [[:en:Wealth_inequality|tlhoka tekatekano ga khumo]], mme gape go ne go raya gore makgetho a ka fokodiwa, se se neng sa dira gore balemi ba ba tshegetse.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;71–72.</ref> Tlhabololo ya Botswana le tiriso ya yone ya tirelosetšhaba ya mafatshe a sele e ne ya atlega mo e leng gore puso e ne ya tlhotlheletsa lefatshe la United States go romela setlhopa sa baithaopi ba kagiso (Peace Corps) kwa ntle ga ditekanyetso tsa setso tsa gore ke dikarolo dife tse mokgatlho o ka di dirang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go ne ga tla koketsego ya Batswana ba ba botlana ba ba rutegileng mo lefelong la gaeno, ba ba neng ba nna le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo pusong.<ref name=":64" /> Jaaka fa batho ba bašwa ba ba ne ba amogela thuto e e tshwanang mme ba simolola go dira mo setsong se le sengwe sa tsamaiso, go ne go sena pharologano e kgolo ya tiro fa gare ga tirelosetšhaba e e neng e eteletswe pele ke batswakwa le e e neng e tsamaisiwa ke Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Lephata la Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo le ne le le teng ka bokhutshwane morago ga go kgaogana mo Lephateng la Matlole magareng ga batlhokomedi ba setso ba ba neng ba amana le tshireletso kgatlhanong le baemanokeng ba ga Masire ba ba neng ba eletsa go bona tlhabololo e e bogale thata. Ya bofelo e ne ya tsaya taolo, mme ditona di ne tsa kopanngwa gape go nna Lephata la Matlole le Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo ka ngwaga wa 1970. Ka ntlha ya palo e e lekanyeditsweng ya batho ba ba tshwanelegang go laola itsholelo, lephata le le ne la tsaya taolo e feletseng ya tiriso ya madi a puso mme la simolola lenaneo la Shashe le le neng le batla gore naga e nne le tlhabololo e e tseneletseng ya palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana. Se se ne se akaretsa go tlhoma lefelo la meepo ya kopore le nikele, le le neng la nna selo se se tlang pele mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;84–85.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, [[:en:Seepapitso_IV|Seepapitso wa bone]] o ne a nna kgosi ya ntlha go emisiwa mo maemong a gagwe morago ga nako ya bokoloniele.<ref name=":83">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;141.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la atlega thata gape ka [[:en:1974_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopo tsa ngwaga wa 1974]].<ref name=":79" /> [[:en:Minimum_wage|Dituelo tse di kwa tlase]] di ne tsa tlhagisiwa ka one ngwaga oo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Botswana e simolotse go ntsha madi a one, e leng [[:en:Botswana_pula|Botswana pula]], ka ngwaga wa 1976. Mmusi wa [[:en:Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya Botswana]] Quill Hermans o ne a kgaratlhela go kgaogana ga madi le Aforika Borwa le [[:en:South_African_rand|ranta ya yone ya Aforika Borwa]]. Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego a boditšhabatšhaba a gore Botswana e ka nna ya se ka ya kgona go tshegetsa madi a yone, Khama o ne a ikutlwa gore bagakolodi ba gagwe ba itsholelo ba na le bokgoni mme o ne a tshepa tshwetso ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tsa boipuso, Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya ditšhaba tse di humileng thata mo [[:en:Third_World|Lefatsheng la Boraro]].<ref name=":67" /> Phetogo ya itsholelo e kaiwa jaaka "kgakgamatso" ya Botswana.<ref name=":77" /> Linchwe II, kgosi ya [[:en:Kgatla_people|batho ba Kgatla]], o ne a busetsa ngwao ya go simolola bogwera mo morafeng wa gagwe ka ngwaga wa 1975, mme se sa gakatsa puso ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;148.</ref> Khama o ne a tsaya tsela ya go akaretsa batho botlhe mo pusong ya gagwe, a tila dipolotiki tsa merafe le go gana tlhotlheletso ya baeteledipele ba merafe a rata badiredipuso.<ref name=":84">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> Ka dinako tse dingwe o ne a kopa batho go rola tiro fa morafe mongwe o ka nna le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo tirelong ya setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tshaba gore go sa dumalane le batho ba ba kwa tlase ba Kalanga go ka nna ga dira gore go se ka ga nna le kagiso. Go rarabolola se, Khama o ne a tsenya maloko a a rutegileng a morafe wa Kalanga mo pusong, a tlhoma bontsi mo maemong a a kwa godimo. Tshwetso e ne e tsosa kganetsano, mme e ne ya tsosa dikgopolo tsa bolotsana ka ga tlhotlheletso e e bosula ya Kalanga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;122.</ref> Tse ka dinako tse dingwe di ne di ikaegile ka Mokgatlho wa Baithuti ba Bakalanga, o o neng wa nna Mokgatlho wa Tsweletso ya Puo ya Ikalanga ka ngwaga wa 1980.<ref>[[Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 123.|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> Poifo ya dipuso tsa baagisani tse di eteletsweng pele ke basweu kwa Namibia, Rhodesia, le Aforika Borwa, mmogo le kotsi ya [[:en:Angolan_Civil_War|Ntwa ya Selegae ya Angola]], di dirile gore Botswana e tlhame [[:en:Botswana_Defence_Force|sesole sa bosetšhaba]] ka ngwaga wa 1977.<ref name=":78" /> Pele ga se, [[:en:Botswana_Police_Service|Tirelo ya Sepodisi]] sa Botswana e ne e tlhokometse tshireletso ya setshaba. Go tlhoka sesole go ne go raya gore Botswana e ne e sa tlhaselwe ke dilo tse di bakang go sa tlhomamang mo merafeng e mengwe ya Aforika: go menola puso ga sesole le bonweenwee ka go dirisa madi a sesole.<ref>[[Beaulier & Subrick 2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], pp.&#x20;111–112.</ref> Sesole se ne sa bona ntwa ngwaga o o latelang fa dirukutlhi tsa Rhodesia di ne di tlhasela Leshoma, di bolaya masole a le lesome le botlhano.<ref name=":78" /> Ka tirisanommogo ya yone le De Beers, puso ya Botswana e ne ya tlhama kompone ya meepo ya Debswana ka ngwaga wa 1978, mme ya bona lotseno lo lo bonalang lwa puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Meepo e ne ya nna madirelo a a kwa godimo ya itsholelo ya lefatshe mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang,<ref name=":85">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> mme Botswana ya nna itsholelo e e golang ka bonako go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":86">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;33.</ref><ref name=":86" /> Go nna le seabe ga mafatshe a sele mo itsholelong go ne ga nna kgang ya sepolotiki ka nako e jaaka fa batho ba kwa ntle ba ne ba kokoanya kgolo ya setšhaba fa ditiro tsa selegae di ne di tlhabologa ka iketlo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;143–145.</ref> Thuo ya dikgomo, e e neng e setse e amilwe ke go runya mo gogolo ga [[:en:Foot-and-mouth_disease|bolwetse jwa tlhako le molomo]] ka ngwaga wa1977,<ref name=":82" /> e ne ya latlhegelwa ke botlhokwa jo e neng e na le jone pele.<ref name=":85" /> === Puso ya ga Quett Masire === [[Setshwantsho:Quett Masire DF-SC-85-12044.JPEG|thumb|Quett Masire a etetse America ka ngwaga wa 1984]] Morago ga loso lwa ga Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa 1980, Mothusa-Tautona Quett Masire o ne a nna tautona wa Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;117.</ref> Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego ka go tlhatlhama ga ga Khama, Masire o ne a tshegetsa mafaratlhatlha a puso a a neng a thusa go a aga le go boloka tumelo mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;182.</ref> Go ritibatsa morafe wa ga Khama wa Ngwato le merafe e mengwe ya bokone, Masire o ne a tlhoma ntsalae Khama, [[:en:Lenyeletse_Seretse|Lenyeletse Seretse]], go nna mothusa-tautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;232.</ref> Kakanyo e e neng e tlwaelesegile mo gare ga BaNgwato e ne e le gore morwa Khama, [[:en:Ian_Khama|Ian Khama]], o ne a tshwanelwa ke bo tautona. Fa Lenyeletse a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1983, Masire o ne a tlhopha [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] go tsena mo boemong jwa gagwe. Gompieno o ne a tlhopha mongwe go tswa mo morafeng wa borwa, gore a se ka a tlhoma sekao sa gore tautona le mothusa-tautona ka nako tsotlhe ba tshwanetse go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di fapaaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;233.</ref> Botswana e ne e le karolo ya Khonferense ya Kgokaganyo ya Tlhabololo ya Borwa jwa Aforika e e neng ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1980 go tlhama mmaraka wa borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":78" /> Setšhaba se ne sa amiwa ke [[:en:Early_1980s_recession|kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980]].<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Jwaneng_diamond_mine|Moepo wa diteemane wa Jwaneng]] o simolotse go dira ka ngwaga wa 1982, wa nna moepo o o dirang dipoelo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng. [[:en:University_of_Botswana|Mmadikolo wa Botswana]] o tlhomilwe ka one ngwaga o o neng o kgaogana le [[:en:University_of_Botswana,_Lesotho_and_Swaziland|Mmadikolo ya Botswana, Lesotho le Swaziland]].<ref name=":78" /> Ditlhabololo tsa semolao ka ngwaga wa 1982, Molawana wa Thuso ya Matlole le go dira gore tiro ya kgwebo gore e nne ya ka fa molaong ke badiredipuso, di ne tsa tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya naga mme gape tsa gagamolola melawana e e neng e tla thibela bonweenwee.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;127, 129.</ref> Jaaka fa puso ya batho le batho le kgolo ya itsholelo di itshupile e le diphetogo tsa paka e telele, Botswana e ne ya itsege jaaka "kgakgamatso ya Aforika".<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Kganetso e e nonofileng kgatlhanong le puso e e laolwang ke lekoko la BDP e ne ya tlhagelela la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go fenya ditlhopho tsa selegae, ditlhopha tsa dikgatlhego tsa simolola go tlhamiwa, mme makwalo a dikgang a matlhano a magolo a a kgatlhanong le lekoko la BDP a simolola go gatisiwa.<ref name=":64" /> Pele e ne e ikaegile ka tshegetso ya merafe e e rileng, lekoko la BNF le ne la bona tshegetso mo setlhopheng sa badiri.<ref name=":84" /> Ka ditlhopho ka kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1984, e ne e le lekoko kganetso le le gaisanang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;712.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya ama Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa1982 go fitlhela ka ngwaga wa 1987, mme ya tlhoka thuso ya dijo ya puso go ka nna karolo ya masome a marataro le botlhano mo lekgolong ya Batswana ba kwa magaeng.<ref name=":87">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;82.</ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba ga Masire ba ne ba mo amanya le komelelo e ka e ne e tsamaisana le tshimologo ya botautona jwa gagwe, ba akantsha gore Khama o ne a na le taelo ya bomodimo e Masire a neng a se na yone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;203.</ref> Mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1980, madirelo a ditaemane a ne a fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa yone ka karolo ya masome a matlhano le boraro mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya tlhagiso ya bosetšhaba.<ref name=":76" /> Ka nako e, itsholelo ya setšhaba e ne ya nonoha mo e leng gore baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba rotloediwa go tlhopha [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|temothuo ya go]] [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|itshidisa]] kgotsa go fuduga go ya go dira kwa Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":84" /> [[:en:Entrepreneurship|Bogwebi]] bo ne jwa anama thata, bogolosegolo mo badiring ba pele ba puso ba ba neng ba tswa mo [[:en:Public_sector|lephateng la puso]] go ya kwa lephateng la [[:en:Private_sector|e]] [[:en:Private_sector|seng la puso]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Thuto ya mahala ya [[:en:Secondary_education|sekole se segolwane]] ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1989.<ref name=":87" /> [[:en:Trade_union|Mekgatlho ya badiri]] le [[:en:Special_interest_group|ditlhopha tse di kgethegileng tsa dikgatlhego]] tse dingwe di ne tsa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go tlhotlheletsa melawana ya setšhaba, le fa gantsi puso e ne e sa batle go di amogela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], pp.&#x20;85–86.</ref> E tsibogetse mokgatlho o o neng o gola wa badiri ka go fetisa dithibelo tse di bokete mo mekgatlhong ya badiri ka ngwaga wa 1983.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dingwaga di le lesome gape o ne wa tlhagisa mekgatlho ya go amogela merafe e mennye, go gana boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba jwa Motswana.<ref name=":80" /> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, Aforika Borwa e ne ya simolola ditlhaselo tsa sesole mo Botswana go batla batlhabani ba Aforika Borwa. Go tsibogela dikgobalo tsa baagitse di neng tsa direga, puso ya Botswana e ne ya oketsa tiriso ya madi mo sesoleng.<ref name=":93">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;112.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> E ne gape ya fa sesole tiro ya go sireletsa diphologolo tsa naga le go tsenya mo tirisong molao o o kgatlhanong le go tsoma mo go seng ka fa molaong go tsibogela kotsi e e tlisiwang ke batsomi ba ba tshotseng dibetsa.<ref name=":94">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Palo ya ntlha ya [[:en:HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana|mogare wa segajaja]] mo Botswana e ne ya lemogiwa ka ngwaga wa 1985, mme mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang lefatshe ;e ne la nna lone le le neng la amega thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;265.</ref> [[:en:Life_expectancy|Botshelo jo bo solofetsweng]] mo Botswana bo ne bo tla wela tlase tswa go masomeng a maratarole bosupa go ya kwa masomeng a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 1997.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;175.</ref> Phetogo e e gakgamatsang mo tsamaisong ya botsogo ya Botswana e ne ya latela go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1980 le bo 1990; Bongaka jwa Bophirima bo ne jwa tlotliwa thata mmogo le kalafi ya setso, mme go ne ga tlhongwa dikokelo tse e seng tsa puso go nna mmogo le dikago tse di tsamaisiwang ke puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> [[:en:Early_1990s_recession|Kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1990]] e ne ya ama Botswana.<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Attorney_General_of_Botswana_v._Unity_Dow|Tsheko e e botlhokwa ya kgotlatshekelo ya molaomotheo]] e e neng ya tlisiwa ke Unity Dow e ne ya felela ka katlholo ka ngwaga wa 1991 ya gore bana ba ka fiwa boagedi mo go bomme ba bone ga mmogo le borraabone, e e neng ya amogelwa go nna molao ka Molao wa Boagi wa 1995.<ref name=":88">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xx.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang sa Kgabo se ne sa tshwarwa ka ngwaga wa 1991 go batlisisa lekgotla la kabo ditsha tsa lefatshe tsa puso, mme sa fitlhela gore go dirilwe ditlolomolao tsa maitsholo a a siameng ke mothusa-tautona Peter Mmusi le mokwaledi wa kakaretso wa lekoko la BDP [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]], ba bobedi jwa bone gape e neng e le maloko a setlhopa sa ditona tsa puso ya Botswana.<ref name=":89">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;346.</ref><ref name=":90">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;333.</ref> Ka go lebana le go galefa mo pusong le mo setšhabeng, bobedi jwa bone ba ne ba rola tiro.<ref name=":90" /> Go wa mo go ne ga tlhola ditlhopha tse pedi tse di kgaoganeng mo teng ga lekoko, e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke maloko a mabedi a pele a setlhopa sa ditona (Ba babedi ba bagolo),<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;333–335.</ref> mme e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke baganetsi ba bona (ba batlhano ba bagolo): [[:en:Festus_Mogae|Festus Mogae]], Bihiti Temane, Chapson Butale, [[:en:Gaositwe_Chiepe|Gaositwe Chiepe]], le moeteledipele wa bona [[:en:Mompati_Merafhe|Mompati Merafhe]].<ref name=":91">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;235.</ref> Se se ne sa aga mo dikgotlhang tse di neng di godile fa gare ga boeteledipele jwa borwa jwa BLP le kokomana e ntšhwa ya boradipolotiki go tswa kwa bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], pp.&#x20;233–234.</ref> Masire o ne a tlhopha Mogae go nna mothusa- tautona yo mosha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;334.</ref> Ka go tshwenyega ka kgonagalo ya go tlwaetsa bonweenwee, Masire o ne a thapa mothusa- mogolwane wa [[:en:Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)|setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang e e Ikemetseng ya Hong Kong e e Kgatlhanong le Bonweenwee (Hong Kong)]] go tlhama mokgatlho o o tshwanang mo Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;222.</ref> [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Bokaedi jwa Bonweenwee le Bosenyi jwa]] [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Itsholelo]] bo ne jwa tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, mme lekgotla la kabo ditsha le ne la tlhamiwa go reetsa boikuelo jwa ditshwetso tsa kabo ditsha ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Boemo jwa lekoko la BDP jaaka lekoko le le laolang bo ne jwa amogela kgwetlho ya jone ya ntlha e e masisi ka ntlha ya Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlsisa kgota go sekaseka dikgang ya Kgabo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;249.</ref> Matlhabisaditlhong le go kgaogana mo go neng ga nna teng mo lekokong la BDP go ne ga dira gore lekoko la BNF le nne lekoko la kganetso le le gaisanang thata morago ga ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;335–336.</ref><ref name=":89" /> Ka go mathata a a oketsegileng a go tsenngwa ga ditoropo go fokotsa motheo wa BDP kwa metseselegaeng, makoko a kganetso a ne a na le bonnye jo bo bonalang mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa ga Mmusi, Kwelagobe o ne a ikgolaganya le [[:en:Ponatshego_Kedikilwe|Ponatshego Kedikilwe]], mme ba bopa setlhopa se sennye sa Barata-Phathi sa lekoko la BDP. Ba batlhano ba bagolo ba ne ba nna setlhopa se sennye sa A-Team.<ref name=":89" /> Botswana e ne ya solegelwa molemo ke go khutla ga puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, ka puso e ntšhwa e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Aforika e ne e sa thibele kgolo ya Botswana kgotsa go tsenelela mo ditirong tsa sesole go kgabaganya molelwane.<ref name=":81" /> Fa kgaolo e ntse e tlhomama, ditlhabololo tsa itsholelo tse di tshwanang le mabentlele a magolo, kakanyo e e sa netefadiwang ya dithoto, le bojanala jwa baagi di ne tsa atologa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;675.</ref> Morafe wa Ngwaketse o ne wa nna le kgotlang le puso ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa 1994, fa tona ya pusoselegae le mafatshe Patrick Balope a ne a latofatsa kgosi Seepapitso wa bone ka go palelwa ke go diragatsa ditiro tsa gagwe mme a laela gore kgosi e emisiwe—e leng go emisiwa ga bobedi ga puso ya ga Seepapitso.<ref name=":83" /> Morwa wa ga Seepapitso e bong Leema o ne a amogela go tlhomiwa go dira tiro eo, kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa ga Seepapitso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;141–142.</ref> Morafe o ne wa lwantshana le kgang ya go nna semolao mo go sa tlhaloganyesegeng ga ga Leema le poifo ya gore setso sa morafe ga se kitla se tlhola se lemogiwa, mme go tlosiwa ga gagwe go ne ga nna kgang ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;142–143.</ref> Seepapitso o ne a tsenya kganetso ya semolao, mme kgotlatshekelo ya atlhola ka Tlhakole a tlhola malatsia le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 1995 gore le fa go tlosiwa ga ga Seepapitso go ne go le ka fa molaong, go tlhomiwa ga ga Leema go ne go se kafa molaong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;145.</ref> Ka maatla a go tlhoma a ne a buseditswe mo morafeng, ba ne ba gana go tlhopha moeteledipele yo mosha jaaka tsela ya go ikuela. Puso e ne ya ineela mme ya letlelela Seepapitso go busediwa mo tirong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;145–146.</ref> [[:en:Ritual_murder|Polao ya dipheko]] ya ga [[:en:Segametsi_Mogomotsi|Segametsi Mogomotsi]], mosetsana wa dingwaga di le lesome le bone wa kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]], e diragetse ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 1994. Dikhuduego tsa loago di ne tsa tsoga fa babelaelwa bao, ba e neng e le borakgwebo le boradipolotiki ba ba humileng, ba ne ba gololwa ka ntlha ya go tlhoka bosupi. Mo dikgweding tse di latelang, go ne ga nna le ditshupetso le dikhuduego tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke baithuti kgatlhanong le tiriso ya ditiro tsa masaitsiweng tse di tshwanang le polao ya dipheko go bona khumo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;286–290.</ref> Go tlhagoga ga bolwetse jo bo [[:en:Contagious_bovine_pleuropneumonia|tshelanwang jwa pleuropneumonia ya dikgomo]] ka ngwaga wa 1995 go ne ga baka dintsho tsa dikgomo di le dikete tse makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi .<ref name=":88" /> Molao wa Temothuo wa ngwaga ya 1995 o ne wa atolosa thulaganyo ya go dira lefatshe la baagi la le e seng la puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Merafe e mennye e ne ya tswelela go kgaratlhela go lemogiwa go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;163–164.</ref> Puso e simolotse go ntsha batho ba Basarwa mo [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|Lefelong la Diphologolo la Kalahari]] [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|la Bogare]] ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Le fa e ne e nganga gore maikaelelo e ne e le go thusa go kopanya baagi ba ba neng ba le kgakala thata, mme e neelana ka leruo go rotloetsa tirisanommogo, mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba e ne ya pega molato puso ka go pateletsa le go [[:en:Forced_displacement|fudusiwa ka dikgoka]] ga batho go dira sebaka sa meepo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;11–12.</ref> Maiteko a ntlha a magolo a semolao a go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa merafe e mennye a ne a tswa mo tshitshinyong ya ngwaga wa 1995 kwa palamenteng ya go tlhalosa molaomotheo jaaka o o sa tseyeng letlhakore mo merafeng, mme o ne wa bewa mo tafoleng. Mokgatlho wa Kamanakao o ne wa tlhamiwa ka one ngwaga oo ke morutegi [[:en:Lydia_Nyati-Ramahobo|Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo]] go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa [[:en:Yeyi_people|batho ba Yeyi]].<ref name=":95">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;215.</ref> Motseletsele wa diphetogo tsa puso le tsa ditlhopho di ne tsa tsenngwa mo tirisong mo dingwageng tsa bofelo tsa bo tautona jwa ga Masire. Tlhokomelo ya ditlhopho e ne ya fetisediwa kwa setheong se se ikemetseng, dingwaga tsa go tlhopa di ne tsa fokodiwa go tswa ko masomeng a mabedi le bongwe go ya ko lesomeng le borobabobedi , go [[:en:Postal_voting|tlhopa ka poso]] go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong, mme ga tsenngwa tirisong melawana ya go sireletsa [[:en:Labour_rights|ditshwanelo tsa badiri]] le [[:en:Gender_equality|tekatekano ya bong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;168.</ref> Masire o ne a eletsa go tlhama [[:en:Order_of_succession|tatelano e e tlhomameng ya]] [[:en:Order_of_succession|go tlhatlologana]] mo bogosing le go netefatsa gore motlhatlogi wa gagwe yo a mo tlhophileng mothusa Tautona Mogae e nna tautona, ka jalo o ne a dirisana le mmueledi Parks Tafa go kwala paakanyo ya molaotheo. Se se ne sa tsenya tirisong tatelano e e itirisang le [[:en:Term_limit|melelwane ya paka]] ya botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;337–338.</ref> O ne a pateletsa paakanyo ka boene.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;304–305.</ref> Go fetola itsholelo ya lefatshe, go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong tsamaiso ya nakwana ya go nna le [[:en:Tripartism|makoko a mararo]] go kopanya puso, lekalana le e seng la puso, le baemedi ba badiri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;169.</ref> Fa lekoko le ne le tlhopha maloko a komiti ya lone ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1997, kotsi ya go nna le ditlhopha e ne ya gola mo e leng gore Masire o ne a phimola ditlhopho tsa lone tse di mo teng ga mokgatlho mme a dira gore ditlhopha di mo fe manaane a maina.<ref name=":91" /> === Puso ya ga Festus Mogae === [[Setshwantsho:George Bush with African national leaders February 26, 2002.jpg|thumb|Festus Mogae mmogo le botautona ba mafatshe a sele [[:en:Joaquim_Chissano|Joaquim Chissano]], [[:en:George_W._Bush|George W. Bush]] le [[:en:José_Eduardo_dos_Santos|José Eduardo dos Santos]] ka ngwaga wa 2002]] Masire o ne a tlogela tiro ya botautona ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le ngwe ka ngwaga wa 1998, mme a latelelelwa ke mothusa tautona Festus Mogae.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;338.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya tshwetso e e neng ya tsosa kganetsano ya go tlhoma Ian Khama, molaodi wa sesole le morwa Seretse Khama, go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang,<ref name=":72" /> a fetisa kgetho ya gagwe ka go tshosetsa go phatlalatsa palamente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Le fa ba ne ba sa tseye letlhakore semmuso fa gare ga ditlhopha tsa lekoko la BDP, Mogae le Khama ka bobedi ba ne ba tlhaloganngwa e le batho ba bagolo mo gare ga A-Team.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;347.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1998 o ne wa bona nngwe ya dikgaogano tse dintsi mo teng ga lekoko la kganetso la BNF. E ne e kgaogane ka ditlhopha tse pedi: batho ba ba sa rateng diphetogo ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa loago le ba ba neng ba tswelela pele ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa puso ya batho ka batho ya loago. Dikhuduego kwa mokgatlhong wa lekoko di ne tsa dira gore batho ba ba neng ba rata kgatelopele ba kgaogane go nna lekoko la bone, [[:en:Botswana_Congress_Party|Botswana Congress Party]] (BCP), le le neng la nna lekoko le legolo la kganetso go fitlhela ba latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa manno a bone mo [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa]] [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 1999]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Kgaogano e ya kganetso, mmogo le diphetogo tsa selegae tsa dingwaga tse di fetileng, di ne tsa dira gore lekoko la BDP le boelwe ke ditilo dingwe tse e neng ya di latlhegelwa ka ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;168–169.</ref> Maloko a le mmalwa a borwa a boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BCP a ne a boela kwa lekokong la BNF morago ga gore maemo otlhe a a kwa godimo a tsewe ke batho ba bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;237.</ref> Go itlhatlosa go ya kwa maemong a merafe ya Tswana, batho ba Yeyi ba ne ba bitsa kgosi e e kwa godimo ka ngwaga wa 1999, fela se se ne sa se ka sa lemogiwa ke Molao wa Bogosi. Ba ne ba tlisa kgang eo kwa Kgotlatshekelong e Kgolo, e e neng ya tlhasela thulaganyo e e maleba ya molao e le e e tlhaolang.<ref name=":95" /> Mogae o ne a tlhoma setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang ka ngwaga wa 2000 go sekaseka kemedi ya merafe e mennye mo Ntlong ya Dikgosi, mme seo sa baka boipelaetso go tswa mo go ba ba neng ba ikutlwa gore Mogae o batla go nyatsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;239.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang se ne sa tlhomamisa gore Ntlo ya Dikgosi e tshwanetse go nna teng, mme ya bidiwa Setswana ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;216.</ref> Diphetogo tse dingwe tse di fetotsweng ga di a amogelwa morago ga go kgarametswa go tswa mo merafeng e megolo ya Batswana, bogolosegolo ba Ngwato.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;217–218.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, batho ba Kgatla-baga-Mmanaana ba ne ba bona kgosi ya bone Gobuamang Gobuamang wa bobedi a amogelwa semmuso jaaka kgosi e nnye mo teng ga kgaolo ya Kwena kwa ba nnang teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;177.</ref> [[:en:Botswana–Namibia_border|Molelwane wa Botswana le Namibia]] o ne wa tsena mo kganetsanong ka ngwaga wa 1999 fa mafatshe ka bobedi a ne a batla kgaolo mo [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Mopakong wa Caprivi]].[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;xx–xxi.</ref>] Ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000, Botswana e ne ya beeletsa thata mo go tlhabololeng sesole sa mowa.<ref name=":93" /> [[:en:Botswana_Television|Setshwantso sa motshikinyego sa Botswana]] se tlhomilwe ka ngwaga wa 2000. Lentswe tsa Tsodilo le ne la nna [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|Lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe]] ka ngwaga wa 2001. Batho ba Basarwa ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao ka ngwaga wa 2002 go ganetsa go ntshiwa ga bona kwa Central Kalahari Game Reserve, fela kgang e sekisiwang e ne ya tlhokomologiwa. [[:en:Mosadi_Seboko|Mosadi Seboko]] wa [[:en:Lete_people|morafe wa]] [[:en:Lete_people|Balete]] o ne a nna moeteledipele wa ntlha wa mosadi wa morafe ka ngwaga wa 2003.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xxi.</ref> Mogae o ne a dira gore mongwe wa batshwayadiphoso ba ba tlhageletseng thata ba puso, [[:en:Kenneth_Good_(political_scientist)|Kenneth Good]], a lelekwe mo lefatsheng la gagwe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], pp.&#x20;333–334.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;226–227.</ref> [[:en:Three_Dikgosi_Monument|Sefikantswe sa Dikgosi tse Tharo]] se ne sa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;680.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya bolwetsi jo bo anameng lefatshe la HIV/AIDS e le kgang e e botlhokwa thata ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Go e lwantsha, o ne a dira gore dikalafi tsa [[:en:Antiretroviral|diantiretroviral]] tsa HIV/AIDS di nne teng mahala.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;225.</ref> === Puso ya ga Ian Khama === [[Setshwantsho:London Conference on The Illegal Wildlife Trade (12499797834).jpg|thumb|Kopano ya ga Ian Khama le [[:en:William_Hague|William Hague]] kwa Lontone]] Ian Khama o ne a latela mo maemong a botautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Mogae ka kgwedi ya Moranang a le letsatsi le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref name=":96">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mokgwa wa gagwe wa boeteledipele o ne wa phatlaladiwa jaaka o o latelang "di-D tse nne": puso ya batho ka batho, tlhabololo, seriti, le kotlhao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Fa a sena go nna mo setilong, o ne a rulaganya sešwa khuduthamaga ya setšhaba ka mokgwa wa tatelano, a kopanya maatla go dikologa botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;227–228.</ref> Khama o ne a gatelela tshireletsego ya setshaba mo tsamaisong ya gagwe. Ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo maemong a gagwe, Lekalana la Bosenodi le Tshireletsego le ne la itsege ka go dira ditlhodi tse di neng di tlhotlhelediwa ke dipolotiki le go tshwara baganetsi ba gagwe ba sepolotiki. O ne gape a tlhoma batho ba le mmalwa ba pele ba sesole mo pusong ya gagwe<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], pp.&#x20;714–715.</ref> Botswana o ne e sa amege thata mo [[:en:African_Union|Kopanong ya Aforika]] ka nako ya botautona jwa ga Khama, go na le moo e ne ya tlhagisa molawana wa mafatshe a sele a a neng e lebisitswe thata mo Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;190.</ref> Mathata a matlole a ngwaga wa 2008 a ne a gatelela itsholelo ya Botswana, e e neng ya nna e ikaegile ka meepo ya ditaemane le fa puso e ne e dira maiteko.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;202.</ref> Madirelo a diteemane a ne a fedisa kwelotlase e e tlhomameng fa e ne e tlhomama ka bokana ka karolo ya masome a mararo le borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tse di tlhagisitsweng tsa lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 2009.<ref name=":76" /> Taolo ya dikgosi e ne ya fetolwa ka ngwaga wa 2008 ka Molao wa Bogosi.<ref name=":92" /> Khama o ne a rotloetsa go neela dikgosi maatla ka leina la go busetsa kotlhao le maitsholo a setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], pp.&#x20;196–197.</ref> O ne a ntsha taelo e e neng ya oketsa dingwaga tsa go nwa tse di kafa molaong go nna masome a mabedi le bongwe, ya fa baeteledipele ba merafe e mennye maatla a go laela gore batho ba itewe, ya tlhama ditlhopha tsa mephato go nna balebedi, le go tsenya gape [[:en:Corporal_punishment_in_schools|kotlhao ya go itaya mo dikolong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Dikgosi di le mmalwa tse di sa tswang go tlhongwa di ne tsa tshegetsa melawana e mme tsa tsenya tirisong dikotlhao tse di gagametseng tsa badiraphoso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Gareng ga bone go ne go na le Kgafela wa bobedi, kgosana ya morafe wa Kgatla. Go dira gore batho ba gagwe ba nne le boitsholo jo bo tlwaelegileng, o ne a oketsa thata go itewa ga batho ba ba neng ba tlola molao. Kgafela le ba bangwe ba ba amegang ba ne ba pegwa molato wa bosenyi ka ntlha ya go dirisa kotlhao ka tsela e e sa siamang ka ngwaga wa 2010, mme kgotlatshekelo e ne ya kgaphela thoko kopo ya gagwe ya go sirelediwa, ya tlhomamisa gore dikgosi ga di na boipuso mme di laolwa ke molaotheo.<ref name=":97">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;157.</ref> Jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le tlhopha boeteledipele jwa lekoko la yone ka ngwaga wa 2009, Khama o ne a tlhoma batho ba le bantsi ba A-Team mo dikomiting tse potlana tsa lekoko le fa Barata-Phathi e ne ya fenya ka nako ya mokgatlho wa lekoko.<ref name=":97" /><ref name=":98">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;335.</ref> Fa mokwaledi mogolo wa lekoko leo, Rre [[:en:Gomolemo_Motswaledi|Gomolemo Motswaledi]] a ne a rerisana le babueledi go botsa gore a ditiro tsa ga Khama di ka fa molaong, Khama o ne a dira gore a sekegiwe mo komiting. Morago ga go isa kgang kwa kgotlatshekelo, go ne ga fitlhelwa gore tautona yo o mo maemong ao ga a kgone go sekisiwa semolao, mme Khama o ne a emisa Motswaledi mo BDP gotlhelele.<ref name=":98" />Mo tshimologong ya ngwaga wa 2010, Khama o ne a emisa mme morago a ntsha maloko a mangwe a le mmalwa a lekalana le le mo teng ga lekoko la Barata-Phathi mo lekokong BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], pp.&#x20;354–355.</ref> Se se ne sa baka go kgaogana ga ntlha ga BDP ka Mopitlwe fa lekoko la Barata-Phathi le ne le tswa mo lekokong go bopa Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Temokerasi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;345.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Molao wa Tirelosetšhaba o tsentswe tirisong ka ngwaga wa 2010, o dira gore badiredipuso ba dire ditshupetso ka ha molaong mo maemong mangwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mo ngwageng o o latelang, Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Mekgatlho ya Badiri (BOFEPUSU) o ne wa etelela pele ditshupetso tsa dikgwedi di le pedi mo gare ga badiredipuso ba lefatshe go batla tuelo ya karolo ya lesome le borataro mo lekgolong, mme puso ya tsiboga ka go ntsha diketekete tsa badiri mo maemong a bone.<ref name=":96" /> Go ntshiwa ga batho go ne go okametswe ke [[:en:Mokgweetsi_Masisi|Mokgweetsi Masisi]], Tona ya Merero ya Botautona.<ref name=":99">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Go ganetsa boemo jwa puso, BOFEPUSU e ne ya tlhofofatsa go kopanngwa ga makoko a magolo a kganetso go nna [[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC).<ref name=":96" /> Setlhopha se sešwa se se ne se eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Duma_Boko|Duma Boko]], yo o neng a tsere taolo ya BNF ka ngwaga wa 2010 mme a laola dipuo tsa yona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;715.</ref> Khama o ne a diragatsa diphetogo tse di nonofileng tsa tshomarelo ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe, bogolo jang mabapi le go tsoma. Le fa ba ne ba opa diatla kwa mahatsheng a mangwe le go bopa leina la Botswana jaaka "kgakgamatso e tala", ba ne ba kopana le go kgobega marapo mo nageng ka ntlha ya ditsela tse di neng di dirisiwa go tswa kwa godimo go ya kwa tlase, bogolosegolo go tswa mo go ba ba nnang mo mafelong a a tlhomilweng a tshomarelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Melawana e e ne e akaretsa go oketsega ga mekgwa ya sesole e e kgatlhanong le go tsoma diphologolo; digongwana tse di kgatlhanong le go tsoma di ne di tsentswe ditlhobolo tse di itirisang go tlaleletsa melawana ya go thuntsha go bolaya kgatlhanong le batho ba ba belaelwang gore ke batsomi.<ref name=":94" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boloka bontsi jwa yone mo lekgotleng la peomolao morago ga [[:en:2014_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopho tse di latelang]], mme e le lekgetho la ntlha e ne ya dira jalo ka bontsi fela jwa ditlhopo tsa batho.<ref>[[Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;705.</ref> Ian Khama o ne a tlhoma Masisi go nna mothusa tautona wa gagwe.<ref name=":99" /> Tshwetso e ne ya tsosa kganetsano ka ntlha ya go tlhoka maitemogelo ga ga Masisi fa go bapisiwa le ditlhopho tse dingwe tse di ka kgonegang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Go ya ka Mogae, Masisi o ne a tlhophiwa ka tlhaloganyo ya gore o tla tlhoma [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|Tshekedi Khama]] [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|wa bobedi]] go nna mothusa tautona morago ga go tsaya botautona ka boene.<ref name=":99" /> Botsalo Ntuane o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Mokwaledi Mogolo wa lekoko la BDP ka ngwaga 2015 mo seraleng sa twantsho tshenyetso setshaba le phetolo ya ditlhopho. Se se ne sa tshosetsa tlholego e e tseneletseng ya lekoko la BDP, mme Ntuane a bona mmaba wa sepolotiki kwa Masisi.<ref name=":99" /> Khama o ne a le bobaba mo bobegadikgannyeng, bogolo jang mo mafelong a a neng a sa dumalane le ditiro tsa puso ya gagwe. O ne a na le babegadikgang ba babedi ba ba neng ba latofadiwa ka [[:en:Sedition|botsuolodi]] ka ngwaga wa 2017, mme moragonyana ditatofatso di ne tsa latlhiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;714.</ref> === Puso ya ga Mokgweetsi Masisi === [[Setshwantsho:Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference London 2018 (45245990491).jpg|thumb|Mokgweetsi Masisi a bua kwa bokopanong jo bo neng bo bua ka kgwebisano e e seng ka fa molaong ya diphologolo tsa naga kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:London|London]] ka ngwaga wa 2018]] Masisi o ne a nna tautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Khama ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2018. Fa ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2019_Botswana_general_election|kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 2019]] di ntse di atamela, Masisi o ne a tlhama setshwantsho sa go ipharologanya le Khama, a itlhagisa jaaka motho yo o [[:en:Anti-corruption|lwantshanang le bonweenwee]] fa a ntse a tshegetsa bobegakgang le BOFEPUSU.<ref name=":02">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;716.</ref><ref name=":02" /> Letsholo la gagwe la go lwantsha bonweenwee le ne la felela ka go tshwarwa ga ga Isaac Kgosi, yo o neng a eteletse pele Bokaedi jwa Botlhodi le Tshireletso mo pusong ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;717.</ref><ref name=":110" /> Masisi o ne a tswelela ka go busetsa morago bontsi jwa melawana ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110" /> Gareng ga tse e ne e le go phimolwa ga melawana ya tshomarelo, go akaretsa le thibelo ya go tsoma e e neng e tsoma e e neng e lebisitswe mo kgwebong ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|manaka a tlou]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;23–24, 33–34.</ref> O ne gape a okametse go fedisiwa ga go tsewa go ratana ka bong bole bongwe e le molato.<ref>Rotberg 2023, pp.&#x20;228–229.</ref> Fa se se ntse se tsweletse, Masisi le Khama ba nna baganetsi go na le go nna balekane. Khama o ne a leka go thapa [[:en:Pelonomi_Venson-Moitoi|Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi]] go nna ntlhopheng yo mongwe wa BDP kgatlhanong le Masisi, mme fa seo se palelwa, o ne a itlhomela lekoko la gagwe, la [[:en:Botswana_Patriotic_Front|Botswana Patriotic Front]] (BPF).<ref name=":99" /><ref name=":110" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boelwa ke bontsi jwa ditlhopho tsa batho ka ngwaga wa 2019,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> mme ditlhopho di ne tsa senngwa ke kgatelelo ya puso le diphuruphutsho tsa nako le nako kgatlhanong le batho ba kganetso. Lekoko la UDC le ne la gwetlha maduo, mme ga di a atlega.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;308.</ref> Diphetogo tsa kgaolo di ne tsa fetoga ka ngwaga wa 2019 jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le latlhegelwa ke thotloetso nngwe kwa bokone fa e ntse e oketsa tlhotlheletso ya yone kwa borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;231.</ref> Ditlhopho gape di ne tsa bona lekokokganetso le legolo, BNF, le latlhegelwa ke BCP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> Jaaka ditšhaba di le dintsi, [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana|Botswana e ne ya bona kwelotlase e e kgolo ya tsholelo ka nako ya tlhaselo ya bolwetsi jwa COVID-19]], mme lefatshe le ne la nna [[:en:COVID-19_lockdowns|mo thibelong ya metsamao]] bontsi jwa ngwaga wa 2020 le ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;309.</ref> Mofuta wa SARS-CoV-2 Omicron o ribolotswe kwa Botswana moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Maikutlo a a kgatlhanong le makula a ne a anama ka setšhaba sa makula kwa Botswana se ne se humile thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;310.</ref> Khama o ne a tshabela kwa lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa a le kwa botshabelo ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele ka ngwaga wa 2021, mme puso ya Botswana ya mo latofatsa ka go nna le dibetsa e se ka fa molaong ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;311–312.</ref> === Puso ya ga Duma Boko === [[Setshwantsho:Secretary Rubio Meets with Botswana President Boko (54371806715).jpg|thumb|Duma Boko o ikanisa tumalano le lefatshe la Amerika ka ngwaga wa 2025]] Lekoko la [:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change][[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC) le nnile lekokokganetso la ntlha mo Botswana go tsaya puso morago ga phenyo ya lone mo [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa]] [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 2024]] , mme se sa fedisa dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi tsa puso ya [[:en:Botswana_Democratic_Party|lekoko la Botswana la batho ka batho]] (BDP).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMuiaZane2024|Muia &#x26; Zane 2024]]</ref> Mo puisanong ya gagwe ya ntlha ya Maemo a Setšhaba ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2024, Duma Boko o boletse gore puso ya gagwe e tla kgaratlhela go oketsa dipeeletso mo maatleng a letsatsi, [[:en:Cannabis|motokwane]] ya kalafi le mofuta wa motokwane o o lengwang ka lebaka la madirelo. O ne gape a itsise ditirisano le [[:en:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] go atolosa phitlhelelo ya mafaratlhatlha a maranyane e e teng lefatshe ka bophara ka [[:en:Starlink|Starlink]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFFrance242024|France24 2024]]</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2025, Botswana e ne ya romela sathalaete ya yone ya ntlha, e leng [[:en:BOTSAT‑1|BOTSAT‐1,]] kwa lefaufaung.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRanjan2025|Ranjan 2025]]</ref> [[:en:Duma_Boko|Boko]] o ne a tsenela go itsisiwe semmuso ga sathalaete, e e neng ya tshwarelwa kwa mafelong a [[:en:SpaceX|SpaceX]] kwa lefatsheng la United States.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNamunwa2025|Namunwa 2025]].</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Lekwalokwalo la Botswana * [[Ngwao ya Botswana|Ngwao ya Batswana]] * Dipalopalo tsa Botswana * [[Itsholelo ya Botswana]] * Thutafatshe ya Botswana * [[Ditso tsa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Borwa jwa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Gaborone]] * [[Lenaane la dikgang tse di amanang le Botswana]] * Lenaane la dingwaga mo Botswana * [[Tlhaloso ya Botswana]] * Mola wa nako wa Botswana * Mola wa nako ya Gaborone * [[Dipolotiki tsa Botswana]] == Dintlhana tse di kwa tlase == <references /> == Metswedi == === Dibuka === * Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). Culture and Customs of Botswana. Greenwood Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-313-33178-7</nowiki>. OCLC 62118271. * Gulbrandsen, Ørnulf (2012). The State and the Social: State Formation in Botswana and its Precolonial and Colonial Genealogies. Berghahn Books. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85745-298-6</nowiki>. * Hillbom, Ellen; Bolt, Jutta (2018). Botswana – A Modern Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73144-5. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-73144-5</nowiki>. * Holm, John D.; Molutsi, Patrick P. (1992). "State-Society Relations in Botswana: Beginning Liberalization". In Hydén, Göran; Bratton, Michael (eds.). Governance and Politics in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 75–95. doi:10.1515/9781685853297. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-55587-285-4</nowiki>. * Jackson, Ashley (1999). Botswana, 1939-1945: An African Country at War. Clarendon Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-820764-1</nowiki>. * Leith, James Clark (2005). Why Botswana Prospered. McGill-Queen's University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7735-2821-5</nowiki>. * Molutsi, Patrick (2004). "Botswana: The Path to Democracy and Development". In Gyimah-Boadi, E. (ed.). Democratic Reform in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 159–182. doi:10.1515/9781685857325. <nowiki>ISBN 9781685857325</nowiki>. * Nyamnjoh, Francis B. (2007). "'Ever-Diminishing Circles': The Paradoxes of Belonging in Botswana". In de la Cadena, Marisol; Starn, Orin (eds.). Indigenous Experience Today. Routledge. pp. 305–332. <nowiki>ISBN 9781003085690</nowiki>. * Rotberg, Robert I. (2023). "Botswana: Africa's Democratic Exception". Overcoming the Oppressors: White and Black in Southern Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–231. <nowiki>ISBN 9780197674239</nowiki>. * Samatar, Abdi Ismail (1999). An African Miracle: State and Class Leadership and Colonial Legacy in Botswana Development. Heinemann. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-325-00068-8</nowiki>. * Tlou, Thomas; Campbell, Alec C. (1997) [1984]. History of Botswana (2nd ed.). Macmillan Botswana. <nowiki>ISBN 9991278087</nowiki>. == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref name=":2"><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref></ref> 5qkgl92u8e0wgmiytwsr9s7h6cnx3lz 53682 53680 2026-07-30T20:32:15Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Pre-colonial history" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366623313|History of Botswana]]" 53682 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditso tsa lefatshe la Botswana''' di akaretsa tsa bogologolo le tsa ngwao ya kgaolo, go diriwa kolone ya [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Bechuanaland Protectorate]], le go nna Republic of [[Botswana]] gompieno. Batho ba ntlha ba motlha wa gompieno go nna mo [[Botswana]] e ne e le Basarwa, temothuo e tlhabolotswe dingwaga di ka nna dikete pedi, le makgolo a mararo a a fetileng. Batho bantsho ba Bantu ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago ga loso lwa ga Keresete, fa [[Batswana]] ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago. Batswana ba ne ba kgaogana ka ditlhopha tsa merafe mo dingwageng tse di dikete tse di latelang fa diphudugo mo kgaolong di tswelela, tse di neng tsa baka [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]] mo lekgolong la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi. Go amana le lefatshe le le kgolo le le naleng dikarolo la Europe ga ntlha go diragetse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi lesome le borataro, mo go bakileng go diriwa Bakeresete ga batho ba kgaolo. Magosi a Batswana a a neng a na le thotloetso e kgolo a ne a ikopela go nna mo tlhokomelong ya lefatshe la [[United Kingdom]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le botlhano ka ba ne ba itemogela matshosetsi go tswa kwa [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German South West Africa]] le mo Maburung. Batho ba Britain ba ne ba kgaoganya kgaolo go nna merafe e kgosi nngwe le nngwe e tlaa e etelelang pele, ba a fa dikgosi maatla a a fetang a ba neng ba na le one pele, mme ba ne ba nna le taolo e e lekanetseng fela mo lefatsheng. Puso ya Britain e ne ya nna le seabe se setlhagafetseng ka dinwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la ema nokeng go tsaya karolo ga Britain mo ntweng ya bobedi ya mafatshe, bontsi ba ne ba lwa e le bontlha jwa sesole sa [[Aferika|Aforika]] sa Auxiliary Pioneer Corps. Go lwela go laola go nnile teng ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a matlhano fa gare ga Kgosi ya [[Bangwato]] [[Seretse Khama]] le motlhatlhami wa gagwe [[Tshekedi Khama]]. Go nyala mosadi wa lekgoa ebong [[Ruth Williams Khama]] ga ga Seretse, go ne ga baka gore batho ba Britain ba mo thibele go nna mo [[Botswana]]. O ne a boa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a matlhano le borataro, ka a ne a na le kemo nokeng e kgolo, merafe e ne inaakanya le puso e e tlhophilweng fa letsholo la boipuso le tlhamiwa. Molao wa lefatshe o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le motso, ga tlhamiwa diphathi tsa polotiki. Seretse o ne a nna moeteledipele wa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Bechuanaland Democratic Party]], e e neng e bueletswe ke puso ya Britain go busa morago ga boipuso, e ne ya nna le kemo nokeng e e tsitsibanyang mmele mo ditlhophong tsa ntlha tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le botlhano. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la neelwa boipuso jo bo tletseng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro. Ka maikaelelo a a nonofileng, Seretse le phathi ya gagwe ba ne ba tlhama puso ya batho ka batho ya bophirima ba simolola go tlhabolola dikago mo lefatsheng le e neng e le lengwe la a a neng a humanegile thata ka nako eo. Go ne ga lemogiwa fa go na le diteemane ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabongwe, mo go neng ga bopa sesha itsholelo ya Botswana. Kompone ya meepo ya [[Debswana]] e tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi, lefatshe la Botswana la nna la itsholelo e e golang ka bofefo thata go gaisa a mangwe mo Botswana. Phathi ya sepolotiki ya Botswana Democratic e ne ya tswelela e le yone phathi e e busang go tswa ka nako ya boipuso go fitlhelela phathi ya [[Umbrella for Democratic Change]] e fenya ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone.]] == Ditso tsa pele ga bokolone == === Ditso tsa pele === [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo Hills rock paintings4.jpg|thumb|metako ya magaga kwa Tsodilo mo ditsong tsa pele]] Lefatshe la Botswana la gompieno e ne e le sekgwa fela dingwaga di le didikadike tse di lesome tse di fitileng, dinoka di ne di le ditona go fetisa gompieno, di tshela kwa [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|letsheng la Makgadikgadi]].<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou, Thomas]]; [[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Campbell, Alec C]]. (1997) [1984]. ''[[History of Botswana]]'' (2nd&nbsp;ed.). Macmillan Botswana. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/9991278087|&nbsp;<bdi>9991278087</bdi>.]]</ref> Batho ba sebopego sa ntlha sa Homo erectus ba ne ba nna mo kgaolong eo ka motlha wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997,]] p.&nbsp;14.</ref> Didirisiwa tsa lejwe mo Botswana wa gompieno, di tshwana le dilepe, di tswa go o lowe, dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fitileng.<ref name=":4">Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). [[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|''Culture and Customs of Botswana''.]] Greenwood Press. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33178-7|<bdi>978-0-313-33178-7</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#Identifiers_and_linked_data|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/title/62118271 62118271.]</ref><ref name=":0">Klehm, Carla (28 June 2021). "Archaeology of Botswana". ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History''. doi:[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61663/chapter/553401196 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.792]. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4|<bdi>978-0-19-027773-4</bdi>.]]</ref> Phudugo go ya sekakeng sa Kalahari go akanyediwa fa e diragetse pele ga legato la borataro dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro tse di fitileng.<ref name=":0" /> Letsha la Makgadikgadi le simolotse go fokotsega dingwaga di le dikete di le masome matlhano tse di fitileng.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;17.]]</ref> Bagolagolwane ba merafe e e sa amaneng ka gope ba ba bidiwang Basarwa fa ba kgobokantswe, ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome mane go tsena masome a mararo tse di fitileng. Ba ka tswa e le bone batho ba ntlha go nna mo motlheng wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&nbsp;18, 23.</ref> Ba ne ba itlhoma go bapa le dinoka ka dipaka tsa komelelo, mme ba phatlalale le kgaolo ka nako ya dipula.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&nbsp;24.</ref>Go ne go itsewe fa ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikaganyeditseng [[letsha la Makgadikgadi]], ga mmogo le [[Tsodilo]] le GI.<ref name=":1">[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;xv.</ref> Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba [[Nata]], Shua le Xani, go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref name=":2">Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;23.</ref>[[:en:Rock_art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse masome a mararo tse di fetileng,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Meepo ya specularite le hematite e simolotse ka nako e go tlhama dipente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;48.</ref> Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a leruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome mabedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":1" /> Thuto e e tseneletseng ya Aforika e e kwa borwa mo [[:en:Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Matlapa]] e ntse e lekanyeditswe.<ref name=":0" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[:en:Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba sala ka ditlhopha tse dinnye mme ba dira kgwebo le ba bangwe.<ref name=":2" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere tshimo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monna yo mogolo wa lelapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tse dikgolo, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela le go tshwara diphologolo tse dinnye.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Ditlhopha di ne di nyalana mme di dirisa thulaganyo ya magadi, xaro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete tse tse di fetileng, batho ba kgaolo eo ba ne ba tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana wa gompieno mme ba simolola go dira dinkgwana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;8.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;28.</ref>Temothuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga le go wela tlase fa seemo sa loapi le ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo di ne di dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;29–30.</ref>Gareng ga dijalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[:en:Pearl_millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[:en:Sorghum|mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[:en:Cowpea|dinawa tsa kgomo]], le dimela tsa lelapa la [[:en:Cucurbitaceae|cucurbits]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba Bantu ba ne ba [[:en:Bantu_expansion|fudugela kwa kgaolong]] e dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi le dingwaga dile selete le makgolo a matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong leno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;22–24, 28.</ref> [[:en:Kalanga_people|Batho ba Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba goroga c. 200 C.E.<ref name=":3">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Bagologolwane ba morafe wa ntlha wa [[:en:Tswana_people|Batswana]] (bongwe ''Motswana'', bontsi ''Batswana'') go fopholediwa fa ba gorogile c. 400 C.E.<ref name=":3" /> Batho ba ba Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didirisiwa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna mo ditseleng tsa metsi tsa leruri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;9.</ref> Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a leruri a matlo a ka nna lesome go fitlhela lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Pole-and-daga|dipale le mmu]] nngwe le nngwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa Khoisan e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;44–45.</ref> BaKhoisan le Bantu ba ka tswa ba ne ba gweba le go nyalana mo pakeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;36.</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlhela ka lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga === Setlhopha sa batho ba Zhizo, batho ba Taukome, ba ne ba goroga mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme ba nna fa gare ga [[:en:Shashe_River|Noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|Noka ya Serorome]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref><ref name=":5">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;10.</ref> Go nna le [[:en:Glass_bead|dipheta tsa galase]] go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo ya Lewatle la India]].<ref name=":5" /> Palo ya leruo le le ruiwang mo Botswana wa gompieno e ne ya oketsega thata fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa borobabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":4" /> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso ya morafe, e e bidiwang ''morafe'' (bontsi merafe), mongwe le mongwe o eteletswe pele ke kgosi e e bidiwang ''[[:en:Kgosi|kgosi]]'' (bontsi dikgosi).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Tsamaiso e e ne ya tlhagisa puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le tse dingwe mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;40.</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong, mme go nna mong wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho.<ref name=":6">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;11.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ditso tsa bogologolo tsa batho ba Tswana e sa ntse e sa itsiwe thata ka gonne go setse bosupi jo bonnye jwa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo.<ref name=":3" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Sekaka sa Kalahari]] ka makgolo ale borobabongwe morago ga ga Keresete,<ref name=":1" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong le le latelang la dingwaga, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng kwa Lewatleng la India.<ref name=":6" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Bangwe ba batho ba Eiland ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa ya gompieno go tsena mo Botswana wa gompieno mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Batho ba Toutswe, ba bangwe ba morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, ba bona khumo ya bona ka go nna le dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;13.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Go ne ga agiwa metse e meraro ya Ba-Toutswe kwa [[:en:Bosutswe|Bosutswe]], Sung, le [[:en:Toutswemogala|Toutswemogala]], mongwe le mongwe wa bone o ne o busa metse e mennye e e neng e e dikologile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 12, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba anametse kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;60.</ref> Boleng jwa ditlhagiswa bo ne jwa fetogafetoga fa kgwebisano e ntse e atolosiwa le ditšhaba di sele mme go ribololwa ga gauta go ne ga diragala, go fokotsa kgatlhego mo ditlhagisweng tsa sebilo le tsa diphologolo jaaka lonaka lwa tlou.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;27–28.</ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":7">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Merafe e e kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditiragalo tse mme e ne ya sala e sa amege thata.<ref name=":8">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Baagisani ba Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe le wa lesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard's Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":9">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> <ref name=":10">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;61.</ref>Ba tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[:en:Bambandyanalo|Bambandyanalo]], ba ne ba nna batho ba bagolo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe kwa ba neng ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;67–68.</ref> Ba ne ba bonela pele tlhotlheletso go ralala kgaolo fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> Batho ba Okavango Delta le batho ba Tsodilo mme morago ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bodulo mo nakong e, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke batho ba Khoe fela ba ba neng ba nna mo lefelong leo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou & Campbell 1997]], pp. 46, 81.</ref>Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro,<ref name=":11">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;14.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa mo nako e le nngwe.<ref name=":10" />Batho ba Mambo ba ne ba nna go dikologa [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]] ya gompieno mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo tikologong ya nako e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Batho ba segompieno ba Tswana, [[:en:Khalagari_people|Khalagari]], le [[:en:Sotho_people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo e ka nnang ka lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":12">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Ba-Khalagari ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana.<ref name=":13">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Batho ba Fokeng le bone ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi,<ref name=":14">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;93.</ref> mme batho ba Moloko ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro.<ref name=":12" /> Morafe wa tshimologo wa BaTswana, losika lwa bogosi lwa Phofu, o tlhodilwe kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro ke Mogale. Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, e ne ya kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa le merafe ya Bahurutshe, [[:en:Kwena_people|Kwena]], [[:en:Ngwaketse_people|Ngwaketse]], [[:en:Ngwato_people|Ngwato]], Tlharo, le batho ba ba [[:en:Ngwato_people|Kgatla]].<ref name=":13" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa ema mo boemong jwa Mapungubwe e le maatla a kgaolo ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro fa batho ba Gumanye ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[:en:Great_Zimbabwe|Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le le botlhokwa le ditsompelo tsa yone le go nna gaufi le lebopo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;77–78.</ref> Zimbabwe e ne e laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le teng mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana,<ref name=":15">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvi.</ref> mme kgwebisano ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo eo.<ref name=":11" /> Zimbabwe e ne e latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga, mme e ne ya wela mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Dinaga tse dingwe di le mmalwa di ne tsa tlhagelela morago ga go wa ga yone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo neng jwa bopiwa ke [[:en:Kalanga_people|merafe ya Kalanga]], bo ne jwa tsaya maemo a Zimbabwe mo molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;98–100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana le [[:en:Pedi_people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bone<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> mme [[:en:Rolong_people|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Morolong.<ref name=":13" /> Kgosi Masilo go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya bophirima jwa Tswana ka nako e, go fitlhela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga moo go bolelwa fa lefelo le le ne le busiwa ke Malope kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":14" /> === Lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell - Thlapingkaptein en sy vrou.png|thumb|Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1800]] Batho ba baTswana ba ne ba fuduga fa gare ga Botswana wa gompieno ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke batho ba naga le batho ba mmuso wa ga mmamosadinyana go tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":16">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;19.</ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga sekete le makgolo a le marataro.<ref name=":17">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, losika lwa ga Phofu, lo ne lwa wela tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;104.</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la lesome le botlhano le la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":11" /> Batho ba ba Kalanga ba ne ba laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[:en:Motloutse_River|Noka ya Motloutse]] le [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Letsha la Makgadikgadi]] go fitlhela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabobedi.<ref name=":7" /> Batho ba Hurutshe, Kgatla, le Kwena ba ne ba kgaogana le losika lwa segosi lwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo gare ga komelelo le dintwa tsa boswa, mme kgabagare ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;10.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Batho ba Ngwaketse le ba Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le boraro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;105.</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo ba ne ba nna mo Motlheng wa Bofelo wa Leje go fitlha mo e ka nnang mo lekgolong la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;22.</ref> Batho ba Botswana wa gompieno ba simolodistse ditsela tse di telle tsa motsamao ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa, e tsamaelwa dikilometara tse makgolo go rekisa,go tsoma le go itsalanya le batho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;108–109.</ref>Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana motlhofo abo e ipopa ka bongwe go tswa mo go ba bangwe ka gore dithoto tse dipotlana , le leruo tsa lefelo ne di kgona go tsmaisiwa motlhofo.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":16" />Merafe ya botlhabatsatsi e ne e tshabellwa ke go kgaogana ka ntlha ya seele se se tona gareng ga toropo le ditshimo.<ref name=":18">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;392.</ref>Kgaogano gareng ga ditlhopa tsa baTswana e nnile mo gareng ga ngwagakgolong ya lesome le bosupa, e tlhalosa merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":19">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;106.</ref>Merafe ya baTswana ba botlhabatsatsi e ne e nna e le maikaelelo a dintwa tsa [[:en:Griqua_people|batho ba Griqua]].<ref name=":18" /> Fa batho ba baTswana ba tswa bokone go ya Botswana wa borwa-bophirima wa segompieno ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa , ba ne ba nna mo metseng e e neng e nna batho ba Kgalagari, ba ba tshwaetsa kgotsa ba ba ntsha. Batho ba ba Kwena le merafe ya bone ya lekala ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa segompieno ka fa tlase ga taolo ya [[:en:Kgabo_II|Kgabo wa bobedi]] ba bo ba nna gaufi le motse wa [[:en:Molepolole|Molepolole]].<ref name=":19" />Go ya ka setso sa molomo, bapatole ba e leng batho ba Herero le Mbanderu ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathung ba Mbunda ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bosupa fa ntwa tsa leruo la batswana le ne le phatlalatsa ditlhopa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> le batho ba Bayeyi ba ne ba fudugela kwa Okavango Delta go ya kwa nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;8.</ref>Mo mafelong a mangwe, batho ba Kaa ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathong ba Rolong le batho ba Khurutse ba kgaogana le batho ba Bahurutshe, fa ditlhopa tsotlhe di fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":20">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;107.</ref>Batho ba Bashaga ba ne ba kopana le batho ba Kgalagari ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;110.</ref> State sa ntlha sa Tswana se tlhamilwe ke batho ba Ngwaketse bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi. Si state tse dingwe tsa Tswana di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka go latelana ke batho ba ba Kwena, batho ba Ngwato le batho ba ba Tawana mo dingwageng tse lesome tse nne di latela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;113.</ref> Ka se go ne ga tla ditlhabololo tsa ''mophato (''bontsi ''mephato),'' mephato ya sesole e e rulagantsweng k a dingwaga tsa setlhopa, gareng ga batho ba Tswana ba bophirima mo dingwageng tsa sekete le makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano''.''<ref name=":21">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;386.</ref>Batho ba le babedi ba Kgatla , batho ba Kgafela le batho ba ba Tlokwa, ba tsene mo nakong e ba bo ba tsaa taolo mo tikologong ya [[:en:Pilanesberg|Pilanesberg]] mo Aforika Borewng wa segompieno. Ba ne ba laola ka thata bontsi jwa batho mo lefelong leo mme ebile ba fentse dintwa tse pedi le batho ba Fokeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;390–391.</ref>Tiriso ya mephato e ne ya phatlatsega kwa bathong ba Tswana ba kwa botlhaba kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":21" />E ne e sa amogelwa go phutologilwe mo borwa === Difaqane === [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]], nako ya dintwa le phuduso mo borwa jwa Aforika , e diragetse kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi le tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;17.</ref> Mo nakong ye, batho ba baTswana ba ne ba le mo '''kgonegong''' ya dintwa ke ditlhopa di le dintsi ,di akaretsa [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Ndebele]], ba [[:en:Kololo_people|Kololo]], ba [[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]],<ref name=":8" /> ba Pedi, le ba [[:en:Voortrekker|Voortrekkers]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;391.</ref>Bontsi jwa ditlhopa tsa ba Tswana di itlhopetse go boela morago ko ntlheng ga go lwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;394.</ref>Sese ne sa trigger phudugo e e extensive e e ralalang lefelo, go baka gore morafe wa ba Tswana o phatlalale thata abo o simolodisa bolengteng jo bo nonofileng gareng ga territory ya Botswana wa segompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo [[:en:Hardveld|nageng e e thata]] e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Batho ba Kwena le ba Ngwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa motseng wa [[:en:South_African_Republic|Transvaal]] go ya kwa ''lefelong la motlhaba''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;18.</ref> Batho ba ntlha wa Kgatla go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, batho ba Mmanaana, o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[:en:Moshupa|Moshupa]] le [[:en:Thamaga|Thamaga]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53, 56.</ref> Ke fela bangwe ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba bolokwa mo go fudugeng kgotsa mo go kgorelediweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;393.</ref> Batho ba Kololo ba ne ba tlhasela merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa 1826, ba pateletsa BaKwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bona ka go farologana. Sebogo, molaodi wa morafe wa Ngwaketse, o ne a tsosa banna ba le dikete dile nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa Dithubaruba kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ba bolaya batlhabani le baagi, ba kobela ruri Bakololo mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;393–394.</ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma dinaga tsa yone gape ka dingwaga tsa bo 1840, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;31.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;693.</ref><ref name=":22">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;114.</ref> Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[:en:Kgotla|kgotla]]'', kopano ya dipuisano e mo go yone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a utlwa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagi ba banna pele a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref name=":34">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;695.</ref><ref name=":23">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1880, batho ba Tswana le ba Khalagari ba ne ba dirile Botswana yotlhe ya gompieno dikolone.<ref name=":20" /> === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe ba ne ba goroga lantlha mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|London Missionary Society]]. Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa dira go fetolela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":24">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Morongwa [[:en:Robert_Moffat_(missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya motse wa gagwe wa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa Botswana wa gompieno jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le Maburu gore ba se ka ba kgona go ya kwa teng.<ref name=":8" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a ne a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekeresete le go kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente e Kgologolo le e Ntšhwa ka bobedi di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa 1857.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;57, 65.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgopolo di le mmalwa tsa itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aforika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''mafisa'' ya bahumi ba adima bahumanegi dikgomo go ba ananya ka tiro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;701.</ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya dithoto tse di fhapegileng ka bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe , mme banna ba ba nyetsweng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le tshwanelo ya ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;698.</ref> Banna ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref> Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se lengwa thata mo kgaolong eo mo lekgolong la lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela komelelo e ne e raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Bagwebi ba lefatshe la Britain ba gorogile ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":24" /> Go tla ga baagi ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe ba ba neng ba nna gaufi le foo go ne ga dira gore merafe ya Batswana e kgone go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Sechele_I|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_I|wa ntlha]] wa batho ba Bakwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya lefatshe la Britain ya morafe wa gagwe.<ref name=":22" /> Morongwa wa kwa Scotland e bong [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o ne a goroga mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma lekgotla la [[:en:Kolobeng_Mission|Kolobeng Mission]]. Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe mo go bokete ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe mo merafeng ya Batswana fa ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano tsa dikontinente tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":15" /> Moaparo wa Bophirima o ne wa amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala ngwagakgolo otlhe mme o kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;120–121.</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a fa batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu.<ref name=":25">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa batho ba Kalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba lebana le kgotlhang go tswa mo ditlhopheng tse dingwe mo kgaolong, mme ya goroga kwa setlhoeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1850. Batswana ba le bantsi, bogolosegolo merafe ya Kwena le Ngwato, ba ne ba lwa kgatlhanong le merafe ya Maaforikanere le ya MaZulu kwa botlhaba jwa Sekaka sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;195.</ref> Ba-Kwena le Ba-Mmanaana ba ne ba lwantsha Maburu go tswa kwa Transvaal ka ngwaga wa 1852, ba sireletsa kgaolo ya bone mme ba fedisa go atologa ga setšhaba go ya kwa bophirima.<ref name=":26">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;396.</ref> Batswana ba ne ba bona ditlhopha tsa barongwa e le tsela ya go tshabela mo batlhaseding, ba rotloetsa go sokologela mo Bokereseteng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Sechele o ne a kopa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Britain ka 1853 go fedisa dintwa tsa kgaolo, mme o ne a ganwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;107.</ref> Baeng ba Europa ba ne ba tlwaelesegile thata mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga fa batsomi, batlhotlhomisi, le bagwebi ba ne ba batla dipoelo le go bona dilo tse di kgatlhang mo kgaolong eo.<ref name=":25" /> Ba le bantsi ba ne ba kwala [[:en:Travel_book|dibuka tsa maeto]] ka ga lefelo leo, tse e neng e le dingwe tsa dikgatiso fela tse e seng tsa thuto ka ga Botswana wa gompieno ka nako eo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;65–66.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1860, go fuduga go tswa mo kgaolong go ne ga oketsega fa banna ba Batswana ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya go bereka kwa meepong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Go ribololwa ga Masimo a [[:en:Tati_Goldfields|Gauta a Tati]] go ne ga tsosa go batla gauta ga ntlha ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe kwa Borwa jwa Aforika ka ngwaga wa 1868.<ref name=":24" /> Kampa ya pele ya meepo e e neng ya tlhongwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1870 e ne ya atologa thata fa e ne e nna lefelo le legolo la terena fa gare ga [[:en:Cape_Province|kgaolo ya Cape]] le [[:en:Bulawayo|Bulawayo]], mme ya nna toropokgolo ya ntlha ya Botswana, e leng [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;15, 29.</ref> Mo nakong e mo hisitoring ya Botswana, dikgosi tse dikgolo tsotlhe e ne e le Bakeresete.[92] Ntwa magareng ga Bakwena le BaKgafela ka ngwaga wa 1875.<ref name=":26" />Kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga di le lesome, kgosi [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa batho ba Ngwato o ne a gapa taolo ya kgwebisano ya Borithane mo bathong ba Kwena.<ref name=":22" /> == Tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland == ''Setlhogo se segolo: [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]'' Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e oketsegang ya lefatshe la Germany mo kgaolong, mme e ne ya dumela go bopa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]].<ref name=":27">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom & Bolt 2018]], p. 40.</ref><ref name=":28">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Makgowa a Britain a ne a eletsa go somarela tlhotlheletso ya yone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka a ne a neelana ka kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aforika.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Dikgosi tsa Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane ya Aforika Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maaforikaner]],<ref name=":29">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;161.</ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ya taolo ya Borithane e ne e le bokoloniale jwa baagi ke Jeremane.<ref name=":30">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;694.</ref> Ba ne ba eletsa gape go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Aforika Borwa kgotsa moeteledipele wa meepo [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa tshireletso e santse e iphitlhela e ikaegile ka Aforika Borwa mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe go nna lefatshe la merafe le le busiwang ke dikgosi le [[:en:Crown_land|lefatshe la segosi]] le le laolwang ke United Kingdom.<ref name=":29" /> Merafe e borobarobedi e ne ya amogelwa ke Maesemane fa go ne go tlhodiwa protectorate. Tse nne tse dikgolo di ne tsa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe: Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Gape go ne ga lemogiwa tse tharo tse dinnye: tsa Kgatla, tsa [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Tlokwa]] le tsa ga [[:en:Malete_people|Malete]]. Ba borobedi, ba Tshidi, ba ne ba fiwa lefelo la polokelo le le kgabaganyang molelwane magareng ga naga e e sireleditsweng le Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;30n1.</ref> Fa maloko a merafe e mennye e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe tsa bona.<ref name=":17" /> Go tsenngwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola mofuta wa puso ya Motswana, ka merafe e ne e sa tlhalosiwe thata mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka dikgaolo di kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;46–47.</ref><ref name=":31">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;24.</ref> Tshireletso kwa tshimologong e ne ya atologela kwa Ngwato, e fitlha go tswa go didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa go ya kwa [[:en:Molopo_River|Nokeng ya Molopo]], mme e ne ya atolosiwa go ya kwa didikiriing di le lesome le borobabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhela kwa Nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwaga wa 1890.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;30.</ref>Se se ne sa tlamela Maborithane ka badiri ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya yona mme sa bopa sekgoreletsi se segolo sa go lekanyetsa bokoloniale jwa Jeremane.<ref name=":32" /> Batho ba bangwe ba Tswana ba ne ba nna kwa borwa jwa tshireletso mme moragonyana ba ne ba tsenngwa mo Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":28" /> Batho ba ga Kgafela ba ne ba nna kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa 1887. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna seka-Kgatla.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53.</ref>Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa 1891 go tlhoma tshireletso semmuso.<ref name=":29" /> Puso ya yone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa mookamedi go nna tlhogo ya yone. Mookamedi o ne a fiwa dithata tse di anameng mo tshireletsong, fa fela a ne a tlotla molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> Motsemogolo wa yone e ne e le toropo ya Aforika Borwa ya Vryburg, go supa gore babusi ba bokoloniale ba ne ba sa nne mo tshireletsong mme ba ne ba sa amege ka tlhamalalo mo mererong ya yona.<ref name=":33">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;41.</ref>Go na le moo, mookamedi yo mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusa-baokamedi ba babedi, mme mookamedi wa kgaolo o ne a tlhofofatsa go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":35">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Go tsenngwa ga puso ya Borithane mo Aforikaborwa go ne go raya gore Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne e ikaegile ka yona mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;162.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore Bechuanaland Protectorate ke setheo sa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore e tla tloga e tsewa ke kolone ya Borithane.<ref name=":37">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;115.</ref> Fa go ntse jalo, e ne e dumela gore tshireletso e e kgonang go itshedisa e tla ja madi a mannye go e tlhokomela.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":41">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;108.</ref> Ka ntlha ya mabaka a, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya gapeletsa taolo e nnye fela e e tlhamaletseng ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland.<ref name=":23" /> Dikgosi di ne di akola dikgang tse mme tsa kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jo bo anameng, fela tshegetso ya bokoloniale e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka tumelelo ya merafe go tshegetsa puso.<ref name=":36">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;41–42.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;66–67.</ref>[ Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya seemanosi, se se neng sa baka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho le go tlhaola basadi le merafe e mennye.<ref name=":38">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;161–162.</ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa tshireletso === {{Multiple image|total_width=300|image1=Chief-khama-III.jpg|image2=Sebele I by Fritsch 1865.jpg|image3=Bathoen I in london1895.jpg|footer=Khama III, Sebele I le Bathoen I, ba ba neng ba kgona go tlhotlheletsa puso ya Borithane gore e se ka ya tsenya Bechuanaland Protectorate mo taolong ya Khamphani ya British South Africa.|direction=Horizontal}} Batho ba lefatshe la Britain ba ne a rulagantse gore kwa bofelong ba akaretse Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland mo Kopanong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":31" /> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso, United Kingdom e ne ya tsena mo dipuisanong le Cecil Rhodes go e tsenya mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aforika Borwa ya Borithane]].<ref name=":27" /> Fa ba araba, dikgosi tse tharo tse di nang le tlhotlheletso thata—Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, Sebele Iwa ntlha wa Ba-Kwena, le Bathoen wa ntlha wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto lwa bodipolomate go ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa1895 mme ba dira gore puso e se ka ya wetsa tumalano eo.<ref name=":33" /><ref name=":39">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvii.</ref>Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di dirisanang le makgoa a lefatshe la Briritsh jaaka setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref name=":40">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> mme sa kwala batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka setšhaba se le sengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[:en:Jameson_Raid|Jameson Raid]] ka yone e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba makgowa a lefatshe la British marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;30–31.</ref> Go ketekwa ga dikgosi tse go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aforika: ''Khamé'', ''Sebéle'' le ''Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa lefatshe la London ka one ngwaga oo. Mokwalo o o [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhagisitse tlhamane]] e e simolotseng ya gore merafe ya bone e meraro ka go farologana e tlhodilwe ke bakaulengwe ba bararo.<ref name=":42">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;670.</ref> Gape ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropong e nngwe ya Aforika Borwa, [[:en:Mafeking|Mafeking]],<ref name=":33" />mme kompone ya Marope a Bogologolo e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marope a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go batla gauta.<ref name=":32" /> Tshireletso e ne ya amiwa thata ke go runya ga bolwane mo diphologolong ya Aforika ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, ya latlhegelwa ke dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa leruo la yona le diphologolo tsa naga.<ref name=":39" /> [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|Seporo sa tshireletso se agilwe ka]] [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|ngwaga wa 1897]] jaaka mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tsosa [[:en:Pioneer_Column|setlhopa sa Babulatsela]] go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa Ngwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole.<ref name=":43">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la [[:en:Jameson_Raid|tlhaselo ya ga Jameson]] ka 1896.<ref name=":39" /> Morafe wa Kgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya [[:en:Boer_War|Ntwa ya Maburu]], o lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane.<ref name=":43" /> Itsholelo ya pele ya bokoloniale ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne ya nna e tshwana thata le itsholelo ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref /> United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata naga ya tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e fa Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka mo meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;42.</ref> Makgetho le one a ne a tsenngwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la ntlwana]] ka ngwaga wa 1899, le le neng la emisediwa ka [[:en:Poll_tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa 1909.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Lekgetho la selegae le ne la tsenngwa moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 1919.<ref name=":44">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;31.</ref>Makgetho a bokoloniale kwa Tshireletsong ya Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme se sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagi go ba rotloetsa go nna.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;43–44.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la akanyetsa go kopanya tshireletso mo Aforika Borwa jaaka e ne e [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|kopanya dikoloni tsa yona tsa borwa jwa Aforika]], fela kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":39" /> ya kopana ka ngwaga wa 1910.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;137.</ref> Boloko bo ne bo dira gore tshireletso e nne le karolo tse pedi mo lekgolong fela ya lotseno lwa bokopano.<ref name=":44" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1910, merafe yotlhe ya Batswana e ne e amogetse Bokeresete.<ref name=":24" />Bechuanaland e ne ya romela masole a le makgolo a le mmalwa go thusa Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya [[:en:World_War_I|Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya ntlha]].<ref name=":43" /> Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o ne wa iphitlhela o wela tlase ka nako eo, mme ka iketlo o ne wa latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso mo pusong e e neng e sireleditswe.<ref name=":42" /> [[:en:Sebele_II|Sebele wa bobedi]] o ne a nna kgosi ya Kwena ka ngwaga wa 1918, a tlhatlhama rraagwe, [[:en:Sechele_II|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_II|wa bobedi]]. Sechele II o ne a thulana le Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o o neng o laola, a letlelela go nna teng ga Anglican le go busetsa mekgwa e mentsi ya setso e e jaaka go nyala basadi ba le bantsi, go dira pula le ''[[:en:Bogwera|bogwera]]''. Sebele II o ne a tswelela ka kgwetlho ya ga rraagwe kwa Mokgatlhong wa Barongwa wa London, go ngongorega ga puso ya Borithane.<ref /> Puso e e gabedi ya dikgosi le tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya dira gore tsamaiso e nne thata, ka jalo tsamaiso e ne ya tlhama makgotla a mabedi a bagakolodi go lekalekanya balaodi bao.<ref name=":44" /> Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana (moragonyana Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Aforika) le ne la tlhongwa ka ngwagawa 1919.<ref name=":35" />Kopano e ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya dikgosi le batho ba bangwe ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso mo tshireletsong e ne ya letla puso ya Borithane go utlwa le go laola merafe mmogo go na le ka bongwe.[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;47–49.</ref>] Khama wa boraro wa Ngwato o ne a gana go tsaya karolo, a supa bokoa jwa tiragatso ya thibelo ya bojalwa mo morafeng wa borwa. Khama wa boraro o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1923<ref name=":45">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;230.</ref> mme a tlhatlhangwa ke [[:en:Sekgoma_II|Sekgoma]] [[:en:Sekgoma_II|wa bobedi]], yo o neng a direla go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1926.<ref name=":45" /> Morwa wa ga Sekgoma e bong [[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] o ne a sa ntse a le lesea, ka jalo [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama|Tshekedi Khama]] o ne a nna mmusi.<ref name=":46">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Tshekedi o ne a lemogwa jaaka moemedi wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> Fa Seretse a ntse a gola, Tshekedi o ne a gatelela gore a fiwe [[:en:Liberal_education|thuto e e gololesegileng]] go na le gore a romelwe kwa sekolong sa madirelo sa Rhodesia.<ref>Samatar 1999, p.&#x20;179.</ref> === Tlhabololo le tlhotlheletso e e oketsegileng ya Borithane === Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920, kgosi Isang Pilane wa batho ba Kgatla o ne a okametse sekema sa ntlha se segolo sa tlhabololo ya metsi sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland , a dira gore go epiwe metswedi ya metsi e le lesomethataro, mme di le supa tsa tsone di ne tsa nna ditlamelo tsa metsi tse di atlegileng. Tse e ne tsa tlwaelega thata mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang fa puso ya Borithane e ne e kgatlhegela go atolosa itsholelo ya tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;70.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930, Isang Pilane le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana ba ne ba dira gore dikhuti di nne tse di hapegileng, ka gonne di ne di sa tlhokomelwe ka fa tlase ga bong jo bo kopanetsweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], pp.&#x20;699–700.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya nna teng mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1930, ya bolaya go feta karolo ya masome a marataro mo lekgolong ya dikgomo tsa tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne ya tsaya karolo e e matlhagatlhaga mo pusong ya tshireletso go simolola ka ngwaga wa 1930.<ref name=":47">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;58.</ref><ref name=":41" />Mo ngwageng oo, e ne ya simolola go tlamela ka matlole ka tlhamalalo go tshireletso.<ref name=":48">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Charles Rey o ne a tlhomiwa go nna molaodi wa Moagi wa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, mme o ne a na le maikarabelo a go rulaganya itsholelo sešwa go dikologa dikgomo tsa go romelwa kwa ntle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;55–56.</ref> Maiteko a go fetola tshireletso go ya kwa tlhabololong ya meepo le temothuo ya kgwebo a ne a lekwa mme a bona a kgarametswa morago go tswa mo dikgosing.<ref name=":37" /> Molaodi wa Moagi Rey o ne a thulana le kgosi Sebele wa bobedi, mme a dira gore a lelekwe ka 1931. Sebele II o ne a emisediwa ka morwarraagwe yo mmotlana, Kgari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dikgato tse dingwe di ne tsa lekwa ke puso ya Borithane ka 1934 go thibela maatla a a sa laolweng a dikgosi morago ga go menolwa ga ga Sebele II. Dikgato tseno di ne tsa laela makgotla a bagakolodi a dikgosi di neng di tshwanetse go buisana le one mme di ne di batla gore puso ya Borithane e newe phitlhelelo ya direkoto tsa kgotlatshekelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;69–70.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;49.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Bathoen_II|Bathoen wa bobedi]] wa Ngwaketse le moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao mo maitekong a. Le fa kgotlatshekelo ya Borithane e ne ya atlhola kgatlhanong le kgwetlho, dipholisi tse dišwa ga di ise di ko di tsenngwe tirisong ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;72–73.</ref><ref name=":49">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Dithibelo tse dingwe di ne tsa amogelwa ka kgoeletso ya bokoloniale go lekanyetsa bokgoni jwa dikgosi go lefisa makgetho le go gapa dikgomo tse di timetseng.<ref name=":39" /> Molaodi yo mošwa wa baagi, [[:en:Charles_Arden-Clarke|Charles Arden-Clarke]], o ne a tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1936 mme a dira gaufi le dikgosi.<ref name=":49" /> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe II === Dipoifo tsa tlhaselo ya Jeremane kwa Bechuanaland di ne tsa gola pele ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi ka ntlha ya boemo jwa yone jwa togamaano fa gare ga dikoloni tsa Boritane tse di fa gare le tse di kwa borwa mo Aforika. Malatsi a le lesome le bongwe pele ga ntwa e itsisiwe, puso ya Borithane e ne ya tlhagisa naga e e sireleditsweng gore e nne e le mo seemong se se siameng, mme masole a sesole a ne a rulaganngwa. Malatsi a le manè morago ga gore Borithane e bolele ntwa kgatlhanong le lefatshe la Germany, Molaodi wa Moagi Arden-Clarke o ne a tshwara kopano le dikgosi kwa ba neng ba solofetsa go tshegetsa maiteko a ntwa ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> Letsatsi le le latelang, khomišene e kgolo e ne ya ntsha kgoeletso ya [[:en:Emergency_powers|dithata tsa tshoganyetso]] tse di neng tsa e fa taolo e e feletseng mo tirong ya setšhaba mo tshireletsong, fela dikgosi di ne tsa itsisiwe gore di tla nna le maikarabelo a bontsi jwa tiragatso le go boloka kagiso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;33–34.</ref> Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi di ne di batlile go se go nne le tshusumetso epe mo bathong ba Bechuanaland, mme bontsi bo ne bo na le kakanyo e e sa tlhamalalang fela ya gore ntwa e ne e le teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya ngotlega fa palo e kgolo ya baagi ba basweu ba ne ba ikwadisa mo Sesoleng sa Boritane. Ba ba neng ba setse ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo mo thulaganyong ya tshireletsego fa go ka direga gore borwa jwa Aforika bo nne letlhakore le lengwe mo ntweng.<ref name=":50">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;35.</ref> Kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa dikgosi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya rotloetsa Batswana ba ba neng ba eletsa go direla le Sesole sa Borithane go ikwadisa le Sesole sa Batswana sa Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Banna ba Batswana ba ka nna makgolo a supa ba ne ba ikwadisa le setlhopha seno.<ref name=":51">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Go tlhokomela Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland go ne ga nna selo se se kwa tlase mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya Kwelotlase e Kgolo ya itsholelo le Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi,<ref name=":41" /> mme tshireletso ga e a ka ya amogela matlole ape go tswa kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":48" /> Mmusomogolo wa Borithane o ne o na le taolo e nnye mo Bechuanaland fa o bapisiwa le dikgaolo tsa one tse dingwe, mme maiteko a Borithane a go laola tlhagiso ya nako ya ntwa mo tshireletsong a ne a sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;124.</ref> Ntwa e ne ya fetola thata itsholelo ya tshireletso fa e ntse e tswelela, ya tlhagisa tlhaelo, go aba dijo, le ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> [[:en:Profiteering|Go dira dipoelo]] le go [[:en:Price_gouging|fokotsa ditlhwatlhwa]] go ne go tlwaelesegile, mme puso ya bokoloniale, e e neng e sa kgone go gagamatsa [[:en:Price_control|ditaolo tsa ditlhwatlhwa]], e ne ya dirisa [[:en:Gentlemen's_agreement|ditumalano tsa banna]] le bagwebi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;138.</ref> Makgetho a ne a tlhatlosiwa mme mananeo a Letlole la Tlhabololo ya Bokoloniale di ne tsa fokodiwa kwa tshimologong ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi go tlhoma boipuso jwa matlole go tswa mo mmusomogolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;125–126.</ref> Kgoeletso ya Taolo ya Madirelo a Leruo ya ntlha ya ngwaga wa 1940 e ne ya fetisiwa go duedisa dikgomo lekgetho, madirelo a a magolo a tshireletso, mme fela e ne ya kopana le kganetso e e boitshegang go tswa kwa Batswaneng le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la kaorolokgolong ya lefatsa ya Europe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> Letlole la ntwa le ne le dira kwa Bechuanaland, mme le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le solohetse gore meneelo e nne ya boithaopo, dikgosi di ne tsa dirisa taolo ya tsone mo merafeng ya tsone go pateletsa meneelo. E ne ya emisediwa ka lekgetho ka ngwaga wa1941, fela se se ne se sa ratwe thata mme sa itshupa se le thata go se diragatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;128–131.</ref> === Botsayakarolo jwa Batswana mo Ntweng ya Lefatshe II === [[Setshwantsho:Bechuanaland Boys cleaning Aa Guns in the Twilight after Action, Syracuse, Sicily Art.IWMARTLD4576.jpg|thumb|Basimane ba Bechuanaland ba phepafatsa Ditlhobolo tsa Aa mo Lefifing morago ga Tiragalo, Syracuse, Sicily, tiro ya botaki ya 1944 e e dirilweng ke [[:en:Leslie_Cole_(artist)|Leslie Cole]]]] Go thapiwa ga sesole go simolotse kwa Bechuanaland ka ngwaga wa 1941.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;34–35.</ref> Banna ba ka nna dikete tse tlhano le makgolo a matlhano ba ne ba katisiwa mme ba romelwa kwa ntweng mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse thataro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Banna ba bangwe ba Batswana ba le dikete tse tlhano ba ne ba tsenelela ntwa ka ngwaga wa 1942.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ka kakaretso, masole a ka nna dikete tse lesome le bongwe go tswa kwa Bechuanaland a ne a lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":50" /> Ba feta dikete tse lesome ba bone ba ne ba direla mo Sesoleng sa Boritane sa [[:en:African_Auxiliary_Pioneer_Corps|Babulatsela ba ba Thusang ba Aforika]].<ref name=":51" /> Dikgosi ka tlwaelo di ne di na le tshwanelo ya go [[:en:Conscript|kwadisa]] masole, mme di ne di itlhokomolosa dikeletso tsa puso ya bokoloniale tsa gore tirelo ya sesole e nne ya boithaopo gotlhelele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;44–46.</ref> Moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato o ne a dira gore a se ka a ratwa ke batho ka go dirisa go tsenngwa mo sesoleng jaaka sedirisiwa sa taolo, a go dirisa sebetsa go didimatsa batshwayadiphoso le baganetsi ba sepolotiki.<ref name=":52">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Banna ba ba neng ba eletsa go tila go tsenela bosole ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Aforika Borwa kgotsa kwa mafelong a a kgakala jaaka metlhaba ya [[:en:Okavango_Delta|noka e phatlallang ya Okavango]] le [[:en:Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park|sekgwa sa Kgalagadi]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;47.</ref> Ba bangwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgato tsa go itlhokomela ka bonako, jaaka go epa dikhutsi fa bathapi ba ne ba etela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di eletsa go dirisa go tsaya karolo ga tsone mo ntweng go bona ditshwanelo tse dingwe mo teng ga Mmusomogolo wa Borithane, mme di ne di tshaba gore go fenngwa ga Borithane go tla ba dira babusiwa ba Jeremane kgotsa Aforika Borwa, e leng phelelo e ba neng ba eletsa go e tila.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;39–40.</ref> Maiteko a ntwa gape e ne e le tshono ya go busetsa banna ba Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugetse kwa Aforika Borwa go ya go dira ditiro tsa meepo; dikgosi di ne di eletsa go fedisa mokgwa o mme di ne di ikutlwa di ka dira jalo ka go neelana ka ditiro tsa sesole.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;41–43.</ref> Dituelo dingwe tsa sesole di ne tsa diegisiwa go malapa a masole, mme ditekanyetso tsa thomelo kwa ntle di ne tsa tlosiwa ka nako ya ntwa, mme tsa baka go tsena ga madi kwa Bechuanaland.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;133.</ref> Fa go bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tse di mo Mmusong wa Boritane, batho ba Bechuanaland ba ne ba amogela ntwa eo. Batswana ba le bantsi ba ne ba na le maikutlo a boikanyegi mo mmusomogolong kgotsa ba ikutlwa gore dikgatlhego tsa bone di a tsamaisana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;36–37.</ref> Dikgosi dingwe, jaaka [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|Kgari Sechele]] [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|wa bobedi]] wa kwa ga Kwena le Molefi Pilane wa ga Kgatla, ba ne ba ikwadisa ka sebele. Ba ne ba dira jaaka disajene tse dikgolo tsa masole, e leng maemo a a kwa godimo a a neng a le teng mo Batswaneng.<ref name=":52" /> Go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya letlelela Batswana go nna le diteseletso tsa kgwebo le go dira mo teng ga naga e e sireleditsweng. Se pele se ne se lekanyeditswe batho basweu le makula.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;135.</ref> Setlhopha sa Dikgaolo tsa Dikhomišene tse di Kwa Godimo se ne se le kwa Botlhabagare go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1946 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1949.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> === Mokgatlho wa boipuso === [[Setshwantsho:1960 6d Bechuanaland Protectorate stamp.jpg|thumb|Setempe sa ngwaga wa 1960 sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland se se nang le ditshwantsho tsa ga [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Kgosigadi Victoria]] le [[:en:Elizabeth_II|Elizabeth wa bobedi]], dikgosi tsa ntlha le tsa bofelo tsa Borithane tsa tshireletso .]] Bokhutlo jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi bo ne jwa tla ka phetogo e kgolo mo setšhabeng. Dikgosi di ne tsa bonwa di se botlhokwa thata mo sebopegong sa loago, mme bontsi bo ne jwa tlogela dipolelo tsa bone tsa lefatshe lotlhe mo dikgomong tsa merafe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;51.</ref> Didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa setšhaba, jaaka lefatshe le badiri, di ne tsa dirwa tse di hapegileng le go dirwa dithoto.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;52.</ref> Phitlhelelo ya thuto e ne ya tlhola setlhopha sa batlhalefi ba ba [[:en:Liberalism|gololesegileng]] ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le puso ya dikgosi mme ba simolola go ipopela mafelo a bone a maatla mo mekgatlhong ya badiri le ditlhopha tsa baagi.<ref name=":63">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;165.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1946, ke karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong fela ya paoyotlhe ya baagi e e neng e na le tiro kwa ntle ga temothuo le ditirelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya bona koketsego e kgolo ya dikelo tsa matsalo jaaka karolo ya bogare jwa [[:en:Mid-20th_century_baby_boom|ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi wa go tlhatloga ga masea]] mo dingwageng tsa morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, e e neng e tsamaya le koketsego ya [[:en:Life_expectancy|dingwaga tsa botshelo]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e simolotse lenaneo la yone la ntlha ya tlhabololo mo tshireletsong, e leng lefelo la matlhabelo, ka dingwaga tsa bo ka ngwaga wa 1950.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;81.</ref> Maborithane, a santse a solofetse go kopanya tshireletso go nna Aforika Borwa, kwa bofelong a ne a phimola leano le morago ga tshimologo ya [[:en:Apartheid|Tlhaolele]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref>Fa maiteko a simolola go tlhama tsela e ntšhwa ya isago ya tshireletso, tshireletso e ne ya bewa mo seemong sa go tlhoka maitseo, mme ga go na tsela ya go ya pele e e neng e bonala sentle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], pp.&#x20;672–673.</ref> Tshitshinyo nngwe e ne e le go e tsenya mo [[:en:Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland|Mokgatlhong wa Rhodesia le Nyasaland]], o lefatshe la United Kingdom e o tlhamileng ka fa tlase ga pholisi ya "tirisanommogo ya merafe e mentsi".<ref>Parsons 2006, p.&#x20;673.</ref> Fa mojaboswa wa Ngwato Seretse Khama a gola, mmusi Tshekedi Khama o ne a leka go tshwarelela mo pusong.<ref name=":53">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;696.</ref> Seretse o ne a nyala mosadi wa mosweu, [[:en:Ruth_Williams_Khama|Ruth Williams]], fa a ne a ithuta kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom, mme se sa baka matlhabisa ditlhong mo lelapeng la segosi la ga Ngwato.<ref name=":46" /> Le fa kwa tshimologong setšhaba se ne se le kgatlhanong le lenyalo le, go sa ratweng ga ga Tshekedi go ne ga fetola maikutlo a Seretse.<ref name=":47" /> Kgang e ne ya tlhagisiwa mo kgotleng ka ngwaga wa 1949, mme puso ya ga Tshekedi e ne ya ganwa ka bontsi ke diketekete tsa batho ba ba neng ba le teng.<ref name=":53" /><ref name=":47" /> Tshekedi le batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Kwena kwa botshabelo.<ref name=":54">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Puso ya makgowa e ne e sa itshokele lenyalo la ga Seretse le mosadi yo mosweu. Ka maiteko a go ritibatsa puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, e ne ya leleka banyalani ba mo pusong ya tshireletso ka ngwaga wa 1950. Se se ne sa tsosa mokgatlho wa bosetšhaba o o neng o gola mo gare ga baemanokeng ba ga Seretse mo pusong ya tshireletso, o o neng wa tlhagelela ka botlalo ka ngwaga wa 1952.<ref name=":37" /> Ka nako ya fa Seretse a ne a seyo, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la baya molaodi wa kgaolo dingwaga di le nne pele ga e tlhoma Rasebolai Kgamane, motshegetsi wa ga Tshekedi, go nna moemedi.<ref name=":54" /> Morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tsuologela go lelekwa ga ga Seretse.<ref name=":55">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;53.</ref> Batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba kopa gore a bowe, mme go ne ga tsoga dikhuduego fa ba ne ba ganwa. Seretse o ne a feleletsa a letleletswe go boa ka ngwaga wa1956.<ref name=":56">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Ka nako e, kgaogano e e gagametseng ya merafe mo Aforika Borwa ya Tlhaolele e ne ya thibela lefatshe la United Kingdom go e ritibatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;200.</ref> Mo nakong yotlhe ya mathata a go lelekwa ga ga Seretse, maatla a ne a tlogela bogosi mme a ya kwa mekgatlhong ya ditlhopho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;91.</ref> Tshekedi le Seretse ba ne ba dira kagiso fa Seretse a boa, mme Seretse a nna moeteledipele wa ''nnete'' wa Ngwato, le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le mo thibetse go nna kgosi ya semmuso.<ref name=":56" /> Ka thotloetso ya Borithane, morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tlhama lekgotla la morafe, le Seretse le Tshekedi ka bobedi e neng e le maloko a lone.<ref name=":55" /> Merafe e mengwe e ne ya tlhoma makgotla a merafe a a tshwanang, a a neng a dira jaaka ditšheke tsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Go ne ga sala letlhoo lengwe fa gare ga banna ba babedi ba: Tshekedi o ne a eletsa go boloka puso ya morafe le maatla a dikgosi, fa Seretse ene a ne a akanya ka puso ya batho ka batho ya boemedi le dikgosi tse di bokoa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;91–92.</ref> Selekanyo sa maatla a a beeleditsweng mo dikgosing e ne ya nna kgang e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata mo mokgatlhong wa boipuso o o neng o gola, bogolosegolo mo bathong ba ga Ngwato le ba lelapa la ga Khama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;93–94.</ref> Bechuanaland Protectorate Federal Party e ne e le lekoko la ntlha la sepolotiki le le neng la tlhamiwa mo kgaolong ya tshireletso fa le ne le tlhamiwa ke moeteledipele wa mokgatlo wa Ngwato [[:en:Leetile_Disang_Raditladi|Leetile Disang Raditladi]] ka ngwaga wa 1959. Le bopilwe thata ke batho ba maemo le batlhalefi, le ne le buelela kopano ya merafe ya Batswana. Lekoko le ne la palelwa ke go bona tshegetso mme la nna lobaka lo lokhutshwane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;94.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, [[:en:Bechuanaland_People's_Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] (BPP, moragonyana Lekoko la Batho la Botswana) le ne la tlhamiwa jaaka lekoko le le bogale thata, le le ganetsanang le puso ya merafe ya setso mme la bona boikuelo mo badiring ba bafaladi.<ref name=":57">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> E ne e eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Motsamai_Mpho|Motsamai Mpho]], [[:en:Philip_Matante|Philip Matante]], le Kgalemang Morsete.<ref name=":58">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xviii.</ref> BPP, e e neng ya tlhamiwa jaaka molekane wa Setswana wa lekoko la [[:en:African_National_Congress|African National Congress]] la Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":59">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;74.</ref> e ne ya tshegetsa boipuso jwa ka bonako le go fedisiwa gotlhelele ga bogosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Ka go tshaba gore BPP e tla nyatsa puso e e leng teng le go tshuba dikgotlhang le puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, dikgosi le puso ya Borithane di ne tsa thibela bokgoni jwa yona jwa go kopana.<ref name=":57" /> Merafe ya tshireletso mmogo e ne ya bopa lekgotla la peomolao ka ngwaga wa 1961.<ref name=":37" /> Batho ba Kwena ba ne ba iphitlhela ba le ka fa tlase ga moemedi, [[:en:Neale_Sechele|Neale Sechele]], ka ngwaga wa 1963, se se rayang gore ba ne ba na le tlhotlheletso e nnye ya sepolotiki fa mokgatlho wa boipuso o ntse o gola.<ref name=":60">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;102.</ref> Leano la Tlhabololo la Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland la dingwaga tsa 1963/1968 le ne la kwalwa ka thulaganyo ya dipuisano ka ngwaga wa 1963, le tlhama tlhaloso ya boipuso jwa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;26–27.</ref> Fa palo ya batho e ne ba sa dire sepe mo dipolotiking ka kakaretso, lefatshe la United Kingdom e ne ya nna nngwe ya mafatshe a a neng a etelela pele go bona boipuso. Ka go tshwenyega gore lekoko la BPP e ne e le e e tseneletseng thata, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa moeteledipele wa yone yo o mo ratang, Seretse Khama, go tlhama lekoko la sepolotiki.<ref name=":59" /> Le fa Khama a ne a dumalana le mekgwa ya lekoko la BPP e e kgatlhanong le bosemorafe le ya lefatshe, o ne a le kgatlhanong le tsela ya yone ya go tlhoma dipolotiki le go amogela ga yone bojammogo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;96.</ref>O ne a dumela go tlogela go bolela ga gagwe mo bathong ba ga Ngwato go dira jaaka radipolotiki, a tlhama [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Lekoko la]] [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|puso ya batho ka batho la Bechuanaland]] (BDP, moragonyana ya nna lekoko la Botswana Democratic ) ka ngwaga wa 1962.<ref name=":59" /> Lekoko la BDP e ne ya itlhoma jaaka "lekoko la dikgosi", mme ya amogela dikakanyo tse di amanang le puso ya merafe ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref name=":30" /> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa lekoko la BDP, le tlhaloganya gore le tla tshegetsa kgwebisano ya leruo ya motlha wa bokoloniale.<ref name=":73">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;149.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1963, kgosi ya Kgatla Linchwe e ne e le ene fela kgosi e e neng e le kgatlhanong le BDP e bile e na le tlhotlheletso ya sepolotiki, mme batho ba Kgatla ba ne ba rata lekoko la BDP, ka jalo o ne a nna a sa tsenelele mo dipolotiking.<ref name=":60" /> Thulaganyo ya phetogo e ne ya simolola ka lekoko la BDP e ne e solofetswe go busa Botswana yo o ikemetseng, mme puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya bereka le boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BDP go ba baakanyetsa go tsamaisa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Go ne ga tshwarwa bokopano ka ngwaga wa 1963 go okamela go tlhamiwa ga molaotheo o mosha. Dikgotlhang tsa ka fa gare ga lekoko la BPP di ne di raya gore lekoko la BDP e ne e na le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo thulaganyong. Tshekedi Khama o ne a tlhokafetse ka nako e, ka jalo Bathoen wa bobedi o ne a nna moeteledipele wa lekoko le le neng le ema nokeng puso ya bofederale, a dumela gore le tla boloka puso e le mo diatleng tsa dikgosi. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le boradipolotiki ba Batswana ba ne ba tshegetsa puso ya bosetšhaba e e kopaneng ka gonne Botswana e ne e humanegile thata go ka kgaoganya dithoto tsa yona le ka gonne go tlhoka go kopanya dithoto go ne go tla dira gore e nne mo kotsing ya go tlhaselwa ke merafe e mengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Puso ya dikgaolo e e itsholetseng e ne ya itshupa e sa kgonege mo dipolotiking, ka jalo go ne ga dirwa tumalano ya gore dikgosi di tla bopa Ntlo ya Dikgosi, e leng setlhopha sa bagakolodi mo teng ga [[:en:Parliament_of_Botswana|Palamente ya Botswana]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;98–99.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di santse di le kgatlhanong le thulaganyo e, mme mo mokgatlhong o o neng o eteletswe pele ke Bathoen, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya fetisa tlhopo ya [[:en:No_confidence|go sa tshepe]] puso e ntšhwa, mme fela go tlhoka maatla a yone a sepolotiki go ne ga e thibela go dirisa phetogo e e nang le bokao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Molao wa Lekgotla la Kgaolo o ne wa fetisiwa jaaka tsela e nngwe ya go lekanyetsa maatla a dikgosi ka go tlhama makgotla a a tla okamelang kgaolo le toropo nngwe le nngwe,<ref name=":58" /> go dira gore mekgatlho e e tlhophilweng e e nne balaodi ba konokono ba selegae.<ref name=":64">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Toropo ya [[:en:Gaborone|Gaborone]] e agilwe ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme ya itsisiwe jaaka motsemogolo o mošwa.<ref name=":59" /> E agilwe mo lefatsheng la puso ya Borithane, le le neng le tlamela ka lefelo le le sa tseyeng letlhakore le le neng le sa laolwe ke morafe ope .<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;16.</ref> [[:en:Constitution_of_Botswana|Molamotheo]] o ne wa tsenngwa tirisong ka one ngwaga oo.<ref name=":59" /> Ka se se tirisong, Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la fa tshireletso puso ya go ipusa.<ref name=":61">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;116.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1965 gape e ne ya bona go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Dikgotla tsa Dikgaolo o o neng wa fetola seabe sa bokoloniale sa molaodi wa kgaolo ka go se bofa mo makgotleng a dikgaolo a a sa tswang go tlhamiwa,<ref name=":74">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> mme wa bona go tlhongwa ga Banka ya Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba e e neng e le ya puso.<ref name=":75">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Mpho o ne a kgaogana le lekoko la BPP go tlhama Lekoko la Boipuso la Bechuanaland (BIP) ka ngwaga wa 1965.<ref name=":62">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> E eteletswe pele ke Seretse Khama le [[:en:Quett_Masire|Quett Masire]], lekoko la BDP le ne la dira letsholo mo e ka nnang mo motseng mongwe le mongwe wa kgaolo ya tshireletso pele ga ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kakaretso. Go farologana le batho ba bangwe ba sepolotiki kwa Bechuanaland, Seretse Khama o ne a na le boikuelo go ralala merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":60" /> Morago ga moo lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhophiwa go etelela puso ya ntlha pele.<ref name=":61" /> Lekoko la BPP le ne la gapa manno a le mararo fela mo lekgotleng la peomolao, mme lekoko la BIP le ne la palelwa ke go gapa epe.<ref name=":62" /> Morago ga ditlhopho, go ne ga tlhamiwa lekoko la [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|Botswana]] [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|National Front]] (BNF) jaaka lekoko le le kopaneng la kganetso ya BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Kenneth_Koma|Kenneth Koma]], lekoko la BNF le ne la nna mmaba yo mogolo wa lekoko la BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;109.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;31–33.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhopha Khama go nna tonakgolo ya naga.<ref name=":65">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;204.</ref>Go farologana le makoko a mantsi a sepolotiki a a tlhomilweng mo Aforika, BDP e ne e le lekoko le le itekanetseng le le sa fetogeng go na le go nna lekoko le le kgatlhanong le bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;711.</ref> Morago ga go tlhamiwa ga yona, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya ntsha tlhopo ya go sa tshepe molaotheo ka ngwaga wa 1966, mme se sa dira gore go nne le letsholo la bosetšhaba la go tshegetsa molaotheo le le neng la bona tshegetso e e lekaneng gore dikgosi di fedise maiteko a tsone a go o gwetlha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;100–101.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya newa boipuso jaaka Rephaboliki ya Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966.<ref name=":61" /> == Repaboliki ya Botswana == [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Independence, 1966.png|thumb|[[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] a ikanisa maikano a go nna Tautona wa ntlha wa Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966]] Boipuso jwa Botswana bo ne bo kaya go tsenngwa tirisong ga puso ya batho le batho e e gololesegileng, go tlisa ditlhopho, tshireletso ya ditshwanelo tsa batho, le tirelosetšhaba.<ref name=":64" /> Se se ne sa dira gore go nne le thulaganyo ya go tlhatlosiwa maemo e e ikaegileng ka bokgoni le go tlhamiwa ga tsamaiso ya puso ya maranyane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref>Setšhaba se ne sa bopa puso e e neng e fetotswe go tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]],<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;23–24.</ref> mme Tonakgolo Seretse Khama a nna Moporesidente Seretse Khama.<ref name=":65" /> Go ne ga tlhamiwa boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba, jwa kopanya merafe e e sa tshwaneng mo letshwaong le le lengwe la Setswana, ka ngwao e e ikaegileng ka ya merafe ya Setswana.<ref name=":80">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNyamnjoh2007|Nyamnjoh 2007]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Botswana e ne ya boloka bontsi jwa ditheo tsa yone tsa merafe tsa pele ga bokoloniale morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;54.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Se e ne e le ditlamorago tsa puso e e nonofileng e e neng e amana le merafe ya Batswana le tsereganyo e e lekanyeditsweng ya puso ya Borithane mo dinakong tsa bokoloniale.<ref name=":34" /> Mofuta wa go buisana wa dipolotiki tsa setšhaba pele le morago ga boipuso e ne e le mokgwa o o sa tlwaelesegang mo merafeng e mengwe e mentsi ya Aforika e e neng ya nna le babusaesi morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;30, 56.</ref> Go na le go fedisa bogosi, puso e ntšhwa e ne ya bo tsenya mo tsamaisong ya semolao, ya fa dikgosi dithata tsa boatlhodi ka ''kgotla'', go ikaegile ka dikgotlatshekelo tsa boikuelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe]] 2012, p.&#x20;36.</ref>Tlwaelo ya go ikobela boeteledipele, e e kileng ya fiwa dikgosi, e ne ya sutela kwa botautoneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;30.</ref> Puso e ne ya tiisa go tlhomama ga yona ka go thapa tirelosetšhaba ya yone ka baitseanape b<ref name=":66">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref>a dinaga di sele, go farologana le dinaga tse dingwe tse dišwa tsa Aforika tse gantsi di neng di leleka baitseanape ba dinaga di sele.<ref name=":67">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref name=":68">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;105.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;59.</ref> Se se ne sa boloka puso ya mofuta wa Bophirima e e neng e gatelela tlhabololo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;259.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go tlamela Botswana ka matlole mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse tlhano tsa go nna teng ga yone.<ref name=":61" /> Maemo a yone a kagiso, a puso ya batho ka batho fa a bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tsa Aforika a ne a raya gore e ne ya amogela thuso e ntsi go tswa mo mekgatlhong ya Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;255.</ref> Ka nako ya boipuso, Botswana e ne e le setšhaba se se humanegileng thata, go feta bontsi jwa dinaga tse dingwe mo Aforika.<ref name=":69">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;104.</ref><ref name=":66" /> E ne e sena badiri ba ba rutegileng, ka baagi ba le masome a mane fela ba ba nang le ditlankana tse di hagodimo tsa mmadikolo, mme go ne go sena ditlamelo tse di itsegeng tsa metswedi ya tlholego go tshegetsa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;62, 64.</ref> Botswana e ne e ikaegile ka puso ya Tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa go fitlhelela setšhaba sa lefatshe, mme bontsi jwa badiri ba Botswana e ne e le badiri ba bafaladi mo Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Botswana e ne ya tsena mo ntweng e e tlhamaletseng le Rhodesia, e e neng ya baka dintwa tsa sesole go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1978.<ref name=":63" /> Go nna le seabe mo go lekanyeditsweng ga Borithane go ne go kaya gore go ne go se na tlhabololo e ntsi fa e sale ka nako ya bokoloniale.<ref name=":69" /><ref name=":70">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;160.</ref> Bokgoni jwa go bala le go kwala e ne e le selekanyo sa karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong, mme go ne go na le dikilometara di le lesome fela tsa tsela e e tshetsweng.<ref name=":69" /> Mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a robangbongwe ya baagi e ne e le mo [[:en:Abject_poverty|lehumeng le le tseneletseng]],<ref name=":70" /> mme bontsi jwa baagi e ne e le balemibarui ba dikgomo kgotsa [[:en:Subsistence_farmers|balemibarui ba ba itshidisang]].<ref name=":71">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Fa setšhaba se fitlhelela boipuso, komelelo e e masisi e ne ya fedisa karolo ya masome amarao go fihlela masome a matlhano mo lekgolong ya palo ya dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa Batswana ba ne ba ikaegile ka [[:en:World_Food_Programme|Lenaneo la Dijo la Lefatshe]] go tila tlala.<ref name=":81">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;220.</ref> Ditšhaba tse dingwe di ne di na le ditsholofelo tse di kwa tlase mo Botswana, mme mo Aforika yotlhe e ne e bonwa jaaka [[:en:Bantustan|Bantustan]] ya Tlhaolele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;1.</ref> Kamano e le Tlhaolele gape e ne e le ntlha ya katlego ya Botswana jaaka setšhaba se se ikemetseng: boeteledipele jwa Batswana bo ne bo eletsa go tila phelelo e e tshwanang le ya Aforika Borwa fa setšhaba se ka palelwa, mme dikgolagano tsa dikgang tsa mafatshe fatshe tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa le Bophirima go thibela go tsenngwa ke Aforika Borwa di ne di raya gore Botswana o ne a tshepa thata dinaga tsa Bophirima go amogela thuso le thato ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;76–77.</ref> Boeteledipele jwa ntlha jwa Botswana bo ne bo laolwa ke malapa a merafe e e busang mmogo le palo e nnye ya badiredipuso ba ba rutegileng thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;6.</ref> Go tshwana ga bona ga itsholelo le dikgopolo go ne go raya gore puso e nne e tlhomame kwa ntle ga dintwa tsa sepolotiki.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;71.</ref> Le fa Bathoen a ne a tlogela maemo a gagwe a go nna kgosi go ya go dira dipolotiki, bontsi jwa dikgosi tse dingwe di ne tsa amogela maatla a tsona a a fokoditsweng a sepolotiki mo pusong e ntšhwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;56–57.</ref> Tiro e nngwe ya dikgosi e ne e laolwa ke Molao wa Bogosi wa ngwaga ya 1966.<ref name=":92">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;140.</ref> Go tlhoka bonweenwee go ne ga dira gore puso e nne semolao thata mme ya ratwa ke balekane ba Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;166.</ref> Go farologana le bontsi jwa merafe e e sa tswang go tlhamiwa ya Aforika, bontsi jwa boeteledipele bo ne bo tswa mo setšhabeng sa temothuo, go kaya gore dikgatlhego tsa bona di ne di tsamaisana le bontsi.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":71" /> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa go boloka dipholisi tsa motlha wa bokoloniale tse di neng di solegela barui ba dikgomo molemo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;75.</ref> Setlhopa sa semmuso sa Nama ya Botswana se ne sa tlhamiwa go laola madirelo a nama ya kgomo.<ref name=":58" /> Boikuelo jwa lekoko la BDP jwa merafe yotlhe le kgatlhego e e kopanetsweng ya go tlhoma boipuso di ne tsa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa gape go dira mo dikgatlhegelong tsa bontsi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref> Ditlhopha tse dinnye tsa baagi ba basweu di ne tsa sala mo nageng mme tsa ganetsa boipuso jwa yone.<ref name=":63" /> Le fa moragonyana di ne di tla nna botlhokwa mo tlhabololong ya Botswana, ditshwanelo tsa ditswammung di ne tsa fiwa botlhokwa jo bo kwa tlase fa di bona boipuso, mme merafe e ne ya di fetisetsa kwa pusong ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1967.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;103–104.</ref> === Puso ya ga Seretse Khama === Khama o ne a ratwa ke batho botlhe mme a bonwa e le moeteledipele wa tlholego wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;202–203.</ref> Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya tsenya tirisong maano a a neng a lebisitswe mo go tlhameng mafaratlhatlha le dithoto tsa setšhaba, bogolosegolo go tsenya tshela ditsela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;111.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;86.</ref> O ne a simolola go aga dikolo, matlhabelo le dikhuti tse di neng tsa tswelela mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. Lefatshe le le nang le banni la Batswana le Basarwa le ne la dirisiwa go aga mesima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;219.</ref> Tlhabololo e ne ya tla ka tshenyegelo ya kgwebo le tlhagiso, e e neng e lekanyeditswe go tlamela ka matlole a leruo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004,]] p.&#x20;164.</ref> Go ne ga tlhongwa mogopolo thata mo go otla dikgomo le go aga matlhabelo go rotloetsa madirelo a nama ya kgomo mo gare ga go tlhoka metsi. <ref name=":82">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;205.</ref>[[:en:Public_welfare|Mananeo a katlaatleloloago]] le one a ne a tlhongwa.<ref name=":67" /> Go ribololwa ga ditaemane go ne ga netefatsa gore mananeo a a bona madi a a lekaneng.<ref name=":72">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Dipeeletso tse le mokgwa o o sa fetogeng wa go somarela madi a puso di ne tsa thibela boemo jwa [[:en:Dutch_disease|bolwetse jwa Dutch]] jo bo neng jwa golafatsa dinaga tse dingwe tsa Aforika tse di neng di tletse ka didirisiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;4.</ref> Thuto e ne ya atolosiwa mo setšhabeng sotlhe, mme puo ya Setswana e ne ya lekanngwa mmogo le Seesemane ka go latlhegelwa ke dipuo tse dingwe.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":68" /> Khama o ne a siamisa seo jaaka tsela ya go fitlhelela kutlwano.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;228.</ref> Quett Masire o ne a dira jaaka Mothusa tautona ka fa tlase ga ga Seretse Khama mmogo le Tona ya tsa madi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> O ne a laola tekanyetsokabo ya lefatshe le tiriso ya madi ka go tlhama motseletsele wa Maano a Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba, go ikaegilwe ka kamogelo ya Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba le Komiti ya itsholelo ya Kabinete.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Dipoeletso tsa maano a di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya molao wa semmuso ya puso morago ga gore batlhatlhami ba ga Khama le Masire ba tsene mo maemong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;171.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, ditaemane di ne tsa fitlhellwa kwa Botswana ke setlamo sa Aforika Borwa sa ditaemane sa [[:en:De_Beers|De Beers]], mme ditiro di ne tsa simolola ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref name=":76">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;110.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;61.</ref> Dipeeletso tsa kopore di ne tsa fitlhelwa kwa [[:en:Selebi-Phikwe|Selebi-Phikwe]] ka ngwaga oo, mme se sa senola gape khumo ya ditswammung tsa setšhaba.<ref name=":58" /> Puso e ne ya dirisana le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1969 go dira ditiro tse dikgolo tsa meepo ya ditaemane,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> mme e ne ya amega mo dipuisanong sešwa tsa [[:en:Southern_African_Customs_Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa]] ka one ngwaga oo go tokafatsa thata maatla a yone a itsholelo mo kgaolong.<ref name=":77">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;65.</ref> Moepo mongwe kwa [[:en:Morupule|Morupule]] o ne wa simolola go ntsha magala ka ngwaga wa 1973, mme wa tlamela setšhaba ka karolo e kgolo ya motlakase.<ref name=":78">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xix.</ref> [[:en:Orapa_diamond_mine|Moepo wa ditaemane wa Orapa]] o ne wa bulwa kwa Orapa ka ngwaga wa 1971, mme go ne ga tlomamisiwia tumalano ya go abelana lotseno fa gare ga puso le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1974.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;125.</ref> Moragonyana Masire o ne a netefatsa gore De Beers e ne e tshegeditse dikgwebo tsa gagwe tse di hapegileng ka madi, mme se sa dira gore go akanyediwe gore setlamo se ka tswa se amogetse tumalano e e mosola mo kgannyeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;129–130.</ref> Molao wa Metsi le Molao wa ditsha tsa Morafe di ne tsa tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1968, mme tsa tlhama lekgotla la Kabo ya Metsi le lekgotla tsa naga di le lesome le bobedi, ka go latelana. Tse di ne di okametse kabo ya ditshwanelo tsa metsi le lefatshe ke puso go na le ka go nna mong wa morafe mongwe le mongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;76.</ref> Ka se, ba ne ba tsenya dithata tsa setso tsa dikgosi.<ref name=":74" /> Molao wa Mafatshe a Phulo a Merafe e ne ya tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1975 go thibela [[:en:Overgrazing|phulo e e feteletseng]], mme fela e ne ya itshupa e sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;67.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;173.</ref> Tota e bile, e ne e letla baagi ba ba humileng go kopa ditsha tse dikgolo tsa dikgomo ka tshenyegelo ya baagi ba ba sa humang thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Ditlhopho tsa ntlha morago ga boipuso di ne tsa diragala ka ngwaga wa 1969.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la dira maswe go le gonnye fa e bapisiwa le tiragatso ya yona ya ngwaga wa 1965, mme mothusa tautona Masire o ne a latlhegelwa ke setilo sa gagwe ke Bathoen, se se neng sa mo tlhoka gore a tseye setilo se se kgethegileng se se tlhophilweng.<ref name=":79">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Lekoko la BPP le ne la nyelela ka botlhokwa fa dipolotiki tsa Botswana di ntse di gola.<ref name=":73" /> Koporase ya Tlhabololo ya Botswana e e neng e le ya puso e ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1970,<ref name=":75" /> mme moepo wa diteemane wa Orapa o ne wa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 1971.<ref name=":78" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, diteemane di ne di dira karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong ya Palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana,<ref name=":76" /> mme kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1970, meepo e ne e le madirelo a magolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;5.</ref> Goromente wa Botswana o ne a buisana gape ka tumalano ya yone ya meepo le De Beers magareng ga ngwaga wa 1971 le ngwaga wa 1975, ya sutisetsa bontsi jwa dituelo kwa setšhabeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;210.</ref> Fa itsholelo ya teemane e ntse e tlhabologa le dipeeletso di boela mo lefatsheng, Botswana e ne ya falola lehuma mme ya bonwa jaaka katlego mo merafeng e mengwe mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara morago ga bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;212.</ref> Ditlhabololo tse di dirile gore Botswana e nne naga e e golang ka bonako mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":77" /> Batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo le a a fa gare ba ne ba bona molemo thata, go oketsa go [[:en:Wealth_inequality|tlhoka tekatekano ga khumo]], mme gape go ne go raya gore makgetho a ka fokodiwa, se se neng sa dira gore balemi ba ba tshegetse.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;71–72.</ref> Tlhabololo ya Botswana le tiriso ya yone ya tirelosetšhaba ya mafatshe a sele e ne ya atlega mo e leng gore puso e ne ya tlhotlheletsa lefatshe la United States go romela setlhopa sa baithaopi ba kagiso (Peace Corps) kwa ntle ga ditekanyetso tsa setso tsa gore ke dikarolo dife tse mokgatlho o ka di dirang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go ne ga tla koketsego ya Batswana ba ba botlana ba ba rutegileng mo lefelong la gaeno, ba ba neng ba nna le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo pusong.<ref name=":64" /> Jaaka fa batho ba bašwa ba ba ne ba amogela thuto e e tshwanang mme ba simolola go dira mo setsong se le sengwe sa tsamaiso, go ne go sena pharologano e kgolo ya tiro fa gare ga tirelosetšhaba e e neng e eteletswe pele ke batswakwa le e e neng e tsamaisiwa ke Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Lephata la Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo le ne le le teng ka bokhutshwane morago ga go kgaogana mo Lephateng la Matlole magareng ga batlhokomedi ba setso ba ba neng ba amana le tshireletso kgatlhanong le baemanokeng ba ga Masire ba ba neng ba eletsa go bona tlhabololo e e bogale thata. Ya bofelo e ne ya tsaya taolo, mme ditona di ne tsa kopanngwa gape go nna Lephata la Matlole le Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo ka ngwaga wa 1970. Ka ntlha ya palo e e lekanyeditsweng ya batho ba ba tshwanelegang go laola itsholelo, lephata le le ne la tsaya taolo e feletseng ya tiriso ya madi a puso mme la simolola lenaneo la Shashe le le neng le batla gore naga e nne le tlhabololo e e tseneletseng ya palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana. Se se ne se akaretsa go tlhoma lefelo la meepo ya kopore le nikele, le le neng la nna selo se se tlang pele mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;84–85.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, [[:en:Seepapitso_IV|Seepapitso wa bone]] o ne a nna kgosi ya ntlha go emisiwa mo maemong a gagwe morago ga nako ya bokoloniele.<ref name=":83">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;141.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la atlega thata gape ka [[:en:1974_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopo tsa ngwaga wa 1974]].<ref name=":79" /> [[:en:Minimum_wage|Dituelo tse di kwa tlase]] di ne tsa tlhagisiwa ka one ngwaga oo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Botswana e simolotse go ntsha madi a one, e leng [[:en:Botswana_pula|Botswana pula]], ka ngwaga wa 1976. Mmusi wa [[:en:Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya Botswana]] Quill Hermans o ne a kgaratlhela go kgaogana ga madi le Aforika Borwa le [[:en:South_African_rand|ranta ya yone ya Aforika Borwa]]. Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego a boditšhabatšhaba a gore Botswana e ka nna ya se ka ya kgona go tshegetsa madi a yone, Khama o ne a ikutlwa gore bagakolodi ba gagwe ba itsholelo ba na le bokgoni mme o ne a tshepa tshwetso ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tsa boipuso, Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya ditšhaba tse di humileng thata mo [[:en:Third_World|Lefatsheng la Boraro]].<ref name=":67" /> Phetogo ya itsholelo e kaiwa jaaka "kgakgamatso" ya Botswana.<ref name=":77" /> Linchwe II, kgosi ya [[:en:Kgatla_people|batho ba Kgatla]], o ne a busetsa ngwao ya go simolola bogwera mo morafeng wa gagwe ka ngwaga wa 1975, mme se sa gakatsa puso ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;148.</ref> Khama o ne a tsaya tsela ya go akaretsa batho botlhe mo pusong ya gagwe, a tila dipolotiki tsa merafe le go gana tlhotlheletso ya baeteledipele ba merafe a rata badiredipuso.<ref name=":84">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> Ka dinako tse dingwe o ne a kopa batho go rola tiro fa morafe mongwe o ka nna le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo tirelong ya setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tshaba gore go sa dumalane le batho ba ba kwa tlase ba Kalanga go ka nna ga dira gore go se ka ga nna le kagiso. Go rarabolola se, Khama o ne a tsenya maloko a a rutegileng a morafe wa Kalanga mo pusong, a tlhoma bontsi mo maemong a a kwa godimo. Tshwetso e ne e tsosa kganetsano, mme e ne ya tsosa dikgopolo tsa bolotsana ka ga tlhotlheletso e e bosula ya Kalanga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;122.</ref> Tse ka dinako tse dingwe di ne di ikaegile ka Mokgatlho wa Baithuti ba Bakalanga, o o neng wa nna Mokgatlho wa Tsweletso ya Puo ya Ikalanga ka ngwaga wa 1980.<ref>[[Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 123.|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> Poifo ya dipuso tsa baagisani tse di eteletsweng pele ke basweu kwa Namibia, Rhodesia, le Aforika Borwa, mmogo le kotsi ya [[:en:Angolan_Civil_War|Ntwa ya Selegae ya Angola]], di dirile gore Botswana e tlhame [[:en:Botswana_Defence_Force|sesole sa bosetšhaba]] ka ngwaga wa 1977.<ref name=":78" /> Pele ga se, [[:en:Botswana_Police_Service|Tirelo ya Sepodisi]] sa Botswana e ne e tlhokometse tshireletso ya setshaba. Go tlhoka sesole go ne go raya gore Botswana e ne e sa tlhaselwe ke dilo tse di bakang go sa tlhomamang mo merafeng e mengwe ya Aforika: go menola puso ga sesole le bonweenwee ka go dirisa madi a sesole.<ref>[[Beaulier & Subrick 2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], pp.&#x20;111–112.</ref> Sesole se ne sa bona ntwa ngwaga o o latelang fa dirukutlhi tsa Rhodesia di ne di tlhasela Leshoma, di bolaya masole a le lesome le botlhano.<ref name=":78" /> Ka tirisanommogo ya yone le De Beers, puso ya Botswana e ne ya tlhama kompone ya meepo ya Debswana ka ngwaga wa 1978, mme ya bona lotseno lo lo bonalang lwa puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Meepo e ne ya nna madirelo a a kwa godimo ya itsholelo ya lefatshe mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang,<ref name=":85">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> mme Botswana ya nna itsholelo e e golang ka bonako go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":86">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;33.</ref><ref name=":86" /> Go nna le seabe ga mafatshe a sele mo itsholelong go ne ga nna kgang ya sepolotiki ka nako e jaaka fa batho ba kwa ntle ba ne ba kokoanya kgolo ya setšhaba fa ditiro tsa selegae di ne di tlhabologa ka iketlo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;143–145.</ref> Thuo ya dikgomo, e e neng e setse e amilwe ke go runya mo gogolo ga [[:en:Foot-and-mouth_disease|bolwetse jwa tlhako le molomo]] ka ngwaga wa1977,<ref name=":82" /> e ne ya latlhegelwa ke botlhokwa jo e neng e na le jone pele.<ref name=":85" /> === Puso ya ga Quett Masire === [[Setshwantsho:Quett Masire DF-SC-85-12044.JPEG|thumb|Quett Masire a etetse America ka ngwaga wa 1984]] Morago ga loso lwa ga Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa 1980, Mothusa-Tautona Quett Masire o ne a nna tautona wa Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;117.</ref> Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego ka go tlhatlhama ga ga Khama, Masire o ne a tshegetsa mafaratlhatlha a puso a a neng a thusa go a aga le go boloka tumelo mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;182.</ref> Go ritibatsa morafe wa ga Khama wa Ngwato le merafe e mengwe ya bokone, Masire o ne a tlhoma ntsalae Khama, [[:en:Lenyeletse_Seretse|Lenyeletse Seretse]], go nna mothusa-tautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;232.</ref> Kakanyo e e neng e tlwaelesegile mo gare ga BaNgwato e ne e le gore morwa Khama, [[:en:Ian_Khama|Ian Khama]], o ne a tshwanelwa ke bo tautona. Fa Lenyeletse a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1983, Masire o ne a tlhopha [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] go tsena mo boemong jwa gagwe. Gompieno o ne a tlhopha mongwe go tswa mo morafeng wa borwa, gore a se ka a tlhoma sekao sa gore tautona le mothusa-tautona ka nako tsotlhe ba tshwanetse go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di fapaaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;233.</ref> Botswana e ne e le karolo ya Khonferense ya Kgokaganyo ya Tlhabololo ya Borwa jwa Aforika e e neng ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1980 go tlhama mmaraka wa borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":78" /> Setšhaba se ne sa amiwa ke [[:en:Early_1980s_recession|kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980]].<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Jwaneng_diamond_mine|Moepo wa diteemane wa Jwaneng]] o simolotse go dira ka ngwaga wa 1982, wa nna moepo o o dirang dipoelo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng. [[:en:University_of_Botswana|Mmadikolo wa Botswana]] o tlhomilwe ka one ngwaga o o neng o kgaogana le [[:en:University_of_Botswana,_Lesotho_and_Swaziland|Mmadikolo ya Botswana, Lesotho le Swaziland]].<ref name=":78" /> Ditlhabololo tsa semolao ka ngwaga wa 1982, Molawana wa Thuso ya Matlole le go dira gore tiro ya kgwebo gore e nne ya ka fa molaong ke badiredipuso, di ne tsa tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya naga mme gape tsa gagamolola melawana e e neng e tla thibela bonweenwee.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;127, 129.</ref> Jaaka fa puso ya batho le batho le kgolo ya itsholelo di itshupile e le diphetogo tsa paka e telele, Botswana e ne ya itsege jaaka "kgakgamatso ya Aforika".<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Kganetso e e nonofileng kgatlhanong le puso e e laolwang ke lekoko la BDP e ne ya tlhagelela la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go fenya ditlhopho tsa selegae, ditlhopha tsa dikgatlhego tsa simolola go tlhamiwa, mme makwalo a dikgang a matlhano a magolo a a kgatlhanong le lekoko la BDP a simolola go gatisiwa.<ref name=":64" /> Pele e ne e ikaegile ka tshegetso ya merafe e e rileng, lekoko la BNF le ne la bona tshegetso mo setlhopheng sa badiri.<ref name=":84" /> Ka ditlhopho ka kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1984, e ne e le lekoko kganetso le le gaisanang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;712.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya ama Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa1982 go fitlhela ka ngwaga wa 1987, mme ya tlhoka thuso ya dijo ya puso go ka nna karolo ya masome a marataro le botlhano mo lekgolong ya Batswana ba kwa magaeng.<ref name=":87">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;82.</ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba ga Masire ba ne ba mo amanya le komelelo e ka e ne e tsamaisana le tshimologo ya botautona jwa gagwe, ba akantsha gore Khama o ne a na le taelo ya bomodimo e Masire a neng a se na yone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;203.</ref> Mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1980, madirelo a ditaemane a ne a fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa yone ka karolo ya masome a matlhano le boraro mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya tlhagiso ya bosetšhaba.<ref name=":76" /> Ka nako e, itsholelo ya setšhaba e ne ya nonoha mo e leng gore baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba rotloediwa go tlhopha [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|temothuo ya go]] [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|itshidisa]] kgotsa go fuduga go ya go dira kwa Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":84" /> [[:en:Entrepreneurship|Bogwebi]] bo ne jwa anama thata, bogolosegolo mo badiring ba pele ba puso ba ba neng ba tswa mo [[:en:Public_sector|lephateng la puso]] go ya kwa lephateng la [[:en:Private_sector|e]] [[:en:Private_sector|seng la puso]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Thuto ya mahala ya [[:en:Secondary_education|sekole se segolwane]] ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1989.<ref name=":87" /> [[:en:Trade_union|Mekgatlho ya badiri]] le [[:en:Special_interest_group|ditlhopha tse di kgethegileng tsa dikgatlhego]] tse dingwe di ne tsa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go tlhotlheletsa melawana ya setšhaba, le fa gantsi puso e ne e sa batle go di amogela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], pp.&#x20;85–86.</ref> E tsibogetse mokgatlho o o neng o gola wa badiri ka go fetisa dithibelo tse di bokete mo mekgatlhong ya badiri ka ngwaga wa 1983.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dingwaga di le lesome gape o ne wa tlhagisa mekgatlho ya go amogela merafe e mennye, go gana boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba jwa Motswana.<ref name=":80" /> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, Aforika Borwa e ne ya simolola ditlhaselo tsa sesole mo Botswana go batla batlhabani ba Aforika Borwa. Go tsibogela dikgobalo tsa baagitse di neng tsa direga, puso ya Botswana e ne ya oketsa tiriso ya madi mo sesoleng.<ref name=":93">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;112.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> E ne gape ya fa sesole tiro ya go sireletsa diphologolo tsa naga le go tsenya mo tirisong molao o o kgatlhanong le go tsoma mo go seng ka fa molaong go tsibogela kotsi e e tlisiwang ke batsomi ba ba tshotseng dibetsa.<ref name=":94">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Palo ya ntlha ya [[:en:HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana|mogare wa segajaja]] mo Botswana e ne ya lemogiwa ka ngwaga wa 1985, mme mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang lefatshe ;e ne la nna lone le le neng la amega thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;265.</ref> [[:en:Life_expectancy|Botshelo jo bo solofetsweng]] mo Botswana bo ne bo tla wela tlase tswa go masomeng a maratarole bosupa go ya kwa masomeng a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 1997.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;175.</ref> Phetogo e e gakgamatsang mo tsamaisong ya botsogo ya Botswana e ne ya latela go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1980 le bo 1990; Bongaka jwa Bophirima bo ne jwa tlotliwa thata mmogo le kalafi ya setso, mme go ne ga tlhongwa dikokelo tse e seng tsa puso go nna mmogo le dikago tse di tsamaisiwang ke puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> [[:en:Early_1990s_recession|Kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1990]] e ne ya ama Botswana.<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Attorney_General_of_Botswana_v._Unity_Dow|Tsheko e e botlhokwa ya kgotlatshekelo ya molaomotheo]] e e neng ya tlisiwa ke Unity Dow e ne ya felela ka katlholo ka ngwaga wa 1991 ya gore bana ba ka fiwa boagedi mo go bomme ba bone ga mmogo le borraabone, e e neng ya amogelwa go nna molao ka Molao wa Boagi wa 1995.<ref name=":88">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xx.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang sa Kgabo se ne sa tshwarwa ka ngwaga wa 1991 go batlisisa lekgotla la kabo ditsha tsa lefatshe tsa puso, mme sa fitlhela gore go dirilwe ditlolomolao tsa maitsholo a a siameng ke mothusa-tautona Peter Mmusi le mokwaledi wa kakaretso wa lekoko la BDP [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]], ba bobedi jwa bone gape e neng e le maloko a setlhopa sa ditona tsa puso ya Botswana.<ref name=":89">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;346.</ref><ref name=":90">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;333.</ref> Ka go lebana le go galefa mo pusong le mo setšhabeng, bobedi jwa bone ba ne ba rola tiro.<ref name=":90" /> Go wa mo go ne ga tlhola ditlhopha tse pedi tse di kgaoganeng mo teng ga lekoko, e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke maloko a mabedi a pele a setlhopa sa ditona (Ba babedi ba bagolo),<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;333–335.</ref> mme e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke baganetsi ba bona (ba batlhano ba bagolo): [[:en:Festus_Mogae|Festus Mogae]], Bihiti Temane, Chapson Butale, [[:en:Gaositwe_Chiepe|Gaositwe Chiepe]], le moeteledipele wa bona [[:en:Mompati_Merafhe|Mompati Merafhe]].<ref name=":91">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;235.</ref> Se se ne sa aga mo dikgotlhang tse di neng di godile fa gare ga boeteledipele jwa borwa jwa BLP le kokomana e ntšhwa ya boradipolotiki go tswa kwa bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], pp.&#x20;233–234.</ref> Masire o ne a tlhopha Mogae go nna mothusa- tautona yo mosha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;334.</ref> Ka go tshwenyega ka kgonagalo ya go tlwaetsa bonweenwee, Masire o ne a thapa mothusa- mogolwane wa [[:en:Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)|setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang e e Ikemetseng ya Hong Kong e e Kgatlhanong le Bonweenwee (Hong Kong)]] go tlhama mokgatlho o o tshwanang mo Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;222.</ref> [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Bokaedi jwa Bonweenwee le Bosenyi jwa]] [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Itsholelo]] bo ne jwa tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, mme lekgotla la kabo ditsha le ne la tlhamiwa go reetsa boikuelo jwa ditshwetso tsa kabo ditsha ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Boemo jwa lekoko la BDP jaaka lekoko le le laolang bo ne jwa amogela kgwetlho ya jone ya ntlha e e masisi ka ntlha ya Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlsisa kgota go sekaseka dikgang ya Kgabo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;249.</ref> Matlhabisaditlhong le go kgaogana mo go neng ga nna teng mo lekokong la BDP go ne ga dira gore lekoko la BNF le nne lekoko la kganetso le le gaisanang thata morago ga ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;335–336.</ref><ref name=":89" /> Ka go mathata a a oketsegileng a go tsenngwa ga ditoropo go fokotsa motheo wa BDP kwa metseselegaeng, makoko a kganetso a ne a na le bonnye jo bo bonalang mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa ga Mmusi, Kwelagobe o ne a ikgolaganya le [[:en:Ponatshego_Kedikilwe|Ponatshego Kedikilwe]], mme ba bopa setlhopa se sennye sa Barata-Phathi sa lekoko la BDP. Ba batlhano ba bagolo ba ne ba nna setlhopa se sennye sa A-Team.<ref name=":89" /> Botswana e ne ya solegelwa molemo ke go khutla ga puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, ka puso e ntšhwa e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Aforika e ne e sa thibele kgolo ya Botswana kgotsa go tsenelela mo ditirong tsa sesole go kgabaganya molelwane.<ref name=":81" /> Fa kgaolo e ntse e tlhomama, ditlhabololo tsa itsholelo tse di tshwanang le mabentlele a magolo, kakanyo e e sa netefadiwang ya dithoto, le bojanala jwa baagi di ne tsa atologa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;675.</ref> Morafe wa Ngwaketse o ne wa nna le kgotlang le puso ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa 1994, fa tona ya pusoselegae le mafatshe Patrick Balope a ne a latofatsa kgosi Seepapitso wa bone ka go palelwa ke go diragatsa ditiro tsa gagwe mme a laela gore kgosi e emisiwe—e leng go emisiwa ga bobedi ga puso ya ga Seepapitso.<ref name=":83" /> Morwa wa ga Seepapitso e bong Leema o ne a amogela go tlhomiwa go dira tiro eo, kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa ga Seepapitso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;141–142.</ref> Morafe o ne wa lwantshana le kgang ya go nna semolao mo go sa tlhaloganyesegeng ga ga Leema le poifo ya gore setso sa morafe ga se kitla se tlhola se lemogiwa, mme go tlosiwa ga gagwe go ne ga nna kgang ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;142–143.</ref> Seepapitso o ne a tsenya kganetso ya semolao, mme kgotlatshekelo ya atlhola ka Tlhakole a tlhola malatsia le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 1995 gore le fa go tlosiwa ga ga Seepapitso go ne go le ka fa molaong, go tlhomiwa ga ga Leema go ne go se kafa molaong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;145.</ref> Ka maatla a go tlhoma a ne a buseditswe mo morafeng, ba ne ba gana go tlhopha moeteledipele yo mosha jaaka tsela ya go ikuela. Puso e ne ya ineela mme ya letlelela Seepapitso go busediwa mo tirong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;145–146.</ref> [[:en:Ritual_murder|Polao ya dipheko]] ya ga [[:en:Segametsi_Mogomotsi|Segametsi Mogomotsi]], mosetsana wa dingwaga di le lesome le bone wa kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]], e diragetse ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 1994. Dikhuduego tsa loago di ne tsa tsoga fa babelaelwa bao, ba e neng e le borakgwebo le boradipolotiki ba ba humileng, ba ne ba gololwa ka ntlha ya go tlhoka bosupi. Mo dikgweding tse di latelang, go ne ga nna le ditshupetso le dikhuduego tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke baithuti kgatlhanong le tiriso ya ditiro tsa masaitsiweng tse di tshwanang le polao ya dipheko go bona khumo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;286–290.</ref> Go tlhagoga ga bolwetse jo bo [[:en:Contagious_bovine_pleuropneumonia|tshelanwang jwa pleuropneumonia ya dikgomo]] ka ngwaga wa 1995 go ne ga baka dintsho tsa dikgomo di le dikete tse makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi .<ref name=":88" /> Molao wa Temothuo wa ngwaga ya 1995 o ne wa atolosa thulaganyo ya go dira lefatshe la baagi la le e seng la puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Merafe e mennye e ne ya tswelela go kgaratlhela go lemogiwa go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;163–164.</ref> Puso e simolotse go ntsha batho ba Basarwa mo [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|Lefelong la Diphologolo la Kalahari]] [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|la Bogare]] ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Le fa e ne e nganga gore maikaelelo e ne e le go thusa go kopanya baagi ba ba neng ba le kgakala thata, mme e neelana ka leruo go rotloetsa tirisanommogo, mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba e ne ya pega molato puso ka go pateletsa le go [[:en:Forced_displacement|fudusiwa ka dikgoka]] ga batho go dira sebaka sa meepo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;11–12.</ref> Maiteko a ntlha a magolo a semolao a go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa merafe e mennye a ne a tswa mo tshitshinyong ya ngwaga wa 1995 kwa palamenteng ya go tlhalosa molaomotheo jaaka o o sa tseyeng letlhakore mo merafeng, mme o ne wa bewa mo tafoleng. Mokgatlho wa Kamanakao o ne wa tlhamiwa ka one ngwaga oo ke morutegi [[:en:Lydia_Nyati-Ramahobo|Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo]] go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa [[:en:Yeyi_people|batho ba Yeyi]].<ref name=":95">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;215.</ref> Motseletsele wa diphetogo tsa puso le tsa ditlhopho di ne tsa tsenngwa mo tirisong mo dingwageng tsa bofelo tsa bo tautona jwa ga Masire. Tlhokomelo ya ditlhopho e ne ya fetisediwa kwa setheong se se ikemetseng, dingwaga tsa go tlhopa di ne tsa fokodiwa go tswa ko masomeng a mabedi le bongwe go ya ko lesomeng le borobabobedi , go [[:en:Postal_voting|tlhopa ka poso]] go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong, mme ga tsenngwa tirisong melawana ya go sireletsa [[:en:Labour_rights|ditshwanelo tsa badiri]] le [[:en:Gender_equality|tekatekano ya bong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;168.</ref> Masire o ne a eletsa go tlhama [[:en:Order_of_succession|tatelano e e tlhomameng ya]] [[:en:Order_of_succession|go tlhatlologana]] mo bogosing le go netefatsa gore motlhatlogi wa gagwe yo a mo tlhophileng mothusa Tautona Mogae e nna tautona, ka jalo o ne a dirisana le mmueledi Parks Tafa go kwala paakanyo ya molaotheo. Se se ne sa tsenya tirisong tatelano e e itirisang le [[:en:Term_limit|melelwane ya paka]] ya botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;337–338.</ref> O ne a pateletsa paakanyo ka boene.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;304–305.</ref> Go fetola itsholelo ya lefatshe, go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong tsamaiso ya nakwana ya go nna le [[:en:Tripartism|makoko a mararo]] go kopanya puso, lekalana le e seng la puso, le baemedi ba badiri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;169.</ref> Fa lekoko le ne le tlhopha maloko a komiti ya lone ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1997, kotsi ya go nna le ditlhopha e ne ya gola mo e leng gore Masire o ne a phimola ditlhopho tsa lone tse di mo teng ga mokgatlho mme a dira gore ditlhopha di mo fe manaane a maina.<ref name=":91" /> === Puso ya ga Festus Mogae === [[Setshwantsho:George Bush with African national leaders February 26, 2002.jpg|thumb|Festus Mogae mmogo le botautona ba mafatshe a sele [[:en:Joaquim_Chissano|Joaquim Chissano]], [[:en:George_W._Bush|George W. Bush]] le [[:en:José_Eduardo_dos_Santos|José Eduardo dos Santos]] ka ngwaga wa 2002]] Masire o ne a tlogela tiro ya botautona ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le ngwe ka ngwaga wa 1998, mme a latelelelwa ke mothusa tautona Festus Mogae.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;338.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya tshwetso e e neng ya tsosa kganetsano ya go tlhoma Ian Khama, molaodi wa sesole le morwa Seretse Khama, go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang,<ref name=":72" /> a fetisa kgetho ya gagwe ka go tshosetsa go phatlalatsa palamente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Le fa ba ne ba sa tseye letlhakore semmuso fa gare ga ditlhopha tsa lekoko la BDP, Mogae le Khama ka bobedi ba ne ba tlhaloganngwa e le batho ba bagolo mo gare ga A-Team.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;347.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1998 o ne wa bona nngwe ya dikgaogano tse dintsi mo teng ga lekoko la kganetso la BNF. E ne e kgaogane ka ditlhopha tse pedi: batho ba ba sa rateng diphetogo ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa loago le ba ba neng ba tswelela pele ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa puso ya batho ka batho ya loago. Dikhuduego kwa mokgatlhong wa lekoko di ne tsa dira gore batho ba ba neng ba rata kgatelopele ba kgaogane go nna lekoko la bone, [[:en:Botswana_Congress_Party|Botswana Congress Party]] (BCP), le le neng la nna lekoko le legolo la kganetso go fitlhela ba latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa manno a bone mo [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa]] [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 1999]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Kgaogano e ya kganetso, mmogo le diphetogo tsa selegae tsa dingwaga tse di fetileng, di ne tsa dira gore lekoko la BDP le boelwe ke ditilo dingwe tse e neng ya di latlhegelwa ka ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;168–169.</ref> Maloko a le mmalwa a borwa a boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BCP a ne a boela kwa lekokong la BNF morago ga gore maemo otlhe a a kwa godimo a tsewe ke batho ba bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;237.</ref> Go itlhatlosa go ya kwa maemong a merafe ya Tswana, batho ba Yeyi ba ne ba bitsa kgosi e e kwa godimo ka ngwaga wa 1999, fela se se ne sa se ka sa lemogiwa ke Molao wa Bogosi. Ba ne ba tlisa kgang eo kwa Kgotlatshekelong e Kgolo, e e neng ya tlhasela thulaganyo e e maleba ya molao e le e e tlhaolang.<ref name=":95" /> Mogae o ne a tlhoma setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang ka ngwaga wa 2000 go sekaseka kemedi ya merafe e mennye mo Ntlong ya Dikgosi, mme seo sa baka boipelaetso go tswa mo go ba ba neng ba ikutlwa gore Mogae o batla go nyatsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;239.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang se ne sa tlhomamisa gore Ntlo ya Dikgosi e tshwanetse go nna teng, mme ya bidiwa Setswana ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;216.</ref> Diphetogo tse dingwe tse di fetotsweng ga di a amogelwa morago ga go kgarametswa go tswa mo merafeng e megolo ya Batswana, bogolosegolo ba Ngwato.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;217–218.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, batho ba Kgatla-baga-Mmanaana ba ne ba bona kgosi ya bone Gobuamang Gobuamang wa bobedi a amogelwa semmuso jaaka kgosi e nnye mo teng ga kgaolo ya Kwena kwa ba nnang teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;177.</ref> [[:en:Botswana–Namibia_border|Molelwane wa Botswana le Namibia]] o ne wa tsena mo kganetsanong ka ngwaga wa 1999 fa mafatshe ka bobedi a ne a batla kgaolo mo [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Mopakong wa Caprivi]].[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;xx–xxi.</ref>] Ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000, Botswana e ne ya beeletsa thata mo go tlhabololeng sesole sa mowa.<ref name=":93" /> [[:en:Botswana_Television|Setshwantso sa motshikinyego sa Botswana]] se tlhomilwe ka ngwaga wa 2000. Lentswe tsa Tsodilo le ne la nna [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|Lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe]] ka ngwaga wa 2001. Batho ba Basarwa ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao ka ngwaga wa 2002 go ganetsa go ntshiwa ga bona kwa Central Kalahari Game Reserve, fela kgang e sekisiwang e ne ya tlhokomologiwa. [[:en:Mosadi_Seboko|Mosadi Seboko]] wa [[:en:Lete_people|morafe wa]] [[:en:Lete_people|Balete]] o ne a nna moeteledipele wa ntlha wa mosadi wa morafe ka ngwaga wa 2003.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xxi.</ref> Mogae o ne a dira gore mongwe wa batshwayadiphoso ba ba tlhageletseng thata ba puso, [[:en:Kenneth_Good_(political_scientist)|Kenneth Good]], a lelekwe mo lefatsheng la gagwe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], pp.&#x20;333–334.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;226–227.</ref> [[:en:Three_Dikgosi_Monument|Sefikantswe sa Dikgosi tse Tharo]] se ne sa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;680.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya bolwetsi jo bo anameng lefatshe la HIV/AIDS e le kgang e e botlhokwa thata ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Go e lwantsha, o ne a dira gore dikalafi tsa [[:en:Antiretroviral|diantiretroviral]] tsa HIV/AIDS di nne teng mahala.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;225.</ref> === Puso ya ga Ian Khama === [[Setshwantsho:London Conference on The Illegal Wildlife Trade (12499797834).jpg|thumb|Kopano ya ga Ian Khama le [[:en:William_Hague|William Hague]] kwa Lontone]] Ian Khama o ne a latela mo maemong a botautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Mogae ka kgwedi ya Moranang a le letsatsi le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref name=":96">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mokgwa wa gagwe wa boeteledipele o ne wa phatlaladiwa jaaka o o latelang "di-D tse nne": puso ya batho ka batho, tlhabololo, seriti, le kotlhao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Fa a sena go nna mo setilong, o ne a rulaganya sešwa khuduthamaga ya setšhaba ka mokgwa wa tatelano, a kopanya maatla go dikologa botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;227–228.</ref> Khama o ne a gatelela tshireletsego ya setshaba mo tsamaisong ya gagwe. Ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo maemong a gagwe, Lekalana la Bosenodi le Tshireletsego le ne la itsege ka go dira ditlhodi tse di neng di tlhotlhelediwa ke dipolotiki le go tshwara baganetsi ba gagwe ba sepolotiki. O ne gape a tlhoma batho ba le mmalwa ba pele ba sesole mo pusong ya gagwe<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], pp.&#x20;714–715.</ref> Botswana o ne e sa amege thata mo [[:en:African_Union|Kopanong ya Aforika]] ka nako ya botautona jwa ga Khama, go na le moo e ne ya tlhagisa molawana wa mafatshe a sele a a neng e lebisitswe thata mo Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;190.</ref> Mathata a matlole a ngwaga wa 2008 a ne a gatelela itsholelo ya Botswana, e e neng ya nna e ikaegile ka meepo ya ditaemane le fa puso e ne e dira maiteko.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;202.</ref> Madirelo a diteemane a ne a fedisa kwelotlase e e tlhomameng fa e ne e tlhomama ka bokana ka karolo ya masome a mararo le borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tse di tlhagisitsweng tsa lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 2009.<ref name=":76" /> Taolo ya dikgosi e ne ya fetolwa ka ngwaga wa 2008 ka Molao wa Bogosi.<ref name=":92" /> Khama o ne a rotloetsa go neela dikgosi maatla ka leina la go busetsa kotlhao le maitsholo a setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], pp.&#x20;196–197.</ref> O ne a ntsha taelo e e neng ya oketsa dingwaga tsa go nwa tse di kafa molaong go nna masome a mabedi le bongwe, ya fa baeteledipele ba merafe e mennye maatla a go laela gore batho ba itewe, ya tlhama ditlhopha tsa mephato go nna balebedi, le go tsenya gape [[:en:Corporal_punishment_in_schools|kotlhao ya go itaya mo dikolong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Dikgosi di le mmalwa tse di sa tswang go tlhongwa di ne tsa tshegetsa melawana e mme tsa tsenya tirisong dikotlhao tse di gagametseng tsa badiraphoso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Gareng ga bone go ne go na le Kgafela wa bobedi, kgosana ya morafe wa Kgatla. Go dira gore batho ba gagwe ba nne le boitsholo jo bo tlwaelegileng, o ne a oketsa thata go itewa ga batho ba ba neng ba tlola molao. Kgafela le ba bangwe ba ba amegang ba ne ba pegwa molato wa bosenyi ka ntlha ya go dirisa kotlhao ka tsela e e sa siamang ka ngwaga wa 2010, mme kgotlatshekelo e ne ya kgaphela thoko kopo ya gagwe ya go sirelediwa, ya tlhomamisa gore dikgosi ga di na boipuso mme di laolwa ke molaotheo.<ref name=":97">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;157.</ref> Jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le tlhopha boeteledipele jwa lekoko la yone ka ngwaga wa 2009, Khama o ne a tlhoma batho ba le bantsi ba A-Team mo dikomiting tse potlana tsa lekoko le fa Barata-Phathi e ne ya fenya ka nako ya mokgatlho wa lekoko.<ref name=":97" /><ref name=":98">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;335.</ref> Fa mokwaledi mogolo wa lekoko leo, Rre [[:en:Gomolemo_Motswaledi|Gomolemo Motswaledi]] a ne a rerisana le babueledi go botsa gore a ditiro tsa ga Khama di ka fa molaong, Khama o ne a dira gore a sekegiwe mo komiting. Morago ga go isa kgang kwa kgotlatshekelo, go ne ga fitlhelwa gore tautona yo o mo maemong ao ga a kgone go sekisiwa semolao, mme Khama o ne a emisa Motswaledi mo BDP gotlhelele.<ref name=":98" />Mo tshimologong ya ngwaga wa 2010, Khama o ne a emisa mme morago a ntsha maloko a mangwe a le mmalwa a lekalana le le mo teng ga lekoko la Barata-Phathi mo lekokong BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], pp.&#x20;354–355.</ref> Se se ne sa baka go kgaogana ga ntlha ga BDP ka Mopitlwe fa lekoko la Barata-Phathi le ne le tswa mo lekokong go bopa Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Temokerasi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;345.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Molao wa Tirelosetšhaba o tsentswe tirisong ka ngwaga wa 2010, o dira gore badiredipuso ba dire ditshupetso ka ha molaong mo maemong mangwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mo ngwageng o o latelang, Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Mekgatlho ya Badiri (BOFEPUSU) o ne wa etelela pele ditshupetso tsa dikgwedi di le pedi mo gare ga badiredipuso ba lefatshe go batla tuelo ya karolo ya lesome le borataro mo lekgolong, mme puso ya tsiboga ka go ntsha diketekete tsa badiri mo maemong a bone.<ref name=":96" /> Go ntshiwa ga batho go ne go okametswe ke [[:en:Mokgweetsi_Masisi|Mokgweetsi Masisi]], Tona ya Merero ya Botautona.<ref name=":99">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Go ganetsa boemo jwa puso, BOFEPUSU e ne ya tlhofofatsa go kopanngwa ga makoko a magolo a kganetso go nna [[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC).<ref name=":96" /> Setlhopha se sešwa se se ne se eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Duma_Boko|Duma Boko]], yo o neng a tsere taolo ya BNF ka ngwaga wa 2010 mme a laola dipuo tsa yona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;715.</ref> Khama o ne a diragatsa diphetogo tse di nonofileng tsa tshomarelo ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe, bogolo jang mabapi le go tsoma. Le fa ba ne ba opa diatla kwa mahatsheng a mangwe le go bopa leina la Botswana jaaka "kgakgamatso e tala", ba ne ba kopana le go kgobega marapo mo nageng ka ntlha ya ditsela tse di neng di dirisiwa go tswa kwa godimo go ya kwa tlase, bogolosegolo go tswa mo go ba ba nnang mo mafelong a a tlhomilweng a tshomarelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Melawana e e ne e akaretsa go oketsega ga mekgwa ya sesole e e kgatlhanong le go tsoma diphologolo; digongwana tse di kgatlhanong le go tsoma di ne di tsentswe ditlhobolo tse di itirisang go tlaleletsa melawana ya go thuntsha go bolaya kgatlhanong le batho ba ba belaelwang gore ke batsomi.<ref name=":94" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boloka bontsi jwa yone mo lekgotleng la peomolao morago ga [[:en:2014_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopho tse di latelang]], mme e le lekgetho la ntlha e ne ya dira jalo ka bontsi fela jwa ditlhopo tsa batho.<ref>[[Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;705.</ref> Ian Khama o ne a tlhoma Masisi go nna mothusa tautona wa gagwe.<ref name=":99" /> Tshwetso e ne ya tsosa kganetsano ka ntlha ya go tlhoka maitemogelo ga ga Masisi fa go bapisiwa le ditlhopho tse dingwe tse di ka kgonegang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Go ya ka Mogae, Masisi o ne a tlhophiwa ka tlhaloganyo ya gore o tla tlhoma [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|Tshekedi Khama]] [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|wa bobedi]] go nna mothusa tautona morago ga go tsaya botautona ka boene.<ref name=":99" /> Botsalo Ntuane o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Mokwaledi Mogolo wa lekoko la BDP ka ngwaga 2015 mo seraleng sa twantsho tshenyetso setshaba le phetolo ya ditlhopho. Se se ne sa tshosetsa tlholego e e tseneletseng ya lekoko la BDP, mme Ntuane a bona mmaba wa sepolotiki kwa Masisi.<ref name=":99" /> Khama o ne a le bobaba mo bobegadikgannyeng, bogolo jang mo mafelong a a neng a sa dumalane le ditiro tsa puso ya gagwe. O ne a na le babegadikgang ba babedi ba ba neng ba latofadiwa ka [[:en:Sedition|botsuolodi]] ka ngwaga wa 2017, mme moragonyana ditatofatso di ne tsa latlhiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;714.</ref> === Puso ya ga Mokgweetsi Masisi === [[Setshwantsho:Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference London 2018 (45245990491).jpg|thumb|Mokgweetsi Masisi a bua kwa bokopanong jo bo neng bo bua ka kgwebisano e e seng ka fa molaong ya diphologolo tsa naga kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:London|London]] ka ngwaga wa 2018]] Masisi o ne a nna tautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Khama ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2018. Fa ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2019_Botswana_general_election|kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 2019]] di ntse di atamela, Masisi o ne a tlhama setshwantsho sa go ipharologanya le Khama, a itlhagisa jaaka motho yo o [[:en:Anti-corruption|lwantshanang le bonweenwee]] fa a ntse a tshegetsa bobegakgang le BOFEPUSU.<ref name=":02">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;716.</ref><ref name=":02" /> Letsholo la gagwe la go lwantsha bonweenwee le ne la felela ka go tshwarwa ga ga Isaac Kgosi, yo o neng a eteletse pele Bokaedi jwa Botlhodi le Tshireletso mo pusong ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;717.</ref><ref name=":110" /> Masisi o ne a tswelela ka go busetsa morago bontsi jwa melawana ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110" /> Gareng ga tse e ne e le go phimolwa ga melawana ya tshomarelo, go akaretsa le thibelo ya go tsoma e e neng e tsoma e e neng e lebisitswe mo kgwebong ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|manaka a tlou]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;23–24, 33–34.</ref> O ne gape a okametse go fedisiwa ga go tsewa go ratana ka bong bole bongwe e le molato.<ref>Rotberg 2023, pp.&#x20;228–229.</ref> Fa se se ntse se tsweletse, Masisi le Khama ba nna baganetsi go na le go nna balekane. Khama o ne a leka go thapa [[:en:Pelonomi_Venson-Moitoi|Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi]] go nna ntlhopheng yo mongwe wa BDP kgatlhanong le Masisi, mme fa seo se palelwa, o ne a itlhomela lekoko la gagwe, la [[:en:Botswana_Patriotic_Front|Botswana Patriotic Front]] (BPF).<ref name=":99" /><ref name=":110" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boelwa ke bontsi jwa ditlhopho tsa batho ka ngwaga wa 2019,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> mme ditlhopho di ne tsa senngwa ke kgatelelo ya puso le diphuruphutsho tsa nako le nako kgatlhanong le batho ba kganetso. Lekoko la UDC le ne la gwetlha maduo, mme ga di a atlega.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;308.</ref> Diphetogo tsa kgaolo di ne tsa fetoga ka ngwaga wa 2019 jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le latlhegelwa ke thotloetso nngwe kwa bokone fa e ntse e oketsa tlhotlheletso ya yone kwa borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;231.</ref> Ditlhopho gape di ne tsa bona lekokokganetso le legolo, BNF, le latlhegelwa ke BCP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> Jaaka ditšhaba di le dintsi, [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana|Botswana e ne ya bona kwelotlase e e kgolo ya tsholelo ka nako ya tlhaselo ya bolwetsi jwa COVID-19]], mme lefatshe le ne la nna [[:en:COVID-19_lockdowns|mo thibelong ya metsamao]] bontsi jwa ngwaga wa 2020 le ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;309.</ref> Mofuta wa SARS-CoV-2 Omicron o ribolotswe kwa Botswana moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Maikutlo a a kgatlhanong le makula a ne a anama ka setšhaba sa makula kwa Botswana se ne se humile thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;310.</ref> Khama o ne a tshabela kwa lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa a le kwa botshabelo ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele ka ngwaga wa 2021, mme puso ya Botswana ya mo latofatsa ka go nna le dibetsa e se ka fa molaong ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;311–312.</ref> === Puso ya ga Duma Boko === [[Setshwantsho:Secretary Rubio Meets with Botswana President Boko (54371806715).jpg|thumb|Duma Boko o ikanisa tumalano le lefatshe la Amerika ka ngwaga wa 2025]] Lekoko la [:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change][[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC) le nnile lekokokganetso la ntlha mo Botswana go tsaya puso morago ga phenyo ya lone mo [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa]] [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 2024]] , mme se sa fedisa dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi tsa puso ya [[:en:Botswana_Democratic_Party|lekoko la Botswana la batho ka batho]] (BDP).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMuiaZane2024|Muia &#x26; Zane 2024]]</ref> Mo puisanong ya gagwe ya ntlha ya Maemo a Setšhaba ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2024, Duma Boko o boletse gore puso ya gagwe e tla kgaratlhela go oketsa dipeeletso mo maatleng a letsatsi, [[:en:Cannabis|motokwane]] ya kalafi le mofuta wa motokwane o o lengwang ka lebaka la madirelo. O ne gape a itsise ditirisano le [[:en:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] go atolosa phitlhelelo ya mafaratlhatlha a maranyane e e teng lefatshe ka bophara ka [[:en:Starlink|Starlink]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFFrance242024|France24 2024]]</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2025, Botswana e ne ya romela sathalaete ya yone ya ntlha, e leng [[:en:BOTSAT‑1|BOTSAT‐1,]] kwa lefaufaung.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRanjan2025|Ranjan 2025]]</ref> [[:en:Duma_Boko|Boko]] o ne a tsenela go itsisiwe semmuso ga sathalaete, e e neng ya tshwarelwa kwa mafelong a [[:en:SpaceX|SpaceX]] kwa lefatsheng la United States.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNamunwa2025|Namunwa 2025]].</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Lekwalokwalo la Botswana * [[Ngwao ya Botswana|Ngwao ya Batswana]] * Dipalopalo tsa Botswana * [[Itsholelo ya Botswana]] * Thutafatshe ya Botswana * [[Ditso tsa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Borwa jwa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Gaborone]] * [[Lenaane la dikgang tse di amanang le Botswana]] * Lenaane la dingwaga mo Botswana * [[Tlhaloso ya Botswana]] * Mola wa nako wa Botswana * Mola wa nako ya Gaborone * [[Dipolotiki tsa Botswana]] == Dintlhana tse di kwa tlase == <references /> == Metswedi == === Dibuka === * Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). Culture and Customs of Botswana. Greenwood Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-313-33178-7</nowiki>. OCLC 62118271. * Gulbrandsen, Ørnulf (2012). The State and the Social: State Formation in Botswana and its Precolonial and Colonial Genealogies. Berghahn Books. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85745-298-6</nowiki>. * Hillbom, Ellen; Bolt, Jutta (2018). Botswana – A Modern Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73144-5. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-73144-5</nowiki>. * Holm, John D.; Molutsi, Patrick P. (1992). "State-Society Relations in Botswana: Beginning Liberalization". In Hydén, Göran; Bratton, Michael (eds.). Governance and Politics in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 75–95. doi:10.1515/9781685853297. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-55587-285-4</nowiki>. * Jackson, Ashley (1999). Botswana, 1939-1945: An African Country at War. Clarendon Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-820764-1</nowiki>. * Leith, James Clark (2005). Why Botswana Prospered. McGill-Queen's University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7735-2821-5</nowiki>. * Molutsi, Patrick (2004). "Botswana: The Path to Democracy and Development". In Gyimah-Boadi, E. (ed.). Democratic Reform in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 159–182. doi:10.1515/9781685857325. <nowiki>ISBN 9781685857325</nowiki>. * Nyamnjoh, Francis B. (2007). "'Ever-Diminishing Circles': The Paradoxes of Belonging in Botswana". In de la Cadena, Marisol; Starn, Orin (eds.). Indigenous Experience Today. Routledge. pp. 305–332. <nowiki>ISBN 9781003085690</nowiki>. * Rotberg, Robert I. (2023). "Botswana: Africa's Democratic Exception". Overcoming the Oppressors: White and Black in Southern Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–231. <nowiki>ISBN 9780197674239</nowiki>. * Samatar, Abdi Ismail (1999). An African Miracle: State and Class Leadership and Colonial Legacy in Botswana Development. Heinemann. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-325-00068-8</nowiki>. * Tlou, Thomas; Campbell, Alec C. (1997) [1984]. History of Botswana (2nd ed.). Macmillan Botswana. <nowiki>ISBN 9991278087</nowiki>. == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref name=":2"><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref>Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref></ref><ref name=":30"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> 0k3a9szeq4yw3d64gkqvmk8zja48u4l 53684 53682 2026-07-30T20:43:48Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Pre-colonial history" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366623313|History of Botswana]]" 53684 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditso tsa lefatshe la Botswana''' di akaretsa tsa bogologolo le tsa ngwao ya kgaolo, go diriwa kolone ya [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Bechuanaland Protectorate]], le go nna Republic of [[Botswana]] gompieno. Batho ba ntlha ba motlha wa gompieno go nna mo [[Botswana]] e ne e le Basarwa, temothuo e tlhabolotswe dingwaga di ka nna dikete pedi, le makgolo a mararo a a fetileng. Batho bantsho ba Bantu ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago ga loso lwa ga Keresete, fa [[Batswana]] ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago. Batswana ba ne ba kgaogana ka ditlhopha tsa merafe mo dingwageng tse di dikete tse di latelang fa diphudugo mo kgaolong di tswelela, tse di neng tsa baka [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]] mo lekgolong la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi. Go amana le lefatshe le le kgolo le le naleng dikarolo la Europe ga ntlha go diragetse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi lesome le borataro, mo go bakileng go diriwa Bakeresete ga batho ba kgaolo. Magosi a Batswana a a neng a na le thotloetso e kgolo a ne a ikopela go nna mo tlhokomelong ya lefatshe la [[United Kingdom]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le botlhano ka ba ne ba itemogela matshosetsi go tswa kwa [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German South West Africa]] le mo Maburung. Batho ba Britain ba ne ba kgaoganya kgaolo go nna merafe e kgosi nngwe le nngwe e tlaa e etelelang pele, ba a fa dikgosi maatla a a fetang a ba neng ba na le one pele, mme ba ne ba nna le taolo e e lekanetseng fela mo lefatsheng. Puso ya Britain e ne ya nna le seabe se setlhagafetseng ka dinwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la ema nokeng go tsaya karolo ga Britain mo ntweng ya bobedi ya mafatshe, bontsi ba ne ba lwa e le bontlha jwa sesole sa [[Aferika|Aforika]] sa Auxiliary Pioneer Corps. Go lwela go laola go nnile teng ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a matlhano fa gare ga Kgosi ya [[Bangwato]] [[Seretse Khama]] le motlhatlhami wa gagwe [[Tshekedi Khama]]. Go nyala mosadi wa lekgoa ebong [[Ruth Williams Khama]] ga ga Seretse, go ne ga baka gore batho ba Britain ba mo thibele go nna mo [[Botswana]]. O ne a boa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a matlhano le borataro, ka a ne a na le kemo nokeng e kgolo, merafe e ne inaakanya le puso e e tlhophilweng fa letsholo la boipuso le tlhamiwa. Molao wa lefatshe o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le motso, ga tlhamiwa diphathi tsa polotiki. Seretse o ne a nna moeteledipele wa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Bechuanaland Democratic Party]], e e neng e bueletswe ke puso ya Britain go busa morago ga boipuso, e ne ya nna le kemo nokeng e e tsitsibanyang mmele mo ditlhophong tsa ntlha tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le botlhano. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la neelwa boipuso jo bo tletseng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro. Ka maikaelelo a a nonofileng, Seretse le phathi ya gagwe ba ne ba tlhama puso ya batho ka batho ya bophirima ba simolola go tlhabolola dikago mo lefatsheng le e neng e le lengwe la a a neng a humanegile thata ka nako eo. Go ne ga lemogiwa fa go na le diteemane ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabongwe, mo go neng ga bopa sesha itsholelo ya Botswana. Kompone ya meepo ya [[Debswana]] e tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi, lefatshe la Botswana la nna la itsholelo e e golang ka bofefo thata go gaisa a mangwe mo Botswana. Phathi ya sepolotiki ya Botswana Democratic e ne ya tswelela e le yone phathi e e busang go tswa ka nako ya boipuso go fitlhelela phathi ya [[Umbrella for Democratic Change]] e fenya ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone.]] == Ditso tsa pele ga bokolone == === Ditso tsa pele === [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo Hills rock paintings4.jpg|thumb|metako ya magaga kwa Tsodilo mo ditsong tsa pele]] Lefatshe la Botswana la gompieno e ne e le sekgwa fela dingwaga di le didikadike tse di lesome tse di fitileng, dinoka di ne di le ditona go fetisa gompieno, di tshela kwa [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|letsheng la Makgadikgadi]].<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou, Thomas]]; [[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Campbell, Alec C]]. (1997) [1984]. ''[[History of Botswana]]'' (2nd&nbsp;ed.). Macmillan Botswana. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/9991278087|&nbsp;<bdi>9991278087</bdi>.]]</ref> Batho ba sebopego sa ntlha sa Homo erectus ba ne ba nna mo kgaolong eo ka motlha wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997,]] p.&nbsp;14.</ref> Didirisiwa tsa lejwe mo Botswana wa gompieno, di tshwana le dilepe, di tswa go o lowe, dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fitileng.<ref name=":4">Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). [[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|''Culture and Customs of Botswana''.]] Greenwood Press. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33178-7|<bdi>978-0-313-33178-7</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#Identifiers_and_linked_data|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/title/62118271 62118271.]</ref><ref name=":0">Klehm, Carla (28 June 2021). "Archaeology of Botswana". ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History''. doi:[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61663/chapter/553401196 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.792]. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4|<bdi>978-0-19-027773-4</bdi>.]]</ref> Phudugo go ya sekakeng sa Kalahari go akanyediwa fa e diragetse pele ga legato la borataro dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro tse di fitileng.<ref name=":0" /> Letsha la Makgadikgadi le simolotse go fokotsega dingwaga di le dikete di le masome matlhano tse di fitileng.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;17.]]</ref> Bagolagolwane ba merafe e e sa amaneng ka gope ba ba bidiwang Basarwa fa ba kgobokantswe, ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome mane go tsena masome a mararo tse di fitileng. Ba ka tswa e le bone batho ba ntlha go nna mo motlheng wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&nbsp;18, 23.</ref> Ba ne ba itlhoma go bapa le dinoka ka dipaka tsa komelelo, mme ba phatlalale le kgaolo ka nako ya dipula.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&nbsp;24.</ref>Go ne go itsewe fa ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikaganyeditseng [[letsha la Makgadikgadi]], ga mmogo le [[Tsodilo]] le GI.<ref name=":1">[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;xv.</ref> Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba [[Nata]], Shua le Xani, go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref name=":2">Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;23.</ref>[[:en:Rock_art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse masome a mararo tse di fetileng,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Meepo ya specularite le hematite e simolotse ka nako e go tlhama dipente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;48.</ref> Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a leruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome mabedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":1" /> Thuto e e tseneletseng ya Aforika e e kwa borwa mo [[:en:Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Matlapa]] e ntse e lekanyeditswe.<ref name=":0" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[:en:Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba sala ka ditlhopha tse dinnye mme ba dira kgwebo le ba bangwe.<ref name=":2" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere tshimo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monna yo mogolo wa lelapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tse dikgolo, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela le go tshwara diphologolo tse dinnye.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Ditlhopha di ne di nyalana mme di dirisa thulaganyo ya magadi, xaro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete tse tse di fetileng, batho ba kgaolo eo ba ne ba tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana wa gompieno mme ba simolola go dira dinkgwana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;8.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;28.</ref>Temothuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga le go wela tlase fa seemo sa loapi le ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo di ne di dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;29–30.</ref>Gareng ga dijalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[:en:Pearl_millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[:en:Sorghum|mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[:en:Cowpea|dinawa tsa kgomo]], le dimela tsa lelapa la [[:en:Cucurbitaceae|cucurbits]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba Bantu ba ne ba [[:en:Bantu_expansion|fudugela kwa kgaolong]] e dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi le dingwaga dile selete le makgolo a matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong leno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;22–24, 28.</ref> [[:en:Kalanga_people|Batho ba Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba goroga c. 200 C.E.<ref name=":3">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Bagologolwane ba morafe wa ntlha wa [[:en:Tswana_people|Batswana]] (bongwe ''Motswana'', bontsi ''Batswana'') go fopholediwa fa ba gorogile c. 400 C.E.<ref name=":3" /> Batho ba ba Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didirisiwa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna mo ditseleng tsa metsi tsa leruri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;9.</ref> Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a leruri a matlo a ka nna lesome go fitlhela lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Pole-and-daga|dipale le mmu]] nngwe le nngwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa Khoisan e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;44–45.</ref> BaKhoisan le Bantu ba ka tswa ba ne ba gweba le go nyalana mo pakeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;36.</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlhela ka lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga === Setlhopha sa batho ba Zhizo, batho ba Taukome, ba ne ba goroga mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme ba nna fa gare ga [[:en:Shashe_River|Noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|Noka ya Serorome]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref><ref name=":5">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;10.</ref> Go nna le [[:en:Glass_bead|dipheta tsa galase]] go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo ya Lewatle la India]].<ref name=":5" /> Palo ya leruo le le ruiwang mo Botswana wa gompieno e ne ya oketsega thata fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa borobabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":4" /> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso ya morafe, e e bidiwang ''morafe'' (bontsi merafe), mongwe le mongwe o eteletswe pele ke kgosi e e bidiwang ''[[:en:Kgosi|kgosi]]'' (bontsi dikgosi).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Tsamaiso e e ne ya tlhagisa puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le tse dingwe mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;40.</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong, mme go nna mong wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho.<ref name=":6">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;11.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ditso tsa bogologolo tsa batho ba Tswana e sa ntse e sa itsiwe thata ka gonne go setse bosupi jo bonnye jwa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo.<ref name=":3" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Sekaka sa Kalahari]] ka makgolo ale borobabongwe morago ga ga Keresete,<ref name=":1" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong le le latelang la dingwaga, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng kwa Lewatleng la India.<ref name=":6" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Bangwe ba batho ba Eiland ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa ya gompieno go tsena mo Botswana wa gompieno mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Batho ba Toutswe, ba bangwe ba morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, ba bona khumo ya bona ka go nna le dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;13.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Go ne ga agiwa metse e meraro ya Ba-Toutswe kwa [[:en:Bosutswe|Bosutswe]], Sung, le [[:en:Toutswemogala|Toutswemogala]], mongwe le mongwe wa bone o ne o busa metse e mennye e e neng e e dikologile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 12, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba anametse kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;60.</ref> Boleng jwa ditlhagiswa bo ne jwa fetogafetoga fa kgwebisano e ntse e atolosiwa le ditšhaba di sele mme go ribololwa ga gauta go ne ga diragala, go fokotsa kgatlhego mo ditlhagisweng tsa sebilo le tsa diphologolo jaaka lonaka lwa tlou.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;27–28.</ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":7">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Merafe e e kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditiragalo tse mme e ne ya sala e sa amege thata.<ref name=":8">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Baagisani ba Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe le wa lesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard's Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":9">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> <ref name=":10">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;61.</ref>Ba tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[:en:Bambandyanalo|Bambandyanalo]], ba ne ba nna batho ba bagolo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe kwa ba neng ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;67–68.</ref> Ba ne ba bonela pele tlhotlheletso go ralala kgaolo fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> Batho ba Okavango Delta le batho ba Tsodilo mme morago ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bodulo mo nakong e, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke batho ba Khoe fela ba ba neng ba nna mo lefelong leo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou & Campbell 1997]], pp. 46, 81.</ref>Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro,<ref name=":11">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;14.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa mo nako e le nngwe.<ref name=":10" />Batho ba Mambo ba ne ba nna go dikologa [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]] ya gompieno mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo tikologong ya nako e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Batho ba segompieno ba Tswana, [[:en:Khalagari_people|Khalagari]], le [[:en:Sotho_people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo e ka nnang ka lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":12">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Ba-Khalagari ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana.<ref name=":13">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Batho ba Fokeng le bone ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi,<ref name=":14">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;93.</ref> mme batho ba Moloko ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro.<ref name=":12" /> Morafe wa tshimologo wa BaTswana, losika lwa bogosi lwa Phofu, o tlhodilwe kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro ke Mogale. Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, e ne ya kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa le merafe ya Bahurutshe, [[:en:Kwena_people|Kwena]], [[:en:Ngwaketse_people|Ngwaketse]], [[:en:Ngwato_people|Ngwato]], Tlharo, le batho ba ba [[:en:Ngwato_people|Kgatla]].<ref name=":13" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa ema mo boemong jwa Mapungubwe e le maatla a kgaolo ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro fa batho ba Gumanye ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[:en:Great_Zimbabwe|Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le le botlhokwa le ditsompelo tsa yone le go nna gaufi le lebopo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;77–78.</ref> Zimbabwe e ne e laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le teng mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana,<ref name=":15">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvi.</ref> mme kgwebisano ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo eo.<ref name=":11" /> Zimbabwe e ne e latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga, mme e ne ya wela mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Dinaga tse dingwe di le mmalwa di ne tsa tlhagelela morago ga go wa ga yone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo neng jwa bopiwa ke [[:en:Kalanga_people|merafe ya Kalanga]], bo ne jwa tsaya maemo a Zimbabwe mo molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;98–100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana le [[:en:Pedi_people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bone<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> mme [[:en:Rolong_people|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Morolong.<ref name=":13" /> Kgosi Masilo go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya bophirima jwa Tswana ka nako e, go fitlhela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga moo go bolelwa fa lefelo le le ne le busiwa ke Malope kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":14" /> === Lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell - Thlapingkaptein en sy vrou.png|thumb|Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1800]] Batho ba baTswana ba ne ba fuduga fa gare ga Botswana wa gompieno ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke batho ba naga le batho ba mmuso wa ga mmamosadinyana go tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":16">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;19.</ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga sekete le makgolo a le marataro.<ref name=":17">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, losika lwa ga Phofu, lo ne lwa wela tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;104.</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la lesome le botlhano le la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":11" /> Batho ba ba Kalanga ba ne ba laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[:en:Motloutse_River|Noka ya Motloutse]] le [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Letsha la Makgadikgadi]] go fitlhela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabobedi.<ref name=":7" /> Batho ba Hurutshe, Kgatla, le Kwena ba ne ba kgaogana le losika lwa segosi lwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo gare ga komelelo le dintwa tsa boswa, mme kgabagare ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;10.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Batho ba Ngwaketse le ba Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le boraro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;105.</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo ba ne ba nna mo Motlheng wa Bofelo wa Leje go fitlha mo e ka nnang mo lekgolong la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;22.</ref> Batho ba Botswana wa gompieno ba simolodistse ditsela tse di telle tsa motsamao ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa, e tsamaelwa dikilometara tse makgolo go rekisa,go tsoma le go itsalanya le batho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;108–109.</ref>Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana motlhofo abo e ipopa ka bongwe go tswa mo go ba bangwe ka gore dithoto tse dipotlana , le leruo tsa lefelo ne di kgona go tsmaisiwa motlhofo.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":16" />Merafe ya botlhabatsatsi e ne e tshabellwa ke go kgaogana ka ntlha ya seele se se tona gareng ga toropo le ditshimo.<ref name=":18">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;392.</ref>Kgaogano gareng ga ditlhopa tsa baTswana e nnile mo gareng ga ngwagakgolong ya lesome le bosupa, e tlhalosa merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":19">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;106.</ref>Merafe ya baTswana ba botlhabatsatsi e ne e nna e le maikaelelo a dintwa tsa [[:en:Griqua_people|batho ba Griqua]].<ref name=":18" /> Fa batho ba baTswana ba tswa bokone go ya Botswana wa borwa-bophirima wa segompieno ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa , ba ne ba nna mo metseng e e neng e nna batho ba Kgalagari, ba ba tshwaetsa kgotsa ba ba ntsha. Batho ba ba Kwena le merafe ya bone ya lekala ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa segompieno ka fa tlase ga taolo ya [[:en:Kgabo_II|Kgabo wa bobedi]] ba bo ba nna gaufi le motse wa [[:en:Molepolole|Molepolole]].<ref name=":19" />Go ya ka setso sa molomo, bapatole ba e leng batho ba Herero le Mbanderu ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathung ba Mbunda ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bosupa fa ntwa tsa leruo la batswana le ne le phatlalatsa ditlhopa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> le batho ba Bayeyi ba ne ba fudugela kwa Okavango Delta go ya kwa nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;8.</ref>Mo mafelong a mangwe, batho ba Kaa ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathong ba Rolong le batho ba Khurutse ba kgaogana le batho ba Bahurutshe, fa ditlhopa tsotlhe di fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":20">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;107.</ref>Batho ba Bashaga ba ne ba kopana le batho ba Kgalagari ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;110.</ref> State sa ntlha sa Tswana se tlhamilwe ke batho ba Ngwaketse bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi. Si state tse dingwe tsa Tswana di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka go latelana ke batho ba ba Kwena, batho ba Ngwato le batho ba ba Tawana mo dingwageng tse lesome tse nne di latela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;113.</ref> Ka se go ne ga tla ditlhabololo tsa ''mophato (''bontsi ''mephato),'' mephato ya sesole e e rulagantsweng k a dingwaga tsa setlhopa, gareng ga batho ba Tswana ba bophirima mo dingwageng tsa sekete le makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano''.''<ref name=":21">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;386.</ref>Batho ba le babedi ba Kgatla , batho ba Kgafela le batho ba ba Tlokwa, ba tsene mo nakong e ba bo ba tsaa taolo mo tikologong ya [[:en:Pilanesberg|Pilanesberg]] mo Aforika Borewng wa segompieno. Ba ne ba laola ka thata bontsi jwa batho mo lefelong leo mme ebile ba fentse dintwa tse pedi le batho ba Fokeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;390–391.</ref>Tiriso ya mephato e ne ya phatlatsega kwa bathong ba Tswana ba kwa botlhaba kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":21" />E ne e sa amogelwa go phutologilwe mo borwa === Difaqane === [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]], nako ya dintwa le phuduso mo borwa jwa Aforika , e diragetse kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi le tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;17.</ref> Mo nakong ye, batho ba baTswana ba ne ba le mo '''kgonegong''' ya dintwa ke ditlhopa di le dintsi ,di akaretsa [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Ndebele]], ba [[:en:Kololo_people|Kololo]], ba [[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]],<ref name=":8" /> ba Pedi, le ba [[:en:Voortrekker|Voortrekkers]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;391.</ref>Bontsi jwa ditlhopa tsa ba Tswana di itlhopetse go boela morago ko ntlheng ga go lwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;394.</ref>Sese ne sa trigger phudugo e e extensive e e ralalang lefelo, go baka gore morafe wa ba Tswana o phatlalale thata abo o simolodisa bolengteng jo bo nonofileng gareng ga territory ya Botswana wa segompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo [[:en:Hardveld|nageng e e thata]] e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Batho ba Kwena le ba Ngwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa motseng wa [[:en:South_African_Republic|Transvaal]] go ya kwa ''lefelong la motlhaba''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;18.</ref> Batho ba ntlha wa Kgatla go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, batho ba Mmanaana, o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[:en:Moshupa|Moshupa]] le [[:en:Thamaga|Thamaga]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53, 56.</ref> Ke fela bangwe ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba bolokwa mo go fudugeng kgotsa mo go kgorelediweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;393.</ref> Batho ba Kololo ba ne ba tlhasela merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa 1826, ba pateletsa BaKwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bona ka go farologana. Sebogo, molaodi wa morafe wa Ngwaketse, o ne a tsosa banna ba le dikete dile nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa Dithubaruba kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ba bolaya batlhabani le baagi, ba kobela ruri Bakololo mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;393–394.</ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma dinaga tsa yone gape ka dingwaga tsa bo 1840, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;31.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;693.</ref><ref name=":22">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;114.</ref> Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[:en:Kgotla|kgotla]]'', kopano ya dipuisano e mo go yone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a utlwa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagi ba banna pele a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref name=":34">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;695.</ref><ref name=":23">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1880, batho ba Tswana le ba Khalagari ba ne ba dirile Botswana yotlhe ya gompieno dikolone.<ref name=":20" /> === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe ba ne ba goroga lantlha mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|London Missionary Society]]. Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa dira go fetolela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":24">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Morongwa [[:en:Robert_Moffat_(missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya motse wa gagwe wa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa Botswana wa gompieno jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le Maburu gore ba se ka ba kgona go ya kwa teng.<ref name=":8" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a ne a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekeresete le go kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente e Kgologolo le e Ntšhwa ka bobedi di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa 1857.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;57, 65.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgopolo di le mmalwa tsa itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aforika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''mafisa'' ya bahumi ba adima bahumanegi dikgomo go ba ananya ka tiro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;701.</ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya dithoto tse di fhapegileng ka bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe , mme banna ba ba nyetsweng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le tshwanelo ya ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;698.</ref> Banna ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref> Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se lengwa thata mo kgaolong eo mo lekgolong la lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela komelelo e ne e raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Bagwebi ba lefatshe la Britain ba gorogile ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":24" /> Go tla ga baagi ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe ba ba neng ba nna gaufi le foo go ne ga dira gore merafe ya Batswana e kgone go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Sechele_I|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_I|wa ntlha]] wa batho ba Bakwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya lefatshe la Britain ya morafe wa gagwe.<ref name=":22" /> Morongwa wa kwa Scotland e bong [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o ne a goroga mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma lekgotla la [[:en:Kolobeng_Mission|Kolobeng Mission]]. Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe mo go bokete ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe mo merafeng ya Batswana fa ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano tsa dikontinente tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":15" /> Moaparo wa Bophirima o ne wa amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala ngwagakgolo otlhe mme o kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;120–121.</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a fa batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu.<ref name=":25">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa batho ba Kalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba lebana le kgotlhang go tswa mo ditlhopheng tse dingwe mo kgaolong, mme ya goroga kwa setlhoeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1850. Batswana ba le bantsi, bogolosegolo merafe ya Kwena le Ngwato, ba ne ba lwa kgatlhanong le merafe ya Maaforikanere le ya MaZulu kwa botlhaba jwa Sekaka sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;195.</ref> Ba-Kwena le Ba-Mmanaana ba ne ba lwantsha Maburu go tswa kwa Transvaal ka ngwaga wa 1852, ba sireletsa kgaolo ya bone mme ba fedisa go atologa ga setšhaba go ya kwa bophirima.<ref name=":26">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;396.</ref> Batswana ba ne ba bona ditlhopha tsa barongwa e le tsela ya go tshabela mo batlhaseding, ba rotloetsa go sokologela mo Bokereseteng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Sechele o ne a kopa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Britain ka 1853 go fedisa dintwa tsa kgaolo, mme o ne a ganwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;107.</ref> Baeng ba Europa ba ne ba tlwaelesegile thata mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga fa batsomi, batlhotlhomisi, le bagwebi ba ne ba batla dipoelo le go bona dilo tse di kgatlhang mo kgaolong eo.<ref name=":25" /> Ba le bantsi ba ne ba kwala [[:en:Travel_book|dibuka tsa maeto]] ka ga lefelo leo, tse e neng e le dingwe tsa dikgatiso fela tse e seng tsa thuto ka ga Botswana wa gompieno ka nako eo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;65–66.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1860, go fuduga go tswa mo kgaolong go ne ga oketsega fa banna ba Batswana ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya go bereka kwa meepong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Go ribololwa ga Masimo a [[:en:Tati_Goldfields|Gauta a Tati]] go ne ga tsosa go batla gauta ga ntlha ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe kwa Borwa jwa Aforika ka ngwaga wa 1868.<ref name=":24" /> Kampa ya pele ya meepo e e neng ya tlhongwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1870 e ne ya atologa thata fa e ne e nna lefelo le legolo la terena fa gare ga [[:en:Cape_Province|kgaolo ya Cape]] le [[:en:Bulawayo|Bulawayo]], mme ya nna toropokgolo ya ntlha ya Botswana, e leng [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;15, 29.</ref> Mo nakong e mo hisitoring ya Botswana, dikgosi tse dikgolo tsotlhe e ne e le Bakeresete.[92] Ntwa magareng ga Bakwena le BaKgafela ka ngwaga wa 1875.<ref name=":26" />Kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga di le lesome, kgosi [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa batho ba Ngwato o ne a gapa taolo ya kgwebisano ya Borithane mo bathong ba Kwena.<ref name=":22" /> == Tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland == ''Setlhogo se segolo: [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]'' Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e oketsegang ya lefatshe la Germany mo kgaolong, mme e ne ya dumela go bopa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]].<ref name=":27">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom & Bolt 2018]], p. 40.</ref><ref name=":28">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Makgowa a Britain a ne a eletsa go somarela tlhotlheletso ya yone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka a ne a neelana ka kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aforika.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Dikgosi tsa Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane ya Aforika Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maaforikaner]],<ref name=":29">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;161.</ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ya taolo ya Borithane e ne e le bokoloniale jwa baagi ke Jeremane.<ref name=":30">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;694.</ref> Ba ne ba eletsa gape go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Aforika Borwa kgotsa moeteledipele wa meepo [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa tshireletso e santse e iphitlhela e ikaegile ka Aforika Borwa mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe go nna lefatshe la merafe le le busiwang ke dikgosi le [[:en:Crown_land|lefatshe la segosi]] le le laolwang ke United Kingdom.<ref name=":29" /> Merafe e borobarobedi e ne ya amogelwa ke Maesemane fa go ne go tlhodiwa protectorate. Tse nne tse dikgolo di ne tsa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe: Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Gape go ne ga lemogiwa tse tharo tse dinnye: tsa Kgatla, tsa [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Tlokwa]] le tsa ga [[:en:Malete_people|Malete]]. Ba borobedi, ba Tshidi, ba ne ba fiwa lefelo la polokelo le le kgabaganyang molelwane magareng ga naga e e sireleditsweng le Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;30n1.</ref> Fa maloko a merafe e mennye e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe tsa bona.<ref name=":17" /> Go tsenngwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola mofuta wa puso ya Motswana, ka merafe e ne e sa tlhalosiwe thata mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka dikgaolo di kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;46–47.</ref><ref name=":31">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;24.</ref> Tshireletso kwa tshimologong e ne ya atologela kwa Ngwato, e fitlha go tswa go didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa go ya kwa [[:en:Molopo_River|Nokeng ya Molopo]], mme e ne ya atolosiwa go ya kwa didikiriing di le lesome le borobabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhela kwa Nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwaga wa 1890.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;30.</ref>Se se ne sa tlamela Maborithane ka badiri ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya yona mme sa bopa sekgoreletsi se segolo sa go lekanyetsa bokoloniale jwa Jeremane.<ref name=":32" /> Batho ba bangwe ba Tswana ba ne ba nna kwa borwa jwa tshireletso mme moragonyana ba ne ba tsenngwa mo Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":28" /> Batho ba ga Kgafela ba ne ba nna kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa 1887. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna seka-Kgatla.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53.</ref>Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa 1891 go tlhoma tshireletso semmuso.<ref name=":29" /> Puso ya yone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa mookamedi go nna tlhogo ya yone. Mookamedi o ne a fiwa dithata tse di anameng mo tshireletsong, fa fela a ne a tlotla molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> Motsemogolo wa yone e ne e le toropo ya Aforika Borwa ya Vryburg, go supa gore babusi ba bokoloniale ba ne ba sa nne mo tshireletsong mme ba ne ba sa amege ka tlhamalalo mo mererong ya yona.<ref name=":33">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;41.</ref>Go na le moo, mookamedi yo mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusa-baokamedi ba babedi, mme mookamedi wa kgaolo o ne a tlhofofatsa go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":35">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Go tsenngwa ga puso ya Borithane mo Aforikaborwa go ne go raya gore Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne e ikaegile ka yona mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;162.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore Bechuanaland Protectorate ke setheo sa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore e tla tloga e tsewa ke kolone ya Borithane.<ref name=":37">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;115.</ref> Fa go ntse jalo, e ne e dumela gore tshireletso e e kgonang go itshedisa e tla ja madi a mannye go e tlhokomela.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":41">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;108.</ref> Ka ntlha ya mabaka a, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya gapeletsa taolo e nnye fela e e tlhamaletseng ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland.<ref name=":23" /> Dikgosi di ne di akola dikgang tse mme tsa kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jo bo anameng, fela tshegetso ya bokoloniale e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka tumelelo ya merafe go tshegetsa puso.<ref name=":36">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;41–42.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;66–67.</ref>[ Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya seemanosi, se se neng sa baka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho le go tlhaola basadi le merafe e mennye.<ref name=":38">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;161–162.</ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa tshireletso === {{Multiple image|total_width=300|image1=Chief-khama-III.jpg|image2=Sebele I by Fritsch 1865.jpg|image3=Bathoen I in london1895.jpg|footer=Khama III, Sebele I le Bathoen I, ba ba neng ba kgona go tlhotlheletsa puso ya Borithane gore e se ka ya tsenya Bechuanaland Protectorate mo taolong ya Khamphani ya British South Africa.|direction=Horizontal}} Batho ba lefatshe la Britain ba ne a rulagantse gore kwa bofelong ba akaretse Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland mo Kopanong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":31" /> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso, United Kingdom e ne ya tsena mo dipuisanong le Cecil Rhodes go e tsenya mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aforika Borwa ya Borithane]].<ref name=":27" /> Fa ba araba, dikgosi tse tharo tse di nang le tlhotlheletso thata—Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, Sebele Iwa ntlha wa Ba-Kwena, le Bathoen wa ntlha wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto lwa bodipolomate go ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa1895 mme ba dira gore puso e se ka ya wetsa tumalano eo.<ref name=":33" /><ref name=":39">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvii.</ref>Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di dirisanang le makgoa a lefatshe la Briritsh jaaka setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref name=":40">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> mme sa kwala batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka setšhaba se le sengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[:en:Jameson_Raid|Jameson Raid]] ka yone e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba makgowa a lefatshe la British marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;30–31.</ref> Go ketekwa ga dikgosi tse go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aforika: ''Khamé'', ''Sebéle'' le ''Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa lefatshe la London ka one ngwaga oo. Mokwalo o o [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhagisitse tlhamane]] e e simolotseng ya gore merafe ya bone e meraro ka go farologana e tlhodilwe ke bakaulengwe ba bararo.<ref name=":42">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;670.</ref> Gape ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropong e nngwe ya Aforika Borwa, [[:en:Mafeking|Mafeking]],<ref name=":33" />mme kompone ya Marope a Bogologolo e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marope a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go batla gauta.<ref name=":32" /> Tshireletso e ne ya amiwa thata ke go runya ga bolwane mo diphologolong ya Aforika ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, ya latlhegelwa ke dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa leruo la yona le diphologolo tsa naga.<ref name=":39" /> [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|Seporo sa tshireletso se agilwe ka]] [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|ngwaga wa 1897]] jaaka mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tsosa [[:en:Pioneer_Column|setlhopa sa Babulatsela]] go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa Ngwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole.<ref name=":43">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la [[:en:Jameson_Raid|tlhaselo ya ga Jameson]] ka 1896.<ref name=":39" /> Morafe wa Kgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya [[:en:Boer_War|Ntwa ya Maburu]], o lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane.<ref name=":43" /> Itsholelo ya pele ya bokoloniale ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne ya nna e tshwana thata le itsholelo ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref /> United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata naga ya tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e fa Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka mo meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;42.</ref> Makgetho le one a ne a tsenngwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la ntlwana]] ka ngwaga wa 1899, le le neng la emisediwa ka [[:en:Poll_tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa 1909.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Lekgetho la selegae le ne la tsenngwa moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 1919.<ref name=":44">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;31.</ref>Makgetho a bokoloniale kwa Tshireletsong ya Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme se sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagi go ba rotloetsa go nna.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;43–44.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la akanyetsa go kopanya tshireletso mo Aforika Borwa jaaka e ne e [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|kopanya dikoloni tsa yona tsa borwa jwa Aforika]], fela kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":39" /> ya kopana ka ngwaga wa 1910.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;137.</ref> Boloko bo ne bo dira gore tshireletso e nne le karolo tse pedi mo lekgolong fela ya lotseno lwa bokopano.<ref name=":44" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1910, merafe yotlhe ya Batswana e ne e amogetse Bokeresete.<ref name=":24" />Bechuanaland e ne ya romela masole a le makgolo a le mmalwa go thusa Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya [[:en:World_War_I|Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya ntlha]].<ref name=":43" /> Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o ne wa iphitlhela o wela tlase ka nako eo, mme ka iketlo o ne wa latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso mo pusong e e neng e sireleditswe.<ref name=":42" /> [[:en:Sebele_II|Sebele wa bobedi]] o ne a nna kgosi ya Kwena ka ngwaga wa 1918, a tlhatlhama rraagwe, [[:en:Sechele_II|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_II|wa bobedi]]. Sechele II o ne a thulana le Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o o neng o laola, a letlelela go nna teng ga Anglican le go busetsa mekgwa e mentsi ya setso e e jaaka go nyala basadi ba le bantsi, go dira pula le ''[[:en:Bogwera|bogwera]]''. Sebele II o ne a tswelela ka kgwetlho ya ga rraagwe kwa Mokgatlhong wa Barongwa wa London, go ngongorega ga puso ya Borithane.<ref /> Puso e e gabedi ya dikgosi le tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya dira gore tsamaiso e nne thata, ka jalo tsamaiso e ne ya tlhama makgotla a mabedi a bagakolodi go lekalekanya balaodi bao.<ref name=":44" /> Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana (moragonyana Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Aforika) le ne la tlhongwa ka ngwagawa 1919.<ref name=":35" />Kopano e ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya dikgosi le batho ba bangwe ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso mo tshireletsong e ne ya letla puso ya Borithane go utlwa le go laola merafe mmogo go na le ka bongwe.[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;47–49.</ref>] Khama wa boraro wa Ngwato o ne a gana go tsaya karolo, a supa bokoa jwa tiragatso ya thibelo ya bojalwa mo morafeng wa borwa. Khama wa boraro o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1923<ref name=":45">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;230.</ref> mme a tlhatlhangwa ke [[:en:Sekgoma_II|Sekgoma]] [[:en:Sekgoma_II|wa bobedi]], yo o neng a direla go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1926.<ref name=":45" /> Morwa wa ga Sekgoma e bong [[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] o ne a sa ntse a le lesea, ka jalo [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama|Tshekedi Khama]] o ne a nna mmusi.<ref name=":46">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Tshekedi o ne a lemogwa jaaka moemedi wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> Fa Seretse a ntse a gola, Tshekedi o ne a gatelela gore a fiwe [[:en:Liberal_education|thuto e e gololesegileng]] go na le gore a romelwe kwa sekolong sa madirelo sa Rhodesia.<ref>Samatar 1999, p.&#x20;179.</ref> === Tlhabololo le tlhotlheletso e e oketsegileng ya Borithane === Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920, kgosi Isang Pilane wa batho ba Kgatla o ne a okametse sekema sa ntlha se segolo sa tlhabololo ya metsi sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland , a dira gore go epiwe metswedi ya metsi e le lesomethataro, mme di le supa tsa tsone di ne tsa nna ditlamelo tsa metsi tse di atlegileng. Tse e ne tsa tlwaelega thata mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang fa puso ya Borithane e ne e kgatlhegela go atolosa itsholelo ya tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;70.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930, Isang Pilane le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana ba ne ba dira gore dikhuti di nne tse di hapegileng, ka gonne di ne di sa tlhokomelwe ka fa tlase ga bong jo bo kopanetsweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], pp.&#x20;699–700.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya nna teng mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1930, ya bolaya go feta karolo ya masome a marataro mo lekgolong ya dikgomo tsa tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne ya tsaya karolo e e matlhagatlhaga mo pusong ya tshireletso go simolola ka ngwaga wa 1930.<ref name=":47">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;58.</ref><ref name=":41" />Mo ngwageng oo, e ne ya simolola go tlamela ka matlole ka tlhamalalo go tshireletso.<ref name=":48">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Charles Rey o ne a tlhomiwa go nna molaodi wa Moagi wa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, mme o ne a na le maikarabelo a go rulaganya itsholelo sešwa go dikologa dikgomo tsa go romelwa kwa ntle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;55–56.</ref> Maiteko a go fetola tshireletso go ya kwa tlhabololong ya meepo le temothuo ya kgwebo a ne a lekwa mme a bona a kgarametswa morago go tswa mo dikgosing.<ref name=":37" /> Molaodi wa Moagi Rey o ne a thulana le kgosi Sebele wa bobedi, mme a dira gore a lelekwe ka 1931. Sebele II o ne a emisediwa ka morwarraagwe yo mmotlana, Kgari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dikgato tse dingwe di ne tsa lekwa ke puso ya Borithane ka 1934 go thibela maatla a a sa laolweng a dikgosi morago ga go menolwa ga ga Sebele II. Dikgato tseno di ne tsa laela makgotla a bagakolodi a dikgosi di neng di tshwanetse go buisana le one mme di ne di batla gore puso ya Borithane e newe phitlhelelo ya direkoto tsa kgotlatshekelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;69–70.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;49.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Bathoen_II|Bathoen wa bobedi]] wa Ngwaketse le moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao mo maitekong a. Le fa kgotlatshekelo ya Borithane e ne ya atlhola kgatlhanong le kgwetlho, dipholisi tse dišwa ga di ise di ko di tsenngwe tirisong ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;72–73.</ref><ref name=":49">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Dithibelo tse dingwe di ne tsa amogelwa ka kgoeletso ya bokoloniale go lekanyetsa bokgoni jwa dikgosi go lefisa makgetho le go gapa dikgomo tse di timetseng.<ref name=":39" /> Molaodi yo mošwa wa baagi, [[:en:Charles_Arden-Clarke|Charles Arden-Clarke]], o ne a tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1936 mme a dira gaufi le dikgosi.<ref name=":49" /> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe II === Dipoifo tsa tlhaselo ya Jeremane kwa Bechuanaland di ne tsa gola pele ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi ka ntlha ya boemo jwa yone jwa togamaano fa gare ga dikoloni tsa Boritane tse di fa gare le tse di kwa borwa mo Aforika. Malatsi a le lesome le bongwe pele ga ntwa e itsisiwe, puso ya Borithane e ne ya tlhagisa naga e e sireleditsweng gore e nne e le mo seemong se se siameng, mme masole a sesole a ne a rulaganngwa. Malatsi a le manè morago ga gore Borithane e bolele ntwa kgatlhanong le lefatshe la Germany, Molaodi wa Moagi Arden-Clarke o ne a tshwara kopano le dikgosi kwa ba neng ba solofetsa go tshegetsa maiteko a ntwa ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> Letsatsi le le latelang, khomišene e kgolo e ne ya ntsha kgoeletso ya [[:en:Emergency_powers|dithata tsa tshoganyetso]] tse di neng tsa e fa taolo e e feletseng mo tirong ya setšhaba mo tshireletsong, fela dikgosi di ne tsa itsisiwe gore di tla nna le maikarabelo a bontsi jwa tiragatso le go boloka kagiso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;33–34.</ref> Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi di ne di batlile go se go nne le tshusumetso epe mo bathong ba Bechuanaland, mme bontsi bo ne bo na le kakanyo e e sa tlhamalalang fela ya gore ntwa e ne e le teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya ngotlega fa palo e kgolo ya baagi ba basweu ba ne ba ikwadisa mo Sesoleng sa Boritane. Ba ba neng ba setse ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo mo thulaganyong ya tshireletsego fa go ka direga gore borwa jwa Aforika bo nne letlhakore le lengwe mo ntweng.<ref name=":50">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;35.</ref> Kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa dikgosi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya rotloetsa Batswana ba ba neng ba eletsa go direla le Sesole sa Borithane go ikwadisa le Sesole sa Batswana sa Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Banna ba Batswana ba ka nna makgolo a supa ba ne ba ikwadisa le setlhopha seno.<ref name=":51">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Go tlhokomela Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland go ne ga nna selo se se kwa tlase mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya Kwelotlase e Kgolo ya itsholelo le Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi,<ref name=":41" /> mme tshireletso ga e a ka ya amogela matlole ape go tswa kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":48" /> Mmusomogolo wa Borithane o ne o na le taolo e nnye mo Bechuanaland fa o bapisiwa le dikgaolo tsa one tse dingwe, mme maiteko a Borithane a go laola tlhagiso ya nako ya ntwa mo tshireletsong a ne a sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;124.</ref> Ntwa e ne ya fetola thata itsholelo ya tshireletso fa e ntse e tswelela, ya tlhagisa tlhaelo, go aba dijo, le ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> [[:en:Profiteering|Go dira dipoelo]] le go [[:en:Price_gouging|fokotsa ditlhwatlhwa]] go ne go tlwaelesegile, mme puso ya bokoloniale, e e neng e sa kgone go gagamatsa [[:en:Price_control|ditaolo tsa ditlhwatlhwa]], e ne ya dirisa [[:en:Gentlemen's_agreement|ditumalano tsa banna]] le bagwebi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;138.</ref> Makgetho a ne a tlhatlosiwa mme mananeo a Letlole la Tlhabololo ya Bokoloniale di ne tsa fokodiwa kwa tshimologong ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi go tlhoma boipuso jwa matlole go tswa mo mmusomogolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;125–126.</ref> Kgoeletso ya Taolo ya Madirelo a Leruo ya ntlha ya ngwaga wa 1940 e ne ya fetisiwa go duedisa dikgomo lekgetho, madirelo a a magolo a tshireletso, mme fela e ne ya kopana le kganetso e e boitshegang go tswa kwa Batswaneng le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la kaorolokgolong ya lefatsa ya Europe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> Letlole la ntwa le ne le dira kwa Bechuanaland, mme le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le solohetse gore meneelo e nne ya boithaopo, dikgosi di ne tsa dirisa taolo ya tsone mo merafeng ya tsone go pateletsa meneelo. E ne ya emisediwa ka lekgetho ka ngwaga wa1941, fela se se ne se sa ratwe thata mme sa itshupa se le thata go se diragatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;128–131.</ref> === Botsayakarolo jwa Batswana mo Ntweng ya Lefatshe II === [[Setshwantsho:Bechuanaland Boys cleaning Aa Guns in the Twilight after Action, Syracuse, Sicily Art.IWMARTLD4576.jpg|thumb|Basimane ba Bechuanaland ba phepafatsa Ditlhobolo tsa Aa mo Lefifing morago ga Tiragalo, Syracuse, Sicily, tiro ya botaki ya 1944 e e dirilweng ke [[:en:Leslie_Cole_(artist)|Leslie Cole]]]] Go thapiwa ga sesole go simolotse kwa Bechuanaland ka ngwaga wa 1941.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;34–35.</ref> Banna ba ka nna dikete tse tlhano le makgolo a matlhano ba ne ba katisiwa mme ba romelwa kwa ntweng mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse thataro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Banna ba bangwe ba Batswana ba le dikete tse tlhano ba ne ba tsenelela ntwa ka ngwaga wa 1942.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ka kakaretso, masole a ka nna dikete tse lesome le bongwe go tswa kwa Bechuanaland a ne a lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":50" /> Ba feta dikete tse lesome ba bone ba ne ba direla mo Sesoleng sa Boritane sa [[:en:African_Auxiliary_Pioneer_Corps|Babulatsela ba ba Thusang ba Aforika]].<ref name=":51" /> Dikgosi ka tlwaelo di ne di na le tshwanelo ya go [[:en:Conscript|kwadisa]] masole, mme di ne di itlhokomolosa dikeletso tsa puso ya bokoloniale tsa gore tirelo ya sesole e nne ya boithaopo gotlhelele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;44–46.</ref> Moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato o ne a dira gore a se ka a ratwa ke batho ka go dirisa go tsenngwa mo sesoleng jaaka sedirisiwa sa taolo, a go dirisa sebetsa go didimatsa batshwayadiphoso le baganetsi ba sepolotiki.<ref name=":52">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Banna ba ba neng ba eletsa go tila go tsenela bosole ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Aforika Borwa kgotsa kwa mafelong a a kgakala jaaka metlhaba ya [[:en:Okavango_Delta|noka e phatlallang ya Okavango]] le [[:en:Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park|sekgwa sa Kgalagadi]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;47.</ref> Ba bangwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgato tsa go itlhokomela ka bonako, jaaka go epa dikhutsi fa bathapi ba ne ba etela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di eletsa go dirisa go tsaya karolo ga tsone mo ntweng go bona ditshwanelo tse dingwe mo teng ga Mmusomogolo wa Borithane, mme di ne di tshaba gore go fenngwa ga Borithane go tla ba dira babusiwa ba Jeremane kgotsa Aforika Borwa, e leng phelelo e ba neng ba eletsa go e tila.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;39–40.</ref> Maiteko a ntwa gape e ne e le tshono ya go busetsa banna ba Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugetse kwa Aforika Borwa go ya go dira ditiro tsa meepo; dikgosi di ne di eletsa go fedisa mokgwa o mme di ne di ikutlwa di ka dira jalo ka go neelana ka ditiro tsa sesole.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;41–43.</ref> Dituelo dingwe tsa sesole di ne tsa diegisiwa go malapa a masole, mme ditekanyetso tsa thomelo kwa ntle di ne tsa tlosiwa ka nako ya ntwa, mme tsa baka go tsena ga madi kwa Bechuanaland.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;133.</ref> Fa go bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tse di mo Mmusong wa Boritane, batho ba Bechuanaland ba ne ba amogela ntwa eo. Batswana ba le bantsi ba ne ba na le maikutlo a boikanyegi mo mmusomogolong kgotsa ba ikutlwa gore dikgatlhego tsa bone di a tsamaisana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;36–37.</ref> Dikgosi dingwe, jaaka [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|Kgari Sechele]] [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|wa bobedi]] wa kwa ga Kwena le Molefi Pilane wa ga Kgatla, ba ne ba ikwadisa ka sebele. Ba ne ba dira jaaka disajene tse dikgolo tsa masole, e leng maemo a a kwa godimo a a neng a le teng mo Batswaneng.<ref name=":52" /> Go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya letlelela Batswana go nna le diteseletso tsa kgwebo le go dira mo teng ga naga e e sireleditsweng. Se pele se ne se lekanyeditswe batho basweu le makula.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;135.</ref> Setlhopha sa Dikgaolo tsa Dikhomišene tse di Kwa Godimo se ne se le kwa Botlhabagare go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1946 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1949.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> === Mokgatlho wa boipuso === [[Setshwantsho:1960 6d Bechuanaland Protectorate stamp.jpg|thumb|Setempe sa ngwaga wa 1960 sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland se se nang le ditshwantsho tsa ga [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Kgosigadi Victoria]] le [[:en:Elizabeth_II|Elizabeth wa bobedi]], dikgosi tsa ntlha le tsa bofelo tsa Borithane tsa tshireletso .]] Bokhutlo jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi bo ne jwa tla ka phetogo e kgolo mo setšhabeng. Dikgosi di ne tsa bonwa di se botlhokwa thata mo sebopegong sa loago, mme bontsi bo ne jwa tlogela dipolelo tsa bone tsa lefatshe lotlhe mo dikgomong tsa merafe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;51.</ref> Didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa setšhaba, jaaka lefatshe le badiri, di ne tsa dirwa tse di hapegileng le go dirwa dithoto.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;52.</ref> Phitlhelelo ya thuto e ne ya tlhola setlhopha sa batlhalefi ba ba [[:en:Liberalism|gololesegileng]] ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le puso ya dikgosi mme ba simolola go ipopela mafelo a bone a maatla mo mekgatlhong ya badiri le ditlhopha tsa baagi.<ref name=":63">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;165.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1946, ke karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong fela ya paoyotlhe ya baagi e e neng e na le tiro kwa ntle ga temothuo le ditirelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya bona koketsego e kgolo ya dikelo tsa matsalo jaaka karolo ya bogare jwa [[:en:Mid-20th_century_baby_boom|ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi wa go tlhatloga ga masea]] mo dingwageng tsa morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, e e neng e tsamaya le koketsego ya [[:en:Life_expectancy|dingwaga tsa botshelo]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e simolotse lenaneo la yone la ntlha ya tlhabololo mo tshireletsong, e leng lefelo la matlhabelo, ka dingwaga tsa bo ka ngwaga wa 1950.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;81.</ref> Maborithane, a santse a solofetse go kopanya tshireletso go nna Aforika Borwa, kwa bofelong a ne a phimola leano le morago ga tshimologo ya [[:en:Apartheid|Tlhaolele]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref>Fa maiteko a simolola go tlhama tsela e ntšhwa ya isago ya tshireletso, tshireletso e ne ya bewa mo seemong sa go tlhoka maitseo, mme ga go na tsela ya go ya pele e e neng e bonala sentle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], pp.&#x20;672–673.</ref> Tshitshinyo nngwe e ne e le go e tsenya mo [[:en:Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland|Mokgatlhong wa Rhodesia le Nyasaland]], o lefatshe la United Kingdom e o tlhamileng ka fa tlase ga pholisi ya "tirisanommogo ya merafe e mentsi".<ref>Parsons 2006, p.&#x20;673.</ref> Fa mojaboswa wa Ngwato Seretse Khama a gola, mmusi Tshekedi Khama o ne a leka go tshwarelela mo pusong.<ref name=":53">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;696.</ref> Seretse o ne a nyala mosadi wa mosweu, [[:en:Ruth_Williams_Khama|Ruth Williams]], fa a ne a ithuta kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom, mme se sa baka matlhabisa ditlhong mo lelapeng la segosi la ga Ngwato.<ref name=":46" /> Le fa kwa tshimologong setšhaba se ne se le kgatlhanong le lenyalo le, go sa ratweng ga ga Tshekedi go ne ga fetola maikutlo a Seretse.<ref name=":47" /> Kgang e ne ya tlhagisiwa mo kgotleng ka ngwaga wa 1949, mme puso ya ga Tshekedi e ne ya ganwa ka bontsi ke diketekete tsa batho ba ba neng ba le teng.<ref name=":53" /><ref name=":47" /> Tshekedi le batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Kwena kwa botshabelo.<ref name=":54">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Puso ya makgowa e ne e sa itshokele lenyalo la ga Seretse le mosadi yo mosweu. Ka maiteko a go ritibatsa puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, e ne ya leleka banyalani ba mo pusong ya tshireletso ka ngwaga wa 1950. Se se ne sa tsosa mokgatlho wa bosetšhaba o o neng o gola mo gare ga baemanokeng ba ga Seretse mo pusong ya tshireletso, o o neng wa tlhagelela ka botlalo ka ngwaga wa 1952.<ref name=":37" /> Ka nako ya fa Seretse a ne a seyo, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la baya molaodi wa kgaolo dingwaga di le nne pele ga e tlhoma Rasebolai Kgamane, motshegetsi wa ga Tshekedi, go nna moemedi.<ref name=":54" /> Morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tsuologela go lelekwa ga ga Seretse.<ref name=":55">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;53.</ref> Batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba kopa gore a bowe, mme go ne ga tsoga dikhuduego fa ba ne ba ganwa. Seretse o ne a feleletsa a letleletswe go boa ka ngwaga wa1956.<ref name=":56">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Ka nako e, kgaogano e e gagametseng ya merafe mo Aforika Borwa ya Tlhaolele e ne ya thibela lefatshe la United Kingdom go e ritibatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;200.</ref> Mo nakong yotlhe ya mathata a go lelekwa ga ga Seretse, maatla a ne a tlogela bogosi mme a ya kwa mekgatlhong ya ditlhopho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;91.</ref> Tshekedi le Seretse ba ne ba dira kagiso fa Seretse a boa, mme Seretse a nna moeteledipele wa ''nnete'' wa Ngwato, le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le mo thibetse go nna kgosi ya semmuso.<ref name=":56" /> Ka thotloetso ya Borithane, morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tlhama lekgotla la morafe, le Seretse le Tshekedi ka bobedi e neng e le maloko a lone.<ref name=":55" /> Merafe e mengwe e ne ya tlhoma makgotla a merafe a a tshwanang, a a neng a dira jaaka ditšheke tsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Go ne ga sala letlhoo lengwe fa gare ga banna ba babedi ba: Tshekedi o ne a eletsa go boloka puso ya morafe le maatla a dikgosi, fa Seretse ene a ne a akanya ka puso ya batho ka batho ya boemedi le dikgosi tse di bokoa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;91–92.</ref> Selekanyo sa maatla a a beeleditsweng mo dikgosing e ne ya nna kgang e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata mo mokgatlhong wa boipuso o o neng o gola, bogolosegolo mo bathong ba ga Ngwato le ba lelapa la ga Khama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;93–94.</ref> Bechuanaland Protectorate Federal Party e ne e le lekoko la ntlha la sepolotiki le le neng la tlhamiwa mo kgaolong ya tshireletso fa le ne le tlhamiwa ke moeteledipele wa mokgatlo wa Ngwato [[:en:Leetile_Disang_Raditladi|Leetile Disang Raditladi]] ka ngwaga wa 1959. Le bopilwe thata ke batho ba maemo le batlhalefi, le ne le buelela kopano ya merafe ya Batswana. Lekoko le ne la palelwa ke go bona tshegetso mme la nna lobaka lo lokhutshwane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;94.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, [[:en:Bechuanaland_People's_Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] (BPP, moragonyana Lekoko la Batho la Botswana) le ne la tlhamiwa jaaka lekoko le le bogale thata, le le ganetsanang le puso ya merafe ya setso mme la bona boikuelo mo badiring ba bafaladi.<ref name=":57">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> E ne e eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Motsamai_Mpho|Motsamai Mpho]], [[:en:Philip_Matante|Philip Matante]], le Kgalemang Morsete.<ref name=":58">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xviii.</ref> BPP, e e neng ya tlhamiwa jaaka molekane wa Setswana wa lekoko la [[:en:African_National_Congress|African National Congress]] la Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":59">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;74.</ref> e ne ya tshegetsa boipuso jwa ka bonako le go fedisiwa gotlhelele ga bogosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Ka go tshaba gore BPP e tla nyatsa puso e e leng teng le go tshuba dikgotlhang le puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, dikgosi le puso ya Borithane di ne tsa thibela bokgoni jwa yona jwa go kopana.<ref name=":57" /> Merafe ya tshireletso mmogo e ne ya bopa lekgotla la peomolao ka ngwaga wa 1961.<ref name=":37" /> Batho ba Kwena ba ne ba iphitlhela ba le ka fa tlase ga moemedi, [[:en:Neale_Sechele|Neale Sechele]], ka ngwaga wa 1963, se se rayang gore ba ne ba na le tlhotlheletso e nnye ya sepolotiki fa mokgatlho wa boipuso o ntse o gola.<ref name=":60">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;102.</ref> Leano la Tlhabololo la Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland la dingwaga tsa 1963/1968 le ne la kwalwa ka thulaganyo ya dipuisano ka ngwaga wa 1963, le tlhama tlhaloso ya boipuso jwa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;26–27.</ref> Fa palo ya batho e ne ba sa dire sepe mo dipolotiking ka kakaretso, lefatshe la United Kingdom e ne ya nna nngwe ya mafatshe a a neng a etelela pele go bona boipuso. Ka go tshwenyega gore lekoko la BPP e ne e le e e tseneletseng thata, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa moeteledipele wa yone yo o mo ratang, Seretse Khama, go tlhama lekoko la sepolotiki.<ref name=":59" /> Le fa Khama a ne a dumalana le mekgwa ya lekoko la BPP e e kgatlhanong le bosemorafe le ya lefatshe, o ne a le kgatlhanong le tsela ya yone ya go tlhoma dipolotiki le go amogela ga yone bojammogo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;96.</ref>O ne a dumela go tlogela go bolela ga gagwe mo bathong ba ga Ngwato go dira jaaka radipolotiki, a tlhama [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Lekoko la]] [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|puso ya batho ka batho la Bechuanaland]] (BDP, moragonyana ya nna lekoko la Botswana Democratic ) ka ngwaga wa 1962.<ref name=":59" /> Lekoko la BDP e ne ya itlhoma jaaka "lekoko la dikgosi", mme ya amogela dikakanyo tse di amanang le puso ya merafe ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref name=":30" /> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa lekoko la BDP, le tlhaloganya gore le tla tshegetsa kgwebisano ya leruo ya motlha wa bokoloniale.<ref name=":73">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;149.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1963, kgosi ya Kgatla Linchwe e ne e le ene fela kgosi e e neng e le kgatlhanong le BDP e bile e na le tlhotlheletso ya sepolotiki, mme batho ba Kgatla ba ne ba rata lekoko la BDP, ka jalo o ne a nna a sa tsenelele mo dipolotiking.<ref name=":60" /> Thulaganyo ya phetogo e ne ya simolola ka lekoko la BDP e ne e solofetswe go busa Botswana yo o ikemetseng, mme puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya bereka le boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BDP go ba baakanyetsa go tsamaisa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Go ne ga tshwarwa bokopano ka ngwaga wa 1963 go okamela go tlhamiwa ga molaotheo o mosha. Dikgotlhang tsa ka fa gare ga lekoko la BPP di ne di raya gore lekoko la BDP e ne e na le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo thulaganyong. Tshekedi Khama o ne a tlhokafetse ka nako e, ka jalo Bathoen wa bobedi o ne a nna moeteledipele wa lekoko le le neng le ema nokeng puso ya bofederale, a dumela gore le tla boloka puso e le mo diatleng tsa dikgosi. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le boradipolotiki ba Batswana ba ne ba tshegetsa puso ya bosetšhaba e e kopaneng ka gonne Botswana e ne e humanegile thata go ka kgaoganya dithoto tsa yona le ka gonne go tlhoka go kopanya dithoto go ne go tla dira gore e nne mo kotsing ya go tlhaselwa ke merafe e mengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Puso ya dikgaolo e e itsholetseng e ne ya itshupa e sa kgonege mo dipolotiking, ka jalo go ne ga dirwa tumalano ya gore dikgosi di tla bopa Ntlo ya Dikgosi, e leng setlhopha sa bagakolodi mo teng ga [[:en:Parliament_of_Botswana|Palamente ya Botswana]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;98–99.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di santse di le kgatlhanong le thulaganyo e, mme mo mokgatlhong o o neng o eteletswe pele ke Bathoen, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya fetisa tlhopo ya [[:en:No_confidence|go sa tshepe]] puso e ntšhwa, mme fela go tlhoka maatla a yone a sepolotiki go ne ga e thibela go dirisa phetogo e e nang le bokao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Molao wa Lekgotla la Kgaolo o ne wa fetisiwa jaaka tsela e nngwe ya go lekanyetsa maatla a dikgosi ka go tlhama makgotla a a tla okamelang kgaolo le toropo nngwe le nngwe,<ref name=":58" /> go dira gore mekgatlho e e tlhophilweng e e nne balaodi ba konokono ba selegae.<ref name=":64">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Toropo ya [[:en:Gaborone|Gaborone]] e agilwe ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme ya itsisiwe jaaka motsemogolo o mošwa.<ref name=":59" /> E agilwe mo lefatsheng la puso ya Borithane, le le neng le tlamela ka lefelo le le sa tseyeng letlhakore le le neng le sa laolwe ke morafe ope .<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;16.</ref> [[:en:Constitution_of_Botswana|Molamotheo]] o ne wa tsenngwa tirisong ka one ngwaga oo.<ref name=":59" /> Ka se se tirisong, Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la fa tshireletso puso ya go ipusa.<ref name=":61">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;116.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1965 gape e ne ya bona go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Dikgotla tsa Dikgaolo o o neng wa fetola seabe sa bokoloniale sa molaodi wa kgaolo ka go se bofa mo makgotleng a dikgaolo a a sa tswang go tlhamiwa,<ref name=":74">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> mme wa bona go tlhongwa ga Banka ya Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba e e neng e le ya puso.<ref name=":75">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Mpho o ne a kgaogana le lekoko la BPP go tlhama Lekoko la Boipuso la Bechuanaland (BIP) ka ngwaga wa 1965.<ref name=":62">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> E eteletswe pele ke Seretse Khama le [[:en:Quett_Masire|Quett Masire]], lekoko la BDP le ne la dira letsholo mo e ka nnang mo motseng mongwe le mongwe wa kgaolo ya tshireletso pele ga ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kakaretso. Go farologana le batho ba bangwe ba sepolotiki kwa Bechuanaland, Seretse Khama o ne a na le boikuelo go ralala merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":60" /> Morago ga moo lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhophiwa go etelela puso ya ntlha pele.<ref name=":61" /> Lekoko la BPP le ne la gapa manno a le mararo fela mo lekgotleng la peomolao, mme lekoko la BIP le ne la palelwa ke go gapa epe.<ref name=":62" /> Morago ga ditlhopho, go ne ga tlhamiwa lekoko la [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|Botswana]] [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|National Front]] (BNF) jaaka lekoko le le kopaneng la kganetso ya BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Kenneth_Koma|Kenneth Koma]], lekoko la BNF le ne la nna mmaba yo mogolo wa lekoko la BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;109.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;31–33.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhopha Khama go nna tonakgolo ya naga.<ref name=":65">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;204.</ref>Go farologana le makoko a mantsi a sepolotiki a a tlhomilweng mo Aforika, BDP e ne e le lekoko le le itekanetseng le le sa fetogeng go na le go nna lekoko le le kgatlhanong le bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;711.</ref> Morago ga go tlhamiwa ga yona, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya ntsha tlhopo ya go sa tshepe molaotheo ka ngwaga wa 1966, mme se sa dira gore go nne le letsholo la bosetšhaba la go tshegetsa molaotheo le le neng la bona tshegetso e e lekaneng gore dikgosi di fedise maiteko a tsone a go o gwetlha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;100–101.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya newa boipuso jaaka Rephaboliki ya Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966.<ref name=":61" /> == Repaboliki ya Botswana == [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Independence, 1966.png|thumb|[[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] a ikanisa maikano a go nna Tautona wa ntlha wa Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966]] Boipuso jwa Botswana bo ne bo kaya go tsenngwa tirisong ga puso ya batho le batho e e gololesegileng, go tlisa ditlhopho, tshireletso ya ditshwanelo tsa batho, le tirelosetšhaba.<ref name=":64" /> Se se ne sa dira gore go nne le thulaganyo ya go tlhatlosiwa maemo e e ikaegileng ka bokgoni le go tlhamiwa ga tsamaiso ya puso ya maranyane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref>Setšhaba se ne sa bopa puso e e neng e fetotswe go tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]],<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;23–24.</ref> mme Tonakgolo Seretse Khama a nna Moporesidente Seretse Khama.<ref name=":65" /> Go ne ga tlhamiwa boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba, jwa kopanya merafe e e sa tshwaneng mo letshwaong le le lengwe la Setswana, ka ngwao e e ikaegileng ka ya merafe ya Setswana.<ref name=":80">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNyamnjoh2007|Nyamnjoh 2007]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Botswana e ne ya boloka bontsi jwa ditheo tsa yone tsa merafe tsa pele ga bokoloniale morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;54.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Se e ne e le ditlamorago tsa puso e e nonofileng e e neng e amana le merafe ya Batswana le tsereganyo e e lekanyeditsweng ya puso ya Borithane mo dinakong tsa bokoloniale.<ref name=":34" /> Mofuta wa go buisana wa dipolotiki tsa setšhaba pele le morago ga boipuso e ne e le mokgwa o o sa tlwaelesegang mo merafeng e mengwe e mentsi ya Aforika e e neng ya nna le babusaesi morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;30, 56.</ref> Go na le go fedisa bogosi, puso e ntšhwa e ne ya bo tsenya mo tsamaisong ya semolao, ya fa dikgosi dithata tsa boatlhodi ka ''kgotla'', go ikaegile ka dikgotlatshekelo tsa boikuelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe]] 2012, p.&#x20;36.</ref>Tlwaelo ya go ikobela boeteledipele, e e kileng ya fiwa dikgosi, e ne ya sutela kwa botautoneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;30.</ref> Puso e ne ya tiisa go tlhomama ga yona ka go thapa tirelosetšhaba ya yone ka baitseanape b<ref name=":66">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref>a dinaga di sele, go farologana le dinaga tse dingwe tse dišwa tsa Aforika tse gantsi di neng di leleka baitseanape ba dinaga di sele.<ref name=":67">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref name=":68">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;105.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;59.</ref> Se se ne sa boloka puso ya mofuta wa Bophirima e e neng e gatelela tlhabololo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;259.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go tlamela Botswana ka matlole mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse tlhano tsa go nna teng ga yone.<ref name=":61" /> Maemo a yone a kagiso, a puso ya batho ka batho fa a bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tsa Aforika a ne a raya gore e ne ya amogela thuso e ntsi go tswa mo mekgatlhong ya Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;255.</ref> Ka nako ya boipuso, Botswana e ne e le setšhaba se se humanegileng thata, go feta bontsi jwa dinaga tse dingwe mo Aforika.<ref name=":69">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;104.</ref><ref name=":66" /> E ne e sena badiri ba ba rutegileng, ka baagi ba le masome a mane fela ba ba nang le ditlankana tse di hagodimo tsa mmadikolo, mme go ne go sena ditlamelo tse di itsegeng tsa metswedi ya tlholego go tshegetsa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;62, 64.</ref> Botswana e ne e ikaegile ka puso ya Tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa go fitlhelela setšhaba sa lefatshe, mme bontsi jwa badiri ba Botswana e ne e le badiri ba bafaladi mo Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Botswana e ne ya tsena mo ntweng e e tlhamaletseng le Rhodesia, e e neng ya baka dintwa tsa sesole go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1978.<ref name=":63" /> Go nna le seabe mo go lekanyeditsweng ga Borithane go ne go kaya gore go ne go se na tlhabololo e ntsi fa e sale ka nako ya bokoloniale.<ref name=":69" /><ref name=":70">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;160.</ref> Bokgoni jwa go bala le go kwala e ne e le selekanyo sa karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong, mme go ne go na le dikilometara di le lesome fela tsa tsela e e tshetsweng.<ref name=":69" /> Mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a robangbongwe ya baagi e ne e le mo [[:en:Abject_poverty|lehumeng le le tseneletseng]],<ref name=":70" /> mme bontsi jwa baagi e ne e le balemibarui ba dikgomo kgotsa [[:en:Subsistence_farmers|balemibarui ba ba itshidisang]].<ref name=":71">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Fa setšhaba se fitlhelela boipuso, komelelo e e masisi e ne ya fedisa karolo ya masome amarao go fihlela masome a matlhano mo lekgolong ya palo ya dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa Batswana ba ne ba ikaegile ka [[:en:World_Food_Programme|Lenaneo la Dijo la Lefatshe]] go tila tlala.<ref name=":81">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;220.</ref> Ditšhaba tse dingwe di ne di na le ditsholofelo tse di kwa tlase mo Botswana, mme mo Aforika yotlhe e ne e bonwa jaaka [[:en:Bantustan|Bantustan]] ya Tlhaolele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;1.</ref> Kamano e le Tlhaolele gape e ne e le ntlha ya katlego ya Botswana jaaka setšhaba se se ikemetseng: boeteledipele jwa Batswana bo ne bo eletsa go tila phelelo e e tshwanang le ya Aforika Borwa fa setšhaba se ka palelwa, mme dikgolagano tsa dikgang tsa mafatshe fatshe tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa le Bophirima go thibela go tsenngwa ke Aforika Borwa di ne di raya gore Botswana o ne a tshepa thata dinaga tsa Bophirima go amogela thuso le thato ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;76–77.</ref> Boeteledipele jwa ntlha jwa Botswana bo ne bo laolwa ke malapa a merafe e e busang mmogo le palo e nnye ya badiredipuso ba ba rutegileng thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;6.</ref> Go tshwana ga bona ga itsholelo le dikgopolo go ne go raya gore puso e nne e tlhomame kwa ntle ga dintwa tsa sepolotiki.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;71.</ref> Le fa Bathoen a ne a tlogela maemo a gagwe a go nna kgosi go ya go dira dipolotiki, bontsi jwa dikgosi tse dingwe di ne tsa amogela maatla a tsona a a fokoditsweng a sepolotiki mo pusong e ntšhwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;56–57.</ref> Tiro e nngwe ya dikgosi e ne e laolwa ke Molao wa Bogosi wa ngwaga ya 1966.<ref name=":92">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;140.</ref> Go tlhoka bonweenwee go ne ga dira gore puso e nne semolao thata mme ya ratwa ke balekane ba Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;166.</ref> Go farologana le bontsi jwa merafe e e sa tswang go tlhamiwa ya Aforika, bontsi jwa boeteledipele bo ne bo tswa mo setšhabeng sa temothuo, go kaya gore dikgatlhego tsa bona di ne di tsamaisana le bontsi.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":71" /> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa go boloka dipholisi tsa motlha wa bokoloniale tse di neng di solegela barui ba dikgomo molemo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;75.</ref> Setlhopa sa semmuso sa Nama ya Botswana se ne sa tlhamiwa go laola madirelo a nama ya kgomo.<ref name=":58" /> Boikuelo jwa lekoko la BDP jwa merafe yotlhe le kgatlhego e e kopanetsweng ya go tlhoma boipuso di ne tsa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa gape go dira mo dikgatlhegelong tsa bontsi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref> Ditlhopha tse dinnye tsa baagi ba basweu di ne tsa sala mo nageng mme tsa ganetsa boipuso jwa yone.<ref name=":63" /> Le fa moragonyana di ne di tla nna botlhokwa mo tlhabololong ya Botswana, ditshwanelo tsa ditswammung di ne tsa fiwa botlhokwa jo bo kwa tlase fa di bona boipuso, mme merafe e ne ya di fetisetsa kwa pusong ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1967.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;103–104.</ref> === Puso ya ga Seretse Khama === Khama o ne a ratwa ke batho botlhe mme a bonwa e le moeteledipele wa tlholego wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;202–203.</ref> Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya tsenya tirisong maano a a neng a lebisitswe mo go tlhameng mafaratlhatlha le dithoto tsa setšhaba, bogolosegolo go tsenya tshela ditsela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;111.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;86.</ref> O ne a simolola go aga dikolo, matlhabelo le dikhuti tse di neng tsa tswelela mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. Lefatshe le le nang le banni la Batswana le Basarwa le ne la dirisiwa go aga mesima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;219.</ref> Tlhabololo e ne ya tla ka tshenyegelo ya kgwebo le tlhagiso, e e neng e lekanyeditswe go tlamela ka matlole a leruo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004,]] p.&#x20;164.</ref> Go ne ga tlhongwa mogopolo thata mo go otla dikgomo le go aga matlhabelo go rotloetsa madirelo a nama ya kgomo mo gare ga go tlhoka metsi. <ref name=":82">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;205.</ref>[[:en:Public_welfare|Mananeo a katlaatleloloago]] le one a ne a tlhongwa.<ref name=":67" /> Go ribololwa ga ditaemane go ne ga netefatsa gore mananeo a a bona madi a a lekaneng.<ref name=":72">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Dipeeletso tse le mokgwa o o sa fetogeng wa go somarela madi a puso di ne tsa thibela boemo jwa [[:en:Dutch_disease|bolwetse jwa Dutch]] jo bo neng jwa golafatsa dinaga tse dingwe tsa Aforika tse di neng di tletse ka didirisiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;4.</ref> Thuto e ne ya atolosiwa mo setšhabeng sotlhe, mme puo ya Setswana e ne ya lekanngwa mmogo le Seesemane ka go latlhegelwa ke dipuo tse dingwe.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":68" /> Khama o ne a siamisa seo jaaka tsela ya go fitlhelela kutlwano.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;228.</ref> Quett Masire o ne a dira jaaka Mothusa tautona ka fa tlase ga ga Seretse Khama mmogo le Tona ya tsa madi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> O ne a laola tekanyetsokabo ya lefatshe le tiriso ya madi ka go tlhama motseletsele wa Maano a Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba, go ikaegilwe ka kamogelo ya Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba le Komiti ya itsholelo ya Kabinete.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Dipoeletso tsa maano a di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya molao wa semmuso ya puso morago ga gore batlhatlhami ba ga Khama le Masire ba tsene mo maemong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;171.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, ditaemane di ne tsa fitlhellwa kwa Botswana ke setlamo sa Aforika Borwa sa ditaemane sa [[:en:De_Beers|De Beers]], mme ditiro di ne tsa simolola ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref name=":76">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;110.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;61.</ref> Dipeeletso tsa kopore di ne tsa fitlhelwa kwa [[:en:Selebi-Phikwe|Selebi-Phikwe]] ka ngwaga oo, mme se sa senola gape khumo ya ditswammung tsa setšhaba.<ref name=":58" /> Puso e ne ya dirisana le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1969 go dira ditiro tse dikgolo tsa meepo ya ditaemane,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> mme e ne ya amega mo dipuisanong sešwa tsa [[:en:Southern_African_Customs_Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa]] ka one ngwaga oo go tokafatsa thata maatla a yone a itsholelo mo kgaolong.<ref name=":77">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;65.</ref> Moepo mongwe kwa [[:en:Morupule|Morupule]] o ne wa simolola go ntsha magala ka ngwaga wa 1973, mme wa tlamela setšhaba ka karolo e kgolo ya motlakase.<ref name=":78">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xix.</ref> [[:en:Orapa_diamond_mine|Moepo wa ditaemane wa Orapa]] o ne wa bulwa kwa Orapa ka ngwaga wa 1971, mme go ne ga tlomamisiwia tumalano ya go abelana lotseno fa gare ga puso le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1974.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;125.</ref> Moragonyana Masire o ne a netefatsa gore De Beers e ne e tshegeditse dikgwebo tsa gagwe tse di hapegileng ka madi, mme se sa dira gore go akanyediwe gore setlamo se ka tswa se amogetse tumalano e e mosola mo kgannyeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;129–130.</ref> Molao wa Metsi le Molao wa ditsha tsa Morafe di ne tsa tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1968, mme tsa tlhama lekgotla la Kabo ya Metsi le lekgotla tsa naga di le lesome le bobedi, ka go latelana. Tse di ne di okametse kabo ya ditshwanelo tsa metsi le lefatshe ke puso go na le ka go nna mong wa morafe mongwe le mongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;76.</ref> Ka se, ba ne ba tsenya dithata tsa setso tsa dikgosi.<ref name=":74" /> Molao wa Mafatshe a Phulo a Merafe e ne ya tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1975 go thibela [[:en:Overgrazing|phulo e e feteletseng]], mme fela e ne ya itshupa e sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;67.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;173.</ref> Tota e bile, e ne e letla baagi ba ba humileng go kopa ditsha tse dikgolo tsa dikgomo ka tshenyegelo ya baagi ba ba sa humang thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Ditlhopho tsa ntlha morago ga boipuso di ne tsa diragala ka ngwaga wa 1969.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la dira maswe go le gonnye fa e bapisiwa le tiragatso ya yona ya ngwaga wa 1965, mme mothusa tautona Masire o ne a latlhegelwa ke setilo sa gagwe ke Bathoen, se se neng sa mo tlhoka gore a tseye setilo se se kgethegileng se se tlhophilweng.<ref name=":79">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Lekoko la BPP le ne la nyelela ka botlhokwa fa dipolotiki tsa Botswana di ntse di gola.<ref name=":73" /> Koporase ya Tlhabololo ya Botswana e e neng e le ya puso e ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1970,<ref name=":75" /> mme moepo wa diteemane wa Orapa o ne wa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 1971.<ref name=":78" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, diteemane di ne di dira karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong ya Palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana,<ref name=":76" /> mme kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1970, meepo e ne e le madirelo a magolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;5.</ref> Goromente wa Botswana o ne a buisana gape ka tumalano ya yone ya meepo le De Beers magareng ga ngwaga wa 1971 le ngwaga wa 1975, ya sutisetsa bontsi jwa dituelo kwa setšhabeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;210.</ref> Fa itsholelo ya teemane e ntse e tlhabologa le dipeeletso di boela mo lefatsheng, Botswana e ne ya falola lehuma mme ya bonwa jaaka katlego mo merafeng e mengwe mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara morago ga bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;212.</ref> Ditlhabololo tse di dirile gore Botswana e nne naga e e golang ka bonako mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":77" /> Batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo le a a fa gare ba ne ba bona molemo thata, go oketsa go [[:en:Wealth_inequality|tlhoka tekatekano ga khumo]], mme gape go ne go raya gore makgetho a ka fokodiwa, se se neng sa dira gore balemi ba ba tshegetse.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;71–72.</ref> Tlhabololo ya Botswana le tiriso ya yone ya tirelosetšhaba ya mafatshe a sele e ne ya atlega mo e leng gore puso e ne ya tlhotlheletsa lefatshe la United States go romela setlhopa sa baithaopi ba kagiso (Peace Corps) kwa ntle ga ditekanyetso tsa setso tsa gore ke dikarolo dife tse mokgatlho o ka di dirang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go ne ga tla koketsego ya Batswana ba ba botlana ba ba rutegileng mo lefelong la gaeno, ba ba neng ba nna le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo pusong.<ref name=":64" /> Jaaka fa batho ba bašwa ba ba ne ba amogela thuto e e tshwanang mme ba simolola go dira mo setsong se le sengwe sa tsamaiso, go ne go sena pharologano e kgolo ya tiro fa gare ga tirelosetšhaba e e neng e eteletswe pele ke batswakwa le e e neng e tsamaisiwa ke Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Lephata la Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo le ne le le teng ka bokhutshwane morago ga go kgaogana mo Lephateng la Matlole magareng ga batlhokomedi ba setso ba ba neng ba amana le tshireletso kgatlhanong le baemanokeng ba ga Masire ba ba neng ba eletsa go bona tlhabololo e e bogale thata. Ya bofelo e ne ya tsaya taolo, mme ditona di ne tsa kopanngwa gape go nna Lephata la Matlole le Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo ka ngwaga wa 1970. Ka ntlha ya palo e e lekanyeditsweng ya batho ba ba tshwanelegang go laola itsholelo, lephata le le ne la tsaya taolo e feletseng ya tiriso ya madi a puso mme la simolola lenaneo la Shashe le le neng le batla gore naga e nne le tlhabololo e e tseneletseng ya palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana. Se se ne se akaretsa go tlhoma lefelo la meepo ya kopore le nikele, le le neng la nna selo se se tlang pele mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;84–85.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, [[:en:Seepapitso_IV|Seepapitso wa bone]] o ne a nna kgosi ya ntlha go emisiwa mo maemong a gagwe morago ga nako ya bokoloniele.<ref name=":83">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;141.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la atlega thata gape ka [[:en:1974_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopo tsa ngwaga wa 1974]].<ref name=":79" /> [[:en:Minimum_wage|Dituelo tse di kwa tlase]] di ne tsa tlhagisiwa ka one ngwaga oo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Botswana e simolotse go ntsha madi a one, e leng [[:en:Botswana_pula|Botswana pula]], ka ngwaga wa 1976. Mmusi wa [[:en:Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya Botswana]] Quill Hermans o ne a kgaratlhela go kgaogana ga madi le Aforika Borwa le [[:en:South_African_rand|ranta ya yone ya Aforika Borwa]]. Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego a boditšhabatšhaba a gore Botswana e ka nna ya se ka ya kgona go tshegetsa madi a yone, Khama o ne a ikutlwa gore bagakolodi ba gagwe ba itsholelo ba na le bokgoni mme o ne a tshepa tshwetso ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tsa boipuso, Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya ditšhaba tse di humileng thata mo [[:en:Third_World|Lefatsheng la Boraro]].<ref name=":67" /> Phetogo ya itsholelo e kaiwa jaaka "kgakgamatso" ya Botswana.<ref name=":77" /> Linchwe II, kgosi ya [[:en:Kgatla_people|batho ba Kgatla]], o ne a busetsa ngwao ya go simolola bogwera mo morafeng wa gagwe ka ngwaga wa 1975, mme se sa gakatsa puso ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;148.</ref> Khama o ne a tsaya tsela ya go akaretsa batho botlhe mo pusong ya gagwe, a tila dipolotiki tsa merafe le go gana tlhotlheletso ya baeteledipele ba merafe a rata badiredipuso.<ref name=":84">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> Ka dinako tse dingwe o ne a kopa batho go rola tiro fa morafe mongwe o ka nna le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo tirelong ya setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tshaba gore go sa dumalane le batho ba ba kwa tlase ba Kalanga go ka nna ga dira gore go se ka ga nna le kagiso. Go rarabolola se, Khama o ne a tsenya maloko a a rutegileng a morafe wa Kalanga mo pusong, a tlhoma bontsi mo maemong a a kwa godimo. Tshwetso e ne e tsosa kganetsano, mme e ne ya tsosa dikgopolo tsa bolotsana ka ga tlhotlheletso e e bosula ya Kalanga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;122.</ref> Tse ka dinako tse dingwe di ne di ikaegile ka Mokgatlho wa Baithuti ba Bakalanga, o o neng wa nna Mokgatlho wa Tsweletso ya Puo ya Ikalanga ka ngwaga wa 1980.<ref>[[Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 123.|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> Poifo ya dipuso tsa baagisani tse di eteletsweng pele ke basweu kwa Namibia, Rhodesia, le Aforika Borwa, mmogo le kotsi ya [[:en:Angolan_Civil_War|Ntwa ya Selegae ya Angola]], di dirile gore Botswana e tlhame [[:en:Botswana_Defence_Force|sesole sa bosetšhaba]] ka ngwaga wa 1977.<ref name=":78" /> Pele ga se, [[:en:Botswana_Police_Service|Tirelo ya Sepodisi]] sa Botswana e ne e tlhokometse tshireletso ya setshaba. Go tlhoka sesole go ne go raya gore Botswana e ne e sa tlhaselwe ke dilo tse di bakang go sa tlhomamang mo merafeng e mengwe ya Aforika: go menola puso ga sesole le bonweenwee ka go dirisa madi a sesole.<ref>[[Beaulier & Subrick 2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], pp.&#x20;111–112.</ref> Sesole se ne sa bona ntwa ngwaga o o latelang fa dirukutlhi tsa Rhodesia di ne di tlhasela Leshoma, di bolaya masole a le lesome le botlhano.<ref name=":78" /> Ka tirisanommogo ya yone le De Beers, puso ya Botswana e ne ya tlhama kompone ya meepo ya Debswana ka ngwaga wa 1978, mme ya bona lotseno lo lo bonalang lwa puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Meepo e ne ya nna madirelo a a kwa godimo ya itsholelo ya lefatshe mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang,<ref name=":85">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> mme Botswana ya nna itsholelo e e golang ka bonako go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":86">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;33.</ref><ref name=":86" /> Go nna le seabe ga mafatshe a sele mo itsholelong go ne ga nna kgang ya sepolotiki ka nako e jaaka fa batho ba kwa ntle ba ne ba kokoanya kgolo ya setšhaba fa ditiro tsa selegae di ne di tlhabologa ka iketlo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;143–145.</ref> Thuo ya dikgomo, e e neng e setse e amilwe ke go runya mo gogolo ga [[:en:Foot-and-mouth_disease|bolwetse jwa tlhako le molomo]] ka ngwaga wa1977,<ref name=":82" /> e ne ya latlhegelwa ke botlhokwa jo e neng e na le jone pele.<ref name=":85" /> === Puso ya ga Quett Masire === [[Setshwantsho:Quett Masire DF-SC-85-12044.JPEG|thumb|Quett Masire a etetse America ka ngwaga wa 1984]] Morago ga loso lwa ga Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa 1980, Mothusa-Tautona Quett Masire o ne a nna tautona wa Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;117.</ref> Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego ka go tlhatlhama ga ga Khama, Masire o ne a tshegetsa mafaratlhatlha a puso a a neng a thusa go a aga le go boloka tumelo mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;182.</ref> Go ritibatsa morafe wa ga Khama wa Ngwato le merafe e mengwe ya bokone, Masire o ne a tlhoma ntsalae Khama, [[:en:Lenyeletse_Seretse|Lenyeletse Seretse]], go nna mothusa-tautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;232.</ref> Kakanyo e e neng e tlwaelesegile mo gare ga BaNgwato e ne e le gore morwa Khama, [[:en:Ian_Khama|Ian Khama]], o ne a tshwanelwa ke bo tautona. Fa Lenyeletse a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1983, Masire o ne a tlhopha [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] go tsena mo boemong jwa gagwe. Gompieno o ne a tlhopha mongwe go tswa mo morafeng wa borwa, gore a se ka a tlhoma sekao sa gore tautona le mothusa-tautona ka nako tsotlhe ba tshwanetse go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di fapaaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;233.</ref> Botswana e ne e le karolo ya Khonferense ya Kgokaganyo ya Tlhabololo ya Borwa jwa Aforika e e neng ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1980 go tlhama mmaraka wa borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":78" /> Setšhaba se ne sa amiwa ke [[:en:Early_1980s_recession|kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980]].<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Jwaneng_diamond_mine|Moepo wa diteemane wa Jwaneng]] o simolotse go dira ka ngwaga wa 1982, wa nna moepo o o dirang dipoelo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng. [[:en:University_of_Botswana|Mmadikolo wa Botswana]] o tlhomilwe ka one ngwaga o o neng o kgaogana le [[:en:University_of_Botswana,_Lesotho_and_Swaziland|Mmadikolo ya Botswana, Lesotho le Swaziland]].<ref name=":78" /> Ditlhabololo tsa semolao ka ngwaga wa 1982, Molawana wa Thuso ya Matlole le go dira gore tiro ya kgwebo gore e nne ya ka fa molaong ke badiredipuso, di ne tsa tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya naga mme gape tsa gagamolola melawana e e neng e tla thibela bonweenwee.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;127, 129.</ref> Jaaka fa puso ya batho le batho le kgolo ya itsholelo di itshupile e le diphetogo tsa paka e telele, Botswana e ne ya itsege jaaka "kgakgamatso ya Aforika".<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Kganetso e e nonofileng kgatlhanong le puso e e laolwang ke lekoko la BDP e ne ya tlhagelela la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go fenya ditlhopho tsa selegae, ditlhopha tsa dikgatlhego tsa simolola go tlhamiwa, mme makwalo a dikgang a matlhano a magolo a a kgatlhanong le lekoko la BDP a simolola go gatisiwa.<ref name=":64" /> Pele e ne e ikaegile ka tshegetso ya merafe e e rileng, lekoko la BNF le ne la bona tshegetso mo setlhopheng sa badiri.<ref name=":84" /> Ka ditlhopho ka kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1984, e ne e le lekoko kganetso le le gaisanang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;712.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya ama Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa1982 go fitlhela ka ngwaga wa 1987, mme ya tlhoka thuso ya dijo ya puso go ka nna karolo ya masome a marataro le botlhano mo lekgolong ya Batswana ba kwa magaeng.<ref name=":87">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;82.</ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba ga Masire ba ne ba mo amanya le komelelo e ka e ne e tsamaisana le tshimologo ya botautona jwa gagwe, ba akantsha gore Khama o ne a na le taelo ya bomodimo e Masire a neng a se na yone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;203.</ref> Mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1980, madirelo a ditaemane a ne a fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa yone ka karolo ya masome a matlhano le boraro mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya tlhagiso ya bosetšhaba.<ref name=":76" /> Ka nako e, itsholelo ya setšhaba e ne ya nonoha mo e leng gore baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba rotloediwa go tlhopha [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|temothuo ya go]] [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|itshidisa]] kgotsa go fuduga go ya go dira kwa Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":84" /> [[:en:Entrepreneurship|Bogwebi]] bo ne jwa anama thata, bogolosegolo mo badiring ba pele ba puso ba ba neng ba tswa mo [[:en:Public_sector|lephateng la puso]] go ya kwa lephateng la [[:en:Private_sector|e]] [[:en:Private_sector|seng la puso]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Thuto ya mahala ya [[:en:Secondary_education|sekole se segolwane]] ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1989.<ref name=":87" /> [[:en:Trade_union|Mekgatlho ya badiri]] le [[:en:Special_interest_group|ditlhopha tse di kgethegileng tsa dikgatlhego]] tse dingwe di ne tsa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go tlhotlheletsa melawana ya setšhaba, le fa gantsi puso e ne e sa batle go di amogela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], pp.&#x20;85–86.</ref> E tsibogetse mokgatlho o o neng o gola wa badiri ka go fetisa dithibelo tse di bokete mo mekgatlhong ya badiri ka ngwaga wa 1983.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dingwaga di le lesome gape o ne wa tlhagisa mekgatlho ya go amogela merafe e mennye, go gana boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba jwa Motswana.<ref name=":80" /> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, Aforika Borwa e ne ya simolola ditlhaselo tsa sesole mo Botswana go batla batlhabani ba Aforika Borwa. Go tsibogela dikgobalo tsa baagitse di neng tsa direga, puso ya Botswana e ne ya oketsa tiriso ya madi mo sesoleng.<ref name=":93">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;112.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> E ne gape ya fa sesole tiro ya go sireletsa diphologolo tsa naga le go tsenya mo tirisong molao o o kgatlhanong le go tsoma mo go seng ka fa molaong go tsibogela kotsi e e tlisiwang ke batsomi ba ba tshotseng dibetsa.<ref name=":94">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Palo ya ntlha ya [[:en:HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana|mogare wa segajaja]] mo Botswana e ne ya lemogiwa ka ngwaga wa 1985, mme mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang lefatshe ;e ne la nna lone le le neng la amega thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;265.</ref> [[:en:Life_expectancy|Botshelo jo bo solofetsweng]] mo Botswana bo ne bo tla wela tlase tswa go masomeng a maratarole bosupa go ya kwa masomeng a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 1997.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;175.</ref> Phetogo e e gakgamatsang mo tsamaisong ya botsogo ya Botswana e ne ya latela go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1980 le bo 1990; Bongaka jwa Bophirima bo ne jwa tlotliwa thata mmogo le kalafi ya setso, mme go ne ga tlhongwa dikokelo tse e seng tsa puso go nna mmogo le dikago tse di tsamaisiwang ke puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> [[:en:Early_1990s_recession|Kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1990]] e ne ya ama Botswana.<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Attorney_General_of_Botswana_v._Unity_Dow|Tsheko e e botlhokwa ya kgotlatshekelo ya molaomotheo]] e e neng ya tlisiwa ke Unity Dow e ne ya felela ka katlholo ka ngwaga wa 1991 ya gore bana ba ka fiwa boagedi mo go bomme ba bone ga mmogo le borraabone, e e neng ya amogelwa go nna molao ka Molao wa Boagi wa 1995.<ref name=":88">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xx.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang sa Kgabo se ne sa tshwarwa ka ngwaga wa 1991 go batlisisa lekgotla la kabo ditsha tsa lefatshe tsa puso, mme sa fitlhela gore go dirilwe ditlolomolao tsa maitsholo a a siameng ke mothusa-tautona Peter Mmusi le mokwaledi wa kakaretso wa lekoko la BDP [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]], ba bobedi jwa bone gape e neng e le maloko a setlhopa sa ditona tsa puso ya Botswana.<ref name=":89">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;346.</ref><ref name=":90">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;333.</ref> Ka go lebana le go galefa mo pusong le mo setšhabeng, bobedi jwa bone ba ne ba rola tiro.<ref name=":90" /> Go wa mo go ne ga tlhola ditlhopha tse pedi tse di kgaoganeng mo teng ga lekoko, e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke maloko a mabedi a pele a setlhopa sa ditona (Ba babedi ba bagolo),<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;333–335.</ref> mme e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke baganetsi ba bona (ba batlhano ba bagolo): [[:en:Festus_Mogae|Festus Mogae]], Bihiti Temane, Chapson Butale, [[:en:Gaositwe_Chiepe|Gaositwe Chiepe]], le moeteledipele wa bona [[:en:Mompati_Merafhe|Mompati Merafhe]].<ref name=":91">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;235.</ref> Se se ne sa aga mo dikgotlhang tse di neng di godile fa gare ga boeteledipele jwa borwa jwa BLP le kokomana e ntšhwa ya boradipolotiki go tswa kwa bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], pp.&#x20;233–234.</ref> Masire o ne a tlhopha Mogae go nna mothusa- tautona yo mosha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;334.</ref> Ka go tshwenyega ka kgonagalo ya go tlwaetsa bonweenwee, Masire o ne a thapa mothusa- mogolwane wa [[:en:Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)|setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang e e Ikemetseng ya Hong Kong e e Kgatlhanong le Bonweenwee (Hong Kong)]] go tlhama mokgatlho o o tshwanang mo Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;222.</ref> [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Bokaedi jwa Bonweenwee le Bosenyi jwa]] [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Itsholelo]] bo ne jwa tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, mme lekgotla la kabo ditsha le ne la tlhamiwa go reetsa boikuelo jwa ditshwetso tsa kabo ditsha ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Boemo jwa lekoko la BDP jaaka lekoko le le laolang bo ne jwa amogela kgwetlho ya jone ya ntlha e e masisi ka ntlha ya Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlsisa kgota go sekaseka dikgang ya Kgabo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;249.</ref> Matlhabisaditlhong le go kgaogana mo go neng ga nna teng mo lekokong la BDP go ne ga dira gore lekoko la BNF le nne lekoko la kganetso le le gaisanang thata morago ga ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;335–336.</ref><ref name=":89" /> Ka go mathata a a oketsegileng a go tsenngwa ga ditoropo go fokotsa motheo wa BDP kwa metseselegaeng, makoko a kganetso a ne a na le bonnye jo bo bonalang mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa ga Mmusi, Kwelagobe o ne a ikgolaganya le [[:en:Ponatshego_Kedikilwe|Ponatshego Kedikilwe]], mme ba bopa setlhopa se sennye sa Barata-Phathi sa lekoko la BDP. Ba batlhano ba bagolo ba ne ba nna setlhopa se sennye sa A-Team.<ref name=":89" /> Botswana e ne ya solegelwa molemo ke go khutla ga puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, ka puso e ntšhwa e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Aforika e ne e sa thibele kgolo ya Botswana kgotsa go tsenelela mo ditirong tsa sesole go kgabaganya molelwane.<ref name=":81" /> Fa kgaolo e ntse e tlhomama, ditlhabololo tsa itsholelo tse di tshwanang le mabentlele a magolo, kakanyo e e sa netefadiwang ya dithoto, le bojanala jwa baagi di ne tsa atologa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;675.</ref> Morafe wa Ngwaketse o ne wa nna le kgotlang le puso ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa 1994, fa tona ya pusoselegae le mafatshe Patrick Balope a ne a latofatsa kgosi Seepapitso wa bone ka go palelwa ke go diragatsa ditiro tsa gagwe mme a laela gore kgosi e emisiwe—e leng go emisiwa ga bobedi ga puso ya ga Seepapitso.<ref name=":83" /> Morwa wa ga Seepapitso e bong Leema o ne a amogela go tlhomiwa go dira tiro eo, kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa ga Seepapitso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;141–142.</ref> Morafe o ne wa lwantshana le kgang ya go nna semolao mo go sa tlhaloganyesegeng ga ga Leema le poifo ya gore setso sa morafe ga se kitla se tlhola se lemogiwa, mme go tlosiwa ga gagwe go ne ga nna kgang ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;142–143.</ref> Seepapitso o ne a tsenya kganetso ya semolao, mme kgotlatshekelo ya atlhola ka Tlhakole a tlhola malatsia le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 1995 gore le fa go tlosiwa ga ga Seepapitso go ne go le ka fa molaong, go tlhomiwa ga ga Leema go ne go se kafa molaong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;145.</ref> Ka maatla a go tlhoma a ne a buseditswe mo morafeng, ba ne ba gana go tlhopha moeteledipele yo mosha jaaka tsela ya go ikuela. Puso e ne ya ineela mme ya letlelela Seepapitso go busediwa mo tirong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;145–146.</ref> [[:en:Ritual_murder|Polao ya dipheko]] ya ga [[:en:Segametsi_Mogomotsi|Segametsi Mogomotsi]], mosetsana wa dingwaga di le lesome le bone wa kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]], e diragetse ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 1994. Dikhuduego tsa loago di ne tsa tsoga fa babelaelwa bao, ba e neng e le borakgwebo le boradipolotiki ba ba humileng, ba ne ba gololwa ka ntlha ya go tlhoka bosupi. Mo dikgweding tse di latelang, go ne ga nna le ditshupetso le dikhuduego tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke baithuti kgatlhanong le tiriso ya ditiro tsa masaitsiweng tse di tshwanang le polao ya dipheko go bona khumo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;286–290.</ref> Go tlhagoga ga bolwetse jo bo [[:en:Contagious_bovine_pleuropneumonia|tshelanwang jwa pleuropneumonia ya dikgomo]] ka ngwaga wa 1995 go ne ga baka dintsho tsa dikgomo di le dikete tse makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi .<ref name=":88" /> Molao wa Temothuo wa ngwaga ya 1995 o ne wa atolosa thulaganyo ya go dira lefatshe la baagi la le e seng la puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Merafe e mennye e ne ya tswelela go kgaratlhela go lemogiwa go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;163–164.</ref> Puso e simolotse go ntsha batho ba Basarwa mo [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|Lefelong la Diphologolo la Kalahari]] [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|la Bogare]] ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Le fa e ne e nganga gore maikaelelo e ne e le go thusa go kopanya baagi ba ba neng ba le kgakala thata, mme e neelana ka leruo go rotloetsa tirisanommogo, mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba e ne ya pega molato puso ka go pateletsa le go [[:en:Forced_displacement|fudusiwa ka dikgoka]] ga batho go dira sebaka sa meepo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;11–12.</ref> Maiteko a ntlha a magolo a semolao a go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa merafe e mennye a ne a tswa mo tshitshinyong ya ngwaga wa 1995 kwa palamenteng ya go tlhalosa molaomotheo jaaka o o sa tseyeng letlhakore mo merafeng, mme o ne wa bewa mo tafoleng. Mokgatlho wa Kamanakao o ne wa tlhamiwa ka one ngwaga oo ke morutegi [[:en:Lydia_Nyati-Ramahobo|Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo]] go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa [[:en:Yeyi_people|batho ba Yeyi]].<ref name=":95">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;215.</ref> Motseletsele wa diphetogo tsa puso le tsa ditlhopho di ne tsa tsenngwa mo tirisong mo dingwageng tsa bofelo tsa bo tautona jwa ga Masire. Tlhokomelo ya ditlhopho e ne ya fetisediwa kwa setheong se se ikemetseng, dingwaga tsa go tlhopa di ne tsa fokodiwa go tswa ko masomeng a mabedi le bongwe go ya ko lesomeng le borobabobedi , go [[:en:Postal_voting|tlhopa ka poso]] go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong, mme ga tsenngwa tirisong melawana ya go sireletsa [[:en:Labour_rights|ditshwanelo tsa badiri]] le [[:en:Gender_equality|tekatekano ya bong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;168.</ref> Masire o ne a eletsa go tlhama [[:en:Order_of_succession|tatelano e e tlhomameng ya]] [[:en:Order_of_succession|go tlhatlologana]] mo bogosing le go netefatsa gore motlhatlogi wa gagwe yo a mo tlhophileng mothusa Tautona Mogae e nna tautona, ka jalo o ne a dirisana le mmueledi Parks Tafa go kwala paakanyo ya molaotheo. Se se ne sa tsenya tirisong tatelano e e itirisang le [[:en:Term_limit|melelwane ya paka]] ya botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;337–338.</ref> O ne a pateletsa paakanyo ka boene.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;304–305.</ref> Go fetola itsholelo ya lefatshe, go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong tsamaiso ya nakwana ya go nna le [[:en:Tripartism|makoko a mararo]] go kopanya puso, lekalana le e seng la puso, le baemedi ba badiri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;169.</ref> Fa lekoko le ne le tlhopha maloko a komiti ya lone ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1997, kotsi ya go nna le ditlhopha e ne ya gola mo e leng gore Masire o ne a phimola ditlhopho tsa lone tse di mo teng ga mokgatlho mme a dira gore ditlhopha di mo fe manaane a maina.<ref name=":91" /> === Puso ya ga Festus Mogae === [[Setshwantsho:George Bush with African national leaders February 26, 2002.jpg|thumb|Festus Mogae mmogo le botautona ba mafatshe a sele [[:en:Joaquim_Chissano|Joaquim Chissano]], [[:en:George_W._Bush|George W. Bush]] le [[:en:José_Eduardo_dos_Santos|José Eduardo dos Santos]] ka ngwaga wa 2002]] Masire o ne a tlogela tiro ya botautona ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le ngwe ka ngwaga wa 1998, mme a latelelelwa ke mothusa tautona Festus Mogae.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;338.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya tshwetso e e neng ya tsosa kganetsano ya go tlhoma Ian Khama, molaodi wa sesole le morwa Seretse Khama, go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang,<ref name=":72" /> a fetisa kgetho ya gagwe ka go tshosetsa go phatlalatsa palamente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Le fa ba ne ba sa tseye letlhakore semmuso fa gare ga ditlhopha tsa lekoko la BDP, Mogae le Khama ka bobedi ba ne ba tlhaloganngwa e le batho ba bagolo mo gare ga A-Team.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;347.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1998 o ne wa bona nngwe ya dikgaogano tse dintsi mo teng ga lekoko la kganetso la BNF. E ne e kgaogane ka ditlhopha tse pedi: batho ba ba sa rateng diphetogo ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa loago le ba ba neng ba tswelela pele ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa puso ya batho ka batho ya loago. Dikhuduego kwa mokgatlhong wa lekoko di ne tsa dira gore batho ba ba neng ba rata kgatelopele ba kgaogane go nna lekoko la bone, [[:en:Botswana_Congress_Party|Botswana Congress Party]] (BCP), le le neng la nna lekoko le legolo la kganetso go fitlhela ba latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa manno a bone mo [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa]] [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 1999]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Kgaogano e ya kganetso, mmogo le diphetogo tsa selegae tsa dingwaga tse di fetileng, di ne tsa dira gore lekoko la BDP le boelwe ke ditilo dingwe tse e neng ya di latlhegelwa ka ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;168–169.</ref> Maloko a le mmalwa a borwa a boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BCP a ne a boela kwa lekokong la BNF morago ga gore maemo otlhe a a kwa godimo a tsewe ke batho ba bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;237.</ref> Go itlhatlosa go ya kwa maemong a merafe ya Tswana, batho ba Yeyi ba ne ba bitsa kgosi e e kwa godimo ka ngwaga wa 1999, fela se se ne sa se ka sa lemogiwa ke Molao wa Bogosi. Ba ne ba tlisa kgang eo kwa Kgotlatshekelong e Kgolo, e e neng ya tlhasela thulaganyo e e maleba ya molao e le e e tlhaolang.<ref name=":95" /> Mogae o ne a tlhoma setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang ka ngwaga wa 2000 go sekaseka kemedi ya merafe e mennye mo Ntlong ya Dikgosi, mme seo sa baka boipelaetso go tswa mo go ba ba neng ba ikutlwa gore Mogae o batla go nyatsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;239.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang se ne sa tlhomamisa gore Ntlo ya Dikgosi e tshwanetse go nna teng, mme ya bidiwa Setswana ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;216.</ref> Diphetogo tse dingwe tse di fetotsweng ga di a amogelwa morago ga go kgarametswa go tswa mo merafeng e megolo ya Batswana, bogolosegolo ba Ngwato.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;217–218.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, batho ba Kgatla-baga-Mmanaana ba ne ba bona kgosi ya bone Gobuamang Gobuamang wa bobedi a amogelwa semmuso jaaka kgosi e nnye mo teng ga kgaolo ya Kwena kwa ba nnang teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;177.</ref> [[:en:Botswana–Namibia_border|Molelwane wa Botswana le Namibia]] o ne wa tsena mo kganetsanong ka ngwaga wa 1999 fa mafatshe ka bobedi a ne a batla kgaolo mo [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Mopakong wa Caprivi]].[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;xx–xxi.</ref>] Ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000, Botswana e ne ya beeletsa thata mo go tlhabololeng sesole sa mowa.<ref name=":93" /> [[:en:Botswana_Television|Setshwantso sa motshikinyego sa Botswana]] se tlhomilwe ka ngwaga wa 2000. Lentswe tsa Tsodilo le ne la nna [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|Lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe]] ka ngwaga wa 2001. Batho ba Basarwa ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao ka ngwaga wa 2002 go ganetsa go ntshiwa ga bona kwa Central Kalahari Game Reserve, fela kgang e sekisiwang e ne ya tlhokomologiwa. [[:en:Mosadi_Seboko|Mosadi Seboko]] wa [[:en:Lete_people|morafe wa]] [[:en:Lete_people|Balete]] o ne a nna moeteledipele wa ntlha wa mosadi wa morafe ka ngwaga wa 2003.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xxi.</ref> Mogae o ne a dira gore mongwe wa batshwayadiphoso ba ba tlhageletseng thata ba puso, [[:en:Kenneth_Good_(political_scientist)|Kenneth Good]], a lelekwe mo lefatsheng la gagwe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], pp.&#x20;333–334.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;226–227.</ref> [[:en:Three_Dikgosi_Monument|Sefikantswe sa Dikgosi tse Tharo]] se ne sa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;680.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya bolwetsi jo bo anameng lefatshe la HIV/AIDS e le kgang e e botlhokwa thata ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Go e lwantsha, o ne a dira gore dikalafi tsa [[:en:Antiretroviral|diantiretroviral]] tsa HIV/AIDS di nne teng mahala.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;225.</ref> === Puso ya ga Ian Khama === [[Setshwantsho:London Conference on The Illegal Wildlife Trade (12499797834).jpg|thumb|Kopano ya ga Ian Khama le [[:en:William_Hague|William Hague]] kwa Lontone]] Ian Khama o ne a latela mo maemong a botautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Mogae ka kgwedi ya Moranang a le letsatsi le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref name=":96">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mokgwa wa gagwe wa boeteledipele o ne wa phatlaladiwa jaaka o o latelang "di-D tse nne": puso ya batho ka batho, tlhabololo, seriti, le kotlhao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Fa a sena go nna mo setilong, o ne a rulaganya sešwa khuduthamaga ya setšhaba ka mokgwa wa tatelano, a kopanya maatla go dikologa botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;227–228.</ref> Khama o ne a gatelela tshireletsego ya setshaba mo tsamaisong ya gagwe. Ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo maemong a gagwe, Lekalana la Bosenodi le Tshireletsego le ne la itsege ka go dira ditlhodi tse di neng di tlhotlhelediwa ke dipolotiki le go tshwara baganetsi ba gagwe ba sepolotiki. O ne gape a tlhoma batho ba le mmalwa ba pele ba sesole mo pusong ya gagwe<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], pp.&#x20;714–715.</ref> Botswana o ne e sa amege thata mo [[:en:African_Union|Kopanong ya Aforika]] ka nako ya botautona jwa ga Khama, go na le moo e ne ya tlhagisa molawana wa mafatshe a sele a a neng e lebisitswe thata mo Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;190.</ref> Mathata a matlole a ngwaga wa 2008 a ne a gatelela itsholelo ya Botswana, e e neng ya nna e ikaegile ka meepo ya ditaemane le fa puso e ne e dira maiteko.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;202.</ref> Madirelo a diteemane a ne a fedisa kwelotlase e e tlhomameng fa e ne e tlhomama ka bokana ka karolo ya masome a mararo le borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tse di tlhagisitsweng tsa lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 2009.<ref name=":76" /> Taolo ya dikgosi e ne ya fetolwa ka ngwaga wa 2008 ka Molao wa Bogosi.<ref name=":92" /> Khama o ne a rotloetsa go neela dikgosi maatla ka leina la go busetsa kotlhao le maitsholo a setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], pp.&#x20;196–197.</ref> O ne a ntsha taelo e e neng ya oketsa dingwaga tsa go nwa tse di kafa molaong go nna masome a mabedi le bongwe, ya fa baeteledipele ba merafe e mennye maatla a go laela gore batho ba itewe, ya tlhama ditlhopha tsa mephato go nna balebedi, le go tsenya gape [[:en:Corporal_punishment_in_schools|kotlhao ya go itaya mo dikolong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Dikgosi di le mmalwa tse di sa tswang go tlhongwa di ne tsa tshegetsa melawana e mme tsa tsenya tirisong dikotlhao tse di gagametseng tsa badiraphoso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Gareng ga bone go ne go na le Kgafela wa bobedi, kgosana ya morafe wa Kgatla. Go dira gore batho ba gagwe ba nne le boitsholo jo bo tlwaelegileng, o ne a oketsa thata go itewa ga batho ba ba neng ba tlola molao. Kgafela le ba bangwe ba ba amegang ba ne ba pegwa molato wa bosenyi ka ntlha ya go dirisa kotlhao ka tsela e e sa siamang ka ngwaga wa 2010, mme kgotlatshekelo e ne ya kgaphela thoko kopo ya gagwe ya go sirelediwa, ya tlhomamisa gore dikgosi ga di na boipuso mme di laolwa ke molaotheo.<ref name=":97">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;157.</ref> Jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le tlhopha boeteledipele jwa lekoko la yone ka ngwaga wa 2009, Khama o ne a tlhoma batho ba le bantsi ba A-Team mo dikomiting tse potlana tsa lekoko le fa Barata-Phathi e ne ya fenya ka nako ya mokgatlho wa lekoko.<ref name=":97" /><ref name=":98">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;335.</ref> Fa mokwaledi mogolo wa lekoko leo, Rre [[:en:Gomolemo_Motswaledi|Gomolemo Motswaledi]] a ne a rerisana le babueledi go botsa gore a ditiro tsa ga Khama di ka fa molaong, Khama o ne a dira gore a sekegiwe mo komiting. Morago ga go isa kgang kwa kgotlatshekelo, go ne ga fitlhelwa gore tautona yo o mo maemong ao ga a kgone go sekisiwa semolao, mme Khama o ne a emisa Motswaledi mo BDP gotlhelele.<ref name=":98" />Mo tshimologong ya ngwaga wa 2010, Khama o ne a emisa mme morago a ntsha maloko a mangwe a le mmalwa a lekalana le le mo teng ga lekoko la Barata-Phathi mo lekokong BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], pp.&#x20;354–355.</ref> Se se ne sa baka go kgaogana ga ntlha ga BDP ka Mopitlwe fa lekoko la Barata-Phathi le ne le tswa mo lekokong go bopa Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Temokerasi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;345.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Molao wa Tirelosetšhaba o tsentswe tirisong ka ngwaga wa 2010, o dira gore badiredipuso ba dire ditshupetso ka ha molaong mo maemong mangwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mo ngwageng o o latelang, Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Mekgatlho ya Badiri (BOFEPUSU) o ne wa etelela pele ditshupetso tsa dikgwedi di le pedi mo gare ga badiredipuso ba lefatshe go batla tuelo ya karolo ya lesome le borataro mo lekgolong, mme puso ya tsiboga ka go ntsha diketekete tsa badiri mo maemong a bone.<ref name=":96" /> Go ntshiwa ga batho go ne go okametswe ke [[:en:Mokgweetsi_Masisi|Mokgweetsi Masisi]], Tona ya Merero ya Botautona.<ref name=":99">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Go ganetsa boemo jwa puso, BOFEPUSU e ne ya tlhofofatsa go kopanngwa ga makoko a magolo a kganetso go nna [[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC).<ref name=":96" /> Setlhopha se sešwa se se ne se eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Duma_Boko|Duma Boko]], yo o neng a tsere taolo ya BNF ka ngwaga wa 2010 mme a laola dipuo tsa yona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;715.</ref> Khama o ne a diragatsa diphetogo tse di nonofileng tsa tshomarelo ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe, bogolo jang mabapi le go tsoma. Le fa ba ne ba opa diatla kwa mahatsheng a mangwe le go bopa leina la Botswana jaaka "kgakgamatso e tala", ba ne ba kopana le go kgobega marapo mo nageng ka ntlha ya ditsela tse di neng di dirisiwa go tswa kwa godimo go ya kwa tlase, bogolosegolo go tswa mo go ba ba nnang mo mafelong a a tlhomilweng a tshomarelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Melawana e e ne e akaretsa go oketsega ga mekgwa ya sesole e e kgatlhanong le go tsoma diphologolo; digongwana tse di kgatlhanong le go tsoma di ne di tsentswe ditlhobolo tse di itirisang go tlaleletsa melawana ya go thuntsha go bolaya kgatlhanong le batho ba ba belaelwang gore ke batsomi.<ref name=":94" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boloka bontsi jwa yone mo lekgotleng la peomolao morago ga [[:en:2014_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopho tse di latelang]], mme e le lekgetho la ntlha e ne ya dira jalo ka bontsi fela jwa ditlhopo tsa batho.<ref>[[Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;705.</ref> Ian Khama o ne a tlhoma Masisi go nna mothusa tautona wa gagwe.<ref name=":99" /> Tshwetso e ne ya tsosa kganetsano ka ntlha ya go tlhoka maitemogelo ga ga Masisi fa go bapisiwa le ditlhopho tse dingwe tse di ka kgonegang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Go ya ka Mogae, Masisi o ne a tlhophiwa ka tlhaloganyo ya gore o tla tlhoma [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|Tshekedi Khama]] [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|wa bobedi]] go nna mothusa tautona morago ga go tsaya botautona ka boene.<ref name=":99" /> Botsalo Ntuane o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Mokwaledi Mogolo wa lekoko la BDP ka ngwaga 2015 mo seraleng sa twantsho tshenyetso setshaba le phetolo ya ditlhopho. Se se ne sa tshosetsa tlholego e e tseneletseng ya lekoko la BDP, mme Ntuane a bona mmaba wa sepolotiki kwa Masisi.<ref name=":99" /> Khama o ne a le bobaba mo bobegadikgannyeng, bogolo jang mo mafelong a a neng a sa dumalane le ditiro tsa puso ya gagwe. O ne a na le babegadikgang ba babedi ba ba neng ba latofadiwa ka [[:en:Sedition|botsuolodi]] ka ngwaga wa 2017, mme moragonyana ditatofatso di ne tsa latlhiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;714.</ref> === Puso ya ga Mokgweetsi Masisi === [[Setshwantsho:Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference London 2018 (45245990491).jpg|thumb|Mokgweetsi Masisi a bua kwa bokopanong jo bo neng bo bua ka kgwebisano e e seng ka fa molaong ya diphologolo tsa naga kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:London|London]] ka ngwaga wa 2018]] Masisi o ne a nna tautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Khama ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2018. Fa ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2019_Botswana_general_election|kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 2019]] di ntse di atamela, Masisi o ne a tlhama setshwantsho sa go ipharologanya le Khama, a itlhagisa jaaka motho yo o [[:en:Anti-corruption|lwantshanang le bonweenwee]] fa a ntse a tshegetsa bobegakgang le BOFEPUSU.<ref name=":02">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;716.</ref><ref name=":02" /> Letsholo la gagwe la go lwantsha bonweenwee le ne la felela ka go tshwarwa ga ga Isaac Kgosi, yo o neng a eteletse pele Bokaedi jwa Botlhodi le Tshireletso mo pusong ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;717.</ref><ref name=":110" /> Masisi o ne a tswelela ka go busetsa morago bontsi jwa melawana ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110" /> Gareng ga tse e ne e le go phimolwa ga melawana ya tshomarelo, go akaretsa le thibelo ya go tsoma e e neng e tsoma e e neng e lebisitswe mo kgwebong ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|manaka a tlou]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;23–24, 33–34.</ref> O ne gape a okametse go fedisiwa ga go tsewa go ratana ka bong bole bongwe e le molato.<ref>Rotberg 2023, pp.&#x20;228–229.</ref> Fa se se ntse se tsweletse, Masisi le Khama ba nna baganetsi go na le go nna balekane. Khama o ne a leka go thapa [[:en:Pelonomi_Venson-Moitoi|Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi]] go nna ntlhopheng yo mongwe wa BDP kgatlhanong le Masisi, mme fa seo se palelwa, o ne a itlhomela lekoko la gagwe, la [[:en:Botswana_Patriotic_Front|Botswana Patriotic Front]] (BPF).<ref name=":99" /><ref name=":110" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boelwa ke bontsi jwa ditlhopho tsa batho ka ngwaga wa 2019,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> mme ditlhopho di ne tsa senngwa ke kgatelelo ya puso le diphuruphutsho tsa nako le nako kgatlhanong le batho ba kganetso. Lekoko la UDC le ne la gwetlha maduo, mme ga di a atlega.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;308.</ref> Diphetogo tsa kgaolo di ne tsa fetoga ka ngwaga wa 2019 jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le latlhegelwa ke thotloetso nngwe kwa bokone fa e ntse e oketsa tlhotlheletso ya yone kwa borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;231.</ref> Ditlhopho gape di ne tsa bona lekokokganetso le legolo, BNF, le latlhegelwa ke BCP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> Jaaka ditšhaba di le dintsi, [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana|Botswana e ne ya bona kwelotlase e e kgolo ya tsholelo ka nako ya tlhaselo ya bolwetsi jwa COVID-19]], mme lefatshe le ne la nna [[:en:COVID-19_lockdowns|mo thibelong ya metsamao]] bontsi jwa ngwaga wa 2020 le ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;309.</ref> Mofuta wa SARS-CoV-2 Omicron o ribolotswe kwa Botswana moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Maikutlo a a kgatlhanong le makula a ne a anama ka setšhaba sa makula kwa Botswana se ne se humile thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;310.</ref> Khama o ne a tshabela kwa lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa a le kwa botshabelo ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele ka ngwaga wa 2021, mme puso ya Botswana ya mo latofatsa ka go nna le dibetsa e se ka fa molaong ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;311–312.</ref> === Puso ya ga Duma Boko === [[Setshwantsho:Secretary Rubio Meets with Botswana President Boko (54371806715).jpg|thumb|Duma Boko o ikanisa tumalano le lefatshe la Amerika ka ngwaga wa 2025]] Lekoko la [:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change][[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC) le nnile lekokokganetso la ntlha mo Botswana go tsaya puso morago ga phenyo ya lone mo [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa]] [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 2024]] , mme se sa fedisa dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi tsa puso ya [[:en:Botswana_Democratic_Party|lekoko la Botswana la batho ka batho]] (BDP).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMuiaZane2024|Muia &#x26; Zane 2024]]</ref> Mo puisanong ya gagwe ya ntlha ya Maemo a Setšhaba ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2024, Duma Boko o boletse gore puso ya gagwe e tla kgaratlhela go oketsa dipeeletso mo maatleng a letsatsi, [[:en:Cannabis|motokwane]] ya kalafi le mofuta wa motokwane o o lengwang ka lebaka la madirelo. O ne gape a itsise ditirisano le [[:en:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] go atolosa phitlhelelo ya mafaratlhatlha a maranyane e e teng lefatshe ka bophara ka [[:en:Starlink|Starlink]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFFrance242024|France24 2024]]</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2025, Botswana e ne ya romela sathalaete ya yone ya ntlha, e leng [[:en:BOTSAT‑1|BOTSAT‐1,]] kwa lefaufaung.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRanjan2025|Ranjan 2025]]</ref> [[:en:Duma_Boko|Boko]] o ne a tsenela go itsisiwe semmuso ga sathalaete, e e neng ya tshwarelwa kwa mafelong a [[:en:SpaceX|SpaceX]] kwa lefatsheng la United States.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNamunwa2025|Namunwa 2025]].</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Lekwalokwalo la Botswana * [[Ngwao ya Botswana|Ngwao ya Batswana]] * Dipalopalo tsa Botswana * [[Itsholelo ya Botswana]] * Thutafatshe ya Botswana * [[Ditso tsa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Borwa jwa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Gaborone]] * [[Lenaane la dikgang tse di amanang le Botswana]] * Lenaane la dingwaga mo Botswana * [[Tlhaloso ya Botswana]] * Mola wa nako wa Botswana * Mola wa nako ya Gaborone * [[Dipolotiki tsa Botswana]] == Dintlhana tse di kwa tlase == <references /> == Metswedi == === Dibuka === * Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). Culture and Customs of Botswana. Greenwood Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-313-33178-7</nowiki>. OCLC 62118271. * Gulbrandsen, Ørnulf (2012). The State and the Social: State Formation in Botswana and its Precolonial and Colonial Genealogies. Berghahn Books. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85745-298-6</nowiki>. * Hillbom, Ellen; Bolt, Jutta (2018). Botswana – A Modern Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73144-5. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-73144-5</nowiki>. * Holm, John D.; Molutsi, Patrick P. (1992). "State-Society Relations in Botswana: Beginning Liberalization". In Hydén, Göran; Bratton, Michael (eds.). Governance and Politics in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 75–95. doi:10.1515/9781685853297. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-55587-285-4</nowiki>. * Jackson, Ashley (1999). Botswana, 1939-1945: An African Country at War. Clarendon Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-820764-1</nowiki>. * Leith, James Clark (2005). Why Botswana Prospered. McGill-Queen's University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7735-2821-5</nowiki>. * Molutsi, Patrick (2004). "Botswana: The Path to Democracy and Development". In Gyimah-Boadi, E. (ed.). Democratic Reform in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 159–182. doi:10.1515/9781685857325. <nowiki>ISBN 9781685857325</nowiki>. * Nyamnjoh, Francis B. (2007). "'Ever-Diminishing Circles': The Paradoxes of Belonging in Botswana". In de la Cadena, Marisol; Starn, Orin (eds.). Indigenous Experience Today. Routledge. pp. 305–332. <nowiki>ISBN 9781003085690</nowiki>. * Rotberg, Robert I. (2023). "Botswana: Africa's Democratic Exception". Overcoming the Oppressors: White and Black in Southern Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–231. <nowiki>ISBN 9780197674239</nowiki>. * Samatar, Abdi Ismail (1999). An African Miracle: State and Class Leadership and Colonial Legacy in Botswana Development. Heinemann. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-325-00068-8</nowiki>. * Tlou, Thomas; Campbell, Alec C. (1997) [1984]. History of Botswana (2nd ed.). Macmillan Botswana. <nowiki>ISBN 9991278087</nowiki>. == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref name=":2"><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref>Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref></ref><ref name=":30"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> mnrezjgq3u6zb62s5a1l1j8mdmz87j8 53685 53684 2026-07-30T20:48:39Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Pre-colonial history" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366623313|History of Botswana]]" 53685 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditso tsa lefatshe la Botswana''' di akaretsa tsa bogologolo le tsa ngwao ya kgaolo, go diriwa kolone ya [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Bechuanaland Protectorate]], le go nna Republic of [[Botswana]] gompieno. Batho ba ntlha ba motlha wa gompieno go nna mo [[Botswana]] e ne e le Basarwa, temothuo e tlhabolotswe dingwaga di ka nna dikete pedi, le makgolo a mararo a a fetileng. Batho bantsho ba Bantu ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago ga loso lwa ga Keresete, fa [[Batswana]] ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago. Batswana ba ne ba kgaogana ka ditlhopha tsa merafe mo dingwageng tse di dikete tse di latelang fa diphudugo mo kgaolong di tswelela, tse di neng tsa baka [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]] mo lekgolong la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi. Go amana le lefatshe le le kgolo le le naleng dikarolo la Europe ga ntlha go diragetse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi lesome le borataro, mo go bakileng go diriwa Bakeresete ga batho ba kgaolo. Magosi a Batswana a a neng a na le thotloetso e kgolo a ne a ikopela go nna mo tlhokomelong ya lefatshe la [[United Kingdom]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le botlhano ka ba ne ba itemogela matshosetsi go tswa kwa [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German South West Africa]] le mo Maburung. Batho ba Britain ba ne ba kgaoganya kgaolo go nna merafe e kgosi nngwe le nngwe e tlaa e etelelang pele, ba a fa dikgosi maatla a a fetang a ba neng ba na le one pele, mme ba ne ba nna le taolo e e lekanetseng fela mo lefatsheng. Puso ya Britain e ne ya nna le seabe se setlhagafetseng ka dinwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la ema nokeng go tsaya karolo ga Britain mo ntweng ya bobedi ya mafatshe, bontsi ba ne ba lwa e le bontlha jwa sesole sa [[Aferika|Aforika]] sa Auxiliary Pioneer Corps. Go lwela go laola go nnile teng ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a matlhano fa gare ga Kgosi ya [[Bangwato]] [[Seretse Khama]] le motlhatlhami wa gagwe [[Tshekedi Khama]]. Go nyala mosadi wa lekgoa ebong [[Ruth Williams Khama]] ga ga Seretse, go ne ga baka gore batho ba Britain ba mo thibele go nna mo [[Botswana]]. O ne a boa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a matlhano le borataro, ka a ne a na le kemo nokeng e kgolo, merafe e ne inaakanya le puso e e tlhophilweng fa letsholo la boipuso le tlhamiwa. Molao wa lefatshe o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le motso, ga tlhamiwa diphathi tsa polotiki. Seretse o ne a nna moeteledipele wa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Bechuanaland Democratic Party]], e e neng e bueletswe ke puso ya Britain go busa morago ga boipuso, e ne ya nna le kemo nokeng e e tsitsibanyang mmele mo ditlhophong tsa ntlha tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le botlhano. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la neelwa boipuso jo bo tletseng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro. Ka maikaelelo a a nonofileng, Seretse le phathi ya gagwe ba ne ba tlhama puso ya batho ka batho ya bophirima ba simolola go tlhabolola dikago mo lefatsheng le e neng e le lengwe la a a neng a humanegile thata ka nako eo. Go ne ga lemogiwa fa go na le diteemane ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabongwe, mo go neng ga bopa sesha itsholelo ya Botswana. Kompone ya meepo ya [[Debswana]] e tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi, lefatshe la Botswana la nna la itsholelo e e golang ka bofefo thata go gaisa a mangwe mo Botswana. Phathi ya sepolotiki ya Botswana Democratic e ne ya tswelela e le yone phathi e e busang go tswa ka nako ya boipuso go fitlhelela phathi ya [[Umbrella for Democratic Change]] e fenya ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone.]] == Ditso tsa pele ga bokolone == === Ditso tsa pele === [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo Hills rock paintings4.jpg|thumb|metako ya magaga kwa Tsodilo mo ditsong tsa pele]] Lefatshe la Botswana la gompieno e ne e le sekgwa fela dingwaga di le didikadike tse di lesome tse di fitileng, dinoka di ne di le ditona go fetisa gompieno, di tshela kwa [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|letsheng la Makgadikgadi]].<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou, Thomas]]; [[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Campbell, Alec C]]. (1997) [1984]. ''[[History of Botswana]]'' (2nd&nbsp;ed.). Macmillan Botswana. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/9991278087|&nbsp;<bdi>9991278087</bdi>.]]</ref> Batho ba sebopego sa ntlha sa Homo erectus ba ne ba nna mo kgaolong eo ka motlha wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997,]] p.&nbsp;14.</ref> Didirisiwa tsa lejwe mo Botswana wa gompieno, di tshwana le dilepe, di tswa go o lowe, dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fitileng.<ref name=":4">Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). [[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|''Culture and Customs of Botswana''.]] Greenwood Press. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33178-7|<bdi>978-0-313-33178-7</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#Identifiers_and_linked_data|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/title/62118271 62118271.]</ref><ref name=":0">Klehm, Carla (28 June 2021). "Archaeology of Botswana". ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History''. doi:[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61663/chapter/553401196 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.792]. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4|<bdi>978-0-19-027773-4</bdi>.]]</ref> Phudugo go ya sekakeng sa Kalahari go akanyediwa fa e diragetse pele ga legato la borataro dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro tse di fitileng.<ref name=":0" /> Letsha la Makgadikgadi le simolotse go fokotsega dingwaga di le dikete di le masome matlhano tse di fitileng.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;17.]]</ref> Bagolagolwane ba merafe e e sa amaneng ka gope ba ba bidiwang Basarwa fa ba kgobokantswe, ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome mane go tsena masome a mararo tse di fitileng. Ba ka tswa e le bone batho ba ntlha go nna mo motlheng wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&nbsp;18, 23.</ref> Ba ne ba itlhoma go bapa le dinoka ka dipaka tsa komelelo, mme ba phatlalale le kgaolo ka nako ya dipula.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&nbsp;24.</ref>Go ne go itsewe fa ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikaganyeditseng [[letsha la Makgadikgadi]], ga mmogo le [[Tsodilo]] le GI.<ref name=":1">[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;xv.</ref> Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba [[Nata]], Shua le Xani, go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref name=":2">Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;23.</ref>[[:en:Rock_art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse masome a mararo tse di fetileng,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Meepo ya specularite le hematite e simolotse ka nako e go tlhama dipente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;48.</ref> Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a leruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome mabedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":1" /> Thuto e e tseneletseng ya Aforika e e kwa borwa mo [[:en:Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Matlapa]] e ntse e lekanyeditswe.<ref name=":0" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[:en:Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba sala ka ditlhopha tse dinnye mme ba dira kgwebo le ba bangwe.<ref name=":2" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere tshimo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monna yo mogolo wa lelapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tse dikgolo, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela le go tshwara diphologolo tse dinnye.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Ditlhopha di ne di nyalana mme di dirisa thulaganyo ya magadi, xaro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete tse tse di fetileng, batho ba kgaolo eo ba ne ba tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana wa gompieno mme ba simolola go dira dinkgwana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;8.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;28.</ref>Temothuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga le go wela tlase fa seemo sa loapi le ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo di ne di dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;29–30.</ref>Gareng ga dijalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[:en:Pearl_millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[:en:Sorghum|mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[:en:Cowpea|dinawa tsa kgomo]], le dimela tsa lelapa la [[:en:Cucurbitaceae|cucurbits]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba Bantu ba ne ba [[:en:Bantu_expansion|fudugela kwa kgaolong]] e dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi le dingwaga dile selete le makgolo a matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong leno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;22–24, 28.</ref> [[:en:Kalanga_people|Batho ba Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba goroga c. 200 C.E.<ref name=":3">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Bagologolwane ba morafe wa ntlha wa [[:en:Tswana_people|Batswana]] (bongwe ''Motswana'', bontsi ''Batswana'') go fopholediwa fa ba gorogile c. 400 C.E.<ref name=":3" /> Batho ba ba Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didirisiwa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna mo ditseleng tsa metsi tsa leruri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;9.</ref> Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a leruri a matlo a ka nna lesome go fitlhela lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Pole-and-daga|dipale le mmu]] nngwe le nngwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa Khoisan e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;44–45.</ref> BaKhoisan le Bantu ba ka tswa ba ne ba gweba le go nyalana mo pakeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;36.</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlhela ka lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga === Setlhopha sa batho ba Zhizo, batho ba Taukome, ba ne ba goroga mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme ba nna fa gare ga [[:en:Shashe_River|Noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|Noka ya Serorome]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref><ref name=":5">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;10.</ref> Go nna le [[:en:Glass_bead|dipheta tsa galase]] go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo ya Lewatle la India]].<ref name=":5" /> Palo ya leruo le le ruiwang mo Botswana wa gompieno e ne ya oketsega thata fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa borobabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":4" /> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso ya morafe, e e bidiwang ''morafe'' (bontsi merafe), mongwe le mongwe o eteletswe pele ke kgosi e e bidiwang ''[[:en:Kgosi|kgosi]]'' (bontsi dikgosi).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Tsamaiso e e ne ya tlhagisa puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le tse dingwe mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;40.</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong, mme go nna mong wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho.<ref name=":6">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;11.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ditso tsa bogologolo tsa batho ba Tswana e sa ntse e sa itsiwe thata ka gonne go setse bosupi jo bonnye jwa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo.<ref name=":3" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Sekaka sa Kalahari]] ka makgolo ale borobabongwe morago ga ga Keresete,<ref name=":1" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong le le latelang la dingwaga, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng kwa Lewatleng la India.<ref name=":6" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Bangwe ba batho ba Eiland ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa ya gompieno go tsena mo Botswana wa gompieno mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Batho ba Toutswe, ba bangwe ba morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, ba bona khumo ya bona ka go nna le dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;13.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Go ne ga agiwa metse e meraro ya Ba-Toutswe kwa [[:en:Bosutswe|Bosutswe]], Sung, le [[:en:Toutswemogala|Toutswemogala]], mongwe le mongwe wa bone o ne o busa metse e mennye e e neng e e dikologile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 12, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba anametse kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;60.</ref> Boleng jwa ditlhagiswa bo ne jwa fetogafetoga fa kgwebisano e ntse e atolosiwa le ditšhaba di sele mme go ribololwa ga gauta go ne ga diragala, go fokotsa kgatlhego mo ditlhagisweng tsa sebilo le tsa diphologolo jaaka lonaka lwa tlou.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;27–28.</ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":7">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Merafe e e kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditiragalo tse mme e ne ya sala e sa amege thata.<ref name=":8">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Baagisani ba Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe le wa lesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard's Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":9">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> <ref name=":10">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;61.</ref>Ba tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[:en:Bambandyanalo|Bambandyanalo]], ba ne ba nna batho ba bagolo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe kwa ba neng ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;67–68.</ref> Ba ne ba bonela pele tlhotlheletso go ralala kgaolo fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> Batho ba Okavango Delta le batho ba Tsodilo mme morago ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bodulo mo nakong e, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke batho ba Khoe fela ba ba neng ba nna mo lefelong leo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou & Campbell 1997]], pp. 46, 81.</ref>Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro,<ref name=":11">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;14.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa mo nako e le nngwe.<ref name=":10" />Batho ba Mambo ba ne ba nna go dikologa [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]] ya gompieno mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo tikologong ya nako e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Batho ba segompieno ba Tswana, [[:en:Khalagari_people|Khalagari]], le [[:en:Sotho_people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo e ka nnang ka lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":12">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Ba-Khalagari ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana.<ref name=":13">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Batho ba Fokeng le bone ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi,<ref name=":14">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;93.</ref> mme batho ba Moloko ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro.<ref name=":12" /> Morafe wa tshimologo wa BaTswana, losika lwa bogosi lwa Phofu, o tlhodilwe kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro ke Mogale. Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, e ne ya kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa le merafe ya Bahurutshe, [[:en:Kwena_people|Kwena]], [[:en:Ngwaketse_people|Ngwaketse]], [[:en:Ngwato_people|Ngwato]], Tlharo, le batho ba ba [[:en:Ngwato_people|Kgatla]].<ref name=":13" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa ema mo boemong jwa Mapungubwe e le maatla a kgaolo ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro fa batho ba Gumanye ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[:en:Great_Zimbabwe|Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le le botlhokwa le ditsompelo tsa yone le go nna gaufi le lebopo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;77–78.</ref> Zimbabwe e ne e laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le teng mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana,<ref name=":15">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvi.</ref> mme kgwebisano ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo eo.<ref name=":11" /> Zimbabwe e ne e latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga, mme e ne ya wela mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Dinaga tse dingwe di le mmalwa di ne tsa tlhagelela morago ga go wa ga yone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo neng jwa bopiwa ke [[:en:Kalanga_people|merafe ya Kalanga]], bo ne jwa tsaya maemo a Zimbabwe mo molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;98–100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana le [[:en:Pedi_people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bone<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> mme [[:en:Rolong_people|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Morolong.<ref name=":13" /> Kgosi Masilo go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya bophirima jwa Tswana ka nako e, go fitlhela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga moo go bolelwa fa lefelo le le ne le busiwa ke Malope kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":14" /> === Lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell - Thlapingkaptein en sy vrou.png|thumb|Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1800]] Batho ba baTswana ba ne ba fuduga fa gare ga Botswana wa gompieno ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke batho ba naga le batho ba mmuso wa ga mmamosadinyana go tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":16">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;19.</ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga sekete le makgolo a le marataro.<ref name=":17">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, losika lwa ga Phofu, lo ne lwa wela tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;104.</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la lesome le botlhano le la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":11" /> Batho ba ba Kalanga ba ne ba laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[:en:Motloutse_River|Noka ya Motloutse]] le [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Letsha la Makgadikgadi]] go fitlhela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabobedi.<ref name=":7" /> Batho ba Hurutshe, Kgatla, le Kwena ba ne ba kgaogana le losika lwa segosi lwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo gare ga komelelo le dintwa tsa boswa, mme kgabagare ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;10.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Batho ba Ngwaketse le ba Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le boraro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;105.</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo ba ne ba nna mo Motlheng wa Bofelo wa Leje go fitlha mo e ka nnang mo lekgolong la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;22.</ref> Batho ba Botswana wa gompieno ba simolodistse ditsela tse di telle tsa motsamao ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa, e tsamaelwa dikilometara tse makgolo go rekisa,go tsoma le go itsalanya le batho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;108–109.</ref>Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana motlhofo abo e ipopa ka bongwe go tswa mo go ba bangwe ka gore dithoto tse dipotlana , le leruo tsa lefelo ne di kgona go tsmaisiwa motlhofo.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":16" />Merafe ya botlhabatsatsi e ne e tshabellwa ke go kgaogana ka ntlha ya seele se se tona gareng ga toropo le ditshimo.<ref name=":18">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;392.</ref>Kgaogano gareng ga ditlhopa tsa baTswana e nnile mo gareng ga ngwagakgolong ya lesome le bosupa, e tlhalosa merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":19">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;106.</ref>Merafe ya baTswana ba botlhabatsatsi e ne e nna e le maikaelelo a dintwa tsa [[:en:Griqua_people|batho ba Griqua]].<ref name=":18" /> Fa batho ba baTswana ba tswa bokone go ya Botswana wa borwa-bophirima wa segompieno ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa , ba ne ba nna mo metseng e e neng e nna batho ba Kgalagari, ba ba tshwaetsa kgotsa ba ba ntsha. Batho ba ba Kwena le merafe ya bone ya lekala ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa segompieno ka fa tlase ga taolo ya [[:en:Kgabo_II|Kgabo wa bobedi]] ba bo ba nna gaufi le motse wa [[:en:Molepolole|Molepolole]].<ref name=":19" />Go ya ka setso sa molomo, bapatole ba e leng batho ba Herero le Mbanderu ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathung ba Mbunda ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bosupa fa ntwa tsa leruo la batswana le ne le phatlalatsa ditlhopa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> le batho ba Bayeyi ba ne ba fudugela kwa Okavango Delta go ya kwa nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;8.</ref>Mo mafelong a mangwe, batho ba Kaa ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathong ba Rolong le batho ba Khurutse ba kgaogana le batho ba Bahurutshe, fa ditlhopa tsotlhe di fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":20">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;107.</ref>Batho ba Bashaga ba ne ba kopana le batho ba Kgalagari ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;110.</ref> State sa ntlha sa Tswana se tlhamilwe ke batho ba Ngwaketse bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi. Si state tse dingwe tsa Tswana di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka go latelana ke batho ba ba Kwena, batho ba Ngwato le batho ba ba Tawana mo dingwageng tse lesome tse nne di latela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;113.</ref> Ka se go ne ga tla ditlhabololo tsa ''mophato (''bontsi ''mephato),'' mephato ya sesole e e rulagantsweng k a dingwaga tsa setlhopa, gareng ga batho ba Tswana ba bophirima mo dingwageng tsa sekete le makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano''.''<ref name=":21">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;386.</ref>Batho ba le babedi ba Kgatla , batho ba Kgafela le batho ba ba Tlokwa, ba tsene mo nakong e ba bo ba tsaa taolo mo tikologong ya [[:en:Pilanesberg|Pilanesberg]] mo Aforika Borewng wa segompieno. Ba ne ba laola ka thata bontsi jwa batho mo lefelong leo mme ebile ba fentse dintwa tse pedi le batho ba Fokeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;390–391.</ref>Tiriso ya mephato e ne ya phatlatsega kwa bathong ba Tswana ba kwa botlhaba kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":21" />E ne e sa amogelwa go phutologilwe mo borwa === Difaqane === [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]], nako ya dintwa le phuduso mo borwa jwa Aforika , e diragetse kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi le tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;17.</ref> Mo nakong ye, batho ba baTswana ba ne ba le mo '''kgonegong''' ya dintwa ke ditlhopa di le dintsi ,di akaretsa [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Ndebele]], ba [[:en:Kololo_people|Kololo]], ba [[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]],<ref name=":8" /> ba Pedi, le ba [[:en:Voortrekker|Voortrekkers]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;391.</ref>Bontsi jwa ditlhopa tsa ba Tswana di itlhopetse go boela morago ko ntlheng ga go lwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;394.</ref>Sese ne sa trigger phudugo e e extensive e e ralalang lefelo, go baka gore morafe wa ba Tswana o phatlalale thata abo o simolodisa bolengteng jo bo nonofileng gareng ga territory ya Botswana wa segompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo [[:en:Hardveld|nageng e e thata]] e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Batho ba Kwena le ba Ngwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa motseng wa [[:en:South_African_Republic|Transvaal]] go ya kwa ''lefelong la motlhaba''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;18.</ref> Batho ba ntlha wa Kgatla go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, batho ba Mmanaana, o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[:en:Moshupa|Moshupa]] le [[:en:Thamaga|Thamaga]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53, 56.</ref> Ke fela bangwe ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba bolokwa mo go fudugeng kgotsa mo go kgorelediweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;393.</ref> Batho ba Kololo ba ne ba tlhasela merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa 1826, ba pateletsa BaKwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bona ka go farologana. Sebogo, molaodi wa morafe wa Ngwaketse, o ne a tsosa banna ba le dikete dile nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa Dithubaruba kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ba bolaya batlhabani le baagi, ba kobela ruri Bakololo mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;393–394.</ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma dinaga tsa yone gape ka dingwaga tsa bo 1840, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;31.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;693.</ref><ref name=":22">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;114.</ref> Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[:en:Kgotla|kgotla]]'', kopano ya dipuisano e mo go yone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a utlwa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagi ba banna pele a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref name=":34">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;695.</ref><ref name=":23">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1880, batho ba Tswana le ba Khalagari ba ne ba dirile Botswana yotlhe ya gompieno dikolone.<ref name=":20" /> === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe ba ne ba goroga lantlha mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|London Missionary Society]]. Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa dira go fetolela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":24">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Morongwa [[:en:Robert_Moffat_(missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya motse wa gagwe wa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa Botswana wa gompieno jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le Maburu gore ba se ka ba kgona go ya kwa teng.<ref name=":8" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a ne a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekeresete le go kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente e Kgologolo le e Ntšhwa ka bobedi di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa 1857.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;57, 65.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgopolo di le mmalwa tsa itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aforika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''mafisa'' ya bahumi ba adima bahumanegi dikgomo go ba ananya ka tiro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;701.</ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya dithoto tse di fhapegileng ka bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe , mme banna ba ba nyetsweng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le tshwanelo ya ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;698.</ref> Banna ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref> Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se lengwa thata mo kgaolong eo mo lekgolong la lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela komelelo e ne e raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Bagwebi ba lefatshe la Britain ba gorogile ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":24" /> Go tla ga baagi ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe ba ba neng ba nna gaufi le foo go ne ga dira gore merafe ya Batswana e kgone go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Sechele_I|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_I|wa ntlha]] wa batho ba Bakwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya lefatshe la Britain ya morafe wa gagwe.<ref name=":22" /> Morongwa wa kwa Scotland e bong [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o ne a goroga mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma lekgotla la [[:en:Kolobeng_Mission|Kolobeng Mission]]. Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe mo go bokete ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe mo merafeng ya Batswana fa ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano tsa dikontinente tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":15" /> Moaparo wa Bophirima o ne wa amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala ngwagakgolo otlhe mme o kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;120–121.</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a fa batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu.<ref name=":25">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa batho ba Kalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba lebana le kgotlhang go tswa mo ditlhopheng tse dingwe mo kgaolong, mme ya goroga kwa setlhoeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1850. Batswana ba le bantsi, bogolosegolo merafe ya Kwena le Ngwato, ba ne ba lwa kgatlhanong le merafe ya Maaforikanere le ya MaZulu kwa botlhaba jwa Sekaka sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;195.</ref> Ba-Kwena le Ba-Mmanaana ba ne ba lwantsha Maburu go tswa kwa Transvaal ka ngwaga wa 1852, ba sireletsa kgaolo ya bone mme ba fedisa go atologa ga setšhaba go ya kwa bophirima.<ref name=":26">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;396.</ref> Batswana ba ne ba bona ditlhopha tsa barongwa e le tsela ya go tshabela mo batlhaseding, ba rotloetsa go sokologela mo Bokereseteng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Sechele o ne a kopa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Britain ka 1853 go fedisa dintwa tsa kgaolo, mme o ne a ganwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;107.</ref> Baeng ba Europa ba ne ba tlwaelesegile thata mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga fa batsomi, batlhotlhomisi, le bagwebi ba ne ba batla dipoelo le go bona dilo tse di kgatlhang mo kgaolong eo.<ref name=":25" /> Ba le bantsi ba ne ba kwala [[:en:Travel_book|dibuka tsa maeto]] ka ga lefelo leo, tse e neng e le dingwe tsa dikgatiso fela tse e seng tsa thuto ka ga Botswana wa gompieno ka nako eo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;65–66.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1860, go fuduga go tswa mo kgaolong go ne ga oketsega fa banna ba Batswana ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya go bereka kwa meepong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Go ribololwa ga Masimo a [[:en:Tati_Goldfields|Gauta a Tati]] go ne ga tsosa go batla gauta ga ntlha ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe kwa Borwa jwa Aforika ka ngwaga wa 1868.<ref name=":24" /> Kampa ya pele ya meepo e e neng ya tlhongwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1870 e ne ya atologa thata fa e ne e nna lefelo le legolo la terena fa gare ga [[:en:Cape_Province|kgaolo ya Cape]] le [[:en:Bulawayo|Bulawayo]], mme ya nna toropokgolo ya ntlha ya Botswana, e leng [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;15, 29.</ref> Mo nakong e mo hisitoring ya Botswana, dikgosi tse dikgolo tsotlhe e ne e le Bakeresete.[92] Ntwa magareng ga Bakwena le BaKgafela ka ngwaga wa 1875.<ref name=":26" />Kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga di le lesome, kgosi [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa batho ba Ngwato o ne a gapa taolo ya kgwebisano ya Borithane mo bathong ba Kwena.<ref name=":22" /> == Tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland == ''Setlhogo se segolo: [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]'' Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e oketsegang ya lefatshe la Germany mo kgaolong, mme e ne ya dumela go bopa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]].<ref name=":27">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom & Bolt 2018]], p. 40.</ref><ref name=":28">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Makgowa a Britain a ne a eletsa go somarela tlhotlheletso ya yone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka a ne a neelana ka kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aforika.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Dikgosi tsa Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane ya Aforika Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maaforikaner]],<ref name=":29">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;161.</ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ya taolo ya Borithane e ne e le bokoloniale jwa baagi ke Jeremane.<ref name=":30">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;694.</ref> Ba ne ba eletsa gape go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Aforika Borwa kgotsa moeteledipele wa meepo [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa tshireletso e santse e iphitlhela e ikaegile ka Aforika Borwa mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe go nna lefatshe la merafe le le busiwang ke dikgosi le [[:en:Crown_land|lefatshe la segosi]] le le laolwang ke United Kingdom.<ref name=":29" /> Merafe e borobarobedi e ne ya amogelwa ke Maesemane fa go ne go tlhodiwa protectorate. Tse nne tse dikgolo di ne tsa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe: Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Gape go ne ga lemogiwa tse tharo tse dinnye: tsa Kgatla, tsa [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Tlokwa]] le tsa ga [[:en:Malete_people|Malete]]. Ba borobedi, ba Tshidi, ba ne ba fiwa lefelo la polokelo le le kgabaganyang molelwane magareng ga naga e e sireleditsweng le Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;30n1.</ref> Fa maloko a merafe e mennye e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe tsa bona.<ref name=":17" /> Go tsenngwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola mofuta wa puso ya Motswana, ka merafe e ne e sa tlhalosiwe thata mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka dikgaolo di kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;46–47.</ref><ref name=":31">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;24.</ref> Tshireletso kwa tshimologong e ne ya atologela kwa Ngwato, e fitlha go tswa go didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa go ya kwa [[:en:Molopo_River|Nokeng ya Molopo]], mme e ne ya atolosiwa go ya kwa didikiriing di le lesome le borobabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhela kwa Nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwaga wa 1890.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;30.</ref>Se se ne sa tlamela Maborithane ka badiri ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya yona mme sa bopa sekgoreletsi se segolo sa go lekanyetsa bokoloniale jwa Jeremane.<ref name=":32" /> Batho ba bangwe ba Tswana ba ne ba nna kwa borwa jwa tshireletso mme moragonyana ba ne ba tsenngwa mo Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":28" /> Batho ba ga Kgafela ba ne ba nna kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa 1887. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna seka-Kgatla.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53.</ref>Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa 1891 go tlhoma tshireletso semmuso.<ref name=":29" /> Puso ya yone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa mookamedi go nna tlhogo ya yone. Mookamedi o ne a fiwa dithata tse di anameng mo tshireletsong, fa fela a ne a tlotla molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> Motsemogolo wa yone e ne e le toropo ya Aforika Borwa ya Vryburg, go supa gore babusi ba bokoloniale ba ne ba sa nne mo tshireletsong mme ba ne ba sa amege ka tlhamalalo mo mererong ya yona.<ref name=":33">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;41.</ref>Go na le moo, mookamedi yo mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusa-baokamedi ba babedi, mme mookamedi wa kgaolo o ne a tlhofofatsa go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":35">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Go tsenngwa ga puso ya Borithane mo Aforikaborwa go ne go raya gore Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne e ikaegile ka yona mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;162.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore Bechuanaland Protectorate ke setheo sa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore e tla tloga e tsewa ke kolone ya Borithane.<ref name=":37">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;115.</ref> Fa go ntse jalo, e ne e dumela gore tshireletso e e kgonang go itshedisa e tla ja madi a mannye go e tlhokomela.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":41">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;108.</ref> Ka ntlha ya mabaka a, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya gapeletsa taolo e nnye fela e e tlhamaletseng ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland.<ref name=":23" /> Dikgosi di ne di akola dikgang tse mme tsa kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jo bo anameng, fela tshegetso ya bokoloniale e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka tumelelo ya merafe go tshegetsa puso.<ref name=":36">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;41–42.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;66–67.</ref>[ Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya seemanosi, se se neng sa baka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho le go tlhaola basadi le merafe e mennye.<ref name=":38">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;161–162.</ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa tshireletso === {{Multiple image|total_width=300|image1=Chief-khama-III.jpg|image2=Sebele I by Fritsch 1865.jpg|image3=Bathoen I in london1895.jpg|footer=Khama III, Sebele I le Bathoen I, ba ba neng ba kgona go tlhotlheletsa puso ya Borithane gore e se ka ya tsenya Bechuanaland Protectorate mo taolong ya Khamphani ya British South Africa.|direction=Horizontal}} Batho ba lefatshe la Britain ba ne a rulagantse gore kwa bofelong ba akaretse Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland mo Kopanong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":31" /> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso, United Kingdom e ne ya tsena mo dipuisanong le Cecil Rhodes go e tsenya mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aforika Borwa ya Borithane]].<ref name=":27" /> Fa ba araba, dikgosi tse tharo tse di nang le tlhotlheletso thata—Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, Sebele Iwa ntlha wa Ba-Kwena, le Bathoen wa ntlha wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto lwa bodipolomate go ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa1895 mme ba dira gore puso e se ka ya wetsa tumalano eo.<ref name=":33" /><ref name=":39">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvii.</ref>Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di dirisanang le makgoa a lefatshe la Briritsh jaaka setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref name=":40">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> mme sa kwala batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka setšhaba se le sengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[:en:Jameson_Raid|Jameson Raid]] ka yone e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba makgowa a lefatshe la British marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;30–31.</ref> Go ketekwa ga dikgosi tse go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aforika: ''Khamé'', ''Sebéle'' le ''Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa lefatshe la London ka one ngwaga oo. Mokwalo o o [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhagisitse tlhamane]] e e simolotseng ya gore merafe ya bone e meraro ka go farologana e tlhodilwe ke bakaulengwe ba bararo.<ref name=":42">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;670.</ref> Gape ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropong e nngwe ya Aforika Borwa, [[:en:Mafeking|Mafeking]],<ref name=":33" />mme kompone ya Marope a Bogologolo e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marope a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go batla gauta.<ref name=":32" /> Tshireletso e ne ya amiwa thata ke go runya ga bolwane mo diphologolong ya Aforika ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, ya latlhegelwa ke dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa leruo la yona le diphologolo tsa naga.<ref name=":39" /> [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|Seporo sa tshireletso se agilwe ka]] [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|ngwaga wa 1897]] jaaka mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tsosa [[:en:Pioneer_Column|setlhopa sa Babulatsela]] go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa Ngwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole.<ref name=":43">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la [[:en:Jameson_Raid|tlhaselo ya ga Jameson]] ka 1896.<ref name=":39" /> Morafe wa Kgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya [[:en:Boer_War|Ntwa ya Maburu]], o lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane.<ref name=":43" /> Itsholelo ya pele ya bokoloniale ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne ya nna e tshwana thata le itsholelo ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref /> United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata naga ya tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e fa Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka mo meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;42.</ref> Makgetho le one a ne a tsenngwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la ntlwana]] ka ngwaga wa 1899, le le neng la emisediwa ka [[:en:Poll_tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa 1909.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Lekgetho la selegae le ne la tsenngwa moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 1919.<ref name=":44">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;31.</ref>Makgetho a bokoloniale kwa Tshireletsong ya Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme se sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagi go ba rotloetsa go nna.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;43–44.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la akanyetsa go kopanya tshireletso mo Aforika Borwa jaaka e ne e [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|kopanya dikoloni tsa yona tsa borwa jwa Aforika]], fela kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":39" /> ya kopana ka ngwaga wa 1910.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;137.</ref> Boloko bo ne bo dira gore tshireletso e nne le karolo tse pedi mo lekgolong fela ya lotseno lwa bokopano.<ref name=":44" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1910, merafe yotlhe ya Batswana e ne e amogetse Bokeresete.<ref name=":24" />Bechuanaland e ne ya romela masole a le makgolo a le mmalwa go thusa Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya [[:en:World_War_I|Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya ntlha]].<ref name=":43" /> Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o ne wa iphitlhela o wela tlase ka nako eo, mme ka iketlo o ne wa latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso mo pusong e e neng e sireleditswe.<ref name=":42" /> [[:en:Sebele_II|Sebele wa bobedi]] o ne a nna kgosi ya Kwena ka ngwaga wa 1918, a tlhatlhama rraagwe, [[:en:Sechele_II|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_II|wa bobedi]]. Sechele II o ne a thulana le Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o o neng o laola, a letlelela go nna teng ga Anglican le go busetsa mekgwa e mentsi ya setso e e jaaka go nyala basadi ba le bantsi, go dira pula le ''[[:en:Bogwera|bogwera]]''. Sebele II o ne a tswelela ka kgwetlho ya ga rraagwe kwa Mokgatlhong wa Barongwa wa London, go ngongorega ga puso ya Borithane.<ref /> Puso e e gabedi ya dikgosi le tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya dira gore tsamaiso e nne thata, ka jalo tsamaiso e ne ya tlhama makgotla a mabedi a bagakolodi go lekalekanya balaodi bao.<ref name=":44" /> Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana (moragonyana Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Aforika) le ne la tlhongwa ka ngwagawa 1919.<ref name=":35" />Kopano e ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya dikgosi le batho ba bangwe ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso mo tshireletsong e ne ya letla puso ya Borithane go utlwa le go laola merafe mmogo go na le ka bongwe.[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;47–49.</ref>] Khama wa boraro wa Ngwato o ne a gana go tsaya karolo, a supa bokoa jwa tiragatso ya thibelo ya bojalwa mo morafeng wa borwa. Khama wa boraro o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1923<ref name=":45">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;230.</ref> mme a tlhatlhangwa ke [[:en:Sekgoma_II|Sekgoma]] [[:en:Sekgoma_II|wa bobedi]], yo o neng a direla go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1926.<ref name=":45" /> Morwa wa ga Sekgoma e bong [[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] o ne a sa ntse a le lesea, ka jalo [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama|Tshekedi Khama]] o ne a nna mmusi.<ref name=":46">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Tshekedi o ne a lemogwa jaaka moemedi wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> Fa Seretse a ntse a gola, Tshekedi o ne a gatelela gore a fiwe [[:en:Liberal_education|thuto e e gololesegileng]] go na le gore a romelwe kwa sekolong sa madirelo sa Rhodesia.<ref>Samatar 1999, p.&#x20;179.</ref> === Tlhabololo le tlhotlheletso e e oketsegileng ya Borithane === Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920, kgosi Isang Pilane wa batho ba Kgatla o ne a okametse sekema sa ntlha se segolo sa tlhabololo ya metsi sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland , a dira gore go epiwe metswedi ya metsi e le lesomethataro, mme di le supa tsa tsone di ne tsa nna ditlamelo tsa metsi tse di atlegileng. Tse e ne tsa tlwaelega thata mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang fa puso ya Borithane e ne e kgatlhegela go atolosa itsholelo ya tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;70.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930, Isang Pilane le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana ba ne ba dira gore dikhuti di nne tse di hapegileng, ka gonne di ne di sa tlhokomelwe ka fa tlase ga bong jo bo kopanetsweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], pp.&#x20;699–700.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya nna teng mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1930, ya bolaya go feta karolo ya masome a marataro mo lekgolong ya dikgomo tsa tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne ya tsaya karolo e e matlhagatlhaga mo pusong ya tshireletso go simolola ka ngwaga wa 1930.<ref name=":47">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;58.</ref><ref name=":41" />Mo ngwageng oo, e ne ya simolola go tlamela ka matlole ka tlhamalalo go tshireletso.<ref name=":48">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Charles Rey o ne a tlhomiwa go nna molaodi wa Moagi wa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, mme o ne a na le maikarabelo a go rulaganya itsholelo sešwa go dikologa dikgomo tsa go romelwa kwa ntle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;55–56.</ref> Maiteko a go fetola tshireletso go ya kwa tlhabololong ya meepo le temothuo ya kgwebo a ne a lekwa mme a bona a kgarametswa morago go tswa mo dikgosing.<ref name=":37" /> Molaodi wa Moagi Rey o ne a thulana le kgosi Sebele wa bobedi, mme a dira gore a lelekwe ka 1931. Sebele II o ne a emisediwa ka morwarraagwe yo mmotlana, Kgari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dikgato tse dingwe di ne tsa lekwa ke puso ya Borithane ka 1934 go thibela maatla a a sa laolweng a dikgosi morago ga go menolwa ga ga Sebele II. Dikgato tseno di ne tsa laela makgotla a bagakolodi a dikgosi di neng di tshwanetse go buisana le one mme di ne di batla gore puso ya Borithane e newe phitlhelelo ya direkoto tsa kgotlatshekelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;69–70.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;49.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Bathoen_II|Bathoen wa bobedi]] wa Ngwaketse le moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao mo maitekong a. Le fa kgotlatshekelo ya Borithane e ne ya atlhola kgatlhanong le kgwetlho, dipholisi tse dišwa ga di ise di ko di tsenngwe tirisong ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;72–73.</ref><ref name=":49">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Dithibelo tse dingwe di ne tsa amogelwa ka kgoeletso ya bokoloniale go lekanyetsa bokgoni jwa dikgosi go lefisa makgetho le go gapa dikgomo tse di timetseng.<ref name=":39" /> Molaodi yo mošwa wa baagi, [[:en:Charles_Arden-Clarke|Charles Arden-Clarke]], o ne a tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1936 mme a dira gaufi le dikgosi.<ref name=":49" /> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe II === Dipoifo tsa tlhaselo ya Jeremane kwa Bechuanaland di ne tsa gola pele ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi ka ntlha ya boemo jwa yone jwa togamaano fa gare ga dikoloni tsa Boritane tse di fa gare le tse di kwa borwa mo Aforika. Malatsi a le lesome le bongwe pele ga ntwa e itsisiwe, puso ya Borithane e ne ya tlhagisa naga e e sireleditsweng gore e nne e le mo seemong se se siameng, mme masole a sesole a ne a rulaganngwa. Malatsi a le manè morago ga gore Borithane e bolele ntwa kgatlhanong le lefatshe la Germany, Molaodi wa Moagi Arden-Clarke o ne a tshwara kopano le dikgosi kwa ba neng ba solofetsa go tshegetsa maiteko a ntwa ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> Letsatsi le le latelang, khomišene e kgolo e ne ya ntsha kgoeletso ya [[:en:Emergency_powers|dithata tsa tshoganyetso]] tse di neng tsa e fa taolo e e feletseng mo tirong ya setšhaba mo tshireletsong, fela dikgosi di ne tsa itsisiwe gore di tla nna le maikarabelo a bontsi jwa tiragatso le go boloka kagiso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;33–34.</ref> Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi di ne di batlile go se go nne le tshusumetso epe mo bathong ba Bechuanaland, mme bontsi bo ne bo na le kakanyo e e sa tlhamalalang fela ya gore ntwa e ne e le teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya ngotlega fa palo e kgolo ya baagi ba basweu ba ne ba ikwadisa mo Sesoleng sa Boritane. Ba ba neng ba setse ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo mo thulaganyong ya tshireletsego fa go ka direga gore borwa jwa Aforika bo nne letlhakore le lengwe mo ntweng.<ref name=":50">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;35.</ref> Kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa dikgosi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya rotloetsa Batswana ba ba neng ba eletsa go direla le Sesole sa Borithane go ikwadisa le Sesole sa Batswana sa Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Banna ba Batswana ba ka nna makgolo a supa ba ne ba ikwadisa le setlhopha seno.<ref name=":51">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Go tlhokomela Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland go ne ga nna selo se se kwa tlase mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya Kwelotlase e Kgolo ya itsholelo le Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi,<ref name=":41" /> mme tshireletso ga e a ka ya amogela matlole ape go tswa kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":48" /> Mmusomogolo wa Borithane o ne o na le taolo e nnye mo Bechuanaland fa o bapisiwa le dikgaolo tsa one tse dingwe, mme maiteko a Borithane a go laola tlhagiso ya nako ya ntwa mo tshireletsong a ne a sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;124.</ref> Ntwa e ne ya fetola thata itsholelo ya tshireletso fa e ntse e tswelela, ya tlhagisa tlhaelo, go aba dijo, le ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> [[:en:Profiteering|Go dira dipoelo]] le go [[:en:Price_gouging|fokotsa ditlhwatlhwa]] go ne go tlwaelesegile, mme puso ya bokoloniale, e e neng e sa kgone go gagamatsa [[:en:Price_control|ditaolo tsa ditlhwatlhwa]], e ne ya dirisa [[:en:Gentlemen's_agreement|ditumalano tsa banna]] le bagwebi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;138.</ref> Makgetho a ne a tlhatlosiwa mme mananeo a Letlole la Tlhabololo ya Bokoloniale di ne tsa fokodiwa kwa tshimologong ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi go tlhoma boipuso jwa matlole go tswa mo mmusomogolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;125–126.</ref> Kgoeletso ya Taolo ya Madirelo a Leruo ya ntlha ya ngwaga wa 1940 e ne ya fetisiwa go duedisa dikgomo lekgetho, madirelo a a magolo a tshireletso, mme fela e ne ya kopana le kganetso e e boitshegang go tswa kwa Batswaneng le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la kaorolokgolong ya lefatsa ya Europe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> Letlole la ntwa le ne le dira kwa Bechuanaland, mme le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le solohetse gore meneelo e nne ya boithaopo, dikgosi di ne tsa dirisa taolo ya tsone mo merafeng ya tsone go pateletsa meneelo. E ne ya emisediwa ka lekgetho ka ngwaga wa1941, fela se se ne se sa ratwe thata mme sa itshupa se le thata go se diragatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;128–131.</ref> === Botsayakarolo jwa Batswana mo Ntweng ya Lefatshe II === [[Setshwantsho:Bechuanaland Boys cleaning Aa Guns in the Twilight after Action, Syracuse, Sicily Art.IWMARTLD4576.jpg|thumb|Basimane ba Bechuanaland ba phepafatsa Ditlhobolo tsa Aa mo Lefifing morago ga Tiragalo, Syracuse, Sicily, tiro ya botaki ya 1944 e e dirilweng ke [[:en:Leslie_Cole_(artist)|Leslie Cole]]]] Go thapiwa ga sesole go simolotse kwa Bechuanaland ka ngwaga wa 1941.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;34–35.</ref> Banna ba ka nna dikete tse tlhano le makgolo a matlhano ba ne ba katisiwa mme ba romelwa kwa ntweng mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse thataro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Banna ba bangwe ba Batswana ba le dikete tse tlhano ba ne ba tsenelela ntwa ka ngwaga wa 1942.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ka kakaretso, masole a ka nna dikete tse lesome le bongwe go tswa kwa Bechuanaland a ne a lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":50" /> Ba feta dikete tse lesome ba bone ba ne ba direla mo Sesoleng sa Boritane sa [[:en:African_Auxiliary_Pioneer_Corps|Babulatsela ba ba Thusang ba Aforika]].<ref name=":51" /> Dikgosi ka tlwaelo di ne di na le tshwanelo ya go [[:en:Conscript|kwadisa]] masole, mme di ne di itlhokomolosa dikeletso tsa puso ya bokoloniale tsa gore tirelo ya sesole e nne ya boithaopo gotlhelele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;44–46.</ref> Moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato o ne a dira gore a se ka a ratwa ke batho ka go dirisa go tsenngwa mo sesoleng jaaka sedirisiwa sa taolo, a go dirisa sebetsa go didimatsa batshwayadiphoso le baganetsi ba sepolotiki.<ref name=":52">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Banna ba ba neng ba eletsa go tila go tsenela bosole ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Aforika Borwa kgotsa kwa mafelong a a kgakala jaaka metlhaba ya [[:en:Okavango_Delta|noka e phatlallang ya Okavango]] le [[:en:Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park|sekgwa sa Kgalagadi]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;47.</ref> Ba bangwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgato tsa go itlhokomela ka bonako, jaaka go epa dikhutsi fa bathapi ba ne ba etela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di eletsa go dirisa go tsaya karolo ga tsone mo ntweng go bona ditshwanelo tse dingwe mo teng ga Mmusomogolo wa Borithane, mme di ne di tshaba gore go fenngwa ga Borithane go tla ba dira babusiwa ba Jeremane kgotsa Aforika Borwa, e leng phelelo e ba neng ba eletsa go e tila.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;39–40.</ref> Maiteko a ntwa gape e ne e le tshono ya go busetsa banna ba Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugetse kwa Aforika Borwa go ya go dira ditiro tsa meepo; dikgosi di ne di eletsa go fedisa mokgwa o mme di ne di ikutlwa di ka dira jalo ka go neelana ka ditiro tsa sesole.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;41–43.</ref> Dituelo dingwe tsa sesole di ne tsa diegisiwa go malapa a masole, mme ditekanyetso tsa thomelo kwa ntle di ne tsa tlosiwa ka nako ya ntwa, mme tsa baka go tsena ga madi kwa Bechuanaland.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;133.</ref> Fa go bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tse di mo Mmusong wa Boritane, batho ba Bechuanaland ba ne ba amogela ntwa eo. Batswana ba le bantsi ba ne ba na le maikutlo a boikanyegi mo mmusomogolong kgotsa ba ikutlwa gore dikgatlhego tsa bone di a tsamaisana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;36–37.</ref> Dikgosi dingwe, jaaka [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|Kgari Sechele]] [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|wa bobedi]] wa kwa ga Kwena le Molefi Pilane wa ga Kgatla, ba ne ba ikwadisa ka sebele. Ba ne ba dira jaaka disajene tse dikgolo tsa masole, e leng maemo a a kwa godimo a a neng a le teng mo Batswaneng.<ref name=":52" /> Go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya letlelela Batswana go nna le diteseletso tsa kgwebo le go dira mo teng ga naga e e sireleditsweng. Se pele se ne se lekanyeditswe batho basweu le makula.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;135.</ref> Setlhopha sa Dikgaolo tsa Dikhomišene tse di Kwa Godimo se ne se le kwa Botlhabagare go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1946 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1949.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> === Mokgatlho wa boipuso === [[Setshwantsho:1960 6d Bechuanaland Protectorate stamp.jpg|thumb|Setempe sa ngwaga wa 1960 sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland se se nang le ditshwantsho tsa ga [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Kgosigadi Victoria]] le [[:en:Elizabeth_II|Elizabeth wa bobedi]], dikgosi tsa ntlha le tsa bofelo tsa Borithane tsa tshireletso .]] Bokhutlo jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi bo ne jwa tla ka phetogo e kgolo mo setšhabeng. Dikgosi di ne tsa bonwa di se botlhokwa thata mo sebopegong sa loago, mme bontsi bo ne jwa tlogela dipolelo tsa bone tsa lefatshe lotlhe mo dikgomong tsa merafe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;51.</ref> Didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa setšhaba, jaaka lefatshe le badiri, di ne tsa dirwa tse di hapegileng le go dirwa dithoto.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;52.</ref> Phitlhelelo ya thuto e ne ya tlhola setlhopha sa batlhalefi ba ba [[:en:Liberalism|gololesegileng]] ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le puso ya dikgosi mme ba simolola go ipopela mafelo a bone a maatla mo mekgatlhong ya badiri le ditlhopha tsa baagi.<ref name=":63">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;165.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1946, ke karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong fela ya paoyotlhe ya baagi e e neng e na le tiro kwa ntle ga temothuo le ditirelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya bona koketsego e kgolo ya dikelo tsa matsalo jaaka karolo ya bogare jwa [[:en:Mid-20th_century_baby_boom|ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi wa go tlhatloga ga masea]] mo dingwageng tsa morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, e e neng e tsamaya le koketsego ya [[:en:Life_expectancy|dingwaga tsa botshelo]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e simolotse lenaneo la yone la ntlha ya tlhabololo mo tshireletsong, e leng lefelo la matlhabelo, ka dingwaga tsa bo ka ngwaga wa 1950.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;81.</ref> Maborithane, a santse a solofetse go kopanya tshireletso go nna Aforika Borwa, kwa bofelong a ne a phimola leano le morago ga tshimologo ya [[:en:Apartheid|Tlhaolele]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref>Fa maiteko a simolola go tlhama tsela e ntšhwa ya isago ya tshireletso, tshireletso e ne ya bewa mo seemong sa go tlhoka maitseo, mme ga go na tsela ya go ya pele e e neng e bonala sentle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], pp.&#x20;672–673.</ref> Tshitshinyo nngwe e ne e le go e tsenya mo [[:en:Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland|Mokgatlhong wa Rhodesia le Nyasaland]], o lefatshe la United Kingdom e o tlhamileng ka fa tlase ga pholisi ya "tirisanommogo ya merafe e mentsi".<ref>Parsons 2006, p.&#x20;673.</ref> Fa mojaboswa wa Ngwato Seretse Khama a gola, mmusi Tshekedi Khama o ne a leka go tshwarelela mo pusong.<ref name=":53">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;696.</ref> Seretse o ne a nyala mosadi wa mosweu, [[:en:Ruth_Williams_Khama|Ruth Williams]], fa a ne a ithuta kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom, mme se sa baka matlhabisa ditlhong mo lelapeng la segosi la ga Ngwato.<ref name=":46" /> Le fa kwa tshimologong setšhaba se ne se le kgatlhanong le lenyalo le, go sa ratweng ga ga Tshekedi go ne ga fetola maikutlo a Seretse.<ref name=":47" /> Kgang e ne ya tlhagisiwa mo kgotleng ka ngwaga wa 1949, mme puso ya ga Tshekedi e ne ya ganwa ka bontsi ke diketekete tsa batho ba ba neng ba le teng.<ref name=":53" /><ref name=":47" /> Tshekedi le batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Kwena kwa botshabelo.<ref name=":54">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Puso ya makgowa e ne e sa itshokele lenyalo la ga Seretse le mosadi yo mosweu. Ka maiteko a go ritibatsa puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, e ne ya leleka banyalani ba mo pusong ya tshireletso ka ngwaga wa 1950. Se se ne sa tsosa mokgatlho wa bosetšhaba o o neng o gola mo gare ga baemanokeng ba ga Seretse mo pusong ya tshireletso, o o neng wa tlhagelela ka botlalo ka ngwaga wa 1952.<ref name=":37" /> Ka nako ya fa Seretse a ne a seyo, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la baya molaodi wa kgaolo dingwaga di le nne pele ga e tlhoma Rasebolai Kgamane, motshegetsi wa ga Tshekedi, go nna moemedi.<ref name=":54" /> Morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tsuologela go lelekwa ga ga Seretse.<ref name=":55">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;53.</ref> Batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba kopa gore a bowe, mme go ne ga tsoga dikhuduego fa ba ne ba ganwa. Seretse o ne a feleletsa a letleletswe go boa ka ngwaga wa1956.<ref name=":56">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Ka nako e, kgaogano e e gagametseng ya merafe mo Aforika Borwa ya Tlhaolele e ne ya thibela lefatshe la United Kingdom go e ritibatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;200.</ref> Mo nakong yotlhe ya mathata a go lelekwa ga ga Seretse, maatla a ne a tlogela bogosi mme a ya kwa mekgatlhong ya ditlhopho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;91.</ref> Tshekedi le Seretse ba ne ba dira kagiso fa Seretse a boa, mme Seretse a nna moeteledipele wa ''nnete'' wa Ngwato, le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le mo thibetse go nna kgosi ya semmuso.<ref name=":56" /> Ka thotloetso ya Borithane, morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tlhama lekgotla la morafe, le Seretse le Tshekedi ka bobedi e neng e le maloko a lone.<ref name=":55" /> Merafe e mengwe e ne ya tlhoma makgotla a merafe a a tshwanang, a a neng a dira jaaka ditšheke tsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Go ne ga sala letlhoo lengwe fa gare ga banna ba babedi ba: Tshekedi o ne a eletsa go boloka puso ya morafe le maatla a dikgosi, fa Seretse ene a ne a akanya ka puso ya batho ka batho ya boemedi le dikgosi tse di bokoa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;91–92.</ref> Selekanyo sa maatla a a beeleditsweng mo dikgosing e ne ya nna kgang e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata mo mokgatlhong wa boipuso o o neng o gola, bogolosegolo mo bathong ba ga Ngwato le ba lelapa la ga Khama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;93–94.</ref> Bechuanaland Protectorate Federal Party e ne e le lekoko la ntlha la sepolotiki le le neng la tlhamiwa mo kgaolong ya tshireletso fa le ne le tlhamiwa ke moeteledipele wa mokgatlo wa Ngwato [[:en:Leetile_Disang_Raditladi|Leetile Disang Raditladi]] ka ngwaga wa 1959. Le bopilwe thata ke batho ba maemo le batlhalefi, le ne le buelela kopano ya merafe ya Batswana. Lekoko le ne la palelwa ke go bona tshegetso mme la nna lobaka lo lokhutshwane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;94.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, [[:en:Bechuanaland_People's_Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] (BPP, moragonyana Lekoko la Batho la Botswana) le ne la tlhamiwa jaaka lekoko le le bogale thata, le le ganetsanang le puso ya merafe ya setso mme la bona boikuelo mo badiring ba bafaladi.<ref name=":57">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> E ne e eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Motsamai_Mpho|Motsamai Mpho]], [[:en:Philip_Matante|Philip Matante]], le Kgalemang Morsete.<ref name=":58">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xviii.</ref> BPP, e e neng ya tlhamiwa jaaka molekane wa Setswana wa lekoko la [[:en:African_National_Congress|African National Congress]] la Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":59">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;74.</ref> e ne ya tshegetsa boipuso jwa ka bonako le go fedisiwa gotlhelele ga bogosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Ka go tshaba gore BPP e tla nyatsa puso e e leng teng le go tshuba dikgotlhang le puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, dikgosi le puso ya Borithane di ne tsa thibela bokgoni jwa yona jwa go kopana.<ref name=":57" /> Merafe ya tshireletso mmogo e ne ya bopa lekgotla la peomolao ka ngwaga wa 1961.<ref name=":37" /> Batho ba Kwena ba ne ba iphitlhela ba le ka fa tlase ga moemedi, [[:en:Neale_Sechele|Neale Sechele]], ka ngwaga wa 1963, se se rayang gore ba ne ba na le tlhotlheletso e nnye ya sepolotiki fa mokgatlho wa boipuso o ntse o gola.<ref name=":60">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;102.</ref> Leano la Tlhabololo la Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland la dingwaga tsa 1963/1968 le ne la kwalwa ka thulaganyo ya dipuisano ka ngwaga wa 1963, le tlhama tlhaloso ya boipuso jwa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;26–27.</ref> Fa palo ya batho e ne ba sa dire sepe mo dipolotiking ka kakaretso, lefatshe la United Kingdom e ne ya nna nngwe ya mafatshe a a neng a etelela pele go bona boipuso. Ka go tshwenyega gore lekoko la BPP e ne e le e e tseneletseng thata, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa moeteledipele wa yone yo o mo ratang, Seretse Khama, go tlhama lekoko la sepolotiki.<ref name=":59" /> Le fa Khama a ne a dumalana le mekgwa ya lekoko la BPP e e kgatlhanong le bosemorafe le ya lefatshe, o ne a le kgatlhanong le tsela ya yone ya go tlhoma dipolotiki le go amogela ga yone bojammogo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;96.</ref>O ne a dumela go tlogela go bolela ga gagwe mo bathong ba ga Ngwato go dira jaaka radipolotiki, a tlhama [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Lekoko la]] [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|puso ya batho ka batho la Bechuanaland]] (BDP, moragonyana ya nna lekoko la Botswana Democratic ) ka ngwaga wa 1962.<ref name=":59" /> Lekoko la BDP e ne ya itlhoma jaaka "lekoko la dikgosi", mme ya amogela dikakanyo tse di amanang le puso ya merafe ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref name=":30" /> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa lekoko la BDP, le tlhaloganya gore le tla tshegetsa kgwebisano ya leruo ya motlha wa bokoloniale.<ref name=":73">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;149.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1963, kgosi ya Kgatla Linchwe e ne e le ene fela kgosi e e neng e le kgatlhanong le BDP e bile e na le tlhotlheletso ya sepolotiki, mme batho ba Kgatla ba ne ba rata lekoko la BDP, ka jalo o ne a nna a sa tsenelele mo dipolotiking.<ref name=":60" /> Thulaganyo ya phetogo e ne ya simolola ka lekoko la BDP e ne e solofetswe go busa Botswana yo o ikemetseng, mme puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya bereka le boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BDP go ba baakanyetsa go tsamaisa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Go ne ga tshwarwa bokopano ka ngwaga wa 1963 go okamela go tlhamiwa ga molaotheo o mosha. Dikgotlhang tsa ka fa gare ga lekoko la BPP di ne di raya gore lekoko la BDP e ne e na le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo thulaganyong. Tshekedi Khama o ne a tlhokafetse ka nako e, ka jalo Bathoen wa bobedi o ne a nna moeteledipele wa lekoko le le neng le ema nokeng puso ya bofederale, a dumela gore le tla boloka puso e le mo diatleng tsa dikgosi. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le boradipolotiki ba Batswana ba ne ba tshegetsa puso ya bosetšhaba e e kopaneng ka gonne Botswana e ne e humanegile thata go ka kgaoganya dithoto tsa yona le ka gonne go tlhoka go kopanya dithoto go ne go tla dira gore e nne mo kotsing ya go tlhaselwa ke merafe e mengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Puso ya dikgaolo e e itsholetseng e ne ya itshupa e sa kgonege mo dipolotiking, ka jalo go ne ga dirwa tumalano ya gore dikgosi di tla bopa Ntlo ya Dikgosi, e leng setlhopha sa bagakolodi mo teng ga [[:en:Parliament_of_Botswana|Palamente ya Botswana]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;98–99.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di santse di le kgatlhanong le thulaganyo e, mme mo mokgatlhong o o neng o eteletswe pele ke Bathoen, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya fetisa tlhopo ya [[:en:No_confidence|go sa tshepe]] puso e ntšhwa, mme fela go tlhoka maatla a yone a sepolotiki go ne ga e thibela go dirisa phetogo e e nang le bokao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Molao wa Lekgotla la Kgaolo o ne wa fetisiwa jaaka tsela e nngwe ya go lekanyetsa maatla a dikgosi ka go tlhama makgotla a a tla okamelang kgaolo le toropo nngwe le nngwe,<ref name=":58" /> go dira gore mekgatlho e e tlhophilweng e e nne balaodi ba konokono ba selegae.<ref name=":64">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Toropo ya [[:en:Gaborone|Gaborone]] e agilwe ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme ya itsisiwe jaaka motsemogolo o mošwa.<ref name=":59" /> E agilwe mo lefatsheng la puso ya Borithane, le le neng le tlamela ka lefelo le le sa tseyeng letlhakore le le neng le sa laolwe ke morafe ope .<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;16.</ref> [[:en:Constitution_of_Botswana|Molamotheo]] o ne wa tsenngwa tirisong ka one ngwaga oo.<ref name=":59" /> Ka se se tirisong, Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la fa tshireletso puso ya go ipusa.<ref name=":61">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;116.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1965 gape e ne ya bona go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Dikgotla tsa Dikgaolo o o neng wa fetola seabe sa bokoloniale sa molaodi wa kgaolo ka go se bofa mo makgotleng a dikgaolo a a sa tswang go tlhamiwa,<ref name=":74">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> mme wa bona go tlhongwa ga Banka ya Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba e e neng e le ya puso.<ref name=":75">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Mpho o ne a kgaogana le lekoko la BPP go tlhama Lekoko la Boipuso la Bechuanaland (BIP) ka ngwaga wa 1965.<ref name=":62">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> E eteletswe pele ke Seretse Khama le [[:en:Quett_Masire|Quett Masire]], lekoko la BDP le ne la dira letsholo mo e ka nnang mo motseng mongwe le mongwe wa kgaolo ya tshireletso pele ga ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kakaretso. Go farologana le batho ba bangwe ba sepolotiki kwa Bechuanaland, Seretse Khama o ne a na le boikuelo go ralala merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":60" /> Morago ga moo lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhophiwa go etelela puso ya ntlha pele.<ref name=":61" /> Lekoko la BPP le ne la gapa manno a le mararo fela mo lekgotleng la peomolao, mme lekoko la BIP le ne la palelwa ke go gapa epe.<ref name=":62" /> Morago ga ditlhopho, go ne ga tlhamiwa lekoko la [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|Botswana]] [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|National Front]] (BNF) jaaka lekoko le le kopaneng la kganetso ya BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Kenneth_Koma|Kenneth Koma]], lekoko la BNF le ne la nna mmaba yo mogolo wa lekoko la BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;109.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;31–33.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhopha Khama go nna tonakgolo ya naga.<ref name=":65">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;204.</ref>Go farologana le makoko a mantsi a sepolotiki a a tlhomilweng mo Aforika, BDP e ne e le lekoko le le itekanetseng le le sa fetogeng go na le go nna lekoko le le kgatlhanong le bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;711.</ref> Morago ga go tlhamiwa ga yona, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya ntsha tlhopo ya go sa tshepe molaotheo ka ngwaga wa 1966, mme se sa dira gore go nne le letsholo la bosetšhaba la go tshegetsa molaotheo le le neng la bona tshegetso e e lekaneng gore dikgosi di fedise maiteko a tsone a go o gwetlha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;100–101.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya newa boipuso jaaka Rephaboliki ya Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966.<ref name=":61" /> == Repaboliki ya Botswana == [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Independence, 1966.png|thumb|[[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] a ikanisa maikano a go nna Tautona wa ntlha wa Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966]] Boipuso jwa Botswana bo ne bo kaya go tsenngwa tirisong ga puso ya batho le batho e e gololesegileng, go tlisa ditlhopho, tshireletso ya ditshwanelo tsa batho, le tirelosetšhaba.<ref name=":64" /> Se se ne sa dira gore go nne le thulaganyo ya go tlhatlosiwa maemo e e ikaegileng ka bokgoni le go tlhamiwa ga tsamaiso ya puso ya maranyane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref>Setšhaba se ne sa bopa puso e e neng e fetotswe go tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]],<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;23–24.</ref> mme Tonakgolo Seretse Khama a nna Moporesidente Seretse Khama.<ref name=":65" /> Go ne ga tlhamiwa boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba, jwa kopanya merafe e e sa tshwaneng mo letshwaong le le lengwe la Setswana, ka ngwao e e ikaegileng ka ya merafe ya Setswana.<ref name=":80">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNyamnjoh2007|Nyamnjoh 2007]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Botswana e ne ya boloka bontsi jwa ditheo tsa yone tsa merafe tsa pele ga bokoloniale morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;54.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Se e ne e le ditlamorago tsa puso e e nonofileng e e neng e amana le merafe ya Batswana le tsereganyo e e lekanyeditsweng ya puso ya Borithane mo dinakong tsa bokoloniale.<ref name=":34" /> Mofuta wa go buisana wa dipolotiki tsa setšhaba pele le morago ga boipuso e ne e le mokgwa o o sa tlwaelesegang mo merafeng e mengwe e mentsi ya Aforika e e neng ya nna le babusaesi morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;30, 56.</ref> Go na le go fedisa bogosi, puso e ntšhwa e ne ya bo tsenya mo tsamaisong ya semolao, ya fa dikgosi dithata tsa boatlhodi ka ''kgotla'', go ikaegile ka dikgotlatshekelo tsa boikuelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe]] 2012, p.&#x20;36.</ref>Tlwaelo ya go ikobela boeteledipele, e e kileng ya fiwa dikgosi, e ne ya sutela kwa botautoneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;30.</ref> Puso e ne ya tiisa go tlhomama ga yona ka go thapa tirelosetšhaba ya yone ka baitseanape b<ref name=":66">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref>a dinaga di sele, go farologana le dinaga tse dingwe tse dišwa tsa Aforika tse gantsi di neng di leleka baitseanape ba dinaga di sele.<ref name=":67">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref name=":68">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;105.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;59.</ref> Se se ne sa boloka puso ya mofuta wa Bophirima e e neng e gatelela tlhabololo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;259.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go tlamela Botswana ka matlole mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse tlhano tsa go nna teng ga yone.<ref name=":61" /> Maemo a yone a kagiso, a puso ya batho ka batho fa a bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tsa Aforika a ne a raya gore e ne ya amogela thuso e ntsi go tswa mo mekgatlhong ya Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;255.</ref> Ka nako ya boipuso, Botswana e ne e le setšhaba se se humanegileng thata, go feta bontsi jwa dinaga tse dingwe mo Aforika.<ref name=":69">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;104.</ref><ref name=":66" /> E ne e sena badiri ba ba rutegileng, ka baagi ba le masome a mane fela ba ba nang le ditlankana tse di hagodimo tsa mmadikolo, mme go ne go sena ditlamelo tse di itsegeng tsa metswedi ya tlholego go tshegetsa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;62, 64.</ref> Botswana e ne e ikaegile ka puso ya Tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa go fitlhelela setšhaba sa lefatshe, mme bontsi jwa badiri ba Botswana e ne e le badiri ba bafaladi mo Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Botswana e ne ya tsena mo ntweng e e tlhamaletseng le Rhodesia, e e neng ya baka dintwa tsa sesole go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1978.<ref name=":63" /> Go nna le seabe mo go lekanyeditsweng ga Borithane go ne go kaya gore go ne go se na tlhabololo e ntsi fa e sale ka nako ya bokoloniale.<ref name=":69" /><ref name=":70">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;160.</ref> Bokgoni jwa go bala le go kwala e ne e le selekanyo sa karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong, mme go ne go na le dikilometara di le lesome fela tsa tsela e e tshetsweng.<ref name=":69" /> Mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a robangbongwe ya baagi e ne e le mo [[:en:Abject_poverty|lehumeng le le tseneletseng]],<ref name=":70" /> mme bontsi jwa baagi e ne e le balemibarui ba dikgomo kgotsa [[:en:Subsistence_farmers|balemibarui ba ba itshidisang]].<ref name=":71">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Fa setšhaba se fitlhelela boipuso, komelelo e e masisi e ne ya fedisa karolo ya masome amarao go fihlela masome a matlhano mo lekgolong ya palo ya dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa Batswana ba ne ba ikaegile ka [[:en:World_Food_Programme|Lenaneo la Dijo la Lefatshe]] go tila tlala.<ref name=":81">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;220.</ref> Ditšhaba tse dingwe di ne di na le ditsholofelo tse di kwa tlase mo Botswana, mme mo Aforika yotlhe e ne e bonwa jaaka [[:en:Bantustan|Bantustan]] ya Tlhaolele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;1.</ref> Kamano e le Tlhaolele gape e ne e le ntlha ya katlego ya Botswana jaaka setšhaba se se ikemetseng: boeteledipele jwa Batswana bo ne bo eletsa go tila phelelo e e tshwanang le ya Aforika Borwa fa setšhaba se ka palelwa, mme dikgolagano tsa dikgang tsa mafatshe fatshe tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa le Bophirima go thibela go tsenngwa ke Aforika Borwa di ne di raya gore Botswana o ne a tshepa thata dinaga tsa Bophirima go amogela thuso le thato ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;76–77.</ref> Boeteledipele jwa ntlha jwa Botswana bo ne bo laolwa ke malapa a merafe e e busang mmogo le palo e nnye ya badiredipuso ba ba rutegileng thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;6.</ref> Go tshwana ga bona ga itsholelo le dikgopolo go ne go raya gore puso e nne e tlhomame kwa ntle ga dintwa tsa sepolotiki.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;71.</ref> Le fa Bathoen a ne a tlogela maemo a gagwe a go nna kgosi go ya go dira dipolotiki, bontsi jwa dikgosi tse dingwe di ne tsa amogela maatla a tsona a a fokoditsweng a sepolotiki mo pusong e ntšhwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;56–57.</ref> Tiro e nngwe ya dikgosi e ne e laolwa ke Molao wa Bogosi wa ngwaga ya 1966.<ref name=":92">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;140.</ref> Go tlhoka bonweenwee go ne ga dira gore puso e nne semolao thata mme ya ratwa ke balekane ba Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;166.</ref> Go farologana le bontsi jwa merafe e e sa tswang go tlhamiwa ya Aforika, bontsi jwa boeteledipele bo ne bo tswa mo setšhabeng sa temothuo, go kaya gore dikgatlhego tsa bona di ne di tsamaisana le bontsi.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":71" /> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa go boloka dipholisi tsa motlha wa bokoloniale tse di neng di solegela barui ba dikgomo molemo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;75.</ref> Setlhopa sa semmuso sa Nama ya Botswana se ne sa tlhamiwa go laola madirelo a nama ya kgomo.<ref name=":58" /> Boikuelo jwa lekoko la BDP jwa merafe yotlhe le kgatlhego e e kopanetsweng ya go tlhoma boipuso di ne tsa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa gape go dira mo dikgatlhegelong tsa bontsi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref> Ditlhopha tse dinnye tsa baagi ba basweu di ne tsa sala mo nageng mme tsa ganetsa boipuso jwa yone.<ref name=":63" /> Le fa moragonyana di ne di tla nna botlhokwa mo tlhabololong ya Botswana, ditshwanelo tsa ditswammung di ne tsa fiwa botlhokwa jo bo kwa tlase fa di bona boipuso, mme merafe e ne ya di fetisetsa kwa pusong ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1967.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;103–104.</ref> === Puso ya ga Seretse Khama === Khama o ne a ratwa ke batho botlhe mme a bonwa e le moeteledipele wa tlholego wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;202–203.</ref> Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya tsenya tirisong maano a a neng a lebisitswe mo go tlhameng mafaratlhatlha le dithoto tsa setšhaba, bogolosegolo go tsenya tshela ditsela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;111.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;86.</ref> O ne a simolola go aga dikolo, matlhabelo le dikhuti tse di neng tsa tswelela mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. Lefatshe le le nang le banni la Batswana le Basarwa le ne la dirisiwa go aga mesima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;219.</ref> Tlhabololo e ne ya tla ka tshenyegelo ya kgwebo le tlhagiso, e e neng e lekanyeditswe go tlamela ka matlole a leruo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004,]] p.&#x20;164.</ref> Go ne ga tlhongwa mogopolo thata mo go otla dikgomo le go aga matlhabelo go rotloetsa madirelo a nama ya kgomo mo gare ga go tlhoka metsi. <ref name=":82">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;205.</ref>[[:en:Public_welfare|Mananeo a katlaatleloloago]] le one a ne a tlhongwa.<ref name=":67" /> Go ribololwa ga ditaemane go ne ga netefatsa gore mananeo a a bona madi a a lekaneng.<ref name=":72">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Dipeeletso tse le mokgwa o o sa fetogeng wa go somarela madi a puso di ne tsa thibela boemo jwa [[:en:Dutch_disease|bolwetse jwa Dutch]] jo bo neng jwa golafatsa dinaga tse dingwe tsa Aforika tse di neng di tletse ka didirisiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;4.</ref> Thuto e ne ya atolosiwa mo setšhabeng sotlhe, mme puo ya Setswana e ne ya lekanngwa mmogo le Seesemane ka go latlhegelwa ke dipuo tse dingwe.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":68" /> Khama o ne a siamisa seo jaaka tsela ya go fitlhelela kutlwano.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;228.</ref> Quett Masire o ne a dira jaaka Mothusa tautona ka fa tlase ga ga Seretse Khama mmogo le Tona ya tsa madi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> O ne a laola tekanyetsokabo ya lefatshe le tiriso ya madi ka go tlhama motseletsele wa Maano a Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba, go ikaegilwe ka kamogelo ya Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba le Komiti ya itsholelo ya Kabinete.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Dipoeletso tsa maano a di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya molao wa semmuso ya puso morago ga gore batlhatlhami ba ga Khama le Masire ba tsene mo maemong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;171.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, ditaemane di ne tsa fitlhellwa kwa Botswana ke setlamo sa Aforika Borwa sa ditaemane sa [[:en:De_Beers|De Beers]], mme ditiro di ne tsa simolola ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref name=":76">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;110.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;61.</ref> Dipeeletso tsa kopore di ne tsa fitlhelwa kwa [[:en:Selebi-Phikwe|Selebi-Phikwe]] ka ngwaga oo, mme se sa senola gape khumo ya ditswammung tsa setšhaba.<ref name=":58" /> Puso e ne ya dirisana le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1969 go dira ditiro tse dikgolo tsa meepo ya ditaemane,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> mme e ne ya amega mo dipuisanong sešwa tsa [[:en:Southern_African_Customs_Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa]] ka one ngwaga oo go tokafatsa thata maatla a yone a itsholelo mo kgaolong.<ref name=":77">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;65.</ref> Moepo mongwe kwa [[:en:Morupule|Morupule]] o ne wa simolola go ntsha magala ka ngwaga wa 1973, mme wa tlamela setšhaba ka karolo e kgolo ya motlakase.<ref name=":78">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xix.</ref> [[:en:Orapa_diamond_mine|Moepo wa ditaemane wa Orapa]] o ne wa bulwa kwa Orapa ka ngwaga wa 1971, mme go ne ga tlomamisiwia tumalano ya go abelana lotseno fa gare ga puso le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1974.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;125.</ref> Moragonyana Masire o ne a netefatsa gore De Beers e ne e tshegeditse dikgwebo tsa gagwe tse di hapegileng ka madi, mme se sa dira gore go akanyediwe gore setlamo se ka tswa se amogetse tumalano e e mosola mo kgannyeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;129–130.</ref> Molao wa Metsi le Molao wa ditsha tsa Morafe di ne tsa tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1968, mme tsa tlhama lekgotla la Kabo ya Metsi le lekgotla tsa naga di le lesome le bobedi, ka go latelana. Tse di ne di okametse kabo ya ditshwanelo tsa metsi le lefatshe ke puso go na le ka go nna mong wa morafe mongwe le mongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;76.</ref> Ka se, ba ne ba tsenya dithata tsa setso tsa dikgosi.<ref name=":74" /> Molao wa Mafatshe a Phulo a Merafe e ne ya tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1975 go thibela [[:en:Overgrazing|phulo e e feteletseng]], mme fela e ne ya itshupa e sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;67.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;173.</ref> Tota e bile, e ne e letla baagi ba ba humileng go kopa ditsha tse dikgolo tsa dikgomo ka tshenyegelo ya baagi ba ba sa humang thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Ditlhopho tsa ntlha morago ga boipuso di ne tsa diragala ka ngwaga wa 1969.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la dira maswe go le gonnye fa e bapisiwa le tiragatso ya yona ya ngwaga wa 1965, mme mothusa tautona Masire o ne a latlhegelwa ke setilo sa gagwe ke Bathoen, se se neng sa mo tlhoka gore a tseye setilo se se kgethegileng se se tlhophilweng.<ref name=":79">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Lekoko la BPP le ne la nyelela ka botlhokwa fa dipolotiki tsa Botswana di ntse di gola.<ref name=":73" /> Koporase ya Tlhabololo ya Botswana e e neng e le ya puso e ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1970,<ref name=":75" /> mme moepo wa diteemane wa Orapa o ne wa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 1971.<ref name=":78" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, diteemane di ne di dira karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong ya Palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana,<ref name=":76" /> mme kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1970, meepo e ne e le madirelo a magolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;5.</ref> Goromente wa Botswana o ne a buisana gape ka tumalano ya yone ya meepo le De Beers magareng ga ngwaga wa 1971 le ngwaga wa 1975, ya sutisetsa bontsi jwa dituelo kwa setšhabeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;210.</ref> Fa itsholelo ya teemane e ntse e tlhabologa le dipeeletso di boela mo lefatsheng, Botswana e ne ya falola lehuma mme ya bonwa jaaka katlego mo merafeng e mengwe mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara morago ga bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;212.</ref> Ditlhabololo tse di dirile gore Botswana e nne naga e e golang ka bonako mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":77" /> Batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo le a a fa gare ba ne ba bona molemo thata, go oketsa go [[:en:Wealth_inequality|tlhoka tekatekano ga khumo]], mme gape go ne go raya gore makgetho a ka fokodiwa, se se neng sa dira gore balemi ba ba tshegetse.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;71–72.</ref> Tlhabololo ya Botswana le tiriso ya yone ya tirelosetšhaba ya mafatshe a sele e ne ya atlega mo e leng gore puso e ne ya tlhotlheletsa lefatshe la United States go romela setlhopa sa baithaopi ba kagiso (Peace Corps) kwa ntle ga ditekanyetso tsa setso tsa gore ke dikarolo dife tse mokgatlho o ka di dirang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go ne ga tla koketsego ya Batswana ba ba botlana ba ba rutegileng mo lefelong la gaeno, ba ba neng ba nna le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo pusong.<ref name=":64" /> Jaaka fa batho ba bašwa ba ba ne ba amogela thuto e e tshwanang mme ba simolola go dira mo setsong se le sengwe sa tsamaiso, go ne go sena pharologano e kgolo ya tiro fa gare ga tirelosetšhaba e e neng e eteletswe pele ke batswakwa le e e neng e tsamaisiwa ke Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Lephata la Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo le ne le le teng ka bokhutshwane morago ga go kgaogana mo Lephateng la Matlole magareng ga batlhokomedi ba setso ba ba neng ba amana le tshireletso kgatlhanong le baemanokeng ba ga Masire ba ba neng ba eletsa go bona tlhabololo e e bogale thata. Ya bofelo e ne ya tsaya taolo, mme ditona di ne tsa kopanngwa gape go nna Lephata la Matlole le Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo ka ngwaga wa 1970. Ka ntlha ya palo e e lekanyeditsweng ya batho ba ba tshwanelegang go laola itsholelo, lephata le le ne la tsaya taolo e feletseng ya tiriso ya madi a puso mme la simolola lenaneo la Shashe le le neng le batla gore naga e nne le tlhabololo e e tseneletseng ya palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana. Se se ne se akaretsa go tlhoma lefelo la meepo ya kopore le nikele, le le neng la nna selo se se tlang pele mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;84–85.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, [[:en:Seepapitso_IV|Seepapitso wa bone]] o ne a nna kgosi ya ntlha go emisiwa mo maemong a gagwe morago ga nako ya bokoloniele.<ref name=":83">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;141.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la atlega thata gape ka [[:en:1974_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopo tsa ngwaga wa 1974]].<ref name=":79" /> [[:en:Minimum_wage|Dituelo tse di kwa tlase]] di ne tsa tlhagisiwa ka one ngwaga oo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Botswana e simolotse go ntsha madi a one, e leng [[:en:Botswana_pula|Botswana pula]], ka ngwaga wa 1976. Mmusi wa [[:en:Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya Botswana]] Quill Hermans o ne a kgaratlhela go kgaogana ga madi le Aforika Borwa le [[:en:South_African_rand|ranta ya yone ya Aforika Borwa]]. Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego a boditšhabatšhaba a gore Botswana e ka nna ya se ka ya kgona go tshegetsa madi a yone, Khama o ne a ikutlwa gore bagakolodi ba gagwe ba itsholelo ba na le bokgoni mme o ne a tshepa tshwetso ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tsa boipuso, Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya ditšhaba tse di humileng thata mo [[:en:Third_World|Lefatsheng la Boraro]].<ref name=":67" /> Phetogo ya itsholelo e kaiwa jaaka "kgakgamatso" ya Botswana.<ref name=":77" /> Linchwe II, kgosi ya [[:en:Kgatla_people|batho ba Kgatla]], o ne a busetsa ngwao ya go simolola bogwera mo morafeng wa gagwe ka ngwaga wa 1975, mme se sa gakatsa puso ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;148.</ref> Khama o ne a tsaya tsela ya go akaretsa batho botlhe mo pusong ya gagwe, a tila dipolotiki tsa merafe le go gana tlhotlheletso ya baeteledipele ba merafe a rata badiredipuso.<ref name=":84">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> Ka dinako tse dingwe o ne a kopa batho go rola tiro fa morafe mongwe o ka nna le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo tirelong ya setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tshaba gore go sa dumalane le batho ba ba kwa tlase ba Kalanga go ka nna ga dira gore go se ka ga nna le kagiso. Go rarabolola se, Khama o ne a tsenya maloko a a rutegileng a morafe wa Kalanga mo pusong, a tlhoma bontsi mo maemong a a kwa godimo. Tshwetso e ne e tsosa kganetsano, mme e ne ya tsosa dikgopolo tsa bolotsana ka ga tlhotlheletso e e bosula ya Kalanga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;122.</ref> Tse ka dinako tse dingwe di ne di ikaegile ka Mokgatlho wa Baithuti ba Bakalanga, o o neng wa nna Mokgatlho wa Tsweletso ya Puo ya Ikalanga ka ngwaga wa 1980.<ref>[[Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 123.|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> Poifo ya dipuso tsa baagisani tse di eteletsweng pele ke basweu kwa Namibia, Rhodesia, le Aforika Borwa, mmogo le kotsi ya [[:en:Angolan_Civil_War|Ntwa ya Selegae ya Angola]], di dirile gore Botswana e tlhame [[:en:Botswana_Defence_Force|sesole sa bosetšhaba]] ka ngwaga wa 1977.<ref name=":78" /> Pele ga se, [[:en:Botswana_Police_Service|Tirelo ya Sepodisi]] sa Botswana e ne e tlhokometse tshireletso ya setshaba. Go tlhoka sesole go ne go raya gore Botswana e ne e sa tlhaselwe ke dilo tse di bakang go sa tlhomamang mo merafeng e mengwe ya Aforika: go menola puso ga sesole le bonweenwee ka go dirisa madi a sesole.<ref>[[Beaulier & Subrick 2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], pp.&#x20;111–112.</ref> Sesole se ne sa bona ntwa ngwaga o o latelang fa dirukutlhi tsa Rhodesia di ne di tlhasela Leshoma, di bolaya masole a le lesome le botlhano.<ref name=":78" /> Ka tirisanommogo ya yone le De Beers, puso ya Botswana e ne ya tlhama kompone ya meepo ya Debswana ka ngwaga wa 1978, mme ya bona lotseno lo lo bonalang lwa puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Meepo e ne ya nna madirelo a a kwa godimo ya itsholelo ya lefatshe mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang,<ref name=":85">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> mme Botswana ya nna itsholelo e e golang ka bonako go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":86">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;33.</ref><ref name=":86" /> Go nna le seabe ga mafatshe a sele mo itsholelong go ne ga nna kgang ya sepolotiki ka nako e jaaka fa batho ba kwa ntle ba ne ba kokoanya kgolo ya setšhaba fa ditiro tsa selegae di ne di tlhabologa ka iketlo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;143–145.</ref> Thuo ya dikgomo, e e neng e setse e amilwe ke go runya mo gogolo ga [[:en:Foot-and-mouth_disease|bolwetse jwa tlhako le molomo]] ka ngwaga wa1977,<ref name=":82" /> e ne ya latlhegelwa ke botlhokwa jo e neng e na le jone pele.<ref name=":85" /> === Puso ya ga Quett Masire === [[Setshwantsho:Quett Masire DF-SC-85-12044.JPEG|thumb|Quett Masire a etetse America ka ngwaga wa 1984]] Morago ga loso lwa ga Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa 1980, Mothusa-Tautona Quett Masire o ne a nna tautona wa Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;117.</ref> Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego ka go tlhatlhama ga ga Khama, Masire o ne a tshegetsa mafaratlhatlha a puso a a neng a thusa go a aga le go boloka tumelo mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;182.</ref> Go ritibatsa morafe wa ga Khama wa Ngwato le merafe e mengwe ya bokone, Masire o ne a tlhoma ntsalae Khama, [[:en:Lenyeletse_Seretse|Lenyeletse Seretse]], go nna mothusa-tautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;232.</ref> Kakanyo e e neng e tlwaelesegile mo gare ga BaNgwato e ne e le gore morwa Khama, [[:en:Ian_Khama|Ian Khama]], o ne a tshwanelwa ke bo tautona. Fa Lenyeletse a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1983, Masire o ne a tlhopha [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] go tsena mo boemong jwa gagwe. Gompieno o ne a tlhopha mongwe go tswa mo morafeng wa borwa, gore a se ka a tlhoma sekao sa gore tautona le mothusa-tautona ka nako tsotlhe ba tshwanetse go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di fapaaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;233.</ref> Botswana e ne e le karolo ya Khonferense ya Kgokaganyo ya Tlhabololo ya Borwa jwa Aforika e e neng ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1980 go tlhama mmaraka wa borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":78" /> Setšhaba se ne sa amiwa ke [[:en:Early_1980s_recession|kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980]].<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Jwaneng_diamond_mine|Moepo wa diteemane wa Jwaneng]] o simolotse go dira ka ngwaga wa 1982, wa nna moepo o o dirang dipoelo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng. [[:en:University_of_Botswana|Mmadikolo wa Botswana]] o tlhomilwe ka one ngwaga o o neng o kgaogana le [[:en:University_of_Botswana,_Lesotho_and_Swaziland|Mmadikolo ya Botswana, Lesotho le Swaziland]].<ref name=":78" /> Ditlhabololo tsa semolao ka ngwaga wa 1982, Molawana wa Thuso ya Matlole le go dira gore tiro ya kgwebo gore e nne ya ka fa molaong ke badiredipuso, di ne tsa tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya naga mme gape tsa gagamolola melawana e e neng e tla thibela bonweenwee.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;127, 129.</ref> Jaaka fa puso ya batho le batho le kgolo ya itsholelo di itshupile e le diphetogo tsa paka e telele, Botswana e ne ya itsege jaaka "kgakgamatso ya Aforika".<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Kganetso e e nonofileng kgatlhanong le puso e e laolwang ke lekoko la BDP e ne ya tlhagelela la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go fenya ditlhopho tsa selegae, ditlhopha tsa dikgatlhego tsa simolola go tlhamiwa, mme makwalo a dikgang a matlhano a magolo a a kgatlhanong le lekoko la BDP a simolola go gatisiwa.<ref name=":64" /> Pele e ne e ikaegile ka tshegetso ya merafe e e rileng, lekoko la BNF le ne la bona tshegetso mo setlhopheng sa badiri.<ref name=":84" /> Ka ditlhopho ka kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1984, e ne e le lekoko kganetso le le gaisanang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;712.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya ama Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa1982 go fitlhela ka ngwaga wa 1987, mme ya tlhoka thuso ya dijo ya puso go ka nna karolo ya masome a marataro le botlhano mo lekgolong ya Batswana ba kwa magaeng.<ref name=":87">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;82.</ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba ga Masire ba ne ba mo amanya le komelelo e ka e ne e tsamaisana le tshimologo ya botautona jwa gagwe, ba akantsha gore Khama o ne a na le taelo ya bomodimo e Masire a neng a se na yone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;203.</ref> Mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1980, madirelo a ditaemane a ne a fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa yone ka karolo ya masome a matlhano le boraro mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya tlhagiso ya bosetšhaba.<ref name=":76" /> Ka nako e, itsholelo ya setšhaba e ne ya nonoha mo e leng gore baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba rotloediwa go tlhopha [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|temothuo ya go]] [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|itshidisa]] kgotsa go fuduga go ya go dira kwa Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":84" /> [[:en:Entrepreneurship|Bogwebi]] bo ne jwa anama thata, bogolosegolo mo badiring ba pele ba puso ba ba neng ba tswa mo [[:en:Public_sector|lephateng la puso]] go ya kwa lephateng la [[:en:Private_sector|e]] [[:en:Private_sector|seng la puso]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Thuto ya mahala ya [[:en:Secondary_education|sekole se segolwane]] ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1989.<ref name=":87" /> [[:en:Trade_union|Mekgatlho ya badiri]] le [[:en:Special_interest_group|ditlhopha tse di kgethegileng tsa dikgatlhego]] tse dingwe di ne tsa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go tlhotlheletsa melawana ya setšhaba, le fa gantsi puso e ne e sa batle go di amogela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], pp.&#x20;85–86.</ref> E tsibogetse mokgatlho o o neng o gola wa badiri ka go fetisa dithibelo tse di bokete mo mekgatlhong ya badiri ka ngwaga wa 1983.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dingwaga di le lesome gape o ne wa tlhagisa mekgatlho ya go amogela merafe e mennye, go gana boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba jwa Motswana.<ref name=":80" /> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, Aforika Borwa e ne ya simolola ditlhaselo tsa sesole mo Botswana go batla batlhabani ba Aforika Borwa. Go tsibogela dikgobalo tsa baagitse di neng tsa direga, puso ya Botswana e ne ya oketsa tiriso ya madi mo sesoleng.<ref name=":93">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;112.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> E ne gape ya fa sesole tiro ya go sireletsa diphologolo tsa naga le go tsenya mo tirisong molao o o kgatlhanong le go tsoma mo go seng ka fa molaong go tsibogela kotsi e e tlisiwang ke batsomi ba ba tshotseng dibetsa.<ref name=":94">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Palo ya ntlha ya [[:en:HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana|mogare wa segajaja]] mo Botswana e ne ya lemogiwa ka ngwaga wa 1985, mme mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang lefatshe ;e ne la nna lone le le neng la amega thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;265.</ref> [[:en:Life_expectancy|Botshelo jo bo solofetsweng]] mo Botswana bo ne bo tla wela tlase tswa go masomeng a maratarole bosupa go ya kwa masomeng a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 1997.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;175.</ref> Phetogo e e gakgamatsang mo tsamaisong ya botsogo ya Botswana e ne ya latela go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1980 le bo 1990; Bongaka jwa Bophirima bo ne jwa tlotliwa thata mmogo le kalafi ya setso, mme go ne ga tlhongwa dikokelo tse e seng tsa puso go nna mmogo le dikago tse di tsamaisiwang ke puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> [[:en:Early_1990s_recession|Kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1990]] e ne ya ama Botswana.<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Attorney_General_of_Botswana_v._Unity_Dow|Tsheko e e botlhokwa ya kgotlatshekelo ya molaomotheo]] e e neng ya tlisiwa ke Unity Dow e ne ya felela ka katlholo ka ngwaga wa 1991 ya gore bana ba ka fiwa boagedi mo go bomme ba bone ga mmogo le borraabone, e e neng ya amogelwa go nna molao ka Molao wa Boagi wa 1995.<ref name=":88">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xx.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang sa Kgabo se ne sa tshwarwa ka ngwaga wa 1991 go batlisisa lekgotla la kabo ditsha tsa lefatshe tsa puso, mme sa fitlhela gore go dirilwe ditlolomolao tsa maitsholo a a siameng ke mothusa-tautona Peter Mmusi le mokwaledi wa kakaretso wa lekoko la BDP [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]], ba bobedi jwa bone gape e neng e le maloko a setlhopa sa ditona tsa puso ya Botswana.<ref name=":89">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;346.</ref><ref name=":90">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;333.</ref> Ka go lebana le go galefa mo pusong le mo setšhabeng, bobedi jwa bone ba ne ba rola tiro.<ref name=":90" /> Go wa mo go ne ga tlhola ditlhopha tse pedi tse di kgaoganeng mo teng ga lekoko, e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke maloko a mabedi a pele a setlhopa sa ditona (Ba babedi ba bagolo),<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;333–335.</ref> mme e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke baganetsi ba bona (ba batlhano ba bagolo): [[:en:Festus_Mogae|Festus Mogae]], Bihiti Temane, Chapson Butale, [[:en:Gaositwe_Chiepe|Gaositwe Chiepe]], le moeteledipele wa bona [[:en:Mompati_Merafhe|Mompati Merafhe]].<ref name=":91">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;235.</ref> Se se ne sa aga mo dikgotlhang tse di neng di godile fa gare ga boeteledipele jwa borwa jwa BLP le kokomana e ntšhwa ya boradipolotiki go tswa kwa bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], pp.&#x20;233–234.</ref> Masire o ne a tlhopha Mogae go nna mothusa- tautona yo mosha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;334.</ref> Ka go tshwenyega ka kgonagalo ya go tlwaetsa bonweenwee, Masire o ne a thapa mothusa- mogolwane wa [[:en:Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)|setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang e e Ikemetseng ya Hong Kong e e Kgatlhanong le Bonweenwee (Hong Kong)]] go tlhama mokgatlho o o tshwanang mo Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;222.</ref> [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Bokaedi jwa Bonweenwee le Bosenyi jwa]] [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Itsholelo]] bo ne jwa tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, mme lekgotla la kabo ditsha le ne la tlhamiwa go reetsa boikuelo jwa ditshwetso tsa kabo ditsha ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Boemo jwa lekoko la BDP jaaka lekoko le le laolang bo ne jwa amogela kgwetlho ya jone ya ntlha e e masisi ka ntlha ya Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlsisa kgota go sekaseka dikgang ya Kgabo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;249.</ref> Matlhabisaditlhong le go kgaogana mo go neng ga nna teng mo lekokong la BDP go ne ga dira gore lekoko la BNF le nne lekoko la kganetso le le gaisanang thata morago ga ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;335–336.</ref><ref name=":89" /> Ka go mathata a a oketsegileng a go tsenngwa ga ditoropo go fokotsa motheo wa BDP kwa metseselegaeng, makoko a kganetso a ne a na le bonnye jo bo bonalang mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa ga Mmusi, Kwelagobe o ne a ikgolaganya le [[:en:Ponatshego_Kedikilwe|Ponatshego Kedikilwe]], mme ba bopa setlhopa se sennye sa Barata-Phathi sa lekoko la BDP. Ba batlhano ba bagolo ba ne ba nna setlhopa se sennye sa A-Team.<ref name=":89" /> Botswana e ne ya solegelwa molemo ke go khutla ga puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, ka puso e ntšhwa e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Aforika e ne e sa thibele kgolo ya Botswana kgotsa go tsenelela mo ditirong tsa sesole go kgabaganya molelwane.<ref name=":81" /> Fa kgaolo e ntse e tlhomama, ditlhabololo tsa itsholelo tse di tshwanang le mabentlele a magolo, kakanyo e e sa netefadiwang ya dithoto, le bojanala jwa baagi di ne tsa atologa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;675.</ref> Morafe wa Ngwaketse o ne wa nna le kgotlang le puso ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa 1994, fa tona ya pusoselegae le mafatshe Patrick Balope a ne a latofatsa kgosi Seepapitso wa bone ka go palelwa ke go diragatsa ditiro tsa gagwe mme a laela gore kgosi e emisiwe—e leng go emisiwa ga bobedi ga puso ya ga Seepapitso.<ref name=":83" /> Morwa wa ga Seepapitso e bong Leema o ne a amogela go tlhomiwa go dira tiro eo, kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa ga Seepapitso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;141–142.</ref> Morafe o ne wa lwantshana le kgang ya go nna semolao mo go sa tlhaloganyesegeng ga ga Leema le poifo ya gore setso sa morafe ga se kitla se tlhola se lemogiwa, mme go tlosiwa ga gagwe go ne ga nna kgang ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;142–143.</ref> Seepapitso o ne a tsenya kganetso ya semolao, mme kgotlatshekelo ya atlhola ka Tlhakole a tlhola malatsia le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 1995 gore le fa go tlosiwa ga ga Seepapitso go ne go le ka fa molaong, go tlhomiwa ga ga Leema go ne go se kafa molaong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;145.</ref> Ka maatla a go tlhoma a ne a buseditswe mo morafeng, ba ne ba gana go tlhopha moeteledipele yo mosha jaaka tsela ya go ikuela. Puso e ne ya ineela mme ya letlelela Seepapitso go busediwa mo tirong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;145–146.</ref> [[:en:Ritual_murder|Polao ya dipheko]] ya ga [[:en:Segametsi_Mogomotsi|Segametsi Mogomotsi]], mosetsana wa dingwaga di le lesome le bone wa kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]], e diragetse ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 1994. Dikhuduego tsa loago di ne tsa tsoga fa babelaelwa bao, ba e neng e le borakgwebo le boradipolotiki ba ba humileng, ba ne ba gololwa ka ntlha ya go tlhoka bosupi. Mo dikgweding tse di latelang, go ne ga nna le ditshupetso le dikhuduego tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke baithuti kgatlhanong le tiriso ya ditiro tsa masaitsiweng tse di tshwanang le polao ya dipheko go bona khumo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;286–290.</ref> Go tlhagoga ga bolwetse jo bo [[:en:Contagious_bovine_pleuropneumonia|tshelanwang jwa pleuropneumonia ya dikgomo]] ka ngwaga wa 1995 go ne ga baka dintsho tsa dikgomo di le dikete tse makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi .<ref name=":88" /> Molao wa Temothuo wa ngwaga ya 1995 o ne wa atolosa thulaganyo ya go dira lefatshe la baagi la le e seng la puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Merafe e mennye e ne ya tswelela go kgaratlhela go lemogiwa go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;163–164.</ref> Puso e simolotse go ntsha batho ba Basarwa mo [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|Lefelong la Diphologolo la Kalahari]] [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|la Bogare]] ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Le fa e ne e nganga gore maikaelelo e ne e le go thusa go kopanya baagi ba ba neng ba le kgakala thata, mme e neelana ka leruo go rotloetsa tirisanommogo, mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba e ne ya pega molato puso ka go pateletsa le go [[:en:Forced_displacement|fudusiwa ka dikgoka]] ga batho go dira sebaka sa meepo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;11–12.</ref> Maiteko a ntlha a magolo a semolao a go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa merafe e mennye a ne a tswa mo tshitshinyong ya ngwaga wa 1995 kwa palamenteng ya go tlhalosa molaomotheo jaaka o o sa tseyeng letlhakore mo merafeng, mme o ne wa bewa mo tafoleng. Mokgatlho wa Kamanakao o ne wa tlhamiwa ka one ngwaga oo ke morutegi [[:en:Lydia_Nyati-Ramahobo|Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo]] go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa [[:en:Yeyi_people|batho ba Yeyi]].<ref name=":95">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;215.</ref> Motseletsele wa diphetogo tsa puso le tsa ditlhopho di ne tsa tsenngwa mo tirisong mo dingwageng tsa bofelo tsa bo tautona jwa ga Masire. Tlhokomelo ya ditlhopho e ne ya fetisediwa kwa setheong se se ikemetseng, dingwaga tsa go tlhopa di ne tsa fokodiwa go tswa ko masomeng a mabedi le bongwe go ya ko lesomeng le borobabobedi , go [[:en:Postal_voting|tlhopa ka poso]] go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong, mme ga tsenngwa tirisong melawana ya go sireletsa [[:en:Labour_rights|ditshwanelo tsa badiri]] le [[:en:Gender_equality|tekatekano ya bong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;168.</ref> Masire o ne a eletsa go tlhama [[:en:Order_of_succession|tatelano e e tlhomameng ya]] [[:en:Order_of_succession|go tlhatlologana]] mo bogosing le go netefatsa gore motlhatlogi wa gagwe yo a mo tlhophileng mothusa Tautona Mogae e nna tautona, ka jalo o ne a dirisana le mmueledi Parks Tafa go kwala paakanyo ya molaotheo. Se se ne sa tsenya tirisong tatelano e e itirisang le [[:en:Term_limit|melelwane ya paka]] ya botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;337–338.</ref> O ne a pateletsa paakanyo ka boene.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;304–305.</ref> Go fetola itsholelo ya lefatshe, go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong tsamaiso ya nakwana ya go nna le [[:en:Tripartism|makoko a mararo]] go kopanya puso, lekalana le e seng la puso, le baemedi ba badiri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;169.</ref> Fa lekoko le ne le tlhopha maloko a komiti ya lone ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1997, kotsi ya go nna le ditlhopha e ne ya gola mo e leng gore Masire o ne a phimola ditlhopho tsa lone tse di mo teng ga mokgatlho mme a dira gore ditlhopha di mo fe manaane a maina.<ref name=":91" /> === Puso ya ga Festus Mogae === [[Setshwantsho:George Bush with African national leaders February 26, 2002.jpg|thumb|Festus Mogae mmogo le botautona ba mafatshe a sele [[:en:Joaquim_Chissano|Joaquim Chissano]], [[:en:George_W._Bush|George W. Bush]] le [[:en:José_Eduardo_dos_Santos|José Eduardo dos Santos]] ka ngwaga wa 2002]] Masire o ne a tlogela tiro ya botautona ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le ngwe ka ngwaga wa 1998, mme a latelelelwa ke mothusa tautona Festus Mogae.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;338.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya tshwetso e e neng ya tsosa kganetsano ya go tlhoma Ian Khama, molaodi wa sesole le morwa Seretse Khama, go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang,<ref name=":72" /> a fetisa kgetho ya gagwe ka go tshosetsa go phatlalatsa palamente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Le fa ba ne ba sa tseye letlhakore semmuso fa gare ga ditlhopha tsa lekoko la BDP, Mogae le Khama ka bobedi ba ne ba tlhaloganngwa e le batho ba bagolo mo gare ga A-Team.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;347.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1998 o ne wa bona nngwe ya dikgaogano tse dintsi mo teng ga lekoko la kganetso la BNF. E ne e kgaogane ka ditlhopha tse pedi: batho ba ba sa rateng diphetogo ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa loago le ba ba neng ba tswelela pele ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa puso ya batho ka batho ya loago. Dikhuduego kwa mokgatlhong wa lekoko di ne tsa dira gore batho ba ba neng ba rata kgatelopele ba kgaogane go nna lekoko la bone, [[:en:Botswana_Congress_Party|Botswana Congress Party]] (BCP), le le neng la nna lekoko le legolo la kganetso go fitlhela ba latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa manno a bone mo [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa]] [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 1999]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Kgaogano e ya kganetso, mmogo le diphetogo tsa selegae tsa dingwaga tse di fetileng, di ne tsa dira gore lekoko la BDP le boelwe ke ditilo dingwe tse e neng ya di latlhegelwa ka ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;168–169.</ref> Maloko a le mmalwa a borwa a boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BCP a ne a boela kwa lekokong la BNF morago ga gore maemo otlhe a a kwa godimo a tsewe ke batho ba bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;237.</ref> Go itlhatlosa go ya kwa maemong a merafe ya Tswana, batho ba Yeyi ba ne ba bitsa kgosi e e kwa godimo ka ngwaga wa 1999, fela se se ne sa se ka sa lemogiwa ke Molao wa Bogosi. Ba ne ba tlisa kgang eo kwa Kgotlatshekelong e Kgolo, e e neng ya tlhasela thulaganyo e e maleba ya molao e le e e tlhaolang.<ref name=":95" /> Mogae o ne a tlhoma setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang ka ngwaga wa 2000 go sekaseka kemedi ya merafe e mennye mo Ntlong ya Dikgosi, mme seo sa baka boipelaetso go tswa mo go ba ba neng ba ikutlwa gore Mogae o batla go nyatsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;239.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang se ne sa tlhomamisa gore Ntlo ya Dikgosi e tshwanetse go nna teng, mme ya bidiwa Setswana ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;216.</ref> Diphetogo tse dingwe tse di fetotsweng ga di a amogelwa morago ga go kgarametswa go tswa mo merafeng e megolo ya Batswana, bogolosegolo ba Ngwato.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;217–218.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, batho ba Kgatla-baga-Mmanaana ba ne ba bona kgosi ya bone Gobuamang Gobuamang wa bobedi a amogelwa semmuso jaaka kgosi e nnye mo teng ga kgaolo ya Kwena kwa ba nnang teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;177.</ref> [[:en:Botswana–Namibia_border|Molelwane wa Botswana le Namibia]] o ne wa tsena mo kganetsanong ka ngwaga wa 1999 fa mafatshe ka bobedi a ne a batla kgaolo mo [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Mopakong wa Caprivi]].[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;xx–xxi.</ref>] Ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000, Botswana e ne ya beeletsa thata mo go tlhabololeng sesole sa mowa.<ref name=":93" /> [[:en:Botswana_Television|Setshwantso sa motshikinyego sa Botswana]] se tlhomilwe ka ngwaga wa 2000. Lentswe tsa Tsodilo le ne la nna [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|Lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe]] ka ngwaga wa 2001. Batho ba Basarwa ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao ka ngwaga wa 2002 go ganetsa go ntshiwa ga bona kwa Central Kalahari Game Reserve, fela kgang e sekisiwang e ne ya tlhokomologiwa. [[:en:Mosadi_Seboko|Mosadi Seboko]] wa [[:en:Lete_people|morafe wa]] [[:en:Lete_people|Balete]] o ne a nna moeteledipele wa ntlha wa mosadi wa morafe ka ngwaga wa 2003.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xxi.</ref> Mogae o ne a dira gore mongwe wa batshwayadiphoso ba ba tlhageletseng thata ba puso, [[:en:Kenneth_Good_(political_scientist)|Kenneth Good]], a lelekwe mo lefatsheng la gagwe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], pp.&#x20;333–334.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;226–227.</ref> [[:en:Three_Dikgosi_Monument|Sefikantswe sa Dikgosi tse Tharo]] se ne sa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;680.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya bolwetsi jo bo anameng lefatshe la HIV/AIDS e le kgang e e botlhokwa thata ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Go e lwantsha, o ne a dira gore dikalafi tsa [[:en:Antiretroviral|diantiretroviral]] tsa HIV/AIDS di nne teng mahala.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;225.</ref> === Puso ya ga Ian Khama === [[Setshwantsho:London Conference on The Illegal Wildlife Trade (12499797834).jpg|thumb|Kopano ya ga Ian Khama le [[:en:William_Hague|William Hague]] kwa Lontone]] Ian Khama o ne a latela mo maemong a botautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Mogae ka kgwedi ya Moranang a le letsatsi le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref name=":96">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mokgwa wa gagwe wa boeteledipele o ne wa phatlaladiwa jaaka o o latelang "di-D tse nne": puso ya batho ka batho, tlhabololo, seriti, le kotlhao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Fa a sena go nna mo setilong, o ne a rulaganya sešwa khuduthamaga ya setšhaba ka mokgwa wa tatelano, a kopanya maatla go dikologa botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;227–228.</ref> Khama o ne a gatelela tshireletsego ya setshaba mo tsamaisong ya gagwe. Ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo maemong a gagwe, Lekalana la Bosenodi le Tshireletsego le ne la itsege ka go dira ditlhodi tse di neng di tlhotlhelediwa ke dipolotiki le go tshwara baganetsi ba gagwe ba sepolotiki. O ne gape a tlhoma batho ba le mmalwa ba pele ba sesole mo pusong ya gagwe<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], pp.&#x20;714–715.</ref> Botswana o ne e sa amege thata mo [[:en:African_Union|Kopanong ya Aforika]] ka nako ya botautona jwa ga Khama, go na le moo e ne ya tlhagisa molawana wa mafatshe a sele a a neng e lebisitswe thata mo Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;190.</ref> Mathata a matlole a ngwaga wa 2008 a ne a gatelela itsholelo ya Botswana, e e neng ya nna e ikaegile ka meepo ya ditaemane le fa puso e ne e dira maiteko.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;202.</ref> Madirelo a diteemane a ne a fedisa kwelotlase e e tlhomameng fa e ne e tlhomama ka bokana ka karolo ya masome a mararo le borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tse di tlhagisitsweng tsa lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 2009.<ref name=":76" /> Taolo ya dikgosi e ne ya fetolwa ka ngwaga wa 2008 ka Molao wa Bogosi.<ref name=":92" /> Khama o ne a rotloetsa go neela dikgosi maatla ka leina la go busetsa kotlhao le maitsholo a setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], pp.&#x20;196–197.</ref> O ne a ntsha taelo e e neng ya oketsa dingwaga tsa go nwa tse di kafa molaong go nna masome a mabedi le bongwe, ya fa baeteledipele ba merafe e mennye maatla a go laela gore batho ba itewe, ya tlhama ditlhopha tsa mephato go nna balebedi, le go tsenya gape [[:en:Corporal_punishment_in_schools|kotlhao ya go itaya mo dikolong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Dikgosi di le mmalwa tse di sa tswang go tlhongwa di ne tsa tshegetsa melawana e mme tsa tsenya tirisong dikotlhao tse di gagametseng tsa badiraphoso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Gareng ga bone go ne go na le Kgafela wa bobedi, kgosana ya morafe wa Kgatla. Go dira gore batho ba gagwe ba nne le boitsholo jo bo tlwaelegileng, o ne a oketsa thata go itewa ga batho ba ba neng ba tlola molao. Kgafela le ba bangwe ba ba amegang ba ne ba pegwa molato wa bosenyi ka ntlha ya go dirisa kotlhao ka tsela e e sa siamang ka ngwaga wa 2010, mme kgotlatshekelo e ne ya kgaphela thoko kopo ya gagwe ya go sirelediwa, ya tlhomamisa gore dikgosi ga di na boipuso mme di laolwa ke molaotheo.<ref name=":97">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;157.</ref> Jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le tlhopha boeteledipele jwa lekoko la yone ka ngwaga wa 2009, Khama o ne a tlhoma batho ba le bantsi ba A-Team mo dikomiting tse potlana tsa lekoko le fa Barata-Phathi e ne ya fenya ka nako ya mokgatlho wa lekoko.<ref name=":97" /><ref name=":98">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;335.</ref> Fa mokwaledi mogolo wa lekoko leo, Rre [[:en:Gomolemo_Motswaledi|Gomolemo Motswaledi]] a ne a rerisana le babueledi go botsa gore a ditiro tsa ga Khama di ka fa molaong, Khama o ne a dira gore a sekegiwe mo komiting. Morago ga go isa kgang kwa kgotlatshekelo, go ne ga fitlhelwa gore tautona yo o mo maemong ao ga a kgone go sekisiwa semolao, mme Khama o ne a emisa Motswaledi mo BDP gotlhelele.<ref name=":98" />Mo tshimologong ya ngwaga wa 2010, Khama o ne a emisa mme morago a ntsha maloko a mangwe a le mmalwa a lekalana le le mo teng ga lekoko la Barata-Phathi mo lekokong BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], pp.&#x20;354–355.</ref> Se se ne sa baka go kgaogana ga ntlha ga BDP ka Mopitlwe fa lekoko la Barata-Phathi le ne le tswa mo lekokong go bopa Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Temokerasi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;345.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Molao wa Tirelosetšhaba o tsentswe tirisong ka ngwaga wa 2010, o dira gore badiredipuso ba dire ditshupetso ka ha molaong mo maemong mangwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mo ngwageng o o latelang, Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Mekgatlho ya Badiri (BOFEPUSU) o ne wa etelela pele ditshupetso tsa dikgwedi di le pedi mo gare ga badiredipuso ba lefatshe go batla tuelo ya karolo ya lesome le borataro mo lekgolong, mme puso ya tsiboga ka go ntsha diketekete tsa badiri mo maemong a bone.<ref name=":96" /> Go ntshiwa ga batho go ne go okametswe ke [[:en:Mokgweetsi_Masisi|Mokgweetsi Masisi]], Tona ya Merero ya Botautona.<ref name=":99">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Go ganetsa boemo jwa puso, BOFEPUSU e ne ya tlhofofatsa go kopanngwa ga makoko a magolo a kganetso go nna [[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC).<ref name=":96" /> Setlhopha se sešwa se se ne se eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Duma_Boko|Duma Boko]], yo o neng a tsere taolo ya BNF ka ngwaga wa 2010 mme a laola dipuo tsa yona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;715.</ref> Khama o ne a diragatsa diphetogo tse di nonofileng tsa tshomarelo ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe, bogolo jang mabapi le go tsoma. Le fa ba ne ba opa diatla kwa mahatsheng a mangwe le go bopa leina la Botswana jaaka "kgakgamatso e tala", ba ne ba kopana le go kgobega marapo mo nageng ka ntlha ya ditsela tse di neng di dirisiwa go tswa kwa godimo go ya kwa tlase, bogolosegolo go tswa mo go ba ba nnang mo mafelong a a tlhomilweng a tshomarelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Melawana e e ne e akaretsa go oketsega ga mekgwa ya sesole e e kgatlhanong le go tsoma diphologolo; digongwana tse di kgatlhanong le go tsoma di ne di tsentswe ditlhobolo tse di itirisang go tlaleletsa melawana ya go thuntsha go bolaya kgatlhanong le batho ba ba belaelwang gore ke batsomi.<ref name=":94" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boloka bontsi jwa yone mo lekgotleng la peomolao morago ga [[:en:2014_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopho tse di latelang]], mme e le lekgetho la ntlha e ne ya dira jalo ka bontsi fela jwa ditlhopo tsa batho.<ref>[[Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;705.</ref> Ian Khama o ne a tlhoma Masisi go nna mothusa tautona wa gagwe.<ref name=":99" /> Tshwetso e ne ya tsosa kganetsano ka ntlha ya go tlhoka maitemogelo ga ga Masisi fa go bapisiwa le ditlhopho tse dingwe tse di ka kgonegang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Go ya ka Mogae, Masisi o ne a tlhophiwa ka tlhaloganyo ya gore o tla tlhoma [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|Tshekedi Khama]] [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|wa bobedi]] go nna mothusa tautona morago ga go tsaya botautona ka boene.<ref name=":99" /> Botsalo Ntuane o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Mokwaledi Mogolo wa lekoko la BDP ka ngwaga 2015 mo seraleng sa twantsho tshenyetso setshaba le phetolo ya ditlhopho. Se se ne sa tshosetsa tlholego e e tseneletseng ya lekoko la BDP, mme Ntuane a bona mmaba wa sepolotiki kwa Masisi.<ref name=":99" /> Khama o ne a le bobaba mo bobegadikgannyeng, bogolo jang mo mafelong a a neng a sa dumalane le ditiro tsa puso ya gagwe. O ne a na le babegadikgang ba babedi ba ba neng ba latofadiwa ka [[:en:Sedition|botsuolodi]] ka ngwaga wa 2017, mme moragonyana ditatofatso di ne tsa latlhiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;714.</ref> === Puso ya ga Mokgweetsi Masisi === [[Setshwantsho:Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference London 2018 (45245990491).jpg|thumb|Mokgweetsi Masisi a bua kwa bokopanong jo bo neng bo bua ka kgwebisano e e seng ka fa molaong ya diphologolo tsa naga kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:London|London]] ka ngwaga wa 2018]] Masisi o ne a nna tautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Khama ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2018. Fa ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2019_Botswana_general_election|kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 2019]] di ntse di atamela, Masisi o ne a tlhama setshwantsho sa go ipharologanya le Khama, a itlhagisa jaaka motho yo o [[:en:Anti-corruption|lwantshanang le bonweenwee]] fa a ntse a tshegetsa bobegakgang le BOFEPUSU.<ref name=":02">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;716.</ref><ref name=":02" /> Letsholo la gagwe la go lwantsha bonweenwee le ne la felela ka go tshwarwa ga ga Isaac Kgosi, yo o neng a eteletse pele Bokaedi jwa Botlhodi le Tshireletso mo pusong ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;717.</ref><ref name=":110" /> Masisi o ne a tswelela ka go busetsa morago bontsi jwa melawana ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110" /> Gareng ga tse e ne e le go phimolwa ga melawana ya tshomarelo, go akaretsa le thibelo ya go tsoma e e neng e tsoma e e neng e lebisitswe mo kgwebong ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|manaka a tlou]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;23–24, 33–34.</ref> O ne gape a okametse go fedisiwa ga go tsewa go ratana ka bong bole bongwe e le molato.<ref>Rotberg 2023, pp.&#x20;228–229.</ref> Fa se se ntse se tsweletse, Masisi le Khama ba nna baganetsi go na le go nna balekane. Khama o ne a leka go thapa [[:en:Pelonomi_Venson-Moitoi|Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi]] go nna ntlhopheng yo mongwe wa BDP kgatlhanong le Masisi, mme fa seo se palelwa, o ne a itlhomela lekoko la gagwe, la [[:en:Botswana_Patriotic_Front|Botswana Patriotic Front]] (BPF).<ref name=":99" /><ref name=":110" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boelwa ke bontsi jwa ditlhopho tsa batho ka ngwaga wa 2019,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> mme ditlhopho di ne tsa senngwa ke kgatelelo ya puso le diphuruphutsho tsa nako le nako kgatlhanong le batho ba kganetso. Lekoko la UDC le ne la gwetlha maduo, mme ga di a atlega.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;308.</ref> Diphetogo tsa kgaolo di ne tsa fetoga ka ngwaga wa 2019 jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le latlhegelwa ke thotloetso nngwe kwa bokone fa e ntse e oketsa tlhotlheletso ya yone kwa borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;231.</ref> Ditlhopho gape di ne tsa bona lekokokganetso le legolo, BNF, le latlhegelwa ke BCP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> Jaaka ditšhaba di le dintsi, [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana|Botswana e ne ya bona kwelotlase e e kgolo ya tsholelo ka nako ya tlhaselo ya bolwetsi jwa COVID-19]], mme lefatshe le ne la nna [[:en:COVID-19_lockdowns|mo thibelong ya metsamao]] bontsi jwa ngwaga wa 2020 le ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;309.</ref> Mofuta wa SARS-CoV-2 Omicron o ribolotswe kwa Botswana moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Maikutlo a a kgatlhanong le makula a ne a anama ka setšhaba sa makula kwa Botswana se ne se humile thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;310.</ref> Khama o ne a tshabela kwa lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa a le kwa botshabelo ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele ka ngwaga wa 2021, mme puso ya Botswana ya mo latofatsa ka go nna le dibetsa e se ka fa molaong ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;311–312.</ref> === Puso ya ga Duma Boko === [[Setshwantsho:Secretary Rubio Meets with Botswana President Boko (54371806715).jpg|thumb|Duma Boko o ikanisa tumalano le lefatshe la Amerika ka ngwaga wa 2025]] Lekoko la [:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change][[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC) le nnile lekokokganetso la ntlha mo Botswana go tsaya puso morago ga phenyo ya lone mo [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa]] [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 2024]] , mme se sa fedisa dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi tsa puso ya [[:en:Botswana_Democratic_Party|lekoko la Botswana la batho ka batho]] (BDP).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMuiaZane2024|Muia &#x26; Zane 2024]]</ref> Mo puisanong ya gagwe ya ntlha ya Maemo a Setšhaba ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2024, Duma Boko o boletse gore puso ya gagwe e tla kgaratlhela go oketsa dipeeletso mo maatleng a letsatsi, [[:en:Cannabis|motokwane]] ya kalafi le mofuta wa motokwane o o lengwang ka lebaka la madirelo. O ne gape a itsise ditirisano le [[:en:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] go atolosa phitlhelelo ya mafaratlhatlha a maranyane e e teng lefatshe ka bophara ka [[:en:Starlink|Starlink]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFFrance242024|France24 2024]]</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2025, Botswana e ne ya romela sathalaete ya yone ya ntlha, e leng [[:en:BOTSAT‑1|BOTSAT‐1,]] kwa lefaufaung.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRanjan2025|Ranjan 2025]]</ref> [[:en:Duma_Boko|Boko]] o ne a tsenela go itsisiwe semmuso ga sathalaete, e e neng ya tshwarelwa kwa mafelong a [[:en:SpaceX|SpaceX]] kwa lefatsheng la United States.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNamunwa2025|Namunwa 2025]].</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Lekwalokwalo la Botswana * [[Ngwao ya Botswana|Ngwao ya Batswana]] * Dipalopalo tsa Botswana * [[Itsholelo ya Botswana]] * Thutafatshe ya Botswana * [[Ditso tsa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Borwa jwa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Gaborone]] * [[Lenaane la dikgang tse di amanang le Botswana]] * Lenaane la dingwaga mo Botswana * [[Tlhaloso ya Botswana]] * Mola wa nako wa Botswana * Mola wa nako ya Gaborone * [[Dipolotiki tsa Botswana]] == Dintlhana tse di kwa tlase == <references /> == Metswedi == === Dibuka === * Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). Culture and Customs of Botswana. Greenwood Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-313-33178-7</nowiki>. OCLC 62118271. * Gulbrandsen, Ørnulf (2012). The State and the Social: State Formation in Botswana and its Precolonial and Colonial Genealogies. Berghahn Books. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85745-298-6</nowiki>. * Hillbom, Ellen; Bolt, Jutta (2018). Botswana – A Modern Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73144-5. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-73144-5</nowiki>. * Holm, John D.; Molutsi, Patrick P. (1992). "State-Society Relations in Botswana: Beginning Liberalization". In Hydén, Göran; Bratton, Michael (eds.). Governance and Politics in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 75–95. doi:10.1515/9781685853297. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-55587-285-4</nowiki>. * Jackson, Ashley (1999). Botswana, 1939-1945: An African Country at War. Clarendon Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-820764-1</nowiki>. * Leith, James Clark (2005). Why Botswana Prospered. McGill-Queen's University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7735-2821-5</nowiki>. * Molutsi, Patrick (2004). "Botswana: The Path to Democracy and Development". In Gyimah-Boadi, E. (ed.). Democratic Reform in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 159–182. doi:10.1515/9781685857325. <nowiki>ISBN 9781685857325</nowiki>. * Nyamnjoh, Francis B. (2007). "'Ever-Diminishing Circles': The Paradoxes of Belonging in Botswana". In de la Cadena, Marisol; Starn, Orin (eds.). Indigenous Experience Today. Routledge. pp. 305–332. <nowiki>ISBN 9781003085690</nowiki>. * Rotberg, Robert I. (2023). "Botswana: Africa's Democratic Exception". Overcoming the Oppressors: White and Black in Southern Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–231. <nowiki>ISBN 9780197674239</nowiki>. * Samatar, Abdi Ismail (1999). An African Miracle: State and Class Leadership and Colonial Legacy in Botswana Development. Heinemann. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-325-00068-8</nowiki>. * Tlou, Thomas; Campbell, Alec C. (1997) [1984]. History of Botswana (2nd ed.). Macmillan Botswana. <nowiki>ISBN 9991278087</nowiki>. == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref name=":2"><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref>Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref></ref><ref name=":30"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> 26sfwhz4k0hiy2qzf2znqbl9iced31d 53686 53685 2026-07-30T21:06:12Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Pre-colonial history" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366623313|History of Botswana]]" 53686 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditso tsa lefatshe la Botswana''' di akaretsa tsa bogologolo le tsa ngwao ya kgaolo, go diriwa kolone ya [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Bechuanaland Protectorate]], le go nna Republic of [[Botswana]] gompieno. Batho ba ntlha ba motlha wa gompieno go nna mo [[Botswana]] e ne e le Basarwa, temothuo e tlhabolotswe dingwaga di ka nna dikete pedi, le makgolo a mararo a a fetileng. Batho bantsho ba Bantu ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago ga loso lwa ga Keresete, fa [[Batswana]] ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago. Batswana ba ne ba kgaogana ka ditlhopha tsa merafe mo dingwageng tse di dikete tse di latelang fa diphudugo mo kgaolong di tswelela, tse di neng tsa baka [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]] mo lekgolong la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi. Go amana le lefatshe le le kgolo le le naleng dikarolo la Europe ga ntlha go diragetse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi lesome le borataro, mo go bakileng go diriwa Bakeresete ga batho ba kgaolo. Magosi a Batswana a a neng a na le thotloetso e kgolo a ne a ikopela go nna mo tlhokomelong ya lefatshe la [[United Kingdom]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le botlhano ka ba ne ba itemogela matshosetsi go tswa kwa [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German South West Africa]] le mo Maburung. Batho ba Britain ba ne ba kgaoganya kgaolo go nna merafe e kgosi nngwe le nngwe e tlaa e etelelang pele, ba a fa dikgosi maatla a a fetang a ba neng ba na le one pele, mme ba ne ba nna le taolo e e lekanetseng fela mo lefatsheng. Puso ya Britain e ne ya nna le seabe se setlhagafetseng ka dinwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la ema nokeng go tsaya karolo ga Britain mo ntweng ya bobedi ya mafatshe, bontsi ba ne ba lwa e le bontlha jwa sesole sa [[Aferika|Aforika]] sa Auxiliary Pioneer Corps. Go lwela go laola go nnile teng ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a matlhano fa gare ga Kgosi ya [[Bangwato]] [[Seretse Khama]] le motlhatlhami wa gagwe [[Tshekedi Khama]]. Go nyala mosadi wa lekgoa ebong [[Ruth Williams Khama]] ga ga Seretse, go ne ga baka gore batho ba Britain ba mo thibele go nna mo [[Botswana]]. O ne a boa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a matlhano le borataro, ka a ne a na le kemo nokeng e kgolo, merafe e ne inaakanya le puso e e tlhophilweng fa letsholo la boipuso le tlhamiwa. Molao wa lefatshe o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le motso, ga tlhamiwa diphathi tsa polotiki. Seretse o ne a nna moeteledipele wa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Bechuanaland Democratic Party]], e e neng e bueletswe ke puso ya Britain go busa morago ga boipuso, e ne ya nna le kemo nokeng e e tsitsibanyang mmele mo ditlhophong tsa ntlha tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le botlhano. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la neelwa boipuso jo bo tletseng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro. Ka maikaelelo a a nonofileng, Seretse le phathi ya gagwe ba ne ba tlhama puso ya batho ka batho ya bophirima ba simolola go tlhabolola dikago mo lefatsheng le e neng e le lengwe la a a neng a humanegile thata ka nako eo. Go ne ga lemogiwa fa go na le diteemane ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabongwe, mo go neng ga bopa sesha itsholelo ya Botswana. Kompone ya meepo ya [[Debswana]] e tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi, lefatshe la Botswana la nna la itsholelo e e golang ka bofefo thata go gaisa a mangwe mo Botswana. Phathi ya sepolotiki ya Botswana Democratic e ne ya tswelela e le yone phathi e e busang go tswa ka nako ya boipuso go fitlhelela phathi ya [[Umbrella for Democratic Change]] e fenya ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone.]] == Ditso tsa pele ga bokolone == === Ditso tsa pele === [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo Hills rock paintings4.jpg|thumb|metako ya magaga kwa Tsodilo mo ditsong tsa pele]] Lefatshe la Botswana la gompieno e ne e le sekgwa fela dingwaga di le didikadike tse di lesome tse di fitileng, dinoka di ne di le ditona go fetisa gompieno, di tshela kwa [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|letsheng la Makgadikgadi]].<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou, Thomas]]; [[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Campbell, Alec C]]. (1997) [1984]. ''[[History of Botswana]]'' (2nd&nbsp;ed.). Macmillan Botswana. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/9991278087|&nbsp;<bdi>9991278087</bdi>.]]</ref> Batho ba sebopego sa ntlha sa Homo erectus ba ne ba nna mo kgaolong eo ka motlha wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997,]] p.&nbsp;14.</ref> Didirisiwa tsa lejwe mo Botswana wa gompieno, di tshwana le dilepe, di tswa go o lowe, dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fitileng.<ref name=":4">Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). [[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|''Culture and Customs of Botswana''.]] Greenwood Press. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33178-7|<bdi>978-0-313-33178-7</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#Identifiers_and_linked_data|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/title/62118271 62118271.]</ref><ref name=":0">Klehm, Carla (28 June 2021). "Archaeology of Botswana". ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History''. doi:[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61663/chapter/553401196 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.792]. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4|<bdi>978-0-19-027773-4</bdi>.]]</ref> Phudugo go ya sekakeng sa Kalahari go akanyediwa fa e diragetse pele ga legato la borataro dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro tse di fitileng.<ref name=":0" /> Letsha la Makgadikgadi le simolotse go fokotsega dingwaga di le dikete di le masome matlhano tse di fitileng.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;17.]]</ref> Bagolagolwane ba merafe e e sa amaneng ka gope ba ba bidiwang Basarwa fa ba kgobokantswe, ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome mane go tsena masome a mararo tse di fitileng. Ba ka tswa e le bone batho ba ntlha go nna mo motlheng wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&nbsp;18, 23.</ref> Ba ne ba itlhoma go bapa le dinoka ka dipaka tsa komelelo, mme ba phatlalale le kgaolo ka nako ya dipula.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&nbsp;24.</ref>Go ne go itsewe fa ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikaganyeditseng [[letsha la Makgadikgadi]], ga mmogo le [[Tsodilo]] le GI.<ref name=":1">[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;xv.</ref> Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba [[Nata]], Shua le Xani, go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref name=":2">Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;23.</ref>[[:en:Rock_art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse masome a mararo tse di fetileng,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Meepo ya specularite le hematite e simolotse ka nako e go tlhama dipente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;48.</ref> Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a leruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome mabedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":1" /> Thuto e e tseneletseng ya Aforika e e kwa borwa mo [[:en:Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Matlapa]] e ntse e lekanyeditswe.<ref name=":0" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[:en:Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba sala ka ditlhopha tse dinnye mme ba dira kgwebo le ba bangwe.<ref name=":2" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere tshimo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monna yo mogolo wa lelapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tse dikgolo, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela le go tshwara diphologolo tse dinnye.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Ditlhopha di ne di nyalana mme di dirisa thulaganyo ya magadi, xaro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete tse tse di fetileng, batho ba kgaolo eo ba ne ba tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana wa gompieno mme ba simolola go dira dinkgwana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;8.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;28.</ref>Temothuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga le go wela tlase fa seemo sa loapi le ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo di ne di dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;29–30.</ref>Gareng ga dijalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[:en:Pearl_millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[:en:Sorghum|mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[:en:Cowpea|dinawa tsa kgomo]], le dimela tsa lelapa la [[:en:Cucurbitaceae|cucurbits]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba Bantu ba ne ba [[:en:Bantu_expansion|fudugela kwa kgaolong]] e dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi le dingwaga dile selete le makgolo a matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong leno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;22–24, 28.</ref> [[:en:Kalanga_people|Batho ba Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba goroga c. 200 C.E.<ref name=":3">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Bagologolwane ba morafe wa ntlha wa [[:en:Tswana_people|Batswana]] (bongwe ''Motswana'', bontsi ''Batswana'') go fopholediwa fa ba gorogile c. 400 C.E.<ref name=":3" /> Batho ba ba Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didirisiwa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna mo ditseleng tsa metsi tsa leruri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;9.</ref> Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a leruri a matlo a ka nna lesome go fitlhela lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Pole-and-daga|dipale le mmu]] nngwe le nngwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa Khoisan e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;44–45.</ref> BaKhoisan le Bantu ba ka tswa ba ne ba gweba le go nyalana mo pakeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;36.</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlhela ka lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga === Setlhopha sa batho ba Zhizo, batho ba Taukome, ba ne ba goroga mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme ba nna fa gare ga [[:en:Shashe_River|Noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|Noka ya Serorome]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref><ref name=":5">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;10.</ref> Go nna le [[:en:Glass_bead|dipheta tsa galase]] go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo ya Lewatle la India]].<ref name=":5" /> Palo ya leruo le le ruiwang mo Botswana wa gompieno e ne ya oketsega thata fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa borobabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":4" /> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso ya morafe, e e bidiwang ''morafe'' (bontsi merafe), mongwe le mongwe o eteletswe pele ke kgosi e e bidiwang ''[[:en:Kgosi|kgosi]]'' (bontsi dikgosi).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Tsamaiso e e ne ya tlhagisa puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le tse dingwe mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;40.</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong, mme go nna mong wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho.<ref name=":6">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;11.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ditso tsa bogologolo tsa batho ba Tswana e sa ntse e sa itsiwe thata ka gonne go setse bosupi jo bonnye jwa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo.<ref name=":3" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Sekaka sa Kalahari]] ka makgolo ale borobabongwe morago ga ga Keresete,<ref name=":1" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong le le latelang la dingwaga, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng kwa Lewatleng la India.<ref name=":6" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Bangwe ba batho ba Eiland ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa ya gompieno go tsena mo Botswana wa gompieno mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Batho ba Toutswe, ba bangwe ba morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, ba bona khumo ya bona ka go nna le dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;13.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Go ne ga agiwa metse e meraro ya Ba-Toutswe kwa [[:en:Bosutswe|Bosutswe]], Sung, le [[:en:Toutswemogala|Toutswemogala]], mongwe le mongwe wa bone o ne o busa metse e mennye e e neng e e dikologile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 12, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba anametse kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;60.</ref> Boleng jwa ditlhagiswa bo ne jwa fetogafetoga fa kgwebisano e ntse e atolosiwa le ditšhaba di sele mme go ribololwa ga gauta go ne ga diragala, go fokotsa kgatlhego mo ditlhagisweng tsa sebilo le tsa diphologolo jaaka lonaka lwa tlou.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;27–28.</ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":7">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Merafe e e kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditiragalo tse mme e ne ya sala e sa amege thata.<ref name=":8">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Baagisani ba Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe le wa lesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard's Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":9">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> <ref name=":10">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;61.</ref>Ba tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[:en:Bambandyanalo|Bambandyanalo]], ba ne ba nna batho ba bagolo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe kwa ba neng ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;67–68.</ref> Ba ne ba bonela pele tlhotlheletso go ralala kgaolo fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> Batho ba Okavango Delta le batho ba Tsodilo mme morago ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bodulo mo nakong e, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke batho ba Khoe fela ba ba neng ba nna mo lefelong leo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou & Campbell 1997]], pp. 46, 81.</ref>Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro,<ref name=":11">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;14.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa mo nako e le nngwe.<ref name=":10" />Batho ba Mambo ba ne ba nna go dikologa [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]] ya gompieno mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo tikologong ya nako e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Batho ba segompieno ba Tswana, [[:en:Khalagari_people|Khalagari]], le [[:en:Sotho_people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo e ka nnang ka lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":12">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Ba-Khalagari ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana.<ref name=":13">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Batho ba Fokeng le bone ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi,<ref name=":14">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;93.</ref> mme batho ba Moloko ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro.<ref name=":12" /> Morafe wa tshimologo wa BaTswana, losika lwa bogosi lwa Phofu, o tlhodilwe kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro ke Mogale. Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, e ne ya kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa le merafe ya Bahurutshe, [[:en:Kwena_people|Kwena]], [[:en:Ngwaketse_people|Ngwaketse]], [[:en:Ngwato_people|Ngwato]], Tlharo, le batho ba ba [[:en:Ngwato_people|Kgatla]].<ref name=":13" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa ema mo boemong jwa Mapungubwe e le maatla a kgaolo ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro fa batho ba Gumanye ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[:en:Great_Zimbabwe|Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le le botlhokwa le ditsompelo tsa yone le go nna gaufi le lebopo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;77–78.</ref> Zimbabwe e ne e laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le teng mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana,<ref name=":15">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvi.</ref> mme kgwebisano ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo eo.<ref name=":11" /> Zimbabwe e ne e latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga, mme e ne ya wela mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Dinaga tse dingwe di le mmalwa di ne tsa tlhagelela morago ga go wa ga yone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo neng jwa bopiwa ke [[:en:Kalanga_people|merafe ya Kalanga]], bo ne jwa tsaya maemo a Zimbabwe mo molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;98–100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana le [[:en:Pedi_people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bone<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> mme [[:en:Rolong_people|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Morolong.<ref name=":13" /> Kgosi Masilo go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya bophirima jwa Tswana ka nako e, go fitlhela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga moo go bolelwa fa lefelo le le ne le busiwa ke Malope kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":14" /> === Lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell - Thlapingkaptein en sy vrou.png|thumb|Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1800]] Batho ba baTswana ba ne ba fuduga fa gare ga Botswana wa gompieno ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke batho ba naga le batho ba mmuso wa ga mmamosadinyana go tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":16">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;19.</ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga sekete le makgolo a le marataro.<ref name=":17">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, losika lwa ga Phofu, lo ne lwa wela tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;104.</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la lesome le botlhano le la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":11" /> Batho ba ba Kalanga ba ne ba laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[:en:Motloutse_River|Noka ya Motloutse]] le [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Letsha la Makgadikgadi]] go fitlhela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabobedi.<ref name=":7" /> Batho ba Hurutshe, Kgatla, le Kwena ba ne ba kgaogana le losika lwa segosi lwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo gare ga komelelo le dintwa tsa boswa, mme kgabagare ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;10.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Batho ba Ngwaketse le ba Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le boraro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;105.</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo ba ne ba nna mo Motlheng wa Bofelo wa Leje go fitlha mo e ka nnang mo lekgolong la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;22.</ref> Batho ba Botswana wa gompieno ba simolodistse ditsela tse di telle tsa motsamao ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa, e tsamaelwa dikilometara tse makgolo go rekisa,go tsoma le go itsalanya le batho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;108–109.</ref>Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana motlhofo abo e ipopa ka bongwe go tswa mo go ba bangwe ka gore dithoto tse dipotlana , le leruo tsa lefelo ne di kgona go tsmaisiwa motlhofo.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":16" />Merafe ya botlhabatsatsi e ne e tshabellwa ke go kgaogana ka ntlha ya seele se se tona gareng ga toropo le ditshimo.<ref name=":18">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;392.</ref>Kgaogano gareng ga ditlhopa tsa baTswana e nnile mo gareng ga ngwagakgolong ya lesome le bosupa, e tlhalosa merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":19">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;106.</ref>Merafe ya baTswana ba botlhabatsatsi e ne e nna e le maikaelelo a dintwa tsa [[:en:Griqua_people|batho ba Griqua]].<ref name=":18" /> Fa batho ba baTswana ba tswa bokone go ya Botswana wa borwa-bophirima wa segompieno ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa , ba ne ba nna mo metseng e e neng e nna batho ba Kgalagari, ba ba tshwaetsa kgotsa ba ba ntsha. Batho ba ba Kwena le merafe ya bone ya lekala ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa segompieno ka fa tlase ga taolo ya [[:en:Kgabo_II|Kgabo wa bobedi]] ba bo ba nna gaufi le motse wa [[:en:Molepolole|Molepolole]].<ref name=":19" />Go ya ka setso sa molomo, bapatole ba e leng batho ba Herero le Mbanderu ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathung ba Mbunda ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bosupa fa ntwa tsa leruo la batswana le ne le phatlalatsa ditlhopa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> le batho ba Bayeyi ba ne ba fudugela kwa Okavango Delta go ya kwa nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;8.</ref>Mo mafelong a mangwe, batho ba Kaa ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathong ba Rolong le batho ba Khurutse ba kgaogana le batho ba Bahurutshe, fa ditlhopa tsotlhe di fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":20">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;107.</ref>Batho ba Bashaga ba ne ba kopana le batho ba Kgalagari ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;110.</ref> State sa ntlha sa Tswana se tlhamilwe ke batho ba Ngwaketse bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi. Si state tse dingwe tsa Tswana di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka go latelana ke batho ba ba Kwena, batho ba Ngwato le batho ba ba Tawana mo dingwageng tse lesome tse nne di latela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;113.</ref> Ka se go ne ga tla ditlhabololo tsa ''mophato (''bontsi ''mephato),'' mephato ya sesole e e rulagantsweng k a dingwaga tsa setlhopa, gareng ga batho ba Tswana ba bophirima mo dingwageng tsa sekete le makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano''.''<ref name=":21">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;386.</ref>Batho ba le babedi ba Kgatla , batho ba Kgafela le batho ba ba Tlokwa, ba tsene mo nakong e ba bo ba tsaa taolo mo tikologong ya [[:en:Pilanesberg|Pilanesberg]] mo Aforika Borewng wa segompieno. Ba ne ba laola ka thata bontsi jwa batho mo lefelong leo mme ebile ba fentse dintwa tse pedi le batho ba Fokeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;390–391.</ref>Tiriso ya mephato e ne ya phatlatsega kwa bathong ba Tswana ba kwa botlhaba kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":21" />E ne e sa amogelwa go phutologilwe mo borwa === Difaqane === [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]], nako ya dintwa le phuduso mo borwa jwa Aforika , e diragetse kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi le tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;17.</ref> Mo nakong ye, batho ba baTswana ba ne ba le mo '''kgonegong''' ya dintwa ke ditlhopa di le dintsi ,di akaretsa [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Ndebele]], ba [[:en:Kololo_people|Kololo]], ba [[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]],<ref name=":8" /> ba Pedi, le ba [[:en:Voortrekker|Voortrekkers]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;391.</ref>Bontsi jwa ditlhopa tsa ba Tswana di itlhopetse go boela morago ko ntlheng ga go lwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;394.</ref>Sese ne sa trigger phudugo e e extensive e e ralalang lefelo, go baka gore morafe wa ba Tswana o phatlalale thata abo o simolodisa bolengteng jo bo nonofileng gareng ga territory ya Botswana wa segompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo [[:en:Hardveld|nageng e e thata]] e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Batho ba Kwena le ba Ngwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa motseng wa [[:en:South_African_Republic|Transvaal]] go ya kwa ''lefelong la motlhaba''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;18.</ref> Batho ba ntlha wa Kgatla go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, batho ba Mmanaana, o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[:en:Moshupa|Moshupa]] le [[:en:Thamaga|Thamaga]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53, 56.</ref> Ke fela bangwe ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba bolokwa mo go fudugeng kgotsa mo go kgorelediweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;393.</ref> Batho ba Kololo ba ne ba tlhasela merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa 1826, ba pateletsa BaKwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bona ka go farologana. Sebogo, molaodi wa morafe wa Ngwaketse, o ne a tsosa banna ba le dikete dile nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa Dithubaruba kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ba bolaya batlhabani le baagi, ba kobela ruri Bakololo mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;393–394.</ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma dinaga tsa yone gape ka dingwaga tsa bo 1840, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;31.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;693.</ref><ref name=":22">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;114.</ref> Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[:en:Kgotla|kgotla]]'', kopano ya dipuisano e mo go yone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a utlwa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagi ba banna pele a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref name=":34">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;695.</ref><ref name=":23">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1880, batho ba Tswana le ba Khalagari ba ne ba dirile Botswana yotlhe ya gompieno dikolone.<ref name=":20" /> === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe ba ne ba goroga lantlha mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|London Missionary Society]]. Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa dira go fetolela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":24">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Morongwa [[:en:Robert_Moffat_(missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya motse wa gagwe wa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa Botswana wa gompieno jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le Maburu gore ba se ka ba kgona go ya kwa teng.<ref name=":8" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a ne a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekeresete le go kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente e Kgologolo le e Ntšhwa ka bobedi di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa 1857.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;57, 65.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgopolo di le mmalwa tsa itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aforika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''mafisa'' ya bahumi ba adima bahumanegi dikgomo go ba ananya ka tiro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;701.</ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya dithoto tse di fhapegileng ka bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe , mme banna ba ba nyetsweng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le tshwanelo ya ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;698.</ref> Banna ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref> Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se lengwa thata mo kgaolong eo mo lekgolong la lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela komelelo e ne e raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Bagwebi ba lefatshe la Britain ba gorogile ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":24" /> Go tla ga baagi ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe ba ba neng ba nna gaufi le foo go ne ga dira gore merafe ya Batswana e kgone go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Sechele_I|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_I|wa ntlha]] wa batho ba Bakwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya lefatshe la Britain ya morafe wa gagwe.<ref name=":22" /> Morongwa wa kwa Scotland e bong [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o ne a goroga mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma lekgotla la [[:en:Kolobeng_Mission|Kolobeng Mission]]. Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe mo go bokete ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe mo merafeng ya Batswana fa ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano tsa dikontinente tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":15" /> Moaparo wa Bophirima o ne wa amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala ngwagakgolo otlhe mme o kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;120–121.</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a fa batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu.<ref name=":25">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa batho ba Kalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba lebana le kgotlhang go tswa mo ditlhopheng tse dingwe mo kgaolong, mme ya goroga kwa setlhoeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1850. Batswana ba le bantsi, bogolosegolo merafe ya Kwena le Ngwato, ba ne ba lwa kgatlhanong le merafe ya Maaforikanere le ya MaZulu kwa botlhaba jwa Sekaka sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;195.</ref> Ba-Kwena le Ba-Mmanaana ba ne ba lwantsha Maburu go tswa kwa Transvaal ka ngwaga wa 1852, ba sireletsa kgaolo ya bone mme ba fedisa go atologa ga setšhaba go ya kwa bophirima.<ref name=":26">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;396.</ref> Batswana ba ne ba bona ditlhopha tsa barongwa e le tsela ya go tshabela mo batlhaseding, ba rotloetsa go sokologela mo Bokereseteng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Sechele o ne a kopa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Britain ka 1853 go fedisa dintwa tsa kgaolo, mme o ne a ganwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;107.</ref> Baeng ba Europa ba ne ba tlwaelesegile thata mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga fa batsomi, batlhotlhomisi, le bagwebi ba ne ba batla dipoelo le go bona dilo tse di kgatlhang mo kgaolong eo.<ref name=":25" /> Ba le bantsi ba ne ba kwala [[:en:Travel_book|dibuka tsa maeto]] ka ga lefelo leo, tse e neng e le dingwe tsa dikgatiso fela tse e seng tsa thuto ka ga Botswana wa gompieno ka nako eo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;65–66.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1860, go fuduga go tswa mo kgaolong go ne ga oketsega fa banna ba Batswana ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya go bereka kwa meepong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Go ribololwa ga Masimo a [[:en:Tati_Goldfields|Gauta a Tati]] go ne ga tsosa go batla gauta ga ntlha ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe kwa Borwa jwa Aforika ka ngwaga wa 1868.<ref name=":24" /> Kampa ya pele ya meepo e e neng ya tlhongwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1870 e ne ya atologa thata fa e ne e nna lefelo le legolo la terena fa gare ga [[:en:Cape_Province|kgaolo ya Cape]] le [[:en:Bulawayo|Bulawayo]], mme ya nna toropokgolo ya ntlha ya Botswana, e leng [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;15, 29.</ref> Mo nakong e mo hisitoring ya Botswana, dikgosi tse dikgolo tsotlhe e ne e le Bakeresete.[92] Ntwa magareng ga Bakwena le BaKgafela ka ngwaga wa 1875.<ref name=":26" />Kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga di le lesome, kgosi [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa batho ba Ngwato o ne a gapa taolo ya kgwebisano ya Borithane mo bathong ba Kwena.<ref name=":22" /> == Tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland == ''Setlhogo se segolo: [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]'' Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e oketsegang ya lefatshe la Germany mo kgaolong, mme e ne ya dumela go bopa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]].<ref name=":27">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom & Bolt 2018]], p. 40.</ref><ref name=":28">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Makgowa a Britain a ne a eletsa go somarela tlhotlheletso ya yone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka a ne a neelana ka kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aforika.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Dikgosi tsa Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane ya Aforika Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maaforikaner]],<ref name=":29">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;161.</ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ya taolo ya Borithane e ne e le bokoloniale jwa baagi ke Jeremane.<ref name=":30">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;694.</ref> Ba ne ba eletsa gape go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Aforika Borwa kgotsa moeteledipele wa meepo [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa tshireletso e santse e iphitlhela e ikaegile ka Aforika Borwa mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe go nna lefatshe la merafe le le busiwang ke dikgosi le [[:en:Crown_land|lefatshe la segosi]] le le laolwang ke United Kingdom.<ref name=":29" /> Merafe e borobarobedi e ne ya amogelwa ke Maesemane fa go ne go tlhodiwa protectorate. Tse nne tse dikgolo di ne tsa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe: Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Gape go ne ga lemogiwa tse tharo tse dinnye: tsa Kgatla, tsa [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Tlokwa]] le tsa ga [[:en:Malete_people|Malete]]. Ba borobedi, ba Tshidi, ba ne ba fiwa lefelo la polokelo le le kgabaganyang molelwane magareng ga naga e e sireleditsweng le Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;30n1.</ref> Fa maloko a merafe e mennye e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe tsa bona.<ref name=":17" /> Go tsenngwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola mofuta wa puso ya Motswana, ka merafe e ne e sa tlhalosiwe thata mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka dikgaolo di kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;46–47.</ref><ref name=":31">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;24.</ref> Tshireletso kwa tshimologong e ne ya atologela kwa Ngwato, e fitlha go tswa go didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa go ya kwa [[:en:Molopo_River|Nokeng ya Molopo]], mme e ne ya atolosiwa go ya kwa didikiriing di le lesome le borobabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhela kwa Nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwaga wa 1890.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;30.</ref>Se se ne sa tlamela Maborithane ka badiri ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya yona mme sa bopa sekgoreletsi se segolo sa go lekanyetsa bokoloniale jwa Jeremane.<ref name=":32" /> Batho ba bangwe ba Tswana ba ne ba nna kwa borwa jwa tshireletso mme moragonyana ba ne ba tsenngwa mo Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":28" /> Batho ba ga Kgafela ba ne ba nna kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa 1887. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna seka-Kgatla.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53.</ref>Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa 1891 go tlhoma tshireletso semmuso.<ref name=":29" /> Puso ya yone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa mookamedi go nna tlhogo ya yone. Mookamedi o ne a fiwa dithata tse di anameng mo tshireletsong, fa fela a ne a tlotla molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> Motsemogolo wa yone e ne e le toropo ya Aforika Borwa ya Vryburg, go supa gore babusi ba bokoloniale ba ne ba sa nne mo tshireletsong mme ba ne ba sa amege ka tlhamalalo mo mererong ya yona.<ref name=":33">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;41.</ref>Go na le moo, mookamedi yo mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusa-baokamedi ba babedi, mme mookamedi wa kgaolo o ne a tlhofofatsa go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":35">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Go tsenngwa ga puso ya Borithane mo Aforikaborwa go ne go raya gore Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne e ikaegile ka yona mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;162.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore Bechuanaland Protectorate ke setheo sa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore e tla tloga e tsewa ke kolone ya Borithane.<ref name=":37">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;115.</ref> Fa go ntse jalo, e ne e dumela gore tshireletso e e kgonang go itshedisa e tla ja madi a mannye go e tlhokomela.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":41">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;108.</ref> Ka ntlha ya mabaka a, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya gapeletsa taolo e nnye fela e e tlhamaletseng ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland.<ref name=":23" /> Dikgosi di ne di akola dikgang tse mme tsa kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jo bo anameng, fela tshegetso ya bokoloniale e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka tumelelo ya merafe go tshegetsa puso.<ref name=":36">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;41–42.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;66–67.</ref>[ Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya seemanosi, se se neng sa baka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho le go tlhaola basadi le merafe e mennye.<ref name=":38">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;161–162.</ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa tshireletso === {{Multiple image|total_width=300|image1=Chief-khama-III.jpg|image2=Sebele I by Fritsch 1865.jpg|image3=Bathoen I in london1895.jpg|footer=Khama III, Sebele I le Bathoen I, ba ba neng ba kgona go tlhotlheletsa puso ya Borithane gore e se ka ya tsenya Bechuanaland Protectorate mo taolong ya Khamphani ya British South Africa.|direction=Horizontal}} Batho ba lefatshe la Britain ba ne a rulagantse gore kwa bofelong ba akaretse Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland mo Kopanong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":31" /> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso, United Kingdom e ne ya tsena mo dipuisanong le Cecil Rhodes go e tsenya mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aforika Borwa ya Borithane]].<ref name=":27" /> Fa ba araba, dikgosi tse tharo tse di nang le tlhotlheletso thata—Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, Sebele Iwa ntlha wa Ba-Kwena, le Bathoen wa ntlha wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto lwa bodipolomate go ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa1895 mme ba dira gore puso e se ka ya wetsa tumalano eo.<ref name=":33" /><ref name=":39">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvii.</ref>Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di dirisanang le makgoa a lefatshe la Briritsh jaaka setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref name=":40">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> mme sa kwala batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka setšhaba se le sengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[:en:Jameson_Raid|Jameson Raid]] ka yone e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba makgowa a lefatshe la British marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;30–31.</ref> Go ketekwa ga dikgosi tse go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aforika: ''Khamé'', ''Sebéle'' le ''Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa lefatshe la London ka one ngwaga oo. Mokwalo o o [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhagisitse tlhamane]] e e simolotseng ya gore merafe ya bone e meraro ka go farologana e tlhodilwe ke bakaulengwe ba bararo.<ref name=":42">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;670.</ref> Gape ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropong e nngwe ya Aforika Borwa, [[:en:Mafeking|Mafeking]],<ref name=":33" />mme kompone ya Marope a Bogologolo e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marope a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go batla gauta.<ref name=":32" /> Tshireletso e ne ya amiwa thata ke go runya ga bolwane mo diphologolong ya Aforika ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, ya latlhegelwa ke dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa leruo la yona le diphologolo tsa naga.<ref name=":39" /> [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|Seporo sa tshireletso se agilwe ka]] [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|ngwaga wa 1897]] jaaka mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tsosa [[:en:Pioneer_Column|setlhopa sa Babulatsela]] go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa Ngwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole.<ref name=":43">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la [[:en:Jameson_Raid|tlhaselo ya ga Jameson]] ka 1896.<ref name=":39" /> Morafe wa Kgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya [[:en:Boer_War|Ntwa ya Maburu]], o lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane.<ref name=":43" /> Itsholelo ya pele ya bokoloniale ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne ya nna e tshwana thata le itsholelo ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref /> United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata naga ya tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e fa Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka mo meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;42.</ref> Makgetho le one a ne a tsenngwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la ntlwana]] ka ngwaga wa 1899, le le neng la emisediwa ka [[:en:Poll_tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa 1909.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Lekgetho la selegae le ne la tsenngwa moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 1919.<ref name=":44">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;31.</ref>Makgetho a bokoloniale kwa Tshireletsong ya Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme se sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagi go ba rotloetsa go nna.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;43–44.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la akanyetsa go kopanya tshireletso mo Aforika Borwa jaaka e ne e [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|kopanya dikoloni tsa yona tsa borwa jwa Aforika]], fela kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":39" /> ya kopana ka ngwaga wa 1910.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;137.</ref> Boloko bo ne bo dira gore tshireletso e nne le karolo tse pedi mo lekgolong fela ya lotseno lwa bokopano.<ref name=":44" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1910, merafe yotlhe ya Batswana e ne e amogetse Bokeresete.<ref name=":24" />Bechuanaland e ne ya romela masole a le makgolo a le mmalwa go thusa Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya [[:en:World_War_I|Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya ntlha]].<ref name=":43" /> Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o ne wa iphitlhela o wela tlase ka nako eo, mme ka iketlo o ne wa latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso mo pusong e e neng e sireleditswe.<ref name=":42" /> [[:en:Sebele_II|Sebele wa bobedi]] o ne a nna kgosi ya Kwena ka ngwaga wa 1918, a tlhatlhama rraagwe, [[:en:Sechele_II|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_II|wa bobedi]]. Sechele II o ne a thulana le Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o o neng o laola, a letlelela go nna teng ga Anglican le go busetsa mekgwa e mentsi ya setso e e jaaka go nyala basadi ba le bantsi, go dira pula le ''[[:en:Bogwera|bogwera]]''. Sebele II o ne a tswelela ka kgwetlho ya ga rraagwe kwa Mokgatlhong wa Barongwa wa London, go ngongorega ga puso ya Borithane.<ref /> Puso e e gabedi ya dikgosi le tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya dira gore tsamaiso e nne thata, ka jalo tsamaiso e ne ya tlhama makgotla a mabedi a bagakolodi go lekalekanya balaodi bao.<ref name=":44" /> Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana (moragonyana Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Aforika) le ne la tlhongwa ka ngwagawa 1919.<ref name=":35" />Kopano e ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya dikgosi le batho ba bangwe ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso mo tshireletsong e ne ya letla puso ya Borithane go utlwa le go laola merafe mmogo go na le ka bongwe.[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;47–49.</ref>] Khama wa boraro wa Ngwato o ne a gana go tsaya karolo, a supa bokoa jwa tiragatso ya thibelo ya bojalwa mo morafeng wa borwa. Khama wa boraro o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1923<ref name=":45">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;230.</ref> mme a tlhatlhangwa ke [[:en:Sekgoma_II|Sekgoma]] [[:en:Sekgoma_II|wa bobedi]], yo o neng a direla go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1926.<ref name=":45" /> Morwa wa ga Sekgoma e bong [[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] o ne a sa ntse a le lesea, ka jalo [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama|Tshekedi Khama]] o ne a nna mmusi.<ref name=":46">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Tshekedi o ne a lemogwa jaaka moemedi wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> Fa Seretse a ntse a gola, Tshekedi o ne a gatelela gore a fiwe [[:en:Liberal_education|thuto e e gololesegileng]] go na le gore a romelwe kwa sekolong sa madirelo sa Rhodesia.<ref>Samatar 1999, p.&#x20;179.</ref> === Tlhabololo le tlhotlheletso e e oketsegileng ya Borithane === Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920, kgosi Isang Pilane wa batho ba Kgatla o ne a okametse sekema sa ntlha se segolo sa tlhabololo ya metsi sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland , a dira gore go epiwe metswedi ya metsi e le lesomethataro, mme di le supa tsa tsone di ne tsa nna ditlamelo tsa metsi tse di atlegileng. Tse e ne tsa tlwaelega thata mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang fa puso ya Borithane e ne e kgatlhegela go atolosa itsholelo ya tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;70.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930, Isang Pilane le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana ba ne ba dira gore dikhuti di nne tse di hapegileng, ka gonne di ne di sa tlhokomelwe ka fa tlase ga bong jo bo kopanetsweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], pp.&#x20;699–700.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya nna teng mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1930, ya bolaya go feta karolo ya masome a marataro mo lekgolong ya dikgomo tsa tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne ya tsaya karolo e e matlhagatlhaga mo pusong ya tshireletso go simolola ka ngwaga wa 1930.<ref name=":47">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;58.</ref><ref name=":41" />Mo ngwageng oo, e ne ya simolola go tlamela ka matlole ka tlhamalalo go tshireletso.<ref name=":48">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Charles Rey o ne a tlhomiwa go nna molaodi wa Moagi wa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, mme o ne a na le maikarabelo a go rulaganya itsholelo sešwa go dikologa dikgomo tsa go romelwa kwa ntle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;55–56.</ref> Maiteko a go fetola tshireletso go ya kwa tlhabololong ya meepo le temothuo ya kgwebo a ne a lekwa mme a bona a kgarametswa morago go tswa mo dikgosing.<ref name=":37" /> Molaodi wa Moagi Rey o ne a thulana le kgosi Sebele wa bobedi, mme a dira gore a lelekwe ka 1931. Sebele II o ne a emisediwa ka morwarraagwe yo mmotlana, Kgari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dikgato tse dingwe di ne tsa lekwa ke puso ya Borithane ka 1934 go thibela maatla a a sa laolweng a dikgosi morago ga go menolwa ga ga Sebele II. Dikgato tseno di ne tsa laela makgotla a bagakolodi a dikgosi di neng di tshwanetse go buisana le one mme di ne di batla gore puso ya Borithane e newe phitlhelelo ya direkoto tsa kgotlatshekelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;69–70.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;49.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Bathoen_II|Bathoen wa bobedi]] wa Ngwaketse le moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao mo maitekong a. Le fa kgotlatshekelo ya Borithane e ne ya atlhola kgatlhanong le kgwetlho, dipholisi tse dišwa ga di ise di ko di tsenngwe tirisong ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;72–73.</ref><ref name=":49">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Dithibelo tse dingwe di ne tsa amogelwa ka kgoeletso ya bokoloniale go lekanyetsa bokgoni jwa dikgosi go lefisa makgetho le go gapa dikgomo tse di timetseng.<ref name=":39" /> Molaodi yo mošwa wa baagi, [[:en:Charles_Arden-Clarke|Charles Arden-Clarke]], o ne a tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1936 mme a dira gaufi le dikgosi.<ref name=":49" /> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe II === Dipoifo tsa tlhaselo ya Jeremane kwa Bechuanaland di ne tsa gola pele ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi ka ntlha ya boemo jwa yone jwa togamaano fa gare ga dikoloni tsa Boritane tse di fa gare le tse di kwa borwa mo Aforika. Malatsi a le lesome le bongwe pele ga ntwa e itsisiwe, puso ya Borithane e ne ya tlhagisa naga e e sireleditsweng gore e nne e le mo seemong se se siameng, mme masole a sesole a ne a rulaganngwa. Malatsi a le manè morago ga gore Borithane e bolele ntwa kgatlhanong le lefatshe la Germany, Molaodi wa Moagi Arden-Clarke o ne a tshwara kopano le dikgosi kwa ba neng ba solofetsa go tshegetsa maiteko a ntwa ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> Letsatsi le le latelang, khomišene e kgolo e ne ya ntsha kgoeletso ya [[:en:Emergency_powers|dithata tsa tshoganyetso]] tse di neng tsa e fa taolo e e feletseng mo tirong ya setšhaba mo tshireletsong, fela dikgosi di ne tsa itsisiwe gore di tla nna le maikarabelo a bontsi jwa tiragatso le go boloka kagiso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;33–34.</ref> Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi di ne di batlile go se go nne le tshusumetso epe mo bathong ba Bechuanaland, mme bontsi bo ne bo na le kakanyo e e sa tlhamalalang fela ya gore ntwa e ne e le teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya ngotlega fa palo e kgolo ya baagi ba basweu ba ne ba ikwadisa mo Sesoleng sa Boritane. Ba ba neng ba setse ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo mo thulaganyong ya tshireletsego fa go ka direga gore borwa jwa Aforika bo nne letlhakore le lengwe mo ntweng.<ref name=":50">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;35.</ref> Kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa dikgosi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya rotloetsa Batswana ba ba neng ba eletsa go direla le Sesole sa Borithane go ikwadisa le Sesole sa Batswana sa Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Banna ba Batswana ba ka nna makgolo a supa ba ne ba ikwadisa le setlhopha seno.<ref name=":51">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Go tlhokomela Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland go ne ga nna selo se se kwa tlase mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya Kwelotlase e Kgolo ya itsholelo le Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi,<ref name=":41" /> mme tshireletso ga e a ka ya amogela matlole ape go tswa kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":48" /> Mmusomogolo wa Borithane o ne o na le taolo e nnye mo Bechuanaland fa o bapisiwa le dikgaolo tsa one tse dingwe, mme maiteko a Borithane a go laola tlhagiso ya nako ya ntwa mo tshireletsong a ne a sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;124.</ref> Ntwa e ne ya fetola thata itsholelo ya tshireletso fa e ntse e tswelela, ya tlhagisa tlhaelo, go aba dijo, le ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> [[:en:Profiteering|Go dira dipoelo]] le go [[:en:Price_gouging|fokotsa ditlhwatlhwa]] go ne go tlwaelesegile, mme puso ya bokoloniale, e e neng e sa kgone go gagamatsa [[:en:Price_control|ditaolo tsa ditlhwatlhwa]], e ne ya dirisa [[:en:Gentlemen's_agreement|ditumalano tsa banna]] le bagwebi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;138.</ref> Makgetho a ne a tlhatlosiwa mme mananeo a Letlole la Tlhabololo ya Bokoloniale di ne tsa fokodiwa kwa tshimologong ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi go tlhoma boipuso jwa matlole go tswa mo mmusomogolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;125–126.</ref> Kgoeletso ya Taolo ya Madirelo a Leruo ya ntlha ya ngwaga wa 1940 e ne ya fetisiwa go duedisa dikgomo lekgetho, madirelo a a magolo a tshireletso, mme fela e ne ya kopana le kganetso e e boitshegang go tswa kwa Batswaneng le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la kaorolokgolong ya lefatsa ya Europe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> Letlole la ntwa le ne le dira kwa Bechuanaland, mme le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le solohetse gore meneelo e nne ya boithaopo, dikgosi di ne tsa dirisa taolo ya tsone mo merafeng ya tsone go pateletsa meneelo. E ne ya emisediwa ka lekgetho ka ngwaga wa1941, fela se se ne se sa ratwe thata mme sa itshupa se le thata go se diragatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;128–131.</ref> === Botsayakarolo jwa Batswana mo Ntweng ya Lefatshe II === [[Setshwantsho:Bechuanaland Boys cleaning Aa Guns in the Twilight after Action, Syracuse, Sicily Art.IWMARTLD4576.jpg|thumb|Basimane ba Bechuanaland ba phepafatsa Ditlhobolo tsa Aa mo Lefifing morago ga Tiragalo, Syracuse, Sicily, tiro ya botaki ya 1944 e e dirilweng ke [[:en:Leslie_Cole_(artist)|Leslie Cole]]]] Go thapiwa ga sesole go simolotse kwa Bechuanaland ka ngwaga wa 1941.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;34–35.</ref> Banna ba ka nna dikete tse tlhano le makgolo a matlhano ba ne ba katisiwa mme ba romelwa kwa ntweng mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse thataro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Banna ba bangwe ba Batswana ba le dikete tse tlhano ba ne ba tsenelela ntwa ka ngwaga wa 1942.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ka kakaretso, masole a ka nna dikete tse lesome le bongwe go tswa kwa Bechuanaland a ne a lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":50" /> Ba feta dikete tse lesome ba bone ba ne ba direla mo Sesoleng sa Boritane sa [[:en:African_Auxiliary_Pioneer_Corps|Babulatsela ba ba Thusang ba Aforika]].<ref name=":51" /> Dikgosi ka tlwaelo di ne di na le tshwanelo ya go [[:en:Conscript|kwadisa]] masole, mme di ne di itlhokomolosa dikeletso tsa puso ya bokoloniale tsa gore tirelo ya sesole e nne ya boithaopo gotlhelele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;44–46.</ref> Moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato o ne a dira gore a se ka a ratwa ke batho ka go dirisa go tsenngwa mo sesoleng jaaka sedirisiwa sa taolo, a go dirisa sebetsa go didimatsa batshwayadiphoso le baganetsi ba sepolotiki.<ref name=":52">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Banna ba ba neng ba eletsa go tila go tsenela bosole ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Aforika Borwa kgotsa kwa mafelong a a kgakala jaaka metlhaba ya [[:en:Okavango_Delta|noka e phatlallang ya Okavango]] le [[:en:Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park|sekgwa sa Kgalagadi]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;47.</ref> Ba bangwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgato tsa go itlhokomela ka bonako, jaaka go epa dikhutsi fa bathapi ba ne ba etela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di eletsa go dirisa go tsaya karolo ga tsone mo ntweng go bona ditshwanelo tse dingwe mo teng ga Mmusomogolo wa Borithane, mme di ne di tshaba gore go fenngwa ga Borithane go tla ba dira babusiwa ba Jeremane kgotsa Aforika Borwa, e leng phelelo e ba neng ba eletsa go e tila.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;39–40.</ref> Maiteko a ntwa gape e ne e le tshono ya go busetsa banna ba Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugetse kwa Aforika Borwa go ya go dira ditiro tsa meepo; dikgosi di ne di eletsa go fedisa mokgwa o mme di ne di ikutlwa di ka dira jalo ka go neelana ka ditiro tsa sesole.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;41–43.</ref> Dituelo dingwe tsa sesole di ne tsa diegisiwa go malapa a masole, mme ditekanyetso tsa thomelo kwa ntle di ne tsa tlosiwa ka nako ya ntwa, mme tsa baka go tsena ga madi kwa Bechuanaland.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;133.</ref> Fa go bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tse di mo Mmusong wa Boritane, batho ba Bechuanaland ba ne ba amogela ntwa eo. Batswana ba le bantsi ba ne ba na le maikutlo a boikanyegi mo mmusomogolong kgotsa ba ikutlwa gore dikgatlhego tsa bone di a tsamaisana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;36–37.</ref> Dikgosi dingwe, jaaka [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|Kgari Sechele]] [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|wa bobedi]] wa kwa ga Kwena le Molefi Pilane wa ga Kgatla, ba ne ba ikwadisa ka sebele. Ba ne ba dira jaaka disajene tse dikgolo tsa masole, e leng maemo a a kwa godimo a a neng a le teng mo Batswaneng.<ref name=":52" /> Go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya letlelela Batswana go nna le diteseletso tsa kgwebo le go dira mo teng ga naga e e sireleditsweng. Se pele se ne se lekanyeditswe batho basweu le makula.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;135.</ref> Setlhopha sa Dikgaolo tsa Dikhomišene tse di Kwa Godimo se ne se le kwa Botlhabagare go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1946 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1949.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> === Mokgatlho wa boipuso === [[Setshwantsho:1960 6d Bechuanaland Protectorate stamp.jpg|thumb|Setempe sa ngwaga wa 1960 sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland se se nang le ditshwantsho tsa ga [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Kgosigadi Victoria]] le [[:en:Elizabeth_II|Elizabeth wa bobedi]], dikgosi tsa ntlha le tsa bofelo tsa Borithane tsa tshireletso .]] Bokhutlo jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi bo ne jwa tla ka phetogo e kgolo mo setšhabeng. Dikgosi di ne tsa bonwa di se botlhokwa thata mo sebopegong sa loago, mme bontsi bo ne jwa tlogela dipolelo tsa bone tsa lefatshe lotlhe mo dikgomong tsa merafe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;51.</ref> Didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa setšhaba, jaaka lefatshe le badiri, di ne tsa dirwa tse di hapegileng le go dirwa dithoto.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;52.</ref> Phitlhelelo ya thuto e ne ya tlhola setlhopha sa batlhalefi ba ba [[:en:Liberalism|gololesegileng]] ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le puso ya dikgosi mme ba simolola go ipopela mafelo a bone a maatla mo mekgatlhong ya badiri le ditlhopha tsa baagi.<ref name=":63">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;165.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1946, ke karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong fela ya paoyotlhe ya baagi e e neng e na le tiro kwa ntle ga temothuo le ditirelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya bona koketsego e kgolo ya dikelo tsa matsalo jaaka karolo ya bogare jwa [[:en:Mid-20th_century_baby_boom|ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi wa go tlhatloga ga masea]] mo dingwageng tsa morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, e e neng e tsamaya le koketsego ya [[:en:Life_expectancy|dingwaga tsa botshelo]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e simolotse lenaneo la yone la ntlha ya tlhabololo mo tshireletsong, e leng lefelo la matlhabelo, ka dingwaga tsa bo ka ngwaga wa 1950.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;81.</ref> Maborithane, a santse a solofetse go kopanya tshireletso go nna Aforika Borwa, kwa bofelong a ne a phimola leano le morago ga tshimologo ya [[:en:Apartheid|Tlhaolele]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref>Fa maiteko a simolola go tlhama tsela e ntšhwa ya isago ya tshireletso, tshireletso e ne ya bewa mo seemong sa go tlhoka maitseo, mme ga go na tsela ya go ya pele e e neng e bonala sentle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], pp.&#x20;672–673.</ref> Tshitshinyo nngwe e ne e le go e tsenya mo [[:en:Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland|Mokgatlhong wa Rhodesia le Nyasaland]], o lefatshe la United Kingdom e o tlhamileng ka fa tlase ga pholisi ya "tirisanommogo ya merafe e mentsi".<ref>Parsons 2006, p.&#x20;673.</ref> Fa mojaboswa wa Ngwato Seretse Khama a gola, mmusi Tshekedi Khama o ne a leka go tshwarelela mo pusong.<ref name=":53">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;696.</ref> Seretse o ne a nyala mosadi wa mosweu, [[:en:Ruth_Williams_Khama|Ruth Williams]], fa a ne a ithuta kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom, mme se sa baka matlhabisa ditlhong mo lelapeng la segosi la ga Ngwato.<ref name=":46" /> Le fa kwa tshimologong setšhaba se ne se le kgatlhanong le lenyalo le, go sa ratweng ga ga Tshekedi go ne ga fetola maikutlo a Seretse.<ref name=":47" /> Kgang e ne ya tlhagisiwa mo kgotleng ka ngwaga wa 1949, mme puso ya ga Tshekedi e ne ya ganwa ka bontsi ke diketekete tsa batho ba ba neng ba le teng.<ref name=":53" /><ref name=":47" /> Tshekedi le batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Kwena kwa botshabelo.<ref name=":54">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Puso ya makgowa e ne e sa itshokele lenyalo la ga Seretse le mosadi yo mosweu. Ka maiteko a go ritibatsa puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, e ne ya leleka banyalani ba mo pusong ya tshireletso ka ngwaga wa 1950. Se se ne sa tsosa mokgatlho wa bosetšhaba o o neng o gola mo gare ga baemanokeng ba ga Seretse mo pusong ya tshireletso, o o neng wa tlhagelela ka botlalo ka ngwaga wa 1952.<ref name=":37" /> Ka nako ya fa Seretse a ne a seyo, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la baya molaodi wa kgaolo dingwaga di le nne pele ga e tlhoma Rasebolai Kgamane, motshegetsi wa ga Tshekedi, go nna moemedi.<ref name=":54" /> Morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tsuologela go lelekwa ga ga Seretse.<ref name=":55">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;53.</ref> Batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba kopa gore a bowe, mme go ne ga tsoga dikhuduego fa ba ne ba ganwa. Seretse o ne a feleletsa a letleletswe go boa ka ngwaga wa1956.<ref name=":56">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Ka nako e, kgaogano e e gagametseng ya merafe mo Aforika Borwa ya Tlhaolele e ne ya thibela lefatshe la United Kingdom go e ritibatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;200.</ref> Mo nakong yotlhe ya mathata a go lelekwa ga ga Seretse, maatla a ne a tlogela bogosi mme a ya kwa mekgatlhong ya ditlhopho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;91.</ref> Tshekedi le Seretse ba ne ba dira kagiso fa Seretse a boa, mme Seretse a nna moeteledipele wa ''nnete'' wa Ngwato, le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le mo thibetse go nna kgosi ya semmuso.<ref name=":56" /> Ka thotloetso ya Borithane, morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tlhama lekgotla la morafe, le Seretse le Tshekedi ka bobedi e neng e le maloko a lone.<ref name=":55" /> Merafe e mengwe e ne ya tlhoma makgotla a merafe a a tshwanang, a a neng a dira jaaka ditšheke tsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Go ne ga sala letlhoo lengwe fa gare ga banna ba babedi ba: Tshekedi o ne a eletsa go boloka puso ya morafe le maatla a dikgosi, fa Seretse ene a ne a akanya ka puso ya batho ka batho ya boemedi le dikgosi tse di bokoa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;91–92.</ref> Selekanyo sa maatla a a beeleditsweng mo dikgosing e ne ya nna kgang e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata mo mokgatlhong wa boipuso o o neng o gola, bogolosegolo mo bathong ba ga Ngwato le ba lelapa la ga Khama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;93–94.</ref> Bechuanaland Protectorate Federal Party e ne e le lekoko la ntlha la sepolotiki le le neng la tlhamiwa mo kgaolong ya tshireletso fa le ne le tlhamiwa ke moeteledipele wa mokgatlo wa Ngwato [[:en:Leetile_Disang_Raditladi|Leetile Disang Raditladi]] ka ngwaga wa 1959. Le bopilwe thata ke batho ba maemo le batlhalefi, le ne le buelela kopano ya merafe ya Batswana. Lekoko le ne la palelwa ke go bona tshegetso mme la nna lobaka lo lokhutshwane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;94.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, [[:en:Bechuanaland_People's_Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] (BPP, moragonyana Lekoko la Batho la Botswana) le ne la tlhamiwa jaaka lekoko le le bogale thata, le le ganetsanang le puso ya merafe ya setso mme la bona boikuelo mo badiring ba bafaladi.<ref name=":57">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> E ne e eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Motsamai_Mpho|Motsamai Mpho]], [[:en:Philip_Matante|Philip Matante]], le Kgalemang Morsete.<ref name=":58">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xviii.</ref> BPP, e e neng ya tlhamiwa jaaka molekane wa Setswana wa lekoko la [[:en:African_National_Congress|African National Congress]] la Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":59">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;74.</ref> e ne ya tshegetsa boipuso jwa ka bonako le go fedisiwa gotlhelele ga bogosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Ka go tshaba gore BPP e tla nyatsa puso e e leng teng le go tshuba dikgotlhang le puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, dikgosi le puso ya Borithane di ne tsa thibela bokgoni jwa yona jwa go kopana.<ref name=":57" /> Merafe ya tshireletso mmogo e ne ya bopa lekgotla la peomolao ka ngwaga wa 1961.<ref name=":37" /> Batho ba Kwena ba ne ba iphitlhela ba le ka fa tlase ga moemedi, [[:en:Neale_Sechele|Neale Sechele]], ka ngwaga wa 1963, se se rayang gore ba ne ba na le tlhotlheletso e nnye ya sepolotiki fa mokgatlho wa boipuso o ntse o gola.<ref name=":60">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;102.</ref> Leano la Tlhabololo la Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland la dingwaga tsa 1963/1968 le ne la kwalwa ka thulaganyo ya dipuisano ka ngwaga wa 1963, le tlhama tlhaloso ya boipuso jwa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;26–27.</ref> Fa palo ya batho e ne ba sa dire sepe mo dipolotiking ka kakaretso, lefatshe la United Kingdom e ne ya nna nngwe ya mafatshe a a neng a etelela pele go bona boipuso. Ka go tshwenyega gore lekoko la BPP e ne e le e e tseneletseng thata, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa moeteledipele wa yone yo o mo ratang, Seretse Khama, go tlhama lekoko la sepolotiki.<ref name=":59" /> Le fa Khama a ne a dumalana le mekgwa ya lekoko la BPP e e kgatlhanong le bosemorafe le ya lefatshe, o ne a le kgatlhanong le tsela ya yone ya go tlhoma dipolotiki le go amogela ga yone bojammogo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;96.</ref>O ne a dumela go tlogela go bolela ga gagwe mo bathong ba ga Ngwato go dira jaaka radipolotiki, a tlhama [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Lekoko la]] [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|puso ya batho ka batho la Bechuanaland]] (BDP, moragonyana ya nna lekoko la Botswana Democratic ) ka ngwaga wa 1962.<ref name=":59" /> Lekoko la BDP e ne ya itlhoma jaaka "lekoko la dikgosi", mme ya amogela dikakanyo tse di amanang le puso ya merafe ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref name=":30" /> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa lekoko la BDP, le tlhaloganya gore le tla tshegetsa kgwebisano ya leruo ya motlha wa bokoloniale.<ref name=":73">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;149.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1963, kgosi ya Kgatla Linchwe e ne e le ene fela kgosi e e neng e le kgatlhanong le BDP e bile e na le tlhotlheletso ya sepolotiki, mme batho ba Kgatla ba ne ba rata lekoko la BDP, ka jalo o ne a nna a sa tsenelele mo dipolotiking.<ref name=":60" /> Thulaganyo ya phetogo e ne ya simolola ka lekoko la BDP e ne e solofetswe go busa Botswana yo o ikemetseng, mme puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya bereka le boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BDP go ba baakanyetsa go tsamaisa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Go ne ga tshwarwa bokopano ka ngwaga wa 1963 go okamela go tlhamiwa ga molaotheo o mosha. Dikgotlhang tsa ka fa gare ga lekoko la BPP di ne di raya gore lekoko la BDP e ne e na le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo thulaganyong. Tshekedi Khama o ne a tlhokafetse ka nako e, ka jalo Bathoen wa bobedi o ne a nna moeteledipele wa lekoko le le neng le ema nokeng puso ya bofederale, a dumela gore le tla boloka puso e le mo diatleng tsa dikgosi. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le boradipolotiki ba Batswana ba ne ba tshegetsa puso ya bosetšhaba e e kopaneng ka gonne Botswana e ne e humanegile thata go ka kgaoganya dithoto tsa yona le ka gonne go tlhoka go kopanya dithoto go ne go tla dira gore e nne mo kotsing ya go tlhaselwa ke merafe e mengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Puso ya dikgaolo e e itsholetseng e ne ya itshupa e sa kgonege mo dipolotiking, ka jalo go ne ga dirwa tumalano ya gore dikgosi di tla bopa Ntlo ya Dikgosi, e leng setlhopha sa bagakolodi mo teng ga [[:en:Parliament_of_Botswana|Palamente ya Botswana]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;98–99.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di santse di le kgatlhanong le thulaganyo e, mme mo mokgatlhong o o neng o eteletswe pele ke Bathoen, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya fetisa tlhopo ya [[:en:No_confidence|go sa tshepe]] puso e ntšhwa, mme fela go tlhoka maatla a yone a sepolotiki go ne ga e thibela go dirisa phetogo e e nang le bokao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Molao wa Lekgotla la Kgaolo o ne wa fetisiwa jaaka tsela e nngwe ya go lekanyetsa maatla a dikgosi ka go tlhama makgotla a a tla okamelang kgaolo le toropo nngwe le nngwe,<ref name=":58" /> go dira gore mekgatlho e e tlhophilweng e e nne balaodi ba konokono ba selegae.<ref name=":64">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Toropo ya [[:en:Gaborone|Gaborone]] e agilwe ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme ya itsisiwe jaaka motsemogolo o mošwa.<ref name=":59" /> E agilwe mo lefatsheng la puso ya Borithane, le le neng le tlamela ka lefelo le le sa tseyeng letlhakore le le neng le sa laolwe ke morafe ope .<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;16.</ref> [[:en:Constitution_of_Botswana|Molamotheo]] o ne wa tsenngwa tirisong ka one ngwaga oo.<ref name=":59" /> Ka se se tirisong, Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la fa tshireletso puso ya go ipusa.<ref name=":61">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;116.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1965 gape e ne ya bona go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Dikgotla tsa Dikgaolo o o neng wa fetola seabe sa bokoloniale sa molaodi wa kgaolo ka go se bofa mo makgotleng a dikgaolo a a sa tswang go tlhamiwa,<ref name=":74">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> mme wa bona go tlhongwa ga Banka ya Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba e e neng e le ya puso.<ref name=":75">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Mpho o ne a kgaogana le lekoko la BPP go tlhama Lekoko la Boipuso la Bechuanaland (BIP) ka ngwaga wa 1965.<ref name=":62">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> E eteletswe pele ke Seretse Khama le [[:en:Quett_Masire|Quett Masire]], lekoko la BDP le ne la dira letsholo mo e ka nnang mo motseng mongwe le mongwe wa kgaolo ya tshireletso pele ga ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kakaretso. Go farologana le batho ba bangwe ba sepolotiki kwa Bechuanaland, Seretse Khama o ne a na le boikuelo go ralala merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":60" /> Morago ga moo lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhophiwa go etelela puso ya ntlha pele.<ref name=":61" /> Lekoko la BPP le ne la gapa manno a le mararo fela mo lekgotleng la peomolao, mme lekoko la BIP le ne la palelwa ke go gapa epe.<ref name=":62" /> Morago ga ditlhopho, go ne ga tlhamiwa lekoko la [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|Botswana]] [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|National Front]] (BNF) jaaka lekoko le le kopaneng la kganetso ya BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Kenneth_Koma|Kenneth Koma]], lekoko la BNF le ne la nna mmaba yo mogolo wa lekoko la BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;109.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;31–33.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhopha Khama go nna tonakgolo ya naga.<ref name=":65">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;204.</ref>Go farologana le makoko a mantsi a sepolotiki a a tlhomilweng mo Aforika, BDP e ne e le lekoko le le itekanetseng le le sa fetogeng go na le go nna lekoko le le kgatlhanong le bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;711.</ref> Morago ga go tlhamiwa ga yona, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya ntsha tlhopo ya go sa tshepe molaotheo ka ngwaga wa 1966, mme se sa dira gore go nne le letsholo la bosetšhaba la go tshegetsa molaotheo le le neng la bona tshegetso e e lekaneng gore dikgosi di fedise maiteko a tsone a go o gwetlha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;100–101.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya newa boipuso jaaka Rephaboliki ya Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966.<ref name=":61" /> == Repaboliki ya Botswana == [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Independence, 1966.png|thumb|[[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] a ikanisa maikano a go nna Tautona wa ntlha wa Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966]] Boipuso jwa Botswana bo ne bo kaya go tsenngwa tirisong ga puso ya batho le batho e e gololesegileng, go tlisa ditlhopho, tshireletso ya ditshwanelo tsa batho, le tirelosetšhaba.<ref name=":64" /> Se se ne sa dira gore go nne le thulaganyo ya go tlhatlosiwa maemo e e ikaegileng ka bokgoni le go tlhamiwa ga tsamaiso ya puso ya maranyane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref>Setšhaba se ne sa bopa puso e e neng e fetotswe go tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]],<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;23–24.</ref> mme Tonakgolo Seretse Khama a nna Moporesidente Seretse Khama.<ref name=":65" /> Go ne ga tlhamiwa boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba, jwa kopanya merafe e e sa tshwaneng mo letshwaong le le lengwe la Setswana, ka ngwao e e ikaegileng ka ya merafe ya Setswana.<ref name=":80">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNyamnjoh2007|Nyamnjoh 2007]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Botswana e ne ya boloka bontsi jwa ditheo tsa yone tsa merafe tsa pele ga bokoloniale morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;54.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Se e ne e le ditlamorago tsa puso e e nonofileng e e neng e amana le merafe ya Batswana le tsereganyo e e lekanyeditsweng ya puso ya Borithane mo dinakong tsa bokoloniale.<ref name=":34" /> Mofuta wa go buisana wa dipolotiki tsa setšhaba pele le morago ga boipuso e ne e le mokgwa o o sa tlwaelesegang mo merafeng e mengwe e mentsi ya Aforika e e neng ya nna le babusaesi morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;30, 56.</ref> Go na le go fedisa bogosi, puso e ntšhwa e ne ya bo tsenya mo tsamaisong ya semolao, ya fa dikgosi dithata tsa boatlhodi ka ''kgotla'', go ikaegile ka dikgotlatshekelo tsa boikuelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe]] 2012, p.&#x20;36.</ref>Tlwaelo ya go ikobela boeteledipele, e e kileng ya fiwa dikgosi, e ne ya sutela kwa botautoneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;30.</ref> Puso e ne ya tiisa go tlhomama ga yona ka go thapa tirelosetšhaba ya yone ka baitseanape b<ref name=":66">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref>a dinaga di sele, go farologana le dinaga tse dingwe tse dišwa tsa Aforika tse gantsi di neng di leleka baitseanape ba dinaga di sele.<ref name=":67">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref name=":68">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;105.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;59.</ref> Se se ne sa boloka puso ya mofuta wa Bophirima e e neng e gatelela tlhabololo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;259.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go tlamela Botswana ka matlole mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse tlhano tsa go nna teng ga yone.<ref name=":61" /> Maemo a yone a kagiso, a puso ya batho ka batho fa a bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tsa Aforika a ne a raya gore e ne ya amogela thuso e ntsi go tswa mo mekgatlhong ya Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;255.</ref> Ka nako ya boipuso, Botswana e ne e le setšhaba se se humanegileng thata, go feta bontsi jwa dinaga tse dingwe mo Aforika.<ref name=":69">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;104.</ref><ref name=":66" /> E ne e sena badiri ba ba rutegileng, ka baagi ba le masome a mane fela ba ba nang le ditlankana tse di hagodimo tsa mmadikolo, mme go ne go sena ditlamelo tse di itsegeng tsa metswedi ya tlholego go tshegetsa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;62, 64.</ref> Botswana e ne e ikaegile ka puso ya Tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa go fitlhelela setšhaba sa lefatshe, mme bontsi jwa badiri ba Botswana e ne e le badiri ba bafaladi mo Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Botswana e ne ya tsena mo ntweng e e tlhamaletseng le Rhodesia, e e neng ya baka dintwa tsa sesole go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1978.<ref name=":63" /> Go nna le seabe mo go lekanyeditsweng ga Borithane go ne go kaya gore go ne go se na tlhabololo e ntsi fa e sale ka nako ya bokoloniale.<ref name=":69" /><ref name=":70">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;160.</ref> Bokgoni jwa go bala le go kwala e ne e le selekanyo sa karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong, mme go ne go na le dikilometara di le lesome fela tsa tsela e e tshetsweng.<ref name=":69" /> Mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a robangbongwe ya baagi e ne e le mo [[:en:Abject_poverty|lehumeng le le tseneletseng]],<ref name=":70" /> mme bontsi jwa baagi e ne e le balemibarui ba dikgomo kgotsa [[:en:Subsistence_farmers|balemibarui ba ba itshidisang]].<ref name=":71">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Fa setšhaba se fitlhelela boipuso, komelelo e e masisi e ne ya fedisa karolo ya masome amarao go fihlela masome a matlhano mo lekgolong ya palo ya dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa Batswana ba ne ba ikaegile ka [[:en:World_Food_Programme|Lenaneo la Dijo la Lefatshe]] go tila tlala.<ref name=":81">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;220.</ref> Ditšhaba tse dingwe di ne di na le ditsholofelo tse di kwa tlase mo Botswana, mme mo Aforika yotlhe e ne e bonwa jaaka [[:en:Bantustan|Bantustan]] ya Tlhaolele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;1.</ref> Kamano e le Tlhaolele gape e ne e le ntlha ya katlego ya Botswana jaaka setšhaba se se ikemetseng: boeteledipele jwa Batswana bo ne bo eletsa go tila phelelo e e tshwanang le ya Aforika Borwa fa setšhaba se ka palelwa, mme dikgolagano tsa dikgang tsa mafatshe fatshe tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa le Bophirima go thibela go tsenngwa ke Aforika Borwa di ne di raya gore Botswana o ne a tshepa thata dinaga tsa Bophirima go amogela thuso le thato ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;76–77.</ref> Boeteledipele jwa ntlha jwa Botswana bo ne bo laolwa ke malapa a merafe e e busang mmogo le palo e nnye ya badiredipuso ba ba rutegileng thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;6.</ref> Go tshwana ga bona ga itsholelo le dikgopolo go ne go raya gore puso e nne e tlhomame kwa ntle ga dintwa tsa sepolotiki.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;71.</ref> Le fa Bathoen a ne a tlogela maemo a gagwe a go nna kgosi go ya go dira dipolotiki, bontsi jwa dikgosi tse dingwe di ne tsa amogela maatla a tsona a a fokoditsweng a sepolotiki mo pusong e ntšhwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;56–57.</ref> Tiro e nngwe ya dikgosi e ne e laolwa ke Molao wa Bogosi wa ngwaga ya 1966.<ref name=":92">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;140.</ref> Go tlhoka bonweenwee go ne ga dira gore puso e nne semolao thata mme ya ratwa ke balekane ba Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;166.</ref> Go farologana le bontsi jwa merafe e e sa tswang go tlhamiwa ya Aforika, bontsi jwa boeteledipele bo ne bo tswa mo setšhabeng sa temothuo, go kaya gore dikgatlhego tsa bona di ne di tsamaisana le bontsi.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":71" /> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa go boloka dipholisi tsa motlha wa bokoloniale tse di neng di solegela barui ba dikgomo molemo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;75.</ref> Setlhopa sa semmuso sa Nama ya Botswana se ne sa tlhamiwa go laola madirelo a nama ya kgomo.<ref name=":58" /> Boikuelo jwa lekoko la BDP jwa merafe yotlhe le kgatlhego e e kopanetsweng ya go tlhoma boipuso di ne tsa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa gape go dira mo dikgatlhegelong tsa bontsi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref> Ditlhopha tse dinnye tsa baagi ba basweu di ne tsa sala mo nageng mme tsa ganetsa boipuso jwa yone.<ref name=":63" /> Le fa moragonyana di ne di tla nna botlhokwa mo tlhabololong ya Botswana, ditshwanelo tsa ditswammung di ne tsa fiwa botlhokwa jo bo kwa tlase fa di bona boipuso, mme merafe e ne ya di fetisetsa kwa pusong ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1967.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;103–104.</ref> === Puso ya ga Seretse Khama === Khama o ne a ratwa ke batho botlhe mme a bonwa e le moeteledipele wa tlholego wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;202–203.</ref> Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya tsenya tirisong maano a a neng a lebisitswe mo go tlhameng mafaratlhatlha le dithoto tsa setšhaba, bogolosegolo go tsenya tshela ditsela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;111.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;86.</ref> O ne a simolola go aga dikolo, matlhabelo le dikhuti tse di neng tsa tswelela mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. Lefatshe le le nang le banni la Batswana le Basarwa le ne la dirisiwa go aga mesima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;219.</ref> Tlhabololo e ne ya tla ka tshenyegelo ya kgwebo le tlhagiso, e e neng e lekanyeditswe go tlamela ka matlole a leruo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004,]] p.&#x20;164.</ref> Go ne ga tlhongwa mogopolo thata mo go otla dikgomo le go aga matlhabelo go rotloetsa madirelo a nama ya kgomo mo gare ga go tlhoka metsi. <ref name=":82">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;205.</ref>[[:en:Public_welfare|Mananeo a katlaatleloloago]] le one a ne a tlhongwa.<ref name=":67" /> Go ribololwa ga ditaemane go ne ga netefatsa gore mananeo a a bona madi a a lekaneng.<ref name=":72">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Dipeeletso tse le mokgwa o o sa fetogeng wa go somarela madi a puso di ne tsa thibela boemo jwa [[:en:Dutch_disease|bolwetse jwa Dutch]] jo bo neng jwa golafatsa dinaga tse dingwe tsa Aforika tse di neng di tletse ka didirisiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;4.</ref> Thuto e ne ya atolosiwa mo setšhabeng sotlhe, mme puo ya Setswana e ne ya lekanngwa mmogo le Seesemane ka go latlhegelwa ke dipuo tse dingwe.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":68" /> Khama o ne a siamisa seo jaaka tsela ya go fitlhelela kutlwano.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;228.</ref> Quett Masire o ne a dira jaaka Mothusa tautona ka fa tlase ga ga Seretse Khama mmogo le Tona ya tsa madi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> O ne a laola tekanyetsokabo ya lefatshe le tiriso ya madi ka go tlhama motseletsele wa Maano a Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba, go ikaegilwe ka kamogelo ya Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba le Komiti ya itsholelo ya Kabinete.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Dipoeletso tsa maano a di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya molao wa semmuso ya puso morago ga gore batlhatlhami ba ga Khama le Masire ba tsene mo maemong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;171.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, ditaemane di ne tsa fitlhellwa kwa Botswana ke setlamo sa Aforika Borwa sa ditaemane sa [[:en:De_Beers|De Beers]], mme ditiro di ne tsa simolola ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref name=":76">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;110.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;61.</ref> Dipeeletso tsa kopore di ne tsa fitlhelwa kwa [[:en:Selebi-Phikwe|Selebi-Phikwe]] ka ngwaga oo, mme se sa senola gape khumo ya ditswammung tsa setšhaba.<ref name=":58" /> Puso e ne ya dirisana le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1969 go dira ditiro tse dikgolo tsa meepo ya ditaemane,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> mme e ne ya amega mo dipuisanong sešwa tsa [[:en:Southern_African_Customs_Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa]] ka one ngwaga oo go tokafatsa thata maatla a yone a itsholelo mo kgaolong.<ref name=":77">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;65.</ref> Moepo mongwe kwa [[:en:Morupule|Morupule]] o ne wa simolola go ntsha magala ka ngwaga wa 1973, mme wa tlamela setšhaba ka karolo e kgolo ya motlakase.<ref name=":78">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xix.</ref> [[:en:Orapa_diamond_mine|Moepo wa ditaemane wa Orapa]] o ne wa bulwa kwa Orapa ka ngwaga wa 1971, mme go ne ga tlomamisiwia tumalano ya go abelana lotseno fa gare ga puso le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1974.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;125.</ref> Moragonyana Masire o ne a netefatsa gore De Beers e ne e tshegeditse dikgwebo tsa gagwe tse di hapegileng ka madi, mme se sa dira gore go akanyediwe gore setlamo se ka tswa se amogetse tumalano e e mosola mo kgannyeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;129–130.</ref> Molao wa Metsi le Molao wa ditsha tsa Morafe di ne tsa tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1968, mme tsa tlhama lekgotla la Kabo ya Metsi le lekgotla tsa naga di le lesome le bobedi, ka go latelana. Tse di ne di okametse kabo ya ditshwanelo tsa metsi le lefatshe ke puso go na le ka go nna mong wa morafe mongwe le mongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;76.</ref> Ka se, ba ne ba tsenya dithata tsa setso tsa dikgosi.<ref name=":74" /> Molao wa Mafatshe a Phulo a Merafe e ne ya tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1975 go thibela [[:en:Overgrazing|phulo e e feteletseng]], mme fela e ne ya itshupa e sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;67.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;173.</ref> Tota e bile, e ne e letla baagi ba ba humileng go kopa ditsha tse dikgolo tsa dikgomo ka tshenyegelo ya baagi ba ba sa humang thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Ditlhopho tsa ntlha morago ga boipuso di ne tsa diragala ka ngwaga wa 1969.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la dira maswe go le gonnye fa e bapisiwa le tiragatso ya yona ya ngwaga wa 1965, mme mothusa tautona Masire o ne a latlhegelwa ke setilo sa gagwe ke Bathoen, se se neng sa mo tlhoka gore a tseye setilo se se kgethegileng se se tlhophilweng.<ref name=":79">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Lekoko la BPP le ne la nyelela ka botlhokwa fa dipolotiki tsa Botswana di ntse di gola.<ref name=":73" /> Koporase ya Tlhabololo ya Botswana e e neng e le ya puso e ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1970,<ref name=":75" /> mme moepo wa diteemane wa Orapa o ne wa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 1971.<ref name=":78" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, diteemane di ne di dira karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong ya Palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana,<ref name=":76" /> mme kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1970, meepo e ne e le madirelo a magolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;5.</ref> Goromente wa Botswana o ne a buisana gape ka tumalano ya yone ya meepo le De Beers magareng ga ngwaga wa 1971 le ngwaga wa 1975, ya sutisetsa bontsi jwa dituelo kwa setšhabeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;210.</ref> Fa itsholelo ya teemane e ntse e tlhabologa le dipeeletso di boela mo lefatsheng, Botswana e ne ya falola lehuma mme ya bonwa jaaka katlego mo merafeng e mengwe mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara morago ga bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;212.</ref> Ditlhabololo tse di dirile gore Botswana e nne naga e e golang ka bonako mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":77" /> Batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo le a a fa gare ba ne ba bona molemo thata, go oketsa go [[:en:Wealth_inequality|tlhoka tekatekano ga khumo]], mme gape go ne go raya gore makgetho a ka fokodiwa, se se neng sa dira gore balemi ba ba tshegetse.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;71–72.</ref> Tlhabololo ya Botswana le tiriso ya yone ya tirelosetšhaba ya mafatshe a sele e ne ya atlega mo e leng gore puso e ne ya tlhotlheletsa lefatshe la United States go romela setlhopa sa baithaopi ba kagiso (Peace Corps) kwa ntle ga ditekanyetso tsa setso tsa gore ke dikarolo dife tse mokgatlho o ka di dirang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go ne ga tla koketsego ya Batswana ba ba botlana ba ba rutegileng mo lefelong la gaeno, ba ba neng ba nna le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo pusong.<ref name=":64" /> Jaaka fa batho ba bašwa ba ba ne ba amogela thuto e e tshwanang mme ba simolola go dira mo setsong se le sengwe sa tsamaiso, go ne go sena pharologano e kgolo ya tiro fa gare ga tirelosetšhaba e e neng e eteletswe pele ke batswakwa le e e neng e tsamaisiwa ke Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Lephata la Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo le ne le le teng ka bokhutshwane morago ga go kgaogana mo Lephateng la Matlole magareng ga batlhokomedi ba setso ba ba neng ba amana le tshireletso kgatlhanong le baemanokeng ba ga Masire ba ba neng ba eletsa go bona tlhabololo e e bogale thata. Ya bofelo e ne ya tsaya taolo, mme ditona di ne tsa kopanngwa gape go nna Lephata la Matlole le Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo ka ngwaga wa 1970. Ka ntlha ya palo e e lekanyeditsweng ya batho ba ba tshwanelegang go laola itsholelo, lephata le le ne la tsaya taolo e feletseng ya tiriso ya madi a puso mme la simolola lenaneo la Shashe le le neng le batla gore naga e nne le tlhabololo e e tseneletseng ya palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana. Se se ne se akaretsa go tlhoma lefelo la meepo ya kopore le nikele, le le neng la nna selo se se tlang pele mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;84–85.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, [[:en:Seepapitso_IV|Seepapitso wa bone]] o ne a nna kgosi ya ntlha go emisiwa mo maemong a gagwe morago ga nako ya bokoloniele.<ref name=":83">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;141.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la atlega thata gape ka [[:en:1974_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopo tsa ngwaga wa 1974]].<ref name=":79" /> [[:en:Minimum_wage|Dituelo tse di kwa tlase]] di ne tsa tlhagisiwa ka one ngwaga oo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Botswana e simolotse go ntsha madi a one, e leng [[:en:Botswana_pula|Botswana pula]], ka ngwaga wa 1976. Mmusi wa [[:en:Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya Botswana]] Quill Hermans o ne a kgaratlhela go kgaogana ga madi le Aforika Borwa le [[:en:South_African_rand|ranta ya yone ya Aforika Borwa]]. Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego a boditšhabatšhaba a gore Botswana e ka nna ya se ka ya kgona go tshegetsa madi a yone, Khama o ne a ikutlwa gore bagakolodi ba gagwe ba itsholelo ba na le bokgoni mme o ne a tshepa tshwetso ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tsa boipuso, Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya ditšhaba tse di humileng thata mo [[:en:Third_World|Lefatsheng la Boraro]].<ref name=":67" /> Phetogo ya itsholelo e kaiwa jaaka "kgakgamatso" ya Botswana.<ref name=":77" /> Linchwe II, kgosi ya [[:en:Kgatla_people|batho ba Kgatla]], o ne a busetsa ngwao ya go simolola bogwera mo morafeng wa gagwe ka ngwaga wa 1975, mme se sa gakatsa puso ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;148.</ref> Khama o ne a tsaya tsela ya go akaretsa batho botlhe mo pusong ya gagwe, a tila dipolotiki tsa merafe le go gana tlhotlheletso ya baeteledipele ba merafe a rata badiredipuso.<ref name=":84">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> Ka dinako tse dingwe o ne a kopa batho go rola tiro fa morafe mongwe o ka nna le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo tirelong ya setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tshaba gore go sa dumalane le batho ba ba kwa tlase ba Kalanga go ka nna ga dira gore go se ka ga nna le kagiso. Go rarabolola se, Khama o ne a tsenya maloko a a rutegileng a morafe wa Kalanga mo pusong, a tlhoma bontsi mo maemong a a kwa godimo. Tshwetso e ne e tsosa kganetsano, mme e ne ya tsosa dikgopolo tsa bolotsana ka ga tlhotlheletso e e bosula ya Kalanga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;122.</ref> Tse ka dinako tse dingwe di ne di ikaegile ka Mokgatlho wa Baithuti ba Bakalanga, o o neng wa nna Mokgatlho wa Tsweletso ya Puo ya Ikalanga ka ngwaga wa 1980.<ref>[[Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 123.|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> Poifo ya dipuso tsa baagisani tse di eteletsweng pele ke basweu kwa Namibia, Rhodesia, le Aforika Borwa, mmogo le kotsi ya [[:en:Angolan_Civil_War|Ntwa ya Selegae ya Angola]], di dirile gore Botswana e tlhame [[:en:Botswana_Defence_Force|sesole sa bosetšhaba]] ka ngwaga wa 1977.<ref name=":78" /> Pele ga se, [[:en:Botswana_Police_Service|Tirelo ya Sepodisi]] sa Botswana e ne e tlhokometse tshireletso ya setshaba. Go tlhoka sesole go ne go raya gore Botswana e ne e sa tlhaselwe ke dilo tse di bakang go sa tlhomamang mo merafeng e mengwe ya Aforika: go menola puso ga sesole le bonweenwee ka go dirisa madi a sesole.<ref>[[Beaulier & Subrick 2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], pp.&#x20;111–112.</ref> Sesole se ne sa bona ntwa ngwaga o o latelang fa dirukutlhi tsa Rhodesia di ne di tlhasela Leshoma, di bolaya masole a le lesome le botlhano.<ref name=":78" /> Ka tirisanommogo ya yone le De Beers, puso ya Botswana e ne ya tlhama kompone ya meepo ya Debswana ka ngwaga wa 1978, mme ya bona lotseno lo lo bonalang lwa puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Meepo e ne ya nna madirelo a a kwa godimo ya itsholelo ya lefatshe mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang,<ref name=":85">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> mme Botswana ya nna itsholelo e e golang ka bonako go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":86">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;33.</ref><ref name=":86" /> Go nna le seabe ga mafatshe a sele mo itsholelong go ne ga nna kgang ya sepolotiki ka nako e jaaka fa batho ba kwa ntle ba ne ba kokoanya kgolo ya setšhaba fa ditiro tsa selegae di ne di tlhabologa ka iketlo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;143–145.</ref> Thuo ya dikgomo, e e neng e setse e amilwe ke go runya mo gogolo ga [[:en:Foot-and-mouth_disease|bolwetse jwa tlhako le molomo]] ka ngwaga wa1977,<ref name=":82" /> e ne ya latlhegelwa ke botlhokwa jo e neng e na le jone pele.<ref name=":85" /> === Puso ya ga Quett Masire === [[Setshwantsho:Quett Masire DF-SC-85-12044.JPEG|thumb|Quett Masire a etetse America ka ngwaga wa 1984]] Morago ga loso lwa ga Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa 1980, Mothusa-Tautona Quett Masire o ne a nna tautona wa Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;117.</ref> Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego ka go tlhatlhama ga ga Khama, Masire o ne a tshegetsa mafaratlhatlha a puso a a neng a thusa go a aga le go boloka tumelo mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;182.</ref> Go ritibatsa morafe wa ga Khama wa Ngwato le merafe e mengwe ya bokone, Masire o ne a tlhoma ntsalae Khama, [[:en:Lenyeletse_Seretse|Lenyeletse Seretse]], go nna mothusa-tautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;232.</ref> Kakanyo e e neng e tlwaelesegile mo gare ga BaNgwato e ne e le gore morwa Khama, [[:en:Ian_Khama|Ian Khama]], o ne a tshwanelwa ke bo tautona. Fa Lenyeletse a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1983, Masire o ne a tlhopha [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] go tsena mo boemong jwa gagwe. Gompieno o ne a tlhopha mongwe go tswa mo morafeng wa borwa, gore a se ka a tlhoma sekao sa gore tautona le mothusa-tautona ka nako tsotlhe ba tshwanetse go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di fapaaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;233.</ref> Botswana e ne e le karolo ya Khonferense ya Kgokaganyo ya Tlhabololo ya Borwa jwa Aforika e e neng ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1980 go tlhama mmaraka wa borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":78" /> Setšhaba se ne sa amiwa ke [[:en:Early_1980s_recession|kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980]].<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Jwaneng_diamond_mine|Moepo wa diteemane wa Jwaneng]] o simolotse go dira ka ngwaga wa 1982, wa nna moepo o o dirang dipoelo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng. [[:en:University_of_Botswana|Mmadikolo wa Botswana]] o tlhomilwe ka one ngwaga o o neng o kgaogana le [[:en:University_of_Botswana,_Lesotho_and_Swaziland|Mmadikolo ya Botswana, Lesotho le Swaziland]].<ref name=":78" /> Ditlhabololo tsa semolao ka ngwaga wa 1982, Molawana wa Thuso ya Matlole le go dira gore tiro ya kgwebo gore e nne ya ka fa molaong ke badiredipuso, di ne tsa tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya naga mme gape tsa gagamolola melawana e e neng e tla thibela bonweenwee.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;127, 129.</ref> Jaaka fa puso ya batho le batho le kgolo ya itsholelo di itshupile e le diphetogo tsa paka e telele, Botswana e ne ya itsege jaaka "kgakgamatso ya Aforika".<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Kganetso e e nonofileng kgatlhanong le puso e e laolwang ke lekoko la BDP e ne ya tlhagelela la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go fenya ditlhopho tsa selegae, ditlhopha tsa dikgatlhego tsa simolola go tlhamiwa, mme makwalo a dikgang a matlhano a magolo a a kgatlhanong le lekoko la BDP a simolola go gatisiwa.<ref name=":64" /> Pele e ne e ikaegile ka tshegetso ya merafe e e rileng, lekoko la BNF le ne la bona tshegetso mo setlhopheng sa badiri.<ref name=":84" /> Ka ditlhopho ka kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1984, e ne e le lekoko kganetso le le gaisanang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;712.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya ama Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa1982 go fitlhela ka ngwaga wa 1987, mme ya tlhoka thuso ya dijo ya puso go ka nna karolo ya masome a marataro le botlhano mo lekgolong ya Batswana ba kwa magaeng.<ref name=":87">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;82.</ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba ga Masire ba ne ba mo amanya le komelelo e ka e ne e tsamaisana le tshimologo ya botautona jwa gagwe, ba akantsha gore Khama o ne a na le taelo ya bomodimo e Masire a neng a se na yone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;203.</ref> Mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1980, madirelo a ditaemane a ne a fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa yone ka karolo ya masome a matlhano le boraro mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya tlhagiso ya bosetšhaba.<ref name=":76" /> Ka nako e, itsholelo ya setšhaba e ne ya nonoha mo e leng gore baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba rotloediwa go tlhopha [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|temothuo ya go]] [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|itshidisa]] kgotsa go fuduga go ya go dira kwa Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":84" /> [[:en:Entrepreneurship|Bogwebi]] bo ne jwa anama thata, bogolosegolo mo badiring ba pele ba puso ba ba neng ba tswa mo [[:en:Public_sector|lephateng la puso]] go ya kwa lephateng la [[:en:Private_sector|e]] [[:en:Private_sector|seng la puso]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Thuto ya mahala ya [[:en:Secondary_education|sekole se segolwane]] ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1989.<ref name=":87" /> [[:en:Trade_union|Mekgatlho ya badiri]] le [[:en:Special_interest_group|ditlhopha tse di kgethegileng tsa dikgatlhego]] tse dingwe di ne tsa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go tlhotlheletsa melawana ya setšhaba, le fa gantsi puso e ne e sa batle go di amogela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], pp.&#x20;85–86.</ref> E tsibogetse mokgatlho o o neng o gola wa badiri ka go fetisa dithibelo tse di bokete mo mekgatlhong ya badiri ka ngwaga wa 1983.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dingwaga di le lesome gape o ne wa tlhagisa mekgatlho ya go amogela merafe e mennye, go gana boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba jwa Motswana.<ref name=":80" /> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, Aforika Borwa e ne ya simolola ditlhaselo tsa sesole mo Botswana go batla batlhabani ba Aforika Borwa. Go tsibogela dikgobalo tsa baagitse di neng tsa direga, puso ya Botswana e ne ya oketsa tiriso ya madi mo sesoleng.<ref name=":93">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;112.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> E ne gape ya fa sesole tiro ya go sireletsa diphologolo tsa naga le go tsenya mo tirisong molao o o kgatlhanong le go tsoma mo go seng ka fa molaong go tsibogela kotsi e e tlisiwang ke batsomi ba ba tshotseng dibetsa.<ref name=":94">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Palo ya ntlha ya [[:en:HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana|mogare wa segajaja]] mo Botswana e ne ya lemogiwa ka ngwaga wa 1985, mme mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang lefatshe ;e ne la nna lone le le neng la amega thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;265.</ref> [[:en:Life_expectancy|Botshelo jo bo solofetsweng]] mo Botswana bo ne bo tla wela tlase tswa go masomeng a maratarole bosupa go ya kwa masomeng a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 1997.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;175.</ref> Phetogo e e gakgamatsang mo tsamaisong ya botsogo ya Botswana e ne ya latela go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1980 le bo 1990; Bongaka jwa Bophirima bo ne jwa tlotliwa thata mmogo le kalafi ya setso, mme go ne ga tlhongwa dikokelo tse e seng tsa puso go nna mmogo le dikago tse di tsamaisiwang ke puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> [[:en:Early_1990s_recession|Kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1990]] e ne ya ama Botswana.<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Attorney_General_of_Botswana_v._Unity_Dow|Tsheko e e botlhokwa ya kgotlatshekelo ya molaomotheo]] e e neng ya tlisiwa ke Unity Dow e ne ya felela ka katlholo ka ngwaga wa 1991 ya gore bana ba ka fiwa boagedi mo go bomme ba bone ga mmogo le borraabone, e e neng ya amogelwa go nna molao ka Molao wa Boagi wa 1995.<ref name=":88">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xx.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang sa Kgabo se ne sa tshwarwa ka ngwaga wa 1991 go batlisisa lekgotla la kabo ditsha tsa lefatshe tsa puso, mme sa fitlhela gore go dirilwe ditlolomolao tsa maitsholo a a siameng ke mothusa-tautona Peter Mmusi le mokwaledi wa kakaretso wa lekoko la BDP [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]], ba bobedi jwa bone gape e neng e le maloko a setlhopa sa ditona tsa puso ya Botswana.<ref name=":89">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;346.</ref><ref name=":90">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;333.</ref> Ka go lebana le go galefa mo pusong le mo setšhabeng, bobedi jwa bone ba ne ba rola tiro.<ref name=":90" /> Go wa mo go ne ga tlhola ditlhopha tse pedi tse di kgaoganeng mo teng ga lekoko, e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke maloko a mabedi a pele a setlhopa sa ditona (Ba babedi ba bagolo),<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;333–335.</ref> mme e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke baganetsi ba bona (ba batlhano ba bagolo): [[:en:Festus_Mogae|Festus Mogae]], Bihiti Temane, Chapson Butale, [[:en:Gaositwe_Chiepe|Gaositwe Chiepe]], le moeteledipele wa bona [[:en:Mompati_Merafhe|Mompati Merafhe]].<ref name=":91">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;235.</ref> Se se ne sa aga mo dikgotlhang tse di neng di godile fa gare ga boeteledipele jwa borwa jwa BLP le kokomana e ntšhwa ya boradipolotiki go tswa kwa bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], pp.&#x20;233–234.</ref> Masire o ne a tlhopha Mogae go nna mothusa- tautona yo mosha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;334.</ref> Ka go tshwenyega ka kgonagalo ya go tlwaetsa bonweenwee, Masire o ne a thapa mothusa- mogolwane wa [[:en:Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)|setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang e e Ikemetseng ya Hong Kong e e Kgatlhanong le Bonweenwee (Hong Kong)]] go tlhama mokgatlho o o tshwanang mo Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;222.</ref> [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Bokaedi jwa Bonweenwee le Bosenyi jwa]] [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Itsholelo]] bo ne jwa tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, mme lekgotla la kabo ditsha le ne la tlhamiwa go reetsa boikuelo jwa ditshwetso tsa kabo ditsha ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Boemo jwa lekoko la BDP jaaka lekoko le le laolang bo ne jwa amogela kgwetlho ya jone ya ntlha e e masisi ka ntlha ya Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlsisa kgota go sekaseka dikgang ya Kgabo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;249.</ref> Matlhabisaditlhong le go kgaogana mo go neng ga nna teng mo lekokong la BDP go ne ga dira gore lekoko la BNF le nne lekoko la kganetso le le gaisanang thata morago ga ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;335–336.</ref><ref name=":89" /> Ka go mathata a a oketsegileng a go tsenngwa ga ditoropo go fokotsa motheo wa BDP kwa metseselegaeng, makoko a kganetso a ne a na le bonnye jo bo bonalang mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa ga Mmusi, Kwelagobe o ne a ikgolaganya le [[:en:Ponatshego_Kedikilwe|Ponatshego Kedikilwe]], mme ba bopa setlhopa se sennye sa Barata-Phathi sa lekoko la BDP. Ba batlhano ba bagolo ba ne ba nna setlhopa se sennye sa A-Team.<ref name=":89" /> Botswana e ne ya solegelwa molemo ke go khutla ga puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, ka puso e ntšhwa e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Aforika e ne e sa thibele kgolo ya Botswana kgotsa go tsenelela mo ditirong tsa sesole go kgabaganya molelwane.<ref name=":81" /> Fa kgaolo e ntse e tlhomama, ditlhabololo tsa itsholelo tse di tshwanang le mabentlele a magolo, kakanyo e e sa netefadiwang ya dithoto, le bojanala jwa baagi di ne tsa atologa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;675.</ref> Morafe wa Ngwaketse o ne wa nna le kgotlang le puso ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa 1994, fa tona ya pusoselegae le mafatshe Patrick Balope a ne a latofatsa kgosi Seepapitso wa bone ka go palelwa ke go diragatsa ditiro tsa gagwe mme a laela gore kgosi e emisiwe—e leng go emisiwa ga bobedi ga puso ya ga Seepapitso.<ref name=":83" /> Morwa wa ga Seepapitso e bong Leema o ne a amogela go tlhomiwa go dira tiro eo, kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa ga Seepapitso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;141–142.</ref> Morafe o ne wa lwantshana le kgang ya go nna semolao mo go sa tlhaloganyesegeng ga ga Leema le poifo ya gore setso sa morafe ga se kitla se tlhola se lemogiwa, mme go tlosiwa ga gagwe go ne ga nna kgang ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;142–143.</ref> Seepapitso o ne a tsenya kganetso ya semolao, mme kgotlatshekelo ya atlhola ka Tlhakole a tlhola malatsia le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 1995 gore le fa go tlosiwa ga ga Seepapitso go ne go le ka fa molaong, go tlhomiwa ga ga Leema go ne go se kafa molaong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;145.</ref> Ka maatla a go tlhoma a ne a buseditswe mo morafeng, ba ne ba gana go tlhopha moeteledipele yo mosha jaaka tsela ya go ikuela. Puso e ne ya ineela mme ya letlelela Seepapitso go busediwa mo tirong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;145–146.</ref> [[:en:Ritual_murder|Polao ya dipheko]] ya ga [[:en:Segametsi_Mogomotsi|Segametsi Mogomotsi]], mosetsana wa dingwaga di le lesome le bone wa kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]], e diragetse ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 1994. Dikhuduego tsa loago di ne tsa tsoga fa babelaelwa bao, ba e neng e le borakgwebo le boradipolotiki ba ba humileng, ba ne ba gololwa ka ntlha ya go tlhoka bosupi. Mo dikgweding tse di latelang, go ne ga nna le ditshupetso le dikhuduego tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke baithuti kgatlhanong le tiriso ya ditiro tsa masaitsiweng tse di tshwanang le polao ya dipheko go bona khumo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;286–290.</ref> Go tlhagoga ga bolwetse jo bo [[:en:Contagious_bovine_pleuropneumonia|tshelanwang jwa pleuropneumonia ya dikgomo]] ka ngwaga wa 1995 go ne ga baka dintsho tsa dikgomo di le dikete tse makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi .<ref name=":88" /> Molao wa Temothuo wa ngwaga ya 1995 o ne wa atolosa thulaganyo ya go dira lefatshe la baagi la le e seng la puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Merafe e mennye e ne ya tswelela go kgaratlhela go lemogiwa go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;163–164.</ref> Puso e simolotse go ntsha batho ba Basarwa mo [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|Lefelong la Diphologolo la Kalahari]] [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|la Bogare]] ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Le fa e ne e nganga gore maikaelelo e ne e le go thusa go kopanya baagi ba ba neng ba le kgakala thata, mme e neelana ka leruo go rotloetsa tirisanommogo, mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba e ne ya pega molato puso ka go pateletsa le go [[:en:Forced_displacement|fudusiwa ka dikgoka]] ga batho go dira sebaka sa meepo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;11–12.</ref> Maiteko a ntlha a magolo a semolao a go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa merafe e mennye a ne a tswa mo tshitshinyong ya ngwaga wa 1995 kwa palamenteng ya go tlhalosa molaomotheo jaaka o o sa tseyeng letlhakore mo merafeng, mme o ne wa bewa mo tafoleng. Mokgatlho wa Kamanakao o ne wa tlhamiwa ka one ngwaga oo ke morutegi [[:en:Lydia_Nyati-Ramahobo|Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo]] go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa [[:en:Yeyi_people|batho ba Yeyi]].<ref name=":95">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;215.</ref> Motseletsele wa diphetogo tsa puso le tsa ditlhopho di ne tsa tsenngwa mo tirisong mo dingwageng tsa bofelo tsa bo tautona jwa ga Masire. Tlhokomelo ya ditlhopho e ne ya fetisediwa kwa setheong se se ikemetseng, dingwaga tsa go tlhopa di ne tsa fokodiwa go tswa ko masomeng a mabedi le bongwe go ya ko lesomeng le borobabobedi , go [[:en:Postal_voting|tlhopa ka poso]] go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong, mme ga tsenngwa tirisong melawana ya go sireletsa [[:en:Labour_rights|ditshwanelo tsa badiri]] le [[:en:Gender_equality|tekatekano ya bong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;168.</ref> Masire o ne a eletsa go tlhama [[:en:Order_of_succession|tatelano e e tlhomameng ya]] [[:en:Order_of_succession|go tlhatlologana]] mo bogosing le go netefatsa gore motlhatlogi wa gagwe yo a mo tlhophileng mothusa Tautona Mogae e nna tautona, ka jalo o ne a dirisana le mmueledi Parks Tafa go kwala paakanyo ya molaotheo. Se se ne sa tsenya tirisong tatelano e e itirisang le [[:en:Term_limit|melelwane ya paka]] ya botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;337–338.</ref> O ne a pateletsa paakanyo ka boene.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;304–305.</ref> Go fetola itsholelo ya lefatshe, go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong tsamaiso ya nakwana ya go nna le [[:en:Tripartism|makoko a mararo]] go kopanya puso, lekalana le e seng la puso, le baemedi ba badiri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;169.</ref> Fa lekoko le ne le tlhopha maloko a komiti ya lone ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1997, kotsi ya go nna le ditlhopha e ne ya gola mo e leng gore Masire o ne a phimola ditlhopho tsa lone tse di mo teng ga mokgatlho mme a dira gore ditlhopha di mo fe manaane a maina.<ref name=":91" /> === Puso ya ga Festus Mogae === [[Setshwantsho:George Bush with African national leaders February 26, 2002.jpg|thumb|Festus Mogae mmogo le botautona ba mafatshe a sele [[:en:Joaquim_Chissano|Joaquim Chissano]], [[:en:George_W._Bush|George W. Bush]] le [[:en:José_Eduardo_dos_Santos|José Eduardo dos Santos]] ka ngwaga wa 2002]] Masire o ne a tlogela tiro ya botautona ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le ngwe ka ngwaga wa 1998, mme a latelelelwa ke mothusa tautona Festus Mogae.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;338.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya tshwetso e e neng ya tsosa kganetsano ya go tlhoma Ian Khama, molaodi wa sesole le morwa Seretse Khama, go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang,<ref name=":72" /> a fetisa kgetho ya gagwe ka go tshosetsa go phatlalatsa palamente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Le fa ba ne ba sa tseye letlhakore semmuso fa gare ga ditlhopha tsa lekoko la BDP, Mogae le Khama ka bobedi ba ne ba tlhaloganngwa e le batho ba bagolo mo gare ga A-Team.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;347.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1998 o ne wa bona nngwe ya dikgaogano tse dintsi mo teng ga lekoko la kganetso la BNF. E ne e kgaogane ka ditlhopha tse pedi: batho ba ba sa rateng diphetogo ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa loago le ba ba neng ba tswelela pele ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa puso ya batho ka batho ya loago. Dikhuduego kwa mokgatlhong wa lekoko di ne tsa dira gore batho ba ba neng ba rata kgatelopele ba kgaogane go nna lekoko la bone, [[:en:Botswana_Congress_Party|Botswana Congress Party]] (BCP), le le neng la nna lekoko le legolo la kganetso go fitlhela ba latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa manno a bone mo [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa]] [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 1999]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Kgaogano e ya kganetso, mmogo le diphetogo tsa selegae tsa dingwaga tse di fetileng, di ne tsa dira gore lekoko la BDP le boelwe ke ditilo dingwe tse e neng ya di latlhegelwa ka ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;168–169.</ref> Maloko a le mmalwa a borwa a boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BCP a ne a boela kwa lekokong la BNF morago ga gore maemo otlhe a a kwa godimo a tsewe ke batho ba bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;237.</ref> Go itlhatlosa go ya kwa maemong a merafe ya Tswana, batho ba Yeyi ba ne ba bitsa kgosi e e kwa godimo ka ngwaga wa 1999, fela se se ne sa se ka sa lemogiwa ke Molao wa Bogosi. Ba ne ba tlisa kgang eo kwa Kgotlatshekelong e Kgolo, e e neng ya tlhasela thulaganyo e e maleba ya molao e le e e tlhaolang.<ref name=":95" /> Mogae o ne a tlhoma setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang ka ngwaga wa 2000 go sekaseka kemedi ya merafe e mennye mo Ntlong ya Dikgosi, mme seo sa baka boipelaetso go tswa mo go ba ba neng ba ikutlwa gore Mogae o batla go nyatsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;239.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang se ne sa tlhomamisa gore Ntlo ya Dikgosi e tshwanetse go nna teng, mme ya bidiwa Setswana ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;216.</ref> Diphetogo tse dingwe tse di fetotsweng ga di a amogelwa morago ga go kgarametswa go tswa mo merafeng e megolo ya Batswana, bogolosegolo ba Ngwato.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;217–218.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, batho ba Kgatla-baga-Mmanaana ba ne ba bona kgosi ya bone Gobuamang Gobuamang wa bobedi a amogelwa semmuso jaaka kgosi e nnye mo teng ga kgaolo ya Kwena kwa ba nnang teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;177.</ref> [[:en:Botswana–Namibia_border|Molelwane wa Botswana le Namibia]] o ne wa tsena mo kganetsanong ka ngwaga wa 1999 fa mafatshe ka bobedi a ne a batla kgaolo mo [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Mopakong wa Caprivi]].[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;xx–xxi.</ref>] Ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000, Botswana e ne ya beeletsa thata mo go tlhabololeng sesole sa mowa.<ref name=":93" /> [[:en:Botswana_Television|Setshwantso sa motshikinyego sa Botswana]] se tlhomilwe ka ngwaga wa 2000. Lentswe tsa Tsodilo le ne la nna [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|Lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe]] ka ngwaga wa 2001. Batho ba Basarwa ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao ka ngwaga wa 2002 go ganetsa go ntshiwa ga bona kwa Central Kalahari Game Reserve, fela kgang e sekisiwang e ne ya tlhokomologiwa. [[:en:Mosadi_Seboko|Mosadi Seboko]] wa [[:en:Lete_people|morafe wa]] [[:en:Lete_people|Balete]] o ne a nna moeteledipele wa ntlha wa mosadi wa morafe ka ngwaga wa 2003.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xxi.</ref> Mogae o ne a dira gore mongwe wa batshwayadiphoso ba ba tlhageletseng thata ba puso, [[:en:Kenneth_Good_(political_scientist)|Kenneth Good]], a lelekwe mo lefatsheng la gagwe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], pp.&#x20;333–334.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;226–227.</ref> [[:en:Three_Dikgosi_Monument|Sefikantswe sa Dikgosi tse Tharo]] se ne sa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;680.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya bolwetsi jo bo anameng lefatshe la HIV/AIDS e le kgang e e botlhokwa thata ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Go e lwantsha, o ne a dira gore dikalafi tsa [[:en:Antiretroviral|diantiretroviral]] tsa HIV/AIDS di nne teng mahala.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;225.</ref> === Puso ya ga Ian Khama === [[Setshwantsho:London Conference on The Illegal Wildlife Trade (12499797834).jpg|thumb|Kopano ya ga Ian Khama le [[:en:William_Hague|William Hague]] kwa Lontone]] Ian Khama o ne a latela mo maemong a botautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Mogae ka kgwedi ya Moranang a le letsatsi le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref name=":96">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mokgwa wa gagwe wa boeteledipele o ne wa phatlaladiwa jaaka o o latelang "di-D tse nne": puso ya batho ka batho, tlhabololo, seriti, le kotlhao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Fa a sena go nna mo setilong, o ne a rulaganya sešwa khuduthamaga ya setšhaba ka mokgwa wa tatelano, a kopanya maatla go dikologa botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;227–228.</ref> Khama o ne a gatelela tshireletsego ya setshaba mo tsamaisong ya gagwe. Ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo maemong a gagwe, Lekalana la Bosenodi le Tshireletsego le ne la itsege ka go dira ditlhodi tse di neng di tlhotlhelediwa ke dipolotiki le go tshwara baganetsi ba gagwe ba sepolotiki. O ne gape a tlhoma batho ba le mmalwa ba pele ba sesole mo pusong ya gagwe<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], pp.&#x20;714–715.</ref> Botswana o ne e sa amege thata mo [[:en:African_Union|Kopanong ya Aforika]] ka nako ya botautona jwa ga Khama, go na le moo e ne ya tlhagisa molawana wa mafatshe a sele a a neng e lebisitswe thata mo Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;190.</ref> Mathata a matlole a ngwaga wa 2008 a ne a gatelela itsholelo ya Botswana, e e neng ya nna e ikaegile ka meepo ya ditaemane le fa puso e ne e dira maiteko.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;202.</ref> Madirelo a diteemane a ne a fedisa kwelotlase e e tlhomameng fa e ne e tlhomama ka bokana ka karolo ya masome a mararo le borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tse di tlhagisitsweng tsa lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 2009.<ref name=":76" /> Taolo ya dikgosi e ne ya fetolwa ka ngwaga wa 2008 ka Molao wa Bogosi.<ref name=":92" /> Khama o ne a rotloetsa go neela dikgosi maatla ka leina la go busetsa kotlhao le maitsholo a setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], pp.&#x20;196–197.</ref> O ne a ntsha taelo e e neng ya oketsa dingwaga tsa go nwa tse di kafa molaong go nna masome a mabedi le bongwe, ya fa baeteledipele ba merafe e mennye maatla a go laela gore batho ba itewe, ya tlhama ditlhopha tsa mephato go nna balebedi, le go tsenya gape [[:en:Corporal_punishment_in_schools|kotlhao ya go itaya mo dikolong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Dikgosi di le mmalwa tse di sa tswang go tlhongwa di ne tsa tshegetsa melawana e mme tsa tsenya tirisong dikotlhao tse di gagametseng tsa badiraphoso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Gareng ga bone go ne go na le Kgafela wa bobedi, kgosana ya morafe wa Kgatla. Go dira gore batho ba gagwe ba nne le boitsholo jo bo tlwaelegileng, o ne a oketsa thata go itewa ga batho ba ba neng ba tlola molao. Kgafela le ba bangwe ba ba amegang ba ne ba pegwa molato wa bosenyi ka ntlha ya go dirisa kotlhao ka tsela e e sa siamang ka ngwaga wa 2010, mme kgotlatshekelo e ne ya kgaphela thoko kopo ya gagwe ya go sirelediwa, ya tlhomamisa gore dikgosi ga di na boipuso mme di laolwa ke molaotheo.<ref name=":97">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;157.</ref> Jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le tlhopha boeteledipele jwa lekoko la yone ka ngwaga wa 2009, Khama o ne a tlhoma batho ba le bantsi ba A-Team mo dikomiting tse potlana tsa lekoko le fa Barata-Phathi e ne ya fenya ka nako ya mokgatlho wa lekoko.<ref name=":97" /><ref name=":98">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;335.</ref> Fa mokwaledi mogolo wa lekoko leo, Rre [[:en:Gomolemo_Motswaledi|Gomolemo Motswaledi]] a ne a rerisana le babueledi go botsa gore a ditiro tsa ga Khama di ka fa molaong, Khama o ne a dira gore a sekegiwe mo komiting. Morago ga go isa kgang kwa kgotlatshekelo, go ne ga fitlhelwa gore tautona yo o mo maemong ao ga a kgone go sekisiwa semolao, mme Khama o ne a emisa Motswaledi mo BDP gotlhelele.<ref name=":98" />Mo tshimologong ya ngwaga wa 2010, Khama o ne a emisa mme morago a ntsha maloko a mangwe a le mmalwa a lekalana le le mo teng ga lekoko la Barata-Phathi mo lekokong BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], pp.&#x20;354–355.</ref> Se se ne sa baka go kgaogana ga ntlha ga BDP ka Mopitlwe fa lekoko la Barata-Phathi le ne le tswa mo lekokong go bopa Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Temokerasi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;345.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Molao wa Tirelosetšhaba o tsentswe tirisong ka ngwaga wa 2010, o dira gore badiredipuso ba dire ditshupetso ka ha molaong mo maemong mangwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mo ngwageng o o latelang, Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Mekgatlho ya Badiri (BOFEPUSU) o ne wa etelela pele ditshupetso tsa dikgwedi di le pedi mo gare ga badiredipuso ba lefatshe go batla tuelo ya karolo ya lesome le borataro mo lekgolong, mme puso ya tsiboga ka go ntsha diketekete tsa badiri mo maemong a bone.<ref name=":96" /> Go ntshiwa ga batho go ne go okametswe ke [[:en:Mokgweetsi_Masisi|Mokgweetsi Masisi]], Tona ya Merero ya Botautona.<ref name=":99">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Go ganetsa boemo jwa puso, BOFEPUSU e ne ya tlhofofatsa go kopanngwa ga makoko a magolo a kganetso go nna [[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC).<ref name=":96" /> Setlhopha se sešwa se se ne se eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Duma_Boko|Duma Boko]], yo o neng a tsere taolo ya BNF ka ngwaga wa 2010 mme a laola dipuo tsa yona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;715.</ref> Khama o ne a diragatsa diphetogo tse di nonofileng tsa tshomarelo ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe, bogolo jang mabapi le go tsoma. Le fa ba ne ba opa diatla kwa mahatsheng a mangwe le go bopa leina la Botswana jaaka "kgakgamatso e tala", ba ne ba kopana le go kgobega marapo mo nageng ka ntlha ya ditsela tse di neng di dirisiwa go tswa kwa godimo go ya kwa tlase, bogolosegolo go tswa mo go ba ba nnang mo mafelong a a tlhomilweng a tshomarelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Melawana e e ne e akaretsa go oketsega ga mekgwa ya sesole e e kgatlhanong le go tsoma diphologolo; digongwana tse di kgatlhanong le go tsoma di ne di tsentswe ditlhobolo tse di itirisang go tlaleletsa melawana ya go thuntsha go bolaya kgatlhanong le batho ba ba belaelwang gore ke batsomi.<ref name=":94" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boloka bontsi jwa yone mo lekgotleng la peomolao morago ga [[:en:2014_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopho tse di latelang]], mme e le lekgetho la ntlha e ne ya dira jalo ka bontsi fela jwa ditlhopo tsa batho.<ref>[[Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;705.</ref> Ian Khama o ne a tlhoma Masisi go nna mothusa tautona wa gagwe.<ref name=":99" /> Tshwetso e ne ya tsosa kganetsano ka ntlha ya go tlhoka maitemogelo ga ga Masisi fa go bapisiwa le ditlhopho tse dingwe tse di ka kgonegang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Go ya ka Mogae, Masisi o ne a tlhophiwa ka tlhaloganyo ya gore o tla tlhoma [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|Tshekedi Khama]] [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|wa bobedi]] go nna mothusa tautona morago ga go tsaya botautona ka boene.<ref name=":99" /> Botsalo Ntuane o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Mokwaledi Mogolo wa lekoko la BDP ka ngwaga 2015 mo seraleng sa twantsho tshenyetso setshaba le phetolo ya ditlhopho. Se se ne sa tshosetsa tlholego e e tseneletseng ya lekoko la BDP, mme Ntuane a bona mmaba wa sepolotiki kwa Masisi.<ref name=":99" /> Khama o ne a le bobaba mo bobegadikgannyeng, bogolo jang mo mafelong a a neng a sa dumalane le ditiro tsa puso ya gagwe. O ne a na le babegadikgang ba babedi ba ba neng ba latofadiwa ka [[:en:Sedition|botsuolodi]] ka ngwaga wa 2017, mme moragonyana ditatofatso di ne tsa latlhiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;714.</ref> === Puso ya ga Mokgweetsi Masisi === [[Setshwantsho:Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference London 2018 (45245990491).jpg|thumb|Mokgweetsi Masisi a bua kwa bokopanong jo bo neng bo bua ka kgwebisano e e seng ka fa molaong ya diphologolo tsa naga kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:London|London]] ka ngwaga wa 2018]] Masisi o ne a nna tautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Khama ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2018. Fa ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2019_Botswana_general_election|kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 2019]] di ntse di atamela, Masisi o ne a tlhama setshwantsho sa go ipharologanya le Khama, a itlhagisa jaaka motho yo o [[:en:Anti-corruption|lwantshanang le bonweenwee]] fa a ntse a tshegetsa bobegakgang le BOFEPUSU.<ref name=":02">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;716.</ref><ref name=":02" /> Letsholo la gagwe la go lwantsha bonweenwee le ne la felela ka go tshwarwa ga ga Isaac Kgosi, yo o neng a eteletse pele Bokaedi jwa Botlhodi le Tshireletso mo pusong ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;717.</ref><ref name=":110" /> Masisi o ne a tswelela ka go busetsa morago bontsi jwa melawana ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110" /> Gareng ga tse e ne e le go phimolwa ga melawana ya tshomarelo, go akaretsa le thibelo ya go tsoma e e neng e tsoma e e neng e lebisitswe mo kgwebong ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|manaka a tlou]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;23–24, 33–34.</ref> O ne gape a okametse go fedisiwa ga go tsewa go ratana ka bong bole bongwe e le molato.<ref>Rotberg 2023, pp.&#x20;228–229.</ref> Fa se se ntse se tsweletse, Masisi le Khama ba nna baganetsi go na le go nna balekane. Khama o ne a leka go thapa [[:en:Pelonomi_Venson-Moitoi|Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi]] go nna ntlhopheng yo mongwe wa BDP kgatlhanong le Masisi, mme fa seo se palelwa, o ne a itlhomela lekoko la gagwe, la [[:en:Botswana_Patriotic_Front|Botswana Patriotic Front]] (BPF).<ref name=":99" /><ref name=":110" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boelwa ke bontsi jwa ditlhopho tsa batho ka ngwaga wa 2019,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> mme ditlhopho di ne tsa senngwa ke kgatelelo ya puso le diphuruphutsho tsa nako le nako kgatlhanong le batho ba kganetso. Lekoko la UDC le ne la gwetlha maduo, mme ga di a atlega.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;308.</ref> Diphetogo tsa kgaolo di ne tsa fetoga ka ngwaga wa 2019 jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le latlhegelwa ke thotloetso nngwe kwa bokone fa e ntse e oketsa tlhotlheletso ya yone kwa borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;231.</ref> Ditlhopho gape di ne tsa bona lekokokganetso le legolo, BNF, le latlhegelwa ke BCP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> Jaaka ditšhaba di le dintsi, [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana|Botswana e ne ya bona kwelotlase e e kgolo ya tsholelo ka nako ya tlhaselo ya bolwetsi jwa COVID-19]], mme lefatshe le ne la nna [[:en:COVID-19_lockdowns|mo thibelong ya metsamao]] bontsi jwa ngwaga wa 2020 le ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;309.</ref> Mofuta wa SARS-CoV-2 Omicron o ribolotswe kwa Botswana moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Maikutlo a a kgatlhanong le makula a ne a anama ka setšhaba sa makula kwa Botswana se ne se humile thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;310.</ref> Khama o ne a tshabela kwa lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa a le kwa botshabelo ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele ka ngwaga wa 2021, mme puso ya Botswana ya mo latofatsa ka go nna le dibetsa e se ka fa molaong ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;311–312.</ref> === Puso ya ga Duma Boko === [[Setshwantsho:Secretary Rubio Meets with Botswana President Boko (54371806715).jpg|thumb|Duma Boko o ikanisa tumalano le lefatshe la Amerika ka ngwaga wa 2025]] Lekoko la [:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change][[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC) le nnile lekokokganetso la ntlha mo Botswana go tsaya puso morago ga phenyo ya lone mo [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa]] [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 2024]] , mme se sa fedisa dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi tsa puso ya [[:en:Botswana_Democratic_Party|lekoko la Botswana la batho ka batho]] (BDP).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMuiaZane2024|Muia &#x26; Zane 2024]]</ref> Mo puisanong ya gagwe ya ntlha ya Maemo a Setšhaba ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2024, Duma Boko o boletse gore puso ya gagwe e tla kgaratlhela go oketsa dipeeletso mo maatleng a letsatsi, [[:en:Cannabis|motokwane]] ya kalafi le mofuta wa motokwane o o lengwang ka lebaka la madirelo. O ne gape a itsise ditirisano le [[:en:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] go atolosa phitlhelelo ya mafaratlhatlha a maranyane e e teng lefatshe ka bophara ka [[:en:Starlink|Starlink]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFFrance242024|France24 2024]]</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2025, Botswana e ne ya romela sathalaete ya yone ya ntlha, e leng [[:en:BOTSAT‑1|BOTSAT‐1,]] kwa lefaufaung.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRanjan2025|Ranjan 2025]]</ref> [[:en:Duma_Boko|Boko]] o ne a tsenela go itsisiwe semmuso ga sathalaete, e e neng ya tshwarelwa kwa mafelong a [[:en:SpaceX|SpaceX]] kwa lefatsheng la United States.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNamunwa2025|Namunwa 2025]].</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Lekwalokwalo la Botswana * [[Ngwao ya Botswana|Ngwao ya Batswana]] * Dipalopalo tsa Botswana * [[Itsholelo ya Botswana]] * Thutafatshe ya Botswana * [[Ditso tsa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Borwa jwa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Gaborone]] * [[Lenaane la dikgang tse di amanang le Botswana]] * Lenaane la dingwaga mo Botswana * [[Tlhaloso ya Botswana]] * Mola wa nako wa Botswana * Mola wa nako ya Gaborone * [[Dipolotiki tsa Botswana]] == Dintlhana tse di kwa tlase == <references /> == Metswedi == === Dibuka === * Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). Culture and Customs of Botswana. Greenwood Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-313-33178-7</nowiki>. OCLC 62118271. * Gulbrandsen, Ørnulf (2012). The State and the Social: State Formation in Botswana and its Precolonial and Colonial Genealogies. Berghahn Books. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85745-298-6</nowiki>. * Hillbom, Ellen; Bolt, Jutta (2018). Botswana – A Modern Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73144-5. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-73144-5</nowiki>. * Holm, John D.; Molutsi, Patrick P. (1992). "State-Society Relations in Botswana: Beginning Liberalization". In Hydén, Göran; Bratton, Michael (eds.). Governance and Politics in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 75–95. doi:10.1515/9781685853297. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-55587-285-4</nowiki>. * Jackson, Ashley (1999). Botswana, 1939-1945: An African Country at War. Clarendon Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-820764-1</nowiki>. * Leith, James Clark (2005). Why Botswana Prospered. McGill-Queen's University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7735-2821-5</nowiki>. * Molutsi, Patrick (2004). "Botswana: The Path to Democracy and Development". In Gyimah-Boadi, E. (ed.). Democratic Reform in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 159–182. doi:10.1515/9781685857325. <nowiki>ISBN 9781685857325</nowiki>. * Nyamnjoh, Francis B. (2007). "'Ever-Diminishing Circles': The Paradoxes of Belonging in Botswana". In de la Cadena, Marisol; Starn, Orin (eds.). Indigenous Experience Today. Routledge. pp. 305–332. <nowiki>ISBN 9781003085690</nowiki>. * Rotberg, Robert I. (2023). "Botswana: Africa's Democratic Exception". Overcoming the Oppressors: White and Black in Southern Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–231. <nowiki>ISBN 9780197674239</nowiki>. * Samatar, Abdi Ismail (1999). An African Miracle: State and Class Leadership and Colonial Legacy in Botswana Development. Heinemann. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-325-00068-8</nowiki>. * Tlou, Thomas; Campbell, Alec C. (1997) [1984]. History of Botswana (2nd ed.). Macmillan Botswana. <nowiki>ISBN 9991278087</nowiki>. == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref name=":2"><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref>Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref></ref><ref name=":30"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref></ref> q15vfg5igyi7d0lkmc31wdzumji6f68 53688 53686 2026-07-30T21:29:27Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Pre-colonial history" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366623313|History of Botswana]]" 53688 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditso tsa lefatshe la Botswana''' di akaretsa tsa bogologolo le tsa ngwao ya kgaolo, go diriwa kolone ya [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Bechuanaland Protectorate]], le go nna Republic of [[Botswana]] gompieno. Batho ba ntlha ba motlha wa gompieno go nna mo [[Botswana]] e ne e le Basarwa, temothuo e tlhabolotswe dingwaga di ka nna dikete pedi, le makgolo a mararo a a fetileng. Batho bantsho ba Bantu ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago ga loso lwa ga Keresete, fa [[Batswana]] ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago. Batswana ba ne ba kgaogana ka ditlhopha tsa merafe mo dingwageng tse di dikete tse di latelang fa diphudugo mo kgaolong di tswelela, tse di neng tsa baka [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]] mo lekgolong la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi. Go amana le lefatshe le le kgolo le le naleng dikarolo la Europe ga ntlha go diragetse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi lesome le borataro, mo go bakileng go diriwa Bakeresete ga batho ba kgaolo. Magosi a Batswana a a neng a na le thotloetso e kgolo a ne a ikopela go nna mo tlhokomelong ya lefatshe la [[United Kingdom]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le botlhano ka ba ne ba itemogela matshosetsi go tswa kwa [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German South West Africa]] le mo Maburung. Batho ba Britain ba ne ba kgaoganya kgaolo go nna merafe e kgosi nngwe le nngwe e tlaa e etelelang pele, ba a fa dikgosi maatla a a fetang a ba neng ba na le one pele, mme ba ne ba nna le taolo e e lekanetseng fela mo lefatsheng. Puso ya Britain e ne ya nna le seabe se setlhagafetseng ka dinwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la ema nokeng go tsaya karolo ga Britain mo ntweng ya bobedi ya mafatshe, bontsi ba ne ba lwa e le bontlha jwa sesole sa [[Aferika|Aforika]] sa Auxiliary Pioneer Corps. Go lwela go laola go nnile teng ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a matlhano fa gare ga Kgosi ya [[Bangwato]] [[Seretse Khama]] le motlhatlhami wa gagwe [[Tshekedi Khama]]. Go nyala mosadi wa lekgoa ebong [[Ruth Williams Khama]] ga ga Seretse, go ne ga baka gore batho ba Britain ba mo thibele go nna mo [[Botswana]]. O ne a boa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a matlhano le borataro, ka a ne a na le kemo nokeng e kgolo, merafe e ne inaakanya le puso e e tlhophilweng fa letsholo la boipuso le tlhamiwa. Molao wa lefatshe o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le motso, ga tlhamiwa diphathi tsa polotiki. Seretse o ne a nna moeteledipele wa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Bechuanaland Democratic Party]], e e neng e bueletswe ke puso ya Britain go busa morago ga boipuso, e ne ya nna le kemo nokeng e e tsitsibanyang mmele mo ditlhophong tsa ntlha tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le botlhano. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la neelwa boipuso jo bo tletseng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro. Ka maikaelelo a a nonofileng, Seretse le phathi ya gagwe ba ne ba tlhama puso ya batho ka batho ya bophirima ba simolola go tlhabolola dikago mo lefatsheng le e neng e le lengwe la a a neng a humanegile thata ka nako eo. Go ne ga lemogiwa fa go na le diteemane ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabongwe, mo go neng ga bopa sesha itsholelo ya Botswana. Kompone ya meepo ya [[Debswana]] e tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi, lefatshe la Botswana la nna la itsholelo e e golang ka bofefo thata go gaisa a mangwe mo Botswana. Phathi ya sepolotiki ya Botswana Democratic e ne ya tswelela e le yone phathi e e busang go tswa ka nako ya boipuso go fitlhelela phathi ya [[Umbrella for Democratic Change]] e fenya ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone.]] == Ditso tsa pele ga bokolone == === Ditso tsa pele === [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo Hills rock paintings4.jpg|thumb|metako ya magaga kwa Tsodilo mo ditsong tsa pele]] Lefatshe la Botswana la gompieno e ne e le sekgwa fela dingwaga di le didikadike tse di lesome tse di fitileng, dinoka di ne di le ditona go fetisa gompieno, di tshela kwa [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|letsheng la Makgadikgadi]].<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou, Thomas]]; [[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Campbell, Alec C]]. (1997) [1984]. ''[[History of Botswana]]'' (2nd&nbsp;ed.). Macmillan Botswana. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/9991278087|&nbsp;<bdi>9991278087</bdi>.]]</ref> Batho ba sebopego sa ntlha sa Homo erectus ba ne ba nna mo kgaolong eo ka motlha wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997,]] p.&nbsp;14.</ref> Didirisiwa tsa lejwe mo Botswana wa gompieno, di tshwana le dilepe, di tswa go o lowe, dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fitileng.<ref name=":4">Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). [[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|''Culture and Customs of Botswana''.]] Greenwood Press. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33178-7|<bdi>978-0-313-33178-7</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#Identifiers_and_linked_data|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/title/62118271 62118271.]</ref><ref name=":0">Klehm, Carla (28 June 2021). "Archaeology of Botswana". ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History''. doi:[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61663/chapter/553401196 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.792]. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4|<bdi>978-0-19-027773-4</bdi>.]]</ref> Phudugo go ya sekakeng sa Kalahari go akanyediwa fa e diragetse pele ga legato la borataro dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro tse di fitileng.<ref name=":0" /> Letsha la Makgadikgadi le simolotse go fokotsega dingwaga di le dikete di le masome matlhano tse di fitileng.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;17.]]</ref> Bagolagolwane ba merafe e e sa amaneng ka gope ba ba bidiwang Basarwa fa ba kgobokantswe, ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome mane go tsena masome a mararo tse di fitileng. Ba ka tswa e le bone batho ba ntlha go nna mo motlheng wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&nbsp;18, 23.</ref> Ba ne ba itlhoma go bapa le dinoka ka dipaka tsa komelelo, mme ba phatlalale le kgaolo ka nako ya dipula.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&nbsp;24.</ref>Go ne go itsewe fa ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikaganyeditseng [[letsha la Makgadikgadi]], ga mmogo le [[Tsodilo]] le GI.<ref name=":1">[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;xv.</ref> Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba [[Nata]], Shua le Xani, go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref name=":2">Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;23.</ref>[[:en:Rock_art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse masome a mararo tse di fetileng,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Meepo ya specularite le hematite e simolotse ka nako e go tlhama dipente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;48.</ref> Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a leruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome mabedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":1" /> Thuto e e tseneletseng ya Aforika e e kwa borwa mo [[:en:Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Matlapa]] e ntse e lekanyeditswe.<ref name=":0" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[:en:Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba sala ka ditlhopha tse dinnye mme ba dira kgwebo le ba bangwe.<ref name=":2" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere tshimo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monna yo mogolo wa lelapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tse dikgolo, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela le go tshwara diphologolo tse dinnye.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Ditlhopha di ne di nyalana mme di dirisa thulaganyo ya magadi, xaro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete tse tse di fetileng, batho ba kgaolo eo ba ne ba tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana wa gompieno mme ba simolola go dira dinkgwana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;8.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;28.</ref>Temothuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga le go wela tlase fa seemo sa loapi le ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo di ne di dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;29–30.</ref>Gareng ga dijalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[:en:Pearl_millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[:en:Sorghum|mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[:en:Cowpea|dinawa tsa kgomo]], le dimela tsa lelapa la [[:en:Cucurbitaceae|cucurbits]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba Bantu ba ne ba [[:en:Bantu_expansion|fudugela kwa kgaolong]] e dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi le dingwaga dile selete le makgolo a matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong leno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;22–24, 28.</ref> [[:en:Kalanga_people|Batho ba Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba goroga c. 200 C.E.<ref name=":3">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Bagologolwane ba morafe wa ntlha wa [[:en:Tswana_people|Batswana]] (bongwe ''Motswana'', bontsi ''Batswana'') go fopholediwa fa ba gorogile c. 400 C.E.<ref name=":3" /> Batho ba ba Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didirisiwa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna mo ditseleng tsa metsi tsa leruri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;9.</ref> Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a leruri a matlo a ka nna lesome go fitlhela lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Pole-and-daga|dipale le mmu]] nngwe le nngwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa Khoisan e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;44–45.</ref> BaKhoisan le Bantu ba ka tswa ba ne ba gweba le go nyalana mo pakeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;36.</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlhela ka lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga === Setlhopha sa batho ba Zhizo, batho ba Taukome, ba ne ba goroga mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme ba nna fa gare ga [[:en:Shashe_River|Noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|Noka ya Serorome]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref><ref name=":5">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;10.</ref> Go nna le [[:en:Glass_bead|dipheta tsa galase]] go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo ya Lewatle la India]].<ref name=":5" /> Palo ya leruo le le ruiwang mo Botswana wa gompieno e ne ya oketsega thata fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa borobabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":4" /> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso ya morafe, e e bidiwang ''morafe'' (bontsi merafe), mongwe le mongwe o eteletswe pele ke kgosi e e bidiwang ''[[:en:Kgosi|kgosi]]'' (bontsi dikgosi).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Tsamaiso e e ne ya tlhagisa puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le tse dingwe mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;40.</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong, mme go nna mong wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho.<ref name=":6">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;11.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ditso tsa bogologolo tsa batho ba Tswana e sa ntse e sa itsiwe thata ka gonne go setse bosupi jo bonnye jwa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo.<ref name=":3" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Sekaka sa Kalahari]] ka makgolo ale borobabongwe morago ga ga Keresete,<ref name=":1" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong le le latelang la dingwaga, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng kwa Lewatleng la India.<ref name=":6" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Bangwe ba batho ba Eiland ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa ya gompieno go tsena mo Botswana wa gompieno mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Batho ba Toutswe, ba bangwe ba morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, ba bona khumo ya bona ka go nna le dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;13.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Go ne ga agiwa metse e meraro ya Ba-Toutswe kwa [[:en:Bosutswe|Bosutswe]], Sung, le [[:en:Toutswemogala|Toutswemogala]], mongwe le mongwe wa bone o ne o busa metse e mennye e e neng e e dikologile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 12, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba anametse kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;60.</ref> Boleng jwa ditlhagiswa bo ne jwa fetogafetoga fa kgwebisano e ntse e atolosiwa le ditšhaba di sele mme go ribololwa ga gauta go ne ga diragala, go fokotsa kgatlhego mo ditlhagisweng tsa sebilo le tsa diphologolo jaaka lonaka lwa tlou.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;27–28.</ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":7">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Merafe e e kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditiragalo tse mme e ne ya sala e sa amege thata.<ref name=":8">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Baagisani ba Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe le wa lesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard's Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":9">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> <ref name=":10">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;61.</ref>Ba tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[:en:Bambandyanalo|Bambandyanalo]], ba ne ba nna batho ba bagolo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe kwa ba neng ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;67–68.</ref> Ba ne ba bonela pele tlhotlheletso go ralala kgaolo fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> Batho ba Okavango Delta le batho ba Tsodilo mme morago ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bodulo mo nakong e, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke batho ba Khoe fela ba ba neng ba nna mo lefelong leo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou & Campbell 1997]], pp. 46, 81.</ref>Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro,<ref name=":11">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;14.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa mo nako e le nngwe.<ref name=":10" />Batho ba Mambo ba ne ba nna go dikologa [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]] ya gompieno mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo tikologong ya nako e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Batho ba segompieno ba Tswana, [[:en:Khalagari_people|Khalagari]], le [[:en:Sotho_people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo e ka nnang ka lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":12">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Ba-Khalagari ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana.<ref name=":13">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Batho ba Fokeng le bone ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi,<ref name=":14">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;93.</ref> mme batho ba Moloko ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro.<ref name=":12" /> Morafe wa tshimologo wa BaTswana, losika lwa bogosi lwa Phofu, o tlhodilwe kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro ke Mogale. Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, e ne ya kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa le merafe ya Bahurutshe, [[:en:Kwena_people|Kwena]], [[:en:Ngwaketse_people|Ngwaketse]], [[:en:Ngwato_people|Ngwato]], Tlharo, le batho ba ba [[:en:Ngwato_people|Kgatla]].<ref name=":13" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa ema mo boemong jwa Mapungubwe e le maatla a kgaolo ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro fa batho ba Gumanye ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[:en:Great_Zimbabwe|Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le le botlhokwa le ditsompelo tsa yone le go nna gaufi le lebopo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;77–78.</ref> Zimbabwe e ne e laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le teng mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana,<ref name=":15">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvi.</ref> mme kgwebisano ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo eo.<ref name=":11" /> Zimbabwe e ne e latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga, mme e ne ya wela mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Dinaga tse dingwe di le mmalwa di ne tsa tlhagelela morago ga go wa ga yone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo neng jwa bopiwa ke [[:en:Kalanga_people|merafe ya Kalanga]], bo ne jwa tsaya maemo a Zimbabwe mo molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;98–100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana le [[:en:Pedi_people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bone<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> mme [[:en:Rolong_people|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Morolong.<ref name=":13" /> Kgosi Masilo go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya bophirima jwa Tswana ka nako e, go fitlhela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga moo go bolelwa fa lefelo le le ne le busiwa ke Malope kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":14" /> === Lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell - Thlapingkaptein en sy vrou.png|thumb|Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1800]] Batho ba baTswana ba ne ba fuduga fa gare ga Botswana wa gompieno ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke batho ba naga le batho ba mmuso wa ga mmamosadinyana go tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":16">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;19.</ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga sekete le makgolo a le marataro.<ref name=":17">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, losika lwa ga Phofu, lo ne lwa wela tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;104.</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la lesome le botlhano le la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":11" /> Batho ba ba Kalanga ba ne ba laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[:en:Motloutse_River|Noka ya Motloutse]] le [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Letsha la Makgadikgadi]] go fitlhela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabobedi.<ref name=":7" /> Batho ba Hurutshe, Kgatla, le Kwena ba ne ba kgaogana le losika lwa segosi lwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo gare ga komelelo le dintwa tsa boswa, mme kgabagare ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;10.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Batho ba Ngwaketse le ba Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le boraro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;105.</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo ba ne ba nna mo Motlheng wa Bofelo wa Leje go fitlha mo e ka nnang mo lekgolong la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;22.</ref> Batho ba Botswana wa gompieno ba simolodistse ditsela tse di telle tsa motsamao ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa, e tsamaelwa dikilometara tse makgolo go rekisa,go tsoma le go itsalanya le batho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;108–109.</ref>Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana motlhofo abo e ipopa ka bongwe go tswa mo go ba bangwe ka gore dithoto tse dipotlana , le leruo tsa lefelo ne di kgona go tsmaisiwa motlhofo.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":16" />Merafe ya botlhabatsatsi e ne e tshabellwa ke go kgaogana ka ntlha ya seele se se tona gareng ga toropo le ditshimo.<ref name=":18">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;392.</ref>Kgaogano gareng ga ditlhopa tsa baTswana e nnile mo gareng ga ngwagakgolong ya lesome le bosupa, e tlhalosa merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":19">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;106.</ref>Merafe ya baTswana ba botlhabatsatsi e ne e nna e le maikaelelo a dintwa tsa [[:en:Griqua_people|batho ba Griqua]].<ref name=":18" /> Fa batho ba baTswana ba tswa bokone go ya Botswana wa borwa-bophirima wa segompieno ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa , ba ne ba nna mo metseng e e neng e nna batho ba Kgalagari, ba ba tshwaetsa kgotsa ba ba ntsha. Batho ba ba Kwena le merafe ya bone ya lekala ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa segompieno ka fa tlase ga taolo ya [[:en:Kgabo_II|Kgabo wa bobedi]] ba bo ba nna gaufi le motse wa [[:en:Molepolole|Molepolole]].<ref name=":19" />Go ya ka setso sa molomo, bapatole ba e leng batho ba Herero le Mbanderu ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathung ba Mbunda ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bosupa fa ntwa tsa leruo la batswana le ne le phatlalatsa ditlhopa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> le batho ba Bayeyi ba ne ba fudugela kwa Okavango Delta go ya kwa nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;8.</ref>Mo mafelong a mangwe, batho ba Kaa ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathong ba Rolong le batho ba Khurutse ba kgaogana le batho ba Bahurutshe, fa ditlhopa tsotlhe di fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":20">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;107.</ref>Batho ba Bashaga ba ne ba kopana le batho ba Kgalagari ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;110.</ref> State sa ntlha sa Tswana se tlhamilwe ke batho ba Ngwaketse bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi. Si state tse dingwe tsa Tswana di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka go latelana ke batho ba ba Kwena, batho ba Ngwato le batho ba ba Tawana mo dingwageng tse lesome tse nne di latela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;113.</ref> Ka se go ne ga tla ditlhabololo tsa ''mophato (''bontsi ''mephato),'' mephato ya sesole e e rulagantsweng k a dingwaga tsa setlhopa, gareng ga batho ba Tswana ba bophirima mo dingwageng tsa sekete le makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano''.''<ref name=":21">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;386.</ref>Batho ba le babedi ba Kgatla , batho ba Kgafela le batho ba ba Tlokwa, ba tsene mo nakong e ba bo ba tsaa taolo mo tikologong ya [[:en:Pilanesberg|Pilanesberg]] mo Aforika Borewng wa segompieno. Ba ne ba laola ka thata bontsi jwa batho mo lefelong leo mme ebile ba fentse dintwa tse pedi le batho ba Fokeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;390–391.</ref>Tiriso ya mephato e ne ya phatlatsega kwa bathong ba Tswana ba kwa botlhaba kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":21" />E ne e sa amogelwa go phutologilwe mo borwa === Difaqane === [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]], nako ya dintwa le phuduso mo borwa jwa Aforika , e diragetse kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi le tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;17.</ref> Mo nakong ye, batho ba baTswana ba ne ba le mo '''kgonegong''' ya dintwa ke ditlhopa di le dintsi ,di akaretsa [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Ndebele]], ba [[:en:Kololo_people|Kololo]], ba [[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]],<ref name=":8" /> ba Pedi, le ba [[:en:Voortrekker|Voortrekkers]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;391.</ref>Bontsi jwa ditlhopa tsa ba Tswana di itlhopetse go boela morago ko ntlheng ga go lwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;394.</ref>Sese ne sa trigger phudugo e e extensive e e ralalang lefelo, go baka gore morafe wa ba Tswana o phatlalale thata abo o simolodisa bolengteng jo bo nonofileng gareng ga territory ya Botswana wa segompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo [[:en:Hardveld|nageng e e thata]] e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Batho ba Kwena le ba Ngwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa motseng wa [[:en:South_African_Republic|Transvaal]] go ya kwa ''lefelong la motlhaba''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;18.</ref> Batho ba ntlha wa Kgatla go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, batho ba Mmanaana, o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[:en:Moshupa|Moshupa]] le [[:en:Thamaga|Thamaga]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53, 56.</ref> Ke fela bangwe ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba bolokwa mo go fudugeng kgotsa mo go kgorelediweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;393.</ref> Batho ba Kololo ba ne ba tlhasela merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa 1826, ba pateletsa BaKwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bona ka go farologana. Sebogo, molaodi wa morafe wa Ngwaketse, o ne a tsosa banna ba le dikete dile nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa Dithubaruba kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ba bolaya batlhabani le baagi, ba kobela ruri Bakololo mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;393–394.</ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma dinaga tsa yone gape ka dingwaga tsa bo 1840, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;31.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;693.</ref><ref name=":22">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;114.</ref> Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[:en:Kgotla|kgotla]]'', kopano ya dipuisano e mo go yone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a utlwa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagi ba banna pele a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref name=":34">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;695.</ref><ref name=":23">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1880, batho ba Tswana le ba Khalagari ba ne ba dirile Botswana yotlhe ya gompieno dikolone.<ref name=":20" /> === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe ba ne ba goroga lantlha mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|London Missionary Society]]. Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa dira go fetolela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":24">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Morongwa [[:en:Robert_Moffat_(missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya motse wa gagwe wa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa Botswana wa gompieno jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le Maburu gore ba se ka ba kgona go ya kwa teng.<ref name=":8" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a ne a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekeresete le go kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente e Kgologolo le e Ntšhwa ka bobedi di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa 1857.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;57, 65.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgopolo di le mmalwa tsa itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aforika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''mafisa'' ya bahumi ba adima bahumanegi dikgomo go ba ananya ka tiro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;701.</ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya dithoto tse di fhapegileng ka bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe , mme banna ba ba nyetsweng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le tshwanelo ya ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;698.</ref> Banna ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref> Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se lengwa thata mo kgaolong eo mo lekgolong la lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela komelelo e ne e raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Bagwebi ba lefatshe la Britain ba gorogile ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":24" /> Go tla ga baagi ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe ba ba neng ba nna gaufi le foo go ne ga dira gore merafe ya Batswana e kgone go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Sechele_I|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_I|wa ntlha]] wa batho ba Bakwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya lefatshe la Britain ya morafe wa gagwe.<ref name=":22" /> Morongwa wa kwa Scotland e bong [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o ne a goroga mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma lekgotla la [[:en:Kolobeng_Mission|Kolobeng Mission]]. Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe mo go bokete ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe mo merafeng ya Batswana fa ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano tsa dikontinente tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":15" /> Moaparo wa Bophirima o ne wa amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala ngwagakgolo otlhe mme o kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;120–121.</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a fa batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu.<ref name=":25">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa batho ba Kalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba lebana le kgotlhang go tswa mo ditlhopheng tse dingwe mo kgaolong, mme ya goroga kwa setlhoeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1850. Batswana ba le bantsi, bogolosegolo merafe ya Kwena le Ngwato, ba ne ba lwa kgatlhanong le merafe ya Maaforikanere le ya MaZulu kwa botlhaba jwa Sekaka sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;195.</ref> Ba-Kwena le Ba-Mmanaana ba ne ba lwantsha Maburu go tswa kwa Transvaal ka ngwaga wa 1852, ba sireletsa kgaolo ya bone mme ba fedisa go atologa ga setšhaba go ya kwa bophirima.<ref name=":26">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;396.</ref> Batswana ba ne ba bona ditlhopha tsa barongwa e le tsela ya go tshabela mo batlhaseding, ba rotloetsa go sokologela mo Bokereseteng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Sechele o ne a kopa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Britain ka 1853 go fedisa dintwa tsa kgaolo, mme o ne a ganwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;107.</ref> Baeng ba Europa ba ne ba tlwaelesegile thata mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga fa batsomi, batlhotlhomisi, le bagwebi ba ne ba batla dipoelo le go bona dilo tse di kgatlhang mo kgaolong eo.<ref name=":25" /> Ba le bantsi ba ne ba kwala [[:en:Travel_book|dibuka tsa maeto]] ka ga lefelo leo, tse e neng e le dingwe tsa dikgatiso fela tse e seng tsa thuto ka ga Botswana wa gompieno ka nako eo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;65–66.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1860, go fuduga go tswa mo kgaolong go ne ga oketsega fa banna ba Batswana ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya go bereka kwa meepong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Go ribololwa ga Masimo a [[:en:Tati_Goldfields|Gauta a Tati]] go ne ga tsosa go batla gauta ga ntlha ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe kwa Borwa jwa Aforika ka ngwaga wa 1868.<ref name=":24" /> Kampa ya pele ya meepo e e neng ya tlhongwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1870 e ne ya atologa thata fa e ne e nna lefelo le legolo la terena fa gare ga [[:en:Cape_Province|kgaolo ya Cape]] le [[:en:Bulawayo|Bulawayo]], mme ya nna toropokgolo ya ntlha ya Botswana, e leng [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;15, 29.</ref> Mo nakong e mo hisitoring ya Botswana, dikgosi tse dikgolo tsotlhe e ne e le Bakeresete.[92] Ntwa magareng ga Bakwena le BaKgafela ka ngwaga wa 1875.<ref name=":26" />Kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga di le lesome, kgosi [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa batho ba Ngwato o ne a gapa taolo ya kgwebisano ya Borithane mo bathong ba Kwena.<ref name=":22" /> == Tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland == ''Setlhogo se segolo: [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]'' Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e oketsegang ya lefatshe la Germany mo kgaolong, mme e ne ya dumela go bopa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]].<ref name=":27">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom & Bolt 2018]], p. 40.</ref><ref name=":28">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Makgowa a Britain a ne a eletsa go somarela tlhotlheletso ya yone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka a ne a neelana ka kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aforika.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Dikgosi tsa Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane ya Aforika Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maaforikaner]],<ref name=":29">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;161.</ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ya taolo ya Borithane e ne e le bokoloniale jwa baagi ke Jeremane.<ref name=":30">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;694.</ref> Ba ne ba eletsa gape go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Aforika Borwa kgotsa moeteledipele wa meepo [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa tshireletso e santse e iphitlhela e ikaegile ka Aforika Borwa mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe go nna lefatshe la merafe le le busiwang ke dikgosi le [[:en:Crown_land|lefatshe la segosi]] le le laolwang ke United Kingdom.<ref name=":29" /> Merafe e borobarobedi e ne ya amogelwa ke Maesemane fa go ne go tlhodiwa protectorate. Tse nne tse dikgolo di ne tsa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe: Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Gape go ne ga lemogiwa tse tharo tse dinnye: tsa Kgatla, tsa [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Tlokwa]] le tsa ga [[:en:Malete_people|Malete]]. Ba borobedi, ba Tshidi, ba ne ba fiwa lefelo la polokelo le le kgabaganyang molelwane magareng ga naga e e sireleditsweng le Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;30n1.</ref> Fa maloko a merafe e mennye e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe tsa bona.<ref name=":17" /> Go tsenngwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola mofuta wa puso ya Motswana, ka merafe e ne e sa tlhalosiwe thata mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka dikgaolo di kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;46–47.</ref><ref name=":31">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;24.</ref> Tshireletso kwa tshimologong e ne ya atologela kwa Ngwato, e fitlha go tswa go didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa go ya kwa [[:en:Molopo_River|Nokeng ya Molopo]], mme e ne ya atolosiwa go ya kwa didikiriing di le lesome le borobabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhela kwa Nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwaga wa 1890.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;30.</ref>Se se ne sa tlamela Maborithane ka badiri ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya yona mme sa bopa sekgoreletsi se segolo sa go lekanyetsa bokoloniale jwa Jeremane.<ref name=":32" /> Batho ba bangwe ba Tswana ba ne ba nna kwa borwa jwa tshireletso mme moragonyana ba ne ba tsenngwa mo Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":28" /> Batho ba ga Kgafela ba ne ba nna kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa 1887. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna seka-Kgatla.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53.</ref>Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa 1891 go tlhoma tshireletso semmuso.<ref name=":29" /> Puso ya yone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa mookamedi go nna tlhogo ya yone. Mookamedi o ne a fiwa dithata tse di anameng mo tshireletsong, fa fela a ne a tlotla molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> Motsemogolo wa yone e ne e le toropo ya Aforika Borwa ya Vryburg, go supa gore babusi ba bokoloniale ba ne ba sa nne mo tshireletsong mme ba ne ba sa amege ka tlhamalalo mo mererong ya yona.<ref name=":33">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;41.</ref>Go na le moo, mookamedi yo mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusa-baokamedi ba babedi, mme mookamedi wa kgaolo o ne a tlhofofatsa go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":35">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Go tsenngwa ga puso ya Borithane mo Aforikaborwa go ne go raya gore Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne e ikaegile ka yona mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;162.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore Bechuanaland Protectorate ke setheo sa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore e tla tloga e tsewa ke kolone ya Borithane.<ref name=":37">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;115.</ref> Fa go ntse jalo, e ne e dumela gore tshireletso e e kgonang go itshedisa e tla ja madi a mannye go e tlhokomela.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":41">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;108.</ref> Ka ntlha ya mabaka a, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya gapeletsa taolo e nnye fela e e tlhamaletseng ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland.<ref name=":23" /> Dikgosi di ne di akola dikgang tse mme tsa kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jo bo anameng, fela tshegetso ya bokoloniale e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka tumelelo ya merafe go tshegetsa puso.<ref name=":36">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;41–42.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;66–67.</ref>[ Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya seemanosi, se se neng sa baka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho le go tlhaola basadi le merafe e mennye.<ref name=":38">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;161–162.</ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa tshireletso === {{Multiple image|total_width=300|image1=Chief-khama-III.jpg|image2=Sebele I by Fritsch 1865.jpg|image3=Bathoen I in london1895.jpg|footer=Khama III, Sebele I le Bathoen I, ba ba neng ba kgona go tlhotlheletsa puso ya Borithane gore e se ka ya tsenya Bechuanaland Protectorate mo taolong ya Khamphani ya British South Africa.|direction=Horizontal}} Batho ba lefatshe la Britain ba ne a rulagantse gore kwa bofelong ba akaretse Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland mo Kopanong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":31" /> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso, United Kingdom e ne ya tsena mo dipuisanong le Cecil Rhodes go e tsenya mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aforika Borwa ya Borithane]].<ref name=":27" /> Fa ba araba, dikgosi tse tharo tse di nang le tlhotlheletso thata—Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, Sebele Iwa ntlha wa Ba-Kwena, le Bathoen wa ntlha wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto lwa bodipolomate go ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa1895 mme ba dira gore puso e se ka ya wetsa tumalano eo.<ref name=":33" /><ref name=":39">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvii.</ref>Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di dirisanang le makgoa a lefatshe la Briritsh jaaka setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref name=":40">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> mme sa kwala batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka setšhaba se le sengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[:en:Jameson_Raid|Jameson Raid]] ka yone e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba makgowa a lefatshe la British marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;30–31.</ref> Go ketekwa ga dikgosi tse go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aforika: ''Khamé'', ''Sebéle'' le ''Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa lefatshe la London ka one ngwaga oo. Mokwalo o o [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhagisitse tlhamane]] e e simolotseng ya gore merafe ya bone e meraro ka go farologana e tlhodilwe ke bakaulengwe ba bararo.<ref name=":42">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;670.</ref> Gape ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropong e nngwe ya Aforika Borwa, [[:en:Mafeking|Mafeking]],<ref name=":33" />mme kompone ya Marope a Bogologolo e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marope a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go batla gauta.<ref name=":32" /> Tshireletso e ne ya amiwa thata ke go runya ga bolwane mo diphologolong ya Aforika ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, ya latlhegelwa ke dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa leruo la yona le diphologolo tsa naga.<ref name=":39" /> [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|Seporo sa tshireletso se agilwe ka]] [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|ngwaga wa 1897]] jaaka mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tsosa [[:en:Pioneer_Column|setlhopa sa Babulatsela]] go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa Ngwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole.<ref name=":43">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la [[:en:Jameson_Raid|tlhaselo ya ga Jameson]] ka 1896.<ref name=":39" /> Morafe wa Kgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya [[:en:Boer_War|Ntwa ya Maburu]], o lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane.<ref name=":43" /> Itsholelo ya pele ya bokoloniale ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne ya nna e tshwana thata le itsholelo ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref /> United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata naga ya tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e fa Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka mo meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;42.</ref> Makgetho le one a ne a tsenngwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la ntlwana]] ka ngwaga wa 1899, le le neng la emisediwa ka [[:en:Poll_tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa 1909.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Lekgetho la selegae le ne la tsenngwa moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 1919.<ref name=":44">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;31.</ref>Makgetho a bokoloniale kwa Tshireletsong ya Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme se sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagi go ba rotloetsa go nna.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;43–44.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la akanyetsa go kopanya tshireletso mo Aforika Borwa jaaka e ne e [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|kopanya dikoloni tsa yona tsa borwa jwa Aforika]], fela kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":39" /> ya kopana ka ngwaga wa 1910.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;137.</ref> Boloko bo ne bo dira gore tshireletso e nne le karolo tse pedi mo lekgolong fela ya lotseno lwa bokopano.<ref name=":44" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1910, merafe yotlhe ya Batswana e ne e amogetse Bokeresete.<ref name=":24" />Bechuanaland e ne ya romela masole a le makgolo a le mmalwa go thusa Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya [[:en:World_War_I|Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya ntlha]].<ref name=":43" /> Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o ne wa iphitlhela o wela tlase ka nako eo, mme ka iketlo o ne wa latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso mo pusong e e neng e sireleditswe.<ref name=":42" /> [[:en:Sebele_II|Sebele wa bobedi]] o ne a nna kgosi ya Kwena ka ngwaga wa 1918, a tlhatlhama rraagwe, [[:en:Sechele_II|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_II|wa bobedi]]. Sechele II o ne a thulana le Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o o neng o laola, a letlelela go nna teng ga Anglican le go busetsa mekgwa e mentsi ya setso e e jaaka go nyala basadi ba le bantsi, go dira pula le ''[[:en:Bogwera|bogwera]]''. Sebele II o ne a tswelela ka kgwetlho ya ga rraagwe kwa Mokgatlhong wa Barongwa wa London, go ngongorega ga puso ya Borithane.<ref /> Puso e e gabedi ya dikgosi le tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya dira gore tsamaiso e nne thata, ka jalo tsamaiso e ne ya tlhama makgotla a mabedi a bagakolodi go lekalekanya balaodi bao.<ref name=":44" /> Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana (moragonyana Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Aforika) le ne la tlhongwa ka ngwagawa 1919.<ref name=":35" />Kopano e ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya dikgosi le batho ba bangwe ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso mo tshireletsong e ne ya letla puso ya Borithane go utlwa le go laola merafe mmogo go na le ka bongwe.[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;47–49.</ref>] Khama wa boraro wa Ngwato o ne a gana go tsaya karolo, a supa bokoa jwa tiragatso ya thibelo ya bojalwa mo morafeng wa borwa. Khama wa boraro o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1923<ref name=":45">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;230.</ref> mme a tlhatlhangwa ke [[:en:Sekgoma_II|Sekgoma]] [[:en:Sekgoma_II|wa bobedi]], yo o neng a direla go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1926.<ref name=":45" /> Morwa wa ga Sekgoma e bong [[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] o ne a sa ntse a le lesea, ka jalo [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama|Tshekedi Khama]] o ne a nna mmusi.<ref name=":46">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Tshekedi o ne a lemogwa jaaka moemedi wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> Fa Seretse a ntse a gola, Tshekedi o ne a gatelela gore a fiwe [[:en:Liberal_education|thuto e e gololesegileng]] go na le gore a romelwe kwa sekolong sa madirelo sa Rhodesia.<ref>Samatar 1999, p.&#x20;179.</ref> === Tlhabololo le tlhotlheletso e e oketsegileng ya Borithane === Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920, kgosi Isang Pilane wa batho ba Kgatla o ne a okametse sekema sa ntlha se segolo sa tlhabololo ya metsi sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland , a dira gore go epiwe metswedi ya metsi e le lesomethataro, mme di le supa tsa tsone di ne tsa nna ditlamelo tsa metsi tse di atlegileng. Tse e ne tsa tlwaelega thata mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang fa puso ya Borithane e ne e kgatlhegela go atolosa itsholelo ya tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;70.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930, Isang Pilane le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana ba ne ba dira gore dikhuti di nne tse di hapegileng, ka gonne di ne di sa tlhokomelwe ka fa tlase ga bong jo bo kopanetsweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], pp.&#x20;699–700.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya nna teng mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1930, ya bolaya go feta karolo ya masome a marataro mo lekgolong ya dikgomo tsa tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne ya tsaya karolo e e matlhagatlhaga mo pusong ya tshireletso go simolola ka ngwaga wa 1930.<ref name=":47">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;58.</ref><ref name=":41" />Mo ngwageng oo, e ne ya simolola go tlamela ka matlole ka tlhamalalo go tshireletso.<ref name=":48">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Charles Rey o ne a tlhomiwa go nna molaodi wa Moagi wa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, mme o ne a na le maikarabelo a go rulaganya itsholelo sešwa go dikologa dikgomo tsa go romelwa kwa ntle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;55–56.</ref> Maiteko a go fetola tshireletso go ya kwa tlhabololong ya meepo le temothuo ya kgwebo a ne a lekwa mme a bona a kgarametswa morago go tswa mo dikgosing.<ref name=":37" /> Molaodi wa Moagi Rey o ne a thulana le kgosi Sebele wa bobedi, mme a dira gore a lelekwe ka 1931. Sebele II o ne a emisediwa ka morwarraagwe yo mmotlana, Kgari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dikgato tse dingwe di ne tsa lekwa ke puso ya Borithane ka 1934 go thibela maatla a a sa laolweng a dikgosi morago ga go menolwa ga ga Sebele II. Dikgato tseno di ne tsa laela makgotla a bagakolodi a dikgosi di neng di tshwanetse go buisana le one mme di ne di batla gore puso ya Borithane e newe phitlhelelo ya direkoto tsa kgotlatshekelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;69–70.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;49.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Bathoen_II|Bathoen wa bobedi]] wa Ngwaketse le moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao mo maitekong a. Le fa kgotlatshekelo ya Borithane e ne ya atlhola kgatlhanong le kgwetlho, dipholisi tse dišwa ga di ise di ko di tsenngwe tirisong ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;72–73.</ref><ref name=":49">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Dithibelo tse dingwe di ne tsa amogelwa ka kgoeletso ya bokoloniale go lekanyetsa bokgoni jwa dikgosi go lefisa makgetho le go gapa dikgomo tse di timetseng.<ref name=":39" /> Molaodi yo mošwa wa baagi, [[:en:Charles_Arden-Clarke|Charles Arden-Clarke]], o ne a tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1936 mme a dira gaufi le dikgosi.<ref name=":49" /> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe II === Dipoifo tsa tlhaselo ya Jeremane kwa Bechuanaland di ne tsa gola pele ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi ka ntlha ya boemo jwa yone jwa togamaano fa gare ga dikoloni tsa Boritane tse di fa gare le tse di kwa borwa mo Aforika. Malatsi a le lesome le bongwe pele ga ntwa e itsisiwe, puso ya Borithane e ne ya tlhagisa naga e e sireleditsweng gore e nne e le mo seemong se se siameng, mme masole a sesole a ne a rulaganngwa. Malatsi a le manè morago ga gore Borithane e bolele ntwa kgatlhanong le lefatshe la Germany, Molaodi wa Moagi Arden-Clarke o ne a tshwara kopano le dikgosi kwa ba neng ba solofetsa go tshegetsa maiteko a ntwa ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> Letsatsi le le latelang, khomišene e kgolo e ne ya ntsha kgoeletso ya [[:en:Emergency_powers|dithata tsa tshoganyetso]] tse di neng tsa e fa taolo e e feletseng mo tirong ya setšhaba mo tshireletsong, fela dikgosi di ne tsa itsisiwe gore di tla nna le maikarabelo a bontsi jwa tiragatso le go boloka kagiso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;33–34.</ref> Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi di ne di batlile go se go nne le tshusumetso epe mo bathong ba Bechuanaland, mme bontsi bo ne bo na le kakanyo e e sa tlhamalalang fela ya gore ntwa e ne e le teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya ngotlega fa palo e kgolo ya baagi ba basweu ba ne ba ikwadisa mo Sesoleng sa Boritane. Ba ba neng ba setse ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo mo thulaganyong ya tshireletsego fa go ka direga gore borwa jwa Aforika bo nne letlhakore le lengwe mo ntweng.<ref name=":50">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;35.</ref> Kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa dikgosi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya rotloetsa Batswana ba ba neng ba eletsa go direla le Sesole sa Borithane go ikwadisa le Sesole sa Batswana sa Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Banna ba Batswana ba ka nna makgolo a supa ba ne ba ikwadisa le setlhopha seno.<ref name=":51">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Go tlhokomela Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland go ne ga nna selo se se kwa tlase mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya Kwelotlase e Kgolo ya itsholelo le Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi,<ref name=":41" /> mme tshireletso ga e a ka ya amogela matlole ape go tswa kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":48" /> Mmusomogolo wa Borithane o ne o na le taolo e nnye mo Bechuanaland fa o bapisiwa le dikgaolo tsa one tse dingwe, mme maiteko a Borithane a go laola tlhagiso ya nako ya ntwa mo tshireletsong a ne a sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;124.</ref> Ntwa e ne ya fetola thata itsholelo ya tshireletso fa e ntse e tswelela, ya tlhagisa tlhaelo, go aba dijo, le ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> [[:en:Profiteering|Go dira dipoelo]] le go [[:en:Price_gouging|fokotsa ditlhwatlhwa]] go ne go tlwaelesegile, mme puso ya bokoloniale, e e neng e sa kgone go gagamatsa [[:en:Price_control|ditaolo tsa ditlhwatlhwa]], e ne ya dirisa [[:en:Gentlemen's_agreement|ditumalano tsa banna]] le bagwebi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;138.</ref> Makgetho a ne a tlhatlosiwa mme mananeo a Letlole la Tlhabololo ya Bokoloniale di ne tsa fokodiwa kwa tshimologong ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi go tlhoma boipuso jwa matlole go tswa mo mmusomogolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;125–126.</ref> Kgoeletso ya Taolo ya Madirelo a Leruo ya ntlha ya ngwaga wa 1940 e ne ya fetisiwa go duedisa dikgomo lekgetho, madirelo a a magolo a tshireletso, mme fela e ne ya kopana le kganetso e e boitshegang go tswa kwa Batswaneng le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la kaorolokgolong ya lefatsa ya Europe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> Letlole la ntwa le ne le dira kwa Bechuanaland, mme le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le solohetse gore meneelo e nne ya boithaopo, dikgosi di ne tsa dirisa taolo ya tsone mo merafeng ya tsone go pateletsa meneelo. E ne ya emisediwa ka lekgetho ka ngwaga wa1941, fela se se ne se sa ratwe thata mme sa itshupa se le thata go se diragatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;128–131.</ref> === Botsayakarolo jwa Batswana mo Ntweng ya Lefatshe II === [[Setshwantsho:Bechuanaland Boys cleaning Aa Guns in the Twilight after Action, Syracuse, Sicily Art.IWMARTLD4576.jpg|thumb|Basimane ba Bechuanaland ba phepafatsa Ditlhobolo tsa Aa mo Lefifing morago ga Tiragalo, Syracuse, Sicily, tiro ya botaki ya 1944 e e dirilweng ke [[:en:Leslie_Cole_(artist)|Leslie Cole]]]] Go thapiwa ga sesole go simolotse kwa Bechuanaland ka ngwaga wa 1941.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;34–35.</ref> Banna ba ka nna dikete tse tlhano le makgolo a matlhano ba ne ba katisiwa mme ba romelwa kwa ntweng mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse thataro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Banna ba bangwe ba Batswana ba le dikete tse tlhano ba ne ba tsenelela ntwa ka ngwaga wa 1942.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ka kakaretso, masole a ka nna dikete tse lesome le bongwe go tswa kwa Bechuanaland a ne a lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":50" /> Ba feta dikete tse lesome ba bone ba ne ba direla mo Sesoleng sa Boritane sa [[:en:African_Auxiliary_Pioneer_Corps|Babulatsela ba ba Thusang ba Aforika]].<ref name=":51" /> Dikgosi ka tlwaelo di ne di na le tshwanelo ya go [[:en:Conscript|kwadisa]] masole, mme di ne di itlhokomolosa dikeletso tsa puso ya bokoloniale tsa gore tirelo ya sesole e nne ya boithaopo gotlhelele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;44–46.</ref> Moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato o ne a dira gore a se ka a ratwa ke batho ka go dirisa go tsenngwa mo sesoleng jaaka sedirisiwa sa taolo, a go dirisa sebetsa go didimatsa batshwayadiphoso le baganetsi ba sepolotiki.<ref name=":52">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Banna ba ba neng ba eletsa go tila go tsenela bosole ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Aforika Borwa kgotsa kwa mafelong a a kgakala jaaka metlhaba ya [[:en:Okavango_Delta|noka e phatlallang ya Okavango]] le [[:en:Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park|sekgwa sa Kgalagadi]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;47.</ref> Ba bangwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgato tsa go itlhokomela ka bonako, jaaka go epa dikhutsi fa bathapi ba ne ba etela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di eletsa go dirisa go tsaya karolo ga tsone mo ntweng go bona ditshwanelo tse dingwe mo teng ga Mmusomogolo wa Borithane, mme di ne di tshaba gore go fenngwa ga Borithane go tla ba dira babusiwa ba Jeremane kgotsa Aforika Borwa, e leng phelelo e ba neng ba eletsa go e tila.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;39–40.</ref> Maiteko a ntwa gape e ne e le tshono ya go busetsa banna ba Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugetse kwa Aforika Borwa go ya go dira ditiro tsa meepo; dikgosi di ne di eletsa go fedisa mokgwa o mme di ne di ikutlwa di ka dira jalo ka go neelana ka ditiro tsa sesole.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;41–43.</ref> Dituelo dingwe tsa sesole di ne tsa diegisiwa go malapa a masole, mme ditekanyetso tsa thomelo kwa ntle di ne tsa tlosiwa ka nako ya ntwa, mme tsa baka go tsena ga madi kwa Bechuanaland.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;133.</ref> Fa go bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tse di mo Mmusong wa Boritane, batho ba Bechuanaland ba ne ba amogela ntwa eo. Batswana ba le bantsi ba ne ba na le maikutlo a boikanyegi mo mmusomogolong kgotsa ba ikutlwa gore dikgatlhego tsa bone di a tsamaisana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;36–37.</ref> Dikgosi dingwe, jaaka [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|Kgari Sechele]] [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|wa bobedi]] wa kwa ga Kwena le Molefi Pilane wa ga Kgatla, ba ne ba ikwadisa ka sebele. Ba ne ba dira jaaka disajene tse dikgolo tsa masole, e leng maemo a a kwa godimo a a neng a le teng mo Batswaneng.<ref name=":52" /> Go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya letlelela Batswana go nna le diteseletso tsa kgwebo le go dira mo teng ga naga e e sireleditsweng. Se pele se ne se lekanyeditswe batho basweu le makula.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;135.</ref> Setlhopha sa Dikgaolo tsa Dikhomišene tse di Kwa Godimo se ne se le kwa Botlhabagare go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1946 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1949.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> === Mokgatlho wa boipuso === [[Setshwantsho:1960 6d Bechuanaland Protectorate stamp.jpg|thumb|Setempe sa ngwaga wa 1960 sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland se se nang le ditshwantsho tsa ga [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Kgosigadi Victoria]] le [[:en:Elizabeth_II|Elizabeth wa bobedi]], dikgosi tsa ntlha le tsa bofelo tsa Borithane tsa tshireletso .]] Bokhutlo jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi bo ne jwa tla ka phetogo e kgolo mo setšhabeng. Dikgosi di ne tsa bonwa di se botlhokwa thata mo sebopegong sa loago, mme bontsi bo ne jwa tlogela dipolelo tsa bone tsa lefatshe lotlhe mo dikgomong tsa merafe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;51.</ref> Didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa setšhaba, jaaka lefatshe le badiri, di ne tsa dirwa tse di hapegileng le go dirwa dithoto.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;52.</ref> Phitlhelelo ya thuto e ne ya tlhola setlhopha sa batlhalefi ba ba [[:en:Liberalism|gololesegileng]] ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le puso ya dikgosi mme ba simolola go ipopela mafelo a bone a maatla mo mekgatlhong ya badiri le ditlhopha tsa baagi.<ref name=":63">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;165.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1946, ke karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong fela ya paoyotlhe ya baagi e e neng e na le tiro kwa ntle ga temothuo le ditirelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya bona koketsego e kgolo ya dikelo tsa matsalo jaaka karolo ya bogare jwa [[:en:Mid-20th_century_baby_boom|ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi wa go tlhatloga ga masea]] mo dingwageng tsa morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, e e neng e tsamaya le koketsego ya [[:en:Life_expectancy|dingwaga tsa botshelo]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e simolotse lenaneo la yone la ntlha ya tlhabololo mo tshireletsong, e leng lefelo la matlhabelo, ka dingwaga tsa bo ka ngwaga wa 1950.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;81.</ref> Maborithane, a santse a solofetse go kopanya tshireletso go nna Aforika Borwa, kwa bofelong a ne a phimola leano le morago ga tshimologo ya [[:en:Apartheid|Tlhaolele]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref>Fa maiteko a simolola go tlhama tsela e ntšhwa ya isago ya tshireletso, tshireletso e ne ya bewa mo seemong sa go tlhoka maitseo, mme ga go na tsela ya go ya pele e e neng e bonala sentle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], pp.&#x20;672–673.</ref> Tshitshinyo nngwe e ne e le go e tsenya mo [[:en:Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland|Mokgatlhong wa Rhodesia le Nyasaland]], o lefatshe la United Kingdom e o tlhamileng ka fa tlase ga pholisi ya "tirisanommogo ya merafe e mentsi".<ref>Parsons 2006, p.&#x20;673.</ref> Fa mojaboswa wa Ngwato Seretse Khama a gola, mmusi Tshekedi Khama o ne a leka go tshwarelela mo pusong.<ref name=":53">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;696.</ref> Seretse o ne a nyala mosadi wa mosweu, [[:en:Ruth_Williams_Khama|Ruth Williams]], fa a ne a ithuta kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom, mme se sa baka matlhabisa ditlhong mo lelapeng la segosi la ga Ngwato.<ref name=":46" /> Le fa kwa tshimologong setšhaba se ne se le kgatlhanong le lenyalo le, go sa ratweng ga ga Tshekedi go ne ga fetola maikutlo a Seretse.<ref name=":47" /> Kgang e ne ya tlhagisiwa mo kgotleng ka ngwaga wa 1949, mme puso ya ga Tshekedi e ne ya ganwa ka bontsi ke diketekete tsa batho ba ba neng ba le teng.<ref name=":53" /><ref name=":47" /> Tshekedi le batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Kwena kwa botshabelo.<ref name=":54">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Puso ya makgowa e ne e sa itshokele lenyalo la ga Seretse le mosadi yo mosweu. Ka maiteko a go ritibatsa puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, e ne ya leleka banyalani ba mo pusong ya tshireletso ka ngwaga wa 1950. Se se ne sa tsosa mokgatlho wa bosetšhaba o o neng o gola mo gare ga baemanokeng ba ga Seretse mo pusong ya tshireletso, o o neng wa tlhagelela ka botlalo ka ngwaga wa 1952.<ref name=":37" /> Ka nako ya fa Seretse a ne a seyo, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la baya molaodi wa kgaolo dingwaga di le nne pele ga e tlhoma Rasebolai Kgamane, motshegetsi wa ga Tshekedi, go nna moemedi.<ref name=":54" /> Morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tsuologela go lelekwa ga ga Seretse.<ref name=":55">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;53.</ref> Batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba kopa gore a bowe, mme go ne ga tsoga dikhuduego fa ba ne ba ganwa. Seretse o ne a feleletsa a letleletswe go boa ka ngwaga wa1956.<ref name=":56">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Ka nako e, kgaogano e e gagametseng ya merafe mo Aforika Borwa ya Tlhaolele e ne ya thibela lefatshe la United Kingdom go e ritibatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;200.</ref> Mo nakong yotlhe ya mathata a go lelekwa ga ga Seretse, maatla a ne a tlogela bogosi mme a ya kwa mekgatlhong ya ditlhopho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;91.</ref> Tshekedi le Seretse ba ne ba dira kagiso fa Seretse a boa, mme Seretse a nna moeteledipele wa ''nnete'' wa Ngwato, le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le mo thibetse go nna kgosi ya semmuso.<ref name=":56" /> Ka thotloetso ya Borithane, morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tlhama lekgotla la morafe, le Seretse le Tshekedi ka bobedi e neng e le maloko a lone.<ref name=":55" /> Merafe e mengwe e ne ya tlhoma makgotla a merafe a a tshwanang, a a neng a dira jaaka ditšheke tsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Go ne ga sala letlhoo lengwe fa gare ga banna ba babedi ba: Tshekedi o ne a eletsa go boloka puso ya morafe le maatla a dikgosi, fa Seretse ene a ne a akanya ka puso ya batho ka batho ya boemedi le dikgosi tse di bokoa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;91–92.</ref> Selekanyo sa maatla a a beeleditsweng mo dikgosing e ne ya nna kgang e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata mo mokgatlhong wa boipuso o o neng o gola, bogolosegolo mo bathong ba ga Ngwato le ba lelapa la ga Khama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;93–94.</ref> Bechuanaland Protectorate Federal Party e ne e le lekoko la ntlha la sepolotiki le le neng la tlhamiwa mo kgaolong ya tshireletso fa le ne le tlhamiwa ke moeteledipele wa mokgatlo wa Ngwato [[:en:Leetile_Disang_Raditladi|Leetile Disang Raditladi]] ka ngwaga wa 1959. Le bopilwe thata ke batho ba maemo le batlhalefi, le ne le buelela kopano ya merafe ya Batswana. Lekoko le ne la palelwa ke go bona tshegetso mme la nna lobaka lo lokhutshwane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;94.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, [[:en:Bechuanaland_People's_Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] (BPP, moragonyana Lekoko la Batho la Botswana) le ne la tlhamiwa jaaka lekoko le le bogale thata, le le ganetsanang le puso ya merafe ya setso mme la bona boikuelo mo badiring ba bafaladi.<ref name=":57">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> E ne e eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Motsamai_Mpho|Motsamai Mpho]], [[:en:Philip_Matante|Philip Matante]], le Kgalemang Morsete.<ref name=":58">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xviii.</ref> BPP, e e neng ya tlhamiwa jaaka molekane wa Setswana wa lekoko la [[:en:African_National_Congress|African National Congress]] la Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":59">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;74.</ref> e ne ya tshegetsa boipuso jwa ka bonako le go fedisiwa gotlhelele ga bogosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Ka go tshaba gore BPP e tla nyatsa puso e e leng teng le go tshuba dikgotlhang le puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, dikgosi le puso ya Borithane di ne tsa thibela bokgoni jwa yona jwa go kopana.<ref name=":57" /> Merafe ya tshireletso mmogo e ne ya bopa lekgotla la peomolao ka ngwaga wa 1961.<ref name=":37" /> Batho ba Kwena ba ne ba iphitlhela ba le ka fa tlase ga moemedi, [[:en:Neale_Sechele|Neale Sechele]], ka ngwaga wa 1963, se se rayang gore ba ne ba na le tlhotlheletso e nnye ya sepolotiki fa mokgatlho wa boipuso o ntse o gola.<ref name=":60">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;102.</ref> Leano la Tlhabololo la Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland la dingwaga tsa 1963/1968 le ne la kwalwa ka thulaganyo ya dipuisano ka ngwaga wa 1963, le tlhama tlhaloso ya boipuso jwa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;26–27.</ref> Fa palo ya batho e ne ba sa dire sepe mo dipolotiking ka kakaretso, lefatshe la United Kingdom e ne ya nna nngwe ya mafatshe a a neng a etelela pele go bona boipuso. Ka go tshwenyega gore lekoko la BPP e ne e le e e tseneletseng thata, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa moeteledipele wa yone yo o mo ratang, Seretse Khama, go tlhama lekoko la sepolotiki.<ref name=":59" /> Le fa Khama a ne a dumalana le mekgwa ya lekoko la BPP e e kgatlhanong le bosemorafe le ya lefatshe, o ne a le kgatlhanong le tsela ya yone ya go tlhoma dipolotiki le go amogela ga yone bojammogo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;96.</ref>O ne a dumela go tlogela go bolela ga gagwe mo bathong ba ga Ngwato go dira jaaka radipolotiki, a tlhama [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Lekoko la]] [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|puso ya batho ka batho la Bechuanaland]] (BDP, moragonyana ya nna lekoko la Botswana Democratic ) ka ngwaga wa 1962.<ref name=":59" /> Lekoko la BDP e ne ya itlhoma jaaka "lekoko la dikgosi", mme ya amogela dikakanyo tse di amanang le puso ya merafe ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref name=":30" /> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa lekoko la BDP, le tlhaloganya gore le tla tshegetsa kgwebisano ya leruo ya motlha wa bokoloniale.<ref name=":73">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;149.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1963, kgosi ya Kgatla Linchwe e ne e le ene fela kgosi e e neng e le kgatlhanong le BDP e bile e na le tlhotlheletso ya sepolotiki, mme batho ba Kgatla ba ne ba rata lekoko la BDP, ka jalo o ne a nna a sa tsenelele mo dipolotiking.<ref name=":60" /> Thulaganyo ya phetogo e ne ya simolola ka lekoko la BDP e ne e solofetswe go busa Botswana yo o ikemetseng, mme puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya bereka le boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BDP go ba baakanyetsa go tsamaisa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Go ne ga tshwarwa bokopano ka ngwaga wa 1963 go okamela go tlhamiwa ga molaotheo o mosha. Dikgotlhang tsa ka fa gare ga lekoko la BPP di ne di raya gore lekoko la BDP e ne e na le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo thulaganyong. Tshekedi Khama o ne a tlhokafetse ka nako e, ka jalo Bathoen wa bobedi o ne a nna moeteledipele wa lekoko le le neng le ema nokeng puso ya bofederale, a dumela gore le tla boloka puso e le mo diatleng tsa dikgosi. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le boradipolotiki ba Batswana ba ne ba tshegetsa puso ya bosetšhaba e e kopaneng ka gonne Botswana e ne e humanegile thata go ka kgaoganya dithoto tsa yona le ka gonne go tlhoka go kopanya dithoto go ne go tla dira gore e nne mo kotsing ya go tlhaselwa ke merafe e mengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Puso ya dikgaolo e e itsholetseng e ne ya itshupa e sa kgonege mo dipolotiking, ka jalo go ne ga dirwa tumalano ya gore dikgosi di tla bopa Ntlo ya Dikgosi, e leng setlhopha sa bagakolodi mo teng ga [[:en:Parliament_of_Botswana|Palamente ya Botswana]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;98–99.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di santse di le kgatlhanong le thulaganyo e, mme mo mokgatlhong o o neng o eteletswe pele ke Bathoen, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya fetisa tlhopo ya [[:en:No_confidence|go sa tshepe]] puso e ntšhwa, mme fela go tlhoka maatla a yone a sepolotiki go ne ga e thibela go dirisa phetogo e e nang le bokao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Molao wa Lekgotla la Kgaolo o ne wa fetisiwa jaaka tsela e nngwe ya go lekanyetsa maatla a dikgosi ka go tlhama makgotla a a tla okamelang kgaolo le toropo nngwe le nngwe,<ref name=":58" /> go dira gore mekgatlho e e tlhophilweng e e nne balaodi ba konokono ba selegae.<ref name=":64">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Toropo ya [[:en:Gaborone|Gaborone]] e agilwe ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme ya itsisiwe jaaka motsemogolo o mošwa.<ref name=":59" /> E agilwe mo lefatsheng la puso ya Borithane, le le neng le tlamela ka lefelo le le sa tseyeng letlhakore le le neng le sa laolwe ke morafe ope .<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;16.</ref> [[:en:Constitution_of_Botswana|Molamotheo]] o ne wa tsenngwa tirisong ka one ngwaga oo.<ref name=":59" /> Ka se se tirisong, Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la fa tshireletso puso ya go ipusa.<ref name=":61">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;116.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1965 gape e ne ya bona go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Dikgotla tsa Dikgaolo o o neng wa fetola seabe sa bokoloniale sa molaodi wa kgaolo ka go se bofa mo makgotleng a dikgaolo a a sa tswang go tlhamiwa,<ref name=":74">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> mme wa bona go tlhongwa ga Banka ya Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba e e neng e le ya puso.<ref name=":75">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Mpho o ne a kgaogana le lekoko la BPP go tlhama Lekoko la Boipuso la Bechuanaland (BIP) ka ngwaga wa 1965.<ref name=":62">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> E eteletswe pele ke Seretse Khama le [[:en:Quett_Masire|Quett Masire]], lekoko la BDP le ne la dira letsholo mo e ka nnang mo motseng mongwe le mongwe wa kgaolo ya tshireletso pele ga ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kakaretso. Go farologana le batho ba bangwe ba sepolotiki kwa Bechuanaland, Seretse Khama o ne a na le boikuelo go ralala merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":60" /> Morago ga moo lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhophiwa go etelela puso ya ntlha pele.<ref name=":61" /> Lekoko la BPP le ne la gapa manno a le mararo fela mo lekgotleng la peomolao, mme lekoko la BIP le ne la palelwa ke go gapa epe.<ref name=":62" /> Morago ga ditlhopho, go ne ga tlhamiwa lekoko la [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|Botswana]] [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|National Front]] (BNF) jaaka lekoko le le kopaneng la kganetso ya BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Kenneth_Koma|Kenneth Koma]], lekoko la BNF le ne la nna mmaba yo mogolo wa lekoko la BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;109.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;31–33.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhopha Khama go nna tonakgolo ya naga.<ref name=":65">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;204.</ref>Go farologana le makoko a mantsi a sepolotiki a a tlhomilweng mo Aforika, BDP e ne e le lekoko le le itekanetseng le le sa fetogeng go na le go nna lekoko le le kgatlhanong le bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;711.</ref> Morago ga go tlhamiwa ga yona, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya ntsha tlhopo ya go sa tshepe molaotheo ka ngwaga wa 1966, mme se sa dira gore go nne le letsholo la bosetšhaba la go tshegetsa molaotheo le le neng la bona tshegetso e e lekaneng gore dikgosi di fedise maiteko a tsone a go o gwetlha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;100–101.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya newa boipuso jaaka Rephaboliki ya Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966.<ref name=":61" /> == Repaboliki ya Botswana == [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Independence, 1966.png|thumb|[[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] a ikanisa maikano a go nna Tautona wa ntlha wa Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966]] Boipuso jwa Botswana bo ne bo kaya go tsenngwa tirisong ga puso ya batho le batho e e gololesegileng, go tlisa ditlhopho, tshireletso ya ditshwanelo tsa batho, le tirelosetšhaba.<ref name=":64" /> Se se ne sa dira gore go nne le thulaganyo ya go tlhatlosiwa maemo e e ikaegileng ka bokgoni le go tlhamiwa ga tsamaiso ya puso ya maranyane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref>Setšhaba se ne sa bopa puso e e neng e fetotswe go tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]],<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;23–24.</ref> mme Tonakgolo Seretse Khama a nna Moporesidente Seretse Khama.<ref name=":65" /> Go ne ga tlhamiwa boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba, jwa kopanya merafe e e sa tshwaneng mo letshwaong le le lengwe la Setswana, ka ngwao e e ikaegileng ka ya merafe ya Setswana.<ref name=":80">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNyamnjoh2007|Nyamnjoh 2007]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Botswana e ne ya boloka bontsi jwa ditheo tsa yone tsa merafe tsa pele ga bokoloniale morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;54.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Se e ne e le ditlamorago tsa puso e e nonofileng e e neng e amana le merafe ya Batswana le tsereganyo e e lekanyeditsweng ya puso ya Borithane mo dinakong tsa bokoloniale.<ref name=":34" /> Mofuta wa go buisana wa dipolotiki tsa setšhaba pele le morago ga boipuso e ne e le mokgwa o o sa tlwaelesegang mo merafeng e mengwe e mentsi ya Aforika e e neng ya nna le babusaesi morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;30, 56.</ref> Go na le go fedisa bogosi, puso e ntšhwa e ne ya bo tsenya mo tsamaisong ya semolao, ya fa dikgosi dithata tsa boatlhodi ka ''kgotla'', go ikaegile ka dikgotlatshekelo tsa boikuelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe]] 2012, p.&#x20;36.</ref>Tlwaelo ya go ikobela boeteledipele, e e kileng ya fiwa dikgosi, e ne ya sutela kwa botautoneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;30.</ref> Puso e ne ya tiisa go tlhomama ga yona ka go thapa tirelosetšhaba ya yone ka baitseanape b<ref name=":66">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref>a dinaga di sele, go farologana le dinaga tse dingwe tse dišwa tsa Aforika tse gantsi di neng di leleka baitseanape ba dinaga di sele.<ref name=":67">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref name=":68">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;105.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;59.</ref> Se se ne sa boloka puso ya mofuta wa Bophirima e e neng e gatelela tlhabololo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;259.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go tlamela Botswana ka matlole mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse tlhano tsa go nna teng ga yone.<ref name=":61" /> Maemo a yone a kagiso, a puso ya batho ka batho fa a bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tsa Aforika a ne a raya gore e ne ya amogela thuso e ntsi go tswa mo mekgatlhong ya Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;255.</ref> Ka nako ya boipuso, Botswana e ne e le setšhaba se se humanegileng thata, go feta bontsi jwa dinaga tse dingwe mo Aforika.<ref name=":69">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;104.</ref><ref name=":66" /> E ne e sena badiri ba ba rutegileng, ka baagi ba le masome a mane fela ba ba nang le ditlankana tse di hagodimo tsa mmadikolo, mme go ne go sena ditlamelo tse di itsegeng tsa metswedi ya tlholego go tshegetsa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;62, 64.</ref> Botswana e ne e ikaegile ka puso ya Tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa go fitlhelela setšhaba sa lefatshe, mme bontsi jwa badiri ba Botswana e ne e le badiri ba bafaladi mo Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Botswana e ne ya tsena mo ntweng e e tlhamaletseng le Rhodesia, e e neng ya baka dintwa tsa sesole go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1978.<ref name=":63" /> Go nna le seabe mo go lekanyeditsweng ga Borithane go ne go kaya gore go ne go se na tlhabololo e ntsi fa e sale ka nako ya bokoloniale.<ref name=":69" /><ref name=":70">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;160.</ref> Bokgoni jwa go bala le go kwala e ne e le selekanyo sa karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong, mme go ne go na le dikilometara di le lesome fela tsa tsela e e tshetsweng.<ref name=":69" /> Mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a robangbongwe ya baagi e ne e le mo [[:en:Abject_poverty|lehumeng le le tseneletseng]],<ref name=":70" /> mme bontsi jwa baagi e ne e le balemibarui ba dikgomo kgotsa [[:en:Subsistence_farmers|balemibarui ba ba itshidisang]].<ref name=":71">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Fa setšhaba se fitlhelela boipuso, komelelo e e masisi e ne ya fedisa karolo ya masome amarao go fihlela masome a matlhano mo lekgolong ya palo ya dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa Batswana ba ne ba ikaegile ka [[:en:World_Food_Programme|Lenaneo la Dijo la Lefatshe]] go tila tlala.<ref name=":81">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;220.</ref> Ditšhaba tse dingwe di ne di na le ditsholofelo tse di kwa tlase mo Botswana, mme mo Aforika yotlhe e ne e bonwa jaaka [[:en:Bantustan|Bantustan]] ya Tlhaolele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;1.</ref> Kamano e le Tlhaolele gape e ne e le ntlha ya katlego ya Botswana jaaka setšhaba se se ikemetseng: boeteledipele jwa Batswana bo ne bo eletsa go tila phelelo e e tshwanang le ya Aforika Borwa fa setšhaba se ka palelwa, mme dikgolagano tsa dikgang tsa mafatshe fatshe tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa le Bophirima go thibela go tsenngwa ke Aforika Borwa di ne di raya gore Botswana o ne a tshepa thata dinaga tsa Bophirima go amogela thuso le thato ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;76–77.</ref> Boeteledipele jwa ntlha jwa Botswana bo ne bo laolwa ke malapa a merafe e e busang mmogo le palo e nnye ya badiredipuso ba ba rutegileng thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;6.</ref> Go tshwana ga bona ga itsholelo le dikgopolo go ne go raya gore puso e nne e tlhomame kwa ntle ga dintwa tsa sepolotiki.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;71.</ref> Le fa Bathoen a ne a tlogela maemo a gagwe a go nna kgosi go ya go dira dipolotiki, bontsi jwa dikgosi tse dingwe di ne tsa amogela maatla a tsona a a fokoditsweng a sepolotiki mo pusong e ntšhwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;56–57.</ref> Tiro e nngwe ya dikgosi e ne e laolwa ke Molao wa Bogosi wa ngwaga ya 1966.<ref name=":92">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;140.</ref> Go tlhoka bonweenwee go ne ga dira gore puso e nne semolao thata mme ya ratwa ke balekane ba Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;166.</ref> Go farologana le bontsi jwa merafe e e sa tswang go tlhamiwa ya Aforika, bontsi jwa boeteledipele bo ne bo tswa mo setšhabeng sa temothuo, go kaya gore dikgatlhego tsa bona di ne di tsamaisana le bontsi.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":71" /> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa go boloka dipholisi tsa motlha wa bokoloniale tse di neng di solegela barui ba dikgomo molemo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;75.</ref> Setlhopa sa semmuso sa Nama ya Botswana se ne sa tlhamiwa go laola madirelo a nama ya kgomo.<ref name=":58" /> Boikuelo jwa lekoko la BDP jwa merafe yotlhe le kgatlhego e e kopanetsweng ya go tlhoma boipuso di ne tsa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa gape go dira mo dikgatlhegelong tsa bontsi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref> Ditlhopha tse dinnye tsa baagi ba basweu di ne tsa sala mo nageng mme tsa ganetsa boipuso jwa yone.<ref name=":63" /> Le fa moragonyana di ne di tla nna botlhokwa mo tlhabololong ya Botswana, ditshwanelo tsa ditswammung di ne tsa fiwa botlhokwa jo bo kwa tlase fa di bona boipuso, mme merafe e ne ya di fetisetsa kwa pusong ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1967.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;103–104.</ref> === Puso ya ga Seretse Khama === Khama o ne a ratwa ke batho botlhe mme a bonwa e le moeteledipele wa tlholego wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;202–203.</ref> Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya tsenya tirisong maano a a neng a lebisitswe mo go tlhameng mafaratlhatlha le dithoto tsa setšhaba, bogolosegolo go tsenya tshela ditsela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;111.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;86.</ref> O ne a simolola go aga dikolo, matlhabelo le dikhuti tse di neng tsa tswelela mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. Lefatshe le le nang le banni la Batswana le Basarwa le ne la dirisiwa go aga mesima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;219.</ref> Tlhabololo e ne ya tla ka tshenyegelo ya kgwebo le tlhagiso, e e neng e lekanyeditswe go tlamela ka matlole a leruo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004,]] p.&#x20;164.</ref> Go ne ga tlhongwa mogopolo thata mo go otla dikgomo le go aga matlhabelo go rotloetsa madirelo a nama ya kgomo mo gare ga go tlhoka metsi. <ref name=":82">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;205.</ref>[[:en:Public_welfare|Mananeo a katlaatleloloago]] le one a ne a tlhongwa.<ref name=":67" /> Go ribololwa ga ditaemane go ne ga netefatsa gore mananeo a a bona madi a a lekaneng.<ref name=":72">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Dipeeletso tse le mokgwa o o sa fetogeng wa go somarela madi a puso di ne tsa thibela boemo jwa [[:en:Dutch_disease|bolwetse jwa Dutch]] jo bo neng jwa golafatsa dinaga tse dingwe tsa Aforika tse di neng di tletse ka didirisiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;4.</ref> Thuto e ne ya atolosiwa mo setšhabeng sotlhe, mme puo ya Setswana e ne ya lekanngwa mmogo le Seesemane ka go latlhegelwa ke dipuo tse dingwe.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":68" /> Khama o ne a siamisa seo jaaka tsela ya go fitlhelela kutlwano.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;228.</ref> Quett Masire o ne a dira jaaka Mothusa tautona ka fa tlase ga ga Seretse Khama mmogo le Tona ya tsa madi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> O ne a laola tekanyetsokabo ya lefatshe le tiriso ya madi ka go tlhama motseletsele wa Maano a Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba, go ikaegilwe ka kamogelo ya Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba le Komiti ya itsholelo ya Kabinete.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Dipoeletso tsa maano a di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya molao wa semmuso ya puso morago ga gore batlhatlhami ba ga Khama le Masire ba tsene mo maemong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;171.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, ditaemane di ne tsa fitlhellwa kwa Botswana ke setlamo sa Aforika Borwa sa ditaemane sa [[:en:De_Beers|De Beers]], mme ditiro di ne tsa simolola ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref name=":76">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;110.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;61.</ref> Dipeeletso tsa kopore di ne tsa fitlhelwa kwa [[:en:Selebi-Phikwe|Selebi-Phikwe]] ka ngwaga oo, mme se sa senola gape khumo ya ditswammung tsa setšhaba.<ref name=":58" /> Puso e ne ya dirisana le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1969 go dira ditiro tse dikgolo tsa meepo ya ditaemane,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> mme e ne ya amega mo dipuisanong sešwa tsa [[:en:Southern_African_Customs_Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa]] ka one ngwaga oo go tokafatsa thata maatla a yone a itsholelo mo kgaolong.<ref name=":77">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;65.</ref> Moepo mongwe kwa [[:en:Morupule|Morupule]] o ne wa simolola go ntsha magala ka ngwaga wa 1973, mme wa tlamela setšhaba ka karolo e kgolo ya motlakase.<ref name=":78">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xix.</ref> [[:en:Orapa_diamond_mine|Moepo wa ditaemane wa Orapa]] o ne wa bulwa kwa Orapa ka ngwaga wa 1971, mme go ne ga tlomamisiwia tumalano ya go abelana lotseno fa gare ga puso le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1974.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;125.</ref> Moragonyana Masire o ne a netefatsa gore De Beers e ne e tshegeditse dikgwebo tsa gagwe tse di hapegileng ka madi, mme se sa dira gore go akanyediwe gore setlamo se ka tswa se amogetse tumalano e e mosola mo kgannyeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;129–130.</ref> Molao wa Metsi le Molao wa ditsha tsa Morafe di ne tsa tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1968, mme tsa tlhama lekgotla la Kabo ya Metsi le lekgotla tsa naga di le lesome le bobedi, ka go latelana. Tse di ne di okametse kabo ya ditshwanelo tsa metsi le lefatshe ke puso go na le ka go nna mong wa morafe mongwe le mongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;76.</ref> Ka se, ba ne ba tsenya dithata tsa setso tsa dikgosi.<ref name=":74" /> Molao wa Mafatshe a Phulo a Merafe e ne ya tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1975 go thibela [[:en:Overgrazing|phulo e e feteletseng]], mme fela e ne ya itshupa e sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;67.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;173.</ref> Tota e bile, e ne e letla baagi ba ba humileng go kopa ditsha tse dikgolo tsa dikgomo ka tshenyegelo ya baagi ba ba sa humang thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Ditlhopho tsa ntlha morago ga boipuso di ne tsa diragala ka ngwaga wa 1969.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la dira maswe go le gonnye fa e bapisiwa le tiragatso ya yona ya ngwaga wa 1965, mme mothusa tautona Masire o ne a latlhegelwa ke setilo sa gagwe ke Bathoen, se se neng sa mo tlhoka gore a tseye setilo se se kgethegileng se se tlhophilweng.<ref name=":79">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Lekoko la BPP le ne la nyelela ka botlhokwa fa dipolotiki tsa Botswana di ntse di gola.<ref name=":73" /> Koporase ya Tlhabololo ya Botswana e e neng e le ya puso e ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1970,<ref name=":75" /> mme moepo wa diteemane wa Orapa o ne wa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 1971.<ref name=":78" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, diteemane di ne di dira karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong ya Palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana,<ref name=":76" /> mme kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1970, meepo e ne e le madirelo a magolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;5.</ref> Goromente wa Botswana o ne a buisana gape ka tumalano ya yone ya meepo le De Beers magareng ga ngwaga wa 1971 le ngwaga wa 1975, ya sutisetsa bontsi jwa dituelo kwa setšhabeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;210.</ref> Fa itsholelo ya teemane e ntse e tlhabologa le dipeeletso di boela mo lefatsheng, Botswana e ne ya falola lehuma mme ya bonwa jaaka katlego mo merafeng e mengwe mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara morago ga bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;212.</ref> Ditlhabololo tse di dirile gore Botswana e nne naga e e golang ka bonako mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":77" /> Batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo le a a fa gare ba ne ba bona molemo thata, go oketsa go [[:en:Wealth_inequality|tlhoka tekatekano ga khumo]], mme gape go ne go raya gore makgetho a ka fokodiwa, se se neng sa dira gore balemi ba ba tshegetse.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;71–72.</ref> Tlhabololo ya Botswana le tiriso ya yone ya tirelosetšhaba ya mafatshe a sele e ne ya atlega mo e leng gore puso e ne ya tlhotlheletsa lefatshe la United States go romela setlhopa sa baithaopi ba kagiso (Peace Corps) kwa ntle ga ditekanyetso tsa setso tsa gore ke dikarolo dife tse mokgatlho o ka di dirang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go ne ga tla koketsego ya Batswana ba ba botlana ba ba rutegileng mo lefelong la gaeno, ba ba neng ba nna le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo pusong.<ref name=":64" /> Jaaka fa batho ba bašwa ba ba ne ba amogela thuto e e tshwanang mme ba simolola go dira mo setsong se le sengwe sa tsamaiso, go ne go sena pharologano e kgolo ya tiro fa gare ga tirelosetšhaba e e neng e eteletswe pele ke batswakwa le e e neng e tsamaisiwa ke Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Lephata la Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo le ne le le teng ka bokhutshwane morago ga go kgaogana mo Lephateng la Matlole magareng ga batlhokomedi ba setso ba ba neng ba amana le tshireletso kgatlhanong le baemanokeng ba ga Masire ba ba neng ba eletsa go bona tlhabololo e e bogale thata. Ya bofelo e ne ya tsaya taolo, mme ditona di ne tsa kopanngwa gape go nna Lephata la Matlole le Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo ka ngwaga wa 1970. Ka ntlha ya palo e e lekanyeditsweng ya batho ba ba tshwanelegang go laola itsholelo, lephata le le ne la tsaya taolo e feletseng ya tiriso ya madi a puso mme la simolola lenaneo la Shashe le le neng le batla gore naga e nne le tlhabololo e e tseneletseng ya palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana. Se se ne se akaretsa go tlhoma lefelo la meepo ya kopore le nikele, le le neng la nna selo se se tlang pele mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;84–85.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, [[:en:Seepapitso_IV|Seepapitso wa bone]] o ne a nna kgosi ya ntlha go emisiwa mo maemong a gagwe morago ga nako ya bokoloniele.<ref name=":83">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;141.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la atlega thata gape ka [[:en:1974_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopo tsa ngwaga wa 1974]].<ref name=":79" /> [[:en:Minimum_wage|Dituelo tse di kwa tlase]] di ne tsa tlhagisiwa ka one ngwaga oo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Botswana e simolotse go ntsha madi a one, e leng [[:en:Botswana_pula|Botswana pula]], ka ngwaga wa 1976. Mmusi wa [[:en:Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya Botswana]] Quill Hermans o ne a kgaratlhela go kgaogana ga madi le Aforika Borwa le [[:en:South_African_rand|ranta ya yone ya Aforika Borwa]]. Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego a boditšhabatšhaba a gore Botswana e ka nna ya se ka ya kgona go tshegetsa madi a yone, Khama o ne a ikutlwa gore bagakolodi ba gagwe ba itsholelo ba na le bokgoni mme o ne a tshepa tshwetso ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tsa boipuso, Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya ditšhaba tse di humileng thata mo [[:en:Third_World|Lefatsheng la Boraro]].<ref name=":67" /> Phetogo ya itsholelo e kaiwa jaaka "kgakgamatso" ya Botswana.<ref name=":77" /> Linchwe II, kgosi ya [[:en:Kgatla_people|batho ba Kgatla]], o ne a busetsa ngwao ya go simolola bogwera mo morafeng wa gagwe ka ngwaga wa 1975, mme se sa gakatsa puso ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;148.</ref> Khama o ne a tsaya tsela ya go akaretsa batho botlhe mo pusong ya gagwe, a tila dipolotiki tsa merafe le go gana tlhotlheletso ya baeteledipele ba merafe a rata badiredipuso.<ref name=":84">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> Ka dinako tse dingwe o ne a kopa batho go rola tiro fa morafe mongwe o ka nna le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo tirelong ya setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tshaba gore go sa dumalane le batho ba ba kwa tlase ba Kalanga go ka nna ga dira gore go se ka ga nna le kagiso. Go rarabolola se, Khama o ne a tsenya maloko a a rutegileng a morafe wa Kalanga mo pusong, a tlhoma bontsi mo maemong a a kwa godimo. Tshwetso e ne e tsosa kganetsano, mme e ne ya tsosa dikgopolo tsa bolotsana ka ga tlhotlheletso e e bosula ya Kalanga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;122.</ref> Tse ka dinako tse dingwe di ne di ikaegile ka Mokgatlho wa Baithuti ba Bakalanga, o o neng wa nna Mokgatlho wa Tsweletso ya Puo ya Ikalanga ka ngwaga wa 1980.<ref>[[Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 123.|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> Poifo ya dipuso tsa baagisani tse di eteletsweng pele ke basweu kwa Namibia, Rhodesia, le Aforika Borwa, mmogo le kotsi ya [[:en:Angolan_Civil_War|Ntwa ya Selegae ya Angola]], di dirile gore Botswana e tlhame [[:en:Botswana_Defence_Force|sesole sa bosetšhaba]] ka ngwaga wa 1977.<ref name=":78" /> Pele ga se, [[:en:Botswana_Police_Service|Tirelo ya Sepodisi]] sa Botswana e ne e tlhokometse tshireletso ya setshaba. Go tlhoka sesole go ne go raya gore Botswana e ne e sa tlhaselwe ke dilo tse di bakang go sa tlhomamang mo merafeng e mengwe ya Aforika: go menola puso ga sesole le bonweenwee ka go dirisa madi a sesole.<ref>[[Beaulier & Subrick 2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], pp.&#x20;111–112.</ref> Sesole se ne sa bona ntwa ngwaga o o latelang fa dirukutlhi tsa Rhodesia di ne di tlhasela Leshoma, di bolaya masole a le lesome le botlhano.<ref name=":78" /> Ka tirisanommogo ya yone le De Beers, puso ya Botswana e ne ya tlhama kompone ya meepo ya Debswana ka ngwaga wa 1978, mme ya bona lotseno lo lo bonalang lwa puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Meepo e ne ya nna madirelo a a kwa godimo ya itsholelo ya lefatshe mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang,<ref name=":85">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> mme Botswana ya nna itsholelo e e golang ka bonako go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":86">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;33.</ref><ref name=":86" /> Go nna le seabe ga mafatshe a sele mo itsholelong go ne ga nna kgang ya sepolotiki ka nako e jaaka fa batho ba kwa ntle ba ne ba kokoanya kgolo ya setšhaba fa ditiro tsa selegae di ne di tlhabologa ka iketlo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;143–145.</ref> Thuo ya dikgomo, e e neng e setse e amilwe ke go runya mo gogolo ga [[:en:Foot-and-mouth_disease|bolwetse jwa tlhako le molomo]] ka ngwaga wa1977,<ref name=":82" /> e ne ya latlhegelwa ke botlhokwa jo e neng e na le jone pele.<ref name=":85" /> === Puso ya ga Quett Masire === [[Setshwantsho:Quett Masire DF-SC-85-12044.JPEG|thumb|Quett Masire a etetse America ka ngwaga wa 1984]] Morago ga loso lwa ga Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa 1980, Mothusa-Tautona Quett Masire o ne a nna tautona wa Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;117.</ref> Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego ka go tlhatlhama ga ga Khama, Masire o ne a tshegetsa mafaratlhatlha a puso a a neng a thusa go a aga le go boloka tumelo mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;182.</ref> Go ritibatsa morafe wa ga Khama wa Ngwato le merafe e mengwe ya bokone, Masire o ne a tlhoma ntsalae Khama, [[:en:Lenyeletse_Seretse|Lenyeletse Seretse]], go nna mothusa-tautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;232.</ref> Kakanyo e e neng e tlwaelesegile mo gare ga BaNgwato e ne e le gore morwa Khama, [[:en:Ian_Khama|Ian Khama]], o ne a tshwanelwa ke bo tautona. Fa Lenyeletse a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1983, Masire o ne a tlhopha [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] go tsena mo boemong jwa gagwe. Gompieno o ne a tlhopha mongwe go tswa mo morafeng wa borwa, gore a se ka a tlhoma sekao sa gore tautona le mothusa-tautona ka nako tsotlhe ba tshwanetse go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di fapaaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;233.</ref> Botswana e ne e le karolo ya Khonferense ya Kgokaganyo ya Tlhabololo ya Borwa jwa Aforika e e neng ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1980 go tlhama mmaraka wa borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":78" /> Setšhaba se ne sa amiwa ke [[:en:Early_1980s_recession|kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980]].<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Jwaneng_diamond_mine|Moepo wa diteemane wa Jwaneng]] o simolotse go dira ka ngwaga wa 1982, wa nna moepo o o dirang dipoelo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng. [[:en:University_of_Botswana|Mmadikolo wa Botswana]] o tlhomilwe ka one ngwaga o o neng o kgaogana le [[:en:University_of_Botswana,_Lesotho_and_Swaziland|Mmadikolo ya Botswana, Lesotho le Swaziland]].<ref name=":78" /> Ditlhabololo tsa semolao ka ngwaga wa 1982, Molawana wa Thuso ya Matlole le go dira gore tiro ya kgwebo gore e nne ya ka fa molaong ke badiredipuso, di ne tsa tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya naga mme gape tsa gagamolola melawana e e neng e tla thibela bonweenwee.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;127, 129.</ref> Jaaka fa puso ya batho le batho le kgolo ya itsholelo di itshupile e le diphetogo tsa paka e telele, Botswana e ne ya itsege jaaka "kgakgamatso ya Aforika".<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Kganetso e e nonofileng kgatlhanong le puso e e laolwang ke lekoko la BDP e ne ya tlhagelela la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go fenya ditlhopho tsa selegae, ditlhopha tsa dikgatlhego tsa simolola go tlhamiwa, mme makwalo a dikgang a matlhano a magolo a a kgatlhanong le lekoko la BDP a simolola go gatisiwa.<ref name=":64" /> Pele e ne e ikaegile ka tshegetso ya merafe e e rileng, lekoko la BNF le ne la bona tshegetso mo setlhopheng sa badiri.<ref name=":84" /> Ka ditlhopho ka kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1984, e ne e le lekoko kganetso le le gaisanang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;712.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya ama Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa1982 go fitlhela ka ngwaga wa 1987, mme ya tlhoka thuso ya dijo ya puso go ka nna karolo ya masome a marataro le botlhano mo lekgolong ya Batswana ba kwa magaeng.<ref name=":87">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;82.</ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba ga Masire ba ne ba mo amanya le komelelo e ka e ne e tsamaisana le tshimologo ya botautona jwa gagwe, ba akantsha gore Khama o ne a na le taelo ya bomodimo e Masire a neng a se na yone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;203.</ref> Mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1980, madirelo a ditaemane a ne a fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa yone ka karolo ya masome a matlhano le boraro mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya tlhagiso ya bosetšhaba.<ref name=":76" /> Ka nako e, itsholelo ya setšhaba e ne ya nonoha mo e leng gore baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba rotloediwa go tlhopha [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|temothuo ya go]] [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|itshidisa]] kgotsa go fuduga go ya go dira kwa Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":84" /> [[:en:Entrepreneurship|Bogwebi]] bo ne jwa anama thata, bogolosegolo mo badiring ba pele ba puso ba ba neng ba tswa mo [[:en:Public_sector|lephateng la puso]] go ya kwa lephateng la [[:en:Private_sector|e]] [[:en:Private_sector|seng la puso]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Thuto ya mahala ya [[:en:Secondary_education|sekole se segolwane]] ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1989.<ref name=":87" /> [[:en:Trade_union|Mekgatlho ya badiri]] le [[:en:Special_interest_group|ditlhopha tse di kgethegileng tsa dikgatlhego]] tse dingwe di ne tsa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go tlhotlheletsa melawana ya setšhaba, le fa gantsi puso e ne e sa batle go di amogela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], pp.&#x20;85–86.</ref> E tsibogetse mokgatlho o o neng o gola wa badiri ka go fetisa dithibelo tse di bokete mo mekgatlhong ya badiri ka ngwaga wa 1983.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dingwaga di le lesome gape o ne wa tlhagisa mekgatlho ya go amogela merafe e mennye, go gana boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba jwa Motswana.<ref name=":80" /> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, Aforika Borwa e ne ya simolola ditlhaselo tsa sesole mo Botswana go batla batlhabani ba Aforika Borwa. Go tsibogela dikgobalo tsa baagitse di neng tsa direga, puso ya Botswana e ne ya oketsa tiriso ya madi mo sesoleng.<ref name=":93">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;112.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> E ne gape ya fa sesole tiro ya go sireletsa diphologolo tsa naga le go tsenya mo tirisong molao o o kgatlhanong le go tsoma mo go seng ka fa molaong go tsibogela kotsi e e tlisiwang ke batsomi ba ba tshotseng dibetsa.<ref name=":94">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Palo ya ntlha ya [[:en:HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana|mogare wa segajaja]] mo Botswana e ne ya lemogiwa ka ngwaga wa 1985, mme mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang lefatshe ;e ne la nna lone le le neng la amega thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;265.</ref> [[:en:Life_expectancy|Botshelo jo bo solofetsweng]] mo Botswana bo ne bo tla wela tlase tswa go masomeng a maratarole bosupa go ya kwa masomeng a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 1997.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;175.</ref> Phetogo e e gakgamatsang mo tsamaisong ya botsogo ya Botswana e ne ya latela go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1980 le bo 1990; Bongaka jwa Bophirima bo ne jwa tlotliwa thata mmogo le kalafi ya setso, mme go ne ga tlhongwa dikokelo tse e seng tsa puso go nna mmogo le dikago tse di tsamaisiwang ke puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> [[:en:Early_1990s_recession|Kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1990]] e ne ya ama Botswana.<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Attorney_General_of_Botswana_v._Unity_Dow|Tsheko e e botlhokwa ya kgotlatshekelo ya molaomotheo]] e e neng ya tlisiwa ke Unity Dow e ne ya felela ka katlholo ka ngwaga wa 1991 ya gore bana ba ka fiwa boagedi mo go bomme ba bone ga mmogo le borraabone, e e neng ya amogelwa go nna molao ka Molao wa Boagi wa 1995.<ref name=":88">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xx.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang sa Kgabo se ne sa tshwarwa ka ngwaga wa 1991 go batlisisa lekgotla la kabo ditsha tsa lefatshe tsa puso, mme sa fitlhela gore go dirilwe ditlolomolao tsa maitsholo a a siameng ke mothusa-tautona Peter Mmusi le mokwaledi wa kakaretso wa lekoko la BDP [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]], ba bobedi jwa bone gape e neng e le maloko a setlhopa sa ditona tsa puso ya Botswana.<ref name=":89">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;346.</ref><ref name=":90">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;333.</ref> Ka go lebana le go galefa mo pusong le mo setšhabeng, bobedi jwa bone ba ne ba rola tiro.<ref name=":90" /> Go wa mo go ne ga tlhola ditlhopha tse pedi tse di kgaoganeng mo teng ga lekoko, e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke maloko a mabedi a pele a setlhopa sa ditona (Ba babedi ba bagolo),<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;333–335.</ref> mme e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke baganetsi ba bona (ba batlhano ba bagolo): [[:en:Festus_Mogae|Festus Mogae]], Bihiti Temane, Chapson Butale, [[:en:Gaositwe_Chiepe|Gaositwe Chiepe]], le moeteledipele wa bona [[:en:Mompati_Merafhe|Mompati Merafhe]].<ref name=":91">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;235.</ref> Se se ne sa aga mo dikgotlhang tse di neng di godile fa gare ga boeteledipele jwa borwa jwa BLP le kokomana e ntšhwa ya boradipolotiki go tswa kwa bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], pp.&#x20;233–234.</ref> Masire o ne a tlhopha Mogae go nna mothusa- tautona yo mosha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;334.</ref> Ka go tshwenyega ka kgonagalo ya go tlwaetsa bonweenwee, Masire o ne a thapa mothusa- mogolwane wa [[:en:Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)|setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang e e Ikemetseng ya Hong Kong e e Kgatlhanong le Bonweenwee (Hong Kong)]] go tlhama mokgatlho o o tshwanang mo Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;222.</ref> [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Bokaedi jwa Bonweenwee le Bosenyi jwa]] [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Itsholelo]] bo ne jwa tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, mme lekgotla la kabo ditsha le ne la tlhamiwa go reetsa boikuelo jwa ditshwetso tsa kabo ditsha ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Boemo jwa lekoko la BDP jaaka lekoko le le laolang bo ne jwa amogela kgwetlho ya jone ya ntlha e e masisi ka ntlha ya Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlsisa kgota go sekaseka dikgang ya Kgabo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;249.</ref> Matlhabisaditlhong le go kgaogana mo go neng ga nna teng mo lekokong la BDP go ne ga dira gore lekoko la BNF le nne lekoko la kganetso le le gaisanang thata morago ga ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;335–336.</ref><ref name=":89" /> Ka go mathata a a oketsegileng a go tsenngwa ga ditoropo go fokotsa motheo wa BDP kwa metseselegaeng, makoko a kganetso a ne a na le bonnye jo bo bonalang mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa ga Mmusi, Kwelagobe o ne a ikgolaganya le [[:en:Ponatshego_Kedikilwe|Ponatshego Kedikilwe]], mme ba bopa setlhopa se sennye sa Barata-Phathi sa lekoko la BDP. Ba batlhano ba bagolo ba ne ba nna setlhopa se sennye sa A-Team.<ref name=":89" /> Botswana e ne ya solegelwa molemo ke go khutla ga puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, ka puso e ntšhwa e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Aforika e ne e sa thibele kgolo ya Botswana kgotsa go tsenelela mo ditirong tsa sesole go kgabaganya molelwane.<ref name=":81" /> Fa kgaolo e ntse e tlhomama, ditlhabololo tsa itsholelo tse di tshwanang le mabentlele a magolo, kakanyo e e sa netefadiwang ya dithoto, le bojanala jwa baagi di ne tsa atologa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;675.</ref> Morafe wa Ngwaketse o ne wa nna le kgotlang le puso ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa 1994, fa tona ya pusoselegae le mafatshe Patrick Balope a ne a latofatsa kgosi Seepapitso wa bone ka go palelwa ke go diragatsa ditiro tsa gagwe mme a laela gore kgosi e emisiwe—e leng go emisiwa ga bobedi ga puso ya ga Seepapitso.<ref name=":83" /> Morwa wa ga Seepapitso e bong Leema o ne a amogela go tlhomiwa go dira tiro eo, kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa ga Seepapitso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;141–142.</ref> Morafe o ne wa lwantshana le kgang ya go nna semolao mo go sa tlhaloganyesegeng ga ga Leema le poifo ya gore setso sa morafe ga se kitla se tlhola se lemogiwa, mme go tlosiwa ga gagwe go ne ga nna kgang ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;142–143.</ref> Seepapitso o ne a tsenya kganetso ya semolao, mme kgotlatshekelo ya atlhola ka Tlhakole a tlhola malatsia le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 1995 gore le fa go tlosiwa ga ga Seepapitso go ne go le ka fa molaong, go tlhomiwa ga ga Leema go ne go se kafa molaong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;145.</ref> Ka maatla a go tlhoma a ne a buseditswe mo morafeng, ba ne ba gana go tlhopha moeteledipele yo mosha jaaka tsela ya go ikuela. Puso e ne ya ineela mme ya letlelela Seepapitso go busediwa mo tirong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;145–146.</ref> [[:en:Ritual_murder|Polao ya dipheko]] ya ga [[:en:Segametsi_Mogomotsi|Segametsi Mogomotsi]], mosetsana wa dingwaga di le lesome le bone wa kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]], e diragetse ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 1994. Dikhuduego tsa loago di ne tsa tsoga fa babelaelwa bao, ba e neng e le borakgwebo le boradipolotiki ba ba humileng, ba ne ba gololwa ka ntlha ya go tlhoka bosupi. Mo dikgweding tse di latelang, go ne ga nna le ditshupetso le dikhuduego tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke baithuti kgatlhanong le tiriso ya ditiro tsa masaitsiweng tse di tshwanang le polao ya dipheko go bona khumo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;286–290.</ref> Go tlhagoga ga bolwetse jo bo [[:en:Contagious_bovine_pleuropneumonia|tshelanwang jwa pleuropneumonia ya dikgomo]] ka ngwaga wa 1995 go ne ga baka dintsho tsa dikgomo di le dikete tse makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi .<ref name=":88" /> Molao wa Temothuo wa ngwaga ya 1995 o ne wa atolosa thulaganyo ya go dira lefatshe la baagi la le e seng la puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Merafe e mennye e ne ya tswelela go kgaratlhela go lemogiwa go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;163–164.</ref> Puso e simolotse go ntsha batho ba Basarwa mo [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|Lefelong la Diphologolo la Kalahari]] [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|la Bogare]] ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Le fa e ne e nganga gore maikaelelo e ne e le go thusa go kopanya baagi ba ba neng ba le kgakala thata, mme e neelana ka leruo go rotloetsa tirisanommogo, mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba e ne ya pega molato puso ka go pateletsa le go [[:en:Forced_displacement|fudusiwa ka dikgoka]] ga batho go dira sebaka sa meepo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;11–12.</ref> Maiteko a ntlha a magolo a semolao a go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa merafe e mennye a ne a tswa mo tshitshinyong ya ngwaga wa 1995 kwa palamenteng ya go tlhalosa molaomotheo jaaka o o sa tseyeng letlhakore mo merafeng, mme o ne wa bewa mo tafoleng. Mokgatlho wa Kamanakao o ne wa tlhamiwa ka one ngwaga oo ke morutegi [[:en:Lydia_Nyati-Ramahobo|Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo]] go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa [[:en:Yeyi_people|batho ba Yeyi]].<ref name=":95">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;215.</ref> Motseletsele wa diphetogo tsa puso le tsa ditlhopho di ne tsa tsenngwa mo tirisong mo dingwageng tsa bofelo tsa bo tautona jwa ga Masire. Tlhokomelo ya ditlhopho e ne ya fetisediwa kwa setheong se se ikemetseng, dingwaga tsa go tlhopa di ne tsa fokodiwa go tswa ko masomeng a mabedi le bongwe go ya ko lesomeng le borobabobedi , go [[:en:Postal_voting|tlhopa ka poso]] go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong, mme ga tsenngwa tirisong melawana ya go sireletsa [[:en:Labour_rights|ditshwanelo tsa badiri]] le [[:en:Gender_equality|tekatekano ya bong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;168.</ref> Masire o ne a eletsa go tlhama [[:en:Order_of_succession|tatelano e e tlhomameng ya]] [[:en:Order_of_succession|go tlhatlologana]] mo bogosing le go netefatsa gore motlhatlogi wa gagwe yo a mo tlhophileng mothusa Tautona Mogae e nna tautona, ka jalo o ne a dirisana le mmueledi Parks Tafa go kwala paakanyo ya molaotheo. Se se ne sa tsenya tirisong tatelano e e itirisang le [[:en:Term_limit|melelwane ya paka]] ya botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;337–338.</ref> O ne a pateletsa paakanyo ka boene.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;304–305.</ref> Go fetola itsholelo ya lefatshe, go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong tsamaiso ya nakwana ya go nna le [[:en:Tripartism|makoko a mararo]] go kopanya puso, lekalana le e seng la puso, le baemedi ba badiri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;169.</ref> Fa lekoko le ne le tlhopha maloko a komiti ya lone ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1997, kotsi ya go nna le ditlhopha e ne ya gola mo e leng gore Masire o ne a phimola ditlhopho tsa lone tse di mo teng ga mokgatlho mme a dira gore ditlhopha di mo fe manaane a maina.<ref name=":91" /> === Puso ya ga Festus Mogae === [[Setshwantsho:George Bush with African national leaders February 26, 2002.jpg|thumb|Festus Mogae mmogo le botautona ba mafatshe a sele [[:en:Joaquim_Chissano|Joaquim Chissano]], [[:en:George_W._Bush|George W. Bush]] le [[:en:José_Eduardo_dos_Santos|José Eduardo dos Santos]] ka ngwaga wa 2002]] Masire o ne a tlogela tiro ya botautona ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le ngwe ka ngwaga wa 1998, mme a latelelelwa ke mothusa tautona Festus Mogae.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;338.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya tshwetso e e neng ya tsosa kganetsano ya go tlhoma Ian Khama, molaodi wa sesole le morwa Seretse Khama, go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang,<ref name=":72" /> a fetisa kgetho ya gagwe ka go tshosetsa go phatlalatsa palamente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Le fa ba ne ba sa tseye letlhakore semmuso fa gare ga ditlhopha tsa lekoko la BDP, Mogae le Khama ka bobedi ba ne ba tlhaloganngwa e le batho ba bagolo mo gare ga A-Team.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;347.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1998 o ne wa bona nngwe ya dikgaogano tse dintsi mo teng ga lekoko la kganetso la BNF. E ne e kgaogane ka ditlhopha tse pedi: batho ba ba sa rateng diphetogo ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa loago le ba ba neng ba tswelela pele ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa puso ya batho ka batho ya loago. Dikhuduego kwa mokgatlhong wa lekoko di ne tsa dira gore batho ba ba neng ba rata kgatelopele ba kgaogane go nna lekoko la bone, [[:en:Botswana_Congress_Party|Botswana Congress Party]] (BCP), le le neng la nna lekoko le legolo la kganetso go fitlhela ba latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa manno a bone mo [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa]] [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 1999]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Kgaogano e ya kganetso, mmogo le diphetogo tsa selegae tsa dingwaga tse di fetileng, di ne tsa dira gore lekoko la BDP le boelwe ke ditilo dingwe tse e neng ya di latlhegelwa ka ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;168–169.</ref> Maloko a le mmalwa a borwa a boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BCP a ne a boela kwa lekokong la BNF morago ga gore maemo otlhe a a kwa godimo a tsewe ke batho ba bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;237.</ref> Go itlhatlosa go ya kwa maemong a merafe ya Tswana, batho ba Yeyi ba ne ba bitsa kgosi e e kwa godimo ka ngwaga wa 1999, fela se se ne sa se ka sa lemogiwa ke Molao wa Bogosi. Ba ne ba tlisa kgang eo kwa Kgotlatshekelong e Kgolo, e e neng ya tlhasela thulaganyo e e maleba ya molao e le e e tlhaolang.<ref name=":95" /> Mogae o ne a tlhoma setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang ka ngwaga wa 2000 go sekaseka kemedi ya merafe e mennye mo Ntlong ya Dikgosi, mme seo sa baka boipelaetso go tswa mo go ba ba neng ba ikutlwa gore Mogae o batla go nyatsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;239.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang se ne sa tlhomamisa gore Ntlo ya Dikgosi e tshwanetse go nna teng, mme ya bidiwa Setswana ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;216.</ref> Diphetogo tse dingwe tse di fetotsweng ga di a amogelwa morago ga go kgarametswa go tswa mo merafeng e megolo ya Batswana, bogolosegolo ba Ngwato.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;217–218.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, batho ba Kgatla-baga-Mmanaana ba ne ba bona kgosi ya bone Gobuamang Gobuamang wa bobedi a amogelwa semmuso jaaka kgosi e nnye mo teng ga kgaolo ya Kwena kwa ba nnang teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;177.</ref> [[:en:Botswana–Namibia_border|Molelwane wa Botswana le Namibia]] o ne wa tsena mo kganetsanong ka ngwaga wa 1999 fa mafatshe ka bobedi a ne a batla kgaolo mo [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Mopakong wa Caprivi]].[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;xx–xxi.</ref>] Ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000, Botswana e ne ya beeletsa thata mo go tlhabololeng sesole sa mowa.<ref name=":93" /> [[:en:Botswana_Television|Setshwantso sa motshikinyego sa Botswana]] se tlhomilwe ka ngwaga wa 2000. Lentswe tsa Tsodilo le ne la nna [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|Lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe]] ka ngwaga wa 2001. Batho ba Basarwa ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao ka ngwaga wa 2002 go ganetsa go ntshiwa ga bona kwa Central Kalahari Game Reserve, fela kgang e sekisiwang e ne ya tlhokomologiwa. [[:en:Mosadi_Seboko|Mosadi Seboko]] wa [[:en:Lete_people|morafe wa]] [[:en:Lete_people|Balete]] o ne a nna moeteledipele wa ntlha wa mosadi wa morafe ka ngwaga wa 2003.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xxi.</ref> Mogae o ne a dira gore mongwe wa batshwayadiphoso ba ba tlhageletseng thata ba puso, [[:en:Kenneth_Good_(political_scientist)|Kenneth Good]], a lelekwe mo lefatsheng la gagwe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], pp.&#x20;333–334.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;226–227.</ref> [[:en:Three_Dikgosi_Monument|Sefikantswe sa Dikgosi tse Tharo]] se ne sa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;680.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya bolwetsi jo bo anameng lefatshe la HIV/AIDS e le kgang e e botlhokwa thata ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Go e lwantsha, o ne a dira gore dikalafi tsa [[:en:Antiretroviral|diantiretroviral]] tsa HIV/AIDS di nne teng mahala.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;225.</ref> === Puso ya ga Ian Khama === [[Setshwantsho:London Conference on The Illegal Wildlife Trade (12499797834).jpg|thumb|Kopano ya ga Ian Khama le [[:en:William_Hague|William Hague]] kwa Lontone]] Ian Khama o ne a latela mo maemong a botautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Mogae ka kgwedi ya Moranang a le letsatsi le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref name=":96">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mokgwa wa gagwe wa boeteledipele o ne wa phatlaladiwa jaaka o o latelang "di-D tse nne": puso ya batho ka batho, tlhabololo, seriti, le kotlhao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Fa a sena go nna mo setilong, o ne a rulaganya sešwa khuduthamaga ya setšhaba ka mokgwa wa tatelano, a kopanya maatla go dikologa botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;227–228.</ref> Khama o ne a gatelela tshireletsego ya setshaba mo tsamaisong ya gagwe. Ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo maemong a gagwe, Lekalana la Bosenodi le Tshireletsego le ne la itsege ka go dira ditlhodi tse di neng di tlhotlhelediwa ke dipolotiki le go tshwara baganetsi ba gagwe ba sepolotiki. O ne gape a tlhoma batho ba le mmalwa ba pele ba sesole mo pusong ya gagwe<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], pp.&#x20;714–715.</ref> Botswana o ne e sa amege thata mo [[:en:African_Union|Kopanong ya Aforika]] ka nako ya botautona jwa ga Khama, go na le moo e ne ya tlhagisa molawana wa mafatshe a sele a a neng e lebisitswe thata mo Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;190.</ref> Mathata a matlole a ngwaga wa 2008 a ne a gatelela itsholelo ya Botswana, e e neng ya nna e ikaegile ka meepo ya ditaemane le fa puso e ne e dira maiteko.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;202.</ref> Madirelo a diteemane a ne a fedisa kwelotlase e e tlhomameng fa e ne e tlhomama ka bokana ka karolo ya masome a mararo le borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tse di tlhagisitsweng tsa lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 2009.<ref name=":76" /> Taolo ya dikgosi e ne ya fetolwa ka ngwaga wa 2008 ka Molao wa Bogosi.<ref name=":92" /> Khama o ne a rotloetsa go neela dikgosi maatla ka leina la go busetsa kotlhao le maitsholo a setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], pp.&#x20;196–197.</ref> O ne a ntsha taelo e e neng ya oketsa dingwaga tsa go nwa tse di kafa molaong go nna masome a mabedi le bongwe, ya fa baeteledipele ba merafe e mennye maatla a go laela gore batho ba itewe, ya tlhama ditlhopha tsa mephato go nna balebedi, le go tsenya gape [[:en:Corporal_punishment_in_schools|kotlhao ya go itaya mo dikolong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Dikgosi di le mmalwa tse di sa tswang go tlhongwa di ne tsa tshegetsa melawana e mme tsa tsenya tirisong dikotlhao tse di gagametseng tsa badiraphoso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Gareng ga bone go ne go na le Kgafela wa bobedi, kgosana ya morafe wa Kgatla. Go dira gore batho ba gagwe ba nne le boitsholo jo bo tlwaelegileng, o ne a oketsa thata go itewa ga batho ba ba neng ba tlola molao. Kgafela le ba bangwe ba ba amegang ba ne ba pegwa molato wa bosenyi ka ntlha ya go dirisa kotlhao ka tsela e e sa siamang ka ngwaga wa 2010, mme kgotlatshekelo e ne ya kgaphela thoko kopo ya gagwe ya go sirelediwa, ya tlhomamisa gore dikgosi ga di na boipuso mme di laolwa ke molaotheo.<ref name=":97">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;157.</ref> Jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le tlhopha boeteledipele jwa lekoko la yone ka ngwaga wa 2009, Khama o ne a tlhoma batho ba le bantsi ba A-Team mo dikomiting tse potlana tsa lekoko le fa Barata-Phathi e ne ya fenya ka nako ya mokgatlho wa lekoko.<ref name=":97" /><ref name=":98">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;335.</ref> Fa mokwaledi mogolo wa lekoko leo, Rre [[:en:Gomolemo_Motswaledi|Gomolemo Motswaledi]] a ne a rerisana le babueledi go botsa gore a ditiro tsa ga Khama di ka fa molaong, Khama o ne a dira gore a sekegiwe mo komiting. Morago ga go isa kgang kwa kgotlatshekelo, go ne ga fitlhelwa gore tautona yo o mo maemong ao ga a kgone go sekisiwa semolao, mme Khama o ne a emisa Motswaledi mo BDP gotlhelele.<ref name=":98" />Mo tshimologong ya ngwaga wa 2010, Khama o ne a emisa mme morago a ntsha maloko a mangwe a le mmalwa a lekalana le le mo teng ga lekoko la Barata-Phathi mo lekokong BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], pp.&#x20;354–355.</ref> Se se ne sa baka go kgaogana ga ntlha ga BDP ka Mopitlwe fa lekoko la Barata-Phathi le ne le tswa mo lekokong go bopa Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Temokerasi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;345.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Molao wa Tirelosetšhaba o tsentswe tirisong ka ngwaga wa 2010, o dira gore badiredipuso ba dire ditshupetso ka ha molaong mo maemong mangwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mo ngwageng o o latelang, Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Mekgatlho ya Badiri (BOFEPUSU) o ne wa etelela pele ditshupetso tsa dikgwedi di le pedi mo gare ga badiredipuso ba lefatshe go batla tuelo ya karolo ya lesome le borataro mo lekgolong, mme puso ya tsiboga ka go ntsha diketekete tsa badiri mo maemong a bone.<ref name=":96" /> Go ntshiwa ga batho go ne go okametswe ke [[:en:Mokgweetsi_Masisi|Mokgweetsi Masisi]], Tona ya Merero ya Botautona.<ref name=":99">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Go ganetsa boemo jwa puso, BOFEPUSU e ne ya tlhofofatsa go kopanngwa ga makoko a magolo a kganetso go nna [[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC).<ref name=":96" /> Setlhopha se sešwa se se ne se eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Duma_Boko|Duma Boko]], yo o neng a tsere taolo ya BNF ka ngwaga wa 2010 mme a laola dipuo tsa yona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;715.</ref> Khama o ne a diragatsa diphetogo tse di nonofileng tsa tshomarelo ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe, bogolo jang mabapi le go tsoma. Le fa ba ne ba opa diatla kwa mahatsheng a mangwe le go bopa leina la Botswana jaaka "kgakgamatso e tala", ba ne ba kopana le go kgobega marapo mo nageng ka ntlha ya ditsela tse di neng di dirisiwa go tswa kwa godimo go ya kwa tlase, bogolosegolo go tswa mo go ba ba nnang mo mafelong a a tlhomilweng a tshomarelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Melawana e e ne e akaretsa go oketsega ga mekgwa ya sesole e e kgatlhanong le go tsoma diphologolo; digongwana tse di kgatlhanong le go tsoma di ne di tsentswe ditlhobolo tse di itirisang go tlaleletsa melawana ya go thuntsha go bolaya kgatlhanong le batho ba ba belaelwang gore ke batsomi.<ref name=":94" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boloka bontsi jwa yone mo lekgotleng la peomolao morago ga [[:en:2014_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopho tse di latelang]], mme e le lekgetho la ntlha e ne ya dira jalo ka bontsi fela jwa ditlhopo tsa batho.<ref>[[Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;705.</ref> Ian Khama o ne a tlhoma Masisi go nna mothusa tautona wa gagwe.<ref name=":99" /> Tshwetso e ne ya tsosa kganetsano ka ntlha ya go tlhoka maitemogelo ga ga Masisi fa go bapisiwa le ditlhopho tse dingwe tse di ka kgonegang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Go ya ka Mogae, Masisi o ne a tlhophiwa ka tlhaloganyo ya gore o tla tlhoma [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|Tshekedi Khama]] [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|wa bobedi]] go nna mothusa tautona morago ga go tsaya botautona ka boene.<ref name=":99" /> Botsalo Ntuane o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Mokwaledi Mogolo wa lekoko la BDP ka ngwaga 2015 mo seraleng sa twantsho tshenyetso setshaba le phetolo ya ditlhopho. Se se ne sa tshosetsa tlholego e e tseneletseng ya lekoko la BDP, mme Ntuane a bona mmaba wa sepolotiki kwa Masisi.<ref name=":99" /> Khama o ne a le bobaba mo bobegadikgannyeng, bogolo jang mo mafelong a a neng a sa dumalane le ditiro tsa puso ya gagwe. O ne a na le babegadikgang ba babedi ba ba neng ba latofadiwa ka [[:en:Sedition|botsuolodi]] ka ngwaga wa 2017, mme moragonyana ditatofatso di ne tsa latlhiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;714.</ref> === Puso ya ga Mokgweetsi Masisi === [[Setshwantsho:Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference London 2018 (45245990491).jpg|thumb|Mokgweetsi Masisi a bua kwa bokopanong jo bo neng bo bua ka kgwebisano e e seng ka fa molaong ya diphologolo tsa naga kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:London|London]] ka ngwaga wa 2018]] Masisi o ne a nna tautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Khama ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2018. Fa ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2019_Botswana_general_election|kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 2019]] di ntse di atamela, Masisi o ne a tlhama setshwantsho sa go ipharologanya le Khama, a itlhagisa jaaka motho yo o [[:en:Anti-corruption|lwantshanang le bonweenwee]] fa a ntse a tshegetsa bobegakgang le BOFEPUSU.<ref name=":02">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;716.</ref><ref name=":02" /> Letsholo la gagwe la go lwantsha bonweenwee le ne la felela ka go tshwarwa ga ga Isaac Kgosi, yo o neng a eteletse pele Bokaedi jwa Botlhodi le Tshireletso mo pusong ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;717.</ref><ref name=":110" /> Masisi o ne a tswelela ka go busetsa morago bontsi jwa melawana ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110" /> Gareng ga tse e ne e le go phimolwa ga melawana ya tshomarelo, go akaretsa le thibelo ya go tsoma e e neng e tsoma e e neng e lebisitswe mo kgwebong ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|manaka a tlou]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;23–24, 33–34.</ref> O ne gape a okametse go fedisiwa ga go tsewa go ratana ka bong bole bongwe e le molato.<ref>Rotberg 2023, pp.&#x20;228–229.</ref> Fa se se ntse se tsweletse, Masisi le Khama ba nna baganetsi go na le go nna balekane. Khama o ne a leka go thapa [[:en:Pelonomi_Venson-Moitoi|Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi]] go nna ntlhopheng yo mongwe wa BDP kgatlhanong le Masisi, mme fa seo se palelwa, o ne a itlhomela lekoko la gagwe, la [[:en:Botswana_Patriotic_Front|Botswana Patriotic Front]] (BPF).<ref name=":99" /><ref name=":110" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boelwa ke bontsi jwa ditlhopho tsa batho ka ngwaga wa 2019,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> mme ditlhopho di ne tsa senngwa ke kgatelelo ya puso le diphuruphutsho tsa nako le nako kgatlhanong le batho ba kganetso. Lekoko la UDC le ne la gwetlha maduo, mme ga di a atlega.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;308.</ref> Diphetogo tsa kgaolo di ne tsa fetoga ka ngwaga wa 2019 jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le latlhegelwa ke thotloetso nngwe kwa bokone fa e ntse e oketsa tlhotlheletso ya yone kwa borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;231.</ref> Ditlhopho gape di ne tsa bona lekokokganetso le legolo, BNF, le latlhegelwa ke BCP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> Jaaka ditšhaba di le dintsi, [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana|Botswana e ne ya bona kwelotlase e e kgolo ya tsholelo ka nako ya tlhaselo ya bolwetsi jwa COVID-19]], mme lefatshe le ne la nna [[:en:COVID-19_lockdowns|mo thibelong ya metsamao]] bontsi jwa ngwaga wa 2020 le ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;309.</ref> Mofuta wa SARS-CoV-2 Omicron o ribolotswe kwa Botswana moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Maikutlo a a kgatlhanong le makula a ne a anama ka setšhaba sa makula kwa Botswana se ne se humile thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;310.</ref> Khama o ne a tshabela kwa lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa a le kwa botshabelo ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele ka ngwaga wa 2021, mme puso ya Botswana ya mo latofatsa ka go nna le dibetsa e se ka fa molaong ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;311–312.</ref> === Puso ya ga Duma Boko === [[Setshwantsho:Secretary Rubio Meets with Botswana President Boko (54371806715).jpg|thumb|Duma Boko o ikanisa tumalano le lefatshe la Amerika ka ngwaga wa 2025]] Lekoko la [:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change][[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC) le nnile lekokokganetso la ntlha mo Botswana go tsaya puso morago ga phenyo ya lone mo [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa]] [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 2024]] , mme se sa fedisa dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi tsa puso ya [[:en:Botswana_Democratic_Party|lekoko la Botswana la batho ka batho]] (BDP).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMuiaZane2024|Muia &#x26; Zane 2024]]</ref> Mo puisanong ya gagwe ya ntlha ya Maemo a Setšhaba ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2024, Duma Boko o boletse gore puso ya gagwe e tla kgaratlhela go oketsa dipeeletso mo maatleng a letsatsi, [[:en:Cannabis|motokwane]] ya kalafi le mofuta wa motokwane o o lengwang ka lebaka la madirelo. O ne gape a itsise ditirisano le [[:en:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] go atolosa phitlhelelo ya mafaratlhatlha a maranyane e e teng lefatshe ka bophara ka [[:en:Starlink|Starlink]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFFrance242024|France24 2024]]</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2025, Botswana e ne ya romela sathalaete ya yone ya ntlha, e leng [[:en:BOTSAT‑1|BOTSAT‐1,]] kwa lefaufaung.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRanjan2025|Ranjan 2025]]</ref> [[:en:Duma_Boko|Boko]] o ne a tsenela go itsisiwe semmuso ga sathalaete, e e neng ya tshwarelwa kwa mafelong a [[:en:SpaceX|SpaceX]] kwa lefatsheng la United States.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNamunwa2025|Namunwa 2025]].</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Lekwalokwalo la Botswana * [[Ngwao ya Botswana|Ngwao ya Batswana]] * Dipalopalo tsa Botswana * [[Itsholelo ya Botswana]] * Thutafatshe ya Botswana * [[Ditso tsa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Borwa jwa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Gaborone]] * [[Lenaane la dikgang tse di amanang le Botswana]] * Lenaane la dingwaga mo Botswana * [[Tlhaloso ya Botswana]] * Mola wa nako wa Botswana * Mola wa nako ya Gaborone * [[Dipolotiki tsa Botswana]] == Dintlhana tse di kwa tlase == <references /> == Metswedi == === Dibuka === * Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). Culture and Customs of Botswana. Greenwood Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-313-33178-7</nowiki>. OCLC 62118271. * Gulbrandsen, Ørnulf (2012). The State and the Social: State Formation in Botswana and its Precolonial and Colonial Genealogies. Berghahn Books. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85745-298-6</nowiki>. * Hillbom, Ellen; Bolt, Jutta (2018). Botswana – A Modern Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73144-5. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-73144-5</nowiki>. * Holm, John D.; Molutsi, Patrick P. (1992). "State-Society Relations in Botswana: Beginning Liberalization". In Hydén, Göran; Bratton, Michael (eds.). Governance and Politics in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 75–95. doi:10.1515/9781685853297. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-55587-285-4</nowiki>. * Jackson, Ashley (1999). Botswana, 1939-1945: An African Country at War. Clarendon Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-820764-1</nowiki>. * Leith, James Clark (2005). Why Botswana Prospered. McGill-Queen's University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7735-2821-5</nowiki>. * Molutsi, Patrick (2004). "Botswana: The Path to Democracy and Development". In Gyimah-Boadi, E. (ed.). Democratic Reform in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 159–182. doi:10.1515/9781685857325. <nowiki>ISBN 9781685857325</nowiki>. * Nyamnjoh, Francis B. (2007). "'Ever-Diminishing Circles': The Paradoxes of Belonging in Botswana". In de la Cadena, Marisol; Starn, Orin (eds.). Indigenous Experience Today. Routledge. pp. 305–332. <nowiki>ISBN 9781003085690</nowiki>. * Rotberg, Robert I. (2023). "Botswana: Africa's Democratic Exception". Overcoming the Oppressors: White and Black in Southern Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–231. <nowiki>ISBN 9780197674239</nowiki>. * Samatar, Abdi Ismail (1999). An African Miracle: State and Class Leadership and Colonial Legacy in Botswana Development. Heinemann. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-325-00068-8</nowiki>. * Tlou, Thomas; Campbell, Alec C. (1997) [1984]. History of Botswana (2nd ed.). Macmillan Botswana. <nowiki>ISBN 9991278087</nowiki>. == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref name=":2"><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref>Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref></ref><ref name=":30"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> 3u3m4s3z9cxtf4ijrgou5lvck1qzeqx 53689 53688 2026-07-30T21:39:41Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Pre-colonial history" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366623313|History of Botswana]]" 53689 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditso tsa lefatshe la Botswana''' di akaretsa tsa bogologolo le tsa ngwao ya kgaolo, go diriwa kolone ya [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Bechuanaland Protectorate]], le go nna Republic of [[Botswana]] gompieno. Batho ba ntlha ba motlha wa gompieno go nna mo [[Botswana]] e ne e le Basarwa, temothuo e tlhabolotswe dingwaga di ka nna dikete pedi, le makgolo a mararo a a fetileng. Batho bantsho ba Bantu ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago ga loso lwa ga Keresete, fa [[Batswana]] ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago. Batswana ba ne ba kgaogana ka ditlhopha tsa merafe mo dingwageng tse di dikete tse di latelang fa diphudugo mo kgaolong di tswelela, tse di neng tsa baka [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]] mo lekgolong la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi. Go amana le lefatshe le le kgolo le le naleng dikarolo la Europe ga ntlha go diragetse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi lesome le borataro, mo go bakileng go diriwa Bakeresete ga batho ba kgaolo. Magosi a Batswana a a neng a na le thotloetso e kgolo a ne a ikopela go nna mo tlhokomelong ya lefatshe la [[United Kingdom]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le botlhano ka ba ne ba itemogela matshosetsi go tswa kwa [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German South West Africa]] le mo Maburung. Batho ba Britain ba ne ba kgaoganya kgaolo go nna merafe e kgosi nngwe le nngwe e tlaa e etelelang pele, ba a fa dikgosi maatla a a fetang a ba neng ba na le one pele, mme ba ne ba nna le taolo e e lekanetseng fela mo lefatsheng. Puso ya Britain e ne ya nna le seabe se setlhagafetseng ka dinwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la ema nokeng go tsaya karolo ga Britain mo ntweng ya bobedi ya mafatshe, bontsi ba ne ba lwa e le bontlha jwa sesole sa [[Aferika|Aforika]] sa Auxiliary Pioneer Corps. Go lwela go laola go nnile teng ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a matlhano fa gare ga Kgosi ya [[Bangwato]] [[Seretse Khama]] le motlhatlhami wa gagwe [[Tshekedi Khama]]. Go nyala mosadi wa lekgoa ebong [[Ruth Williams Khama]] ga ga Seretse, go ne ga baka gore batho ba Britain ba mo thibele go nna mo [[Botswana]]. O ne a boa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a matlhano le borataro, ka a ne a na le kemo nokeng e kgolo, merafe e ne inaakanya le puso e e tlhophilweng fa letsholo la boipuso le tlhamiwa. Molao wa lefatshe o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le motso, ga tlhamiwa diphathi tsa polotiki. Seretse o ne a nna moeteledipele wa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Bechuanaland Democratic Party]], e e neng e bueletswe ke puso ya Britain go busa morago ga boipuso, e ne ya nna le kemo nokeng e e tsitsibanyang mmele mo ditlhophong tsa ntlha tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le botlhano. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la neelwa boipuso jo bo tletseng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro. Ka maikaelelo a a nonofileng, Seretse le phathi ya gagwe ba ne ba tlhama puso ya batho ka batho ya bophirima ba simolola go tlhabolola dikago mo lefatsheng le e neng e le lengwe la a a neng a humanegile thata ka nako eo. Go ne ga lemogiwa fa go na le diteemane ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabongwe, mo go neng ga bopa sesha itsholelo ya Botswana. Kompone ya meepo ya [[Debswana]] e tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi, lefatshe la Botswana la nna la itsholelo e e golang ka bofefo thata go gaisa a mangwe mo Botswana. Phathi ya sepolotiki ya Botswana Democratic e ne ya tswelela e le yone phathi e e busang go tswa ka nako ya boipuso go fitlhelela phathi ya [[Umbrella for Democratic Change]] e fenya ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone.]] == Ditso tsa pele ga bokolone == === Ditso tsa pele === [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo Hills rock paintings4.jpg|thumb|metako ya magaga kwa Tsodilo mo ditsong tsa pele]] Lefatshe la Botswana la gompieno e ne e le sekgwa fela dingwaga di le didikadike tse di lesome tse di fitileng, dinoka di ne di le ditona go fetisa gompieno, di tshela kwa [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|letsheng la Makgadikgadi]].<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou, Thomas]]; [[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Campbell, Alec C]]. (1997) [1984]. ''[[History of Botswana]]'' (2nd&nbsp;ed.). Macmillan Botswana. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/9991278087|&nbsp;<bdi>9991278087</bdi>.]]</ref> Batho ba sebopego sa ntlha sa Homo erectus ba ne ba nna mo kgaolong eo ka motlha wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997,]] p.&nbsp;14.</ref> Didirisiwa tsa lejwe mo Botswana wa gompieno, di tshwana le dilepe, di tswa go o lowe, dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fitileng.<ref name=":4">Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). [[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|''Culture and Customs of Botswana''.]] Greenwood Press. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33178-7|<bdi>978-0-313-33178-7</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#Identifiers_and_linked_data|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/title/62118271 62118271.]</ref><ref name=":0">Klehm, Carla (28 June 2021). "Archaeology of Botswana". ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History''. doi:[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61663/chapter/553401196 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.792]. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4|<bdi>978-0-19-027773-4</bdi>.]]</ref> Phudugo go ya sekakeng sa Kalahari go akanyediwa fa e diragetse pele ga legato la borataro dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro tse di fitileng.<ref name=":0" /> Letsha la Makgadikgadi le simolotse go fokotsega dingwaga di le dikete di le masome matlhano tse di fitileng.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;17.]]</ref> Bagolagolwane ba merafe e e sa amaneng ka gope ba ba bidiwang Basarwa fa ba kgobokantswe, ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome mane go tsena masome a mararo tse di fitileng. Ba ka tswa e le bone batho ba ntlha go nna mo motlheng wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&nbsp;18, 23.</ref> Ba ne ba itlhoma go bapa le dinoka ka dipaka tsa komelelo, mme ba phatlalale le kgaolo ka nako ya dipula.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&nbsp;24.</ref>Go ne go itsewe fa ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikaganyeditseng [[letsha la Makgadikgadi]], ga mmogo le [[Tsodilo]] le GI.<ref name=":1">[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;xv.</ref> Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba [[Nata]], Shua le Xani, go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref name=":2">Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;23.</ref>[[:en:Rock_art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse masome a mararo tse di fetileng,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Meepo ya specularite le hematite e simolotse ka nako e go tlhama dipente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;48.</ref> Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a leruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome mabedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":1" /> Thuto e e tseneletseng ya Aforika e e kwa borwa mo [[:en:Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Matlapa]] e ntse e lekanyeditswe.<ref name=":0" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[:en:Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba sala ka ditlhopha tse dinnye mme ba dira kgwebo le ba bangwe.<ref name=":2" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere tshimo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monna yo mogolo wa lelapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tse dikgolo, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela le go tshwara diphologolo tse dinnye.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Ditlhopha di ne di nyalana mme di dirisa thulaganyo ya magadi, xaro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete tse tse di fetileng, batho ba kgaolo eo ba ne ba tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana wa gompieno mme ba simolola go dira dinkgwana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;8.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;28.</ref>Temothuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga le go wela tlase fa seemo sa loapi le ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo di ne di dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;29–30.</ref>Gareng ga dijalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[:en:Pearl_millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[:en:Sorghum|mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[:en:Cowpea|dinawa tsa kgomo]], le dimela tsa lelapa la [[:en:Cucurbitaceae|cucurbits]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba Bantu ba ne ba [[:en:Bantu_expansion|fudugela kwa kgaolong]] e dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi le dingwaga dile selete le makgolo a matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong leno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;22–24, 28.</ref> [[:en:Kalanga_people|Batho ba Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba goroga c. 200 C.E.<ref name=":3">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Bagologolwane ba morafe wa ntlha wa [[:en:Tswana_people|Batswana]] (bongwe ''Motswana'', bontsi ''Batswana'') go fopholediwa fa ba gorogile c. 400 C.E.<ref name=":3" /> Batho ba ba Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didirisiwa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna mo ditseleng tsa metsi tsa leruri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;9.</ref> Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a leruri a matlo a ka nna lesome go fitlhela lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Pole-and-daga|dipale le mmu]] nngwe le nngwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa Khoisan e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;44–45.</ref> BaKhoisan le Bantu ba ka tswa ba ne ba gweba le go nyalana mo pakeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;36.</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlhela ka lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga === Setlhopha sa batho ba Zhizo, batho ba Taukome, ba ne ba goroga mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme ba nna fa gare ga [[:en:Shashe_River|Noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|Noka ya Serorome]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref><ref name=":5">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;10.</ref> Go nna le [[:en:Glass_bead|dipheta tsa galase]] go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo ya Lewatle la India]].<ref name=":5" /> Palo ya leruo le le ruiwang mo Botswana wa gompieno e ne ya oketsega thata fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa borobabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":4" /> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso ya morafe, e e bidiwang ''morafe'' (bontsi merafe), mongwe le mongwe o eteletswe pele ke kgosi e e bidiwang ''[[:en:Kgosi|kgosi]]'' (bontsi dikgosi).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Tsamaiso e e ne ya tlhagisa puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le tse dingwe mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;40.</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong, mme go nna mong wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho.<ref name=":6">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;11.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ditso tsa bogologolo tsa batho ba Tswana e sa ntse e sa itsiwe thata ka gonne go setse bosupi jo bonnye jwa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo.<ref name=":3" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Sekaka sa Kalahari]] ka makgolo ale borobabongwe morago ga ga Keresete,<ref name=":1" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong le le latelang la dingwaga, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng kwa Lewatleng la India.<ref name=":6" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Bangwe ba batho ba Eiland ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa ya gompieno go tsena mo Botswana wa gompieno mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Batho ba Toutswe, ba bangwe ba morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, ba bona khumo ya bona ka go nna le dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;13.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Go ne ga agiwa metse e meraro ya Ba-Toutswe kwa [[:en:Bosutswe|Bosutswe]], Sung, le [[:en:Toutswemogala|Toutswemogala]], mongwe le mongwe wa bone o ne o busa metse e mennye e e neng e e dikologile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 12, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba anametse kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;60.</ref> Boleng jwa ditlhagiswa bo ne jwa fetogafetoga fa kgwebisano e ntse e atolosiwa le ditšhaba di sele mme go ribololwa ga gauta go ne ga diragala, go fokotsa kgatlhego mo ditlhagisweng tsa sebilo le tsa diphologolo jaaka lonaka lwa tlou.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;27–28.</ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":7">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Merafe e e kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditiragalo tse mme e ne ya sala e sa amege thata.<ref name=":8">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Baagisani ba Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe le wa lesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard's Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":9">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> <ref name=":10">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;61.</ref>Ba tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[:en:Bambandyanalo|Bambandyanalo]], ba ne ba nna batho ba bagolo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe kwa ba neng ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;67–68.</ref> Ba ne ba bonela pele tlhotlheletso go ralala kgaolo fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> Batho ba Okavango Delta le batho ba Tsodilo mme morago ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bodulo mo nakong e, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke batho ba Khoe fela ba ba neng ba nna mo lefelong leo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou & Campbell 1997]], pp. 46, 81.</ref>Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro,<ref name=":11">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;14.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa mo nako e le nngwe.<ref name=":10" />Batho ba Mambo ba ne ba nna go dikologa [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]] ya gompieno mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo tikologong ya nako e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Batho ba segompieno ba Tswana, [[:en:Khalagari_people|Khalagari]], le [[:en:Sotho_people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo e ka nnang ka lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":12">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Ba-Khalagari ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana.<ref name=":13">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Batho ba Fokeng le bone ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi,<ref name=":14">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;93.</ref> mme batho ba Moloko ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro.<ref name=":12" /> Morafe wa tshimologo wa BaTswana, losika lwa bogosi lwa Phofu, o tlhodilwe kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro ke Mogale. Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, e ne ya kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa le merafe ya Bahurutshe, [[:en:Kwena_people|Kwena]], [[:en:Ngwaketse_people|Ngwaketse]], [[:en:Ngwato_people|Ngwato]], Tlharo, le batho ba ba [[:en:Ngwato_people|Kgatla]].<ref name=":13" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa ema mo boemong jwa Mapungubwe e le maatla a kgaolo ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro fa batho ba Gumanye ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[:en:Great_Zimbabwe|Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le le botlhokwa le ditsompelo tsa yone le go nna gaufi le lebopo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;77–78.</ref> Zimbabwe e ne e laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le teng mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana,<ref name=":15">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvi.</ref> mme kgwebisano ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo eo.<ref name=":11" /> Zimbabwe e ne e latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga, mme e ne ya wela mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Dinaga tse dingwe di le mmalwa di ne tsa tlhagelela morago ga go wa ga yone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo neng jwa bopiwa ke [[:en:Kalanga_people|merafe ya Kalanga]], bo ne jwa tsaya maemo a Zimbabwe mo molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;98–100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana le [[:en:Pedi_people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bone<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> mme [[:en:Rolong_people|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Morolong.<ref name=":13" /> Kgosi Masilo go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya bophirima jwa Tswana ka nako e, go fitlhela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga moo go bolelwa fa lefelo le le ne le busiwa ke Malope kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":14" /> === Lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell - Thlapingkaptein en sy vrou.png|thumb|Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1800]] Batho ba baTswana ba ne ba fuduga fa gare ga Botswana wa gompieno ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke batho ba naga le batho ba mmuso wa ga mmamosadinyana go tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":16">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;19.</ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga sekete le makgolo a le marataro.<ref name=":17">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, losika lwa ga Phofu, lo ne lwa wela tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;104.</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la lesome le botlhano le la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":11" /> Batho ba ba Kalanga ba ne ba laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[:en:Motloutse_River|Noka ya Motloutse]] le [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Letsha la Makgadikgadi]] go fitlhela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabobedi.<ref name=":7" /> Batho ba Hurutshe, Kgatla, le Kwena ba ne ba kgaogana le losika lwa segosi lwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo gare ga komelelo le dintwa tsa boswa, mme kgabagare ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;10.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Batho ba Ngwaketse le ba Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le boraro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;105.</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo ba ne ba nna mo Motlheng wa Bofelo wa Leje go fitlha mo e ka nnang mo lekgolong la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;22.</ref> Batho ba Botswana wa gompieno ba simolodistse ditsela tse di telle tsa motsamao ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa, e tsamaelwa dikilometara tse makgolo go rekisa,go tsoma le go itsalanya le batho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;108–109.</ref>Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana motlhofo abo e ipopa ka bongwe go tswa mo go ba bangwe ka gore dithoto tse dipotlana , le leruo tsa lefelo ne di kgona go tsmaisiwa motlhofo.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":16" />Merafe ya botlhabatsatsi e ne e tshabellwa ke go kgaogana ka ntlha ya seele se se tona gareng ga toropo le ditshimo.<ref name=":18">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;392.</ref>Kgaogano gareng ga ditlhopa tsa baTswana e nnile mo gareng ga ngwagakgolong ya lesome le bosupa, e tlhalosa merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":19">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;106.</ref>Merafe ya baTswana ba botlhabatsatsi e ne e nna e le maikaelelo a dintwa tsa [[:en:Griqua_people|batho ba Griqua]].<ref name=":18" /> Fa batho ba baTswana ba tswa bokone go ya Botswana wa borwa-bophirima wa segompieno ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa , ba ne ba nna mo metseng e e neng e nna batho ba Kgalagari, ba ba tshwaetsa kgotsa ba ba ntsha. Batho ba ba Kwena le merafe ya bone ya lekala ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa segompieno ka fa tlase ga taolo ya [[:en:Kgabo_II|Kgabo wa bobedi]] ba bo ba nna gaufi le motse wa [[:en:Molepolole|Molepolole]].<ref name=":19" />Go ya ka setso sa molomo, bapatole ba e leng batho ba Herero le Mbanderu ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathung ba Mbunda ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bosupa fa ntwa tsa leruo la batswana le ne le phatlalatsa ditlhopa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> le batho ba Bayeyi ba ne ba fudugela kwa Okavango Delta go ya kwa nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;8.</ref>Mo mafelong a mangwe, batho ba Kaa ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathong ba Rolong le batho ba Khurutse ba kgaogana le batho ba Bahurutshe, fa ditlhopa tsotlhe di fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":20">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;107.</ref>Batho ba Bashaga ba ne ba kopana le batho ba Kgalagari ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;110.</ref> State sa ntlha sa Tswana se tlhamilwe ke batho ba Ngwaketse bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi. Si state tse dingwe tsa Tswana di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka go latelana ke batho ba ba Kwena, batho ba Ngwato le batho ba ba Tawana mo dingwageng tse lesome tse nne di latela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;113.</ref> Ka se go ne ga tla ditlhabololo tsa ''mophato (''bontsi ''mephato),'' mephato ya sesole e e rulagantsweng k a dingwaga tsa setlhopa, gareng ga batho ba Tswana ba bophirima mo dingwageng tsa sekete le makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano''.''<ref name=":21">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;386.</ref>Batho ba le babedi ba Kgatla , batho ba Kgafela le batho ba ba Tlokwa, ba tsene mo nakong e ba bo ba tsaa taolo mo tikologong ya [[:en:Pilanesberg|Pilanesberg]] mo Aforika Borewng wa segompieno. Ba ne ba laola ka thata bontsi jwa batho mo lefelong leo mme ebile ba fentse dintwa tse pedi le batho ba Fokeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;390–391.</ref>Tiriso ya mephato e ne ya phatlatsega kwa bathong ba Tswana ba kwa botlhaba kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":21" />E ne e sa amogelwa go phutologilwe mo borwa === Difaqane === [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]], nako ya dintwa le phuduso mo borwa jwa Aforika , e diragetse kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi le tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;17.</ref> Mo nakong ye, batho ba baTswana ba ne ba le mo '''kgonegong''' ya dintwa ke ditlhopa di le dintsi ,di akaretsa [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Ndebele]], ba [[:en:Kololo_people|Kololo]], ba [[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]],<ref name=":8" /> ba Pedi, le ba [[:en:Voortrekker|Voortrekkers]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;391.</ref>Bontsi jwa ditlhopa tsa ba Tswana di itlhopetse go boela morago ko ntlheng ga go lwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;394.</ref>Sese ne sa trigger phudugo e e extensive e e ralalang lefelo, go baka gore morafe wa ba Tswana o phatlalale thata abo o simolodisa bolengteng jo bo nonofileng gareng ga territory ya Botswana wa segompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo [[:en:Hardveld|nageng e e thata]] e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Batho ba Kwena le ba Ngwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa motseng wa [[:en:South_African_Republic|Transvaal]] go ya kwa ''lefelong la motlhaba''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;18.</ref> Batho ba ntlha wa Kgatla go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, batho ba Mmanaana, o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[:en:Moshupa|Moshupa]] le [[:en:Thamaga|Thamaga]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53, 56.</ref> Ke fela bangwe ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba bolokwa mo go fudugeng kgotsa mo go kgorelediweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;393.</ref> Batho ba Kololo ba ne ba tlhasela merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa 1826, ba pateletsa BaKwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bona ka go farologana. Sebogo, molaodi wa morafe wa Ngwaketse, o ne a tsosa banna ba le dikete dile nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa Dithubaruba kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ba bolaya batlhabani le baagi, ba kobela ruri Bakololo mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;393–394.</ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma dinaga tsa yone gape ka dingwaga tsa bo 1840, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;31.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;693.</ref><ref name=":22">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;114.</ref> Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[:en:Kgotla|kgotla]]'', kopano ya dipuisano e mo go yone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a utlwa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagi ba banna pele a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref name=":34">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;695.</ref><ref name=":23">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1880, batho ba Tswana le ba Khalagari ba ne ba dirile Botswana yotlhe ya gompieno dikolone.<ref name=":20" /> === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe ba ne ba goroga lantlha mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|London Missionary Society]]. Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa dira go fetolela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":24">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Morongwa [[:en:Robert_Moffat_(missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya motse wa gagwe wa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa Botswana wa gompieno jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le Maburu gore ba se ka ba kgona go ya kwa teng.<ref name=":8" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a ne a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekeresete le go kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente e Kgologolo le e Ntšhwa ka bobedi di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa 1857.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;57, 65.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgopolo di le mmalwa tsa itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aforika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''mafisa'' ya bahumi ba adima bahumanegi dikgomo go ba ananya ka tiro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;701.</ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya dithoto tse di fhapegileng ka bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe , mme banna ba ba nyetsweng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le tshwanelo ya ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;698.</ref> Banna ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref> Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se lengwa thata mo kgaolong eo mo lekgolong la lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela komelelo e ne e raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Bagwebi ba lefatshe la Britain ba gorogile ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":24" /> Go tla ga baagi ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe ba ba neng ba nna gaufi le foo go ne ga dira gore merafe ya Batswana e kgone go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Sechele_I|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_I|wa ntlha]] wa batho ba Bakwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya lefatshe la Britain ya morafe wa gagwe.<ref name=":22" /> Morongwa wa kwa Scotland e bong [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o ne a goroga mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma lekgotla la [[:en:Kolobeng_Mission|Kolobeng Mission]]. Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe mo go bokete ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe mo merafeng ya Batswana fa ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano tsa dikontinente tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":15" /> Moaparo wa Bophirima o ne wa amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala ngwagakgolo otlhe mme o kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;120–121.</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a fa batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu.<ref name=":25">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa batho ba Kalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba lebana le kgotlhang go tswa mo ditlhopheng tse dingwe mo kgaolong, mme ya goroga kwa setlhoeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1850. Batswana ba le bantsi, bogolosegolo merafe ya Kwena le Ngwato, ba ne ba lwa kgatlhanong le merafe ya Maaforikanere le ya MaZulu kwa botlhaba jwa Sekaka sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;195.</ref> Ba-Kwena le Ba-Mmanaana ba ne ba lwantsha Maburu go tswa kwa Transvaal ka ngwaga wa 1852, ba sireletsa kgaolo ya bone mme ba fedisa go atologa ga setšhaba go ya kwa bophirima.<ref name=":26">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;396.</ref> Batswana ba ne ba bona ditlhopha tsa barongwa e le tsela ya go tshabela mo batlhaseding, ba rotloetsa go sokologela mo Bokereseteng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Sechele o ne a kopa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Britain ka 1853 go fedisa dintwa tsa kgaolo, mme o ne a ganwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;107.</ref> Baeng ba Europa ba ne ba tlwaelesegile thata mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga fa batsomi, batlhotlhomisi, le bagwebi ba ne ba batla dipoelo le go bona dilo tse di kgatlhang mo kgaolong eo.<ref name=":25" /> Ba le bantsi ba ne ba kwala [[:en:Travel_book|dibuka tsa maeto]] ka ga lefelo leo, tse e neng e le dingwe tsa dikgatiso fela tse e seng tsa thuto ka ga Botswana wa gompieno ka nako eo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;65–66.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1860, go fuduga go tswa mo kgaolong go ne ga oketsega fa banna ba Batswana ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya go bereka kwa meepong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Go ribololwa ga Masimo a [[:en:Tati_Goldfields|Gauta a Tati]] go ne ga tsosa go batla gauta ga ntlha ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe kwa Borwa jwa Aforika ka ngwaga wa 1868.<ref name=":24" /> Kampa ya pele ya meepo e e neng ya tlhongwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1870 e ne ya atologa thata fa e ne e nna lefelo le legolo la terena fa gare ga [[:en:Cape_Province|kgaolo ya Cape]] le [[:en:Bulawayo|Bulawayo]], mme ya nna toropokgolo ya ntlha ya Botswana, e leng [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;15, 29.</ref> Mo nakong e mo hisitoring ya Botswana, dikgosi tse dikgolo tsotlhe e ne e le Bakeresete.[92] Ntwa magareng ga Bakwena le BaKgafela ka ngwaga wa 1875.<ref name=":26" />Kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga di le lesome, kgosi [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa batho ba Ngwato o ne a gapa taolo ya kgwebisano ya Borithane mo bathong ba Kwena.<ref name=":22" /> == Tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland == ''Setlhogo se segolo: [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]'' Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e oketsegang ya lefatshe la Germany mo kgaolong, mme e ne ya dumela go bopa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]].<ref name=":27">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom & Bolt 2018]], p. 40.</ref><ref name=":28">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Makgowa a Britain a ne a eletsa go somarela tlhotlheletso ya yone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka a ne a neelana ka kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aforika.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Dikgosi tsa Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane ya Aforika Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maaforikaner]],<ref name=":29">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;161.</ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ya taolo ya Borithane e ne e le bokoloniale jwa baagi ke Jeremane.<ref name=":30">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;694.</ref> Ba ne ba eletsa gape go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Aforika Borwa kgotsa moeteledipele wa meepo [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa tshireletso e santse e iphitlhela e ikaegile ka Aforika Borwa mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe go nna lefatshe la merafe le le busiwang ke dikgosi le [[:en:Crown_land|lefatshe la segosi]] le le laolwang ke United Kingdom.<ref name=":29" /> Merafe e borobarobedi e ne ya amogelwa ke Maesemane fa go ne go tlhodiwa protectorate. Tse nne tse dikgolo di ne tsa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe: Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Gape go ne ga lemogiwa tse tharo tse dinnye: tsa Kgatla, tsa [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Tlokwa]] le tsa ga [[:en:Malete_people|Malete]]. Ba borobedi, ba Tshidi, ba ne ba fiwa lefelo la polokelo le le kgabaganyang molelwane magareng ga naga e e sireleditsweng le Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;30n1.</ref> Fa maloko a merafe e mennye e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe tsa bona.<ref name=":17" /> Go tsenngwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola mofuta wa puso ya Motswana, ka merafe e ne e sa tlhalosiwe thata mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka dikgaolo di kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;46–47.</ref><ref name=":31">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;24.</ref> Tshireletso kwa tshimologong e ne ya atologela kwa Ngwato, e fitlha go tswa go didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa go ya kwa [[:en:Molopo_River|Nokeng ya Molopo]], mme e ne ya atolosiwa go ya kwa didikiriing di le lesome le borobabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhela kwa Nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwaga wa 1890.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;30.</ref>Se se ne sa tlamela Maborithane ka badiri ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya yona mme sa bopa sekgoreletsi se segolo sa go lekanyetsa bokoloniale jwa Jeremane.<ref name=":32" /> Batho ba bangwe ba Tswana ba ne ba nna kwa borwa jwa tshireletso mme moragonyana ba ne ba tsenngwa mo Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":28" /> Batho ba ga Kgafela ba ne ba nna kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa 1887. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna seka-Kgatla.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53.</ref>Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa 1891 go tlhoma tshireletso semmuso.<ref name=":29" /> Puso ya yone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa mookamedi go nna tlhogo ya yone. Mookamedi o ne a fiwa dithata tse di anameng mo tshireletsong, fa fela a ne a tlotla molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> Motsemogolo wa yone e ne e le toropo ya Aforika Borwa ya Vryburg, go supa gore babusi ba bokoloniale ba ne ba sa nne mo tshireletsong mme ba ne ba sa amege ka tlhamalalo mo mererong ya yona.<ref name=":33">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;41.</ref>Go na le moo, mookamedi yo mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusa-baokamedi ba babedi, mme mookamedi wa kgaolo o ne a tlhofofatsa go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":35">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Go tsenngwa ga puso ya Borithane mo Aforikaborwa go ne go raya gore Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne e ikaegile ka yona mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;162.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore Bechuanaland Protectorate ke setheo sa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore e tla tloga e tsewa ke kolone ya Borithane.<ref name=":37">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;115.</ref> Fa go ntse jalo, e ne e dumela gore tshireletso e e kgonang go itshedisa e tla ja madi a mannye go e tlhokomela.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":41">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;108.</ref> Ka ntlha ya mabaka a, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya gapeletsa taolo e nnye fela e e tlhamaletseng ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland.<ref name=":23" /> Dikgosi di ne di akola dikgang tse mme tsa kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jo bo anameng, fela tshegetso ya bokoloniale e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka tumelelo ya merafe go tshegetsa puso.<ref name=":36">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;41–42.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;66–67.</ref>[ Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya seemanosi, se se neng sa baka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho le go tlhaola basadi le merafe e mennye.<ref name=":38">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;161–162.</ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa tshireletso === {{Multiple image|total_width=300|image1=Chief-khama-III.jpg|image2=Sebele I by Fritsch 1865.jpg|image3=Bathoen I in london1895.jpg|footer=Khama III, Sebele I le Bathoen I, ba ba neng ba kgona go tlhotlheletsa puso ya Borithane gore e se ka ya tsenya Bechuanaland Protectorate mo taolong ya Khamphani ya British South Africa.|direction=Horizontal}} Batho ba lefatshe la Britain ba ne a rulagantse gore kwa bofelong ba akaretse Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland mo Kopanong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":31" /> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso, United Kingdom e ne ya tsena mo dipuisanong le Cecil Rhodes go e tsenya mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aforika Borwa ya Borithane]].<ref name=":27" /> Fa ba araba, dikgosi tse tharo tse di nang le tlhotlheletso thata—Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, Sebele Iwa ntlha wa Ba-Kwena, le Bathoen wa ntlha wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto lwa bodipolomate go ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa1895 mme ba dira gore puso e se ka ya wetsa tumalano eo.<ref name=":33" /><ref name=":39">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvii.</ref>Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di dirisanang le makgoa a lefatshe la Briritsh jaaka setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref name=":40">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> mme sa kwala batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka setšhaba se le sengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[:en:Jameson_Raid|Jameson Raid]] ka yone e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba makgowa a lefatshe la British marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;30–31.</ref> Go ketekwa ga dikgosi tse go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aforika: ''Khamé'', ''Sebéle'' le ''Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa lefatshe la London ka one ngwaga oo. Mokwalo o o [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhagisitse tlhamane]] e e simolotseng ya gore merafe ya bone e meraro ka go farologana e tlhodilwe ke bakaulengwe ba bararo.<ref name=":42">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;670.</ref> Gape ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropong e nngwe ya Aforika Borwa, [[:en:Mafeking|Mafeking]],<ref name=":33" />mme kompone ya Marope a Bogologolo e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marope a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go batla gauta.<ref name=":32" /> Tshireletso e ne ya amiwa thata ke go runya ga bolwane mo diphologolong ya Aforika ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, ya latlhegelwa ke dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa leruo la yona le diphologolo tsa naga.<ref name=":39" /> [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|Seporo sa tshireletso se agilwe ka]] [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|ngwaga wa 1897]] jaaka mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tsosa [[:en:Pioneer_Column|setlhopa sa Babulatsela]] go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa Ngwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole.<ref name=":43">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la [[:en:Jameson_Raid|tlhaselo ya ga Jameson]] ka 1896.<ref name=":39" /> Morafe wa Kgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya [[:en:Boer_War|Ntwa ya Maburu]], o lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane.<ref name=":43" /> Itsholelo ya pele ya bokoloniale ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne ya nna e tshwana thata le itsholelo ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref /> United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata naga ya tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e fa Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka mo meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;42.</ref> Makgetho le one a ne a tsenngwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la ntlwana]] ka ngwaga wa 1899, le le neng la emisediwa ka [[:en:Poll_tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa 1909.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Lekgetho la selegae le ne la tsenngwa moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 1919.<ref name=":44">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;31.</ref>Makgetho a bokoloniale kwa Tshireletsong ya Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme se sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagi go ba rotloetsa go nna.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;43–44.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la akanyetsa go kopanya tshireletso mo Aforika Borwa jaaka e ne e [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|kopanya dikoloni tsa yona tsa borwa jwa Aforika]], fela kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":39" /> ya kopana ka ngwaga wa 1910.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;137.</ref> Boloko bo ne bo dira gore tshireletso e nne le karolo tse pedi mo lekgolong fela ya lotseno lwa bokopano.<ref name=":44" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1910, merafe yotlhe ya Batswana e ne e amogetse Bokeresete.<ref name=":24" />Bechuanaland e ne ya romela masole a le makgolo a le mmalwa go thusa Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya [[:en:World_War_I|Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya ntlha]].<ref name=":43" /> Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o ne wa iphitlhela o wela tlase ka nako eo, mme ka iketlo o ne wa latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso mo pusong e e neng e sireleditswe.<ref name=":42" /> [[:en:Sebele_II|Sebele wa bobedi]] o ne a nna kgosi ya Kwena ka ngwaga wa 1918, a tlhatlhama rraagwe, [[:en:Sechele_II|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_II|wa bobedi]]. Sechele II o ne a thulana le Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o o neng o laola, a letlelela go nna teng ga Anglican le go busetsa mekgwa e mentsi ya setso e e jaaka go nyala basadi ba le bantsi, go dira pula le ''[[:en:Bogwera|bogwera]]''. Sebele II o ne a tswelela ka kgwetlho ya ga rraagwe kwa Mokgatlhong wa Barongwa wa London, go ngongorega ga puso ya Borithane.<ref /> Puso e e gabedi ya dikgosi le tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya dira gore tsamaiso e nne thata, ka jalo tsamaiso e ne ya tlhama makgotla a mabedi a bagakolodi go lekalekanya balaodi bao.<ref name=":44" /> Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana (moragonyana Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Aforika) le ne la tlhongwa ka ngwagawa 1919.<ref name=":35" />Kopano e ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya dikgosi le batho ba bangwe ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso mo tshireletsong e ne ya letla puso ya Borithane go utlwa le go laola merafe mmogo go na le ka bongwe.[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;47–49.</ref>] Khama wa boraro wa Ngwato o ne a gana go tsaya karolo, a supa bokoa jwa tiragatso ya thibelo ya bojalwa mo morafeng wa borwa. Khama wa boraro o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1923<ref name=":45">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;230.</ref> mme a tlhatlhangwa ke [[:en:Sekgoma_II|Sekgoma]] [[:en:Sekgoma_II|wa bobedi]], yo o neng a direla go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1926.<ref name=":45" /> Morwa wa ga Sekgoma e bong [[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] o ne a sa ntse a le lesea, ka jalo [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama|Tshekedi Khama]] o ne a nna mmusi.<ref name=":46">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Tshekedi o ne a lemogwa jaaka moemedi wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> Fa Seretse a ntse a gola, Tshekedi o ne a gatelela gore a fiwe [[:en:Liberal_education|thuto e e gololesegileng]] go na le gore a romelwe kwa sekolong sa madirelo sa Rhodesia.<ref>Samatar 1999, p.&#x20;179.</ref> === Tlhabololo le tlhotlheletso e e oketsegileng ya Borithane === Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920, kgosi Isang Pilane wa batho ba Kgatla o ne a okametse sekema sa ntlha se segolo sa tlhabololo ya metsi sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland , a dira gore go epiwe metswedi ya metsi e le lesomethataro, mme di le supa tsa tsone di ne tsa nna ditlamelo tsa metsi tse di atlegileng. Tse e ne tsa tlwaelega thata mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang fa puso ya Borithane e ne e kgatlhegela go atolosa itsholelo ya tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;70.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930, Isang Pilane le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana ba ne ba dira gore dikhuti di nne tse di hapegileng, ka gonne di ne di sa tlhokomelwe ka fa tlase ga bong jo bo kopanetsweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], pp.&#x20;699–700.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya nna teng mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1930, ya bolaya go feta karolo ya masome a marataro mo lekgolong ya dikgomo tsa tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne ya tsaya karolo e e matlhagatlhaga mo pusong ya tshireletso go simolola ka ngwaga wa 1930.<ref name=":47">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;58.</ref><ref name=":41" />Mo ngwageng oo, e ne ya simolola go tlamela ka matlole ka tlhamalalo go tshireletso.<ref name=":48">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Charles Rey o ne a tlhomiwa go nna molaodi wa Moagi wa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, mme o ne a na le maikarabelo a go rulaganya itsholelo sešwa go dikologa dikgomo tsa go romelwa kwa ntle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;55–56.</ref> Maiteko a go fetola tshireletso go ya kwa tlhabololong ya meepo le temothuo ya kgwebo a ne a lekwa mme a bona a kgarametswa morago go tswa mo dikgosing.<ref name=":37" /> Molaodi wa Moagi Rey o ne a thulana le kgosi Sebele wa bobedi, mme a dira gore a lelekwe ka 1931. Sebele II o ne a emisediwa ka morwarraagwe yo mmotlana, Kgari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dikgato tse dingwe di ne tsa lekwa ke puso ya Borithane ka 1934 go thibela maatla a a sa laolweng a dikgosi morago ga go menolwa ga ga Sebele II. Dikgato tseno di ne tsa laela makgotla a bagakolodi a dikgosi di neng di tshwanetse go buisana le one mme di ne di batla gore puso ya Borithane e newe phitlhelelo ya direkoto tsa kgotlatshekelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;69–70.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;49.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Bathoen_II|Bathoen wa bobedi]] wa Ngwaketse le moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao mo maitekong a. Le fa kgotlatshekelo ya Borithane e ne ya atlhola kgatlhanong le kgwetlho, dipholisi tse dišwa ga di ise di ko di tsenngwe tirisong ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;72–73.</ref><ref name=":49">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Dithibelo tse dingwe di ne tsa amogelwa ka kgoeletso ya bokoloniale go lekanyetsa bokgoni jwa dikgosi go lefisa makgetho le go gapa dikgomo tse di timetseng.<ref name=":39" /> Molaodi yo mošwa wa baagi, [[:en:Charles_Arden-Clarke|Charles Arden-Clarke]], o ne a tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1936 mme a dira gaufi le dikgosi.<ref name=":49" /> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe II === Dipoifo tsa tlhaselo ya Jeremane kwa Bechuanaland di ne tsa gola pele ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi ka ntlha ya boemo jwa yone jwa togamaano fa gare ga dikoloni tsa Boritane tse di fa gare le tse di kwa borwa mo Aforika. Malatsi a le lesome le bongwe pele ga ntwa e itsisiwe, puso ya Borithane e ne ya tlhagisa naga e e sireleditsweng gore e nne e le mo seemong se se siameng, mme masole a sesole a ne a rulaganngwa. Malatsi a le manè morago ga gore Borithane e bolele ntwa kgatlhanong le lefatshe la Germany, Molaodi wa Moagi Arden-Clarke o ne a tshwara kopano le dikgosi kwa ba neng ba solofetsa go tshegetsa maiteko a ntwa ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> Letsatsi le le latelang, khomišene e kgolo e ne ya ntsha kgoeletso ya [[:en:Emergency_powers|dithata tsa tshoganyetso]] tse di neng tsa e fa taolo e e feletseng mo tirong ya setšhaba mo tshireletsong, fela dikgosi di ne tsa itsisiwe gore di tla nna le maikarabelo a bontsi jwa tiragatso le go boloka kagiso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;33–34.</ref> Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi di ne di batlile go se go nne le tshusumetso epe mo bathong ba Bechuanaland, mme bontsi bo ne bo na le kakanyo e e sa tlhamalalang fela ya gore ntwa e ne e le teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya ngotlega fa palo e kgolo ya baagi ba basweu ba ne ba ikwadisa mo Sesoleng sa Boritane. Ba ba neng ba setse ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo mo thulaganyong ya tshireletsego fa go ka direga gore borwa jwa Aforika bo nne letlhakore le lengwe mo ntweng.<ref name=":50">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;35.</ref> Kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa dikgosi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya rotloetsa Batswana ba ba neng ba eletsa go direla le Sesole sa Borithane go ikwadisa le Sesole sa Batswana sa Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Banna ba Batswana ba ka nna makgolo a supa ba ne ba ikwadisa le setlhopha seno.<ref name=":51">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Go tlhokomela Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland go ne ga nna selo se se kwa tlase mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya Kwelotlase e Kgolo ya itsholelo le Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi,<ref name=":41" /> mme tshireletso ga e a ka ya amogela matlole ape go tswa kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":48" /> Mmusomogolo wa Borithane o ne o na le taolo e nnye mo Bechuanaland fa o bapisiwa le dikgaolo tsa one tse dingwe, mme maiteko a Borithane a go laola tlhagiso ya nako ya ntwa mo tshireletsong a ne a sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;124.</ref> Ntwa e ne ya fetola thata itsholelo ya tshireletso fa e ntse e tswelela, ya tlhagisa tlhaelo, go aba dijo, le ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> [[:en:Profiteering|Go dira dipoelo]] le go [[:en:Price_gouging|fokotsa ditlhwatlhwa]] go ne go tlwaelesegile, mme puso ya bokoloniale, e e neng e sa kgone go gagamatsa [[:en:Price_control|ditaolo tsa ditlhwatlhwa]], e ne ya dirisa [[:en:Gentlemen's_agreement|ditumalano tsa banna]] le bagwebi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;138.</ref> Makgetho a ne a tlhatlosiwa mme mananeo a Letlole la Tlhabololo ya Bokoloniale di ne tsa fokodiwa kwa tshimologong ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi go tlhoma boipuso jwa matlole go tswa mo mmusomogolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;125–126.</ref> Kgoeletso ya Taolo ya Madirelo a Leruo ya ntlha ya ngwaga wa 1940 e ne ya fetisiwa go duedisa dikgomo lekgetho, madirelo a a magolo a tshireletso, mme fela e ne ya kopana le kganetso e e boitshegang go tswa kwa Batswaneng le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la kaorolokgolong ya lefatsa ya Europe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> Letlole la ntwa le ne le dira kwa Bechuanaland, mme le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le solohetse gore meneelo e nne ya boithaopo, dikgosi di ne tsa dirisa taolo ya tsone mo merafeng ya tsone go pateletsa meneelo. E ne ya emisediwa ka lekgetho ka ngwaga wa1941, fela se se ne se sa ratwe thata mme sa itshupa se le thata go se diragatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;128–131.</ref> === Botsayakarolo jwa Batswana mo Ntweng ya Lefatshe II === [[Setshwantsho:Bechuanaland Boys cleaning Aa Guns in the Twilight after Action, Syracuse, Sicily Art.IWMARTLD4576.jpg|thumb|Basimane ba Bechuanaland ba phepafatsa Ditlhobolo tsa Aa mo Lefifing morago ga Tiragalo, Syracuse, Sicily, tiro ya botaki ya 1944 e e dirilweng ke [[:en:Leslie_Cole_(artist)|Leslie Cole]]]] Go thapiwa ga sesole go simolotse kwa Bechuanaland ka ngwaga wa 1941.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;34–35.</ref> Banna ba ka nna dikete tse tlhano le makgolo a matlhano ba ne ba katisiwa mme ba romelwa kwa ntweng mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse thataro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Banna ba bangwe ba Batswana ba le dikete tse tlhano ba ne ba tsenelela ntwa ka ngwaga wa 1942.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ka kakaretso, masole a ka nna dikete tse lesome le bongwe go tswa kwa Bechuanaland a ne a lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":50" /> Ba feta dikete tse lesome ba bone ba ne ba direla mo Sesoleng sa Boritane sa [[:en:African_Auxiliary_Pioneer_Corps|Babulatsela ba ba Thusang ba Aforika]].<ref name=":51" /> Dikgosi ka tlwaelo di ne di na le tshwanelo ya go [[:en:Conscript|kwadisa]] masole, mme di ne di itlhokomolosa dikeletso tsa puso ya bokoloniale tsa gore tirelo ya sesole e nne ya boithaopo gotlhelele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;44–46.</ref> Moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato o ne a dira gore a se ka a ratwa ke batho ka go dirisa go tsenngwa mo sesoleng jaaka sedirisiwa sa taolo, a go dirisa sebetsa go didimatsa batshwayadiphoso le baganetsi ba sepolotiki.<ref name=":52">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Banna ba ba neng ba eletsa go tila go tsenela bosole ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Aforika Borwa kgotsa kwa mafelong a a kgakala jaaka metlhaba ya [[:en:Okavango_Delta|noka e phatlallang ya Okavango]] le [[:en:Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park|sekgwa sa Kgalagadi]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;47.</ref> Ba bangwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgato tsa go itlhokomela ka bonako, jaaka go epa dikhutsi fa bathapi ba ne ba etela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di eletsa go dirisa go tsaya karolo ga tsone mo ntweng go bona ditshwanelo tse dingwe mo teng ga Mmusomogolo wa Borithane, mme di ne di tshaba gore go fenngwa ga Borithane go tla ba dira babusiwa ba Jeremane kgotsa Aforika Borwa, e leng phelelo e ba neng ba eletsa go e tila.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;39–40.</ref> Maiteko a ntwa gape e ne e le tshono ya go busetsa banna ba Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugetse kwa Aforika Borwa go ya go dira ditiro tsa meepo; dikgosi di ne di eletsa go fedisa mokgwa o mme di ne di ikutlwa di ka dira jalo ka go neelana ka ditiro tsa sesole.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;41–43.</ref> Dituelo dingwe tsa sesole di ne tsa diegisiwa go malapa a masole, mme ditekanyetso tsa thomelo kwa ntle di ne tsa tlosiwa ka nako ya ntwa, mme tsa baka go tsena ga madi kwa Bechuanaland.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;133.</ref> Fa go bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tse di mo Mmusong wa Boritane, batho ba Bechuanaland ba ne ba amogela ntwa eo. Batswana ba le bantsi ba ne ba na le maikutlo a boikanyegi mo mmusomogolong kgotsa ba ikutlwa gore dikgatlhego tsa bone di a tsamaisana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;36–37.</ref> Dikgosi dingwe, jaaka [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|Kgari Sechele]] [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|wa bobedi]] wa kwa ga Kwena le Molefi Pilane wa ga Kgatla, ba ne ba ikwadisa ka sebele. Ba ne ba dira jaaka disajene tse dikgolo tsa masole, e leng maemo a a kwa godimo a a neng a le teng mo Batswaneng.<ref name=":52" /> Go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya letlelela Batswana go nna le diteseletso tsa kgwebo le go dira mo teng ga naga e e sireleditsweng. Se pele se ne se lekanyeditswe batho basweu le makula.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;135.</ref> Setlhopha sa Dikgaolo tsa Dikhomišene tse di Kwa Godimo se ne se le kwa Botlhabagare go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1946 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1949.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> === Mokgatlho wa boipuso === [[Setshwantsho:1960 6d Bechuanaland Protectorate stamp.jpg|thumb|Setempe sa ngwaga wa 1960 sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland se se nang le ditshwantsho tsa ga [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Kgosigadi Victoria]] le [[:en:Elizabeth_II|Elizabeth wa bobedi]], dikgosi tsa ntlha le tsa bofelo tsa Borithane tsa tshireletso .]] Bokhutlo jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi bo ne jwa tla ka phetogo e kgolo mo setšhabeng. Dikgosi di ne tsa bonwa di se botlhokwa thata mo sebopegong sa loago, mme bontsi bo ne jwa tlogela dipolelo tsa bone tsa lefatshe lotlhe mo dikgomong tsa merafe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;51.</ref> Didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa setšhaba, jaaka lefatshe le badiri, di ne tsa dirwa tse di hapegileng le go dirwa dithoto.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;52.</ref> Phitlhelelo ya thuto e ne ya tlhola setlhopha sa batlhalefi ba ba [[:en:Liberalism|gololesegileng]] ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le puso ya dikgosi mme ba simolola go ipopela mafelo a bone a maatla mo mekgatlhong ya badiri le ditlhopha tsa baagi.<ref name=":63">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;165.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1946, ke karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong fela ya paoyotlhe ya baagi e e neng e na le tiro kwa ntle ga temothuo le ditirelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya bona koketsego e kgolo ya dikelo tsa matsalo jaaka karolo ya bogare jwa [[:en:Mid-20th_century_baby_boom|ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi wa go tlhatloga ga masea]] mo dingwageng tsa morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, e e neng e tsamaya le koketsego ya [[:en:Life_expectancy|dingwaga tsa botshelo]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e simolotse lenaneo la yone la ntlha ya tlhabololo mo tshireletsong, e leng lefelo la matlhabelo, ka dingwaga tsa bo ka ngwaga wa 1950.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;81.</ref> Maborithane, a santse a solofetse go kopanya tshireletso go nna Aforika Borwa, kwa bofelong a ne a phimola leano le morago ga tshimologo ya [[:en:Apartheid|Tlhaolele]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref>Fa maiteko a simolola go tlhama tsela e ntšhwa ya isago ya tshireletso, tshireletso e ne ya bewa mo seemong sa go tlhoka maitseo, mme ga go na tsela ya go ya pele e e neng e bonala sentle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], pp.&#x20;672–673.</ref> Tshitshinyo nngwe e ne e le go e tsenya mo [[:en:Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland|Mokgatlhong wa Rhodesia le Nyasaland]], o lefatshe la United Kingdom e o tlhamileng ka fa tlase ga pholisi ya "tirisanommogo ya merafe e mentsi".<ref>Parsons 2006, p.&#x20;673.</ref> Fa mojaboswa wa Ngwato Seretse Khama a gola, mmusi Tshekedi Khama o ne a leka go tshwarelela mo pusong.<ref name=":53">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;696.</ref> Seretse o ne a nyala mosadi wa mosweu, [[:en:Ruth_Williams_Khama|Ruth Williams]], fa a ne a ithuta kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom, mme se sa baka matlhabisa ditlhong mo lelapeng la segosi la ga Ngwato.<ref name=":46" /> Le fa kwa tshimologong setšhaba se ne se le kgatlhanong le lenyalo le, go sa ratweng ga ga Tshekedi go ne ga fetola maikutlo a Seretse.<ref name=":47" /> Kgang e ne ya tlhagisiwa mo kgotleng ka ngwaga wa 1949, mme puso ya ga Tshekedi e ne ya ganwa ka bontsi ke diketekete tsa batho ba ba neng ba le teng.<ref name=":53" /><ref name=":47" /> Tshekedi le batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Kwena kwa botshabelo.<ref name=":54">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Puso ya makgowa e ne e sa itshokele lenyalo la ga Seretse le mosadi yo mosweu. Ka maiteko a go ritibatsa puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, e ne ya leleka banyalani ba mo pusong ya tshireletso ka ngwaga wa 1950. Se se ne sa tsosa mokgatlho wa bosetšhaba o o neng o gola mo gare ga baemanokeng ba ga Seretse mo pusong ya tshireletso, o o neng wa tlhagelela ka botlalo ka ngwaga wa 1952.<ref name=":37" /> Ka nako ya fa Seretse a ne a seyo, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la baya molaodi wa kgaolo dingwaga di le nne pele ga e tlhoma Rasebolai Kgamane, motshegetsi wa ga Tshekedi, go nna moemedi.<ref name=":54" /> Morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tsuologela go lelekwa ga ga Seretse.<ref name=":55">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;53.</ref> Batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba kopa gore a bowe, mme go ne ga tsoga dikhuduego fa ba ne ba ganwa. Seretse o ne a feleletsa a letleletswe go boa ka ngwaga wa1956.<ref name=":56">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Ka nako e, kgaogano e e gagametseng ya merafe mo Aforika Borwa ya Tlhaolele e ne ya thibela lefatshe la United Kingdom go e ritibatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;200.</ref> Mo nakong yotlhe ya mathata a go lelekwa ga ga Seretse, maatla a ne a tlogela bogosi mme a ya kwa mekgatlhong ya ditlhopho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;91.</ref> Tshekedi le Seretse ba ne ba dira kagiso fa Seretse a boa, mme Seretse a nna moeteledipele wa ''nnete'' wa Ngwato, le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le mo thibetse go nna kgosi ya semmuso.<ref name=":56" /> Ka thotloetso ya Borithane, morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tlhama lekgotla la morafe, le Seretse le Tshekedi ka bobedi e neng e le maloko a lone.<ref name=":55" /> Merafe e mengwe e ne ya tlhoma makgotla a merafe a a tshwanang, a a neng a dira jaaka ditšheke tsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Go ne ga sala letlhoo lengwe fa gare ga banna ba babedi ba: Tshekedi o ne a eletsa go boloka puso ya morafe le maatla a dikgosi, fa Seretse ene a ne a akanya ka puso ya batho ka batho ya boemedi le dikgosi tse di bokoa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;91–92.</ref> Selekanyo sa maatla a a beeleditsweng mo dikgosing e ne ya nna kgang e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata mo mokgatlhong wa boipuso o o neng o gola, bogolosegolo mo bathong ba ga Ngwato le ba lelapa la ga Khama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;93–94.</ref> Bechuanaland Protectorate Federal Party e ne e le lekoko la ntlha la sepolotiki le le neng la tlhamiwa mo kgaolong ya tshireletso fa le ne le tlhamiwa ke moeteledipele wa mokgatlo wa Ngwato [[:en:Leetile_Disang_Raditladi|Leetile Disang Raditladi]] ka ngwaga wa 1959. Le bopilwe thata ke batho ba maemo le batlhalefi, le ne le buelela kopano ya merafe ya Batswana. Lekoko le ne la palelwa ke go bona tshegetso mme la nna lobaka lo lokhutshwane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;94.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, [[:en:Bechuanaland_People's_Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] (BPP, moragonyana Lekoko la Batho la Botswana) le ne la tlhamiwa jaaka lekoko le le bogale thata, le le ganetsanang le puso ya merafe ya setso mme la bona boikuelo mo badiring ba bafaladi.<ref name=":57">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> E ne e eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Motsamai_Mpho|Motsamai Mpho]], [[:en:Philip_Matante|Philip Matante]], le Kgalemang Morsete.<ref name=":58">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xviii.</ref> BPP, e e neng ya tlhamiwa jaaka molekane wa Setswana wa lekoko la [[:en:African_National_Congress|African National Congress]] la Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":59">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;74.</ref> e ne ya tshegetsa boipuso jwa ka bonako le go fedisiwa gotlhelele ga bogosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Ka go tshaba gore BPP e tla nyatsa puso e e leng teng le go tshuba dikgotlhang le puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, dikgosi le puso ya Borithane di ne tsa thibela bokgoni jwa yona jwa go kopana.<ref name=":57" /> Merafe ya tshireletso mmogo e ne ya bopa lekgotla la peomolao ka ngwaga wa 1961.<ref name=":37" /> Batho ba Kwena ba ne ba iphitlhela ba le ka fa tlase ga moemedi, [[:en:Neale_Sechele|Neale Sechele]], ka ngwaga wa 1963, se se rayang gore ba ne ba na le tlhotlheletso e nnye ya sepolotiki fa mokgatlho wa boipuso o ntse o gola.<ref name=":60">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;102.</ref> Leano la Tlhabololo la Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland la dingwaga tsa 1963/1968 le ne la kwalwa ka thulaganyo ya dipuisano ka ngwaga wa 1963, le tlhama tlhaloso ya boipuso jwa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;26–27.</ref> Fa palo ya batho e ne ba sa dire sepe mo dipolotiking ka kakaretso, lefatshe la United Kingdom e ne ya nna nngwe ya mafatshe a a neng a etelela pele go bona boipuso. Ka go tshwenyega gore lekoko la BPP e ne e le e e tseneletseng thata, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa moeteledipele wa yone yo o mo ratang, Seretse Khama, go tlhama lekoko la sepolotiki.<ref name=":59" /> Le fa Khama a ne a dumalana le mekgwa ya lekoko la BPP e e kgatlhanong le bosemorafe le ya lefatshe, o ne a le kgatlhanong le tsela ya yone ya go tlhoma dipolotiki le go amogela ga yone bojammogo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;96.</ref>O ne a dumela go tlogela go bolela ga gagwe mo bathong ba ga Ngwato go dira jaaka radipolotiki, a tlhama [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Lekoko la]] [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|puso ya batho ka batho la Bechuanaland]] (BDP, moragonyana ya nna lekoko la Botswana Democratic ) ka ngwaga wa 1962.<ref name=":59" /> Lekoko la BDP e ne ya itlhoma jaaka "lekoko la dikgosi", mme ya amogela dikakanyo tse di amanang le puso ya merafe ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref name=":30" /> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa lekoko la BDP, le tlhaloganya gore le tla tshegetsa kgwebisano ya leruo ya motlha wa bokoloniale.<ref name=":73">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;149.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1963, kgosi ya Kgatla Linchwe e ne e le ene fela kgosi e e neng e le kgatlhanong le BDP e bile e na le tlhotlheletso ya sepolotiki, mme batho ba Kgatla ba ne ba rata lekoko la BDP, ka jalo o ne a nna a sa tsenelele mo dipolotiking.<ref name=":60" /> Thulaganyo ya phetogo e ne ya simolola ka lekoko la BDP e ne e solofetswe go busa Botswana yo o ikemetseng, mme puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya bereka le boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BDP go ba baakanyetsa go tsamaisa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Go ne ga tshwarwa bokopano ka ngwaga wa 1963 go okamela go tlhamiwa ga molaotheo o mosha. Dikgotlhang tsa ka fa gare ga lekoko la BPP di ne di raya gore lekoko la BDP e ne e na le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo thulaganyong. Tshekedi Khama o ne a tlhokafetse ka nako e, ka jalo Bathoen wa bobedi o ne a nna moeteledipele wa lekoko le le neng le ema nokeng puso ya bofederale, a dumela gore le tla boloka puso e le mo diatleng tsa dikgosi. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le boradipolotiki ba Batswana ba ne ba tshegetsa puso ya bosetšhaba e e kopaneng ka gonne Botswana e ne e humanegile thata go ka kgaoganya dithoto tsa yona le ka gonne go tlhoka go kopanya dithoto go ne go tla dira gore e nne mo kotsing ya go tlhaselwa ke merafe e mengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Puso ya dikgaolo e e itsholetseng e ne ya itshupa e sa kgonege mo dipolotiking, ka jalo go ne ga dirwa tumalano ya gore dikgosi di tla bopa Ntlo ya Dikgosi, e leng setlhopha sa bagakolodi mo teng ga [[:en:Parliament_of_Botswana|Palamente ya Botswana]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;98–99.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di santse di le kgatlhanong le thulaganyo e, mme mo mokgatlhong o o neng o eteletswe pele ke Bathoen, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya fetisa tlhopo ya [[:en:No_confidence|go sa tshepe]] puso e ntšhwa, mme fela go tlhoka maatla a yone a sepolotiki go ne ga e thibela go dirisa phetogo e e nang le bokao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Molao wa Lekgotla la Kgaolo o ne wa fetisiwa jaaka tsela e nngwe ya go lekanyetsa maatla a dikgosi ka go tlhama makgotla a a tla okamelang kgaolo le toropo nngwe le nngwe,<ref name=":58" /> go dira gore mekgatlho e e tlhophilweng e e nne balaodi ba konokono ba selegae.<ref name=":64">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Toropo ya [[:en:Gaborone|Gaborone]] e agilwe ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme ya itsisiwe jaaka motsemogolo o mošwa.<ref name=":59" /> E agilwe mo lefatsheng la puso ya Borithane, le le neng le tlamela ka lefelo le le sa tseyeng letlhakore le le neng le sa laolwe ke morafe ope .<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;16.</ref> [[:en:Constitution_of_Botswana|Molamotheo]] o ne wa tsenngwa tirisong ka one ngwaga oo.<ref name=":59" /> Ka se se tirisong, Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la fa tshireletso puso ya go ipusa.<ref name=":61">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;116.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1965 gape e ne ya bona go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Dikgotla tsa Dikgaolo o o neng wa fetola seabe sa bokoloniale sa molaodi wa kgaolo ka go se bofa mo makgotleng a dikgaolo a a sa tswang go tlhamiwa,<ref name=":74">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> mme wa bona go tlhongwa ga Banka ya Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba e e neng e le ya puso.<ref name=":75">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Mpho o ne a kgaogana le lekoko la BPP go tlhama Lekoko la Boipuso la Bechuanaland (BIP) ka ngwaga wa 1965.<ref name=":62">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> E eteletswe pele ke Seretse Khama le [[:en:Quett_Masire|Quett Masire]], lekoko la BDP le ne la dira letsholo mo e ka nnang mo motseng mongwe le mongwe wa kgaolo ya tshireletso pele ga ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kakaretso. Go farologana le batho ba bangwe ba sepolotiki kwa Bechuanaland, Seretse Khama o ne a na le boikuelo go ralala merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":60" /> Morago ga moo lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhophiwa go etelela puso ya ntlha pele.<ref name=":61" /> Lekoko la BPP le ne la gapa manno a le mararo fela mo lekgotleng la peomolao, mme lekoko la BIP le ne la palelwa ke go gapa epe.<ref name=":62" /> Morago ga ditlhopho, go ne ga tlhamiwa lekoko la [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|Botswana]] [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|National Front]] (BNF) jaaka lekoko le le kopaneng la kganetso ya BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Kenneth_Koma|Kenneth Koma]], lekoko la BNF le ne la nna mmaba yo mogolo wa lekoko la BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;109.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;31–33.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhopha Khama go nna tonakgolo ya naga.<ref name=":65">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;204.</ref>Go farologana le makoko a mantsi a sepolotiki a a tlhomilweng mo Aforika, BDP e ne e le lekoko le le itekanetseng le le sa fetogeng go na le go nna lekoko le le kgatlhanong le bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;711.</ref> Morago ga go tlhamiwa ga yona, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya ntsha tlhopo ya go sa tshepe molaotheo ka ngwaga wa 1966, mme se sa dira gore go nne le letsholo la bosetšhaba la go tshegetsa molaotheo le le neng la bona tshegetso e e lekaneng gore dikgosi di fedise maiteko a tsone a go o gwetlha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;100–101.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya newa boipuso jaaka Rephaboliki ya Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966.<ref name=":61" /> == Repaboliki ya Botswana == [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Independence, 1966.png|thumb|[[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] a ikanisa maikano a go nna Tautona wa ntlha wa Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966]] Boipuso jwa Botswana bo ne bo kaya go tsenngwa tirisong ga puso ya batho le batho e e gololesegileng, go tlisa ditlhopho, tshireletso ya ditshwanelo tsa batho, le tirelosetšhaba.<ref name=":64" /> Se se ne sa dira gore go nne le thulaganyo ya go tlhatlosiwa maemo e e ikaegileng ka bokgoni le go tlhamiwa ga tsamaiso ya puso ya maranyane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref>Setšhaba se ne sa bopa puso e e neng e fetotswe go tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]],<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;23–24.</ref> mme Tonakgolo Seretse Khama a nna Moporesidente Seretse Khama.<ref name=":65" /> Go ne ga tlhamiwa boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba, jwa kopanya merafe e e sa tshwaneng mo letshwaong le le lengwe la Setswana, ka ngwao e e ikaegileng ka ya merafe ya Setswana.<ref name=":80">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNyamnjoh2007|Nyamnjoh 2007]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Botswana e ne ya boloka bontsi jwa ditheo tsa yone tsa merafe tsa pele ga bokoloniale morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;54.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Se e ne e le ditlamorago tsa puso e e nonofileng e e neng e amana le merafe ya Batswana le tsereganyo e e lekanyeditsweng ya puso ya Borithane mo dinakong tsa bokoloniale.<ref name=":34" /> Mofuta wa go buisana wa dipolotiki tsa setšhaba pele le morago ga boipuso e ne e le mokgwa o o sa tlwaelesegang mo merafeng e mengwe e mentsi ya Aforika e e neng ya nna le babusaesi morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;30, 56.</ref> Go na le go fedisa bogosi, puso e ntšhwa e ne ya bo tsenya mo tsamaisong ya semolao, ya fa dikgosi dithata tsa boatlhodi ka ''kgotla'', go ikaegile ka dikgotlatshekelo tsa boikuelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe]] 2012, p.&#x20;36.</ref>Tlwaelo ya go ikobela boeteledipele, e e kileng ya fiwa dikgosi, e ne ya sutela kwa botautoneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;30.</ref> Puso e ne ya tiisa go tlhomama ga yona ka go thapa tirelosetšhaba ya yone ka baitseanape b<ref name=":66">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref>a dinaga di sele, go farologana le dinaga tse dingwe tse dišwa tsa Aforika tse gantsi di neng di leleka baitseanape ba dinaga di sele.<ref name=":67">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref name=":68">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;105.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;59.</ref> Se se ne sa boloka puso ya mofuta wa Bophirima e e neng e gatelela tlhabololo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;259.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go tlamela Botswana ka matlole mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse tlhano tsa go nna teng ga yone.<ref name=":61" /> Maemo a yone a kagiso, a puso ya batho ka batho fa a bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tsa Aforika a ne a raya gore e ne ya amogela thuso e ntsi go tswa mo mekgatlhong ya Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;255.</ref> Ka nako ya boipuso, Botswana e ne e le setšhaba se se humanegileng thata, go feta bontsi jwa dinaga tse dingwe mo Aforika.<ref name=":69">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;104.</ref><ref name=":66" /> E ne e sena badiri ba ba rutegileng, ka baagi ba le masome a mane fela ba ba nang le ditlankana tse di hagodimo tsa mmadikolo, mme go ne go sena ditlamelo tse di itsegeng tsa metswedi ya tlholego go tshegetsa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;62, 64.</ref> Botswana e ne e ikaegile ka puso ya Tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa go fitlhelela setšhaba sa lefatshe, mme bontsi jwa badiri ba Botswana e ne e le badiri ba bafaladi mo Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Botswana e ne ya tsena mo ntweng e e tlhamaletseng le Rhodesia, e e neng ya baka dintwa tsa sesole go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1978.<ref name=":63" /> Go nna le seabe mo go lekanyeditsweng ga Borithane go ne go kaya gore go ne go se na tlhabololo e ntsi fa e sale ka nako ya bokoloniale.<ref name=":69" /><ref name=":70">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;160.</ref> Bokgoni jwa go bala le go kwala e ne e le selekanyo sa karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong, mme go ne go na le dikilometara di le lesome fela tsa tsela e e tshetsweng.<ref name=":69" /> Mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a robangbongwe ya baagi e ne e le mo [[:en:Abject_poverty|lehumeng le le tseneletseng]],<ref name=":70" /> mme bontsi jwa baagi e ne e le balemibarui ba dikgomo kgotsa [[:en:Subsistence_farmers|balemibarui ba ba itshidisang]].<ref name=":71">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Fa setšhaba se fitlhelela boipuso, komelelo e e masisi e ne ya fedisa karolo ya masome amarao go fihlela masome a matlhano mo lekgolong ya palo ya dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa Batswana ba ne ba ikaegile ka [[:en:World_Food_Programme|Lenaneo la Dijo la Lefatshe]] go tila tlala.<ref name=":81">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;220.</ref> Ditšhaba tse dingwe di ne di na le ditsholofelo tse di kwa tlase mo Botswana, mme mo Aforika yotlhe e ne e bonwa jaaka [[:en:Bantustan|Bantustan]] ya Tlhaolele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;1.</ref> Kamano e le Tlhaolele gape e ne e le ntlha ya katlego ya Botswana jaaka setšhaba se se ikemetseng: boeteledipele jwa Batswana bo ne bo eletsa go tila phelelo e e tshwanang le ya Aforika Borwa fa setšhaba se ka palelwa, mme dikgolagano tsa dikgang tsa mafatshe fatshe tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa le Bophirima go thibela go tsenngwa ke Aforika Borwa di ne di raya gore Botswana o ne a tshepa thata dinaga tsa Bophirima go amogela thuso le thato ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;76–77.</ref> Boeteledipele jwa ntlha jwa Botswana bo ne bo laolwa ke malapa a merafe e e busang mmogo le palo e nnye ya badiredipuso ba ba rutegileng thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;6.</ref> Go tshwana ga bona ga itsholelo le dikgopolo go ne go raya gore puso e nne e tlhomame kwa ntle ga dintwa tsa sepolotiki.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;71.</ref> Le fa Bathoen a ne a tlogela maemo a gagwe a go nna kgosi go ya go dira dipolotiki, bontsi jwa dikgosi tse dingwe di ne tsa amogela maatla a tsona a a fokoditsweng a sepolotiki mo pusong e ntšhwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;56–57.</ref> Tiro e nngwe ya dikgosi e ne e laolwa ke Molao wa Bogosi wa ngwaga ya 1966.<ref name=":92">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;140.</ref> Go tlhoka bonweenwee go ne ga dira gore puso e nne semolao thata mme ya ratwa ke balekane ba Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;166.</ref> Go farologana le bontsi jwa merafe e e sa tswang go tlhamiwa ya Aforika, bontsi jwa boeteledipele bo ne bo tswa mo setšhabeng sa temothuo, go kaya gore dikgatlhego tsa bona di ne di tsamaisana le bontsi.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":71" /> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa go boloka dipholisi tsa motlha wa bokoloniale tse di neng di solegela barui ba dikgomo molemo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;75.</ref> Setlhopa sa semmuso sa Nama ya Botswana se ne sa tlhamiwa go laola madirelo a nama ya kgomo.<ref name=":58" /> Boikuelo jwa lekoko la BDP jwa merafe yotlhe le kgatlhego e e kopanetsweng ya go tlhoma boipuso di ne tsa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa gape go dira mo dikgatlhegelong tsa bontsi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref> Ditlhopha tse dinnye tsa baagi ba basweu di ne tsa sala mo nageng mme tsa ganetsa boipuso jwa yone.<ref name=":63" /> Le fa moragonyana di ne di tla nna botlhokwa mo tlhabololong ya Botswana, ditshwanelo tsa ditswammung di ne tsa fiwa botlhokwa jo bo kwa tlase fa di bona boipuso, mme merafe e ne ya di fetisetsa kwa pusong ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1967.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;103–104.</ref> === Puso ya ga Seretse Khama === Khama o ne a ratwa ke batho botlhe mme a bonwa e le moeteledipele wa tlholego wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;202–203.</ref> Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya tsenya tirisong maano a a neng a lebisitswe mo go tlhameng mafaratlhatlha le dithoto tsa setšhaba, bogolosegolo go tsenya tshela ditsela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;111.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;86.</ref> O ne a simolola go aga dikolo, matlhabelo le dikhuti tse di neng tsa tswelela mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. Lefatshe le le nang le banni la Batswana le Basarwa le ne la dirisiwa go aga mesima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;219.</ref> Tlhabololo e ne ya tla ka tshenyegelo ya kgwebo le tlhagiso, e e neng e lekanyeditswe go tlamela ka matlole a leruo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004,]] p.&#x20;164.</ref> Go ne ga tlhongwa mogopolo thata mo go otla dikgomo le go aga matlhabelo go rotloetsa madirelo a nama ya kgomo mo gare ga go tlhoka metsi. <ref name=":82">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;205.</ref>[[:en:Public_welfare|Mananeo a katlaatleloloago]] le one a ne a tlhongwa.<ref name=":67" /> Go ribololwa ga ditaemane go ne ga netefatsa gore mananeo a a bona madi a a lekaneng.<ref name=":72">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Dipeeletso tse le mokgwa o o sa fetogeng wa go somarela madi a puso di ne tsa thibela boemo jwa [[:en:Dutch_disease|bolwetse jwa Dutch]] jo bo neng jwa golafatsa dinaga tse dingwe tsa Aforika tse di neng di tletse ka didirisiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;4.</ref> Thuto e ne ya atolosiwa mo setšhabeng sotlhe, mme puo ya Setswana e ne ya lekanngwa mmogo le Seesemane ka go latlhegelwa ke dipuo tse dingwe.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":68" /> Khama o ne a siamisa seo jaaka tsela ya go fitlhelela kutlwano.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;228.</ref> Quett Masire o ne a dira jaaka Mothusa tautona ka fa tlase ga ga Seretse Khama mmogo le Tona ya tsa madi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> O ne a laola tekanyetsokabo ya lefatshe le tiriso ya madi ka go tlhama motseletsele wa Maano a Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba, go ikaegilwe ka kamogelo ya Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba le Komiti ya itsholelo ya Kabinete.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Dipoeletso tsa maano a di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya molao wa semmuso ya puso morago ga gore batlhatlhami ba ga Khama le Masire ba tsene mo maemong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;171.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, ditaemane di ne tsa fitlhellwa kwa Botswana ke setlamo sa Aforika Borwa sa ditaemane sa [[:en:De_Beers|De Beers]], mme ditiro di ne tsa simolola ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref name=":76">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;110.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;61.</ref> Dipeeletso tsa kopore di ne tsa fitlhelwa kwa [[:en:Selebi-Phikwe|Selebi-Phikwe]] ka ngwaga oo, mme se sa senola gape khumo ya ditswammung tsa setšhaba.<ref name=":58" /> Puso e ne ya dirisana le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1969 go dira ditiro tse dikgolo tsa meepo ya ditaemane,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> mme e ne ya amega mo dipuisanong sešwa tsa [[:en:Southern_African_Customs_Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa]] ka one ngwaga oo go tokafatsa thata maatla a yone a itsholelo mo kgaolong.<ref name=":77">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;65.</ref> Moepo mongwe kwa [[:en:Morupule|Morupule]] o ne wa simolola go ntsha magala ka ngwaga wa 1973, mme wa tlamela setšhaba ka karolo e kgolo ya motlakase.<ref name=":78">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xix.</ref> [[:en:Orapa_diamond_mine|Moepo wa ditaemane wa Orapa]] o ne wa bulwa kwa Orapa ka ngwaga wa 1971, mme go ne ga tlomamisiwia tumalano ya go abelana lotseno fa gare ga puso le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1974.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;125.</ref> Moragonyana Masire o ne a netefatsa gore De Beers e ne e tshegeditse dikgwebo tsa gagwe tse di hapegileng ka madi, mme se sa dira gore go akanyediwe gore setlamo se ka tswa se amogetse tumalano e e mosola mo kgannyeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;129–130.</ref> Molao wa Metsi le Molao wa ditsha tsa Morafe di ne tsa tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1968, mme tsa tlhama lekgotla la Kabo ya Metsi le lekgotla tsa naga di le lesome le bobedi, ka go latelana. Tse di ne di okametse kabo ya ditshwanelo tsa metsi le lefatshe ke puso go na le ka go nna mong wa morafe mongwe le mongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;76.</ref> Ka se, ba ne ba tsenya dithata tsa setso tsa dikgosi.<ref name=":74" /> Molao wa Mafatshe a Phulo a Merafe e ne ya tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1975 go thibela [[:en:Overgrazing|phulo e e feteletseng]], mme fela e ne ya itshupa e sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;67.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;173.</ref> Tota e bile, e ne e letla baagi ba ba humileng go kopa ditsha tse dikgolo tsa dikgomo ka tshenyegelo ya baagi ba ba sa humang thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Ditlhopho tsa ntlha morago ga boipuso di ne tsa diragala ka ngwaga wa 1969.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la dira maswe go le gonnye fa e bapisiwa le tiragatso ya yona ya ngwaga wa 1965, mme mothusa tautona Masire o ne a latlhegelwa ke setilo sa gagwe ke Bathoen, se se neng sa mo tlhoka gore a tseye setilo se se kgethegileng se se tlhophilweng.<ref name=":79">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Lekoko la BPP le ne la nyelela ka botlhokwa fa dipolotiki tsa Botswana di ntse di gola.<ref name=":73" /> Koporase ya Tlhabololo ya Botswana e e neng e le ya puso e ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1970,<ref name=":75" /> mme moepo wa diteemane wa Orapa o ne wa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 1971.<ref name=":78" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, diteemane di ne di dira karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong ya Palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana,<ref name=":76" /> mme kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1970, meepo e ne e le madirelo a magolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;5.</ref> Goromente wa Botswana o ne a buisana gape ka tumalano ya yone ya meepo le De Beers magareng ga ngwaga wa 1971 le ngwaga wa 1975, ya sutisetsa bontsi jwa dituelo kwa setšhabeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;210.</ref> Fa itsholelo ya teemane e ntse e tlhabologa le dipeeletso di boela mo lefatsheng, Botswana e ne ya falola lehuma mme ya bonwa jaaka katlego mo merafeng e mengwe mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara morago ga bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;212.</ref> Ditlhabololo tse di dirile gore Botswana e nne naga e e golang ka bonako mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":77" /> Batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo le a a fa gare ba ne ba bona molemo thata, go oketsa go [[:en:Wealth_inequality|tlhoka tekatekano ga khumo]], mme gape go ne go raya gore makgetho a ka fokodiwa, se se neng sa dira gore balemi ba ba tshegetse.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;71–72.</ref> Tlhabololo ya Botswana le tiriso ya yone ya tirelosetšhaba ya mafatshe a sele e ne ya atlega mo e leng gore puso e ne ya tlhotlheletsa lefatshe la United States go romela setlhopa sa baithaopi ba kagiso (Peace Corps) kwa ntle ga ditekanyetso tsa setso tsa gore ke dikarolo dife tse mokgatlho o ka di dirang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go ne ga tla koketsego ya Batswana ba ba botlana ba ba rutegileng mo lefelong la gaeno, ba ba neng ba nna le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo pusong.<ref name=":64" /> Jaaka fa batho ba bašwa ba ba ne ba amogela thuto e e tshwanang mme ba simolola go dira mo setsong se le sengwe sa tsamaiso, go ne go sena pharologano e kgolo ya tiro fa gare ga tirelosetšhaba e e neng e eteletswe pele ke batswakwa le e e neng e tsamaisiwa ke Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Lephata la Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo le ne le le teng ka bokhutshwane morago ga go kgaogana mo Lephateng la Matlole magareng ga batlhokomedi ba setso ba ba neng ba amana le tshireletso kgatlhanong le baemanokeng ba ga Masire ba ba neng ba eletsa go bona tlhabololo e e bogale thata. Ya bofelo e ne ya tsaya taolo, mme ditona di ne tsa kopanngwa gape go nna Lephata la Matlole le Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo ka ngwaga wa 1970. Ka ntlha ya palo e e lekanyeditsweng ya batho ba ba tshwanelegang go laola itsholelo, lephata le le ne la tsaya taolo e feletseng ya tiriso ya madi a puso mme la simolola lenaneo la Shashe le le neng le batla gore naga e nne le tlhabololo e e tseneletseng ya palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana. Se se ne se akaretsa go tlhoma lefelo la meepo ya kopore le nikele, le le neng la nna selo se se tlang pele mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;84–85.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, [[:en:Seepapitso_IV|Seepapitso wa bone]] o ne a nna kgosi ya ntlha go emisiwa mo maemong a gagwe morago ga nako ya bokoloniele.<ref name=":83">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;141.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la atlega thata gape ka [[:en:1974_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopo tsa ngwaga wa 1974]].<ref name=":79" /> [[:en:Minimum_wage|Dituelo tse di kwa tlase]] di ne tsa tlhagisiwa ka one ngwaga oo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Botswana e simolotse go ntsha madi a one, e leng [[:en:Botswana_pula|Botswana pula]], ka ngwaga wa 1976. Mmusi wa [[:en:Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya Botswana]] Quill Hermans o ne a kgaratlhela go kgaogana ga madi le Aforika Borwa le [[:en:South_African_rand|ranta ya yone ya Aforika Borwa]]. Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego a boditšhabatšhaba a gore Botswana e ka nna ya se ka ya kgona go tshegetsa madi a yone, Khama o ne a ikutlwa gore bagakolodi ba gagwe ba itsholelo ba na le bokgoni mme o ne a tshepa tshwetso ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tsa boipuso, Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya ditšhaba tse di humileng thata mo [[:en:Third_World|Lefatsheng la Boraro]].<ref name=":67" /> Phetogo ya itsholelo e kaiwa jaaka "kgakgamatso" ya Botswana.<ref name=":77" /> Linchwe II, kgosi ya [[:en:Kgatla_people|batho ba Kgatla]], o ne a busetsa ngwao ya go simolola bogwera mo morafeng wa gagwe ka ngwaga wa 1975, mme se sa gakatsa puso ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;148.</ref> Khama o ne a tsaya tsela ya go akaretsa batho botlhe mo pusong ya gagwe, a tila dipolotiki tsa merafe le go gana tlhotlheletso ya baeteledipele ba merafe a rata badiredipuso.<ref name=":84">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> Ka dinako tse dingwe o ne a kopa batho go rola tiro fa morafe mongwe o ka nna le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo tirelong ya setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tshaba gore go sa dumalane le batho ba ba kwa tlase ba Kalanga go ka nna ga dira gore go se ka ga nna le kagiso. Go rarabolola se, Khama o ne a tsenya maloko a a rutegileng a morafe wa Kalanga mo pusong, a tlhoma bontsi mo maemong a a kwa godimo. Tshwetso e ne e tsosa kganetsano, mme e ne ya tsosa dikgopolo tsa bolotsana ka ga tlhotlheletso e e bosula ya Kalanga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;122.</ref> Tse ka dinako tse dingwe di ne di ikaegile ka Mokgatlho wa Baithuti ba Bakalanga, o o neng wa nna Mokgatlho wa Tsweletso ya Puo ya Ikalanga ka ngwaga wa 1980.<ref>[[Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 123.|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> Poifo ya dipuso tsa baagisani tse di eteletsweng pele ke basweu kwa Namibia, Rhodesia, le Aforika Borwa, mmogo le kotsi ya [[:en:Angolan_Civil_War|Ntwa ya Selegae ya Angola]], di dirile gore Botswana e tlhame [[:en:Botswana_Defence_Force|sesole sa bosetšhaba]] ka ngwaga wa 1977.<ref name=":78" /> Pele ga se, [[:en:Botswana_Police_Service|Tirelo ya Sepodisi]] sa Botswana e ne e tlhokometse tshireletso ya setshaba. Go tlhoka sesole go ne go raya gore Botswana e ne e sa tlhaselwe ke dilo tse di bakang go sa tlhomamang mo merafeng e mengwe ya Aforika: go menola puso ga sesole le bonweenwee ka go dirisa madi a sesole.<ref>[[Beaulier & Subrick 2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], pp.&#x20;111–112.</ref> Sesole se ne sa bona ntwa ngwaga o o latelang fa dirukutlhi tsa Rhodesia di ne di tlhasela Leshoma, di bolaya masole a le lesome le botlhano.<ref name=":78" /> Ka tirisanommogo ya yone le De Beers, puso ya Botswana e ne ya tlhama kompone ya meepo ya Debswana ka ngwaga wa 1978, mme ya bona lotseno lo lo bonalang lwa puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Meepo e ne ya nna madirelo a a kwa godimo ya itsholelo ya lefatshe mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang,<ref name=":85">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> mme Botswana ya nna itsholelo e e golang ka bonako go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":86">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;33.</ref><ref name=":86" /> Go nna le seabe ga mafatshe a sele mo itsholelong go ne ga nna kgang ya sepolotiki ka nako e jaaka fa batho ba kwa ntle ba ne ba kokoanya kgolo ya setšhaba fa ditiro tsa selegae di ne di tlhabologa ka iketlo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;143–145.</ref> Thuo ya dikgomo, e e neng e setse e amilwe ke go runya mo gogolo ga [[:en:Foot-and-mouth_disease|bolwetse jwa tlhako le molomo]] ka ngwaga wa1977,<ref name=":82" /> e ne ya latlhegelwa ke botlhokwa jo e neng e na le jone pele.<ref name=":85" /> === Puso ya ga Quett Masire === [[Setshwantsho:Quett Masire DF-SC-85-12044.JPEG|thumb|Quett Masire a etetse America ka ngwaga wa 1984]] Morago ga loso lwa ga Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa 1980, Mothusa-Tautona Quett Masire o ne a nna tautona wa Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;117.</ref> Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego ka go tlhatlhama ga ga Khama, Masire o ne a tshegetsa mafaratlhatlha a puso a a neng a thusa go a aga le go boloka tumelo mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;182.</ref> Go ritibatsa morafe wa ga Khama wa Ngwato le merafe e mengwe ya bokone, Masire o ne a tlhoma ntsalae Khama, [[:en:Lenyeletse_Seretse|Lenyeletse Seretse]], go nna mothusa-tautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;232.</ref> Kakanyo e e neng e tlwaelesegile mo gare ga BaNgwato e ne e le gore morwa Khama, [[:en:Ian_Khama|Ian Khama]], o ne a tshwanelwa ke bo tautona. Fa Lenyeletse a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1983, Masire o ne a tlhopha [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] go tsena mo boemong jwa gagwe. Gompieno o ne a tlhopha mongwe go tswa mo morafeng wa borwa, gore a se ka a tlhoma sekao sa gore tautona le mothusa-tautona ka nako tsotlhe ba tshwanetse go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di fapaaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;233.</ref> Botswana e ne e le karolo ya Khonferense ya Kgokaganyo ya Tlhabololo ya Borwa jwa Aforika e e neng ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1980 go tlhama mmaraka wa borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":78" /> Setšhaba se ne sa amiwa ke [[:en:Early_1980s_recession|kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980]].<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Jwaneng_diamond_mine|Moepo wa diteemane wa Jwaneng]] o simolotse go dira ka ngwaga wa 1982, wa nna moepo o o dirang dipoelo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng. [[:en:University_of_Botswana|Mmadikolo wa Botswana]] o tlhomilwe ka one ngwaga o o neng o kgaogana le [[:en:University_of_Botswana,_Lesotho_and_Swaziland|Mmadikolo ya Botswana, Lesotho le Swaziland]].<ref name=":78" /> Ditlhabololo tsa semolao ka ngwaga wa 1982, Molawana wa Thuso ya Matlole le go dira gore tiro ya kgwebo gore e nne ya ka fa molaong ke badiredipuso, di ne tsa tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya naga mme gape tsa gagamolola melawana e e neng e tla thibela bonweenwee.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;127, 129.</ref> Jaaka fa puso ya batho le batho le kgolo ya itsholelo di itshupile e le diphetogo tsa paka e telele, Botswana e ne ya itsege jaaka "kgakgamatso ya Aforika".<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Kganetso e e nonofileng kgatlhanong le puso e e laolwang ke lekoko la BDP e ne ya tlhagelela la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go fenya ditlhopho tsa selegae, ditlhopha tsa dikgatlhego tsa simolola go tlhamiwa, mme makwalo a dikgang a matlhano a magolo a a kgatlhanong le lekoko la BDP a simolola go gatisiwa.<ref name=":64" /> Pele e ne e ikaegile ka tshegetso ya merafe e e rileng, lekoko la BNF le ne la bona tshegetso mo setlhopheng sa badiri.<ref name=":84" /> Ka ditlhopho ka kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1984, e ne e le lekoko kganetso le le gaisanang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;712.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya ama Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa1982 go fitlhela ka ngwaga wa 1987, mme ya tlhoka thuso ya dijo ya puso go ka nna karolo ya masome a marataro le botlhano mo lekgolong ya Batswana ba kwa magaeng.<ref name=":87">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;82.</ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba ga Masire ba ne ba mo amanya le komelelo e ka e ne e tsamaisana le tshimologo ya botautona jwa gagwe, ba akantsha gore Khama o ne a na le taelo ya bomodimo e Masire a neng a se na yone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;203.</ref> Mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1980, madirelo a ditaemane a ne a fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa yone ka karolo ya masome a matlhano le boraro mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya tlhagiso ya bosetšhaba.<ref name=":76" /> Ka nako e, itsholelo ya setšhaba e ne ya nonoha mo e leng gore baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba rotloediwa go tlhopha [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|temothuo ya go]] [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|itshidisa]] kgotsa go fuduga go ya go dira kwa Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":84" /> [[:en:Entrepreneurship|Bogwebi]] bo ne jwa anama thata, bogolosegolo mo badiring ba pele ba puso ba ba neng ba tswa mo [[:en:Public_sector|lephateng la puso]] go ya kwa lephateng la [[:en:Private_sector|e]] [[:en:Private_sector|seng la puso]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Thuto ya mahala ya [[:en:Secondary_education|sekole se segolwane]] ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1989.<ref name=":87" /> [[:en:Trade_union|Mekgatlho ya badiri]] le [[:en:Special_interest_group|ditlhopha tse di kgethegileng tsa dikgatlhego]] tse dingwe di ne tsa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go tlhotlheletsa melawana ya setšhaba, le fa gantsi puso e ne e sa batle go di amogela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], pp.&#x20;85–86.</ref> E tsibogetse mokgatlho o o neng o gola wa badiri ka go fetisa dithibelo tse di bokete mo mekgatlhong ya badiri ka ngwaga wa 1983.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dingwaga di le lesome gape o ne wa tlhagisa mekgatlho ya go amogela merafe e mennye, go gana boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba jwa Motswana.<ref name=":80" /> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, Aforika Borwa e ne ya simolola ditlhaselo tsa sesole mo Botswana go batla batlhabani ba Aforika Borwa. Go tsibogela dikgobalo tsa baagitse di neng tsa direga, puso ya Botswana e ne ya oketsa tiriso ya madi mo sesoleng.<ref name=":93">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;112.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> E ne gape ya fa sesole tiro ya go sireletsa diphologolo tsa naga le go tsenya mo tirisong molao o o kgatlhanong le go tsoma mo go seng ka fa molaong go tsibogela kotsi e e tlisiwang ke batsomi ba ba tshotseng dibetsa.<ref name=":94">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Palo ya ntlha ya [[:en:HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana|mogare wa segajaja]] mo Botswana e ne ya lemogiwa ka ngwaga wa 1985, mme mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang lefatshe ;e ne la nna lone le le neng la amega thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;265.</ref> [[:en:Life_expectancy|Botshelo jo bo solofetsweng]] mo Botswana bo ne bo tla wela tlase tswa go masomeng a maratarole bosupa go ya kwa masomeng a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 1997.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;175.</ref> Phetogo e e gakgamatsang mo tsamaisong ya botsogo ya Botswana e ne ya latela go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1980 le bo 1990; Bongaka jwa Bophirima bo ne jwa tlotliwa thata mmogo le kalafi ya setso, mme go ne ga tlhongwa dikokelo tse e seng tsa puso go nna mmogo le dikago tse di tsamaisiwang ke puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> [[:en:Early_1990s_recession|Kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1990]] e ne ya ama Botswana.<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Attorney_General_of_Botswana_v._Unity_Dow|Tsheko e e botlhokwa ya kgotlatshekelo ya molaomotheo]] e e neng ya tlisiwa ke Unity Dow e ne ya felela ka katlholo ka ngwaga wa 1991 ya gore bana ba ka fiwa boagedi mo go bomme ba bone ga mmogo le borraabone, e e neng ya amogelwa go nna molao ka Molao wa Boagi wa 1995.<ref name=":88">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xx.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang sa Kgabo se ne sa tshwarwa ka ngwaga wa 1991 go batlisisa lekgotla la kabo ditsha tsa lefatshe tsa puso, mme sa fitlhela gore go dirilwe ditlolomolao tsa maitsholo a a siameng ke mothusa-tautona Peter Mmusi le mokwaledi wa kakaretso wa lekoko la BDP [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]], ba bobedi jwa bone gape e neng e le maloko a setlhopa sa ditona tsa puso ya Botswana.<ref name=":89">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;346.</ref><ref name=":90">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;333.</ref> Ka go lebana le go galefa mo pusong le mo setšhabeng, bobedi jwa bone ba ne ba rola tiro.<ref name=":90" /> Go wa mo go ne ga tlhola ditlhopha tse pedi tse di kgaoganeng mo teng ga lekoko, e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke maloko a mabedi a pele a setlhopa sa ditona (Ba babedi ba bagolo),<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;333–335.</ref> mme e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke baganetsi ba bona (ba batlhano ba bagolo): [[:en:Festus_Mogae|Festus Mogae]], Bihiti Temane, Chapson Butale, [[:en:Gaositwe_Chiepe|Gaositwe Chiepe]], le moeteledipele wa bona [[:en:Mompati_Merafhe|Mompati Merafhe]].<ref name=":91">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;235.</ref> Se se ne sa aga mo dikgotlhang tse di neng di godile fa gare ga boeteledipele jwa borwa jwa BLP le kokomana e ntšhwa ya boradipolotiki go tswa kwa bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], pp.&#x20;233–234.</ref> Masire o ne a tlhopha Mogae go nna mothusa- tautona yo mosha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;334.</ref> Ka go tshwenyega ka kgonagalo ya go tlwaetsa bonweenwee, Masire o ne a thapa mothusa- mogolwane wa [[:en:Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)|setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang e e Ikemetseng ya Hong Kong e e Kgatlhanong le Bonweenwee (Hong Kong)]] go tlhama mokgatlho o o tshwanang mo Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;222.</ref> [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Bokaedi jwa Bonweenwee le Bosenyi jwa]] [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Itsholelo]] bo ne jwa tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, mme lekgotla la kabo ditsha le ne la tlhamiwa go reetsa boikuelo jwa ditshwetso tsa kabo ditsha ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Boemo jwa lekoko la BDP jaaka lekoko le le laolang bo ne jwa amogela kgwetlho ya jone ya ntlha e e masisi ka ntlha ya Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlsisa kgota go sekaseka dikgang ya Kgabo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;249.</ref> Matlhabisaditlhong le go kgaogana mo go neng ga nna teng mo lekokong la BDP go ne ga dira gore lekoko la BNF le nne lekoko la kganetso le le gaisanang thata morago ga ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;335–336.</ref><ref name=":89" /> Ka go mathata a a oketsegileng a go tsenngwa ga ditoropo go fokotsa motheo wa BDP kwa metseselegaeng, makoko a kganetso a ne a na le bonnye jo bo bonalang mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa ga Mmusi, Kwelagobe o ne a ikgolaganya le [[:en:Ponatshego_Kedikilwe|Ponatshego Kedikilwe]], mme ba bopa setlhopa se sennye sa Barata-Phathi sa lekoko la BDP. Ba batlhano ba bagolo ba ne ba nna setlhopa se sennye sa A-Team.<ref name=":89" /> Botswana e ne ya solegelwa molemo ke go khutla ga puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, ka puso e ntšhwa e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Aforika e ne e sa thibele kgolo ya Botswana kgotsa go tsenelela mo ditirong tsa sesole go kgabaganya molelwane.<ref name=":81" /> Fa kgaolo e ntse e tlhomama, ditlhabololo tsa itsholelo tse di tshwanang le mabentlele a magolo, kakanyo e e sa netefadiwang ya dithoto, le bojanala jwa baagi di ne tsa atologa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;675.</ref> Morafe wa Ngwaketse o ne wa nna le kgotlang le puso ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa 1994, fa tona ya pusoselegae le mafatshe Patrick Balope a ne a latofatsa kgosi Seepapitso wa bone ka go palelwa ke go diragatsa ditiro tsa gagwe mme a laela gore kgosi e emisiwe—e leng go emisiwa ga bobedi ga puso ya ga Seepapitso.<ref name=":83" /> Morwa wa ga Seepapitso e bong Leema o ne a amogela go tlhomiwa go dira tiro eo, kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa ga Seepapitso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;141–142.</ref> Morafe o ne wa lwantshana le kgang ya go nna semolao mo go sa tlhaloganyesegeng ga ga Leema le poifo ya gore setso sa morafe ga se kitla se tlhola se lemogiwa, mme go tlosiwa ga gagwe go ne ga nna kgang ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;142–143.</ref> Seepapitso o ne a tsenya kganetso ya semolao, mme kgotlatshekelo ya atlhola ka Tlhakole a tlhola malatsia le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 1995 gore le fa go tlosiwa ga ga Seepapitso go ne go le ka fa molaong, go tlhomiwa ga ga Leema go ne go se kafa molaong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;145.</ref> Ka maatla a go tlhoma a ne a buseditswe mo morafeng, ba ne ba gana go tlhopha moeteledipele yo mosha jaaka tsela ya go ikuela. Puso e ne ya ineela mme ya letlelela Seepapitso go busediwa mo tirong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;145–146.</ref> [[:en:Ritual_murder|Polao ya dipheko]] ya ga [[:en:Segametsi_Mogomotsi|Segametsi Mogomotsi]], mosetsana wa dingwaga di le lesome le bone wa kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]], e diragetse ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 1994. Dikhuduego tsa loago di ne tsa tsoga fa babelaelwa bao, ba e neng e le borakgwebo le boradipolotiki ba ba humileng, ba ne ba gololwa ka ntlha ya go tlhoka bosupi. Mo dikgweding tse di latelang, go ne ga nna le ditshupetso le dikhuduego tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke baithuti kgatlhanong le tiriso ya ditiro tsa masaitsiweng tse di tshwanang le polao ya dipheko go bona khumo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;286–290.</ref> Go tlhagoga ga bolwetse jo bo [[:en:Contagious_bovine_pleuropneumonia|tshelanwang jwa pleuropneumonia ya dikgomo]] ka ngwaga wa 1995 go ne ga baka dintsho tsa dikgomo di le dikete tse makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi .<ref name=":88" /> Molao wa Temothuo wa ngwaga ya 1995 o ne wa atolosa thulaganyo ya go dira lefatshe la baagi la le e seng la puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Merafe e mennye e ne ya tswelela go kgaratlhela go lemogiwa go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;163–164.</ref> Puso e simolotse go ntsha batho ba Basarwa mo [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|Lefelong la Diphologolo la Kalahari]] [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|la Bogare]] ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Le fa e ne e nganga gore maikaelelo e ne e le go thusa go kopanya baagi ba ba neng ba le kgakala thata, mme e neelana ka leruo go rotloetsa tirisanommogo, mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba e ne ya pega molato puso ka go pateletsa le go [[:en:Forced_displacement|fudusiwa ka dikgoka]] ga batho go dira sebaka sa meepo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;11–12.</ref> Maiteko a ntlha a magolo a semolao a go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa merafe e mennye a ne a tswa mo tshitshinyong ya ngwaga wa 1995 kwa palamenteng ya go tlhalosa molaomotheo jaaka o o sa tseyeng letlhakore mo merafeng, mme o ne wa bewa mo tafoleng. Mokgatlho wa Kamanakao o ne wa tlhamiwa ka one ngwaga oo ke morutegi [[:en:Lydia_Nyati-Ramahobo|Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo]] go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa [[:en:Yeyi_people|batho ba Yeyi]].<ref name=":95">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;215.</ref> Motseletsele wa diphetogo tsa puso le tsa ditlhopho di ne tsa tsenngwa mo tirisong mo dingwageng tsa bofelo tsa bo tautona jwa ga Masire. Tlhokomelo ya ditlhopho e ne ya fetisediwa kwa setheong se se ikemetseng, dingwaga tsa go tlhopa di ne tsa fokodiwa go tswa ko masomeng a mabedi le bongwe go ya ko lesomeng le borobabobedi , go [[:en:Postal_voting|tlhopa ka poso]] go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong, mme ga tsenngwa tirisong melawana ya go sireletsa [[:en:Labour_rights|ditshwanelo tsa badiri]] le [[:en:Gender_equality|tekatekano ya bong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;168.</ref> Masire o ne a eletsa go tlhama [[:en:Order_of_succession|tatelano e e tlhomameng ya]] [[:en:Order_of_succession|go tlhatlologana]] mo bogosing le go netefatsa gore motlhatlogi wa gagwe yo a mo tlhophileng mothusa Tautona Mogae e nna tautona, ka jalo o ne a dirisana le mmueledi Parks Tafa go kwala paakanyo ya molaotheo. Se se ne sa tsenya tirisong tatelano e e itirisang le [[:en:Term_limit|melelwane ya paka]] ya botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;337–338.</ref> O ne a pateletsa paakanyo ka boene.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;304–305.</ref> Go fetola itsholelo ya lefatshe, go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong tsamaiso ya nakwana ya go nna le [[:en:Tripartism|makoko a mararo]] go kopanya puso, lekalana le e seng la puso, le baemedi ba badiri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;169.</ref> Fa lekoko le ne le tlhopha maloko a komiti ya lone ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1997, kotsi ya go nna le ditlhopha e ne ya gola mo e leng gore Masire o ne a phimola ditlhopho tsa lone tse di mo teng ga mokgatlho mme a dira gore ditlhopha di mo fe manaane a maina.<ref name=":91" /> === Puso ya ga Festus Mogae === [[Setshwantsho:George Bush with African national leaders February 26, 2002.jpg|thumb|Festus Mogae mmogo le botautona ba mafatshe a sele [[:en:Joaquim_Chissano|Joaquim Chissano]], [[:en:George_W._Bush|George W. Bush]] le [[:en:José_Eduardo_dos_Santos|José Eduardo dos Santos]] ka ngwaga wa 2002]] Masire o ne a tlogela tiro ya botautona ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le ngwe ka ngwaga wa 1998, mme a latelelelwa ke mothusa tautona Festus Mogae.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;338.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya tshwetso e e neng ya tsosa kganetsano ya go tlhoma Ian Khama, molaodi wa sesole le morwa Seretse Khama, go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang,<ref name=":72" /> a fetisa kgetho ya gagwe ka go tshosetsa go phatlalatsa palamente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Le fa ba ne ba sa tseye letlhakore semmuso fa gare ga ditlhopha tsa lekoko la BDP, Mogae le Khama ka bobedi ba ne ba tlhaloganngwa e le batho ba bagolo mo gare ga A-Team.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;347.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1998 o ne wa bona nngwe ya dikgaogano tse dintsi mo teng ga lekoko la kganetso la BNF. E ne e kgaogane ka ditlhopha tse pedi: batho ba ba sa rateng diphetogo ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa loago le ba ba neng ba tswelela pele ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa puso ya batho ka batho ya loago. Dikhuduego kwa mokgatlhong wa lekoko di ne tsa dira gore batho ba ba neng ba rata kgatelopele ba kgaogane go nna lekoko la bone, [[:en:Botswana_Congress_Party|Botswana Congress Party]] (BCP), le le neng la nna lekoko le legolo la kganetso go fitlhela ba latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa manno a bone mo [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa]] [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 1999]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Kgaogano e ya kganetso, mmogo le diphetogo tsa selegae tsa dingwaga tse di fetileng, di ne tsa dira gore lekoko la BDP le boelwe ke ditilo dingwe tse e neng ya di latlhegelwa ka ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;168–169.</ref> Maloko a le mmalwa a borwa a boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BCP a ne a boela kwa lekokong la BNF morago ga gore maemo otlhe a a kwa godimo a tsewe ke batho ba bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;237.</ref> Go itlhatlosa go ya kwa maemong a merafe ya Tswana, batho ba Yeyi ba ne ba bitsa kgosi e e kwa godimo ka ngwaga wa 1999, fela se se ne sa se ka sa lemogiwa ke Molao wa Bogosi. Ba ne ba tlisa kgang eo kwa Kgotlatshekelong e Kgolo, e e neng ya tlhasela thulaganyo e e maleba ya molao e le e e tlhaolang.<ref name=":95" /> Mogae o ne a tlhoma setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang ka ngwaga wa 2000 go sekaseka kemedi ya merafe e mennye mo Ntlong ya Dikgosi, mme seo sa baka boipelaetso go tswa mo go ba ba neng ba ikutlwa gore Mogae o batla go nyatsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;239.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang se ne sa tlhomamisa gore Ntlo ya Dikgosi e tshwanetse go nna teng, mme ya bidiwa Setswana ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;216.</ref> Diphetogo tse dingwe tse di fetotsweng ga di a amogelwa morago ga go kgarametswa go tswa mo merafeng e megolo ya Batswana, bogolosegolo ba Ngwato.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;217–218.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, batho ba Kgatla-baga-Mmanaana ba ne ba bona kgosi ya bone Gobuamang Gobuamang wa bobedi a amogelwa semmuso jaaka kgosi e nnye mo teng ga kgaolo ya Kwena kwa ba nnang teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;177.</ref> [[:en:Botswana–Namibia_border|Molelwane wa Botswana le Namibia]] o ne wa tsena mo kganetsanong ka ngwaga wa 1999 fa mafatshe ka bobedi a ne a batla kgaolo mo [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Mopakong wa Caprivi]].[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;xx–xxi.</ref>] Ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000, Botswana e ne ya beeletsa thata mo go tlhabololeng sesole sa mowa.<ref name=":93" /> [[:en:Botswana_Television|Setshwantso sa motshikinyego sa Botswana]] se tlhomilwe ka ngwaga wa 2000. Lentswe tsa Tsodilo le ne la nna [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|Lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe]] ka ngwaga wa 2001. Batho ba Basarwa ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao ka ngwaga wa 2002 go ganetsa go ntshiwa ga bona kwa Central Kalahari Game Reserve, fela kgang e sekisiwang e ne ya tlhokomologiwa. [[:en:Mosadi_Seboko|Mosadi Seboko]] wa [[:en:Lete_people|morafe wa]] [[:en:Lete_people|Balete]] o ne a nna moeteledipele wa ntlha wa mosadi wa morafe ka ngwaga wa 2003.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xxi.</ref> Mogae o ne a dira gore mongwe wa batshwayadiphoso ba ba tlhageletseng thata ba puso, [[:en:Kenneth_Good_(political_scientist)|Kenneth Good]], a lelekwe mo lefatsheng la gagwe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], pp.&#x20;333–334.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;226–227.</ref> [[:en:Three_Dikgosi_Monument|Sefikantswe sa Dikgosi tse Tharo]] se ne sa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;680.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya bolwetsi jo bo anameng lefatshe la HIV/AIDS e le kgang e e botlhokwa thata ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Go e lwantsha, o ne a dira gore dikalafi tsa [[:en:Antiretroviral|diantiretroviral]] tsa HIV/AIDS di nne teng mahala.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;225.</ref> === Puso ya ga Ian Khama === [[Setshwantsho:London Conference on The Illegal Wildlife Trade (12499797834).jpg|thumb|Kopano ya ga Ian Khama le [[:en:William_Hague|William Hague]] kwa Lontone]] Ian Khama o ne a latela mo maemong a botautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Mogae ka kgwedi ya Moranang a le letsatsi le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref name=":96">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mokgwa wa gagwe wa boeteledipele o ne wa phatlaladiwa jaaka o o latelang "di-D tse nne": puso ya batho ka batho, tlhabololo, seriti, le kotlhao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Fa a sena go nna mo setilong, o ne a rulaganya sešwa khuduthamaga ya setšhaba ka mokgwa wa tatelano, a kopanya maatla go dikologa botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;227–228.</ref> Khama o ne a gatelela tshireletsego ya setshaba mo tsamaisong ya gagwe. Ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo maemong a gagwe, Lekalana la Bosenodi le Tshireletsego le ne la itsege ka go dira ditlhodi tse di neng di tlhotlhelediwa ke dipolotiki le go tshwara baganetsi ba gagwe ba sepolotiki. O ne gape a tlhoma batho ba le mmalwa ba pele ba sesole mo pusong ya gagwe<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], pp.&#x20;714–715.</ref> Botswana o ne e sa amege thata mo [[:en:African_Union|Kopanong ya Aforika]] ka nako ya botautona jwa ga Khama, go na le moo e ne ya tlhagisa molawana wa mafatshe a sele a a neng e lebisitswe thata mo Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;190.</ref> Mathata a matlole a ngwaga wa 2008 a ne a gatelela itsholelo ya Botswana, e e neng ya nna e ikaegile ka meepo ya ditaemane le fa puso e ne e dira maiteko.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;202.</ref> Madirelo a diteemane a ne a fedisa kwelotlase e e tlhomameng fa e ne e tlhomama ka bokana ka karolo ya masome a mararo le borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tse di tlhagisitsweng tsa lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 2009.<ref name=":76" /> Taolo ya dikgosi e ne ya fetolwa ka ngwaga wa 2008 ka Molao wa Bogosi.<ref name=":92" /> Khama o ne a rotloetsa go neela dikgosi maatla ka leina la go busetsa kotlhao le maitsholo a setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], pp.&#x20;196–197.</ref> O ne a ntsha taelo e e neng ya oketsa dingwaga tsa go nwa tse di kafa molaong go nna masome a mabedi le bongwe, ya fa baeteledipele ba merafe e mennye maatla a go laela gore batho ba itewe, ya tlhama ditlhopha tsa mephato go nna balebedi, le go tsenya gape [[:en:Corporal_punishment_in_schools|kotlhao ya go itaya mo dikolong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Dikgosi di le mmalwa tse di sa tswang go tlhongwa di ne tsa tshegetsa melawana e mme tsa tsenya tirisong dikotlhao tse di gagametseng tsa badiraphoso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Gareng ga bone go ne go na le Kgafela wa bobedi, kgosana ya morafe wa Kgatla. Go dira gore batho ba gagwe ba nne le boitsholo jo bo tlwaelegileng, o ne a oketsa thata go itewa ga batho ba ba neng ba tlola molao. Kgafela le ba bangwe ba ba amegang ba ne ba pegwa molato wa bosenyi ka ntlha ya go dirisa kotlhao ka tsela e e sa siamang ka ngwaga wa 2010, mme kgotlatshekelo e ne ya kgaphela thoko kopo ya gagwe ya go sirelediwa, ya tlhomamisa gore dikgosi ga di na boipuso mme di laolwa ke molaotheo.<ref name=":97">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;157.</ref> Jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le tlhopha boeteledipele jwa lekoko la yone ka ngwaga wa 2009, Khama o ne a tlhoma batho ba le bantsi ba A-Team mo dikomiting tse potlana tsa lekoko le fa Barata-Phathi e ne ya fenya ka nako ya mokgatlho wa lekoko.<ref name=":97" /><ref name=":98">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;335.</ref> Fa mokwaledi mogolo wa lekoko leo, Rre [[:en:Gomolemo_Motswaledi|Gomolemo Motswaledi]] a ne a rerisana le babueledi go botsa gore a ditiro tsa ga Khama di ka fa molaong, Khama o ne a dira gore a sekegiwe mo komiting. Morago ga go isa kgang kwa kgotlatshekelo, go ne ga fitlhelwa gore tautona yo o mo maemong ao ga a kgone go sekisiwa semolao, mme Khama o ne a emisa Motswaledi mo BDP gotlhelele.<ref name=":98" />Mo tshimologong ya ngwaga wa 2010, Khama o ne a emisa mme morago a ntsha maloko a mangwe a le mmalwa a lekalana le le mo teng ga lekoko la Barata-Phathi mo lekokong BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], pp.&#x20;354–355.</ref> Se se ne sa baka go kgaogana ga ntlha ga BDP ka Mopitlwe fa lekoko la Barata-Phathi le ne le tswa mo lekokong go bopa Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Temokerasi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;345.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Molao wa Tirelosetšhaba o tsentswe tirisong ka ngwaga wa 2010, o dira gore badiredipuso ba dire ditshupetso ka ha molaong mo maemong mangwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mo ngwageng o o latelang, Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Mekgatlho ya Badiri (BOFEPUSU) o ne wa etelela pele ditshupetso tsa dikgwedi di le pedi mo gare ga badiredipuso ba lefatshe go batla tuelo ya karolo ya lesome le borataro mo lekgolong, mme puso ya tsiboga ka go ntsha diketekete tsa badiri mo maemong a bone.<ref name=":96" /> Go ntshiwa ga batho go ne go okametswe ke [[:en:Mokgweetsi_Masisi|Mokgweetsi Masisi]], Tona ya Merero ya Botautona.<ref name=":99">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Go ganetsa boemo jwa puso, BOFEPUSU e ne ya tlhofofatsa go kopanngwa ga makoko a magolo a kganetso go nna [[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC).<ref name=":96" /> Setlhopha se sešwa se se ne se eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Duma_Boko|Duma Boko]], yo o neng a tsere taolo ya BNF ka ngwaga wa 2010 mme a laola dipuo tsa yona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;715.</ref> Khama o ne a diragatsa diphetogo tse di nonofileng tsa tshomarelo ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe, bogolo jang mabapi le go tsoma. Le fa ba ne ba opa diatla kwa mahatsheng a mangwe le go bopa leina la Botswana jaaka "kgakgamatso e tala", ba ne ba kopana le go kgobega marapo mo nageng ka ntlha ya ditsela tse di neng di dirisiwa go tswa kwa godimo go ya kwa tlase, bogolosegolo go tswa mo go ba ba nnang mo mafelong a a tlhomilweng a tshomarelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Melawana e e ne e akaretsa go oketsega ga mekgwa ya sesole e e kgatlhanong le go tsoma diphologolo; digongwana tse di kgatlhanong le go tsoma di ne di tsentswe ditlhobolo tse di itirisang go tlaleletsa melawana ya go thuntsha go bolaya kgatlhanong le batho ba ba belaelwang gore ke batsomi.<ref name=":94" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boloka bontsi jwa yone mo lekgotleng la peomolao morago ga [[:en:2014_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopho tse di latelang]], mme e le lekgetho la ntlha e ne ya dira jalo ka bontsi fela jwa ditlhopo tsa batho.<ref>[[Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;705.</ref> Ian Khama o ne a tlhoma Masisi go nna mothusa tautona wa gagwe.<ref name=":99" /> Tshwetso e ne ya tsosa kganetsano ka ntlha ya go tlhoka maitemogelo ga ga Masisi fa go bapisiwa le ditlhopho tse dingwe tse di ka kgonegang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Go ya ka Mogae, Masisi o ne a tlhophiwa ka tlhaloganyo ya gore o tla tlhoma [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|Tshekedi Khama]] [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|wa bobedi]] go nna mothusa tautona morago ga go tsaya botautona ka boene.<ref name=":99" /> Botsalo Ntuane o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Mokwaledi Mogolo wa lekoko la BDP ka ngwaga 2015 mo seraleng sa twantsho tshenyetso setshaba le phetolo ya ditlhopho. Se se ne sa tshosetsa tlholego e e tseneletseng ya lekoko la BDP, mme Ntuane a bona mmaba wa sepolotiki kwa Masisi.<ref name=":99" /> Khama o ne a le bobaba mo bobegadikgannyeng, bogolo jang mo mafelong a a neng a sa dumalane le ditiro tsa puso ya gagwe. O ne a na le babegadikgang ba babedi ba ba neng ba latofadiwa ka [[:en:Sedition|botsuolodi]] ka ngwaga wa 2017, mme moragonyana ditatofatso di ne tsa latlhiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;714.</ref> === Puso ya ga Mokgweetsi Masisi === [[Setshwantsho:Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference London 2018 (45245990491).jpg|thumb|Mokgweetsi Masisi a bua kwa bokopanong jo bo neng bo bua ka kgwebisano e e seng ka fa molaong ya diphologolo tsa naga kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:London|London]] ka ngwaga wa 2018]] Masisi o ne a nna tautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Khama ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2018. Fa ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2019_Botswana_general_election|kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 2019]] di ntse di atamela, Masisi o ne a tlhama setshwantsho sa go ipharologanya le Khama, a itlhagisa jaaka motho yo o [[:en:Anti-corruption|lwantshanang le bonweenwee]] fa a ntse a tshegetsa bobegakgang le BOFEPUSU.<ref name=":02">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;716.</ref><ref name=":02" /> Letsholo la gagwe la go lwantsha bonweenwee le ne la felela ka go tshwarwa ga ga Isaac Kgosi, yo o neng a eteletse pele Bokaedi jwa Botlhodi le Tshireletso mo pusong ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;717.</ref><ref name=":110" /> Masisi o ne a tswelela ka go busetsa morago bontsi jwa melawana ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110" /> Gareng ga tse e ne e le go phimolwa ga melawana ya tshomarelo, go akaretsa le thibelo ya go tsoma e e neng e tsoma e e neng e lebisitswe mo kgwebong ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|manaka a tlou]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;23–24, 33–34.</ref> O ne gape a okametse go fedisiwa ga go tsewa go ratana ka bong bole bongwe e le molato.<ref>Rotberg 2023, pp.&#x20;228–229.</ref> Fa se se ntse se tsweletse, Masisi le Khama ba nna baganetsi go na le go nna balekane. Khama o ne a leka go thapa [[:en:Pelonomi_Venson-Moitoi|Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi]] go nna ntlhopheng yo mongwe wa BDP kgatlhanong le Masisi, mme fa seo se palelwa, o ne a itlhomela lekoko la gagwe, la [[:en:Botswana_Patriotic_Front|Botswana Patriotic Front]] (BPF).<ref name=":99" /><ref name=":110" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boelwa ke bontsi jwa ditlhopho tsa batho ka ngwaga wa 2019,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> mme ditlhopho di ne tsa senngwa ke kgatelelo ya puso le diphuruphutsho tsa nako le nako kgatlhanong le batho ba kganetso. Lekoko la UDC le ne la gwetlha maduo, mme ga di a atlega.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;308.</ref> Diphetogo tsa kgaolo di ne tsa fetoga ka ngwaga wa 2019 jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le latlhegelwa ke thotloetso nngwe kwa bokone fa e ntse e oketsa tlhotlheletso ya yone kwa borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;231.</ref> Ditlhopho gape di ne tsa bona lekokokganetso le legolo, BNF, le latlhegelwa ke BCP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> Jaaka ditšhaba di le dintsi, [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana|Botswana e ne ya bona kwelotlase e e kgolo ya tsholelo ka nako ya tlhaselo ya bolwetsi jwa COVID-19]], mme lefatshe le ne la nna [[:en:COVID-19_lockdowns|mo thibelong ya metsamao]] bontsi jwa ngwaga wa 2020 le ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;309.</ref> Mofuta wa SARS-CoV-2 Omicron o ribolotswe kwa Botswana moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Maikutlo a a kgatlhanong le makula a ne a anama ka setšhaba sa makula kwa Botswana se ne se humile thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;310.</ref> Khama o ne a tshabela kwa lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa a le kwa botshabelo ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele ka ngwaga wa 2021, mme puso ya Botswana ya mo latofatsa ka go nna le dibetsa e se ka fa molaong ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;311–312.</ref> === Puso ya ga Duma Boko === [[Setshwantsho:Secretary Rubio Meets with Botswana President Boko (54371806715).jpg|thumb|Duma Boko o ikanisa tumalano le lefatshe la Amerika ka ngwaga wa 2025]] Lekoko la [:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change][[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC) le nnile lekokokganetso la ntlha mo Botswana go tsaya puso morago ga phenyo ya lone mo [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa]] [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 2024]] , mme se sa fedisa dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi tsa puso ya [[:en:Botswana_Democratic_Party|lekoko la Botswana la batho ka batho]] (BDP).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMuiaZane2024|Muia &#x26; Zane 2024]]</ref> Mo puisanong ya gagwe ya ntlha ya Maemo a Setšhaba ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2024, Duma Boko o boletse gore puso ya gagwe e tla kgaratlhela go oketsa dipeeletso mo maatleng a letsatsi, [[:en:Cannabis|motokwane]] ya kalafi le mofuta wa motokwane o o lengwang ka lebaka la madirelo. O ne gape a itsise ditirisano le [[:en:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] go atolosa phitlhelelo ya mafaratlhatlha a maranyane e e teng lefatshe ka bophara ka [[:en:Starlink|Starlink]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFFrance242024|France24 2024]]</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2025, Botswana e ne ya romela sathalaete ya yone ya ntlha, e leng [[:en:BOTSAT‑1|BOTSAT‐1,]] kwa lefaufaung.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRanjan2025|Ranjan 2025]]</ref> [[:en:Duma_Boko|Boko]] o ne a tsenela go itsisiwe semmuso ga sathalaete, e e neng ya tshwarelwa kwa mafelong a [[:en:SpaceX|SpaceX]] kwa lefatsheng la United States.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNamunwa2025|Namunwa 2025]].</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Lekwalokwalo la Botswana * [[Ngwao ya Botswana|Ngwao ya Batswana]] * Dipalopalo tsa Botswana * [[Itsholelo ya Botswana]] * Thutafatshe ya Botswana * [[Ditso tsa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Borwa jwa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Gaborone]] * [[Lenaane la dikgang tse di amanang le Botswana]] * Lenaane la dingwaga mo Botswana * [[Tlhaloso ya Botswana]] * Mola wa nako wa Botswana * Mola wa nako ya Gaborone * [[Dipolotiki tsa Botswana]] == Dintlhana tse di kwa tlase == <references /> == Metswedi == === Dibuka === * Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). Culture and Customs of Botswana. Greenwood Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-313-33178-7</nowiki>. OCLC 62118271. * Gulbrandsen, Ørnulf (2012). The State and the Social: State Formation in Botswana and its Precolonial and Colonial Genealogies. Berghahn Books. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85745-298-6</nowiki>. * Hillbom, Ellen; Bolt, Jutta (2018). Botswana – A Modern Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73144-5. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-73144-5</nowiki>. * Holm, John D.; Molutsi, Patrick P. (1992). "State-Society Relations in Botswana: Beginning Liberalization". In Hydén, Göran; Bratton, Michael (eds.). Governance and Politics in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 75–95. doi:10.1515/9781685853297. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-55587-285-4</nowiki>. * Jackson, Ashley (1999). Botswana, 1939-1945: An African Country at War. Clarendon Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-820764-1</nowiki>. * Leith, James Clark (2005). Why Botswana Prospered. McGill-Queen's University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7735-2821-5</nowiki>. * Molutsi, Patrick (2004). "Botswana: The Path to Democracy and Development". In Gyimah-Boadi, E. (ed.). Democratic Reform in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 159–182. doi:10.1515/9781685857325. <nowiki>ISBN 9781685857325</nowiki>. * Nyamnjoh, Francis B. (2007). "'Ever-Diminishing Circles': The Paradoxes of Belonging in Botswana". In de la Cadena, Marisol; Starn, Orin (eds.). Indigenous Experience Today. Routledge. pp. 305–332. <nowiki>ISBN 9781003085690</nowiki>. * Rotberg, Robert I. (2023). "Botswana: Africa's Democratic Exception". Overcoming the Oppressors: White and Black in Southern Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–231. <nowiki>ISBN 9780197674239</nowiki>. * Samatar, Abdi Ismail (1999). An African Miracle: State and Class Leadership and Colonial Legacy in Botswana Development. Heinemann. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-325-00068-8</nowiki>. * Tlou, Thomas; Campbell, Alec C. (1997) [1984]. History of Botswana (2nd ed.). Macmillan Botswana. <nowiki>ISBN 9991278087</nowiki>. == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref name=":2"><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref>Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref></ref><ref name=":30"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> bce4ujgw5igwodooxz9xwmla0yo5kn0 53690 53689 2026-07-30T21:58:15Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Pre-colonial history" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366623313|History of Botswana]]" 53690 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditso tsa lefatshe la Botswana''' di akaretsa tsa bogologolo le tsa ngwao ya kgaolo, go diriwa kolone ya [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Bechuanaland Protectorate]], le go nna Republic of [[Botswana]] gompieno. Batho ba ntlha ba motlha wa gompieno go nna mo [[Botswana]] e ne e le Basarwa, temothuo e tlhabolotswe dingwaga di ka nna dikete pedi, le makgolo a mararo a a fetileng. Batho bantsho ba Bantu ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago ga loso lwa ga Keresete, fa [[Batswana]] ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago. Batswana ba ne ba kgaogana ka ditlhopha tsa merafe mo dingwageng tse di dikete tse di latelang fa diphudugo mo kgaolong di tswelela, tse di neng tsa baka [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]] mo lekgolong la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi. Go amana le lefatshe le le kgolo le le naleng dikarolo la Europe ga ntlha go diragetse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi lesome le borataro, mo go bakileng go diriwa Bakeresete ga batho ba kgaolo. Magosi a Batswana a a neng a na le thotloetso e kgolo a ne a ikopela go nna mo tlhokomelong ya lefatshe la [[United Kingdom]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le botlhano ka ba ne ba itemogela matshosetsi go tswa kwa [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German South West Africa]] le mo Maburung. Batho ba Britain ba ne ba kgaoganya kgaolo go nna merafe e kgosi nngwe le nngwe e tlaa e etelelang pele, ba a fa dikgosi maatla a a fetang a ba neng ba na le one pele, mme ba ne ba nna le taolo e e lekanetseng fela mo lefatsheng. Puso ya Britain e ne ya nna le seabe se setlhagafetseng ka dinwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la ema nokeng go tsaya karolo ga Britain mo ntweng ya bobedi ya mafatshe, bontsi ba ne ba lwa e le bontlha jwa sesole sa [[Aferika|Aforika]] sa Auxiliary Pioneer Corps. Go lwela go laola go nnile teng ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a matlhano fa gare ga Kgosi ya [[Bangwato]] [[Seretse Khama]] le motlhatlhami wa gagwe [[Tshekedi Khama]]. Go nyala mosadi wa lekgoa ebong [[Ruth Williams Khama]] ga ga Seretse, go ne ga baka gore batho ba Britain ba mo thibele go nna mo [[Botswana]]. O ne a boa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a matlhano le borataro, ka a ne a na le kemo nokeng e kgolo, merafe e ne inaakanya le puso e e tlhophilweng fa letsholo la boipuso le tlhamiwa. Molao wa lefatshe o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le motso, ga tlhamiwa diphathi tsa polotiki. Seretse o ne a nna moeteledipele wa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Bechuanaland Democratic Party]], e e neng e bueletswe ke puso ya Britain go busa morago ga boipuso, e ne ya nna le kemo nokeng e e tsitsibanyang mmele mo ditlhophong tsa ntlha tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le botlhano. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la neelwa boipuso jo bo tletseng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro. Ka maikaelelo a a nonofileng, Seretse le phathi ya gagwe ba ne ba tlhama puso ya batho ka batho ya bophirima ba simolola go tlhabolola dikago mo lefatsheng le e neng e le lengwe la a a neng a humanegile thata ka nako eo. Go ne ga lemogiwa fa go na le diteemane ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabongwe, mo go neng ga bopa sesha itsholelo ya Botswana. Kompone ya meepo ya [[Debswana]] e tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi, lefatshe la Botswana la nna la itsholelo e e golang ka bofefo thata go gaisa a mangwe mo Botswana. Phathi ya sepolotiki ya Botswana Democratic e ne ya tswelela e le yone phathi e e busang go tswa ka nako ya boipuso go fitlhelela phathi ya [[Umbrella for Democratic Change]] e fenya ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone.]] == Ditso tsa pele ga bokolone == === Ditso tsa pele === [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo Hills rock paintings4.jpg|thumb|metako ya magaga kwa Tsodilo mo ditsong tsa pele]] Lefatshe la Botswana la gompieno e ne e le sekgwa fela dingwaga di le didikadike tse di lesome tse di fitileng, dinoka di ne di le ditona go fetisa gompieno, di tshela kwa [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|letsheng la Makgadikgadi]].<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou, Thomas]]; [[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Campbell, Alec C]]. (1997) [1984]. ''[[History of Botswana]]'' (2nd&nbsp;ed.). Macmillan Botswana. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/9991278087|&nbsp;<bdi>9991278087</bdi>.]]</ref> Batho ba sebopego sa ntlha sa Homo erectus ba ne ba nna mo kgaolong eo ka motlha wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997,]] p.&nbsp;14.</ref> Didirisiwa tsa lejwe mo Botswana wa gompieno, di tshwana le dilepe, di tswa go o lowe, dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fitileng.<ref name=":4">Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). [[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|''Culture and Customs of Botswana''.]] Greenwood Press. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33178-7|<bdi>978-0-313-33178-7</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#Identifiers_and_linked_data|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/title/62118271 62118271.]</ref><ref name=":0">Klehm, Carla (28 June 2021). "Archaeology of Botswana". ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History''. doi:[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61663/chapter/553401196 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.792]. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4|<bdi>978-0-19-027773-4</bdi>.]]</ref> Phudugo go ya sekakeng sa Kalahari go akanyediwa fa e diragetse pele ga legato la borataro dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro tse di fitileng.<ref name=":0" /> Letsha la Makgadikgadi le simolotse go fokotsega dingwaga di le dikete di le masome matlhano tse di fitileng.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;17.]]</ref> Bagolagolwane ba merafe e e sa amaneng ka gope ba ba bidiwang Basarwa fa ba kgobokantswe, ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome mane go tsena masome a mararo tse di fitileng. Ba ka tswa e le bone batho ba ntlha go nna mo motlheng wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&nbsp;18, 23.</ref> Ba ne ba itlhoma go bapa le dinoka ka dipaka tsa komelelo, mme ba phatlalale le kgaolo ka nako ya dipula.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&nbsp;24.</ref>Go ne go itsewe fa ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikaganyeditseng [[letsha la Makgadikgadi]], ga mmogo le [[Tsodilo]] le GI.<ref name=":1">[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;xv.</ref> Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba [[Nata]], Shua le Xani, go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref name=":2">Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;23.</ref>[[:en:Rock_art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse masome a mararo tse di fetileng,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Meepo ya specularite le hematite e simolotse ka nako e go tlhama dipente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;48.</ref> Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a leruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome mabedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":1" /> Thuto e e tseneletseng ya Aforika e e kwa borwa mo [[:en:Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Matlapa]] e ntse e lekanyeditswe.<ref name=":0" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[:en:Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba sala ka ditlhopha tse dinnye mme ba dira kgwebo le ba bangwe.<ref name=":2" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere tshimo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monna yo mogolo wa lelapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tse dikgolo, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela le go tshwara diphologolo tse dinnye.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Ditlhopha di ne di nyalana mme di dirisa thulaganyo ya magadi, xaro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete tse tse di fetileng, batho ba kgaolo eo ba ne ba tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana wa gompieno mme ba simolola go dira dinkgwana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;8.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;28.</ref>Temothuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga le go wela tlase fa seemo sa loapi le ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo di ne di dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;29–30.</ref>Gareng ga dijalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[:en:Pearl_millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[:en:Sorghum|mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[:en:Cowpea|dinawa tsa kgomo]], le dimela tsa lelapa la [[:en:Cucurbitaceae|cucurbits]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba Bantu ba ne ba [[:en:Bantu_expansion|fudugela kwa kgaolong]] e dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi le dingwaga dile selete le makgolo a matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong leno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;22–24, 28.</ref> [[:en:Kalanga_people|Batho ba Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba goroga c. 200 C.E.<ref name=":3">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Bagologolwane ba morafe wa ntlha wa [[:en:Tswana_people|Batswana]] (bongwe ''Motswana'', bontsi ''Batswana'') go fopholediwa fa ba gorogile c. 400 C.E.<ref name=":3" /> Batho ba ba Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didirisiwa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna mo ditseleng tsa metsi tsa leruri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;9.</ref> Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a leruri a matlo a ka nna lesome go fitlhela lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Pole-and-daga|dipale le mmu]] nngwe le nngwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa Khoisan e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;44–45.</ref> BaKhoisan le Bantu ba ka tswa ba ne ba gweba le go nyalana mo pakeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;36.</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlhela ka lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga === Setlhopha sa batho ba Zhizo, batho ba Taukome, ba ne ba goroga mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme ba nna fa gare ga [[:en:Shashe_River|Noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|Noka ya Serorome]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref><ref name=":5">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;10.</ref> Go nna le [[:en:Glass_bead|dipheta tsa galase]] go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo ya Lewatle la India]].<ref name=":5" /> Palo ya leruo le le ruiwang mo Botswana wa gompieno e ne ya oketsega thata fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa borobabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":4" /> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso ya morafe, e e bidiwang ''morafe'' (bontsi merafe), mongwe le mongwe o eteletswe pele ke kgosi e e bidiwang ''[[:en:Kgosi|kgosi]]'' (bontsi dikgosi).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Tsamaiso e e ne ya tlhagisa puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le tse dingwe mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;40.</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong, mme go nna mong wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho.<ref name=":6">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;11.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ditso tsa bogologolo tsa batho ba Tswana e sa ntse e sa itsiwe thata ka gonne go setse bosupi jo bonnye jwa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo.<ref name=":3" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Sekaka sa Kalahari]] ka makgolo ale borobabongwe morago ga ga Keresete,<ref name=":1" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong le le latelang la dingwaga, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng kwa Lewatleng la India.<ref name=":6" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Bangwe ba batho ba Eiland ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa ya gompieno go tsena mo Botswana wa gompieno mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Batho ba Toutswe, ba bangwe ba morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, ba bona khumo ya bona ka go nna le dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;13.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Go ne ga agiwa metse e meraro ya Ba-Toutswe kwa [[:en:Bosutswe|Bosutswe]], Sung, le [[:en:Toutswemogala|Toutswemogala]], mongwe le mongwe wa bone o ne o busa metse e mennye e e neng e e dikologile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 12, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba anametse kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;60.</ref> Boleng jwa ditlhagiswa bo ne jwa fetogafetoga fa kgwebisano e ntse e atolosiwa le ditšhaba di sele mme go ribololwa ga gauta go ne ga diragala, go fokotsa kgatlhego mo ditlhagisweng tsa sebilo le tsa diphologolo jaaka lonaka lwa tlou.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;27–28.</ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":7">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Merafe e e kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditiragalo tse mme e ne ya sala e sa amege thata.<ref name=":8">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Baagisani ba Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe le wa lesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard's Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":9">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> <ref name=":10">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;61.</ref>Ba tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[:en:Bambandyanalo|Bambandyanalo]], ba ne ba nna batho ba bagolo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe kwa ba neng ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;67–68.</ref> Ba ne ba bonela pele tlhotlheletso go ralala kgaolo fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> Batho ba Okavango Delta le batho ba Tsodilo mme morago ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bodulo mo nakong e, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke batho ba Khoe fela ba ba neng ba nna mo lefelong leo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou & Campbell 1997]], pp. 46, 81.</ref>Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro,<ref name=":11">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;14.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa mo nako e le nngwe.<ref name=":10" />Batho ba Mambo ba ne ba nna go dikologa [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]] ya gompieno mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo tikologong ya nako e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Batho ba segompieno ba Tswana, [[:en:Khalagari_people|Khalagari]], le [[:en:Sotho_people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo e ka nnang ka lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":12">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Ba-Khalagari ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana.<ref name=":13">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Batho ba Fokeng le bone ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi,<ref name=":14">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;93.</ref> mme batho ba Moloko ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro.<ref name=":12" /> Morafe wa tshimologo wa BaTswana, losika lwa bogosi lwa Phofu, o tlhodilwe kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro ke Mogale. Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, e ne ya kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa le merafe ya Bahurutshe, [[:en:Kwena_people|Kwena]], [[:en:Ngwaketse_people|Ngwaketse]], [[:en:Ngwato_people|Ngwato]], Tlharo, le batho ba ba [[:en:Ngwato_people|Kgatla]].<ref name=":13" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa ema mo boemong jwa Mapungubwe e le maatla a kgaolo ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro fa batho ba Gumanye ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[:en:Great_Zimbabwe|Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le le botlhokwa le ditsompelo tsa yone le go nna gaufi le lebopo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;77–78.</ref> Zimbabwe e ne e laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le teng mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana,<ref name=":15">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvi.</ref> mme kgwebisano ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo eo.<ref name=":11" /> Zimbabwe e ne e latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga, mme e ne ya wela mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Dinaga tse dingwe di le mmalwa di ne tsa tlhagelela morago ga go wa ga yone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo neng jwa bopiwa ke [[:en:Kalanga_people|merafe ya Kalanga]], bo ne jwa tsaya maemo a Zimbabwe mo molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;98–100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana le [[:en:Pedi_people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bone<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> mme [[:en:Rolong_people|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Morolong.<ref name=":13" /> Kgosi Masilo go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya bophirima jwa Tswana ka nako e, go fitlhela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga moo go bolelwa fa lefelo le le ne le busiwa ke Malope kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":14" /> === Lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell - Thlapingkaptein en sy vrou.png|thumb|Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1800]] Batho ba baTswana ba ne ba fuduga fa gare ga Botswana wa gompieno ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke batho ba naga le batho ba mmuso wa ga mmamosadinyana go tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":16">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;19.</ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga sekete le makgolo a le marataro.<ref name=":17">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, losika lwa ga Phofu, lo ne lwa wela tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;104.</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la lesome le botlhano le la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":11" /> Batho ba ba Kalanga ba ne ba laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[:en:Motloutse_River|Noka ya Motloutse]] le [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Letsha la Makgadikgadi]] go fitlhela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabobedi.<ref name=":7" /> Batho ba Hurutshe, Kgatla, le Kwena ba ne ba kgaogana le losika lwa segosi lwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo gare ga komelelo le dintwa tsa boswa, mme kgabagare ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;10.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Batho ba Ngwaketse le ba Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le boraro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;105.</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo ba ne ba nna mo Motlheng wa Bofelo wa Leje go fitlha mo e ka nnang mo lekgolong la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;22.</ref> Batho ba Botswana wa gompieno ba simolodistse ditsela tse di telle tsa motsamao ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa, e tsamaelwa dikilometara tse makgolo go rekisa,go tsoma le go itsalanya le batho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;108–109.</ref>Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana motlhofo abo e ipopa ka bongwe go tswa mo go ba bangwe ka gore dithoto tse dipotlana , le leruo tsa lefelo ne di kgona go tsmaisiwa motlhofo.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":16" />Merafe ya botlhabatsatsi e ne e tshabellwa ke go kgaogana ka ntlha ya seele se se tona gareng ga toropo le ditshimo.<ref name=":18">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;392.</ref>Kgaogano gareng ga ditlhopa tsa baTswana e nnile mo gareng ga ngwagakgolong ya lesome le bosupa, e tlhalosa merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":19">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;106.</ref>Merafe ya baTswana ba botlhabatsatsi e ne e nna e le maikaelelo a dintwa tsa [[:en:Griqua_people|batho ba Griqua]].<ref name=":18" /> Fa batho ba baTswana ba tswa bokone go ya Botswana wa borwa-bophirima wa segompieno ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa , ba ne ba nna mo metseng e e neng e nna batho ba Kgalagari, ba ba tshwaetsa kgotsa ba ba ntsha. Batho ba ba Kwena le merafe ya bone ya lekala ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa segompieno ka fa tlase ga taolo ya [[:en:Kgabo_II|Kgabo wa bobedi]] ba bo ba nna gaufi le motse wa [[:en:Molepolole|Molepolole]].<ref name=":19" />Go ya ka setso sa molomo, bapatole ba e leng batho ba Herero le Mbanderu ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathung ba Mbunda ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bosupa fa ntwa tsa leruo la batswana le ne le phatlalatsa ditlhopa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> le batho ba Bayeyi ba ne ba fudugela kwa Okavango Delta go ya kwa nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;8.</ref>Mo mafelong a mangwe, batho ba Kaa ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathong ba Rolong le batho ba Khurutse ba kgaogana le batho ba Bahurutshe, fa ditlhopa tsotlhe di fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":20">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;107.</ref>Batho ba Bashaga ba ne ba kopana le batho ba Kgalagari ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;110.</ref> State sa ntlha sa Tswana se tlhamilwe ke batho ba Ngwaketse bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi. Si state tse dingwe tsa Tswana di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka go latelana ke batho ba ba Kwena, batho ba Ngwato le batho ba ba Tawana mo dingwageng tse lesome tse nne di latela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;113.</ref> Ka se go ne ga tla ditlhabololo tsa ''mophato (''bontsi ''mephato),'' mephato ya sesole e e rulagantsweng k a dingwaga tsa setlhopa, gareng ga batho ba Tswana ba bophirima mo dingwageng tsa sekete le makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano''.''<ref name=":21">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;386.</ref>Batho ba le babedi ba Kgatla , batho ba Kgafela le batho ba ba Tlokwa, ba tsene mo nakong e ba bo ba tsaa taolo mo tikologong ya [[:en:Pilanesberg|Pilanesberg]] mo Aforika Borewng wa segompieno. Ba ne ba laola ka thata bontsi jwa batho mo lefelong leo mme ebile ba fentse dintwa tse pedi le batho ba Fokeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;390–391.</ref>Tiriso ya mephato e ne ya phatlatsega kwa bathong ba Tswana ba kwa botlhaba kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":21" />E ne e sa amogelwa go phutologilwe mo borwa === Difaqane === [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]], nako ya dintwa le phuduso mo borwa jwa Aforika , e diragetse kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi le tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;17.</ref> Mo nakong ye, batho ba baTswana ba ne ba le mo '''kgonegong''' ya dintwa ke ditlhopa di le dintsi ,di akaretsa [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Ndebele]], ba [[:en:Kololo_people|Kololo]], ba [[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]],<ref name=":8" /> ba Pedi, le ba [[:en:Voortrekker|Voortrekkers]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;391.</ref>Bontsi jwa ditlhopa tsa ba Tswana di itlhopetse go boela morago ko ntlheng ga go lwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;394.</ref>Sese ne sa trigger phudugo e e extensive e e ralalang lefelo, go baka gore morafe wa ba Tswana o phatlalale thata abo o simolodisa bolengteng jo bo nonofileng gareng ga territory ya Botswana wa segompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo [[:en:Hardveld|nageng e e thata]] e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Batho ba Kwena le ba Ngwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa motseng wa [[:en:South_African_Republic|Transvaal]] go ya kwa ''lefelong la motlhaba''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;18.</ref> Batho ba ntlha wa Kgatla go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, batho ba Mmanaana, o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[:en:Moshupa|Moshupa]] le [[:en:Thamaga|Thamaga]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53, 56.</ref> Ke fela bangwe ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba bolokwa mo go fudugeng kgotsa mo go kgorelediweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;393.</ref> Batho ba Kololo ba ne ba tlhasela merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa 1826, ba pateletsa BaKwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bona ka go farologana. Sebogo, molaodi wa morafe wa Ngwaketse, o ne a tsosa banna ba le dikete dile nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa Dithubaruba kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ba bolaya batlhabani le baagi, ba kobela ruri Bakololo mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;393–394.</ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma dinaga tsa yone gape ka dingwaga tsa bo 1840, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;31.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;693.</ref><ref name=":22">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;114.</ref> Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[:en:Kgotla|kgotla]]'', kopano ya dipuisano e mo go yone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a utlwa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagi ba banna pele a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref name=":34">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;695.</ref><ref name=":23">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1880, batho ba Tswana le ba Khalagari ba ne ba dirile Botswana yotlhe ya gompieno dikolone.<ref name=":20" /> === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe ba ne ba goroga lantlha mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|London Missionary Society]]. Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa dira go fetolela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":24">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Morongwa [[:en:Robert_Moffat_(missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya motse wa gagwe wa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa Botswana wa gompieno jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le Maburu gore ba se ka ba kgona go ya kwa teng.<ref name=":8" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a ne a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekeresete le go kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente e Kgologolo le e Ntšhwa ka bobedi di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa 1857.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;57, 65.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgopolo di le mmalwa tsa itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aforika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''mafisa'' ya bahumi ba adima bahumanegi dikgomo go ba ananya ka tiro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;701.</ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya dithoto tse di fhapegileng ka bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe , mme banna ba ba nyetsweng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le tshwanelo ya ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;698.</ref> Banna ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref> Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se lengwa thata mo kgaolong eo mo lekgolong la lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela komelelo e ne e raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Bagwebi ba lefatshe la Britain ba gorogile ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":24" /> Go tla ga baagi ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe ba ba neng ba nna gaufi le foo go ne ga dira gore merafe ya Batswana e kgone go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Sechele_I|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_I|wa ntlha]] wa batho ba Bakwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya lefatshe la Britain ya morafe wa gagwe.<ref name=":22" /> Morongwa wa kwa Scotland e bong [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o ne a goroga mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma lekgotla la [[:en:Kolobeng_Mission|Kolobeng Mission]]. Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe mo go bokete ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe mo merafeng ya Batswana fa ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano tsa dikontinente tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":15" /> Moaparo wa Bophirima o ne wa amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala ngwagakgolo otlhe mme o kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;120–121.</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a fa batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu.<ref name=":25">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa batho ba Kalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba lebana le kgotlhang go tswa mo ditlhopheng tse dingwe mo kgaolong, mme ya goroga kwa setlhoeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1850. Batswana ba le bantsi, bogolosegolo merafe ya Kwena le Ngwato, ba ne ba lwa kgatlhanong le merafe ya Maaforikanere le ya MaZulu kwa botlhaba jwa Sekaka sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;195.</ref> Ba-Kwena le Ba-Mmanaana ba ne ba lwantsha Maburu go tswa kwa Transvaal ka ngwaga wa 1852, ba sireletsa kgaolo ya bone mme ba fedisa go atologa ga setšhaba go ya kwa bophirima.<ref name=":26">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;396.</ref> Batswana ba ne ba bona ditlhopha tsa barongwa e le tsela ya go tshabela mo batlhaseding, ba rotloetsa go sokologela mo Bokereseteng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Sechele o ne a kopa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Britain ka 1853 go fedisa dintwa tsa kgaolo, mme o ne a ganwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;107.</ref> Baeng ba Europa ba ne ba tlwaelesegile thata mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga fa batsomi, batlhotlhomisi, le bagwebi ba ne ba batla dipoelo le go bona dilo tse di kgatlhang mo kgaolong eo.<ref name=":25" /> Ba le bantsi ba ne ba kwala [[:en:Travel_book|dibuka tsa maeto]] ka ga lefelo leo, tse e neng e le dingwe tsa dikgatiso fela tse e seng tsa thuto ka ga Botswana wa gompieno ka nako eo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;65–66.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1860, go fuduga go tswa mo kgaolong go ne ga oketsega fa banna ba Batswana ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya go bereka kwa meepong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Go ribololwa ga Masimo a [[:en:Tati_Goldfields|Gauta a Tati]] go ne ga tsosa go batla gauta ga ntlha ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe kwa Borwa jwa Aforika ka ngwaga wa 1868.<ref name=":24" /> Kampa ya pele ya meepo e e neng ya tlhongwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1870 e ne ya atologa thata fa e ne e nna lefelo le legolo la terena fa gare ga [[:en:Cape_Province|kgaolo ya Cape]] le [[:en:Bulawayo|Bulawayo]], mme ya nna toropokgolo ya ntlha ya Botswana, e leng [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;15, 29.</ref> Mo nakong e mo hisitoring ya Botswana, dikgosi tse dikgolo tsotlhe e ne e le Bakeresete.[92] Ntwa magareng ga Bakwena le BaKgafela ka ngwaga wa 1875.<ref name=":26" />Kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga di le lesome, kgosi [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa batho ba Ngwato o ne a gapa taolo ya kgwebisano ya Borithane mo bathong ba Kwena.<ref name=":22" /> == Tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland == ''Setlhogo se segolo: [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]'' Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e oketsegang ya lefatshe la Germany mo kgaolong, mme e ne ya dumela go bopa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]].<ref name=":27">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom & Bolt 2018]], p. 40.</ref><ref name=":28">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Makgowa a Britain a ne a eletsa go somarela tlhotlheletso ya yone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka a ne a neelana ka kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aforika.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Dikgosi tsa Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane ya Aforika Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maaforikaner]],<ref name=":29">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;161.</ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ya taolo ya Borithane e ne e le bokoloniale jwa baagi ke Jeremane.<ref name=":30">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;694.</ref> Ba ne ba eletsa gape go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Aforika Borwa kgotsa moeteledipele wa meepo [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa tshireletso e santse e iphitlhela e ikaegile ka Aforika Borwa mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe go nna lefatshe la merafe le le busiwang ke dikgosi le [[:en:Crown_land|lefatshe la segosi]] le le laolwang ke United Kingdom.<ref name=":29" /> Merafe e borobarobedi e ne ya amogelwa ke Maesemane fa go ne go tlhodiwa protectorate. Tse nne tse dikgolo di ne tsa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe: Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Gape go ne ga lemogiwa tse tharo tse dinnye: tsa Kgatla, tsa [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Tlokwa]] le tsa ga [[:en:Malete_people|Malete]]. Ba borobedi, ba Tshidi, ba ne ba fiwa lefelo la polokelo le le kgabaganyang molelwane magareng ga naga e e sireleditsweng le Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;30n1.</ref> Fa maloko a merafe e mennye e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe tsa bona.<ref name=":17" /> Go tsenngwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola mofuta wa puso ya Motswana, ka merafe e ne e sa tlhalosiwe thata mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka dikgaolo di kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;46–47.</ref><ref name=":31">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;24.</ref> Tshireletso kwa tshimologong e ne ya atologela kwa Ngwato, e fitlha go tswa go didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa go ya kwa [[:en:Molopo_River|Nokeng ya Molopo]], mme e ne ya atolosiwa go ya kwa didikiriing di le lesome le borobabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhela kwa Nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwaga wa 1890.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;30.</ref>Se se ne sa tlamela Maborithane ka badiri ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya yona mme sa bopa sekgoreletsi se segolo sa go lekanyetsa bokoloniale jwa Jeremane.<ref name=":32" /> Batho ba bangwe ba Tswana ba ne ba nna kwa borwa jwa tshireletso mme moragonyana ba ne ba tsenngwa mo Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":28" /> Batho ba ga Kgafela ba ne ba nna kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa 1887. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna seka-Kgatla.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53.</ref>Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa 1891 go tlhoma tshireletso semmuso.<ref name=":29" /> Puso ya yone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa mookamedi go nna tlhogo ya yone. Mookamedi o ne a fiwa dithata tse di anameng mo tshireletsong, fa fela a ne a tlotla molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> Motsemogolo wa yone e ne e le toropo ya Aforika Borwa ya Vryburg, go supa gore babusi ba bokoloniale ba ne ba sa nne mo tshireletsong mme ba ne ba sa amege ka tlhamalalo mo mererong ya yona.<ref name=":33">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;41.</ref>Go na le moo, mookamedi yo mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusa-baokamedi ba babedi, mme mookamedi wa kgaolo o ne a tlhofofatsa go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":35">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Go tsenngwa ga puso ya Borithane mo Aforikaborwa go ne go raya gore Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne e ikaegile ka yona mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;162.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore Bechuanaland Protectorate ke setheo sa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore e tla tloga e tsewa ke kolone ya Borithane.<ref name=":37">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;115.</ref> Fa go ntse jalo, e ne e dumela gore tshireletso e e kgonang go itshedisa e tla ja madi a mannye go e tlhokomela.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":41">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;108.</ref> Ka ntlha ya mabaka a, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya gapeletsa taolo e nnye fela e e tlhamaletseng ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland.<ref name=":23" /> Dikgosi di ne di akola dikgang tse mme tsa kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jo bo anameng, fela tshegetso ya bokoloniale e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka tumelelo ya merafe go tshegetsa puso.<ref name=":36">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;41–42.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;66–67.</ref>[ Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya seemanosi, se se neng sa baka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho le go tlhaola basadi le merafe e mennye.<ref name=":38">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;161–162.</ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa tshireletso === {{Multiple image|total_width=300|image1=Chief-khama-III.jpg|image2=Sebele I by Fritsch 1865.jpg|image3=Bathoen I in london1895.jpg|footer=Khama III, Sebele I le Bathoen I, ba ba neng ba kgona go tlhotlheletsa puso ya Borithane gore e se ka ya tsenya Bechuanaland Protectorate mo taolong ya Khamphani ya British South Africa.|direction=Horizontal}} Batho ba lefatshe la Britain ba ne a rulagantse gore kwa bofelong ba akaretse Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland mo Kopanong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":31" /> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso, United Kingdom e ne ya tsena mo dipuisanong le Cecil Rhodes go e tsenya mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aforika Borwa ya Borithane]].<ref name=":27" /> Fa ba araba, dikgosi tse tharo tse di nang le tlhotlheletso thata—Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, Sebele Iwa ntlha wa Ba-Kwena, le Bathoen wa ntlha wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto lwa bodipolomate go ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa1895 mme ba dira gore puso e se ka ya wetsa tumalano eo.<ref name=":33" /><ref name=":39">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvii.</ref>Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di dirisanang le makgoa a lefatshe la Briritsh jaaka setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref name=":40">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> mme sa kwala batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka setšhaba se le sengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[:en:Jameson_Raid|Jameson Raid]] ka yone e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba makgowa a lefatshe la British marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;30–31.</ref> Go ketekwa ga dikgosi tse go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aforika: ''Khamé'', ''Sebéle'' le ''Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa lefatshe la London ka one ngwaga oo. Mokwalo o o [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhagisitse tlhamane]] e e simolotseng ya gore merafe ya bone e meraro ka go farologana e tlhodilwe ke bakaulengwe ba bararo.<ref name=":42">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;670.</ref> Gape ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropong e nngwe ya Aforika Borwa, [[:en:Mafeking|Mafeking]],<ref name=":33" />mme kompone ya Marope a Bogologolo e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marope a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go batla gauta.<ref name=":32" /> Tshireletso e ne ya amiwa thata ke go runya ga bolwane mo diphologolong ya Aforika ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, ya latlhegelwa ke dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa leruo la yona le diphologolo tsa naga.<ref name=":39" /> [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|Seporo sa tshireletso se agilwe ka]] [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|ngwaga wa 1897]] jaaka mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tsosa [[:en:Pioneer_Column|setlhopa sa Babulatsela]] go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa Ngwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole.<ref name=":43">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la [[:en:Jameson_Raid|tlhaselo ya ga Jameson]] ka 1896.<ref name=":39" /> Morafe wa Kgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya [[:en:Boer_War|Ntwa ya Maburu]], o lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane.<ref name=":43" /> Itsholelo ya pele ya bokoloniale ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne ya nna e tshwana thata le itsholelo ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref /> United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata naga ya tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e fa Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka mo meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;42.</ref> Makgetho le one a ne a tsenngwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la ntlwana]] ka ngwaga wa 1899, le le neng la emisediwa ka [[:en:Poll_tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa 1909.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Lekgetho la selegae le ne la tsenngwa moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 1919.<ref name=":44">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;31.</ref>Makgetho a bokoloniale kwa Tshireletsong ya Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme se sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagi go ba rotloetsa go nna.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;43–44.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la akanyetsa go kopanya tshireletso mo Aforika Borwa jaaka e ne e [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|kopanya dikoloni tsa yona tsa borwa jwa Aforika]], fela kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":39" /> ya kopana ka ngwaga wa 1910.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;137.</ref> Boloko bo ne bo dira gore tshireletso e nne le karolo tse pedi mo lekgolong fela ya lotseno lwa bokopano.<ref name=":44" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1910, merafe yotlhe ya Batswana e ne e amogetse Bokeresete.<ref name=":24" />Bechuanaland e ne ya romela masole a le makgolo a le mmalwa go thusa Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya [[:en:World_War_I|Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya ntlha]].<ref name=":43" /> Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o ne wa iphitlhela o wela tlase ka nako eo, mme ka iketlo o ne wa latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso mo pusong e e neng e sireleditswe.<ref name=":42" /> [[:en:Sebele_II|Sebele wa bobedi]] o ne a nna kgosi ya Kwena ka ngwaga wa 1918, a tlhatlhama rraagwe, [[:en:Sechele_II|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_II|wa bobedi]]. Sechele II o ne a thulana le Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o o neng o laola, a letlelela go nna teng ga Anglican le go busetsa mekgwa e mentsi ya setso e e jaaka go nyala basadi ba le bantsi, go dira pula le ''[[:en:Bogwera|bogwera]]''. Sebele II o ne a tswelela ka kgwetlho ya ga rraagwe kwa Mokgatlhong wa Barongwa wa London, go ngongorega ga puso ya Borithane.<ref /> Puso e e gabedi ya dikgosi le tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya dira gore tsamaiso e nne thata, ka jalo tsamaiso e ne ya tlhama makgotla a mabedi a bagakolodi go lekalekanya balaodi bao.<ref name=":44" /> Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana (moragonyana Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Aforika) le ne la tlhongwa ka ngwagawa 1919.<ref name=":35" />Kopano e ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya dikgosi le batho ba bangwe ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso mo tshireletsong e ne ya letla puso ya Borithane go utlwa le go laola merafe mmogo go na le ka bongwe.[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;47–49.</ref>] Khama wa boraro wa Ngwato o ne a gana go tsaya karolo, a supa bokoa jwa tiragatso ya thibelo ya bojalwa mo morafeng wa borwa. Khama wa boraro o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1923<ref name=":45">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;230.</ref> mme a tlhatlhangwa ke [[:en:Sekgoma_II|Sekgoma]] [[:en:Sekgoma_II|wa bobedi]], yo o neng a direla go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1926.<ref name=":45" /> Morwa wa ga Sekgoma e bong [[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] o ne a sa ntse a le lesea, ka jalo [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama|Tshekedi Khama]] o ne a nna mmusi.<ref name=":46">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Tshekedi o ne a lemogwa jaaka moemedi wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> Fa Seretse a ntse a gola, Tshekedi o ne a gatelela gore a fiwe [[:en:Liberal_education|thuto e e gololesegileng]] go na le gore a romelwe kwa sekolong sa madirelo sa Rhodesia.<ref>Samatar 1999, p.&#x20;179.</ref> === Tlhabololo le tlhotlheletso e e oketsegileng ya Borithane === Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920, kgosi Isang Pilane wa batho ba Kgatla o ne a okametse sekema sa ntlha se segolo sa tlhabololo ya metsi sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland , a dira gore go epiwe metswedi ya metsi e le lesomethataro, mme di le supa tsa tsone di ne tsa nna ditlamelo tsa metsi tse di atlegileng. Tse e ne tsa tlwaelega thata mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang fa puso ya Borithane e ne e kgatlhegela go atolosa itsholelo ya tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;70.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930, Isang Pilane le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana ba ne ba dira gore dikhuti di nne tse di hapegileng, ka gonne di ne di sa tlhokomelwe ka fa tlase ga bong jo bo kopanetsweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], pp.&#x20;699–700.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya nna teng mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1930, ya bolaya go feta karolo ya masome a marataro mo lekgolong ya dikgomo tsa tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne ya tsaya karolo e e matlhagatlhaga mo pusong ya tshireletso go simolola ka ngwaga wa 1930.<ref name=":47">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;58.</ref><ref name=":41" />Mo ngwageng oo, e ne ya simolola go tlamela ka matlole ka tlhamalalo go tshireletso.<ref name=":48">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Charles Rey o ne a tlhomiwa go nna molaodi wa Moagi wa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, mme o ne a na le maikarabelo a go rulaganya itsholelo sešwa go dikologa dikgomo tsa go romelwa kwa ntle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;55–56.</ref> Maiteko a go fetola tshireletso go ya kwa tlhabololong ya meepo le temothuo ya kgwebo a ne a lekwa mme a bona a kgarametswa morago go tswa mo dikgosing.<ref name=":37" /> Molaodi wa Moagi Rey o ne a thulana le kgosi Sebele wa bobedi, mme a dira gore a lelekwe ka 1931. Sebele II o ne a emisediwa ka morwarraagwe yo mmotlana, Kgari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dikgato tse dingwe di ne tsa lekwa ke puso ya Borithane ka 1934 go thibela maatla a a sa laolweng a dikgosi morago ga go menolwa ga ga Sebele II. Dikgato tseno di ne tsa laela makgotla a bagakolodi a dikgosi di neng di tshwanetse go buisana le one mme di ne di batla gore puso ya Borithane e newe phitlhelelo ya direkoto tsa kgotlatshekelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;69–70.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;49.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Bathoen_II|Bathoen wa bobedi]] wa Ngwaketse le moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao mo maitekong a. Le fa kgotlatshekelo ya Borithane e ne ya atlhola kgatlhanong le kgwetlho, dipholisi tse dišwa ga di ise di ko di tsenngwe tirisong ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;72–73.</ref><ref name=":49">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Dithibelo tse dingwe di ne tsa amogelwa ka kgoeletso ya bokoloniale go lekanyetsa bokgoni jwa dikgosi go lefisa makgetho le go gapa dikgomo tse di timetseng.<ref name=":39" /> Molaodi yo mošwa wa baagi, [[:en:Charles_Arden-Clarke|Charles Arden-Clarke]], o ne a tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1936 mme a dira gaufi le dikgosi.<ref name=":49" /> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe II === Dipoifo tsa tlhaselo ya Jeremane kwa Bechuanaland di ne tsa gola pele ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi ka ntlha ya boemo jwa yone jwa togamaano fa gare ga dikoloni tsa Boritane tse di fa gare le tse di kwa borwa mo Aforika. Malatsi a le lesome le bongwe pele ga ntwa e itsisiwe, puso ya Borithane e ne ya tlhagisa naga e e sireleditsweng gore e nne e le mo seemong se se siameng, mme masole a sesole a ne a rulaganngwa. Malatsi a le manè morago ga gore Borithane e bolele ntwa kgatlhanong le lefatshe la Germany, Molaodi wa Moagi Arden-Clarke o ne a tshwara kopano le dikgosi kwa ba neng ba solofetsa go tshegetsa maiteko a ntwa ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> Letsatsi le le latelang, khomišene e kgolo e ne ya ntsha kgoeletso ya [[:en:Emergency_powers|dithata tsa tshoganyetso]] tse di neng tsa e fa taolo e e feletseng mo tirong ya setšhaba mo tshireletsong, fela dikgosi di ne tsa itsisiwe gore di tla nna le maikarabelo a bontsi jwa tiragatso le go boloka kagiso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;33–34.</ref> Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi di ne di batlile go se go nne le tshusumetso epe mo bathong ba Bechuanaland, mme bontsi bo ne bo na le kakanyo e e sa tlhamalalang fela ya gore ntwa e ne e le teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya ngotlega fa palo e kgolo ya baagi ba basweu ba ne ba ikwadisa mo Sesoleng sa Boritane. Ba ba neng ba setse ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo mo thulaganyong ya tshireletsego fa go ka direga gore borwa jwa Aforika bo nne letlhakore le lengwe mo ntweng.<ref name=":50">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;35.</ref> Kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa dikgosi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya rotloetsa Batswana ba ba neng ba eletsa go direla le Sesole sa Borithane go ikwadisa le Sesole sa Batswana sa Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Banna ba Batswana ba ka nna makgolo a supa ba ne ba ikwadisa le setlhopha seno.<ref name=":51">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Go tlhokomela Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland go ne ga nna selo se se kwa tlase mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya Kwelotlase e Kgolo ya itsholelo le Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi,<ref name=":41" /> mme tshireletso ga e a ka ya amogela matlole ape go tswa kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":48" /> Mmusomogolo wa Borithane o ne o na le taolo e nnye mo Bechuanaland fa o bapisiwa le dikgaolo tsa one tse dingwe, mme maiteko a Borithane a go laola tlhagiso ya nako ya ntwa mo tshireletsong a ne a sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;124.</ref> Ntwa e ne ya fetola thata itsholelo ya tshireletso fa e ntse e tswelela, ya tlhagisa tlhaelo, go aba dijo, le ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> [[:en:Profiteering|Go dira dipoelo]] le go [[:en:Price_gouging|fokotsa ditlhwatlhwa]] go ne go tlwaelesegile, mme puso ya bokoloniale, e e neng e sa kgone go gagamatsa [[:en:Price_control|ditaolo tsa ditlhwatlhwa]], e ne ya dirisa [[:en:Gentlemen's_agreement|ditumalano tsa banna]] le bagwebi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;138.</ref> Makgetho a ne a tlhatlosiwa mme mananeo a Letlole la Tlhabololo ya Bokoloniale di ne tsa fokodiwa kwa tshimologong ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi go tlhoma boipuso jwa matlole go tswa mo mmusomogolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;125–126.</ref> Kgoeletso ya Taolo ya Madirelo a Leruo ya ntlha ya ngwaga wa 1940 e ne ya fetisiwa go duedisa dikgomo lekgetho, madirelo a a magolo a tshireletso, mme fela e ne ya kopana le kganetso e e boitshegang go tswa kwa Batswaneng le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la kaorolokgolong ya lefatsa ya Europe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> Letlole la ntwa le ne le dira kwa Bechuanaland, mme le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le solohetse gore meneelo e nne ya boithaopo, dikgosi di ne tsa dirisa taolo ya tsone mo merafeng ya tsone go pateletsa meneelo. E ne ya emisediwa ka lekgetho ka ngwaga wa1941, fela se se ne se sa ratwe thata mme sa itshupa se le thata go se diragatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;128–131.</ref> === Botsayakarolo jwa Batswana mo Ntweng ya Lefatshe II === [[Setshwantsho:Bechuanaland Boys cleaning Aa Guns in the Twilight after Action, Syracuse, Sicily Art.IWMARTLD4576.jpg|thumb|Basimane ba Bechuanaland ba phepafatsa Ditlhobolo tsa Aa mo Lefifing morago ga Tiragalo, Syracuse, Sicily, tiro ya botaki ya 1944 e e dirilweng ke [[:en:Leslie_Cole_(artist)|Leslie Cole]]]] Go thapiwa ga sesole go simolotse kwa Bechuanaland ka ngwaga wa 1941.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;34–35.</ref> Banna ba ka nna dikete tse tlhano le makgolo a matlhano ba ne ba katisiwa mme ba romelwa kwa ntweng mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse thataro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Banna ba bangwe ba Batswana ba le dikete tse tlhano ba ne ba tsenelela ntwa ka ngwaga wa 1942.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ka kakaretso, masole a ka nna dikete tse lesome le bongwe go tswa kwa Bechuanaland a ne a lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":50" /> Ba feta dikete tse lesome ba bone ba ne ba direla mo Sesoleng sa Boritane sa [[:en:African_Auxiliary_Pioneer_Corps|Babulatsela ba ba Thusang ba Aforika]].<ref name=":51" /> Dikgosi ka tlwaelo di ne di na le tshwanelo ya go [[:en:Conscript|kwadisa]] masole, mme di ne di itlhokomolosa dikeletso tsa puso ya bokoloniale tsa gore tirelo ya sesole e nne ya boithaopo gotlhelele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;44–46.</ref> Moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato o ne a dira gore a se ka a ratwa ke batho ka go dirisa go tsenngwa mo sesoleng jaaka sedirisiwa sa taolo, a go dirisa sebetsa go didimatsa batshwayadiphoso le baganetsi ba sepolotiki.<ref name=":52">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Banna ba ba neng ba eletsa go tila go tsenela bosole ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Aforika Borwa kgotsa kwa mafelong a a kgakala jaaka metlhaba ya [[:en:Okavango_Delta|noka e phatlallang ya Okavango]] le [[:en:Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park|sekgwa sa Kgalagadi]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;47.</ref> Ba bangwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgato tsa go itlhokomela ka bonako, jaaka go epa dikhutsi fa bathapi ba ne ba etela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di eletsa go dirisa go tsaya karolo ga tsone mo ntweng go bona ditshwanelo tse dingwe mo teng ga Mmusomogolo wa Borithane, mme di ne di tshaba gore go fenngwa ga Borithane go tla ba dira babusiwa ba Jeremane kgotsa Aforika Borwa, e leng phelelo e ba neng ba eletsa go e tila.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;39–40.</ref> Maiteko a ntwa gape e ne e le tshono ya go busetsa banna ba Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugetse kwa Aforika Borwa go ya go dira ditiro tsa meepo; dikgosi di ne di eletsa go fedisa mokgwa o mme di ne di ikutlwa di ka dira jalo ka go neelana ka ditiro tsa sesole.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;41–43.</ref> Dituelo dingwe tsa sesole di ne tsa diegisiwa go malapa a masole, mme ditekanyetso tsa thomelo kwa ntle di ne tsa tlosiwa ka nako ya ntwa, mme tsa baka go tsena ga madi kwa Bechuanaland.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;133.</ref> Fa go bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tse di mo Mmusong wa Boritane, batho ba Bechuanaland ba ne ba amogela ntwa eo. Batswana ba le bantsi ba ne ba na le maikutlo a boikanyegi mo mmusomogolong kgotsa ba ikutlwa gore dikgatlhego tsa bone di a tsamaisana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;36–37.</ref> Dikgosi dingwe, jaaka [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|Kgari Sechele]] [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|wa bobedi]] wa kwa ga Kwena le Molefi Pilane wa ga Kgatla, ba ne ba ikwadisa ka sebele. Ba ne ba dira jaaka disajene tse dikgolo tsa masole, e leng maemo a a kwa godimo a a neng a le teng mo Batswaneng.<ref name=":52" /> Go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya letlelela Batswana go nna le diteseletso tsa kgwebo le go dira mo teng ga naga e e sireleditsweng. Se pele se ne se lekanyeditswe batho basweu le makula.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;135.</ref> Setlhopha sa Dikgaolo tsa Dikhomišene tse di Kwa Godimo se ne se le kwa Botlhabagare go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1946 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1949.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> === Mokgatlho wa boipuso === [[Setshwantsho:1960 6d Bechuanaland Protectorate stamp.jpg|thumb|Setempe sa ngwaga wa 1960 sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland se se nang le ditshwantsho tsa ga [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Kgosigadi Victoria]] le [[:en:Elizabeth_II|Elizabeth wa bobedi]], dikgosi tsa ntlha le tsa bofelo tsa Borithane tsa tshireletso .]] Bokhutlo jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi bo ne jwa tla ka phetogo e kgolo mo setšhabeng. Dikgosi di ne tsa bonwa di se botlhokwa thata mo sebopegong sa loago, mme bontsi bo ne jwa tlogela dipolelo tsa bone tsa lefatshe lotlhe mo dikgomong tsa merafe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;51.</ref> Didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa setšhaba, jaaka lefatshe le badiri, di ne tsa dirwa tse di hapegileng le go dirwa dithoto.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;52.</ref> Phitlhelelo ya thuto e ne ya tlhola setlhopha sa batlhalefi ba ba [[:en:Liberalism|gololesegileng]] ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le puso ya dikgosi mme ba simolola go ipopela mafelo a bone a maatla mo mekgatlhong ya badiri le ditlhopha tsa baagi.<ref name=":63">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;165.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1946, ke karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong fela ya paoyotlhe ya baagi e e neng e na le tiro kwa ntle ga temothuo le ditirelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya bona koketsego e kgolo ya dikelo tsa matsalo jaaka karolo ya bogare jwa [[:en:Mid-20th_century_baby_boom|ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi wa go tlhatloga ga masea]] mo dingwageng tsa morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, e e neng e tsamaya le koketsego ya [[:en:Life_expectancy|dingwaga tsa botshelo]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e simolotse lenaneo la yone la ntlha ya tlhabololo mo tshireletsong, e leng lefelo la matlhabelo, ka dingwaga tsa bo ka ngwaga wa 1950.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;81.</ref> Maborithane, a santse a solofetse go kopanya tshireletso go nna Aforika Borwa, kwa bofelong a ne a phimola leano le morago ga tshimologo ya [[:en:Apartheid|Tlhaolele]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref>Fa maiteko a simolola go tlhama tsela e ntšhwa ya isago ya tshireletso, tshireletso e ne ya bewa mo seemong sa go tlhoka maitseo, mme ga go na tsela ya go ya pele e e neng e bonala sentle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], pp.&#x20;672–673.</ref> Tshitshinyo nngwe e ne e le go e tsenya mo [[:en:Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland|Mokgatlhong wa Rhodesia le Nyasaland]], o lefatshe la United Kingdom e o tlhamileng ka fa tlase ga pholisi ya "tirisanommogo ya merafe e mentsi".<ref>Parsons 2006, p.&#x20;673.</ref> Fa mojaboswa wa Ngwato Seretse Khama a gola, mmusi Tshekedi Khama o ne a leka go tshwarelela mo pusong.<ref name=":53">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;696.</ref> Seretse o ne a nyala mosadi wa mosweu, [[:en:Ruth_Williams_Khama|Ruth Williams]], fa a ne a ithuta kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom, mme se sa baka matlhabisa ditlhong mo lelapeng la segosi la ga Ngwato.<ref name=":46" /> Le fa kwa tshimologong setšhaba se ne se le kgatlhanong le lenyalo le, go sa ratweng ga ga Tshekedi go ne ga fetola maikutlo a Seretse.<ref name=":47" /> Kgang e ne ya tlhagisiwa mo kgotleng ka ngwaga wa 1949, mme puso ya ga Tshekedi e ne ya ganwa ka bontsi ke diketekete tsa batho ba ba neng ba le teng.<ref name=":53" /><ref name=":47" /> Tshekedi le batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Kwena kwa botshabelo.<ref name=":54">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Puso ya makgowa e ne e sa itshokele lenyalo la ga Seretse le mosadi yo mosweu. Ka maiteko a go ritibatsa puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, e ne ya leleka banyalani ba mo pusong ya tshireletso ka ngwaga wa 1950. Se se ne sa tsosa mokgatlho wa bosetšhaba o o neng o gola mo gare ga baemanokeng ba ga Seretse mo pusong ya tshireletso, o o neng wa tlhagelela ka botlalo ka ngwaga wa 1952.<ref name=":37" /> Ka nako ya fa Seretse a ne a seyo, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la baya molaodi wa kgaolo dingwaga di le nne pele ga e tlhoma Rasebolai Kgamane, motshegetsi wa ga Tshekedi, go nna moemedi.<ref name=":54" /> Morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tsuologela go lelekwa ga ga Seretse.<ref name=":55">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;53.</ref> Batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba kopa gore a bowe, mme go ne ga tsoga dikhuduego fa ba ne ba ganwa. Seretse o ne a feleletsa a letleletswe go boa ka ngwaga wa1956.<ref name=":56">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Ka nako e, kgaogano e e gagametseng ya merafe mo Aforika Borwa ya Tlhaolele e ne ya thibela lefatshe la United Kingdom go e ritibatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;200.</ref> Mo nakong yotlhe ya mathata a go lelekwa ga ga Seretse, maatla a ne a tlogela bogosi mme a ya kwa mekgatlhong ya ditlhopho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;91.</ref> Tshekedi le Seretse ba ne ba dira kagiso fa Seretse a boa, mme Seretse a nna moeteledipele wa ''nnete'' wa Ngwato, le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le mo thibetse go nna kgosi ya semmuso.<ref name=":56" /> Ka thotloetso ya Borithane, morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tlhama lekgotla la morafe, le Seretse le Tshekedi ka bobedi e neng e le maloko a lone.<ref name=":55" /> Merafe e mengwe e ne ya tlhoma makgotla a merafe a a tshwanang, a a neng a dira jaaka ditšheke tsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Go ne ga sala letlhoo lengwe fa gare ga banna ba babedi ba: Tshekedi o ne a eletsa go boloka puso ya morafe le maatla a dikgosi, fa Seretse ene a ne a akanya ka puso ya batho ka batho ya boemedi le dikgosi tse di bokoa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;91–92.</ref> Selekanyo sa maatla a a beeleditsweng mo dikgosing e ne ya nna kgang e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata mo mokgatlhong wa boipuso o o neng o gola, bogolosegolo mo bathong ba ga Ngwato le ba lelapa la ga Khama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;93–94.</ref> Bechuanaland Protectorate Federal Party e ne e le lekoko la ntlha la sepolotiki le le neng la tlhamiwa mo kgaolong ya tshireletso fa le ne le tlhamiwa ke moeteledipele wa mokgatlo wa Ngwato [[:en:Leetile_Disang_Raditladi|Leetile Disang Raditladi]] ka ngwaga wa 1959. Le bopilwe thata ke batho ba maemo le batlhalefi, le ne le buelela kopano ya merafe ya Batswana. Lekoko le ne la palelwa ke go bona tshegetso mme la nna lobaka lo lokhutshwane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;94.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, [[:en:Bechuanaland_People's_Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] (BPP, moragonyana Lekoko la Batho la Botswana) le ne la tlhamiwa jaaka lekoko le le bogale thata, le le ganetsanang le puso ya merafe ya setso mme la bona boikuelo mo badiring ba bafaladi.<ref name=":57">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> E ne e eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Motsamai_Mpho|Motsamai Mpho]], [[:en:Philip_Matante|Philip Matante]], le Kgalemang Morsete.<ref name=":58">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xviii.</ref> BPP, e e neng ya tlhamiwa jaaka molekane wa Setswana wa lekoko la [[:en:African_National_Congress|African National Congress]] la Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":59">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;74.</ref> e ne ya tshegetsa boipuso jwa ka bonako le go fedisiwa gotlhelele ga bogosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Ka go tshaba gore BPP e tla nyatsa puso e e leng teng le go tshuba dikgotlhang le puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, dikgosi le puso ya Borithane di ne tsa thibela bokgoni jwa yona jwa go kopana.<ref name=":57" /> Merafe ya tshireletso mmogo e ne ya bopa lekgotla la peomolao ka ngwaga wa 1961.<ref name=":37" /> Batho ba Kwena ba ne ba iphitlhela ba le ka fa tlase ga moemedi, [[:en:Neale_Sechele|Neale Sechele]], ka ngwaga wa 1963, se se rayang gore ba ne ba na le tlhotlheletso e nnye ya sepolotiki fa mokgatlho wa boipuso o ntse o gola.<ref name=":60">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;102.</ref> Leano la Tlhabololo la Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland la dingwaga tsa 1963/1968 le ne la kwalwa ka thulaganyo ya dipuisano ka ngwaga wa 1963, le tlhama tlhaloso ya boipuso jwa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;26–27.</ref> Fa palo ya batho e ne ba sa dire sepe mo dipolotiking ka kakaretso, lefatshe la United Kingdom e ne ya nna nngwe ya mafatshe a a neng a etelela pele go bona boipuso. Ka go tshwenyega gore lekoko la BPP e ne e le e e tseneletseng thata, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa moeteledipele wa yone yo o mo ratang, Seretse Khama, go tlhama lekoko la sepolotiki.<ref name=":59" /> Le fa Khama a ne a dumalana le mekgwa ya lekoko la BPP e e kgatlhanong le bosemorafe le ya lefatshe, o ne a le kgatlhanong le tsela ya yone ya go tlhoma dipolotiki le go amogela ga yone bojammogo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;96.</ref>O ne a dumela go tlogela go bolela ga gagwe mo bathong ba ga Ngwato go dira jaaka radipolotiki, a tlhama [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Lekoko la]] [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|puso ya batho ka batho la Bechuanaland]] (BDP, moragonyana ya nna lekoko la Botswana Democratic ) ka ngwaga wa 1962.<ref name=":59" /> Lekoko la BDP e ne ya itlhoma jaaka "lekoko la dikgosi", mme ya amogela dikakanyo tse di amanang le puso ya merafe ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref name=":30" /> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa lekoko la BDP, le tlhaloganya gore le tla tshegetsa kgwebisano ya leruo ya motlha wa bokoloniale.<ref name=":73">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;149.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1963, kgosi ya Kgatla Linchwe e ne e le ene fela kgosi e e neng e le kgatlhanong le BDP e bile e na le tlhotlheletso ya sepolotiki, mme batho ba Kgatla ba ne ba rata lekoko la BDP, ka jalo o ne a nna a sa tsenelele mo dipolotiking.<ref name=":60" /> Thulaganyo ya phetogo e ne ya simolola ka lekoko la BDP e ne e solofetswe go busa Botswana yo o ikemetseng, mme puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya bereka le boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BDP go ba baakanyetsa go tsamaisa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Go ne ga tshwarwa bokopano ka ngwaga wa 1963 go okamela go tlhamiwa ga molaotheo o mosha. Dikgotlhang tsa ka fa gare ga lekoko la BPP di ne di raya gore lekoko la BDP e ne e na le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo thulaganyong. Tshekedi Khama o ne a tlhokafetse ka nako e, ka jalo Bathoen wa bobedi o ne a nna moeteledipele wa lekoko le le neng le ema nokeng puso ya bofederale, a dumela gore le tla boloka puso e le mo diatleng tsa dikgosi. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le boradipolotiki ba Batswana ba ne ba tshegetsa puso ya bosetšhaba e e kopaneng ka gonne Botswana e ne e humanegile thata go ka kgaoganya dithoto tsa yona le ka gonne go tlhoka go kopanya dithoto go ne go tla dira gore e nne mo kotsing ya go tlhaselwa ke merafe e mengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Puso ya dikgaolo e e itsholetseng e ne ya itshupa e sa kgonege mo dipolotiking, ka jalo go ne ga dirwa tumalano ya gore dikgosi di tla bopa Ntlo ya Dikgosi, e leng setlhopha sa bagakolodi mo teng ga [[:en:Parliament_of_Botswana|Palamente ya Botswana]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;98–99.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di santse di le kgatlhanong le thulaganyo e, mme mo mokgatlhong o o neng o eteletswe pele ke Bathoen, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya fetisa tlhopo ya [[:en:No_confidence|go sa tshepe]] puso e ntšhwa, mme fela go tlhoka maatla a yone a sepolotiki go ne ga e thibela go dirisa phetogo e e nang le bokao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Molao wa Lekgotla la Kgaolo o ne wa fetisiwa jaaka tsela e nngwe ya go lekanyetsa maatla a dikgosi ka go tlhama makgotla a a tla okamelang kgaolo le toropo nngwe le nngwe,<ref name=":58" /> go dira gore mekgatlho e e tlhophilweng e e nne balaodi ba konokono ba selegae.<ref name=":64">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Toropo ya [[:en:Gaborone|Gaborone]] e agilwe ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme ya itsisiwe jaaka motsemogolo o mošwa.<ref name=":59" /> E agilwe mo lefatsheng la puso ya Borithane, le le neng le tlamela ka lefelo le le sa tseyeng letlhakore le le neng le sa laolwe ke morafe ope .<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;16.</ref> [[:en:Constitution_of_Botswana|Molamotheo]] o ne wa tsenngwa tirisong ka one ngwaga oo.<ref name=":59" /> Ka se se tirisong, Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la fa tshireletso puso ya go ipusa.<ref name=":61">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;116.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1965 gape e ne ya bona go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Dikgotla tsa Dikgaolo o o neng wa fetola seabe sa bokoloniale sa molaodi wa kgaolo ka go se bofa mo makgotleng a dikgaolo a a sa tswang go tlhamiwa,<ref name=":74">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> mme wa bona go tlhongwa ga Banka ya Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba e e neng e le ya puso.<ref name=":75">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Mpho o ne a kgaogana le lekoko la BPP go tlhama Lekoko la Boipuso la Bechuanaland (BIP) ka ngwaga wa 1965.<ref name=":62">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> E eteletswe pele ke Seretse Khama le [[:en:Quett_Masire|Quett Masire]], lekoko la BDP le ne la dira letsholo mo e ka nnang mo motseng mongwe le mongwe wa kgaolo ya tshireletso pele ga ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kakaretso. Go farologana le batho ba bangwe ba sepolotiki kwa Bechuanaland, Seretse Khama o ne a na le boikuelo go ralala merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":60" /> Morago ga moo lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhophiwa go etelela puso ya ntlha pele.<ref name=":61" /> Lekoko la BPP le ne la gapa manno a le mararo fela mo lekgotleng la peomolao, mme lekoko la BIP le ne la palelwa ke go gapa epe.<ref name=":62" /> Morago ga ditlhopho, go ne ga tlhamiwa lekoko la [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|Botswana]] [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|National Front]] (BNF) jaaka lekoko le le kopaneng la kganetso ya BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Kenneth_Koma|Kenneth Koma]], lekoko la BNF le ne la nna mmaba yo mogolo wa lekoko la BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;109.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;31–33.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhopha Khama go nna tonakgolo ya naga.<ref name=":65">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;204.</ref>Go farologana le makoko a mantsi a sepolotiki a a tlhomilweng mo Aforika, BDP e ne e le lekoko le le itekanetseng le le sa fetogeng go na le go nna lekoko le le kgatlhanong le bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;711.</ref> Morago ga go tlhamiwa ga yona, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya ntsha tlhopo ya go sa tshepe molaotheo ka ngwaga wa 1966, mme se sa dira gore go nne le letsholo la bosetšhaba la go tshegetsa molaotheo le le neng la bona tshegetso e e lekaneng gore dikgosi di fedise maiteko a tsone a go o gwetlha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;100–101.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya newa boipuso jaaka Rephaboliki ya Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966.<ref name=":61" /> == Repaboliki ya Botswana == [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Independence, 1966.png|thumb|[[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] a ikanisa maikano a go nna Tautona wa ntlha wa Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966]] Boipuso jwa Botswana bo ne bo kaya go tsenngwa tirisong ga puso ya batho le batho e e gololesegileng, go tlisa ditlhopho, tshireletso ya ditshwanelo tsa batho, le tirelosetšhaba.<ref name=":64" /> Se se ne sa dira gore go nne le thulaganyo ya go tlhatlosiwa maemo e e ikaegileng ka bokgoni le go tlhamiwa ga tsamaiso ya puso ya maranyane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref>Setšhaba se ne sa bopa puso e e neng e fetotswe go tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]],<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;23–24.</ref> mme Tonakgolo Seretse Khama a nna Moporesidente Seretse Khama.<ref name=":65" /> Go ne ga tlhamiwa boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba, jwa kopanya merafe e e sa tshwaneng mo letshwaong le le lengwe la Setswana, ka ngwao e e ikaegileng ka ya merafe ya Setswana.<ref name=":80">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNyamnjoh2007|Nyamnjoh 2007]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Botswana e ne ya boloka bontsi jwa ditheo tsa yone tsa merafe tsa pele ga bokoloniale morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;54.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Se e ne e le ditlamorago tsa puso e e nonofileng e e neng e amana le merafe ya Batswana le tsereganyo e e lekanyeditsweng ya puso ya Borithane mo dinakong tsa bokoloniale.<ref name=":34" /> Mofuta wa go buisana wa dipolotiki tsa setšhaba pele le morago ga boipuso e ne e le mokgwa o o sa tlwaelesegang mo merafeng e mengwe e mentsi ya Aforika e e neng ya nna le babusaesi morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;30, 56.</ref> Go na le go fedisa bogosi, puso e ntšhwa e ne ya bo tsenya mo tsamaisong ya semolao, ya fa dikgosi dithata tsa boatlhodi ka ''kgotla'', go ikaegile ka dikgotlatshekelo tsa boikuelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe]] 2012, p.&#x20;36.</ref>Tlwaelo ya go ikobela boeteledipele, e e kileng ya fiwa dikgosi, e ne ya sutela kwa botautoneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;30.</ref> Puso e ne ya tiisa go tlhomama ga yona ka go thapa tirelosetšhaba ya yone ka baitseanape b<ref name=":66">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref>a dinaga di sele, go farologana le dinaga tse dingwe tse dišwa tsa Aforika tse gantsi di neng di leleka baitseanape ba dinaga di sele.<ref name=":67">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref name=":68">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;105.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;59.</ref> Se se ne sa boloka puso ya mofuta wa Bophirima e e neng e gatelela tlhabololo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;259.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go tlamela Botswana ka matlole mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse tlhano tsa go nna teng ga yone.<ref name=":61" /> Maemo a yone a kagiso, a puso ya batho ka batho fa a bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tsa Aforika a ne a raya gore e ne ya amogela thuso e ntsi go tswa mo mekgatlhong ya Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;255.</ref> Ka nako ya boipuso, Botswana e ne e le setšhaba se se humanegileng thata, go feta bontsi jwa dinaga tse dingwe mo Aforika.<ref name=":69">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;104.</ref><ref name=":66" /> E ne e sena badiri ba ba rutegileng, ka baagi ba le masome a mane fela ba ba nang le ditlankana tse di hagodimo tsa mmadikolo, mme go ne go sena ditlamelo tse di itsegeng tsa metswedi ya tlholego go tshegetsa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;62, 64.</ref> Botswana e ne e ikaegile ka puso ya Tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa go fitlhelela setšhaba sa lefatshe, mme bontsi jwa badiri ba Botswana e ne e le badiri ba bafaladi mo Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Botswana e ne ya tsena mo ntweng e e tlhamaletseng le Rhodesia, e e neng ya baka dintwa tsa sesole go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1978.<ref name=":63" /> Go nna le seabe mo go lekanyeditsweng ga Borithane go ne go kaya gore go ne go se na tlhabololo e ntsi fa e sale ka nako ya bokoloniale.<ref name=":69" /><ref name=":70">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;160.</ref> Bokgoni jwa go bala le go kwala e ne e le selekanyo sa karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong, mme go ne go na le dikilometara di le lesome fela tsa tsela e e tshetsweng.<ref name=":69" /> Mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a robangbongwe ya baagi e ne e le mo [[:en:Abject_poverty|lehumeng le le tseneletseng]],<ref name=":70" /> mme bontsi jwa baagi e ne e le balemibarui ba dikgomo kgotsa [[:en:Subsistence_farmers|balemibarui ba ba itshidisang]].<ref name=":71">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Fa setšhaba se fitlhelela boipuso, komelelo e e masisi e ne ya fedisa karolo ya masome amarao go fihlela masome a matlhano mo lekgolong ya palo ya dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa Batswana ba ne ba ikaegile ka [[:en:World_Food_Programme|Lenaneo la Dijo la Lefatshe]] go tila tlala.<ref name=":81">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;220.</ref> Ditšhaba tse dingwe di ne di na le ditsholofelo tse di kwa tlase mo Botswana, mme mo Aforika yotlhe e ne e bonwa jaaka [[:en:Bantustan|Bantustan]] ya Tlhaolele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;1.</ref> Kamano e le Tlhaolele gape e ne e le ntlha ya katlego ya Botswana jaaka setšhaba se se ikemetseng: boeteledipele jwa Batswana bo ne bo eletsa go tila phelelo e e tshwanang le ya Aforika Borwa fa setšhaba se ka palelwa, mme dikgolagano tsa dikgang tsa mafatshe fatshe tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa le Bophirima go thibela go tsenngwa ke Aforika Borwa di ne di raya gore Botswana o ne a tshepa thata dinaga tsa Bophirima go amogela thuso le thato ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;76–77.</ref> Boeteledipele jwa ntlha jwa Botswana bo ne bo laolwa ke malapa a merafe e e busang mmogo le palo e nnye ya badiredipuso ba ba rutegileng thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;6.</ref> Go tshwana ga bona ga itsholelo le dikgopolo go ne go raya gore puso e nne e tlhomame kwa ntle ga dintwa tsa sepolotiki.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;71.</ref> Le fa Bathoen a ne a tlogela maemo a gagwe a go nna kgosi go ya go dira dipolotiki, bontsi jwa dikgosi tse dingwe di ne tsa amogela maatla a tsona a a fokoditsweng a sepolotiki mo pusong e ntšhwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;56–57.</ref> Tiro e nngwe ya dikgosi e ne e laolwa ke Molao wa Bogosi wa ngwaga ya 1966.<ref name=":92">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;140.</ref> Go tlhoka bonweenwee go ne ga dira gore puso e nne semolao thata mme ya ratwa ke balekane ba Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;166.</ref> Go farologana le bontsi jwa merafe e e sa tswang go tlhamiwa ya Aforika, bontsi jwa boeteledipele bo ne bo tswa mo setšhabeng sa temothuo, go kaya gore dikgatlhego tsa bona di ne di tsamaisana le bontsi.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":71" /> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa go boloka dipholisi tsa motlha wa bokoloniale tse di neng di solegela barui ba dikgomo molemo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;75.</ref> Setlhopa sa semmuso sa Nama ya Botswana se ne sa tlhamiwa go laola madirelo a nama ya kgomo.<ref name=":58" /> Boikuelo jwa lekoko la BDP jwa merafe yotlhe le kgatlhego e e kopanetsweng ya go tlhoma boipuso di ne tsa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa gape go dira mo dikgatlhegelong tsa bontsi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref> Ditlhopha tse dinnye tsa baagi ba basweu di ne tsa sala mo nageng mme tsa ganetsa boipuso jwa yone.<ref name=":63" /> Le fa moragonyana di ne di tla nna botlhokwa mo tlhabololong ya Botswana, ditshwanelo tsa ditswammung di ne tsa fiwa botlhokwa jo bo kwa tlase fa di bona boipuso, mme merafe e ne ya di fetisetsa kwa pusong ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1967.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;103–104.</ref> === Puso ya ga Seretse Khama === Khama o ne a ratwa ke batho botlhe mme a bonwa e le moeteledipele wa tlholego wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;202–203.</ref> Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya tsenya tirisong maano a a neng a lebisitswe mo go tlhameng mafaratlhatlha le dithoto tsa setšhaba, bogolosegolo go tsenya tshela ditsela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;111.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;86.</ref> O ne a simolola go aga dikolo, matlhabelo le dikhuti tse di neng tsa tswelela mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. Lefatshe le le nang le banni la Batswana le Basarwa le ne la dirisiwa go aga mesima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;219.</ref> Tlhabololo e ne ya tla ka tshenyegelo ya kgwebo le tlhagiso, e e neng e lekanyeditswe go tlamela ka matlole a leruo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004,]] p.&#x20;164.</ref> Go ne ga tlhongwa mogopolo thata mo go otla dikgomo le go aga matlhabelo go rotloetsa madirelo a nama ya kgomo mo gare ga go tlhoka metsi. <ref name=":82">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;205.</ref>[[:en:Public_welfare|Mananeo a katlaatleloloago]] le one a ne a tlhongwa.<ref name=":67" /> Go ribololwa ga ditaemane go ne ga netefatsa gore mananeo a a bona madi a a lekaneng.<ref name=":72">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Dipeeletso tse le mokgwa o o sa fetogeng wa go somarela madi a puso di ne tsa thibela boemo jwa [[:en:Dutch_disease|bolwetse jwa Dutch]] jo bo neng jwa golafatsa dinaga tse dingwe tsa Aforika tse di neng di tletse ka didirisiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;4.</ref> Thuto e ne ya atolosiwa mo setšhabeng sotlhe, mme puo ya Setswana e ne ya lekanngwa mmogo le Seesemane ka go latlhegelwa ke dipuo tse dingwe.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":68" /> Khama o ne a siamisa seo jaaka tsela ya go fitlhelela kutlwano.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;228.</ref> Quett Masire o ne a dira jaaka Mothusa tautona ka fa tlase ga ga Seretse Khama mmogo le Tona ya tsa madi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> O ne a laola tekanyetsokabo ya lefatshe le tiriso ya madi ka go tlhama motseletsele wa Maano a Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba, go ikaegilwe ka kamogelo ya Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba le Komiti ya itsholelo ya Kabinete.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Dipoeletso tsa maano a di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya molao wa semmuso ya puso morago ga gore batlhatlhami ba ga Khama le Masire ba tsene mo maemong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;171.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, ditaemane di ne tsa fitlhellwa kwa Botswana ke setlamo sa Aforika Borwa sa ditaemane sa [[:en:De_Beers|De Beers]], mme ditiro di ne tsa simolola ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref name=":76">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;110.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;61.</ref> Dipeeletso tsa kopore di ne tsa fitlhelwa kwa [[:en:Selebi-Phikwe|Selebi-Phikwe]] ka ngwaga oo, mme se sa senola gape khumo ya ditswammung tsa setšhaba.<ref name=":58" /> Puso e ne ya dirisana le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1969 go dira ditiro tse dikgolo tsa meepo ya ditaemane,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> mme e ne ya amega mo dipuisanong sešwa tsa [[:en:Southern_African_Customs_Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa]] ka one ngwaga oo go tokafatsa thata maatla a yone a itsholelo mo kgaolong.<ref name=":77">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;65.</ref> Moepo mongwe kwa [[:en:Morupule|Morupule]] o ne wa simolola go ntsha magala ka ngwaga wa 1973, mme wa tlamela setšhaba ka karolo e kgolo ya motlakase.<ref name=":78">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xix.</ref> [[:en:Orapa_diamond_mine|Moepo wa ditaemane wa Orapa]] o ne wa bulwa kwa Orapa ka ngwaga wa 1971, mme go ne ga tlomamisiwia tumalano ya go abelana lotseno fa gare ga puso le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1974.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;125.</ref> Moragonyana Masire o ne a netefatsa gore De Beers e ne e tshegeditse dikgwebo tsa gagwe tse di hapegileng ka madi, mme se sa dira gore go akanyediwe gore setlamo se ka tswa se amogetse tumalano e e mosola mo kgannyeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;129–130.</ref> Molao wa Metsi le Molao wa ditsha tsa Morafe di ne tsa tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1968, mme tsa tlhama lekgotla la Kabo ya Metsi le lekgotla tsa naga di le lesome le bobedi, ka go latelana. Tse di ne di okametse kabo ya ditshwanelo tsa metsi le lefatshe ke puso go na le ka go nna mong wa morafe mongwe le mongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;76.</ref> Ka se, ba ne ba tsenya dithata tsa setso tsa dikgosi.<ref name=":74" /> Molao wa Mafatshe a Phulo a Merafe e ne ya tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1975 go thibela [[:en:Overgrazing|phulo e e feteletseng]], mme fela e ne ya itshupa e sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;67.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;173.</ref> Tota e bile, e ne e letla baagi ba ba humileng go kopa ditsha tse dikgolo tsa dikgomo ka tshenyegelo ya baagi ba ba sa humang thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Ditlhopho tsa ntlha morago ga boipuso di ne tsa diragala ka ngwaga wa 1969.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la dira maswe go le gonnye fa e bapisiwa le tiragatso ya yona ya ngwaga wa 1965, mme mothusa tautona Masire o ne a latlhegelwa ke setilo sa gagwe ke Bathoen, se se neng sa mo tlhoka gore a tseye setilo se se kgethegileng se se tlhophilweng.<ref name=":79">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Lekoko la BPP le ne la nyelela ka botlhokwa fa dipolotiki tsa Botswana di ntse di gola.<ref name=":73" /> Koporase ya Tlhabololo ya Botswana e e neng e le ya puso e ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1970,<ref name=":75" /> mme moepo wa diteemane wa Orapa o ne wa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 1971.<ref name=":78" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, diteemane di ne di dira karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong ya Palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana,<ref name=":76" /> mme kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1970, meepo e ne e le madirelo a magolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;5.</ref> Goromente wa Botswana o ne a buisana gape ka tumalano ya yone ya meepo le De Beers magareng ga ngwaga wa 1971 le ngwaga wa 1975, ya sutisetsa bontsi jwa dituelo kwa setšhabeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;210.</ref> Fa itsholelo ya teemane e ntse e tlhabologa le dipeeletso di boela mo lefatsheng, Botswana e ne ya falola lehuma mme ya bonwa jaaka katlego mo merafeng e mengwe mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara morago ga bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;212.</ref> Ditlhabololo tse di dirile gore Botswana e nne naga e e golang ka bonako mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":77" /> Batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo le a a fa gare ba ne ba bona molemo thata, go oketsa go [[:en:Wealth_inequality|tlhoka tekatekano ga khumo]], mme gape go ne go raya gore makgetho a ka fokodiwa, se se neng sa dira gore balemi ba ba tshegetse.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;71–72.</ref> Tlhabololo ya Botswana le tiriso ya yone ya tirelosetšhaba ya mafatshe a sele e ne ya atlega mo e leng gore puso e ne ya tlhotlheletsa lefatshe la United States go romela setlhopa sa baithaopi ba kagiso (Peace Corps) kwa ntle ga ditekanyetso tsa setso tsa gore ke dikarolo dife tse mokgatlho o ka di dirang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go ne ga tla koketsego ya Batswana ba ba botlana ba ba rutegileng mo lefelong la gaeno, ba ba neng ba nna le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo pusong.<ref name=":64" /> Jaaka fa batho ba bašwa ba ba ne ba amogela thuto e e tshwanang mme ba simolola go dira mo setsong se le sengwe sa tsamaiso, go ne go sena pharologano e kgolo ya tiro fa gare ga tirelosetšhaba e e neng e eteletswe pele ke batswakwa le e e neng e tsamaisiwa ke Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Lephata la Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo le ne le le teng ka bokhutshwane morago ga go kgaogana mo Lephateng la Matlole magareng ga batlhokomedi ba setso ba ba neng ba amana le tshireletso kgatlhanong le baemanokeng ba ga Masire ba ba neng ba eletsa go bona tlhabololo e e bogale thata. Ya bofelo e ne ya tsaya taolo, mme ditona di ne tsa kopanngwa gape go nna Lephata la Matlole le Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo ka ngwaga wa 1970. Ka ntlha ya palo e e lekanyeditsweng ya batho ba ba tshwanelegang go laola itsholelo, lephata le le ne la tsaya taolo e feletseng ya tiriso ya madi a puso mme la simolola lenaneo la Shashe le le neng le batla gore naga e nne le tlhabololo e e tseneletseng ya palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana. Se se ne se akaretsa go tlhoma lefelo la meepo ya kopore le nikele, le le neng la nna selo se se tlang pele mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;84–85.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, [[:en:Seepapitso_IV|Seepapitso wa bone]] o ne a nna kgosi ya ntlha go emisiwa mo maemong a gagwe morago ga nako ya bokoloniele.<ref name=":83">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;141.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la atlega thata gape ka [[:en:1974_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopo tsa ngwaga wa 1974]].<ref name=":79" /> [[:en:Minimum_wage|Dituelo tse di kwa tlase]] di ne tsa tlhagisiwa ka one ngwaga oo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Botswana e simolotse go ntsha madi a one, e leng [[:en:Botswana_pula|Botswana pula]], ka ngwaga wa 1976. Mmusi wa [[:en:Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya Botswana]] Quill Hermans o ne a kgaratlhela go kgaogana ga madi le Aforika Borwa le [[:en:South_African_rand|ranta ya yone ya Aforika Borwa]]. Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego a boditšhabatšhaba a gore Botswana e ka nna ya se ka ya kgona go tshegetsa madi a yone, Khama o ne a ikutlwa gore bagakolodi ba gagwe ba itsholelo ba na le bokgoni mme o ne a tshepa tshwetso ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tsa boipuso, Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya ditšhaba tse di humileng thata mo [[:en:Third_World|Lefatsheng la Boraro]].<ref name=":67" /> Phetogo ya itsholelo e kaiwa jaaka "kgakgamatso" ya Botswana.<ref name=":77" /> Linchwe II, kgosi ya [[:en:Kgatla_people|batho ba Kgatla]], o ne a busetsa ngwao ya go simolola bogwera mo morafeng wa gagwe ka ngwaga wa 1975, mme se sa gakatsa puso ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;148.</ref> Khama o ne a tsaya tsela ya go akaretsa batho botlhe mo pusong ya gagwe, a tila dipolotiki tsa merafe le go gana tlhotlheletso ya baeteledipele ba merafe a rata badiredipuso.<ref name=":84">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> Ka dinako tse dingwe o ne a kopa batho go rola tiro fa morafe mongwe o ka nna le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo tirelong ya setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tshaba gore go sa dumalane le batho ba ba kwa tlase ba Kalanga go ka nna ga dira gore go se ka ga nna le kagiso. Go rarabolola se, Khama o ne a tsenya maloko a a rutegileng a morafe wa Kalanga mo pusong, a tlhoma bontsi mo maemong a a kwa godimo. Tshwetso e ne e tsosa kganetsano, mme e ne ya tsosa dikgopolo tsa bolotsana ka ga tlhotlheletso e e bosula ya Kalanga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;122.</ref> Tse ka dinako tse dingwe di ne di ikaegile ka Mokgatlho wa Baithuti ba Bakalanga, o o neng wa nna Mokgatlho wa Tsweletso ya Puo ya Ikalanga ka ngwaga wa 1980.<ref>[[Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 123.|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> Poifo ya dipuso tsa baagisani tse di eteletsweng pele ke basweu kwa Namibia, Rhodesia, le Aforika Borwa, mmogo le kotsi ya [[:en:Angolan_Civil_War|Ntwa ya Selegae ya Angola]], di dirile gore Botswana e tlhame [[:en:Botswana_Defence_Force|sesole sa bosetšhaba]] ka ngwaga wa 1977.<ref name=":78" /> Pele ga se, [[:en:Botswana_Police_Service|Tirelo ya Sepodisi]] sa Botswana e ne e tlhokometse tshireletso ya setshaba. Go tlhoka sesole go ne go raya gore Botswana e ne e sa tlhaselwe ke dilo tse di bakang go sa tlhomamang mo merafeng e mengwe ya Aforika: go menola puso ga sesole le bonweenwee ka go dirisa madi a sesole.<ref>[[Beaulier & Subrick 2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], pp.&#x20;111–112.</ref> Sesole se ne sa bona ntwa ngwaga o o latelang fa dirukutlhi tsa Rhodesia di ne di tlhasela Leshoma, di bolaya masole a le lesome le botlhano.<ref name=":78" /> Ka tirisanommogo ya yone le De Beers, puso ya Botswana e ne ya tlhama kompone ya meepo ya Debswana ka ngwaga wa 1978, mme ya bona lotseno lo lo bonalang lwa puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Meepo e ne ya nna madirelo a a kwa godimo ya itsholelo ya lefatshe mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang,<ref name=":85">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> mme Botswana ya nna itsholelo e e golang ka bonako go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":86">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;33.</ref><ref name=":86" /> Go nna le seabe ga mafatshe a sele mo itsholelong go ne ga nna kgang ya sepolotiki ka nako e jaaka fa batho ba kwa ntle ba ne ba kokoanya kgolo ya setšhaba fa ditiro tsa selegae di ne di tlhabologa ka iketlo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;143–145.</ref> Thuo ya dikgomo, e e neng e setse e amilwe ke go runya mo gogolo ga [[:en:Foot-and-mouth_disease|bolwetse jwa tlhako le molomo]] ka ngwaga wa1977,<ref name=":82" /> e ne ya latlhegelwa ke botlhokwa jo e neng e na le jone pele.<ref name=":85" /> === Puso ya ga Quett Masire === [[Setshwantsho:Quett Masire DF-SC-85-12044.JPEG|thumb|Quett Masire a etetse America ka ngwaga wa 1984]] Morago ga loso lwa ga Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa 1980, Mothusa-Tautona Quett Masire o ne a nna tautona wa Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;117.</ref> Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego ka go tlhatlhama ga ga Khama, Masire o ne a tshegetsa mafaratlhatlha a puso a a neng a thusa go a aga le go boloka tumelo mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;182.</ref> Go ritibatsa morafe wa ga Khama wa Ngwato le merafe e mengwe ya bokone, Masire o ne a tlhoma ntsalae Khama, [[:en:Lenyeletse_Seretse|Lenyeletse Seretse]], go nna mothusa-tautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;232.</ref> Kakanyo e e neng e tlwaelesegile mo gare ga BaNgwato e ne e le gore morwa Khama, [[:en:Ian_Khama|Ian Khama]], o ne a tshwanelwa ke bo tautona. Fa Lenyeletse a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1983, Masire o ne a tlhopha [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] go tsena mo boemong jwa gagwe. Gompieno o ne a tlhopha mongwe go tswa mo morafeng wa borwa, gore a se ka a tlhoma sekao sa gore tautona le mothusa-tautona ka nako tsotlhe ba tshwanetse go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di fapaaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;233.</ref> Botswana e ne e le karolo ya Khonferense ya Kgokaganyo ya Tlhabololo ya Borwa jwa Aforika e e neng ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1980 go tlhama mmaraka wa borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":78" /> Setšhaba se ne sa amiwa ke [[:en:Early_1980s_recession|kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980]].<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Jwaneng_diamond_mine|Moepo wa diteemane wa Jwaneng]] o simolotse go dira ka ngwaga wa 1982, wa nna moepo o o dirang dipoelo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng. [[:en:University_of_Botswana|Mmadikolo wa Botswana]] o tlhomilwe ka one ngwaga o o neng o kgaogana le [[:en:University_of_Botswana,_Lesotho_and_Swaziland|Mmadikolo ya Botswana, Lesotho le Swaziland]].<ref name=":78" /> Ditlhabololo tsa semolao ka ngwaga wa 1982, Molawana wa Thuso ya Matlole le go dira gore tiro ya kgwebo gore e nne ya ka fa molaong ke badiredipuso, di ne tsa tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya naga mme gape tsa gagamolola melawana e e neng e tla thibela bonweenwee.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;127, 129.</ref> Jaaka fa puso ya batho le batho le kgolo ya itsholelo di itshupile e le diphetogo tsa paka e telele, Botswana e ne ya itsege jaaka "kgakgamatso ya Aforika".<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Kganetso e e nonofileng kgatlhanong le puso e e laolwang ke lekoko la BDP e ne ya tlhagelela la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go fenya ditlhopho tsa selegae, ditlhopha tsa dikgatlhego tsa simolola go tlhamiwa, mme makwalo a dikgang a matlhano a magolo a a kgatlhanong le lekoko la BDP a simolola go gatisiwa.<ref name=":64" /> Pele e ne e ikaegile ka tshegetso ya merafe e e rileng, lekoko la BNF le ne la bona tshegetso mo setlhopheng sa badiri.<ref name=":84" /> Ka ditlhopho ka kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1984, e ne e le lekoko kganetso le le gaisanang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;712.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya ama Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa1982 go fitlhela ka ngwaga wa 1987, mme ya tlhoka thuso ya dijo ya puso go ka nna karolo ya masome a marataro le botlhano mo lekgolong ya Batswana ba kwa magaeng.<ref name=":87">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;82.</ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba ga Masire ba ne ba mo amanya le komelelo e ka e ne e tsamaisana le tshimologo ya botautona jwa gagwe, ba akantsha gore Khama o ne a na le taelo ya bomodimo e Masire a neng a se na yone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;203.</ref> Mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1980, madirelo a ditaemane a ne a fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa yone ka karolo ya masome a matlhano le boraro mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya tlhagiso ya bosetšhaba.<ref name=":76" /> Ka nako e, itsholelo ya setšhaba e ne ya nonoha mo e leng gore baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba rotloediwa go tlhopha [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|temothuo ya go]] [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|itshidisa]] kgotsa go fuduga go ya go dira kwa Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":84" /> [[:en:Entrepreneurship|Bogwebi]] bo ne jwa anama thata, bogolosegolo mo badiring ba pele ba puso ba ba neng ba tswa mo [[:en:Public_sector|lephateng la puso]] go ya kwa lephateng la [[:en:Private_sector|e]] [[:en:Private_sector|seng la puso]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Thuto ya mahala ya [[:en:Secondary_education|sekole se segolwane]] ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1989.<ref name=":87" /> [[:en:Trade_union|Mekgatlho ya badiri]] le [[:en:Special_interest_group|ditlhopha tse di kgethegileng tsa dikgatlhego]] tse dingwe di ne tsa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go tlhotlheletsa melawana ya setšhaba, le fa gantsi puso e ne e sa batle go di amogela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], pp.&#x20;85–86.</ref> E tsibogetse mokgatlho o o neng o gola wa badiri ka go fetisa dithibelo tse di bokete mo mekgatlhong ya badiri ka ngwaga wa 1983.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dingwaga di le lesome gape o ne wa tlhagisa mekgatlho ya go amogela merafe e mennye, go gana boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba jwa Motswana.<ref name=":80" /> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, Aforika Borwa e ne ya simolola ditlhaselo tsa sesole mo Botswana go batla batlhabani ba Aforika Borwa. Go tsibogela dikgobalo tsa baagitse di neng tsa direga, puso ya Botswana e ne ya oketsa tiriso ya madi mo sesoleng.<ref name=":93">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;112.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> E ne gape ya fa sesole tiro ya go sireletsa diphologolo tsa naga le go tsenya mo tirisong molao o o kgatlhanong le go tsoma mo go seng ka fa molaong go tsibogela kotsi e e tlisiwang ke batsomi ba ba tshotseng dibetsa.<ref name=":94">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Palo ya ntlha ya [[:en:HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana|mogare wa segajaja]] mo Botswana e ne ya lemogiwa ka ngwaga wa 1985, mme mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang lefatshe ;e ne la nna lone le le neng la amega thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;265.</ref> [[:en:Life_expectancy|Botshelo jo bo solofetsweng]] mo Botswana bo ne bo tla wela tlase tswa go masomeng a maratarole bosupa go ya kwa masomeng a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 1997.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;175.</ref> Phetogo e e gakgamatsang mo tsamaisong ya botsogo ya Botswana e ne ya latela go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1980 le bo 1990; Bongaka jwa Bophirima bo ne jwa tlotliwa thata mmogo le kalafi ya setso, mme go ne ga tlhongwa dikokelo tse e seng tsa puso go nna mmogo le dikago tse di tsamaisiwang ke puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> [[:en:Early_1990s_recession|Kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1990]] e ne ya ama Botswana.<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Attorney_General_of_Botswana_v._Unity_Dow|Tsheko e e botlhokwa ya kgotlatshekelo ya molaomotheo]] e e neng ya tlisiwa ke Unity Dow e ne ya felela ka katlholo ka ngwaga wa 1991 ya gore bana ba ka fiwa boagedi mo go bomme ba bone ga mmogo le borraabone, e e neng ya amogelwa go nna molao ka Molao wa Boagi wa 1995.<ref name=":88">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xx.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang sa Kgabo se ne sa tshwarwa ka ngwaga wa 1991 go batlisisa lekgotla la kabo ditsha tsa lefatshe tsa puso, mme sa fitlhela gore go dirilwe ditlolomolao tsa maitsholo a a siameng ke mothusa-tautona Peter Mmusi le mokwaledi wa kakaretso wa lekoko la BDP [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]], ba bobedi jwa bone gape e neng e le maloko a setlhopa sa ditona tsa puso ya Botswana.<ref name=":89">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;346.</ref><ref name=":90">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;333.</ref> Ka go lebana le go galefa mo pusong le mo setšhabeng, bobedi jwa bone ba ne ba rola tiro.<ref name=":90" /> Go wa mo go ne ga tlhola ditlhopha tse pedi tse di kgaoganeng mo teng ga lekoko, e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke maloko a mabedi a pele a setlhopa sa ditona (Ba babedi ba bagolo),<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;333–335.</ref> mme e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke baganetsi ba bona (ba batlhano ba bagolo): [[:en:Festus_Mogae|Festus Mogae]], Bihiti Temane, Chapson Butale, [[:en:Gaositwe_Chiepe|Gaositwe Chiepe]], le moeteledipele wa bona [[:en:Mompati_Merafhe|Mompati Merafhe]].<ref name=":91">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;235.</ref> Se se ne sa aga mo dikgotlhang tse di neng di godile fa gare ga boeteledipele jwa borwa jwa BLP le kokomana e ntšhwa ya boradipolotiki go tswa kwa bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], pp.&#x20;233–234.</ref> Masire o ne a tlhopha Mogae go nna mothusa- tautona yo mosha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;334.</ref> Ka go tshwenyega ka kgonagalo ya go tlwaetsa bonweenwee, Masire o ne a thapa mothusa- mogolwane wa [[:en:Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)|setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang e e Ikemetseng ya Hong Kong e e Kgatlhanong le Bonweenwee (Hong Kong)]] go tlhama mokgatlho o o tshwanang mo Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;222.</ref> [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Bokaedi jwa Bonweenwee le Bosenyi jwa]] [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Itsholelo]] bo ne jwa tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, mme lekgotla la kabo ditsha le ne la tlhamiwa go reetsa boikuelo jwa ditshwetso tsa kabo ditsha ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Boemo jwa lekoko la BDP jaaka lekoko le le laolang bo ne jwa amogela kgwetlho ya jone ya ntlha e e masisi ka ntlha ya Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlsisa kgota go sekaseka dikgang ya Kgabo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;249.</ref> Matlhabisaditlhong le go kgaogana mo go neng ga nna teng mo lekokong la BDP go ne ga dira gore lekoko la BNF le nne lekoko la kganetso le le gaisanang thata morago ga ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;335–336.</ref><ref name=":89" /> Ka go mathata a a oketsegileng a go tsenngwa ga ditoropo go fokotsa motheo wa BDP kwa metseselegaeng, makoko a kganetso a ne a na le bonnye jo bo bonalang mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa ga Mmusi, Kwelagobe o ne a ikgolaganya le [[:en:Ponatshego_Kedikilwe|Ponatshego Kedikilwe]], mme ba bopa setlhopa se sennye sa Barata-Phathi sa lekoko la BDP. Ba batlhano ba bagolo ba ne ba nna setlhopa se sennye sa A-Team.<ref name=":89" /> Botswana e ne ya solegelwa molemo ke go khutla ga puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, ka puso e ntšhwa e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Aforika e ne e sa thibele kgolo ya Botswana kgotsa go tsenelela mo ditirong tsa sesole go kgabaganya molelwane.<ref name=":81" /> Fa kgaolo e ntse e tlhomama, ditlhabololo tsa itsholelo tse di tshwanang le mabentlele a magolo, kakanyo e e sa netefadiwang ya dithoto, le bojanala jwa baagi di ne tsa atologa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;675.</ref> Morafe wa Ngwaketse o ne wa nna le kgotlang le puso ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa 1994, fa tona ya pusoselegae le mafatshe Patrick Balope a ne a latofatsa kgosi Seepapitso wa bone ka go palelwa ke go diragatsa ditiro tsa gagwe mme a laela gore kgosi e emisiwe—e leng go emisiwa ga bobedi ga puso ya ga Seepapitso.<ref name=":83" /> Morwa wa ga Seepapitso e bong Leema o ne a amogela go tlhomiwa go dira tiro eo, kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa ga Seepapitso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;141–142.</ref> Morafe o ne wa lwantshana le kgang ya go nna semolao mo go sa tlhaloganyesegeng ga ga Leema le poifo ya gore setso sa morafe ga se kitla se tlhola se lemogiwa, mme go tlosiwa ga gagwe go ne ga nna kgang ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;142–143.</ref> Seepapitso o ne a tsenya kganetso ya semolao, mme kgotlatshekelo ya atlhola ka Tlhakole a tlhola malatsia le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 1995 gore le fa go tlosiwa ga ga Seepapitso go ne go le ka fa molaong, go tlhomiwa ga ga Leema go ne go se kafa molaong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;145.</ref> Ka maatla a go tlhoma a ne a buseditswe mo morafeng, ba ne ba gana go tlhopha moeteledipele yo mosha jaaka tsela ya go ikuela. Puso e ne ya ineela mme ya letlelela Seepapitso go busediwa mo tirong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;145–146.</ref> [[:en:Ritual_murder|Polao ya dipheko]] ya ga [[:en:Segametsi_Mogomotsi|Segametsi Mogomotsi]], mosetsana wa dingwaga di le lesome le bone wa kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]], e diragetse ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 1994. Dikhuduego tsa loago di ne tsa tsoga fa babelaelwa bao, ba e neng e le borakgwebo le boradipolotiki ba ba humileng, ba ne ba gololwa ka ntlha ya go tlhoka bosupi. Mo dikgweding tse di latelang, go ne ga nna le ditshupetso le dikhuduego tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke baithuti kgatlhanong le tiriso ya ditiro tsa masaitsiweng tse di tshwanang le polao ya dipheko go bona khumo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;286–290.</ref> Go tlhagoga ga bolwetse jo bo [[:en:Contagious_bovine_pleuropneumonia|tshelanwang jwa pleuropneumonia ya dikgomo]] ka ngwaga wa 1995 go ne ga baka dintsho tsa dikgomo di le dikete tse makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi .<ref name=":88" /> Molao wa Temothuo wa ngwaga ya 1995 o ne wa atolosa thulaganyo ya go dira lefatshe la baagi la le e seng la puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Merafe e mennye e ne ya tswelela go kgaratlhela go lemogiwa go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;163–164.</ref> Puso e simolotse go ntsha batho ba Basarwa mo [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|Lefelong la Diphologolo la Kalahari]] [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|la Bogare]] ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Le fa e ne e nganga gore maikaelelo e ne e le go thusa go kopanya baagi ba ba neng ba le kgakala thata, mme e neelana ka leruo go rotloetsa tirisanommogo, mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba e ne ya pega molato puso ka go pateletsa le go [[:en:Forced_displacement|fudusiwa ka dikgoka]] ga batho go dira sebaka sa meepo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;11–12.</ref> Maiteko a ntlha a magolo a semolao a go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa merafe e mennye a ne a tswa mo tshitshinyong ya ngwaga wa 1995 kwa palamenteng ya go tlhalosa molaomotheo jaaka o o sa tseyeng letlhakore mo merafeng, mme o ne wa bewa mo tafoleng. Mokgatlho wa Kamanakao o ne wa tlhamiwa ka one ngwaga oo ke morutegi [[:en:Lydia_Nyati-Ramahobo|Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo]] go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa [[:en:Yeyi_people|batho ba Yeyi]].<ref name=":95">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;215.</ref> Motseletsele wa diphetogo tsa puso le tsa ditlhopho di ne tsa tsenngwa mo tirisong mo dingwageng tsa bofelo tsa bo tautona jwa ga Masire. Tlhokomelo ya ditlhopho e ne ya fetisediwa kwa setheong se se ikemetseng, dingwaga tsa go tlhopa di ne tsa fokodiwa go tswa ko masomeng a mabedi le bongwe go ya ko lesomeng le borobabobedi , go [[:en:Postal_voting|tlhopa ka poso]] go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong, mme ga tsenngwa tirisong melawana ya go sireletsa [[:en:Labour_rights|ditshwanelo tsa badiri]] le [[:en:Gender_equality|tekatekano ya bong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;168.</ref> Masire o ne a eletsa go tlhama [[:en:Order_of_succession|tatelano e e tlhomameng ya]] [[:en:Order_of_succession|go tlhatlologana]] mo bogosing le go netefatsa gore motlhatlogi wa gagwe yo a mo tlhophileng mothusa Tautona Mogae e nna tautona, ka jalo o ne a dirisana le mmueledi Parks Tafa go kwala paakanyo ya molaotheo. Se se ne sa tsenya tirisong tatelano e e itirisang le [[:en:Term_limit|melelwane ya paka]] ya botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;337–338.</ref> O ne a pateletsa paakanyo ka boene.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;304–305.</ref> Go fetola itsholelo ya lefatshe, go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong tsamaiso ya nakwana ya go nna le [[:en:Tripartism|makoko a mararo]] go kopanya puso, lekalana le e seng la puso, le baemedi ba badiri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;169.</ref> Fa lekoko le ne le tlhopha maloko a komiti ya lone ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1997, kotsi ya go nna le ditlhopha e ne ya gola mo e leng gore Masire o ne a phimola ditlhopho tsa lone tse di mo teng ga mokgatlho mme a dira gore ditlhopha di mo fe manaane a maina.<ref name=":91" /> === Puso ya ga Festus Mogae === [[Setshwantsho:George Bush with African national leaders February 26, 2002.jpg|thumb|Festus Mogae mmogo le botautona ba mafatshe a sele [[:en:Joaquim_Chissano|Joaquim Chissano]], [[:en:George_W._Bush|George W. Bush]] le [[:en:José_Eduardo_dos_Santos|José Eduardo dos Santos]] ka ngwaga wa 2002]] Masire o ne a tlogela tiro ya botautona ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le ngwe ka ngwaga wa 1998, mme a latelelelwa ke mothusa tautona Festus Mogae.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;338.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya tshwetso e e neng ya tsosa kganetsano ya go tlhoma Ian Khama, molaodi wa sesole le morwa Seretse Khama, go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang,<ref name=":72" /> a fetisa kgetho ya gagwe ka go tshosetsa go phatlalatsa palamente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Le fa ba ne ba sa tseye letlhakore semmuso fa gare ga ditlhopha tsa lekoko la BDP, Mogae le Khama ka bobedi ba ne ba tlhaloganngwa e le batho ba bagolo mo gare ga A-Team.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;347.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1998 o ne wa bona nngwe ya dikgaogano tse dintsi mo teng ga lekoko la kganetso la BNF. E ne e kgaogane ka ditlhopha tse pedi: batho ba ba sa rateng diphetogo ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa loago le ba ba neng ba tswelela pele ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa puso ya batho ka batho ya loago. Dikhuduego kwa mokgatlhong wa lekoko di ne tsa dira gore batho ba ba neng ba rata kgatelopele ba kgaogane go nna lekoko la bone, [[:en:Botswana_Congress_Party|Botswana Congress Party]] (BCP), le le neng la nna lekoko le legolo la kganetso go fitlhela ba latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa manno a bone mo [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa]] [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 1999]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Kgaogano e ya kganetso, mmogo le diphetogo tsa selegae tsa dingwaga tse di fetileng, di ne tsa dira gore lekoko la BDP le boelwe ke ditilo dingwe tse e neng ya di latlhegelwa ka ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;168–169.</ref> Maloko a le mmalwa a borwa a boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BCP a ne a boela kwa lekokong la BNF morago ga gore maemo otlhe a a kwa godimo a tsewe ke batho ba bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;237.</ref> Go itlhatlosa go ya kwa maemong a merafe ya Tswana, batho ba Yeyi ba ne ba bitsa kgosi e e kwa godimo ka ngwaga wa 1999, fela se se ne sa se ka sa lemogiwa ke Molao wa Bogosi. Ba ne ba tlisa kgang eo kwa Kgotlatshekelong e Kgolo, e e neng ya tlhasela thulaganyo e e maleba ya molao e le e e tlhaolang.<ref name=":95" /> Mogae o ne a tlhoma setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang ka ngwaga wa 2000 go sekaseka kemedi ya merafe e mennye mo Ntlong ya Dikgosi, mme seo sa baka boipelaetso go tswa mo go ba ba neng ba ikutlwa gore Mogae o batla go nyatsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;239.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang se ne sa tlhomamisa gore Ntlo ya Dikgosi e tshwanetse go nna teng, mme ya bidiwa Setswana ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;216.</ref> Diphetogo tse dingwe tse di fetotsweng ga di a amogelwa morago ga go kgarametswa go tswa mo merafeng e megolo ya Batswana, bogolosegolo ba Ngwato.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;217–218.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, batho ba Kgatla-baga-Mmanaana ba ne ba bona kgosi ya bone Gobuamang Gobuamang wa bobedi a amogelwa semmuso jaaka kgosi e nnye mo teng ga kgaolo ya Kwena kwa ba nnang teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;177.</ref> [[:en:Botswana–Namibia_border|Molelwane wa Botswana le Namibia]] o ne wa tsena mo kganetsanong ka ngwaga wa 1999 fa mafatshe ka bobedi a ne a batla kgaolo mo [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Mopakong wa Caprivi]].[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;xx–xxi.</ref>] Ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000, Botswana e ne ya beeletsa thata mo go tlhabololeng sesole sa mowa.<ref name=":93" /> [[:en:Botswana_Television|Setshwantso sa motshikinyego sa Botswana]] se tlhomilwe ka ngwaga wa 2000. Lentswe tsa Tsodilo le ne la nna [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|Lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe]] ka ngwaga wa 2001. Batho ba Basarwa ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao ka ngwaga wa 2002 go ganetsa go ntshiwa ga bona kwa Central Kalahari Game Reserve, fela kgang e sekisiwang e ne ya tlhokomologiwa. [[:en:Mosadi_Seboko|Mosadi Seboko]] wa [[:en:Lete_people|morafe wa]] [[:en:Lete_people|Balete]] o ne a nna moeteledipele wa ntlha wa mosadi wa morafe ka ngwaga wa 2003.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xxi.</ref> Mogae o ne a dira gore mongwe wa batshwayadiphoso ba ba tlhageletseng thata ba puso, [[:en:Kenneth_Good_(political_scientist)|Kenneth Good]], a lelekwe mo lefatsheng la gagwe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], pp.&#x20;333–334.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;226–227.</ref> [[:en:Three_Dikgosi_Monument|Sefikantswe sa Dikgosi tse Tharo]] se ne sa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;680.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya bolwetsi jo bo anameng lefatshe la HIV/AIDS e le kgang e e botlhokwa thata ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Go e lwantsha, o ne a dira gore dikalafi tsa [[:en:Antiretroviral|diantiretroviral]] tsa HIV/AIDS di nne teng mahala.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;225.</ref> === Puso ya ga Ian Khama === [[Setshwantsho:London Conference on The Illegal Wildlife Trade (12499797834).jpg|thumb|Kopano ya ga Ian Khama le [[:en:William_Hague|William Hague]] kwa Lontone]] Ian Khama o ne a latela mo maemong a botautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Mogae ka kgwedi ya Moranang a le letsatsi le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref name=":96">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mokgwa wa gagwe wa boeteledipele o ne wa phatlaladiwa jaaka o o latelang "di-D tse nne": puso ya batho ka batho, tlhabololo, seriti, le kotlhao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Fa a sena go nna mo setilong, o ne a rulaganya sešwa khuduthamaga ya setšhaba ka mokgwa wa tatelano, a kopanya maatla go dikologa botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;227–228.</ref> Khama o ne a gatelela tshireletsego ya setshaba mo tsamaisong ya gagwe. Ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo maemong a gagwe, Lekalana la Bosenodi le Tshireletsego le ne la itsege ka go dira ditlhodi tse di neng di tlhotlhelediwa ke dipolotiki le go tshwara baganetsi ba gagwe ba sepolotiki. O ne gape a tlhoma batho ba le mmalwa ba pele ba sesole mo pusong ya gagwe<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], pp.&#x20;714–715.</ref> Botswana o ne e sa amege thata mo [[:en:African_Union|Kopanong ya Aforika]] ka nako ya botautona jwa ga Khama, go na le moo e ne ya tlhagisa molawana wa mafatshe a sele a a neng e lebisitswe thata mo Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;190.</ref> Mathata a matlole a ngwaga wa 2008 a ne a gatelela itsholelo ya Botswana, e e neng ya nna e ikaegile ka meepo ya ditaemane le fa puso e ne e dira maiteko.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;202.</ref> Madirelo a diteemane a ne a fedisa kwelotlase e e tlhomameng fa e ne e tlhomama ka bokana ka karolo ya masome a mararo le borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tse di tlhagisitsweng tsa lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 2009.<ref name=":76" /> Taolo ya dikgosi e ne ya fetolwa ka ngwaga wa 2008 ka Molao wa Bogosi.<ref name=":92" /> Khama o ne a rotloetsa go neela dikgosi maatla ka leina la go busetsa kotlhao le maitsholo a setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], pp.&#x20;196–197.</ref> O ne a ntsha taelo e e neng ya oketsa dingwaga tsa go nwa tse di kafa molaong go nna masome a mabedi le bongwe, ya fa baeteledipele ba merafe e mennye maatla a go laela gore batho ba itewe, ya tlhama ditlhopha tsa mephato go nna balebedi, le go tsenya gape [[:en:Corporal_punishment_in_schools|kotlhao ya go itaya mo dikolong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Dikgosi di le mmalwa tse di sa tswang go tlhongwa di ne tsa tshegetsa melawana e mme tsa tsenya tirisong dikotlhao tse di gagametseng tsa badiraphoso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Gareng ga bone go ne go na le Kgafela wa bobedi, kgosana ya morafe wa Kgatla. Go dira gore batho ba gagwe ba nne le boitsholo jo bo tlwaelegileng, o ne a oketsa thata go itewa ga batho ba ba neng ba tlola molao. Kgafela le ba bangwe ba ba amegang ba ne ba pegwa molato wa bosenyi ka ntlha ya go dirisa kotlhao ka tsela e e sa siamang ka ngwaga wa 2010, mme kgotlatshekelo e ne ya kgaphela thoko kopo ya gagwe ya go sirelediwa, ya tlhomamisa gore dikgosi ga di na boipuso mme di laolwa ke molaotheo.<ref name=":97">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;157.</ref> Jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le tlhopha boeteledipele jwa lekoko la yone ka ngwaga wa 2009, Khama o ne a tlhoma batho ba le bantsi ba A-Team mo dikomiting tse potlana tsa lekoko le fa Barata-Phathi e ne ya fenya ka nako ya mokgatlho wa lekoko.<ref name=":97" /><ref name=":98">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;335.</ref> Fa mokwaledi mogolo wa lekoko leo, Rre [[:en:Gomolemo_Motswaledi|Gomolemo Motswaledi]] a ne a rerisana le babueledi go botsa gore a ditiro tsa ga Khama di ka fa molaong, Khama o ne a dira gore a sekegiwe mo komiting. Morago ga go isa kgang kwa kgotlatshekelo, go ne ga fitlhelwa gore tautona yo o mo maemong ao ga a kgone go sekisiwa semolao, mme Khama o ne a emisa Motswaledi mo BDP gotlhelele.<ref name=":98" />Mo tshimologong ya ngwaga wa 2010, Khama o ne a emisa mme morago a ntsha maloko a mangwe a le mmalwa a lekalana le le mo teng ga lekoko la Barata-Phathi mo lekokong BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], pp.&#x20;354–355.</ref> Se se ne sa baka go kgaogana ga ntlha ga BDP ka Mopitlwe fa lekoko la Barata-Phathi le ne le tswa mo lekokong go bopa Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Temokerasi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;345.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Molao wa Tirelosetšhaba o tsentswe tirisong ka ngwaga wa 2010, o dira gore badiredipuso ba dire ditshupetso ka ha molaong mo maemong mangwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mo ngwageng o o latelang, Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Mekgatlho ya Badiri (BOFEPUSU) o ne wa etelela pele ditshupetso tsa dikgwedi di le pedi mo gare ga badiredipuso ba lefatshe go batla tuelo ya karolo ya lesome le borataro mo lekgolong, mme puso ya tsiboga ka go ntsha diketekete tsa badiri mo maemong a bone.<ref name=":96" /> Go ntshiwa ga batho go ne go okametswe ke [[:en:Mokgweetsi_Masisi|Mokgweetsi Masisi]], Tona ya Merero ya Botautona.<ref name=":99">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Go ganetsa boemo jwa puso, BOFEPUSU e ne ya tlhofofatsa go kopanngwa ga makoko a magolo a kganetso go nna [[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC).<ref name=":96" /> Setlhopha se sešwa se se ne se eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Duma_Boko|Duma Boko]], yo o neng a tsere taolo ya BNF ka ngwaga wa 2010 mme a laola dipuo tsa yona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;715.</ref> Khama o ne a diragatsa diphetogo tse di nonofileng tsa tshomarelo ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe, bogolo jang mabapi le go tsoma. Le fa ba ne ba opa diatla kwa mahatsheng a mangwe le go bopa leina la Botswana jaaka "kgakgamatso e tala", ba ne ba kopana le go kgobega marapo mo nageng ka ntlha ya ditsela tse di neng di dirisiwa go tswa kwa godimo go ya kwa tlase, bogolosegolo go tswa mo go ba ba nnang mo mafelong a a tlhomilweng a tshomarelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Melawana e e ne e akaretsa go oketsega ga mekgwa ya sesole e e kgatlhanong le go tsoma diphologolo; digongwana tse di kgatlhanong le go tsoma di ne di tsentswe ditlhobolo tse di itirisang go tlaleletsa melawana ya go thuntsha go bolaya kgatlhanong le batho ba ba belaelwang gore ke batsomi.<ref name=":94" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boloka bontsi jwa yone mo lekgotleng la peomolao morago ga [[:en:2014_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopho tse di latelang]], mme e le lekgetho la ntlha e ne ya dira jalo ka bontsi fela jwa ditlhopo tsa batho.<ref>[[Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;705.</ref> Ian Khama o ne a tlhoma Masisi go nna mothusa tautona wa gagwe.<ref name=":99" /> Tshwetso e ne ya tsosa kganetsano ka ntlha ya go tlhoka maitemogelo ga ga Masisi fa go bapisiwa le ditlhopho tse dingwe tse di ka kgonegang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Go ya ka Mogae, Masisi o ne a tlhophiwa ka tlhaloganyo ya gore o tla tlhoma [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|Tshekedi Khama]] [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|wa bobedi]] go nna mothusa tautona morago ga go tsaya botautona ka boene.<ref name=":99" /> Botsalo Ntuane o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Mokwaledi Mogolo wa lekoko la BDP ka ngwaga 2015 mo seraleng sa twantsho tshenyetso setshaba le phetolo ya ditlhopho. Se se ne sa tshosetsa tlholego e e tseneletseng ya lekoko la BDP, mme Ntuane a bona mmaba wa sepolotiki kwa Masisi.<ref name=":99" /> Khama o ne a le bobaba mo bobegadikgannyeng, bogolo jang mo mafelong a a neng a sa dumalane le ditiro tsa puso ya gagwe. O ne a na le babegadikgang ba babedi ba ba neng ba latofadiwa ka [[:en:Sedition|botsuolodi]] ka ngwaga wa 2017, mme moragonyana ditatofatso di ne tsa latlhiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;714.</ref> === Puso ya ga Mokgweetsi Masisi === [[Setshwantsho:Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference London 2018 (45245990491).jpg|thumb|Mokgweetsi Masisi a bua kwa bokopanong jo bo neng bo bua ka kgwebisano e e seng ka fa molaong ya diphologolo tsa naga kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:London|London]] ka ngwaga wa 2018]] Masisi o ne a nna tautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Khama ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2018. Fa ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2019_Botswana_general_election|kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 2019]] di ntse di atamela, Masisi o ne a tlhama setshwantsho sa go ipharologanya le Khama, a itlhagisa jaaka motho yo o [[:en:Anti-corruption|lwantshanang le bonweenwee]] fa a ntse a tshegetsa bobegakgang le BOFEPUSU.<ref name=":02">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;716.</ref><ref name=":02" /> Letsholo la gagwe la go lwantsha bonweenwee le ne la felela ka go tshwarwa ga ga Isaac Kgosi, yo o neng a eteletse pele Bokaedi jwa Botlhodi le Tshireletso mo pusong ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;717.</ref><ref name=":110" /> Masisi o ne a tswelela ka go busetsa morago bontsi jwa melawana ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110" /> Gareng ga tse e ne e le go phimolwa ga melawana ya tshomarelo, go akaretsa le thibelo ya go tsoma e e neng e tsoma e e neng e lebisitswe mo kgwebong ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|manaka a tlou]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;23–24, 33–34.</ref> O ne gape a okametse go fedisiwa ga go tsewa go ratana ka bong bole bongwe e le molato.<ref>Rotberg 2023, pp.&#x20;228–229.</ref> Fa se se ntse se tsweletse, Masisi le Khama ba nna baganetsi go na le go nna balekane. Khama o ne a leka go thapa [[:en:Pelonomi_Venson-Moitoi|Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi]] go nna ntlhopheng yo mongwe wa BDP kgatlhanong le Masisi, mme fa seo se palelwa, o ne a itlhomela lekoko la gagwe, la [[:en:Botswana_Patriotic_Front|Botswana Patriotic Front]] (BPF).<ref name=":99" /><ref name=":110" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boelwa ke bontsi jwa ditlhopho tsa batho ka ngwaga wa 2019,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> mme ditlhopho di ne tsa senngwa ke kgatelelo ya puso le diphuruphutsho tsa nako le nako kgatlhanong le batho ba kganetso. Lekoko la UDC le ne la gwetlha maduo, mme ga di a atlega.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;308.</ref> Diphetogo tsa kgaolo di ne tsa fetoga ka ngwaga wa 2019 jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le latlhegelwa ke thotloetso nngwe kwa bokone fa e ntse e oketsa tlhotlheletso ya yone kwa borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;231.</ref> Ditlhopho gape di ne tsa bona lekokokganetso le legolo, BNF, le latlhegelwa ke BCP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> Jaaka ditšhaba di le dintsi, [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana|Botswana e ne ya bona kwelotlase e e kgolo ya tsholelo ka nako ya tlhaselo ya bolwetsi jwa COVID-19]], mme lefatshe le ne la nna [[:en:COVID-19_lockdowns|mo thibelong ya metsamao]] bontsi jwa ngwaga wa 2020 le ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;309.</ref> Mofuta wa SARS-CoV-2 Omicron o ribolotswe kwa Botswana moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Maikutlo a a kgatlhanong le makula a ne a anama ka setšhaba sa makula kwa Botswana se ne se humile thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;310.</ref> Khama o ne a tshabela kwa lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa a le kwa botshabelo ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele ka ngwaga wa 2021, mme puso ya Botswana ya mo latofatsa ka go nna le dibetsa e se ka fa molaong ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;311–312.</ref> === Puso ya ga Duma Boko === [[Setshwantsho:Secretary Rubio Meets with Botswana President Boko (54371806715).jpg|thumb|Duma Boko o ikanisa tumalano le lefatshe la Amerika ka ngwaga wa 2025]] Lekoko la [:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change][[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC) le nnile lekokokganetso la ntlha mo Botswana go tsaya puso morago ga phenyo ya lone mo [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa]] [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 2024]] , mme se sa fedisa dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi tsa puso ya [[:en:Botswana_Democratic_Party|lekoko la Botswana la batho ka batho]] (BDP).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMuiaZane2024|Muia &#x26; Zane 2024]]</ref> Mo puisanong ya gagwe ya ntlha ya Maemo a Setšhaba ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2024, Duma Boko o boletse gore puso ya gagwe e tla kgaratlhela go oketsa dipeeletso mo maatleng a letsatsi, [[:en:Cannabis|motokwane]] ya kalafi le mofuta wa motokwane o o lengwang ka lebaka la madirelo. O ne gape a itsise ditirisano le [[:en:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] go atolosa phitlhelelo ya mafaratlhatlha a maranyane e e teng lefatshe ka bophara ka [[:en:Starlink|Starlink]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFFrance242024|France24 2024]]</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2025, Botswana e ne ya romela sathalaete ya yone ya ntlha, e leng [[:en:BOTSAT‑1|BOTSAT‐1,]] kwa lefaufaung.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRanjan2025|Ranjan 2025]]</ref> [[:en:Duma_Boko|Boko]] o ne a tsenela go itsisiwe semmuso ga sathalaete, e e neng ya tshwarelwa kwa mafelong a [[:en:SpaceX|SpaceX]] kwa lefatsheng la United States.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNamunwa2025|Namunwa 2025]].</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Lekwalokwalo la Botswana * [[Ngwao ya Botswana|Ngwao ya Batswana]] * Dipalopalo tsa Botswana * [[Itsholelo ya Botswana]] * Thutafatshe ya Botswana * [[Ditso tsa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Borwa jwa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Gaborone]] * [[Lenaane la dikgang tse di amanang le Botswana]] * Lenaane la dingwaga mo Botswana * [[Tlhaloso ya Botswana]] * Mola wa nako wa Botswana * Mola wa nako ya Gaborone * [[Dipolotiki tsa Botswana]] == Dintlhana tse di kwa tlase == <references /> == Metswedi == === Dibuka === * Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). Culture and Customs of Botswana. Greenwood Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-313-33178-7</nowiki>. OCLC 62118271. * Gulbrandsen, Ørnulf (2012). The State and the Social: State Formation in Botswana and its Precolonial and Colonial Genealogies. Berghahn Books. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85745-298-6</nowiki>. * Hillbom, Ellen; Bolt, Jutta (2018). Botswana – A Modern Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73144-5. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-73144-5</nowiki>. * Holm, John D.; Molutsi, Patrick P. (1992). "State-Society Relations in Botswana: Beginning Liberalization". In Hydén, Göran; Bratton, Michael (eds.). Governance and Politics in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 75–95. doi:10.1515/9781685853297. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-55587-285-4</nowiki>. * Jackson, Ashley (1999). Botswana, 1939-1945: An African Country at War. Clarendon Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-820764-1</nowiki>. * Leith, James Clark (2005). Why Botswana Prospered. McGill-Queen's University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7735-2821-5</nowiki>. * Molutsi, Patrick (2004). "Botswana: The Path to Democracy and Development". In Gyimah-Boadi, E. (ed.). Democratic Reform in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 159–182. doi:10.1515/9781685857325. <nowiki>ISBN 9781685857325</nowiki>. * Nyamnjoh, Francis B. (2007). "'Ever-Diminishing Circles': The Paradoxes of Belonging in Botswana". In de la Cadena, Marisol; Starn, Orin (eds.). Indigenous Experience Today. Routledge. pp. 305–332. <nowiki>ISBN 9781003085690</nowiki>. * Rotberg, Robert I. (2023). "Botswana: Africa's Democratic Exception". Overcoming the Oppressors: White and Black in Southern Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–231. <nowiki>ISBN 9780197674239</nowiki>. * Samatar, Abdi Ismail (1999). An African Miracle: State and Class Leadership and Colonial Legacy in Botswana Development. Heinemann. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-325-00068-8</nowiki>. * Tlou, Thomas; Campbell, Alec C. (1997) [1984]. History of Botswana (2nd ed.). Macmillan Botswana. <nowiki>ISBN 9991278087</nowiki>. == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref name=":2"><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref>Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref></ref><ref name=":30"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> 88mx20ev2i9669i563k3808q1mttgo5 53691 53690 2026-07-30T22:02:56Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Pre-colonial history" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366623313|History of Botswana]]" 53691 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditso tsa lefatshe la Botswana''' di akaretsa tsa bogologolo le tsa ngwao ya kgaolo, go diriwa kolone ya [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Bechuanaland Protectorate]], le go nna Republic of [[Botswana]] gompieno. Batho ba ntlha ba motlha wa gompieno go nna mo [[Botswana]] e ne e le Basarwa, temothuo e tlhabolotswe dingwaga di ka nna dikete pedi, le makgolo a mararo a a fetileng. Batho bantsho ba Bantu ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago ga loso lwa ga Keresete, fa [[Batswana]] ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago. Batswana ba ne ba kgaogana ka ditlhopha tsa merafe mo dingwageng tse di dikete tse di latelang fa diphudugo mo kgaolong di tswelela, tse di neng tsa baka [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]] mo lekgolong la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi. Go amana le lefatshe le le kgolo le le naleng dikarolo la Europe ga ntlha go diragetse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi lesome le borataro, mo go bakileng go diriwa Bakeresete ga batho ba kgaolo. Magosi a Batswana a a neng a na le thotloetso e kgolo a ne a ikopela go nna mo tlhokomelong ya lefatshe la [[United Kingdom]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le botlhano ka ba ne ba itemogela matshosetsi go tswa kwa [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German South West Africa]] le mo Maburung. Batho ba Britain ba ne ba kgaoganya kgaolo go nna merafe e kgosi nngwe le nngwe e tlaa e etelelang pele, ba a fa dikgosi maatla a a fetang a ba neng ba na le one pele, mme ba ne ba nna le taolo e e lekanetseng fela mo lefatsheng. Puso ya Britain e ne ya nna le seabe se setlhagafetseng ka dinwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la ema nokeng go tsaya karolo ga Britain mo ntweng ya bobedi ya mafatshe, bontsi ba ne ba lwa e le bontlha jwa sesole sa [[Aferika|Aforika]] sa Auxiliary Pioneer Corps. Go lwela go laola go nnile teng ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a matlhano fa gare ga Kgosi ya [[Bangwato]] [[Seretse Khama]] le motlhatlhami wa gagwe [[Tshekedi Khama]]. Go nyala mosadi wa lekgoa ebong [[Ruth Williams Khama]] ga ga Seretse, go ne ga baka gore batho ba Britain ba mo thibele go nna mo [[Botswana]]. O ne a boa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a matlhano le borataro, ka a ne a na le kemo nokeng e kgolo, merafe e ne inaakanya le puso e e tlhophilweng fa letsholo la boipuso le tlhamiwa. Molao wa lefatshe o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le motso, ga tlhamiwa diphathi tsa polotiki. Seretse o ne a nna moeteledipele wa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Bechuanaland Democratic Party]], e e neng e bueletswe ke puso ya Britain go busa morago ga boipuso, e ne ya nna le kemo nokeng e e tsitsibanyang mmele mo ditlhophong tsa ntlha tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le botlhano. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la neelwa boipuso jo bo tletseng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro. Ka maikaelelo a a nonofileng, Seretse le phathi ya gagwe ba ne ba tlhama puso ya batho ka batho ya bophirima ba simolola go tlhabolola dikago mo lefatsheng le e neng e le lengwe la a a neng a humanegile thata ka nako eo. Go ne ga lemogiwa fa go na le diteemane ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabongwe, mo go neng ga bopa sesha itsholelo ya Botswana. Kompone ya meepo ya [[Debswana]] e tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi, lefatshe la Botswana la nna la itsholelo e e golang ka bofefo thata go gaisa a mangwe mo Botswana. Phathi ya sepolotiki ya Botswana Democratic e ne ya tswelela e le yone phathi e e busang go tswa ka nako ya boipuso go fitlhelela phathi ya [[Umbrella for Democratic Change]] e fenya ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone.]] == Ditso tsa pele ga bokolone == === Ditso tsa pele === [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo Hills rock paintings4.jpg|thumb|metako ya magaga kwa Tsodilo mo ditsong tsa pele]] Lefatshe la Botswana la gompieno e ne e le sekgwa fela dingwaga di le didikadike tse di lesome tse di fitileng, dinoka di ne di le ditona go fetisa gompieno, di tshela kwa [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|letsheng la Makgadikgadi]].<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou, Thomas]]; [[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Campbell, Alec C]]. (1997) [1984]. ''[[History of Botswana]]'' (2nd&nbsp;ed.). Macmillan Botswana. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/9991278087|&nbsp;<bdi>9991278087</bdi>.]]</ref> Batho ba sebopego sa ntlha sa Homo erectus ba ne ba nna mo kgaolong eo ka motlha wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997,]] p.&nbsp;14.</ref> Didirisiwa tsa lejwe mo Botswana wa gompieno, di tshwana le dilepe, di tswa go o lowe, dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fitileng.<ref name=":4">Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). [[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|''Culture and Customs of Botswana''.]] Greenwood Press. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33178-7|<bdi>978-0-313-33178-7</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#Identifiers_and_linked_data|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/title/62118271 62118271.]</ref><ref name=":0">Klehm, Carla (28 June 2021). "Archaeology of Botswana". ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History''. doi:[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61663/chapter/553401196 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.792]. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4|<bdi>978-0-19-027773-4</bdi>.]]</ref> Phudugo go ya sekakeng sa Kalahari go akanyediwa fa e diragetse pele ga legato la borataro dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro tse di fitileng.<ref name=":0" /> Letsha la Makgadikgadi le simolotse go fokotsega dingwaga di le dikete di le masome matlhano tse di fitileng.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;17.]]</ref> Bagolagolwane ba merafe e e sa amaneng ka gope ba ba bidiwang Basarwa fa ba kgobokantswe, ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome mane go tsena masome a mararo tse di fitileng. Ba ka tswa e le bone batho ba ntlha go nna mo motlheng wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&nbsp;18, 23.</ref> Ba ne ba itlhoma go bapa le dinoka ka dipaka tsa komelelo, mme ba phatlalale le kgaolo ka nako ya dipula.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&nbsp;24.</ref>Go ne go itsewe fa ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikaganyeditseng [[letsha la Makgadikgadi]], ga mmogo le [[Tsodilo]] le GI.<ref name=":1">[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;xv.</ref> Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba [[Nata]], Shua le Xani, go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref name=":2">Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;23.</ref>[[:en:Rock_art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse masome a mararo tse di fetileng,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Meepo ya specularite le hematite e simolotse ka nako e go tlhama dipente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;48.</ref> Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a leruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome mabedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":1" /> Thuto e e tseneletseng ya Aforika e e kwa borwa mo [[:en:Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Matlapa]] e ntse e lekanyeditswe.<ref name=":0" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[:en:Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba sala ka ditlhopha tse dinnye mme ba dira kgwebo le ba bangwe.<ref name=":2" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere tshimo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monna yo mogolo wa lelapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tse dikgolo, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela le go tshwara diphologolo tse dinnye.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Ditlhopha di ne di nyalana mme di dirisa thulaganyo ya magadi, xaro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete tse tse di fetileng, batho ba kgaolo eo ba ne ba tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana wa gompieno mme ba simolola go dira dinkgwana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;8.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;28.</ref>Temothuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga le go wela tlase fa seemo sa loapi le ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo di ne di dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;29–30.</ref>Gareng ga dijalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[:en:Pearl_millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[:en:Sorghum|mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[:en:Cowpea|dinawa tsa kgomo]], le dimela tsa lelapa la [[:en:Cucurbitaceae|cucurbits]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba Bantu ba ne ba [[:en:Bantu_expansion|fudugela kwa kgaolong]] e dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi le dingwaga dile selete le makgolo a matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong leno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;22–24, 28.</ref> [[:en:Kalanga_people|Batho ba Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba goroga c. 200 C.E.<ref name=":3">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Bagologolwane ba morafe wa ntlha wa [[:en:Tswana_people|Batswana]] (bongwe ''Motswana'', bontsi ''Batswana'') go fopholediwa fa ba gorogile c. 400 C.E.<ref name=":3" /> Batho ba ba Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didirisiwa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna mo ditseleng tsa metsi tsa leruri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;9.</ref> Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a leruri a matlo a ka nna lesome go fitlhela lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Pole-and-daga|dipale le mmu]] nngwe le nngwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa Khoisan e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;44–45.</ref> BaKhoisan le Bantu ba ka tswa ba ne ba gweba le go nyalana mo pakeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;36.</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlhela ka lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga === Setlhopha sa batho ba Zhizo, batho ba Taukome, ba ne ba goroga mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme ba nna fa gare ga [[:en:Shashe_River|Noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|Noka ya Serorome]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref><ref name=":5">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;10.</ref> Go nna le [[:en:Glass_bead|dipheta tsa galase]] go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo ya Lewatle la India]].<ref name=":5" /> Palo ya leruo le le ruiwang mo Botswana wa gompieno e ne ya oketsega thata fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa borobabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":4" /> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso ya morafe, e e bidiwang ''morafe'' (bontsi merafe), mongwe le mongwe o eteletswe pele ke kgosi e e bidiwang ''[[:en:Kgosi|kgosi]]'' (bontsi dikgosi).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Tsamaiso e e ne ya tlhagisa puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le tse dingwe mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;40.</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong, mme go nna mong wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho.<ref name=":6">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;11.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ditso tsa bogologolo tsa batho ba Tswana e sa ntse e sa itsiwe thata ka gonne go setse bosupi jo bonnye jwa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo.<ref name=":3" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Sekaka sa Kalahari]] ka makgolo ale borobabongwe morago ga ga Keresete,<ref name=":1" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong le le latelang la dingwaga, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng kwa Lewatleng la India.<ref name=":6" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Bangwe ba batho ba Eiland ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa ya gompieno go tsena mo Botswana wa gompieno mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Batho ba Toutswe, ba bangwe ba morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, ba bona khumo ya bona ka go nna le dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;13.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Go ne ga agiwa metse e meraro ya Ba-Toutswe kwa [[:en:Bosutswe|Bosutswe]], Sung, le [[:en:Toutswemogala|Toutswemogala]], mongwe le mongwe wa bone o ne o busa metse e mennye e e neng e e dikologile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 12, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba anametse kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;60.</ref> Boleng jwa ditlhagiswa bo ne jwa fetogafetoga fa kgwebisano e ntse e atolosiwa le ditšhaba di sele mme go ribololwa ga gauta go ne ga diragala, go fokotsa kgatlhego mo ditlhagisweng tsa sebilo le tsa diphologolo jaaka lonaka lwa tlou.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;27–28.</ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":7">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Merafe e e kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditiragalo tse mme e ne ya sala e sa amege thata.<ref name=":8">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Baagisani ba Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe le wa lesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard's Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":9">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> <ref name=":10">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;61.</ref>Ba tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[:en:Bambandyanalo|Bambandyanalo]], ba ne ba nna batho ba bagolo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe kwa ba neng ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;67–68.</ref> Ba ne ba bonela pele tlhotlheletso go ralala kgaolo fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> Batho ba Okavango Delta le batho ba Tsodilo mme morago ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bodulo mo nakong e, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke batho ba Khoe fela ba ba neng ba nna mo lefelong leo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou & Campbell 1997]], pp. 46, 81.</ref>Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro,<ref name=":11">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;14.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa mo nako e le nngwe.<ref name=":10" />Batho ba Mambo ba ne ba nna go dikologa [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]] ya gompieno mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo tikologong ya nako e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Batho ba segompieno ba Tswana, [[:en:Khalagari_people|Khalagari]], le [[:en:Sotho_people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo e ka nnang ka lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":12">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Ba-Khalagari ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana.<ref name=":13">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Batho ba Fokeng le bone ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi,<ref name=":14">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;93.</ref> mme batho ba Moloko ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro.<ref name=":12" /> Morafe wa tshimologo wa BaTswana, losika lwa bogosi lwa Phofu, o tlhodilwe kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro ke Mogale. Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, e ne ya kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa le merafe ya Bahurutshe, [[:en:Kwena_people|Kwena]], [[:en:Ngwaketse_people|Ngwaketse]], [[:en:Ngwato_people|Ngwato]], Tlharo, le batho ba ba [[:en:Ngwato_people|Kgatla]].<ref name=":13" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa ema mo boemong jwa Mapungubwe e le maatla a kgaolo ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro fa batho ba Gumanye ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[:en:Great_Zimbabwe|Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le le botlhokwa le ditsompelo tsa yone le go nna gaufi le lebopo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;77–78.</ref> Zimbabwe e ne e laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le teng mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana,<ref name=":15">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvi.</ref> mme kgwebisano ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo eo.<ref name=":11" /> Zimbabwe e ne e latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga, mme e ne ya wela mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Dinaga tse dingwe di le mmalwa di ne tsa tlhagelela morago ga go wa ga yone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo neng jwa bopiwa ke [[:en:Kalanga_people|merafe ya Kalanga]], bo ne jwa tsaya maemo a Zimbabwe mo molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;98–100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana le [[:en:Pedi_people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bone<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> mme [[:en:Rolong_people|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Morolong.<ref name=":13" /> Kgosi Masilo go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya bophirima jwa Tswana ka nako e, go fitlhela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga moo go bolelwa fa lefelo le le ne le busiwa ke Malope kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":14" /> === Lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell - Thlapingkaptein en sy vrou.png|thumb|Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1800]] Batho ba baTswana ba ne ba fuduga fa gare ga Botswana wa gompieno ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke batho ba naga le batho ba mmuso wa ga mmamosadinyana go tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":16">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;19.</ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga sekete le makgolo a le marataro.<ref name=":17">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, losika lwa ga Phofu, lo ne lwa wela tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;104.</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la lesome le botlhano le la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":11" /> Batho ba ba Kalanga ba ne ba laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[:en:Motloutse_River|Noka ya Motloutse]] le [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Letsha la Makgadikgadi]] go fitlhela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabobedi.<ref name=":7" /> Batho ba Hurutshe, Kgatla, le Kwena ba ne ba kgaogana le losika lwa segosi lwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo gare ga komelelo le dintwa tsa boswa, mme kgabagare ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;10.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Batho ba Ngwaketse le ba Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le boraro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;105.</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo ba ne ba nna mo Motlheng wa Bofelo wa Leje go fitlha mo e ka nnang mo lekgolong la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;22.</ref> Batho ba Botswana wa gompieno ba simolodistse ditsela tse di telle tsa motsamao ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa, e tsamaelwa dikilometara tse makgolo go rekisa,go tsoma le go itsalanya le batho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;108–109.</ref>Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana motlhofo abo e ipopa ka bongwe go tswa mo go ba bangwe ka gore dithoto tse dipotlana , le leruo tsa lefelo ne di kgona go tsmaisiwa motlhofo.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":16" />Merafe ya botlhabatsatsi e ne e tshabellwa ke go kgaogana ka ntlha ya seele se se tona gareng ga toropo le ditshimo.<ref name=":18">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;392.</ref>Kgaogano gareng ga ditlhopa tsa baTswana e nnile mo gareng ga ngwagakgolong ya lesome le bosupa, e tlhalosa merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":19">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;106.</ref>Merafe ya baTswana ba botlhabatsatsi e ne e nna e le maikaelelo a dintwa tsa [[:en:Griqua_people|batho ba Griqua]].<ref name=":18" /> Fa batho ba baTswana ba tswa bokone go ya Botswana wa borwa-bophirima wa segompieno ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa , ba ne ba nna mo metseng e e neng e nna batho ba Kgalagari, ba ba tshwaetsa kgotsa ba ba ntsha. Batho ba ba Kwena le merafe ya bone ya lekala ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa segompieno ka fa tlase ga taolo ya [[:en:Kgabo_II|Kgabo wa bobedi]] ba bo ba nna gaufi le motse wa [[:en:Molepolole|Molepolole]].<ref name=":19" />Go ya ka setso sa molomo, bapatole ba e leng batho ba Herero le Mbanderu ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathung ba Mbunda ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bosupa fa ntwa tsa leruo la batswana le ne le phatlalatsa ditlhopa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> le batho ba Bayeyi ba ne ba fudugela kwa Okavango Delta go ya kwa nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;8.</ref>Mo mafelong a mangwe, batho ba Kaa ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathong ba Rolong le batho ba Khurutse ba kgaogana le batho ba Bahurutshe, fa ditlhopa tsotlhe di fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":20">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;107.</ref>Batho ba Bashaga ba ne ba kopana le batho ba Kgalagari ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;110.</ref> State sa ntlha sa Tswana se tlhamilwe ke batho ba Ngwaketse bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi. Si state tse dingwe tsa Tswana di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka go latelana ke batho ba ba Kwena, batho ba Ngwato le batho ba ba Tawana mo dingwageng tse lesome tse nne di latela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;113.</ref> Ka se go ne ga tla ditlhabololo tsa ''mophato (''bontsi ''mephato),'' mephato ya sesole e e rulagantsweng k a dingwaga tsa setlhopa, gareng ga batho ba Tswana ba bophirima mo dingwageng tsa sekete le makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano''.''<ref name=":21">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;386.</ref>Batho ba le babedi ba Kgatla , batho ba Kgafela le batho ba ba Tlokwa, ba tsene mo nakong e ba bo ba tsaa taolo mo tikologong ya [[:en:Pilanesberg|Pilanesberg]] mo Aforika Borewng wa segompieno. Ba ne ba laola ka thata bontsi jwa batho mo lefelong leo mme ebile ba fentse dintwa tse pedi le batho ba Fokeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;390–391.</ref>Tiriso ya mephato e ne ya phatlatsega kwa bathong ba Tswana ba kwa botlhaba kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":21" />E ne e sa amogelwa go phutologilwe mo borwa === Difaqane === [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]], nako ya dintwa le phuduso mo borwa jwa Aforika , e diragetse kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi le tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;17.</ref> Mo nakong ye, batho ba baTswana ba ne ba le mo '''kgonegong''' ya dintwa ke ditlhopa di le dintsi ,di akaretsa [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Ndebele]], ba [[:en:Kololo_people|Kololo]], ba [[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]],<ref name=":8" /> ba Pedi, le ba [[:en:Voortrekker|Voortrekkers]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;391.</ref>Bontsi jwa ditlhopa tsa ba Tswana di itlhopetse go boela morago ko ntlheng ga go lwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;394.</ref>Sese ne sa trigger phudugo e e extensive e e ralalang lefelo, go baka gore morafe wa ba Tswana o phatlalale thata abo o simolodisa bolengteng jo bo nonofileng gareng ga territory ya Botswana wa segompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo [[:en:Hardveld|nageng e e thata]] e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Batho ba Kwena le ba Ngwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa motseng wa [[:en:South_African_Republic|Transvaal]] go ya kwa ''lefelong la motlhaba''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;18.</ref> Batho ba ntlha wa Kgatla go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, batho ba Mmanaana, o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[:en:Moshupa|Moshupa]] le [[:en:Thamaga|Thamaga]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53, 56.</ref> Ke fela bangwe ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba bolokwa mo go fudugeng kgotsa mo go kgorelediweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;393.</ref> Batho ba Kololo ba ne ba tlhasela merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa 1826, ba pateletsa BaKwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bona ka go farologana. Sebogo, molaodi wa morafe wa Ngwaketse, o ne a tsosa banna ba le dikete dile nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa Dithubaruba kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ba bolaya batlhabani le baagi, ba kobela ruri Bakololo mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;393–394.</ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma dinaga tsa yone gape ka dingwaga tsa bo 1840, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;31.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;693.</ref><ref name=":22">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;114.</ref> Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[:en:Kgotla|kgotla]]'', kopano ya dipuisano e mo go yone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a utlwa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagi ba banna pele a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref name=":34">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;695.</ref><ref name=":23">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1880, batho ba Tswana le ba Khalagari ba ne ba dirile Botswana yotlhe ya gompieno dikolone.<ref name=":20" /> === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe ba ne ba goroga lantlha mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|London Missionary Society]]. Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa dira go fetolela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":24">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Morongwa [[:en:Robert_Moffat_(missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya motse wa gagwe wa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa Botswana wa gompieno jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le Maburu gore ba se ka ba kgona go ya kwa teng.<ref name=":8" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a ne a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekeresete le go kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente e Kgologolo le e Ntšhwa ka bobedi di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa 1857.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;57, 65.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgopolo di le mmalwa tsa itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aforika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''mafisa'' ya bahumi ba adima bahumanegi dikgomo go ba ananya ka tiro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;701.</ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya dithoto tse di fhapegileng ka bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe , mme banna ba ba nyetsweng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le tshwanelo ya ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;698.</ref> Banna ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref> Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se lengwa thata mo kgaolong eo mo lekgolong la lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela komelelo e ne e raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Bagwebi ba lefatshe la Britain ba gorogile ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":24" /> Go tla ga baagi ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe ba ba neng ba nna gaufi le foo go ne ga dira gore merafe ya Batswana e kgone go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Sechele_I|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_I|wa ntlha]] wa batho ba Bakwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya lefatshe la Britain ya morafe wa gagwe.<ref name=":22" /> Morongwa wa kwa Scotland e bong [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o ne a goroga mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma lekgotla la [[:en:Kolobeng_Mission|Kolobeng Mission]]. Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe mo go bokete ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe mo merafeng ya Batswana fa ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano tsa dikontinente tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":15" /> Moaparo wa Bophirima o ne wa amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala ngwagakgolo otlhe mme o kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;120–121.</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a fa batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu.<ref name=":25">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa batho ba Kalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba lebana le kgotlhang go tswa mo ditlhopheng tse dingwe mo kgaolong, mme ya goroga kwa setlhoeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1850. Batswana ba le bantsi, bogolosegolo merafe ya Kwena le Ngwato, ba ne ba lwa kgatlhanong le merafe ya Maaforikanere le ya MaZulu kwa botlhaba jwa Sekaka sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;195.</ref> Ba-Kwena le Ba-Mmanaana ba ne ba lwantsha Maburu go tswa kwa Transvaal ka ngwaga wa 1852, ba sireletsa kgaolo ya bone mme ba fedisa go atologa ga setšhaba go ya kwa bophirima.<ref name=":26">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;396.</ref> Batswana ba ne ba bona ditlhopha tsa barongwa e le tsela ya go tshabela mo batlhaseding, ba rotloetsa go sokologela mo Bokereseteng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Sechele o ne a kopa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Britain ka 1853 go fedisa dintwa tsa kgaolo, mme o ne a ganwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;107.</ref> Baeng ba Europa ba ne ba tlwaelesegile thata mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga fa batsomi, batlhotlhomisi, le bagwebi ba ne ba batla dipoelo le go bona dilo tse di kgatlhang mo kgaolong eo.<ref name=":25" /> Ba le bantsi ba ne ba kwala [[:en:Travel_book|dibuka tsa maeto]] ka ga lefelo leo, tse e neng e le dingwe tsa dikgatiso fela tse e seng tsa thuto ka ga Botswana wa gompieno ka nako eo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;65–66.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1860, go fuduga go tswa mo kgaolong go ne ga oketsega fa banna ba Batswana ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya go bereka kwa meepong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Go ribololwa ga Masimo a [[:en:Tati_Goldfields|Gauta a Tati]] go ne ga tsosa go batla gauta ga ntlha ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe kwa Borwa jwa Aforika ka ngwaga wa 1868.<ref name=":24" /> Kampa ya pele ya meepo e e neng ya tlhongwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1870 e ne ya atologa thata fa e ne e nna lefelo le legolo la terena fa gare ga [[:en:Cape_Province|kgaolo ya Cape]] le [[:en:Bulawayo|Bulawayo]], mme ya nna toropokgolo ya ntlha ya Botswana, e leng [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;15, 29.</ref> Mo nakong e mo hisitoring ya Botswana, dikgosi tse dikgolo tsotlhe e ne e le Bakeresete.[92] Ntwa magareng ga Bakwena le BaKgafela ka ngwaga wa 1875.<ref name=":26" />Kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga di le lesome, kgosi [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa batho ba Ngwato o ne a gapa taolo ya kgwebisano ya Borithane mo bathong ba Kwena.<ref name=":22" /> == Tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland == ''Setlhogo se segolo: [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]'' Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e oketsegang ya lefatshe la Germany mo kgaolong, mme e ne ya dumela go bopa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]].<ref name=":27">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom & Bolt 2018]], p. 40.</ref><ref name=":28">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Makgowa a Britain a ne a eletsa go somarela tlhotlheletso ya yone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka a ne a neelana ka kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aforika.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Dikgosi tsa Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane ya Aforika Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maaforikaner]],<ref name=":29">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;161.</ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ya taolo ya Borithane e ne e le bokoloniale jwa baagi ke Jeremane.<ref name=":30">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;694.</ref> Ba ne ba eletsa gape go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Aforika Borwa kgotsa moeteledipele wa meepo [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa tshireletso e santse e iphitlhela e ikaegile ka Aforika Borwa mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe go nna lefatshe la merafe le le busiwang ke dikgosi le [[:en:Crown_land|lefatshe la segosi]] le le laolwang ke United Kingdom.<ref name=":29" /> Merafe e borobarobedi e ne ya amogelwa ke Maesemane fa go ne go tlhodiwa protectorate. Tse nne tse dikgolo di ne tsa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe: Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Gape go ne ga lemogiwa tse tharo tse dinnye: tsa Kgatla, tsa [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Tlokwa]] le tsa ga [[:en:Malete_people|Malete]]. Ba borobedi, ba Tshidi, ba ne ba fiwa lefelo la polokelo le le kgabaganyang molelwane magareng ga naga e e sireleditsweng le Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;30n1.</ref> Fa maloko a merafe e mennye e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe tsa bona.<ref name=":17" /> Go tsenngwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola mofuta wa puso ya Motswana, ka merafe e ne e sa tlhalosiwe thata mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka dikgaolo di kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;46–47.</ref><ref name=":31">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;24.</ref> Tshireletso kwa tshimologong e ne ya atologela kwa Ngwato, e fitlha go tswa go didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa go ya kwa [[:en:Molopo_River|Nokeng ya Molopo]], mme e ne ya atolosiwa go ya kwa didikiriing di le lesome le borobabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhela kwa Nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwaga wa 1890.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;30.</ref>Se se ne sa tlamela Maborithane ka badiri ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya yona mme sa bopa sekgoreletsi se segolo sa go lekanyetsa bokoloniale jwa Jeremane.<ref name=":32" /> Batho ba bangwe ba Tswana ba ne ba nna kwa borwa jwa tshireletso mme moragonyana ba ne ba tsenngwa mo Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":28" /> Batho ba ga Kgafela ba ne ba nna kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa 1887. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna seka-Kgatla.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53.</ref>Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa 1891 go tlhoma tshireletso semmuso.<ref name=":29" /> Puso ya yone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa mookamedi go nna tlhogo ya yone. Mookamedi o ne a fiwa dithata tse di anameng mo tshireletsong, fa fela a ne a tlotla molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> Motsemogolo wa yone e ne e le toropo ya Aforika Borwa ya Vryburg, go supa gore babusi ba bokoloniale ba ne ba sa nne mo tshireletsong mme ba ne ba sa amege ka tlhamalalo mo mererong ya yona.<ref name=":33">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;41.</ref>Go na le moo, mookamedi yo mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusa-baokamedi ba babedi, mme mookamedi wa kgaolo o ne a tlhofofatsa go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":35">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Go tsenngwa ga puso ya Borithane mo Aforikaborwa go ne go raya gore Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne e ikaegile ka yona mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;162.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore Bechuanaland Protectorate ke setheo sa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore e tla tloga e tsewa ke kolone ya Borithane.<ref name=":37">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;115.</ref> Fa go ntse jalo, e ne e dumela gore tshireletso e e kgonang go itshedisa e tla ja madi a mannye go e tlhokomela.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":41">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;108.</ref> Ka ntlha ya mabaka a, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya gapeletsa taolo e nnye fela e e tlhamaletseng ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland.<ref name=":23" /> Dikgosi di ne di akola dikgang tse mme tsa kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jo bo anameng, fela tshegetso ya bokoloniale e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka tumelelo ya merafe go tshegetsa puso.<ref name=":36">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;41–42.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;66–67.</ref>[ Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya seemanosi, se se neng sa baka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho le go tlhaola basadi le merafe e mennye.<ref name=":38">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;161–162.</ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa tshireletso === {{Multiple image|total_width=300|image1=Chief-khama-III.jpg|image2=Sebele I by Fritsch 1865.jpg|image3=Bathoen I in london1895.jpg|footer=Khama III, Sebele I le Bathoen I, ba ba neng ba kgona go tlhotlheletsa puso ya Borithane gore e se ka ya tsenya Bechuanaland Protectorate mo taolong ya Khamphani ya British South Africa.|direction=Horizontal}} Batho ba lefatshe la Britain ba ne a rulagantse gore kwa bofelong ba akaretse Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland mo Kopanong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":31" /> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso, United Kingdom e ne ya tsena mo dipuisanong le Cecil Rhodes go e tsenya mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aforika Borwa ya Borithane]].<ref name=":27" /> Fa ba araba, dikgosi tse tharo tse di nang le tlhotlheletso thata—Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, Sebele Iwa ntlha wa Ba-Kwena, le Bathoen wa ntlha wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto lwa bodipolomate go ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa1895 mme ba dira gore puso e se ka ya wetsa tumalano eo.<ref name=":33" /><ref name=":39">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvii.</ref>Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di dirisanang le makgoa a lefatshe la Briritsh jaaka setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref name=":40">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> mme sa kwala batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka setšhaba se le sengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[:en:Jameson_Raid|Jameson Raid]] ka yone e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba makgowa a lefatshe la British marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;30–31.</ref> Go ketekwa ga dikgosi tse go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aforika: ''Khamé'', ''Sebéle'' le ''Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa lefatshe la London ka one ngwaga oo. Mokwalo o o [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhagisitse tlhamane]] e e simolotseng ya gore merafe ya bone e meraro ka go farologana e tlhodilwe ke bakaulengwe ba bararo.<ref name=":42">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;670.</ref> Gape ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropong e nngwe ya Aforika Borwa, [[:en:Mafeking|Mafeking]],<ref name=":33" />mme kompone ya Marope a Bogologolo e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marope a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go batla gauta.<ref name=":32" /> Tshireletso e ne ya amiwa thata ke go runya ga bolwane mo diphologolong ya Aforika ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, ya latlhegelwa ke dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa leruo la yona le diphologolo tsa naga.<ref name=":39" /> [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|Seporo sa tshireletso se agilwe ka]] [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|ngwaga wa 1897]] jaaka mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tsosa [[:en:Pioneer_Column|setlhopa sa Babulatsela]] go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa Ngwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole.<ref name=":43">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la [[:en:Jameson_Raid|tlhaselo ya ga Jameson]] ka 1896.<ref name=":39" /> Morafe wa Kgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya [[:en:Boer_War|Ntwa ya Maburu]], o lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane.<ref name=":43" /> Itsholelo ya pele ya bokoloniale ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne ya nna e tshwana thata le itsholelo ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref /> United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata naga ya tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e fa Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka mo meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;42.</ref> Makgetho le one a ne a tsenngwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la ntlwana]] ka ngwaga wa 1899, le le neng la emisediwa ka [[:en:Poll_tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa 1909.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Lekgetho la selegae le ne la tsenngwa moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 1919.<ref name=":44">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;31.</ref>Makgetho a bokoloniale kwa Tshireletsong ya Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme se sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagi go ba rotloetsa go nna.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;43–44.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la akanyetsa go kopanya tshireletso mo Aforika Borwa jaaka e ne e [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|kopanya dikoloni tsa yona tsa borwa jwa Aforika]], fela kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":39" /> ya kopana ka ngwaga wa 1910.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;137.</ref> Boloko bo ne bo dira gore tshireletso e nne le karolo tse pedi mo lekgolong fela ya lotseno lwa bokopano.<ref name=":44" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1910, merafe yotlhe ya Batswana e ne e amogetse Bokeresete.<ref name=":24" />Bechuanaland e ne ya romela masole a le makgolo a le mmalwa go thusa Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya [[:en:World_War_I|Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya ntlha]].<ref name=":43" /> Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o ne wa iphitlhela o wela tlase ka nako eo, mme ka iketlo o ne wa latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso mo pusong e e neng e sireleditswe.<ref name=":42" /> [[:en:Sebele_II|Sebele wa bobedi]] o ne a nna kgosi ya Kwena ka ngwaga wa 1918, a tlhatlhama rraagwe, [[:en:Sechele_II|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_II|wa bobedi]]. Sechele II o ne a thulana le Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o o neng o laola, a letlelela go nna teng ga Anglican le go busetsa mekgwa e mentsi ya setso e e jaaka go nyala basadi ba le bantsi, go dira pula le ''[[:en:Bogwera|bogwera]]''. Sebele II o ne a tswelela ka kgwetlho ya ga rraagwe kwa Mokgatlhong wa Barongwa wa London, go ngongorega ga puso ya Borithane.<ref /> Puso e e gabedi ya dikgosi le tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya dira gore tsamaiso e nne thata, ka jalo tsamaiso e ne ya tlhama makgotla a mabedi a bagakolodi go lekalekanya balaodi bao.<ref name=":44" /> Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana (moragonyana Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Aforika) le ne la tlhongwa ka ngwagawa 1919.<ref name=":35" />Kopano e ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya dikgosi le batho ba bangwe ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso mo tshireletsong e ne ya letla puso ya Borithane go utlwa le go laola merafe mmogo go na le ka bongwe.[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;47–49.</ref>] Khama wa boraro wa Ngwato o ne a gana go tsaya karolo, a supa bokoa jwa tiragatso ya thibelo ya bojalwa mo morafeng wa borwa. Khama wa boraro o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1923<ref name=":45">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;230.</ref> mme a tlhatlhangwa ke [[:en:Sekgoma_II|Sekgoma]] [[:en:Sekgoma_II|wa bobedi]], yo o neng a direla go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1926.<ref name=":45" /> Morwa wa ga Sekgoma e bong [[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] o ne a sa ntse a le lesea, ka jalo [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama|Tshekedi Khama]] o ne a nna mmusi.<ref name=":46">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Tshekedi o ne a lemogwa jaaka moemedi wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> Fa Seretse a ntse a gola, Tshekedi o ne a gatelela gore a fiwe [[:en:Liberal_education|thuto e e gololesegileng]] go na le gore a romelwe kwa sekolong sa madirelo sa Rhodesia.<ref>Samatar 1999, p.&#x20;179.</ref> === Tlhabololo le tlhotlheletso e e oketsegileng ya Borithane === Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920, kgosi Isang Pilane wa batho ba Kgatla o ne a okametse sekema sa ntlha se segolo sa tlhabololo ya metsi sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland , a dira gore go epiwe metswedi ya metsi e le lesomethataro, mme di le supa tsa tsone di ne tsa nna ditlamelo tsa metsi tse di atlegileng. Tse e ne tsa tlwaelega thata mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang fa puso ya Borithane e ne e kgatlhegela go atolosa itsholelo ya tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;70.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930, Isang Pilane le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana ba ne ba dira gore dikhuti di nne tse di hapegileng, ka gonne di ne di sa tlhokomelwe ka fa tlase ga bong jo bo kopanetsweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], pp.&#x20;699–700.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya nna teng mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1930, ya bolaya go feta karolo ya masome a marataro mo lekgolong ya dikgomo tsa tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne ya tsaya karolo e e matlhagatlhaga mo pusong ya tshireletso go simolola ka ngwaga wa 1930.<ref name=":47">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;58.</ref><ref name=":41" />Mo ngwageng oo, e ne ya simolola go tlamela ka matlole ka tlhamalalo go tshireletso.<ref name=":48">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Charles Rey o ne a tlhomiwa go nna molaodi wa Moagi wa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, mme o ne a na le maikarabelo a go rulaganya itsholelo sešwa go dikologa dikgomo tsa go romelwa kwa ntle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;55–56.</ref> Maiteko a go fetola tshireletso go ya kwa tlhabololong ya meepo le temothuo ya kgwebo a ne a lekwa mme a bona a kgarametswa morago go tswa mo dikgosing.<ref name=":37" /> Molaodi wa Moagi Rey o ne a thulana le kgosi Sebele wa bobedi, mme a dira gore a lelekwe ka 1931. Sebele II o ne a emisediwa ka morwarraagwe yo mmotlana, Kgari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dikgato tse dingwe di ne tsa lekwa ke puso ya Borithane ka 1934 go thibela maatla a a sa laolweng a dikgosi morago ga go menolwa ga ga Sebele II. Dikgato tseno di ne tsa laela makgotla a bagakolodi a dikgosi di neng di tshwanetse go buisana le one mme di ne di batla gore puso ya Borithane e newe phitlhelelo ya direkoto tsa kgotlatshekelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;69–70.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;49.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Bathoen_II|Bathoen wa bobedi]] wa Ngwaketse le moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao mo maitekong a. Le fa kgotlatshekelo ya Borithane e ne ya atlhola kgatlhanong le kgwetlho, dipholisi tse dišwa ga di ise di ko di tsenngwe tirisong ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;72–73.</ref><ref name=":49">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Dithibelo tse dingwe di ne tsa amogelwa ka kgoeletso ya bokoloniale go lekanyetsa bokgoni jwa dikgosi go lefisa makgetho le go gapa dikgomo tse di timetseng.<ref name=":39" /> Molaodi yo mošwa wa baagi, [[:en:Charles_Arden-Clarke|Charles Arden-Clarke]], o ne a tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1936 mme a dira gaufi le dikgosi.<ref name=":49" /> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe II === Dipoifo tsa tlhaselo ya Jeremane kwa Bechuanaland di ne tsa gola pele ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi ka ntlha ya boemo jwa yone jwa togamaano fa gare ga dikoloni tsa Boritane tse di fa gare le tse di kwa borwa mo Aforika. Malatsi a le lesome le bongwe pele ga ntwa e itsisiwe, puso ya Borithane e ne ya tlhagisa naga e e sireleditsweng gore e nne e le mo seemong se se siameng, mme masole a sesole a ne a rulaganngwa. Malatsi a le manè morago ga gore Borithane e bolele ntwa kgatlhanong le lefatshe la Germany, Molaodi wa Moagi Arden-Clarke o ne a tshwara kopano le dikgosi kwa ba neng ba solofetsa go tshegetsa maiteko a ntwa ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> Letsatsi le le latelang, khomišene e kgolo e ne ya ntsha kgoeletso ya [[:en:Emergency_powers|dithata tsa tshoganyetso]] tse di neng tsa e fa taolo e e feletseng mo tirong ya setšhaba mo tshireletsong, fela dikgosi di ne tsa itsisiwe gore di tla nna le maikarabelo a bontsi jwa tiragatso le go boloka kagiso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;33–34.</ref> Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi di ne di batlile go se go nne le tshusumetso epe mo bathong ba Bechuanaland, mme bontsi bo ne bo na le kakanyo e e sa tlhamalalang fela ya gore ntwa e ne e le teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya ngotlega fa palo e kgolo ya baagi ba basweu ba ne ba ikwadisa mo Sesoleng sa Boritane. Ba ba neng ba setse ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo mo thulaganyong ya tshireletsego fa go ka direga gore borwa jwa Aforika bo nne letlhakore le lengwe mo ntweng.<ref name=":50">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;35.</ref> Kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa dikgosi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya rotloetsa Batswana ba ba neng ba eletsa go direla le Sesole sa Borithane go ikwadisa le Sesole sa Batswana sa Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Banna ba Batswana ba ka nna makgolo a supa ba ne ba ikwadisa le setlhopha seno.<ref name=":51">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Go tlhokomela Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland go ne ga nna selo se se kwa tlase mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya Kwelotlase e Kgolo ya itsholelo le Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi,<ref name=":41" /> mme tshireletso ga e a ka ya amogela matlole ape go tswa kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":48" /> Mmusomogolo wa Borithane o ne o na le taolo e nnye mo Bechuanaland fa o bapisiwa le dikgaolo tsa one tse dingwe, mme maiteko a Borithane a go laola tlhagiso ya nako ya ntwa mo tshireletsong a ne a sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;124.</ref> Ntwa e ne ya fetola thata itsholelo ya tshireletso fa e ntse e tswelela, ya tlhagisa tlhaelo, go aba dijo, le ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> [[:en:Profiteering|Go dira dipoelo]] le go [[:en:Price_gouging|fokotsa ditlhwatlhwa]] go ne go tlwaelesegile, mme puso ya bokoloniale, e e neng e sa kgone go gagamatsa [[:en:Price_control|ditaolo tsa ditlhwatlhwa]], e ne ya dirisa [[:en:Gentlemen's_agreement|ditumalano tsa banna]] le bagwebi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;138.</ref> Makgetho a ne a tlhatlosiwa mme mananeo a Letlole la Tlhabololo ya Bokoloniale di ne tsa fokodiwa kwa tshimologong ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi go tlhoma boipuso jwa matlole go tswa mo mmusomogolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;125–126.</ref> Kgoeletso ya Taolo ya Madirelo a Leruo ya ntlha ya ngwaga wa 1940 e ne ya fetisiwa go duedisa dikgomo lekgetho, madirelo a a magolo a tshireletso, mme fela e ne ya kopana le kganetso e e boitshegang go tswa kwa Batswaneng le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la kaorolokgolong ya lefatsa ya Europe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> Letlole la ntwa le ne le dira kwa Bechuanaland, mme le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le solohetse gore meneelo e nne ya boithaopo, dikgosi di ne tsa dirisa taolo ya tsone mo merafeng ya tsone go pateletsa meneelo. E ne ya emisediwa ka lekgetho ka ngwaga wa1941, fela se se ne se sa ratwe thata mme sa itshupa se le thata go se diragatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;128–131.</ref> === Botsayakarolo jwa Batswana mo Ntweng ya Lefatshe II === [[Setshwantsho:Bechuanaland Boys cleaning Aa Guns in the Twilight after Action, Syracuse, Sicily Art.IWMARTLD4576.jpg|thumb|Basimane ba Bechuanaland ba phepafatsa Ditlhobolo tsa Aa mo Lefifing morago ga Tiragalo, Syracuse, Sicily, tiro ya botaki ya 1944 e e dirilweng ke [[:en:Leslie_Cole_(artist)|Leslie Cole]]]] Go thapiwa ga sesole go simolotse kwa Bechuanaland ka ngwaga wa 1941.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;34–35.</ref> Banna ba ka nna dikete tse tlhano le makgolo a matlhano ba ne ba katisiwa mme ba romelwa kwa ntweng mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse thataro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Banna ba bangwe ba Batswana ba le dikete tse tlhano ba ne ba tsenelela ntwa ka ngwaga wa 1942.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ka kakaretso, masole a ka nna dikete tse lesome le bongwe go tswa kwa Bechuanaland a ne a lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":50" /> Ba feta dikete tse lesome ba bone ba ne ba direla mo Sesoleng sa Boritane sa [[:en:African_Auxiliary_Pioneer_Corps|Babulatsela ba ba Thusang ba Aforika]].<ref name=":51" /> Dikgosi ka tlwaelo di ne di na le tshwanelo ya go [[:en:Conscript|kwadisa]] masole, mme di ne di itlhokomolosa dikeletso tsa puso ya bokoloniale tsa gore tirelo ya sesole e nne ya boithaopo gotlhelele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;44–46.</ref> Moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato o ne a dira gore a se ka a ratwa ke batho ka go dirisa go tsenngwa mo sesoleng jaaka sedirisiwa sa taolo, a go dirisa sebetsa go didimatsa batshwayadiphoso le baganetsi ba sepolotiki.<ref name=":52">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Banna ba ba neng ba eletsa go tila go tsenela bosole ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Aforika Borwa kgotsa kwa mafelong a a kgakala jaaka metlhaba ya [[:en:Okavango_Delta|noka e phatlallang ya Okavango]] le [[:en:Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park|sekgwa sa Kgalagadi]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;47.</ref> Ba bangwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgato tsa go itlhokomela ka bonako, jaaka go epa dikhutsi fa bathapi ba ne ba etela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di eletsa go dirisa go tsaya karolo ga tsone mo ntweng go bona ditshwanelo tse dingwe mo teng ga Mmusomogolo wa Borithane, mme di ne di tshaba gore go fenngwa ga Borithane go tla ba dira babusiwa ba Jeremane kgotsa Aforika Borwa, e leng phelelo e ba neng ba eletsa go e tila.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;39–40.</ref> Maiteko a ntwa gape e ne e le tshono ya go busetsa banna ba Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugetse kwa Aforika Borwa go ya go dira ditiro tsa meepo; dikgosi di ne di eletsa go fedisa mokgwa o mme di ne di ikutlwa di ka dira jalo ka go neelana ka ditiro tsa sesole.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;41–43.</ref> Dituelo dingwe tsa sesole di ne tsa diegisiwa go malapa a masole, mme ditekanyetso tsa thomelo kwa ntle di ne tsa tlosiwa ka nako ya ntwa, mme tsa baka go tsena ga madi kwa Bechuanaland.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;133.</ref> Fa go bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tse di mo Mmusong wa Boritane, batho ba Bechuanaland ba ne ba amogela ntwa eo. Batswana ba le bantsi ba ne ba na le maikutlo a boikanyegi mo mmusomogolong kgotsa ba ikutlwa gore dikgatlhego tsa bone di a tsamaisana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;36–37.</ref> Dikgosi dingwe, jaaka [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|Kgari Sechele]] [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|wa bobedi]] wa kwa ga Kwena le Molefi Pilane wa ga Kgatla, ba ne ba ikwadisa ka sebele. Ba ne ba dira jaaka disajene tse dikgolo tsa masole, e leng maemo a a kwa godimo a a neng a le teng mo Batswaneng.<ref name=":52" /> Go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya letlelela Batswana go nna le diteseletso tsa kgwebo le go dira mo teng ga naga e e sireleditsweng. Se pele se ne se lekanyeditswe batho basweu le makula.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;135.</ref> Setlhopha sa Dikgaolo tsa Dikhomišene tse di Kwa Godimo se ne se le kwa Botlhabagare go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1946 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1949.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> === Mokgatlho wa boipuso === [[Setshwantsho:1960 6d Bechuanaland Protectorate stamp.jpg|thumb|Setempe sa ngwaga wa 1960 sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland se se nang le ditshwantsho tsa ga [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Kgosigadi Victoria]] le [[:en:Elizabeth_II|Elizabeth wa bobedi]], dikgosi tsa ntlha le tsa bofelo tsa Borithane tsa tshireletso .]] Bokhutlo jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi bo ne jwa tla ka phetogo e kgolo mo setšhabeng. Dikgosi di ne tsa bonwa di se botlhokwa thata mo sebopegong sa loago, mme bontsi bo ne jwa tlogela dipolelo tsa bone tsa lefatshe lotlhe mo dikgomong tsa merafe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;51.</ref> Didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa setšhaba, jaaka lefatshe le badiri, di ne tsa dirwa tse di hapegileng le go dirwa dithoto.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;52.</ref> Phitlhelelo ya thuto e ne ya tlhola setlhopha sa batlhalefi ba ba [[:en:Liberalism|gololesegileng]] ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le puso ya dikgosi mme ba simolola go ipopela mafelo a bone a maatla mo mekgatlhong ya badiri le ditlhopha tsa baagi.<ref name=":63">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;165.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1946, ke karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong fela ya paoyotlhe ya baagi e e neng e na le tiro kwa ntle ga temothuo le ditirelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya bona koketsego e kgolo ya dikelo tsa matsalo jaaka karolo ya bogare jwa [[:en:Mid-20th_century_baby_boom|ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi wa go tlhatloga ga masea]] mo dingwageng tsa morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, e e neng e tsamaya le koketsego ya [[:en:Life_expectancy|dingwaga tsa botshelo]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e simolotse lenaneo la yone la ntlha ya tlhabololo mo tshireletsong, e leng lefelo la matlhabelo, ka dingwaga tsa bo ka ngwaga wa 1950.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;81.</ref> Maborithane, a santse a solofetse go kopanya tshireletso go nna Aforika Borwa, kwa bofelong a ne a phimola leano le morago ga tshimologo ya [[:en:Apartheid|Tlhaolele]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref>Fa maiteko a simolola go tlhama tsela e ntšhwa ya isago ya tshireletso, tshireletso e ne ya bewa mo seemong sa go tlhoka maitseo, mme ga go na tsela ya go ya pele e e neng e bonala sentle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], pp.&#x20;672–673.</ref> Tshitshinyo nngwe e ne e le go e tsenya mo [[:en:Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland|Mokgatlhong wa Rhodesia le Nyasaland]], o lefatshe la United Kingdom e o tlhamileng ka fa tlase ga pholisi ya "tirisanommogo ya merafe e mentsi".<ref>Parsons 2006, p.&#x20;673.</ref> Fa mojaboswa wa Ngwato Seretse Khama a gola, mmusi Tshekedi Khama o ne a leka go tshwarelela mo pusong.<ref name=":53">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;696.</ref> Seretse o ne a nyala mosadi wa mosweu, [[:en:Ruth_Williams_Khama|Ruth Williams]], fa a ne a ithuta kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom, mme se sa baka matlhabisa ditlhong mo lelapeng la segosi la ga Ngwato.<ref name=":46" /> Le fa kwa tshimologong setšhaba se ne se le kgatlhanong le lenyalo le, go sa ratweng ga ga Tshekedi go ne ga fetola maikutlo a Seretse.<ref name=":47" /> Kgang e ne ya tlhagisiwa mo kgotleng ka ngwaga wa 1949, mme puso ya ga Tshekedi e ne ya ganwa ka bontsi ke diketekete tsa batho ba ba neng ba le teng.<ref name=":53" /><ref name=":47" /> Tshekedi le batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Kwena kwa botshabelo.<ref name=":54">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Puso ya makgowa e ne e sa itshokele lenyalo la ga Seretse le mosadi yo mosweu. Ka maiteko a go ritibatsa puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, e ne ya leleka banyalani ba mo pusong ya tshireletso ka ngwaga wa 1950. Se se ne sa tsosa mokgatlho wa bosetšhaba o o neng o gola mo gare ga baemanokeng ba ga Seretse mo pusong ya tshireletso, o o neng wa tlhagelela ka botlalo ka ngwaga wa 1952.<ref name=":37" /> Ka nako ya fa Seretse a ne a seyo, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la baya molaodi wa kgaolo dingwaga di le nne pele ga e tlhoma Rasebolai Kgamane, motshegetsi wa ga Tshekedi, go nna moemedi.<ref name=":54" /> Morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tsuologela go lelekwa ga ga Seretse.<ref name=":55">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;53.</ref> Batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba kopa gore a bowe, mme go ne ga tsoga dikhuduego fa ba ne ba ganwa. Seretse o ne a feleletsa a letleletswe go boa ka ngwaga wa1956.<ref name=":56">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Ka nako e, kgaogano e e gagametseng ya merafe mo Aforika Borwa ya Tlhaolele e ne ya thibela lefatshe la United Kingdom go e ritibatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;200.</ref> Mo nakong yotlhe ya mathata a go lelekwa ga ga Seretse, maatla a ne a tlogela bogosi mme a ya kwa mekgatlhong ya ditlhopho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;91.</ref> Tshekedi le Seretse ba ne ba dira kagiso fa Seretse a boa, mme Seretse a nna moeteledipele wa ''nnete'' wa Ngwato, le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le mo thibetse go nna kgosi ya semmuso.<ref name=":56" /> Ka thotloetso ya Borithane, morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tlhama lekgotla la morafe, le Seretse le Tshekedi ka bobedi e neng e le maloko a lone.<ref name=":55" /> Merafe e mengwe e ne ya tlhoma makgotla a merafe a a tshwanang, a a neng a dira jaaka ditšheke tsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Go ne ga sala letlhoo lengwe fa gare ga banna ba babedi ba: Tshekedi o ne a eletsa go boloka puso ya morafe le maatla a dikgosi, fa Seretse ene a ne a akanya ka puso ya batho ka batho ya boemedi le dikgosi tse di bokoa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;91–92.</ref> Selekanyo sa maatla a a beeleditsweng mo dikgosing e ne ya nna kgang e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata mo mokgatlhong wa boipuso o o neng o gola, bogolosegolo mo bathong ba ga Ngwato le ba lelapa la ga Khama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;93–94.</ref> Bechuanaland Protectorate Federal Party e ne e le lekoko la ntlha la sepolotiki le le neng la tlhamiwa mo kgaolong ya tshireletso fa le ne le tlhamiwa ke moeteledipele wa mokgatlo wa Ngwato [[:en:Leetile_Disang_Raditladi|Leetile Disang Raditladi]] ka ngwaga wa 1959. Le bopilwe thata ke batho ba maemo le batlhalefi, le ne le buelela kopano ya merafe ya Batswana. Lekoko le ne la palelwa ke go bona tshegetso mme la nna lobaka lo lokhutshwane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;94.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, [[:en:Bechuanaland_People's_Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] (BPP, moragonyana Lekoko la Batho la Botswana) le ne la tlhamiwa jaaka lekoko le le bogale thata, le le ganetsanang le puso ya merafe ya setso mme la bona boikuelo mo badiring ba bafaladi.<ref name=":57">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> E ne e eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Motsamai_Mpho|Motsamai Mpho]], [[:en:Philip_Matante|Philip Matante]], le Kgalemang Morsete.<ref name=":58">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xviii.</ref> BPP, e e neng ya tlhamiwa jaaka molekane wa Setswana wa lekoko la [[:en:African_National_Congress|African National Congress]] la Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":59">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;74.</ref> e ne ya tshegetsa boipuso jwa ka bonako le go fedisiwa gotlhelele ga bogosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Ka go tshaba gore BPP e tla nyatsa puso e e leng teng le go tshuba dikgotlhang le puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, dikgosi le puso ya Borithane di ne tsa thibela bokgoni jwa yona jwa go kopana.<ref name=":57" /> Merafe ya tshireletso mmogo e ne ya bopa lekgotla la peomolao ka ngwaga wa 1961.<ref name=":37" /> Batho ba Kwena ba ne ba iphitlhela ba le ka fa tlase ga moemedi, [[:en:Neale_Sechele|Neale Sechele]], ka ngwaga wa 1963, se se rayang gore ba ne ba na le tlhotlheletso e nnye ya sepolotiki fa mokgatlho wa boipuso o ntse o gola.<ref name=":60">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;102.</ref> Leano la Tlhabololo la Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland la dingwaga tsa 1963/1968 le ne la kwalwa ka thulaganyo ya dipuisano ka ngwaga wa 1963, le tlhama tlhaloso ya boipuso jwa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;26–27.</ref> Fa palo ya batho e ne ba sa dire sepe mo dipolotiking ka kakaretso, lefatshe la United Kingdom e ne ya nna nngwe ya mafatshe a a neng a etelela pele go bona boipuso. Ka go tshwenyega gore lekoko la BPP e ne e le e e tseneletseng thata, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa moeteledipele wa yone yo o mo ratang, Seretse Khama, go tlhama lekoko la sepolotiki.<ref name=":59" /> Le fa Khama a ne a dumalana le mekgwa ya lekoko la BPP e e kgatlhanong le bosemorafe le ya lefatshe, o ne a le kgatlhanong le tsela ya yone ya go tlhoma dipolotiki le go amogela ga yone bojammogo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;96.</ref>O ne a dumela go tlogela go bolela ga gagwe mo bathong ba ga Ngwato go dira jaaka radipolotiki, a tlhama [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Lekoko la]] [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|puso ya batho ka batho la Bechuanaland]] (BDP, moragonyana ya nna lekoko la Botswana Democratic ) ka ngwaga wa 1962.<ref name=":59" /> Lekoko la BDP e ne ya itlhoma jaaka "lekoko la dikgosi", mme ya amogela dikakanyo tse di amanang le puso ya merafe ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref name=":30" /> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa lekoko la BDP, le tlhaloganya gore le tla tshegetsa kgwebisano ya leruo ya motlha wa bokoloniale.<ref name=":73">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;149.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1963, kgosi ya Kgatla Linchwe e ne e le ene fela kgosi e e neng e le kgatlhanong le BDP e bile e na le tlhotlheletso ya sepolotiki, mme batho ba Kgatla ba ne ba rata lekoko la BDP, ka jalo o ne a nna a sa tsenelele mo dipolotiking.<ref name=":60" /> Thulaganyo ya phetogo e ne ya simolola ka lekoko la BDP e ne e solofetswe go busa Botswana yo o ikemetseng, mme puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya bereka le boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BDP go ba baakanyetsa go tsamaisa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Go ne ga tshwarwa bokopano ka ngwaga wa 1963 go okamela go tlhamiwa ga molaotheo o mosha. Dikgotlhang tsa ka fa gare ga lekoko la BPP di ne di raya gore lekoko la BDP e ne e na le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo thulaganyong. Tshekedi Khama o ne a tlhokafetse ka nako e, ka jalo Bathoen wa bobedi o ne a nna moeteledipele wa lekoko le le neng le ema nokeng puso ya bofederale, a dumela gore le tla boloka puso e le mo diatleng tsa dikgosi. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le boradipolotiki ba Batswana ba ne ba tshegetsa puso ya bosetšhaba e e kopaneng ka gonne Botswana e ne e humanegile thata go ka kgaoganya dithoto tsa yona le ka gonne go tlhoka go kopanya dithoto go ne go tla dira gore e nne mo kotsing ya go tlhaselwa ke merafe e mengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Puso ya dikgaolo e e itsholetseng e ne ya itshupa e sa kgonege mo dipolotiking, ka jalo go ne ga dirwa tumalano ya gore dikgosi di tla bopa Ntlo ya Dikgosi, e leng setlhopha sa bagakolodi mo teng ga [[:en:Parliament_of_Botswana|Palamente ya Botswana]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;98–99.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di santse di le kgatlhanong le thulaganyo e, mme mo mokgatlhong o o neng o eteletswe pele ke Bathoen, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya fetisa tlhopo ya [[:en:No_confidence|go sa tshepe]] puso e ntšhwa, mme fela go tlhoka maatla a yone a sepolotiki go ne ga e thibela go dirisa phetogo e e nang le bokao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Molao wa Lekgotla la Kgaolo o ne wa fetisiwa jaaka tsela e nngwe ya go lekanyetsa maatla a dikgosi ka go tlhama makgotla a a tla okamelang kgaolo le toropo nngwe le nngwe,<ref name=":58" /> go dira gore mekgatlho e e tlhophilweng e e nne balaodi ba konokono ba selegae.<ref name=":64">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Toropo ya [[:en:Gaborone|Gaborone]] e agilwe ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme ya itsisiwe jaaka motsemogolo o mošwa.<ref name=":59" /> E agilwe mo lefatsheng la puso ya Borithane, le le neng le tlamela ka lefelo le le sa tseyeng letlhakore le le neng le sa laolwe ke morafe ope .<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;16.</ref> [[:en:Constitution_of_Botswana|Molamotheo]] o ne wa tsenngwa tirisong ka one ngwaga oo.<ref name=":59" /> Ka se se tirisong, Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la fa tshireletso puso ya go ipusa.<ref name=":61">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;116.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1965 gape e ne ya bona go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Dikgotla tsa Dikgaolo o o neng wa fetola seabe sa bokoloniale sa molaodi wa kgaolo ka go se bofa mo makgotleng a dikgaolo a a sa tswang go tlhamiwa,<ref name=":74">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> mme wa bona go tlhongwa ga Banka ya Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba e e neng e le ya puso.<ref name=":75">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Mpho o ne a kgaogana le lekoko la BPP go tlhama Lekoko la Boipuso la Bechuanaland (BIP) ka ngwaga wa 1965.<ref name=":62">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> E eteletswe pele ke Seretse Khama le [[:en:Quett_Masire|Quett Masire]], lekoko la BDP le ne la dira letsholo mo e ka nnang mo motseng mongwe le mongwe wa kgaolo ya tshireletso pele ga ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kakaretso. Go farologana le batho ba bangwe ba sepolotiki kwa Bechuanaland, Seretse Khama o ne a na le boikuelo go ralala merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":60" /> Morago ga moo lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhophiwa go etelela puso ya ntlha pele.<ref name=":61" /> Lekoko la BPP le ne la gapa manno a le mararo fela mo lekgotleng la peomolao, mme lekoko la BIP le ne la palelwa ke go gapa epe.<ref name=":62" /> Morago ga ditlhopho, go ne ga tlhamiwa lekoko la [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|Botswana]] [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|National Front]] (BNF) jaaka lekoko le le kopaneng la kganetso ya BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Kenneth_Koma|Kenneth Koma]], lekoko la BNF le ne la nna mmaba yo mogolo wa lekoko la BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;109.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;31–33.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhopha Khama go nna tonakgolo ya naga.<ref name=":65">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;204.</ref>Go farologana le makoko a mantsi a sepolotiki a a tlhomilweng mo Aforika, BDP e ne e le lekoko le le itekanetseng le le sa fetogeng go na le go nna lekoko le le kgatlhanong le bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;711.</ref> Morago ga go tlhamiwa ga yona, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya ntsha tlhopo ya go sa tshepe molaotheo ka ngwaga wa 1966, mme se sa dira gore go nne le letsholo la bosetšhaba la go tshegetsa molaotheo le le neng la bona tshegetso e e lekaneng gore dikgosi di fedise maiteko a tsone a go o gwetlha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;100–101.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya newa boipuso jaaka Rephaboliki ya Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966.<ref name=":61" /> == Repaboliki ya Botswana == [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Independence, 1966.png|thumb|[[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] a ikanisa maikano a go nna Tautona wa ntlha wa Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966]] Boipuso jwa Botswana bo ne bo kaya go tsenngwa tirisong ga puso ya batho le batho e e gololesegileng, go tlisa ditlhopho, tshireletso ya ditshwanelo tsa batho, le tirelosetšhaba.<ref name=":64" /> Se se ne sa dira gore go nne le thulaganyo ya go tlhatlosiwa maemo e e ikaegileng ka bokgoni le go tlhamiwa ga tsamaiso ya puso ya maranyane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref>Setšhaba se ne sa bopa puso e e neng e fetotswe go tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]],<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;23–24.</ref> mme Tonakgolo Seretse Khama a nna Moporesidente Seretse Khama.<ref name=":65" /> Go ne ga tlhamiwa boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba, jwa kopanya merafe e e sa tshwaneng mo letshwaong le le lengwe la Setswana, ka ngwao e e ikaegileng ka ya merafe ya Setswana.<ref name=":80">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNyamnjoh2007|Nyamnjoh 2007]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Botswana e ne ya boloka bontsi jwa ditheo tsa yone tsa merafe tsa pele ga bokoloniale morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;54.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Se e ne e le ditlamorago tsa puso e e nonofileng e e neng e amana le merafe ya Batswana le tsereganyo e e lekanyeditsweng ya puso ya Borithane mo dinakong tsa bokoloniale.<ref name=":34" /> Mofuta wa go buisana wa dipolotiki tsa setšhaba pele le morago ga boipuso e ne e le mokgwa o o sa tlwaelesegang mo merafeng e mengwe e mentsi ya Aforika e e neng ya nna le babusaesi morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;30, 56.</ref> Go na le go fedisa bogosi, puso e ntšhwa e ne ya bo tsenya mo tsamaisong ya semolao, ya fa dikgosi dithata tsa boatlhodi ka ''kgotla'', go ikaegile ka dikgotlatshekelo tsa boikuelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe]] 2012, p.&#x20;36.</ref>Tlwaelo ya go ikobela boeteledipele, e e kileng ya fiwa dikgosi, e ne ya sutela kwa botautoneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;30.</ref> Puso e ne ya tiisa go tlhomama ga yona ka go thapa tirelosetšhaba ya yone ka baitseanape b<ref name=":66">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref>a dinaga di sele, go farologana le dinaga tse dingwe tse dišwa tsa Aforika tse gantsi di neng di leleka baitseanape ba dinaga di sele.<ref name=":67">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref name=":68">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;105.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;59.</ref> Se se ne sa boloka puso ya mofuta wa Bophirima e e neng e gatelela tlhabololo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;259.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go tlamela Botswana ka matlole mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse tlhano tsa go nna teng ga yone.<ref name=":61" /> Maemo a yone a kagiso, a puso ya batho ka batho fa a bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tsa Aforika a ne a raya gore e ne ya amogela thuso e ntsi go tswa mo mekgatlhong ya Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;255.</ref> Ka nako ya boipuso, Botswana e ne e le setšhaba se se humanegileng thata, go feta bontsi jwa dinaga tse dingwe mo Aforika.<ref name=":69">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;104.</ref><ref name=":66" /> E ne e sena badiri ba ba rutegileng, ka baagi ba le masome a mane fela ba ba nang le ditlankana tse di hagodimo tsa mmadikolo, mme go ne go sena ditlamelo tse di itsegeng tsa metswedi ya tlholego go tshegetsa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;62, 64.</ref> Botswana e ne e ikaegile ka puso ya Tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa go fitlhelela setšhaba sa lefatshe, mme bontsi jwa badiri ba Botswana e ne e le badiri ba bafaladi mo Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Botswana e ne ya tsena mo ntweng e e tlhamaletseng le Rhodesia, e e neng ya baka dintwa tsa sesole go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1978.<ref name=":63" /> Go nna le seabe mo go lekanyeditsweng ga Borithane go ne go kaya gore go ne go se na tlhabololo e ntsi fa e sale ka nako ya bokoloniale.<ref name=":69" /><ref name=":70">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;160.</ref> Bokgoni jwa go bala le go kwala e ne e le selekanyo sa karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong, mme go ne go na le dikilometara di le lesome fela tsa tsela e e tshetsweng.<ref name=":69" /> Mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a robangbongwe ya baagi e ne e le mo [[:en:Abject_poverty|lehumeng le le tseneletseng]],<ref name=":70" /> mme bontsi jwa baagi e ne e le balemibarui ba dikgomo kgotsa [[:en:Subsistence_farmers|balemibarui ba ba itshidisang]].<ref name=":71">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Fa setšhaba se fitlhelela boipuso, komelelo e e masisi e ne ya fedisa karolo ya masome amarao go fihlela masome a matlhano mo lekgolong ya palo ya dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa Batswana ba ne ba ikaegile ka [[:en:World_Food_Programme|Lenaneo la Dijo la Lefatshe]] go tila tlala.<ref name=":81">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;220.</ref> Ditšhaba tse dingwe di ne di na le ditsholofelo tse di kwa tlase mo Botswana, mme mo Aforika yotlhe e ne e bonwa jaaka [[:en:Bantustan|Bantustan]] ya Tlhaolele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;1.</ref> Kamano e le Tlhaolele gape e ne e le ntlha ya katlego ya Botswana jaaka setšhaba se se ikemetseng: boeteledipele jwa Batswana bo ne bo eletsa go tila phelelo e e tshwanang le ya Aforika Borwa fa setšhaba se ka palelwa, mme dikgolagano tsa dikgang tsa mafatshe fatshe tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa le Bophirima go thibela go tsenngwa ke Aforika Borwa di ne di raya gore Botswana o ne a tshepa thata dinaga tsa Bophirima go amogela thuso le thato ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;76–77.</ref> Boeteledipele jwa ntlha jwa Botswana bo ne bo laolwa ke malapa a merafe e e busang mmogo le palo e nnye ya badiredipuso ba ba rutegileng thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;6.</ref> Go tshwana ga bona ga itsholelo le dikgopolo go ne go raya gore puso e nne e tlhomame kwa ntle ga dintwa tsa sepolotiki.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;71.</ref> Le fa Bathoen a ne a tlogela maemo a gagwe a go nna kgosi go ya go dira dipolotiki, bontsi jwa dikgosi tse dingwe di ne tsa amogela maatla a tsona a a fokoditsweng a sepolotiki mo pusong e ntšhwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;56–57.</ref> Tiro e nngwe ya dikgosi e ne e laolwa ke Molao wa Bogosi wa ngwaga ya 1966.<ref name=":92">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;140.</ref> Go tlhoka bonweenwee go ne ga dira gore puso e nne semolao thata mme ya ratwa ke balekane ba Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;166.</ref> Go farologana le bontsi jwa merafe e e sa tswang go tlhamiwa ya Aforika, bontsi jwa boeteledipele bo ne bo tswa mo setšhabeng sa temothuo, go kaya gore dikgatlhego tsa bona di ne di tsamaisana le bontsi.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":71" /> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa go boloka dipholisi tsa motlha wa bokoloniale tse di neng di solegela barui ba dikgomo molemo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;75.</ref> Setlhopa sa semmuso sa Nama ya Botswana se ne sa tlhamiwa go laola madirelo a nama ya kgomo.<ref name=":58" /> Boikuelo jwa lekoko la BDP jwa merafe yotlhe le kgatlhego e e kopanetsweng ya go tlhoma boipuso di ne tsa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa gape go dira mo dikgatlhegelong tsa bontsi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref> Ditlhopha tse dinnye tsa baagi ba basweu di ne tsa sala mo nageng mme tsa ganetsa boipuso jwa yone.<ref name=":63" /> Le fa moragonyana di ne di tla nna botlhokwa mo tlhabololong ya Botswana, ditshwanelo tsa ditswammung di ne tsa fiwa botlhokwa jo bo kwa tlase fa di bona boipuso, mme merafe e ne ya di fetisetsa kwa pusong ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1967.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;103–104.</ref> === Puso ya ga Seretse Khama === Khama o ne a ratwa ke batho botlhe mme a bonwa e le moeteledipele wa tlholego wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;202–203.</ref> Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya tsenya tirisong maano a a neng a lebisitswe mo go tlhameng mafaratlhatlha le dithoto tsa setšhaba, bogolosegolo go tsenya tshela ditsela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;111.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;86.</ref> O ne a simolola go aga dikolo, matlhabelo le dikhuti tse di neng tsa tswelela mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. Lefatshe le le nang le banni la Batswana le Basarwa le ne la dirisiwa go aga mesima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;219.</ref> Tlhabololo e ne ya tla ka tshenyegelo ya kgwebo le tlhagiso, e e neng e lekanyeditswe go tlamela ka matlole a leruo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004,]] p.&#x20;164.</ref> Go ne ga tlhongwa mogopolo thata mo go otla dikgomo le go aga matlhabelo go rotloetsa madirelo a nama ya kgomo mo gare ga go tlhoka metsi. <ref name=":82">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;205.</ref>[[:en:Public_welfare|Mananeo a katlaatleloloago]] le one a ne a tlhongwa.<ref name=":67" /> Go ribololwa ga ditaemane go ne ga netefatsa gore mananeo a a bona madi a a lekaneng.<ref name=":72">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Dipeeletso tse le mokgwa o o sa fetogeng wa go somarela madi a puso di ne tsa thibela boemo jwa [[:en:Dutch_disease|bolwetse jwa Dutch]] jo bo neng jwa golafatsa dinaga tse dingwe tsa Aforika tse di neng di tletse ka didirisiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;4.</ref> Thuto e ne ya atolosiwa mo setšhabeng sotlhe, mme puo ya Setswana e ne ya lekanngwa mmogo le Seesemane ka go latlhegelwa ke dipuo tse dingwe.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":68" /> Khama o ne a siamisa seo jaaka tsela ya go fitlhelela kutlwano.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;228.</ref> Quett Masire o ne a dira jaaka Mothusa tautona ka fa tlase ga ga Seretse Khama mmogo le Tona ya tsa madi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> O ne a laola tekanyetsokabo ya lefatshe le tiriso ya madi ka go tlhama motseletsele wa Maano a Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba, go ikaegilwe ka kamogelo ya Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba le Komiti ya itsholelo ya Kabinete.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Dipoeletso tsa maano a di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya molao wa semmuso ya puso morago ga gore batlhatlhami ba ga Khama le Masire ba tsene mo maemong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;171.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, ditaemane di ne tsa fitlhellwa kwa Botswana ke setlamo sa Aforika Borwa sa ditaemane sa [[:en:De_Beers|De Beers]], mme ditiro di ne tsa simolola ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref name=":76">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;110.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;61.</ref> Dipeeletso tsa kopore di ne tsa fitlhelwa kwa [[:en:Selebi-Phikwe|Selebi-Phikwe]] ka ngwaga oo, mme se sa senola gape khumo ya ditswammung tsa setšhaba.<ref name=":58" /> Puso e ne ya dirisana le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1969 go dira ditiro tse dikgolo tsa meepo ya ditaemane,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> mme e ne ya amega mo dipuisanong sešwa tsa [[:en:Southern_African_Customs_Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa]] ka one ngwaga oo go tokafatsa thata maatla a yone a itsholelo mo kgaolong.<ref name=":77">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;65.</ref> Moepo mongwe kwa [[:en:Morupule|Morupule]] o ne wa simolola go ntsha magala ka ngwaga wa 1973, mme wa tlamela setšhaba ka karolo e kgolo ya motlakase.<ref name=":78">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xix.</ref> [[:en:Orapa_diamond_mine|Moepo wa ditaemane wa Orapa]] o ne wa bulwa kwa Orapa ka ngwaga wa 1971, mme go ne ga tlomamisiwia tumalano ya go abelana lotseno fa gare ga puso le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1974.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;125.</ref> Moragonyana Masire o ne a netefatsa gore De Beers e ne e tshegeditse dikgwebo tsa gagwe tse di hapegileng ka madi, mme se sa dira gore go akanyediwe gore setlamo se ka tswa se amogetse tumalano e e mosola mo kgannyeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;129–130.</ref> Molao wa Metsi le Molao wa ditsha tsa Morafe di ne tsa tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1968, mme tsa tlhama lekgotla la Kabo ya Metsi le lekgotla tsa naga di le lesome le bobedi, ka go latelana. Tse di ne di okametse kabo ya ditshwanelo tsa metsi le lefatshe ke puso go na le ka go nna mong wa morafe mongwe le mongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;76.</ref> Ka se, ba ne ba tsenya dithata tsa setso tsa dikgosi.<ref name=":74" /> Molao wa Mafatshe a Phulo a Merafe e ne ya tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1975 go thibela [[:en:Overgrazing|phulo e e feteletseng]], mme fela e ne ya itshupa e sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;67.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;173.</ref> Tota e bile, e ne e letla baagi ba ba humileng go kopa ditsha tse dikgolo tsa dikgomo ka tshenyegelo ya baagi ba ba sa humang thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Ditlhopho tsa ntlha morago ga boipuso di ne tsa diragala ka ngwaga wa 1969.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la dira maswe go le gonnye fa e bapisiwa le tiragatso ya yona ya ngwaga wa 1965, mme mothusa tautona Masire o ne a latlhegelwa ke setilo sa gagwe ke Bathoen, se se neng sa mo tlhoka gore a tseye setilo se se kgethegileng se se tlhophilweng.<ref name=":79">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Lekoko la BPP le ne la nyelela ka botlhokwa fa dipolotiki tsa Botswana di ntse di gola.<ref name=":73" /> Koporase ya Tlhabololo ya Botswana e e neng e le ya puso e ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1970,<ref name=":75" /> mme moepo wa diteemane wa Orapa o ne wa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 1971.<ref name=":78" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, diteemane di ne di dira karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong ya Palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana,<ref name=":76" /> mme kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1970, meepo e ne e le madirelo a magolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;5.</ref> Goromente wa Botswana o ne a buisana gape ka tumalano ya yone ya meepo le De Beers magareng ga ngwaga wa 1971 le ngwaga wa 1975, ya sutisetsa bontsi jwa dituelo kwa setšhabeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;210.</ref> Fa itsholelo ya teemane e ntse e tlhabologa le dipeeletso di boela mo lefatsheng, Botswana e ne ya falola lehuma mme ya bonwa jaaka katlego mo merafeng e mengwe mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara morago ga bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;212.</ref> Ditlhabololo tse di dirile gore Botswana e nne naga e e golang ka bonako mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":77" /> Batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo le a a fa gare ba ne ba bona molemo thata, go oketsa go [[:en:Wealth_inequality|tlhoka tekatekano ga khumo]], mme gape go ne go raya gore makgetho a ka fokodiwa, se se neng sa dira gore balemi ba ba tshegetse.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;71–72.</ref> Tlhabololo ya Botswana le tiriso ya yone ya tirelosetšhaba ya mafatshe a sele e ne ya atlega mo e leng gore puso e ne ya tlhotlheletsa lefatshe la United States go romela setlhopa sa baithaopi ba kagiso (Peace Corps) kwa ntle ga ditekanyetso tsa setso tsa gore ke dikarolo dife tse mokgatlho o ka di dirang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go ne ga tla koketsego ya Batswana ba ba botlana ba ba rutegileng mo lefelong la gaeno, ba ba neng ba nna le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo pusong.<ref name=":64" /> Jaaka fa batho ba bašwa ba ba ne ba amogela thuto e e tshwanang mme ba simolola go dira mo setsong se le sengwe sa tsamaiso, go ne go sena pharologano e kgolo ya tiro fa gare ga tirelosetšhaba e e neng e eteletswe pele ke batswakwa le e e neng e tsamaisiwa ke Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Lephata la Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo le ne le le teng ka bokhutshwane morago ga go kgaogana mo Lephateng la Matlole magareng ga batlhokomedi ba setso ba ba neng ba amana le tshireletso kgatlhanong le baemanokeng ba ga Masire ba ba neng ba eletsa go bona tlhabololo e e bogale thata. Ya bofelo e ne ya tsaya taolo, mme ditona di ne tsa kopanngwa gape go nna Lephata la Matlole le Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo ka ngwaga wa 1970. Ka ntlha ya palo e e lekanyeditsweng ya batho ba ba tshwanelegang go laola itsholelo, lephata le le ne la tsaya taolo e feletseng ya tiriso ya madi a puso mme la simolola lenaneo la Shashe le le neng le batla gore naga e nne le tlhabololo e e tseneletseng ya palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana. Se se ne se akaretsa go tlhoma lefelo la meepo ya kopore le nikele, le le neng la nna selo se se tlang pele mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;84–85.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, [[:en:Seepapitso_IV|Seepapitso wa bone]] o ne a nna kgosi ya ntlha go emisiwa mo maemong a gagwe morago ga nako ya bokoloniele.<ref name=":83">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;141.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la atlega thata gape ka [[:en:1974_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopo tsa ngwaga wa 1974]].<ref name=":79" /> [[:en:Minimum_wage|Dituelo tse di kwa tlase]] di ne tsa tlhagisiwa ka one ngwaga oo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Botswana e simolotse go ntsha madi a one, e leng [[:en:Botswana_pula|Botswana pula]], ka ngwaga wa 1976. Mmusi wa [[:en:Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya Botswana]] Quill Hermans o ne a kgaratlhela go kgaogana ga madi le Aforika Borwa le [[:en:South_African_rand|ranta ya yone ya Aforika Borwa]]. Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego a boditšhabatšhaba a gore Botswana e ka nna ya se ka ya kgona go tshegetsa madi a yone, Khama o ne a ikutlwa gore bagakolodi ba gagwe ba itsholelo ba na le bokgoni mme o ne a tshepa tshwetso ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tsa boipuso, Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya ditšhaba tse di humileng thata mo [[:en:Third_World|Lefatsheng la Boraro]].<ref name=":67" /> Phetogo ya itsholelo e kaiwa jaaka "kgakgamatso" ya Botswana.<ref name=":77" /> Linchwe II, kgosi ya [[:en:Kgatla_people|batho ba Kgatla]], o ne a busetsa ngwao ya go simolola bogwera mo morafeng wa gagwe ka ngwaga wa 1975, mme se sa gakatsa puso ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;148.</ref> Khama o ne a tsaya tsela ya go akaretsa batho botlhe mo pusong ya gagwe, a tila dipolotiki tsa merafe le go gana tlhotlheletso ya baeteledipele ba merafe a rata badiredipuso.<ref name=":84">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> Ka dinako tse dingwe o ne a kopa batho go rola tiro fa morafe mongwe o ka nna le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo tirelong ya setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tshaba gore go sa dumalane le batho ba ba kwa tlase ba Kalanga go ka nna ga dira gore go se ka ga nna le kagiso. Go rarabolola se, Khama o ne a tsenya maloko a a rutegileng a morafe wa Kalanga mo pusong, a tlhoma bontsi mo maemong a a kwa godimo. Tshwetso e ne e tsosa kganetsano, mme e ne ya tsosa dikgopolo tsa bolotsana ka ga tlhotlheletso e e bosula ya Kalanga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;122.</ref> Tse ka dinako tse dingwe di ne di ikaegile ka Mokgatlho wa Baithuti ba Bakalanga, o o neng wa nna Mokgatlho wa Tsweletso ya Puo ya Ikalanga ka ngwaga wa 1980.<ref>[[Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 123.|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> Poifo ya dipuso tsa baagisani tse di eteletsweng pele ke basweu kwa Namibia, Rhodesia, le Aforika Borwa, mmogo le kotsi ya [[:en:Angolan_Civil_War|Ntwa ya Selegae ya Angola]], di dirile gore Botswana e tlhame [[:en:Botswana_Defence_Force|sesole sa bosetšhaba]] ka ngwaga wa 1977.<ref name=":78" /> Pele ga se, [[:en:Botswana_Police_Service|Tirelo ya Sepodisi]] sa Botswana e ne e tlhokometse tshireletso ya setshaba. Go tlhoka sesole go ne go raya gore Botswana e ne e sa tlhaselwe ke dilo tse di bakang go sa tlhomamang mo merafeng e mengwe ya Aforika: go menola puso ga sesole le bonweenwee ka go dirisa madi a sesole.<ref>[[Beaulier & Subrick 2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], pp.&#x20;111–112.</ref> Sesole se ne sa bona ntwa ngwaga o o latelang fa dirukutlhi tsa Rhodesia di ne di tlhasela Leshoma, di bolaya masole a le lesome le botlhano.<ref name=":78" /> Ka tirisanommogo ya yone le De Beers, puso ya Botswana e ne ya tlhama kompone ya meepo ya Debswana ka ngwaga wa 1978, mme ya bona lotseno lo lo bonalang lwa puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Meepo e ne ya nna madirelo a a kwa godimo ya itsholelo ya lefatshe mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang,<ref name=":85">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> mme Botswana ya nna itsholelo e e golang ka bonako go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":86">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;33.</ref><ref name=":86" /> Go nna le seabe ga mafatshe a sele mo itsholelong go ne ga nna kgang ya sepolotiki ka nako e jaaka fa batho ba kwa ntle ba ne ba kokoanya kgolo ya setšhaba fa ditiro tsa selegae di ne di tlhabologa ka iketlo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;143–145.</ref> Thuo ya dikgomo, e e neng e setse e amilwe ke go runya mo gogolo ga [[:en:Foot-and-mouth_disease|bolwetse jwa tlhako le molomo]] ka ngwaga wa1977,<ref name=":82" /> e ne ya latlhegelwa ke botlhokwa jo e neng e na le jone pele.<ref name=":85" /> === Puso ya ga Quett Masire === [[Setshwantsho:Quett Masire DF-SC-85-12044.JPEG|thumb|Quett Masire a etetse America ka ngwaga wa 1984]] Morago ga loso lwa ga Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa 1980, Mothusa-Tautona Quett Masire o ne a nna tautona wa Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;117.</ref> Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego ka go tlhatlhama ga ga Khama, Masire o ne a tshegetsa mafaratlhatlha a puso a a neng a thusa go a aga le go boloka tumelo mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;182.</ref> Go ritibatsa morafe wa ga Khama wa Ngwato le merafe e mengwe ya bokone, Masire o ne a tlhoma ntsalae Khama, [[:en:Lenyeletse_Seretse|Lenyeletse Seretse]], go nna mothusa-tautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;232.</ref> Kakanyo e e neng e tlwaelesegile mo gare ga BaNgwato e ne e le gore morwa Khama, [[:en:Ian_Khama|Ian Khama]], o ne a tshwanelwa ke bo tautona. Fa Lenyeletse a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1983, Masire o ne a tlhopha [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] go tsena mo boemong jwa gagwe. Gompieno o ne a tlhopha mongwe go tswa mo morafeng wa borwa, gore a se ka a tlhoma sekao sa gore tautona le mothusa-tautona ka nako tsotlhe ba tshwanetse go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di fapaaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;233.</ref> Botswana e ne e le karolo ya Khonferense ya Kgokaganyo ya Tlhabololo ya Borwa jwa Aforika e e neng ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1980 go tlhama mmaraka wa borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":78" /> Setšhaba se ne sa amiwa ke [[:en:Early_1980s_recession|kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980]].<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Jwaneng_diamond_mine|Moepo wa diteemane wa Jwaneng]] o simolotse go dira ka ngwaga wa 1982, wa nna moepo o o dirang dipoelo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng. [[:en:University_of_Botswana|Mmadikolo wa Botswana]] o tlhomilwe ka one ngwaga o o neng o kgaogana le [[:en:University_of_Botswana,_Lesotho_and_Swaziland|Mmadikolo ya Botswana, Lesotho le Swaziland]].<ref name=":78" /> Ditlhabololo tsa semolao ka ngwaga wa 1982, Molawana wa Thuso ya Matlole le go dira gore tiro ya kgwebo gore e nne ya ka fa molaong ke badiredipuso, di ne tsa tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya naga mme gape tsa gagamolola melawana e e neng e tla thibela bonweenwee.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;127, 129.</ref> Jaaka fa puso ya batho le batho le kgolo ya itsholelo di itshupile e le diphetogo tsa paka e telele, Botswana e ne ya itsege jaaka "kgakgamatso ya Aforika".<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Kganetso e e nonofileng kgatlhanong le puso e e laolwang ke lekoko la BDP e ne ya tlhagelela la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go fenya ditlhopho tsa selegae, ditlhopha tsa dikgatlhego tsa simolola go tlhamiwa, mme makwalo a dikgang a matlhano a magolo a a kgatlhanong le lekoko la BDP a simolola go gatisiwa.<ref name=":64" /> Pele e ne e ikaegile ka tshegetso ya merafe e e rileng, lekoko la BNF le ne la bona tshegetso mo setlhopheng sa badiri.<ref name=":84" /> Ka ditlhopho ka kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1984, e ne e le lekoko kganetso le le gaisanang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;712.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya ama Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa1982 go fitlhela ka ngwaga wa 1987, mme ya tlhoka thuso ya dijo ya puso go ka nna karolo ya masome a marataro le botlhano mo lekgolong ya Batswana ba kwa magaeng.<ref name=":87">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;82.</ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba ga Masire ba ne ba mo amanya le komelelo e ka e ne e tsamaisana le tshimologo ya botautona jwa gagwe, ba akantsha gore Khama o ne a na le taelo ya bomodimo e Masire a neng a se na yone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;203.</ref> Mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1980, madirelo a ditaemane a ne a fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa yone ka karolo ya masome a matlhano le boraro mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya tlhagiso ya bosetšhaba.<ref name=":76" /> Ka nako e, itsholelo ya setšhaba e ne ya nonoha mo e leng gore baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba rotloediwa go tlhopha [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|temothuo ya go]] [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|itshidisa]] kgotsa go fuduga go ya go dira kwa Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":84" /> [[:en:Entrepreneurship|Bogwebi]] bo ne jwa anama thata, bogolosegolo mo badiring ba pele ba puso ba ba neng ba tswa mo [[:en:Public_sector|lephateng la puso]] go ya kwa lephateng la [[:en:Private_sector|e]] [[:en:Private_sector|seng la puso]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Thuto ya mahala ya [[:en:Secondary_education|sekole se segolwane]] ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1989.<ref name=":87" /> [[:en:Trade_union|Mekgatlho ya badiri]] le [[:en:Special_interest_group|ditlhopha tse di kgethegileng tsa dikgatlhego]] tse dingwe di ne tsa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go tlhotlheletsa melawana ya setšhaba, le fa gantsi puso e ne e sa batle go di amogela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], pp.&#x20;85–86.</ref> E tsibogetse mokgatlho o o neng o gola wa badiri ka go fetisa dithibelo tse di bokete mo mekgatlhong ya badiri ka ngwaga wa 1983.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dingwaga di le lesome gape o ne wa tlhagisa mekgatlho ya go amogela merafe e mennye, go gana boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba jwa Motswana.<ref name=":80" /> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, Aforika Borwa e ne ya simolola ditlhaselo tsa sesole mo Botswana go batla batlhabani ba Aforika Borwa. Go tsibogela dikgobalo tsa baagitse di neng tsa direga, puso ya Botswana e ne ya oketsa tiriso ya madi mo sesoleng.<ref name=":93">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;112.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> E ne gape ya fa sesole tiro ya go sireletsa diphologolo tsa naga le go tsenya mo tirisong molao o o kgatlhanong le go tsoma mo go seng ka fa molaong go tsibogela kotsi e e tlisiwang ke batsomi ba ba tshotseng dibetsa.<ref name=":94">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Palo ya ntlha ya [[:en:HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana|mogare wa segajaja]] mo Botswana e ne ya lemogiwa ka ngwaga wa 1985, mme mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang lefatshe ;e ne la nna lone le le neng la amega thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;265.</ref> [[:en:Life_expectancy|Botshelo jo bo solofetsweng]] mo Botswana bo ne bo tla wela tlase tswa go masomeng a maratarole bosupa go ya kwa masomeng a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 1997.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;175.</ref> Phetogo e e gakgamatsang mo tsamaisong ya botsogo ya Botswana e ne ya latela go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1980 le bo 1990; Bongaka jwa Bophirima bo ne jwa tlotliwa thata mmogo le kalafi ya setso, mme go ne ga tlhongwa dikokelo tse e seng tsa puso go nna mmogo le dikago tse di tsamaisiwang ke puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> [[:en:Early_1990s_recession|Kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1990]] e ne ya ama Botswana.<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Attorney_General_of_Botswana_v._Unity_Dow|Tsheko e e botlhokwa ya kgotlatshekelo ya molaomotheo]] e e neng ya tlisiwa ke Unity Dow e ne ya felela ka katlholo ka ngwaga wa 1991 ya gore bana ba ka fiwa boagedi mo go bomme ba bone ga mmogo le borraabone, e e neng ya amogelwa go nna molao ka Molao wa Boagi wa 1995.<ref name=":88">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xx.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang sa Kgabo se ne sa tshwarwa ka ngwaga wa 1991 go batlisisa lekgotla la kabo ditsha tsa lefatshe tsa puso, mme sa fitlhela gore go dirilwe ditlolomolao tsa maitsholo a a siameng ke mothusa-tautona Peter Mmusi le mokwaledi wa kakaretso wa lekoko la BDP [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]], ba bobedi jwa bone gape e neng e le maloko a setlhopa sa ditona tsa puso ya Botswana.<ref name=":89">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;346.</ref><ref name=":90">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;333.</ref> Ka go lebana le go galefa mo pusong le mo setšhabeng, bobedi jwa bone ba ne ba rola tiro.<ref name=":90" /> Go wa mo go ne ga tlhola ditlhopha tse pedi tse di kgaoganeng mo teng ga lekoko, e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke maloko a mabedi a pele a setlhopa sa ditona (Ba babedi ba bagolo),<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;333–335.</ref> mme e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke baganetsi ba bona (ba batlhano ba bagolo): [[:en:Festus_Mogae|Festus Mogae]], Bihiti Temane, Chapson Butale, [[:en:Gaositwe_Chiepe|Gaositwe Chiepe]], le moeteledipele wa bona [[:en:Mompati_Merafhe|Mompati Merafhe]].<ref name=":91">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;235.</ref> Se se ne sa aga mo dikgotlhang tse di neng di godile fa gare ga boeteledipele jwa borwa jwa BLP le kokomana e ntšhwa ya boradipolotiki go tswa kwa bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], pp.&#x20;233–234.</ref> Masire o ne a tlhopha Mogae go nna mothusa- tautona yo mosha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;334.</ref> Ka go tshwenyega ka kgonagalo ya go tlwaetsa bonweenwee, Masire o ne a thapa mothusa- mogolwane wa [[:en:Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)|setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang e e Ikemetseng ya Hong Kong e e Kgatlhanong le Bonweenwee (Hong Kong)]] go tlhama mokgatlho o o tshwanang mo Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;222.</ref> [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Bokaedi jwa Bonweenwee le Bosenyi jwa]] [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Itsholelo]] bo ne jwa tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, mme lekgotla la kabo ditsha le ne la tlhamiwa go reetsa boikuelo jwa ditshwetso tsa kabo ditsha ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Boemo jwa lekoko la BDP jaaka lekoko le le laolang bo ne jwa amogela kgwetlho ya jone ya ntlha e e masisi ka ntlha ya Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlsisa kgota go sekaseka dikgang ya Kgabo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;249.</ref> Matlhabisaditlhong le go kgaogana mo go neng ga nna teng mo lekokong la BDP go ne ga dira gore lekoko la BNF le nne lekoko la kganetso le le gaisanang thata morago ga ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;335–336.</ref><ref name=":89" /> Ka go mathata a a oketsegileng a go tsenngwa ga ditoropo go fokotsa motheo wa BDP kwa metseselegaeng, makoko a kganetso a ne a na le bonnye jo bo bonalang mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa ga Mmusi, Kwelagobe o ne a ikgolaganya le [[:en:Ponatshego_Kedikilwe|Ponatshego Kedikilwe]], mme ba bopa setlhopa se sennye sa Barata-Phathi sa lekoko la BDP. Ba batlhano ba bagolo ba ne ba nna setlhopa se sennye sa A-Team.<ref name=":89" /> Botswana e ne ya solegelwa molemo ke go khutla ga puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, ka puso e ntšhwa e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Aforika e ne e sa thibele kgolo ya Botswana kgotsa go tsenelela mo ditirong tsa sesole go kgabaganya molelwane.<ref name=":81" /> Fa kgaolo e ntse e tlhomama, ditlhabololo tsa itsholelo tse di tshwanang le mabentlele a magolo, kakanyo e e sa netefadiwang ya dithoto, le bojanala jwa baagi di ne tsa atologa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;675.</ref> Morafe wa Ngwaketse o ne wa nna le kgotlang le puso ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa 1994, fa tona ya pusoselegae le mafatshe Patrick Balope a ne a latofatsa kgosi Seepapitso wa bone ka go palelwa ke go diragatsa ditiro tsa gagwe mme a laela gore kgosi e emisiwe—e leng go emisiwa ga bobedi ga puso ya ga Seepapitso.<ref name=":83" /> Morwa wa ga Seepapitso e bong Leema o ne a amogela go tlhomiwa go dira tiro eo, kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa ga Seepapitso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;141–142.</ref> Morafe o ne wa lwantshana le kgang ya go nna semolao mo go sa tlhaloganyesegeng ga ga Leema le poifo ya gore setso sa morafe ga se kitla se tlhola se lemogiwa, mme go tlosiwa ga gagwe go ne ga nna kgang ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;142–143.</ref> Seepapitso o ne a tsenya kganetso ya semolao, mme kgotlatshekelo ya atlhola ka Tlhakole a tlhola malatsia le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 1995 gore le fa go tlosiwa ga ga Seepapitso go ne go le ka fa molaong, go tlhomiwa ga ga Leema go ne go se kafa molaong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;145.</ref> Ka maatla a go tlhoma a ne a buseditswe mo morafeng, ba ne ba gana go tlhopha moeteledipele yo mosha jaaka tsela ya go ikuela. Puso e ne ya ineela mme ya letlelela Seepapitso go busediwa mo tirong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;145–146.</ref> [[:en:Ritual_murder|Polao ya dipheko]] ya ga [[:en:Segametsi_Mogomotsi|Segametsi Mogomotsi]], mosetsana wa dingwaga di le lesome le bone wa kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]], e diragetse ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 1994. Dikhuduego tsa loago di ne tsa tsoga fa babelaelwa bao, ba e neng e le borakgwebo le boradipolotiki ba ba humileng, ba ne ba gololwa ka ntlha ya go tlhoka bosupi. Mo dikgweding tse di latelang, go ne ga nna le ditshupetso le dikhuduego tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke baithuti kgatlhanong le tiriso ya ditiro tsa masaitsiweng tse di tshwanang le polao ya dipheko go bona khumo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;286–290.</ref> Go tlhagoga ga bolwetse jo bo [[:en:Contagious_bovine_pleuropneumonia|tshelanwang jwa pleuropneumonia ya dikgomo]] ka ngwaga wa 1995 go ne ga baka dintsho tsa dikgomo di le dikete tse makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi .<ref name=":88" /> Molao wa Temothuo wa ngwaga ya 1995 o ne wa atolosa thulaganyo ya go dira lefatshe la baagi la le e seng la puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Merafe e mennye e ne ya tswelela go kgaratlhela go lemogiwa go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;163–164.</ref> Puso e simolotse go ntsha batho ba Basarwa mo [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|Lefelong la Diphologolo la Kalahari]] [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|la Bogare]] ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Le fa e ne e nganga gore maikaelelo e ne e le go thusa go kopanya baagi ba ba neng ba le kgakala thata, mme e neelana ka leruo go rotloetsa tirisanommogo, mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba e ne ya pega molato puso ka go pateletsa le go [[:en:Forced_displacement|fudusiwa ka dikgoka]] ga batho go dira sebaka sa meepo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;11–12.</ref> Maiteko a ntlha a magolo a semolao a go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa merafe e mennye a ne a tswa mo tshitshinyong ya ngwaga wa 1995 kwa palamenteng ya go tlhalosa molaomotheo jaaka o o sa tseyeng letlhakore mo merafeng, mme o ne wa bewa mo tafoleng. Mokgatlho wa Kamanakao o ne wa tlhamiwa ka one ngwaga oo ke morutegi [[:en:Lydia_Nyati-Ramahobo|Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo]] go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa [[:en:Yeyi_people|batho ba Yeyi]].<ref name=":95">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;215.</ref> Motseletsele wa diphetogo tsa puso le tsa ditlhopho di ne tsa tsenngwa mo tirisong mo dingwageng tsa bofelo tsa bo tautona jwa ga Masire. Tlhokomelo ya ditlhopho e ne ya fetisediwa kwa setheong se se ikemetseng, dingwaga tsa go tlhopa di ne tsa fokodiwa go tswa ko masomeng a mabedi le bongwe go ya ko lesomeng le borobabobedi , go [[:en:Postal_voting|tlhopa ka poso]] go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong, mme ga tsenngwa tirisong melawana ya go sireletsa [[:en:Labour_rights|ditshwanelo tsa badiri]] le [[:en:Gender_equality|tekatekano ya bong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;168.</ref> Masire o ne a eletsa go tlhama [[:en:Order_of_succession|tatelano e e tlhomameng ya]] [[:en:Order_of_succession|go tlhatlologana]] mo bogosing le go netefatsa gore motlhatlogi wa gagwe yo a mo tlhophileng mothusa Tautona Mogae e nna tautona, ka jalo o ne a dirisana le mmueledi Parks Tafa go kwala paakanyo ya molaotheo. Se se ne sa tsenya tirisong tatelano e e itirisang le [[:en:Term_limit|melelwane ya paka]] ya botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;337–338.</ref> O ne a pateletsa paakanyo ka boene.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;304–305.</ref> Go fetola itsholelo ya lefatshe, go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong tsamaiso ya nakwana ya go nna le [[:en:Tripartism|makoko a mararo]] go kopanya puso, lekalana le e seng la puso, le baemedi ba badiri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;169.</ref> Fa lekoko le ne le tlhopha maloko a komiti ya lone ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1997, kotsi ya go nna le ditlhopha e ne ya gola mo e leng gore Masire o ne a phimola ditlhopho tsa lone tse di mo teng ga mokgatlho mme a dira gore ditlhopha di mo fe manaane a maina.<ref name=":91" /> === Puso ya ga Festus Mogae === [[Setshwantsho:George Bush with African national leaders February 26, 2002.jpg|thumb|Festus Mogae mmogo le botautona ba mafatshe a sele [[:en:Joaquim_Chissano|Joaquim Chissano]], [[:en:George_W._Bush|George W. Bush]] le [[:en:José_Eduardo_dos_Santos|José Eduardo dos Santos]] ka ngwaga wa 2002]] Masire o ne a tlogela tiro ya botautona ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le ngwe ka ngwaga wa 1998, mme a latelelelwa ke mothusa tautona Festus Mogae.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;338.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya tshwetso e e neng ya tsosa kganetsano ya go tlhoma Ian Khama, molaodi wa sesole le morwa Seretse Khama, go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang,<ref name=":72" /> a fetisa kgetho ya gagwe ka go tshosetsa go phatlalatsa palamente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Le fa ba ne ba sa tseye letlhakore semmuso fa gare ga ditlhopha tsa lekoko la BDP, Mogae le Khama ka bobedi ba ne ba tlhaloganngwa e le batho ba bagolo mo gare ga A-Team.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;347.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1998 o ne wa bona nngwe ya dikgaogano tse dintsi mo teng ga lekoko la kganetso la BNF. E ne e kgaogane ka ditlhopha tse pedi: batho ba ba sa rateng diphetogo ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa loago le ba ba neng ba tswelela pele ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa puso ya batho ka batho ya loago. Dikhuduego kwa mokgatlhong wa lekoko di ne tsa dira gore batho ba ba neng ba rata kgatelopele ba kgaogane go nna lekoko la bone, [[:en:Botswana_Congress_Party|Botswana Congress Party]] (BCP), le le neng la nna lekoko le legolo la kganetso go fitlhela ba latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa manno a bone mo [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa]] [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 1999]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Kgaogano e ya kganetso, mmogo le diphetogo tsa selegae tsa dingwaga tse di fetileng, di ne tsa dira gore lekoko la BDP le boelwe ke ditilo dingwe tse e neng ya di latlhegelwa ka ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;168–169.</ref> Maloko a le mmalwa a borwa a boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BCP a ne a boela kwa lekokong la BNF morago ga gore maemo otlhe a a kwa godimo a tsewe ke batho ba bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;237.</ref> Go itlhatlosa go ya kwa maemong a merafe ya Tswana, batho ba Yeyi ba ne ba bitsa kgosi e e kwa godimo ka ngwaga wa 1999, fela se se ne sa se ka sa lemogiwa ke Molao wa Bogosi. Ba ne ba tlisa kgang eo kwa Kgotlatshekelong e Kgolo, e e neng ya tlhasela thulaganyo e e maleba ya molao e le e e tlhaolang.<ref name=":95" /> Mogae o ne a tlhoma setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang ka ngwaga wa 2000 go sekaseka kemedi ya merafe e mennye mo Ntlong ya Dikgosi, mme seo sa baka boipelaetso go tswa mo go ba ba neng ba ikutlwa gore Mogae o batla go nyatsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;239.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang se ne sa tlhomamisa gore Ntlo ya Dikgosi e tshwanetse go nna teng, mme ya bidiwa Setswana ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;216.</ref> Diphetogo tse dingwe tse di fetotsweng ga di a amogelwa morago ga go kgarametswa go tswa mo merafeng e megolo ya Batswana, bogolosegolo ba Ngwato.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;217–218.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, batho ba Kgatla-baga-Mmanaana ba ne ba bona kgosi ya bone Gobuamang Gobuamang wa bobedi a amogelwa semmuso jaaka kgosi e nnye mo teng ga kgaolo ya Kwena kwa ba nnang teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;177.</ref> [[:en:Botswana–Namibia_border|Molelwane wa Botswana le Namibia]] o ne wa tsena mo kganetsanong ka ngwaga wa 1999 fa mafatshe ka bobedi a ne a batla kgaolo mo [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Mopakong wa Caprivi]].[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;xx–xxi.</ref>] Ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000, Botswana e ne ya beeletsa thata mo go tlhabololeng sesole sa mowa.<ref name=":93" /> [[:en:Botswana_Television|Setshwantso sa motshikinyego sa Botswana]] se tlhomilwe ka ngwaga wa 2000. Lentswe tsa Tsodilo le ne la nna [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|Lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe]] ka ngwaga wa 2001. Batho ba Basarwa ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao ka ngwaga wa 2002 go ganetsa go ntshiwa ga bona kwa Central Kalahari Game Reserve, fela kgang e sekisiwang e ne ya tlhokomologiwa. [[:en:Mosadi_Seboko|Mosadi Seboko]] wa [[:en:Lete_people|morafe wa]] [[:en:Lete_people|Balete]] o ne a nna moeteledipele wa ntlha wa mosadi wa morafe ka ngwaga wa 2003.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xxi.</ref> Mogae o ne a dira gore mongwe wa batshwayadiphoso ba ba tlhageletseng thata ba puso, [[:en:Kenneth_Good_(political_scientist)|Kenneth Good]], a lelekwe mo lefatsheng la gagwe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], pp.&#x20;333–334.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;226–227.</ref> [[:en:Three_Dikgosi_Monument|Sefikantswe sa Dikgosi tse Tharo]] se ne sa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;680.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya bolwetsi jo bo anameng lefatshe la HIV/AIDS e le kgang e e botlhokwa thata ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Go e lwantsha, o ne a dira gore dikalafi tsa [[:en:Antiretroviral|diantiretroviral]] tsa HIV/AIDS di nne teng mahala.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;225.</ref> === Puso ya ga Ian Khama === [[Setshwantsho:London Conference on The Illegal Wildlife Trade (12499797834).jpg|thumb|Kopano ya ga Ian Khama le [[:en:William_Hague|William Hague]] kwa Lontone]] Ian Khama o ne a latela mo maemong a botautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Mogae ka kgwedi ya Moranang a le letsatsi le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref name=":96">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mokgwa wa gagwe wa boeteledipele o ne wa phatlaladiwa jaaka o o latelang "di-D tse nne": puso ya batho ka batho, tlhabololo, seriti, le kotlhao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Fa a sena go nna mo setilong, o ne a rulaganya sešwa khuduthamaga ya setšhaba ka mokgwa wa tatelano, a kopanya maatla go dikologa botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;227–228.</ref> Khama o ne a gatelela tshireletsego ya setshaba mo tsamaisong ya gagwe. Ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo maemong a gagwe, Lekalana la Bosenodi le Tshireletsego le ne la itsege ka go dira ditlhodi tse di neng di tlhotlhelediwa ke dipolotiki le go tshwara baganetsi ba gagwe ba sepolotiki. O ne gape a tlhoma batho ba le mmalwa ba pele ba sesole mo pusong ya gagwe<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], pp.&#x20;714–715.</ref> Botswana o ne e sa amege thata mo [[:en:African_Union|Kopanong ya Aforika]] ka nako ya botautona jwa ga Khama, go na le moo e ne ya tlhagisa molawana wa mafatshe a sele a a neng e lebisitswe thata mo Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;190.</ref> Mathata a matlole a ngwaga wa 2008 a ne a gatelela itsholelo ya Botswana, e e neng ya nna e ikaegile ka meepo ya ditaemane le fa puso e ne e dira maiteko.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;202.</ref> Madirelo a diteemane a ne a fedisa kwelotlase e e tlhomameng fa e ne e tlhomama ka bokana ka karolo ya masome a mararo le borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tse di tlhagisitsweng tsa lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 2009.<ref name=":76" /> Taolo ya dikgosi e ne ya fetolwa ka ngwaga wa 2008 ka Molao wa Bogosi.<ref name=":92" /> Khama o ne a rotloetsa go neela dikgosi maatla ka leina la go busetsa kotlhao le maitsholo a setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], pp.&#x20;196–197.</ref> O ne a ntsha taelo e e neng ya oketsa dingwaga tsa go nwa tse di kafa molaong go nna masome a mabedi le bongwe, ya fa baeteledipele ba merafe e mennye maatla a go laela gore batho ba itewe, ya tlhama ditlhopha tsa mephato go nna balebedi, le go tsenya gape [[:en:Corporal_punishment_in_schools|kotlhao ya go itaya mo dikolong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Dikgosi di le mmalwa tse di sa tswang go tlhongwa di ne tsa tshegetsa melawana e mme tsa tsenya tirisong dikotlhao tse di gagametseng tsa badiraphoso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Gareng ga bone go ne go na le Kgafela wa bobedi, kgosana ya morafe wa Kgatla. Go dira gore batho ba gagwe ba nne le boitsholo jo bo tlwaelegileng, o ne a oketsa thata go itewa ga batho ba ba neng ba tlola molao. Kgafela le ba bangwe ba ba amegang ba ne ba pegwa molato wa bosenyi ka ntlha ya go dirisa kotlhao ka tsela e e sa siamang ka ngwaga wa 2010, mme kgotlatshekelo e ne ya kgaphela thoko kopo ya gagwe ya go sirelediwa, ya tlhomamisa gore dikgosi ga di na boipuso mme di laolwa ke molaotheo.<ref name=":97">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;157.</ref> Jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le tlhopha boeteledipele jwa lekoko la yone ka ngwaga wa 2009, Khama o ne a tlhoma batho ba le bantsi ba A-Team mo dikomiting tse potlana tsa lekoko le fa Barata-Phathi e ne ya fenya ka nako ya mokgatlho wa lekoko.<ref name=":97" /><ref name=":98">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;335.</ref> Fa mokwaledi mogolo wa lekoko leo, Rre [[:en:Gomolemo_Motswaledi|Gomolemo Motswaledi]] a ne a rerisana le babueledi go botsa gore a ditiro tsa ga Khama di ka fa molaong, Khama o ne a dira gore a sekegiwe mo komiting. Morago ga go isa kgang kwa kgotlatshekelo, go ne ga fitlhelwa gore tautona yo o mo maemong ao ga a kgone go sekisiwa semolao, mme Khama o ne a emisa Motswaledi mo BDP gotlhelele.<ref name=":98" />Mo tshimologong ya ngwaga wa 2010, Khama o ne a emisa mme morago a ntsha maloko a mangwe a le mmalwa a lekalana le le mo teng ga lekoko la Barata-Phathi mo lekokong BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], pp.&#x20;354–355.</ref> Se se ne sa baka go kgaogana ga ntlha ga BDP ka Mopitlwe fa lekoko la Barata-Phathi le ne le tswa mo lekokong go bopa Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Temokerasi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;345.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Molao wa Tirelosetšhaba o tsentswe tirisong ka ngwaga wa 2010, o dira gore badiredipuso ba dire ditshupetso ka ha molaong mo maemong mangwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mo ngwageng o o latelang, Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Mekgatlho ya Badiri (BOFEPUSU) o ne wa etelela pele ditshupetso tsa dikgwedi di le pedi mo gare ga badiredipuso ba lefatshe go batla tuelo ya karolo ya lesome le borataro mo lekgolong, mme puso ya tsiboga ka go ntsha diketekete tsa badiri mo maemong a bone.<ref name=":96" /> Go ntshiwa ga batho go ne go okametswe ke [[:en:Mokgweetsi_Masisi|Mokgweetsi Masisi]], Tona ya Merero ya Botautona.<ref name=":99">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Go ganetsa boemo jwa puso, BOFEPUSU e ne ya tlhofofatsa go kopanngwa ga makoko a magolo a kganetso go nna [[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC).<ref name=":96" /> Setlhopha se sešwa se se ne se eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Duma_Boko|Duma Boko]], yo o neng a tsere taolo ya BNF ka ngwaga wa 2010 mme a laola dipuo tsa yona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;715.</ref> Khama o ne a diragatsa diphetogo tse di nonofileng tsa tshomarelo ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe, bogolo jang mabapi le go tsoma. Le fa ba ne ba opa diatla kwa mahatsheng a mangwe le go bopa leina la Botswana jaaka "kgakgamatso e tala", ba ne ba kopana le go kgobega marapo mo nageng ka ntlha ya ditsela tse di neng di dirisiwa go tswa kwa godimo go ya kwa tlase, bogolosegolo go tswa mo go ba ba nnang mo mafelong a a tlhomilweng a tshomarelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Melawana e e ne e akaretsa go oketsega ga mekgwa ya sesole e e kgatlhanong le go tsoma diphologolo; digongwana tse di kgatlhanong le go tsoma di ne di tsentswe ditlhobolo tse di itirisang go tlaleletsa melawana ya go thuntsha go bolaya kgatlhanong le batho ba ba belaelwang gore ke batsomi.<ref name=":94" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boloka bontsi jwa yone mo lekgotleng la peomolao morago ga [[:en:2014_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopho tse di latelang]], mme e le lekgetho la ntlha e ne ya dira jalo ka bontsi fela jwa ditlhopo tsa batho.<ref>[[Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;705.</ref> Ian Khama o ne a tlhoma Masisi go nna mothusa tautona wa gagwe.<ref name=":99" /> Tshwetso e ne ya tsosa kganetsano ka ntlha ya go tlhoka maitemogelo ga ga Masisi fa go bapisiwa le ditlhopho tse dingwe tse di ka kgonegang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Go ya ka Mogae, Masisi o ne a tlhophiwa ka tlhaloganyo ya gore o tla tlhoma [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|Tshekedi Khama]] [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|wa bobedi]] go nna mothusa tautona morago ga go tsaya botautona ka boene.<ref name=":99" /> Botsalo Ntuane o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Mokwaledi Mogolo wa lekoko la BDP ka ngwaga 2015 mo seraleng sa twantsho tshenyetso setshaba le phetolo ya ditlhopho. Se se ne sa tshosetsa tlholego e e tseneletseng ya lekoko la BDP, mme Ntuane a bona mmaba wa sepolotiki kwa Masisi.<ref name=":99" /> Khama o ne a le bobaba mo bobegadikgannyeng, bogolo jang mo mafelong a a neng a sa dumalane le ditiro tsa puso ya gagwe. O ne a na le babegadikgang ba babedi ba ba neng ba latofadiwa ka [[:en:Sedition|botsuolodi]] ka ngwaga wa 2017, mme moragonyana ditatofatso di ne tsa latlhiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;714.</ref> === Puso ya ga Mokgweetsi Masisi === [[Setshwantsho:Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference London 2018 (45245990491).jpg|thumb|Mokgweetsi Masisi a bua kwa bokopanong jo bo neng bo bua ka kgwebisano e e seng ka fa molaong ya diphologolo tsa naga kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:London|London]] ka ngwaga wa 2018]] Masisi o ne a nna tautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Khama ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2018. Fa ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2019_Botswana_general_election|kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 2019]] di ntse di atamela, Masisi o ne a tlhama setshwantsho sa go ipharologanya le Khama, a itlhagisa jaaka motho yo o [[:en:Anti-corruption|lwantshanang le bonweenwee]] fa a ntse a tshegetsa bobegakgang le BOFEPUSU.<ref name=":02">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;716.</ref><ref name=":02" /> Letsholo la gagwe la go lwantsha bonweenwee le ne la felela ka go tshwarwa ga ga Isaac Kgosi, yo o neng a eteletse pele Bokaedi jwa Botlhodi le Tshireletso mo pusong ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;717.</ref><ref name=":110" /> Masisi o ne a tswelela ka go busetsa morago bontsi jwa melawana ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110" /> Gareng ga tse e ne e le go phimolwa ga melawana ya tshomarelo, go akaretsa le thibelo ya go tsoma e e neng e tsoma e e neng e lebisitswe mo kgwebong ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|manaka a tlou]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;23–24, 33–34.</ref> O ne gape a okametse go fedisiwa ga go tsewa go ratana ka bong bole bongwe e le molato.<ref>Rotberg 2023, pp.&#x20;228–229.</ref> Fa se se ntse se tsweletse, Masisi le Khama ba nna baganetsi go na le go nna balekane. Khama o ne a leka go thapa [[:en:Pelonomi_Venson-Moitoi|Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi]] go nna ntlhopheng yo mongwe wa BDP kgatlhanong le Masisi, mme fa seo se palelwa, o ne a itlhomela lekoko la gagwe, la [[:en:Botswana_Patriotic_Front|Botswana Patriotic Front]] (BPF).<ref name=":99" /><ref name=":110" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boelwa ke bontsi jwa ditlhopho tsa batho ka ngwaga wa 2019,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> mme ditlhopho di ne tsa senngwa ke kgatelelo ya puso le diphuruphutsho tsa nako le nako kgatlhanong le batho ba kganetso. Lekoko la UDC le ne la gwetlha maduo, mme ga di a atlega.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;308.</ref> Diphetogo tsa kgaolo di ne tsa fetoga ka ngwaga wa 2019 jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le latlhegelwa ke thotloetso nngwe kwa bokone fa e ntse e oketsa tlhotlheletso ya yone kwa borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;231.</ref> Ditlhopho gape di ne tsa bona lekokokganetso le legolo, BNF, le latlhegelwa ke BCP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> Jaaka ditšhaba di le dintsi, [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana|Botswana e ne ya bona kwelotlase e e kgolo ya tsholelo ka nako ya tlhaselo ya bolwetsi jwa COVID-19]], mme lefatshe le ne la nna [[:en:COVID-19_lockdowns|mo thibelong ya metsamao]] bontsi jwa ngwaga wa 2020 le ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;309.</ref> Mofuta wa SARS-CoV-2 Omicron o ribolotswe kwa Botswana moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Maikutlo a a kgatlhanong le makula a ne a anama ka setšhaba sa makula kwa Botswana se ne se humile thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;310.</ref> Khama o ne a tshabela kwa lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa a le kwa botshabelo ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele ka ngwaga wa 2021, mme puso ya Botswana ya mo latofatsa ka go nna le dibetsa e se ka fa molaong ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;311–312.</ref> === Puso ya ga Duma Boko === [[Setshwantsho:Secretary Rubio Meets with Botswana President Boko (54371806715).jpg|thumb|Duma Boko o ikanisa tumalano le lefatshe la Amerika ka ngwaga wa 2025]] Lekoko la [:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change][[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC) le nnile lekokokganetso la ntlha mo Botswana go tsaya puso morago ga phenyo ya lone mo [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa]] [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 2024]] , mme se sa fedisa dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi tsa puso ya [[:en:Botswana_Democratic_Party|lekoko la Botswana la batho ka batho]] (BDP).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMuiaZane2024|Muia &#x26; Zane 2024]]</ref> Mo puisanong ya gagwe ya ntlha ya Maemo a Setšhaba ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2024, Duma Boko o boletse gore puso ya gagwe e tla kgaratlhela go oketsa dipeeletso mo maatleng a letsatsi, [[:en:Cannabis|motokwane]] ya kalafi le mofuta wa motokwane o o lengwang ka lebaka la madirelo. O ne gape a itsise ditirisano le [[:en:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] go atolosa phitlhelelo ya mafaratlhatlha a maranyane e e teng lefatshe ka bophara ka [[:en:Starlink|Starlink]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFFrance242024|France24 2024]]</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2025, Botswana e ne ya romela sathalaete ya yone ya ntlha, e leng [[:en:BOTSAT‑1|BOTSAT‐1,]] kwa lefaufaung.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRanjan2025|Ranjan 2025]]</ref> [[:en:Duma_Boko|Boko]] o ne a tsenela go itsisiwe semmuso ga sathalaete, e e neng ya tshwarelwa kwa mafelong a [[:en:SpaceX|SpaceX]] kwa lefatsheng la United States.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNamunwa2025|Namunwa 2025]].</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Lekwalokwalo la Botswana * [[Ngwao ya Botswana|Ngwao ya Batswana]] * Dipalopalo tsa Botswana * [[Itsholelo ya Botswana]] * Thutafatshe ya Botswana * [[Ditso tsa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Borwa jwa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Gaborone]] * [[Lenaane la dikgang tse di amanang le Botswana]] * Lenaane la dingwaga mo Botswana * [[Tlhaloso ya Botswana]] * Mola wa nako wa Botswana * Mola wa nako ya Gaborone * [[Dipolotiki tsa Botswana]] == Dintlhana tse di kwa tlase == <references /> == Metswedi == === Dibuka === * Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). Culture and Customs of Botswana. Greenwood Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-313-33178-7</nowiki>. OCLC 62118271. * Gulbrandsen, Ørnulf (2012). The State and the Social: State Formation in Botswana and its Precolonial and Colonial Genealogies. Berghahn Books. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85745-298-6</nowiki>. * Hillbom, Ellen; Bolt, Jutta (2018). Botswana – A Modern Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73144-5. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-73144-5</nowiki>. * Holm, John D.; Molutsi, Patrick P. (1992). "State-Society Relations in Botswana: Beginning Liberalization". In Hydén, Göran; Bratton, Michael (eds.). Governance and Politics in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 75–95. doi:10.1515/9781685853297. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-55587-285-4</nowiki>. * Jackson, Ashley (1999). Botswana, 1939-1945: An African Country at War. Clarendon Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-820764-1</nowiki>. * Leith, James Clark (2005). Why Botswana Prospered. McGill-Queen's University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7735-2821-5</nowiki>. * Molutsi, Patrick (2004). "Botswana: The Path to Democracy and Development". In Gyimah-Boadi, E. (ed.). Democratic Reform in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 159–182. doi:10.1515/9781685857325. <nowiki>ISBN 9781685857325</nowiki>. * Nyamnjoh, Francis B. (2007). "'Ever-Diminishing Circles': The Paradoxes of Belonging in Botswana". In de la Cadena, Marisol; Starn, Orin (eds.). Indigenous Experience Today. Routledge. pp. 305–332. <nowiki>ISBN 9781003085690</nowiki>. * Rotberg, Robert I. (2023). "Botswana: Africa's Democratic Exception". Overcoming the Oppressors: White and Black in Southern Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–231. <nowiki>ISBN 9780197674239</nowiki>. * Samatar, Abdi Ismail (1999). An African Miracle: State and Class Leadership and Colonial Legacy in Botswana Development. Heinemann. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-325-00068-8</nowiki>. * Tlou, Thomas; Campbell, Alec C. (1997) [1984]. History of Botswana (2nd ed.). Macmillan Botswana. <nowiki>ISBN 9991278087</nowiki>. == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref name=":2"><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref>Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref></ref><ref name=":30"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> mpis4f479bim3nek6dl0lwekwiiqjgm 53692 53691 2026-07-30T22:11:25Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Pre-colonial history" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366623313|History of Botswana]]" 53692 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditso tsa lefatshe la Botswana''' di akaretsa tsa bogologolo le tsa ngwao ya kgaolo, go diriwa kolone ya [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Bechuanaland Protectorate]], le go nna Republic of [[Botswana]] gompieno. Batho ba ntlha ba motlha wa gompieno go nna mo [[Botswana]] e ne e le Basarwa, temothuo e tlhabolotswe dingwaga di ka nna dikete pedi, le makgolo a mararo a a fetileng. Batho bantsho ba Bantu ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago ga loso lwa ga Keresete, fa [[Batswana]] ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago. Batswana ba ne ba kgaogana ka ditlhopha tsa merafe mo dingwageng tse di dikete tse di latelang fa diphudugo mo kgaolong di tswelela, tse di neng tsa baka [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]] mo lekgolong la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi. Go amana le lefatshe le le kgolo le le naleng dikarolo la Europe ga ntlha go diragetse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi lesome le borataro, mo go bakileng go diriwa Bakeresete ga batho ba kgaolo. Magosi a Batswana a a neng a na le thotloetso e kgolo a ne a ikopela go nna mo tlhokomelong ya lefatshe la [[United Kingdom]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le botlhano ka ba ne ba itemogela matshosetsi go tswa kwa [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German South West Africa]] le mo Maburung. Batho ba Britain ba ne ba kgaoganya kgaolo go nna merafe e kgosi nngwe le nngwe e tlaa e etelelang pele, ba a fa dikgosi maatla a a fetang a ba neng ba na le one pele, mme ba ne ba nna le taolo e e lekanetseng fela mo lefatsheng. Puso ya Britain e ne ya nna le seabe se setlhagafetseng ka dinwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la ema nokeng go tsaya karolo ga Britain mo ntweng ya bobedi ya mafatshe, bontsi ba ne ba lwa e le bontlha jwa sesole sa [[Aferika|Aforika]] sa Auxiliary Pioneer Corps. Go lwela go laola go nnile teng ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a matlhano fa gare ga Kgosi ya [[Bangwato]] [[Seretse Khama]] le motlhatlhami wa gagwe [[Tshekedi Khama]]. Go nyala mosadi wa lekgoa ebong [[Ruth Williams Khama]] ga ga Seretse, go ne ga baka gore batho ba Britain ba mo thibele go nna mo [[Botswana]]. O ne a boa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a matlhano le borataro, ka a ne a na le kemo nokeng e kgolo, merafe e ne inaakanya le puso e e tlhophilweng fa letsholo la boipuso le tlhamiwa. Molao wa lefatshe o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le motso, ga tlhamiwa diphathi tsa polotiki. Seretse o ne a nna moeteledipele wa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Bechuanaland Democratic Party]], e e neng e bueletswe ke puso ya Britain go busa morago ga boipuso, e ne ya nna le kemo nokeng e e tsitsibanyang mmele mo ditlhophong tsa ntlha tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le botlhano. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la neelwa boipuso jo bo tletseng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro. Ka maikaelelo a a nonofileng, Seretse le phathi ya gagwe ba ne ba tlhama puso ya batho ka batho ya bophirima ba simolola go tlhabolola dikago mo lefatsheng le e neng e le lengwe la a a neng a humanegile thata ka nako eo. Go ne ga lemogiwa fa go na le diteemane ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabongwe, mo go neng ga bopa sesha itsholelo ya Botswana. Kompone ya meepo ya [[Debswana]] e tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi, lefatshe la Botswana la nna la itsholelo e e golang ka bofefo thata go gaisa a mangwe mo Botswana. Phathi ya sepolotiki ya Botswana Democratic e ne ya tswelela e le yone phathi e e busang go tswa ka nako ya boipuso go fitlhelela phathi ya [[Umbrella for Democratic Change]] e fenya ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone.]] == Ditso tsa pele ga bokolone == === Ditso tsa pele === [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo Hills rock paintings4.jpg|thumb|metako ya magaga kwa Tsodilo mo ditsong tsa pele]] Lefatshe la Botswana la gompieno e ne e le sekgwa fela dingwaga di le didikadike tse di lesome tse di fitileng, dinoka di ne di le ditona go fetisa gompieno, di tshela kwa [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|letsheng la Makgadikgadi]].<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou, Thomas]]; [[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Campbell, Alec C]]. (1997) [1984]. ''[[History of Botswana]]'' (2nd&nbsp;ed.). Macmillan Botswana. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/9991278087|&nbsp;<bdi>9991278087</bdi>.]]</ref> Batho ba sebopego sa ntlha sa Homo erectus ba ne ba nna mo kgaolong eo ka motlha wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997,]] p.&nbsp;14.</ref> Didirisiwa tsa lejwe mo Botswana wa gompieno, di tshwana le dilepe, di tswa go o lowe, dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fitileng.<ref name=":4">Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). [[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|''Culture and Customs of Botswana''.]] Greenwood Press. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33178-7|<bdi>978-0-313-33178-7</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#Identifiers_and_linked_data|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/title/62118271 62118271.]</ref><ref name=":0">Klehm, Carla (28 June 2021). "Archaeology of Botswana". ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History''. doi:[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61663/chapter/553401196 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.792]. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4|<bdi>978-0-19-027773-4</bdi>.]]</ref> Phudugo go ya sekakeng sa Kalahari go akanyediwa fa e diragetse pele ga legato la borataro dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro tse di fitileng.<ref name=":0" /> Letsha la Makgadikgadi le simolotse go fokotsega dingwaga di le dikete di le masome matlhano tse di fitileng.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;17.]]</ref> Bagolagolwane ba merafe e e sa amaneng ka gope ba ba bidiwang Basarwa fa ba kgobokantswe, ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome mane go tsena masome a mararo tse di fitileng. Ba ka tswa e le bone batho ba ntlha go nna mo motlheng wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&nbsp;18, 23.</ref> Ba ne ba itlhoma go bapa le dinoka ka dipaka tsa komelelo, mme ba phatlalale le kgaolo ka nako ya dipula.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&nbsp;24.</ref>Go ne go itsewe fa ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikaganyeditseng [[letsha la Makgadikgadi]], ga mmogo le [[Tsodilo]] le GI.<ref name=":1">[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;xv.</ref> Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba [[Nata]], Shua le Xani, go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref name=":2">Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;23.</ref>[[:en:Rock_art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse masome a mararo tse di fetileng,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Meepo ya specularite le hematite e simolotse ka nako e go tlhama dipente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;48.</ref> Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a leruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome mabedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":1" /> Thuto e e tseneletseng ya Aforika e e kwa borwa mo [[:en:Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Matlapa]] e ntse e lekanyeditswe.<ref name=":0" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[:en:Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba sala ka ditlhopha tse dinnye mme ba dira kgwebo le ba bangwe.<ref name=":2" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere tshimo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monna yo mogolo wa lelapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tse dikgolo, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela le go tshwara diphologolo tse dinnye.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Ditlhopha di ne di nyalana mme di dirisa thulaganyo ya magadi, xaro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete tse tse di fetileng, batho ba kgaolo eo ba ne ba tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana wa gompieno mme ba simolola go dira dinkgwana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;8.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;28.</ref>Temothuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga le go wela tlase fa seemo sa loapi le ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo di ne di dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;29–30.</ref>Gareng ga dijalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[:en:Pearl_millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[:en:Sorghum|mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[:en:Cowpea|dinawa tsa kgomo]], le dimela tsa lelapa la [[:en:Cucurbitaceae|cucurbits]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba Bantu ba ne ba [[:en:Bantu_expansion|fudugela kwa kgaolong]] e dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi le dingwaga dile selete le makgolo a matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong leno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;22–24, 28.</ref> [[:en:Kalanga_people|Batho ba Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba goroga c. 200 C.E.<ref name=":3">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Bagologolwane ba morafe wa ntlha wa [[:en:Tswana_people|Batswana]] (bongwe ''Motswana'', bontsi ''Batswana'') go fopholediwa fa ba gorogile c. 400 C.E.<ref name=":3" /> Batho ba ba Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didirisiwa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna mo ditseleng tsa metsi tsa leruri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;9.</ref> Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a leruri a matlo a ka nna lesome go fitlhela lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Pole-and-daga|dipale le mmu]] nngwe le nngwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa Khoisan e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;44–45.</ref> BaKhoisan le Bantu ba ka tswa ba ne ba gweba le go nyalana mo pakeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;36.</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlhela ka lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga === Setlhopha sa batho ba Zhizo, batho ba Taukome, ba ne ba goroga mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme ba nna fa gare ga [[:en:Shashe_River|Noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|Noka ya Serorome]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref><ref name=":5">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;10.</ref> Go nna le [[:en:Glass_bead|dipheta tsa galase]] go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo ya Lewatle la India]].<ref name=":5" /> Palo ya leruo le le ruiwang mo Botswana wa gompieno e ne ya oketsega thata fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa borobabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":4" /> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso ya morafe, e e bidiwang ''morafe'' (bontsi merafe), mongwe le mongwe o eteletswe pele ke kgosi e e bidiwang ''[[:en:Kgosi|kgosi]]'' (bontsi dikgosi).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Tsamaiso e e ne ya tlhagisa puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le tse dingwe mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;40.</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong, mme go nna mong wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho.<ref name=":6">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;11.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ditso tsa bogologolo tsa batho ba Tswana e sa ntse e sa itsiwe thata ka gonne go setse bosupi jo bonnye jwa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo.<ref name=":3" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Sekaka sa Kalahari]] ka makgolo ale borobabongwe morago ga ga Keresete,<ref name=":1" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong le le latelang la dingwaga, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng kwa Lewatleng la India.<ref name=":6" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Bangwe ba batho ba Eiland ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa ya gompieno go tsena mo Botswana wa gompieno mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Batho ba Toutswe, ba bangwe ba morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, ba bona khumo ya bona ka go nna le dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;13.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Go ne ga agiwa metse e meraro ya Ba-Toutswe kwa [[:en:Bosutswe|Bosutswe]], Sung, le [[:en:Toutswemogala|Toutswemogala]], mongwe le mongwe wa bone o ne o busa metse e mennye e e neng e e dikologile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 12, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba anametse kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;60.</ref> Boleng jwa ditlhagiswa bo ne jwa fetogafetoga fa kgwebisano e ntse e atolosiwa le ditšhaba di sele mme go ribololwa ga gauta go ne ga diragala, go fokotsa kgatlhego mo ditlhagisweng tsa sebilo le tsa diphologolo jaaka lonaka lwa tlou.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;27–28.</ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":7">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Merafe e e kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditiragalo tse mme e ne ya sala e sa amege thata.<ref name=":8">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Baagisani ba Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe le wa lesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard's Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":9">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> <ref name=":10">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;61.</ref>Ba tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[:en:Bambandyanalo|Bambandyanalo]], ba ne ba nna batho ba bagolo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe kwa ba neng ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;67–68.</ref> Ba ne ba bonela pele tlhotlheletso go ralala kgaolo fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> Batho ba Okavango Delta le batho ba Tsodilo mme morago ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bodulo mo nakong e, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke batho ba Khoe fela ba ba neng ba nna mo lefelong leo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou & Campbell 1997]], pp. 46, 81.</ref>Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro,<ref name=":11">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;14.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa mo nako e le nngwe.<ref name=":10" />Batho ba Mambo ba ne ba nna go dikologa [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]] ya gompieno mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo tikologong ya nako e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Batho ba segompieno ba Tswana, [[:en:Khalagari_people|Khalagari]], le [[:en:Sotho_people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo e ka nnang ka lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":12">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Ba-Khalagari ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana.<ref name=":13">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Batho ba Fokeng le bone ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi,<ref name=":14">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;93.</ref> mme batho ba Moloko ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro.<ref name=":12" /> Morafe wa tshimologo wa BaTswana, losika lwa bogosi lwa Phofu, o tlhodilwe kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro ke Mogale. Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, e ne ya kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa le merafe ya Bahurutshe, [[:en:Kwena_people|Kwena]], [[:en:Ngwaketse_people|Ngwaketse]], [[:en:Ngwato_people|Ngwato]], Tlharo, le batho ba ba [[:en:Ngwato_people|Kgatla]].<ref name=":13" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa ema mo boemong jwa Mapungubwe e le maatla a kgaolo ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro fa batho ba Gumanye ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[:en:Great_Zimbabwe|Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le le botlhokwa le ditsompelo tsa yone le go nna gaufi le lebopo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;77–78.</ref> Zimbabwe e ne e laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le teng mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana,<ref name=":15">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvi.</ref> mme kgwebisano ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo eo.<ref name=":11" /> Zimbabwe e ne e latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga, mme e ne ya wela mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Dinaga tse dingwe di le mmalwa di ne tsa tlhagelela morago ga go wa ga yone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo neng jwa bopiwa ke [[:en:Kalanga_people|merafe ya Kalanga]], bo ne jwa tsaya maemo a Zimbabwe mo molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;98–100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana le [[:en:Pedi_people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bone<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> mme [[:en:Rolong_people|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Morolong.<ref name=":13" /> Kgosi Masilo go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya bophirima jwa Tswana ka nako e, go fitlhela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga moo go bolelwa fa lefelo le le ne le busiwa ke Malope kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":14" /> === Lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell - Thlapingkaptein en sy vrou.png|thumb|Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1800]] Batho ba baTswana ba ne ba fuduga fa gare ga Botswana wa gompieno ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke batho ba naga le batho ba mmuso wa ga mmamosadinyana go tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":16">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;19.</ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga sekete le makgolo a le marataro.<ref name=":17">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, losika lwa ga Phofu, lo ne lwa wela tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;104.</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la lesome le botlhano le la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":11" /> Batho ba ba Kalanga ba ne ba laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[:en:Motloutse_River|Noka ya Motloutse]] le [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Letsha la Makgadikgadi]] go fitlhela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabobedi.<ref name=":7" /> Batho ba Hurutshe, Kgatla, le Kwena ba ne ba kgaogana le losika lwa segosi lwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo gare ga komelelo le dintwa tsa boswa, mme kgabagare ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;10.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Batho ba Ngwaketse le ba Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le boraro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;105.</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo ba ne ba nna mo Motlheng wa Bofelo wa Leje go fitlha mo e ka nnang mo lekgolong la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;22.</ref> Batho ba Botswana wa gompieno ba simolodistse ditsela tse di telle tsa motsamao ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa, e tsamaelwa dikilometara tse makgolo go rekisa,go tsoma le go itsalanya le batho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;108–109.</ref>Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana motlhofo abo e ipopa ka bongwe go tswa mo go ba bangwe ka gore dithoto tse dipotlana , le leruo tsa lefelo ne di kgona go tsmaisiwa motlhofo.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":16" />Merafe ya botlhabatsatsi e ne e tshabellwa ke go kgaogana ka ntlha ya seele se se tona gareng ga toropo le ditshimo.<ref name=":18">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;392.</ref>Kgaogano gareng ga ditlhopa tsa baTswana e nnile mo gareng ga ngwagakgolong ya lesome le bosupa, e tlhalosa merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":19">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;106.</ref>Merafe ya baTswana ba botlhabatsatsi e ne e nna e le maikaelelo a dintwa tsa [[:en:Griqua_people|batho ba Griqua]].<ref name=":18" /> Fa batho ba baTswana ba tswa bokone go ya Botswana wa borwa-bophirima wa segompieno ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa , ba ne ba nna mo metseng e e neng e nna batho ba Kgalagari, ba ba tshwaetsa kgotsa ba ba ntsha. Batho ba ba Kwena le merafe ya bone ya lekala ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa segompieno ka fa tlase ga taolo ya [[:en:Kgabo_II|Kgabo wa bobedi]] ba bo ba nna gaufi le motse wa [[:en:Molepolole|Molepolole]].<ref name=":19" />Go ya ka setso sa molomo, bapatole ba e leng batho ba Herero le Mbanderu ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathung ba Mbunda ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bosupa fa ntwa tsa leruo la batswana le ne le phatlalatsa ditlhopa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> le batho ba Bayeyi ba ne ba fudugela kwa Okavango Delta go ya kwa nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;8.</ref>Mo mafelong a mangwe, batho ba Kaa ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathong ba Rolong le batho ba Khurutse ba kgaogana le batho ba Bahurutshe, fa ditlhopa tsotlhe di fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":20">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;107.</ref>Batho ba Bashaga ba ne ba kopana le batho ba Kgalagari ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;110.</ref> State sa ntlha sa Tswana se tlhamilwe ke batho ba Ngwaketse bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi. Si state tse dingwe tsa Tswana di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka go latelana ke batho ba ba Kwena, batho ba Ngwato le batho ba ba Tawana mo dingwageng tse lesome tse nne di latela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;113.</ref> Ka se go ne ga tla ditlhabololo tsa ''mophato (''bontsi ''mephato),'' mephato ya sesole e e rulagantsweng k a dingwaga tsa setlhopa, gareng ga batho ba Tswana ba bophirima mo dingwageng tsa sekete le makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano''.''<ref name=":21">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;386.</ref>Batho ba le babedi ba Kgatla , batho ba Kgafela le batho ba ba Tlokwa, ba tsene mo nakong e ba bo ba tsaa taolo mo tikologong ya [[:en:Pilanesberg|Pilanesberg]] mo Aforika Borewng wa segompieno. Ba ne ba laola ka thata bontsi jwa batho mo lefelong leo mme ebile ba fentse dintwa tse pedi le batho ba Fokeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;390–391.</ref>Tiriso ya mephato e ne ya phatlatsega kwa bathong ba Tswana ba kwa botlhaba kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":21" />E ne e sa amogelwa go phutologilwe mo borwa === Difaqane === [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]], nako ya dintwa le phuduso mo borwa jwa Aforika , e diragetse kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi le tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;17.</ref> Mo nakong ye, batho ba baTswana ba ne ba le mo '''kgonegong''' ya dintwa ke ditlhopa di le dintsi ,di akaretsa [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Ndebele]], ba [[:en:Kololo_people|Kololo]], ba [[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]],<ref name=":8" /> ba Pedi, le ba [[:en:Voortrekker|Voortrekkers]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;391.</ref>Bontsi jwa ditlhopa tsa ba Tswana di itlhopetse go boela morago ko ntlheng ga go lwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;394.</ref>Sese ne sa trigger phudugo e e extensive e e ralalang lefelo, go baka gore morafe wa ba Tswana o phatlalale thata abo o simolodisa bolengteng jo bo nonofileng gareng ga territory ya Botswana wa segompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo [[:en:Hardveld|nageng e e thata]] e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Batho ba Kwena le ba Ngwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa motseng wa [[:en:South_African_Republic|Transvaal]] go ya kwa ''lefelong la motlhaba''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;18.</ref> Batho ba ntlha wa Kgatla go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, batho ba Mmanaana, o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[:en:Moshupa|Moshupa]] le [[:en:Thamaga|Thamaga]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53, 56.</ref> Ke fela bangwe ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba bolokwa mo go fudugeng kgotsa mo go kgorelediweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;393.</ref> Batho ba Kololo ba ne ba tlhasela merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa 1826, ba pateletsa BaKwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bona ka go farologana. Sebogo, molaodi wa morafe wa Ngwaketse, o ne a tsosa banna ba le dikete dile nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa Dithubaruba kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ba bolaya batlhabani le baagi, ba kobela ruri Bakololo mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;393–394.</ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma dinaga tsa yone gape ka dingwaga tsa bo 1840, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;31.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;693.</ref><ref name=":22">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;114.</ref> Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[:en:Kgotla|kgotla]]'', kopano ya dipuisano e mo go yone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a utlwa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagi ba banna pele a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref name=":34">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;695.</ref><ref name=":23">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1880, batho ba Tswana le ba Khalagari ba ne ba dirile Botswana yotlhe ya gompieno dikolone.<ref name=":20" /> === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe ba ne ba goroga lantlha mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|London Missionary Society]]. Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa dira go fetolela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":24">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Morongwa [[:en:Robert_Moffat_(missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya motse wa gagwe wa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa Botswana wa gompieno jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le Maburu gore ba se ka ba kgona go ya kwa teng.<ref name=":8" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a ne a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekeresete le go kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente e Kgologolo le e Ntšhwa ka bobedi di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa 1857.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;57, 65.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgopolo di le mmalwa tsa itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aforika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''mafisa'' ya bahumi ba adima bahumanegi dikgomo go ba ananya ka tiro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;701.</ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya dithoto tse di fhapegileng ka bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe , mme banna ba ba nyetsweng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le tshwanelo ya ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;698.</ref> Banna ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref> Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se lengwa thata mo kgaolong eo mo lekgolong la lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela komelelo e ne e raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Bagwebi ba lefatshe la Britain ba gorogile ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":24" /> Go tla ga baagi ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe ba ba neng ba nna gaufi le foo go ne ga dira gore merafe ya Batswana e kgone go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Sechele_I|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_I|wa ntlha]] wa batho ba Bakwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya lefatshe la Britain ya morafe wa gagwe.<ref name=":22" /> Morongwa wa kwa Scotland e bong [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o ne a goroga mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma lekgotla la [[:en:Kolobeng_Mission|Kolobeng Mission]]. Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe mo go bokete ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe mo merafeng ya Batswana fa ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano tsa dikontinente tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":15" /> Moaparo wa Bophirima o ne wa amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala ngwagakgolo otlhe mme o kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;120–121.</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a fa batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu.<ref name=":25">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa batho ba Kalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba lebana le kgotlhang go tswa mo ditlhopheng tse dingwe mo kgaolong, mme ya goroga kwa setlhoeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1850. Batswana ba le bantsi, bogolosegolo merafe ya Kwena le Ngwato, ba ne ba lwa kgatlhanong le merafe ya Maaforikanere le ya MaZulu kwa botlhaba jwa Sekaka sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;195.</ref> Ba-Kwena le Ba-Mmanaana ba ne ba lwantsha Maburu go tswa kwa Transvaal ka ngwaga wa 1852, ba sireletsa kgaolo ya bone mme ba fedisa go atologa ga setšhaba go ya kwa bophirima.<ref name=":26">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;396.</ref> Batswana ba ne ba bona ditlhopha tsa barongwa e le tsela ya go tshabela mo batlhaseding, ba rotloetsa go sokologela mo Bokereseteng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Sechele o ne a kopa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Britain ka 1853 go fedisa dintwa tsa kgaolo, mme o ne a ganwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;107.</ref> Baeng ba Europa ba ne ba tlwaelesegile thata mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga fa batsomi, batlhotlhomisi, le bagwebi ba ne ba batla dipoelo le go bona dilo tse di kgatlhang mo kgaolong eo.<ref name=":25" /> Ba le bantsi ba ne ba kwala [[:en:Travel_book|dibuka tsa maeto]] ka ga lefelo leo, tse e neng e le dingwe tsa dikgatiso fela tse e seng tsa thuto ka ga Botswana wa gompieno ka nako eo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;65–66.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1860, go fuduga go tswa mo kgaolong go ne ga oketsega fa banna ba Batswana ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya go bereka kwa meepong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Go ribololwa ga Masimo a [[:en:Tati_Goldfields|Gauta a Tati]] go ne ga tsosa go batla gauta ga ntlha ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe kwa Borwa jwa Aforika ka ngwaga wa 1868.<ref name=":24" /> Kampa ya pele ya meepo e e neng ya tlhongwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1870 e ne ya atologa thata fa e ne e nna lefelo le legolo la terena fa gare ga [[:en:Cape_Province|kgaolo ya Cape]] le [[:en:Bulawayo|Bulawayo]], mme ya nna toropokgolo ya ntlha ya Botswana, e leng [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;15, 29.</ref> Mo nakong e mo hisitoring ya Botswana, dikgosi tse dikgolo tsotlhe e ne e le Bakeresete.[92] Ntwa magareng ga Bakwena le BaKgafela ka ngwaga wa 1875.<ref name=":26" />Kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga di le lesome, kgosi [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa batho ba Ngwato o ne a gapa taolo ya kgwebisano ya Borithane mo bathong ba Kwena.<ref name=":22" /> == Tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland == ''Setlhogo se segolo: [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]'' Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e oketsegang ya lefatshe la Germany mo kgaolong, mme e ne ya dumela go bopa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]].<ref name=":27">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom & Bolt 2018]], p. 40.</ref><ref name=":28">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Makgowa a Britain a ne a eletsa go somarela tlhotlheletso ya yone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka a ne a neelana ka kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aforika.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Dikgosi tsa Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane ya Aforika Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maaforikaner]],<ref name=":29">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;161.</ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ya taolo ya Borithane e ne e le bokoloniale jwa baagi ke Jeremane.<ref name=":30">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;694.</ref> Ba ne ba eletsa gape go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Aforika Borwa kgotsa moeteledipele wa meepo [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa tshireletso e santse e iphitlhela e ikaegile ka Aforika Borwa mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe go nna lefatshe la merafe le le busiwang ke dikgosi le [[:en:Crown_land|lefatshe la segosi]] le le laolwang ke United Kingdom.<ref name=":29" /> Merafe e borobarobedi e ne ya amogelwa ke Maesemane fa go ne go tlhodiwa protectorate. Tse nne tse dikgolo di ne tsa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe: Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Gape go ne ga lemogiwa tse tharo tse dinnye: tsa Kgatla, tsa [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Tlokwa]] le tsa ga [[:en:Malete_people|Malete]]. Ba borobedi, ba Tshidi, ba ne ba fiwa lefelo la polokelo le le kgabaganyang molelwane magareng ga naga e e sireleditsweng le Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;30n1.</ref> Fa maloko a merafe e mennye e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe tsa bona.<ref name=":17" /> Go tsenngwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola mofuta wa puso ya Motswana, ka merafe e ne e sa tlhalosiwe thata mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka dikgaolo di kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;46–47.</ref><ref name=":31">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;24.</ref> Tshireletso kwa tshimologong e ne ya atologela kwa Ngwato, e fitlha go tswa go didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa go ya kwa [[:en:Molopo_River|Nokeng ya Molopo]], mme e ne ya atolosiwa go ya kwa didikiriing di le lesome le borobabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhela kwa Nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwaga wa 1890.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;30.</ref>Se se ne sa tlamela Maborithane ka badiri ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya yona mme sa bopa sekgoreletsi se segolo sa go lekanyetsa bokoloniale jwa Jeremane.<ref name=":32" /> Batho ba bangwe ba Tswana ba ne ba nna kwa borwa jwa tshireletso mme moragonyana ba ne ba tsenngwa mo Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":28" /> Batho ba ga Kgafela ba ne ba nna kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa 1887. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna seka-Kgatla.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53.</ref>Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa 1891 go tlhoma tshireletso semmuso.<ref name=":29" /> Puso ya yone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa mookamedi go nna tlhogo ya yone. Mookamedi o ne a fiwa dithata tse di anameng mo tshireletsong, fa fela a ne a tlotla molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> Motsemogolo wa yone e ne e le toropo ya Aforika Borwa ya Vryburg, go supa gore babusi ba bokoloniale ba ne ba sa nne mo tshireletsong mme ba ne ba sa amege ka tlhamalalo mo mererong ya yona.<ref name=":33">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;41.</ref>Go na le moo, mookamedi yo mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusa-baokamedi ba babedi, mme mookamedi wa kgaolo o ne a tlhofofatsa go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":35">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Go tsenngwa ga puso ya Borithane mo Aforikaborwa go ne go raya gore Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne e ikaegile ka yona mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;162.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore Bechuanaland Protectorate ke setheo sa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore e tla tloga e tsewa ke kolone ya Borithane.<ref name=":37">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;115.</ref> Fa go ntse jalo, e ne e dumela gore tshireletso e e kgonang go itshedisa e tla ja madi a mannye go e tlhokomela.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":41">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;108.</ref> Ka ntlha ya mabaka a, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya gapeletsa taolo e nnye fela e e tlhamaletseng ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland.<ref name=":23" /> Dikgosi di ne di akola dikgang tse mme tsa kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jo bo anameng, fela tshegetso ya bokoloniale e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka tumelelo ya merafe go tshegetsa puso.<ref name=":36">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;41–42.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;66–67.</ref>[ Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya seemanosi, se se neng sa baka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho le go tlhaola basadi le merafe e mennye.<ref name=":38">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;161–162.</ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa tshireletso === {{Multiple image|total_width=300|image1=Chief-khama-III.jpg|image2=Sebele I by Fritsch 1865.jpg|image3=Bathoen I in london1895.jpg|footer=Khama III, Sebele I le Bathoen I, ba ba neng ba kgona go tlhotlheletsa puso ya Borithane gore e se ka ya tsenya Bechuanaland Protectorate mo taolong ya Khamphani ya British South Africa.|direction=Horizontal}} Batho ba lefatshe la Britain ba ne a rulagantse gore kwa bofelong ba akaretse Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland mo Kopanong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":31" /> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso, United Kingdom e ne ya tsena mo dipuisanong le Cecil Rhodes go e tsenya mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aforika Borwa ya Borithane]].<ref name=":27" /> Fa ba araba, dikgosi tse tharo tse di nang le tlhotlheletso thata—Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, Sebele Iwa ntlha wa Ba-Kwena, le Bathoen wa ntlha wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto lwa bodipolomate go ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa1895 mme ba dira gore puso e se ka ya wetsa tumalano eo.<ref name=":33" /><ref name=":39">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvii.</ref>Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di dirisanang le makgoa a lefatshe la Briritsh jaaka setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref name=":40">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> mme sa kwala batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka setšhaba se le sengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[:en:Jameson_Raid|Jameson Raid]] ka yone e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba makgowa a lefatshe la British marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;30–31.</ref> Go ketekwa ga dikgosi tse go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aforika: ''Khamé'', ''Sebéle'' le ''Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa lefatshe la London ka one ngwaga oo. Mokwalo o o [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhagisitse tlhamane]] e e simolotseng ya gore merafe ya bone e meraro ka go farologana e tlhodilwe ke bakaulengwe ba bararo.<ref name=":42">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;670.</ref> Gape ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropong e nngwe ya Aforika Borwa, [[:en:Mafeking|Mafeking]],<ref name=":33" />mme kompone ya Marope a Bogologolo e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marope a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go batla gauta.<ref name=":32" /> Tshireletso e ne ya amiwa thata ke go runya ga bolwane mo diphologolong ya Aforika ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, ya latlhegelwa ke dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa leruo la yona le diphologolo tsa naga.<ref name=":39" /> [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|Seporo sa tshireletso se agilwe ka]] [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|ngwaga wa 1897]] jaaka mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tsosa [[:en:Pioneer_Column|setlhopa sa Babulatsela]] go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa Ngwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole.<ref name=":43">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la [[:en:Jameson_Raid|tlhaselo ya ga Jameson]] ka 1896.<ref name=":39" /> Morafe wa Kgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya [[:en:Boer_War|Ntwa ya Maburu]], o lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane.<ref name=":43" /> Itsholelo ya pele ya bokoloniale ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne ya nna e tshwana thata le itsholelo ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref /> United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata naga ya tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e fa Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka mo meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;42.</ref> Makgetho le one a ne a tsenngwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la ntlwana]] ka ngwaga wa 1899, le le neng la emisediwa ka [[:en:Poll_tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa 1909.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Lekgetho la selegae le ne la tsenngwa moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 1919.<ref name=":44">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;31.</ref>Makgetho a bokoloniale kwa Tshireletsong ya Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme se sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagi go ba rotloetsa go nna.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;43–44.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la akanyetsa go kopanya tshireletso mo Aforika Borwa jaaka e ne e [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|kopanya dikoloni tsa yona tsa borwa jwa Aforika]], fela kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":39" /> ya kopana ka ngwaga wa 1910.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;137.</ref> Boloko bo ne bo dira gore tshireletso e nne le karolo tse pedi mo lekgolong fela ya lotseno lwa bokopano.<ref name=":44" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1910, merafe yotlhe ya Batswana e ne e amogetse Bokeresete.<ref name=":24" />Bechuanaland e ne ya romela masole a le makgolo a le mmalwa go thusa Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya [[:en:World_War_I|Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya ntlha]].<ref name=":43" /> Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o ne wa iphitlhela o wela tlase ka nako eo, mme ka iketlo o ne wa latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso mo pusong e e neng e sireleditswe.<ref name=":42" /> [[:en:Sebele_II|Sebele wa bobedi]] o ne a nna kgosi ya Kwena ka ngwaga wa 1918, a tlhatlhama rraagwe, [[:en:Sechele_II|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_II|wa bobedi]]. Sechele II o ne a thulana le Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o o neng o laola, a letlelela go nna teng ga Anglican le go busetsa mekgwa e mentsi ya setso e e jaaka go nyala basadi ba le bantsi, go dira pula le ''[[:en:Bogwera|bogwera]]''. Sebele II o ne a tswelela ka kgwetlho ya ga rraagwe kwa Mokgatlhong wa Barongwa wa London, go ngongorega ga puso ya Borithane.<ref /> Puso e e gabedi ya dikgosi le tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya dira gore tsamaiso e nne thata, ka jalo tsamaiso e ne ya tlhama makgotla a mabedi a bagakolodi go lekalekanya balaodi bao.<ref name=":44" /> Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana (moragonyana Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Aforika) le ne la tlhongwa ka ngwagawa 1919.<ref name=":35" />Kopano e ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya dikgosi le batho ba bangwe ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso mo tshireletsong e ne ya letla puso ya Borithane go utlwa le go laola merafe mmogo go na le ka bongwe.[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;47–49.</ref>] Khama wa boraro wa Ngwato o ne a gana go tsaya karolo, a supa bokoa jwa tiragatso ya thibelo ya bojalwa mo morafeng wa borwa. Khama wa boraro o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1923<ref name=":45">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;230.</ref> mme a tlhatlhangwa ke [[:en:Sekgoma_II|Sekgoma]] [[:en:Sekgoma_II|wa bobedi]], yo o neng a direla go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1926.<ref name=":45" /> Morwa wa ga Sekgoma e bong [[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] o ne a sa ntse a le lesea, ka jalo [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama|Tshekedi Khama]] o ne a nna mmusi.<ref name=":46">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Tshekedi o ne a lemogwa jaaka moemedi wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> Fa Seretse a ntse a gola, Tshekedi o ne a gatelela gore a fiwe [[:en:Liberal_education|thuto e e gololesegileng]] go na le gore a romelwe kwa sekolong sa madirelo sa Rhodesia.<ref>Samatar 1999, p.&#x20;179.</ref> === Tlhabololo le tlhotlheletso e e oketsegileng ya Borithane === Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920, kgosi Isang Pilane wa batho ba Kgatla o ne a okametse sekema sa ntlha se segolo sa tlhabololo ya metsi sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland , a dira gore go epiwe metswedi ya metsi e le lesomethataro, mme di le supa tsa tsone di ne tsa nna ditlamelo tsa metsi tse di atlegileng. Tse e ne tsa tlwaelega thata mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang fa puso ya Borithane e ne e kgatlhegela go atolosa itsholelo ya tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;70.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930, Isang Pilane le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana ba ne ba dira gore dikhuti di nne tse di hapegileng, ka gonne di ne di sa tlhokomelwe ka fa tlase ga bong jo bo kopanetsweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], pp.&#x20;699–700.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya nna teng mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1930, ya bolaya go feta karolo ya masome a marataro mo lekgolong ya dikgomo tsa tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne ya tsaya karolo e e matlhagatlhaga mo pusong ya tshireletso go simolola ka ngwaga wa 1930.<ref name=":47">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;58.</ref><ref name=":41" />Mo ngwageng oo, e ne ya simolola go tlamela ka matlole ka tlhamalalo go tshireletso.<ref name=":48">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Charles Rey o ne a tlhomiwa go nna molaodi wa Moagi wa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, mme o ne a na le maikarabelo a go rulaganya itsholelo sešwa go dikologa dikgomo tsa go romelwa kwa ntle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;55–56.</ref> Maiteko a go fetola tshireletso go ya kwa tlhabololong ya meepo le temothuo ya kgwebo a ne a lekwa mme a bona a kgarametswa morago go tswa mo dikgosing.<ref name=":37" /> Molaodi wa Moagi Rey o ne a thulana le kgosi Sebele wa bobedi, mme a dira gore a lelekwe ka 1931. Sebele II o ne a emisediwa ka morwarraagwe yo mmotlana, Kgari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dikgato tse dingwe di ne tsa lekwa ke puso ya Borithane ka 1934 go thibela maatla a a sa laolweng a dikgosi morago ga go menolwa ga ga Sebele II. Dikgato tseno di ne tsa laela makgotla a bagakolodi a dikgosi di neng di tshwanetse go buisana le one mme di ne di batla gore puso ya Borithane e newe phitlhelelo ya direkoto tsa kgotlatshekelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;69–70.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;49.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Bathoen_II|Bathoen wa bobedi]] wa Ngwaketse le moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao mo maitekong a. Le fa kgotlatshekelo ya Borithane e ne ya atlhola kgatlhanong le kgwetlho, dipholisi tse dišwa ga di ise di ko di tsenngwe tirisong ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;72–73.</ref><ref name=":49">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Dithibelo tse dingwe di ne tsa amogelwa ka kgoeletso ya bokoloniale go lekanyetsa bokgoni jwa dikgosi go lefisa makgetho le go gapa dikgomo tse di timetseng.<ref name=":39" /> Molaodi yo mošwa wa baagi, [[:en:Charles_Arden-Clarke|Charles Arden-Clarke]], o ne a tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1936 mme a dira gaufi le dikgosi.<ref name=":49" /> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe II === Dipoifo tsa tlhaselo ya Jeremane kwa Bechuanaland di ne tsa gola pele ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi ka ntlha ya boemo jwa yone jwa togamaano fa gare ga dikoloni tsa Boritane tse di fa gare le tse di kwa borwa mo Aforika. Malatsi a le lesome le bongwe pele ga ntwa e itsisiwe, puso ya Borithane e ne ya tlhagisa naga e e sireleditsweng gore e nne e le mo seemong se se siameng, mme masole a sesole a ne a rulaganngwa. Malatsi a le manè morago ga gore Borithane e bolele ntwa kgatlhanong le lefatshe la Germany, Molaodi wa Moagi Arden-Clarke o ne a tshwara kopano le dikgosi kwa ba neng ba solofetsa go tshegetsa maiteko a ntwa ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> Letsatsi le le latelang, khomišene e kgolo e ne ya ntsha kgoeletso ya [[:en:Emergency_powers|dithata tsa tshoganyetso]] tse di neng tsa e fa taolo e e feletseng mo tirong ya setšhaba mo tshireletsong, fela dikgosi di ne tsa itsisiwe gore di tla nna le maikarabelo a bontsi jwa tiragatso le go boloka kagiso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;33–34.</ref> Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi di ne di batlile go se go nne le tshusumetso epe mo bathong ba Bechuanaland, mme bontsi bo ne bo na le kakanyo e e sa tlhamalalang fela ya gore ntwa e ne e le teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya ngotlega fa palo e kgolo ya baagi ba basweu ba ne ba ikwadisa mo Sesoleng sa Boritane. Ba ba neng ba setse ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo mo thulaganyong ya tshireletsego fa go ka direga gore borwa jwa Aforika bo nne letlhakore le lengwe mo ntweng.<ref name=":50">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;35.</ref> Kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa dikgosi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya rotloetsa Batswana ba ba neng ba eletsa go direla le Sesole sa Borithane go ikwadisa le Sesole sa Batswana sa Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Banna ba Batswana ba ka nna makgolo a supa ba ne ba ikwadisa le setlhopha seno.<ref name=":51">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Go tlhokomela Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland go ne ga nna selo se se kwa tlase mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya Kwelotlase e Kgolo ya itsholelo le Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi,<ref name=":41" /> mme tshireletso ga e a ka ya amogela matlole ape go tswa kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":48" /> Mmusomogolo wa Borithane o ne o na le taolo e nnye mo Bechuanaland fa o bapisiwa le dikgaolo tsa one tse dingwe, mme maiteko a Borithane a go laola tlhagiso ya nako ya ntwa mo tshireletsong a ne a sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;124.</ref> Ntwa e ne ya fetola thata itsholelo ya tshireletso fa e ntse e tswelela, ya tlhagisa tlhaelo, go aba dijo, le ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> [[:en:Profiteering|Go dira dipoelo]] le go [[:en:Price_gouging|fokotsa ditlhwatlhwa]] go ne go tlwaelesegile, mme puso ya bokoloniale, e e neng e sa kgone go gagamatsa [[:en:Price_control|ditaolo tsa ditlhwatlhwa]], e ne ya dirisa [[:en:Gentlemen's_agreement|ditumalano tsa banna]] le bagwebi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;138.</ref> Makgetho a ne a tlhatlosiwa mme mananeo a Letlole la Tlhabololo ya Bokoloniale di ne tsa fokodiwa kwa tshimologong ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi go tlhoma boipuso jwa matlole go tswa mo mmusomogolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;125–126.</ref> Kgoeletso ya Taolo ya Madirelo a Leruo ya ntlha ya ngwaga wa 1940 e ne ya fetisiwa go duedisa dikgomo lekgetho, madirelo a a magolo a tshireletso, mme fela e ne ya kopana le kganetso e e boitshegang go tswa kwa Batswaneng le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la kaorolokgolong ya lefatsa ya Europe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> Letlole la ntwa le ne le dira kwa Bechuanaland, mme le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le solohetse gore meneelo e nne ya boithaopo, dikgosi di ne tsa dirisa taolo ya tsone mo merafeng ya tsone go pateletsa meneelo. E ne ya emisediwa ka lekgetho ka ngwaga wa1941, fela se se ne se sa ratwe thata mme sa itshupa se le thata go se diragatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;128–131.</ref> === Botsayakarolo jwa Batswana mo Ntweng ya Lefatshe II === [[Setshwantsho:Bechuanaland Boys cleaning Aa Guns in the Twilight after Action, Syracuse, Sicily Art.IWMARTLD4576.jpg|thumb|Basimane ba Bechuanaland ba phepafatsa Ditlhobolo tsa Aa mo Lefifing morago ga Tiragalo, Syracuse, Sicily, tiro ya botaki ya 1944 e e dirilweng ke [[:en:Leslie_Cole_(artist)|Leslie Cole]]]] Go thapiwa ga sesole go simolotse kwa Bechuanaland ka ngwaga wa 1941.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;34–35.</ref> Banna ba ka nna dikete tse tlhano le makgolo a matlhano ba ne ba katisiwa mme ba romelwa kwa ntweng mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse thataro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Banna ba bangwe ba Batswana ba le dikete tse tlhano ba ne ba tsenelela ntwa ka ngwaga wa 1942.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ka kakaretso, masole a ka nna dikete tse lesome le bongwe go tswa kwa Bechuanaland a ne a lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":50" /> Ba feta dikete tse lesome ba bone ba ne ba direla mo Sesoleng sa Boritane sa [[:en:African_Auxiliary_Pioneer_Corps|Babulatsela ba ba Thusang ba Aforika]].<ref name=":51" /> Dikgosi ka tlwaelo di ne di na le tshwanelo ya go [[:en:Conscript|kwadisa]] masole, mme di ne di itlhokomolosa dikeletso tsa puso ya bokoloniale tsa gore tirelo ya sesole e nne ya boithaopo gotlhelele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;44–46.</ref> Moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato o ne a dira gore a se ka a ratwa ke batho ka go dirisa go tsenngwa mo sesoleng jaaka sedirisiwa sa taolo, a go dirisa sebetsa go didimatsa batshwayadiphoso le baganetsi ba sepolotiki.<ref name=":52">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Banna ba ba neng ba eletsa go tila go tsenela bosole ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Aforika Borwa kgotsa kwa mafelong a a kgakala jaaka metlhaba ya [[:en:Okavango_Delta|noka e phatlallang ya Okavango]] le [[:en:Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park|sekgwa sa Kgalagadi]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;47.</ref> Ba bangwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgato tsa go itlhokomela ka bonako, jaaka go epa dikhutsi fa bathapi ba ne ba etela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di eletsa go dirisa go tsaya karolo ga tsone mo ntweng go bona ditshwanelo tse dingwe mo teng ga Mmusomogolo wa Borithane, mme di ne di tshaba gore go fenngwa ga Borithane go tla ba dira babusiwa ba Jeremane kgotsa Aforika Borwa, e leng phelelo e ba neng ba eletsa go e tila.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;39–40.</ref> Maiteko a ntwa gape e ne e le tshono ya go busetsa banna ba Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugetse kwa Aforika Borwa go ya go dira ditiro tsa meepo; dikgosi di ne di eletsa go fedisa mokgwa o mme di ne di ikutlwa di ka dira jalo ka go neelana ka ditiro tsa sesole.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;41–43.</ref> Dituelo dingwe tsa sesole di ne tsa diegisiwa go malapa a masole, mme ditekanyetso tsa thomelo kwa ntle di ne tsa tlosiwa ka nako ya ntwa, mme tsa baka go tsena ga madi kwa Bechuanaland.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;133.</ref> Fa go bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tse di mo Mmusong wa Boritane, batho ba Bechuanaland ba ne ba amogela ntwa eo. Batswana ba le bantsi ba ne ba na le maikutlo a boikanyegi mo mmusomogolong kgotsa ba ikutlwa gore dikgatlhego tsa bone di a tsamaisana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;36–37.</ref> Dikgosi dingwe, jaaka [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|Kgari Sechele]] [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|wa bobedi]] wa kwa ga Kwena le Molefi Pilane wa ga Kgatla, ba ne ba ikwadisa ka sebele. Ba ne ba dira jaaka disajene tse dikgolo tsa masole, e leng maemo a a kwa godimo a a neng a le teng mo Batswaneng.<ref name=":52" /> Go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya letlelela Batswana go nna le diteseletso tsa kgwebo le go dira mo teng ga naga e e sireleditsweng. Se pele se ne se lekanyeditswe batho basweu le makula.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;135.</ref> Setlhopha sa Dikgaolo tsa Dikhomišene tse di Kwa Godimo se ne se le kwa Botlhabagare go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1946 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1949.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> === Mokgatlho wa boipuso === [[Setshwantsho:1960 6d Bechuanaland Protectorate stamp.jpg|thumb|Setempe sa ngwaga wa 1960 sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland se se nang le ditshwantsho tsa ga [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Kgosigadi Victoria]] le [[:en:Elizabeth_II|Elizabeth wa bobedi]], dikgosi tsa ntlha le tsa bofelo tsa Borithane tsa tshireletso .]] Bokhutlo jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi bo ne jwa tla ka phetogo e kgolo mo setšhabeng. Dikgosi di ne tsa bonwa di se botlhokwa thata mo sebopegong sa loago, mme bontsi bo ne jwa tlogela dipolelo tsa bone tsa lefatshe lotlhe mo dikgomong tsa merafe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;51.</ref> Didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa setšhaba, jaaka lefatshe le badiri, di ne tsa dirwa tse di hapegileng le go dirwa dithoto.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;52.</ref> Phitlhelelo ya thuto e ne ya tlhola setlhopha sa batlhalefi ba ba [[:en:Liberalism|gololesegileng]] ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le puso ya dikgosi mme ba simolola go ipopela mafelo a bone a maatla mo mekgatlhong ya badiri le ditlhopha tsa baagi.<ref name=":63">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;165.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1946, ke karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong fela ya paoyotlhe ya baagi e e neng e na le tiro kwa ntle ga temothuo le ditirelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya bona koketsego e kgolo ya dikelo tsa matsalo jaaka karolo ya bogare jwa [[:en:Mid-20th_century_baby_boom|ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi wa go tlhatloga ga masea]] mo dingwageng tsa morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, e e neng e tsamaya le koketsego ya [[:en:Life_expectancy|dingwaga tsa botshelo]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e simolotse lenaneo la yone la ntlha ya tlhabololo mo tshireletsong, e leng lefelo la matlhabelo, ka dingwaga tsa bo ka ngwaga wa 1950.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;81.</ref> Maborithane, a santse a solofetse go kopanya tshireletso go nna Aforika Borwa, kwa bofelong a ne a phimola leano le morago ga tshimologo ya [[:en:Apartheid|Tlhaolele]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref>Fa maiteko a simolola go tlhama tsela e ntšhwa ya isago ya tshireletso, tshireletso e ne ya bewa mo seemong sa go tlhoka maitseo, mme ga go na tsela ya go ya pele e e neng e bonala sentle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], pp.&#x20;672–673.</ref> Tshitshinyo nngwe e ne e le go e tsenya mo [[:en:Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland|Mokgatlhong wa Rhodesia le Nyasaland]], o lefatshe la United Kingdom e o tlhamileng ka fa tlase ga pholisi ya "tirisanommogo ya merafe e mentsi".<ref>Parsons 2006, p.&#x20;673.</ref> Fa mojaboswa wa Ngwato Seretse Khama a gola, mmusi Tshekedi Khama o ne a leka go tshwarelela mo pusong.<ref name=":53">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;696.</ref> Seretse o ne a nyala mosadi wa mosweu, [[:en:Ruth_Williams_Khama|Ruth Williams]], fa a ne a ithuta kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom, mme se sa baka matlhabisa ditlhong mo lelapeng la segosi la ga Ngwato.<ref name=":46" /> Le fa kwa tshimologong setšhaba se ne se le kgatlhanong le lenyalo le, go sa ratweng ga ga Tshekedi go ne ga fetola maikutlo a Seretse.<ref name=":47" /> Kgang e ne ya tlhagisiwa mo kgotleng ka ngwaga wa 1949, mme puso ya ga Tshekedi e ne ya ganwa ka bontsi ke diketekete tsa batho ba ba neng ba le teng.<ref name=":53" /><ref name=":47" /> Tshekedi le batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Kwena kwa botshabelo.<ref name=":54">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Puso ya makgowa e ne e sa itshokele lenyalo la ga Seretse le mosadi yo mosweu. Ka maiteko a go ritibatsa puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, e ne ya leleka banyalani ba mo pusong ya tshireletso ka ngwaga wa 1950. Se se ne sa tsosa mokgatlho wa bosetšhaba o o neng o gola mo gare ga baemanokeng ba ga Seretse mo pusong ya tshireletso, o o neng wa tlhagelela ka botlalo ka ngwaga wa 1952.<ref name=":37" /> Ka nako ya fa Seretse a ne a seyo, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la baya molaodi wa kgaolo dingwaga di le nne pele ga e tlhoma Rasebolai Kgamane, motshegetsi wa ga Tshekedi, go nna moemedi.<ref name=":54" /> Morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tsuologela go lelekwa ga ga Seretse.<ref name=":55">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;53.</ref> Batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba kopa gore a bowe, mme go ne ga tsoga dikhuduego fa ba ne ba ganwa. Seretse o ne a feleletsa a letleletswe go boa ka ngwaga wa1956.<ref name=":56">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Ka nako e, kgaogano e e gagametseng ya merafe mo Aforika Borwa ya Tlhaolele e ne ya thibela lefatshe la United Kingdom go e ritibatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;200.</ref> Mo nakong yotlhe ya mathata a go lelekwa ga ga Seretse, maatla a ne a tlogela bogosi mme a ya kwa mekgatlhong ya ditlhopho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;91.</ref> Tshekedi le Seretse ba ne ba dira kagiso fa Seretse a boa, mme Seretse a nna moeteledipele wa ''nnete'' wa Ngwato, le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le mo thibetse go nna kgosi ya semmuso.<ref name=":56" /> Ka thotloetso ya Borithane, morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tlhama lekgotla la morafe, le Seretse le Tshekedi ka bobedi e neng e le maloko a lone.<ref name=":55" /> Merafe e mengwe e ne ya tlhoma makgotla a merafe a a tshwanang, a a neng a dira jaaka ditšheke tsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Go ne ga sala letlhoo lengwe fa gare ga banna ba babedi ba: Tshekedi o ne a eletsa go boloka puso ya morafe le maatla a dikgosi, fa Seretse ene a ne a akanya ka puso ya batho ka batho ya boemedi le dikgosi tse di bokoa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;91–92.</ref> Selekanyo sa maatla a a beeleditsweng mo dikgosing e ne ya nna kgang e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata mo mokgatlhong wa boipuso o o neng o gola, bogolosegolo mo bathong ba ga Ngwato le ba lelapa la ga Khama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;93–94.</ref> Bechuanaland Protectorate Federal Party e ne e le lekoko la ntlha la sepolotiki le le neng la tlhamiwa mo kgaolong ya tshireletso fa le ne le tlhamiwa ke moeteledipele wa mokgatlo wa Ngwato [[:en:Leetile_Disang_Raditladi|Leetile Disang Raditladi]] ka ngwaga wa 1959. Le bopilwe thata ke batho ba maemo le batlhalefi, le ne le buelela kopano ya merafe ya Batswana. Lekoko le ne la palelwa ke go bona tshegetso mme la nna lobaka lo lokhutshwane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;94.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, [[:en:Bechuanaland_People's_Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] (BPP, moragonyana Lekoko la Batho la Botswana) le ne la tlhamiwa jaaka lekoko le le bogale thata, le le ganetsanang le puso ya merafe ya setso mme la bona boikuelo mo badiring ba bafaladi.<ref name=":57">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> E ne e eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Motsamai_Mpho|Motsamai Mpho]], [[:en:Philip_Matante|Philip Matante]], le Kgalemang Morsete.<ref name=":58">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xviii.</ref> BPP, e e neng ya tlhamiwa jaaka molekane wa Setswana wa lekoko la [[:en:African_National_Congress|African National Congress]] la Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":59">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;74.</ref> e ne ya tshegetsa boipuso jwa ka bonako le go fedisiwa gotlhelele ga bogosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Ka go tshaba gore BPP e tla nyatsa puso e e leng teng le go tshuba dikgotlhang le puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, dikgosi le puso ya Borithane di ne tsa thibela bokgoni jwa yona jwa go kopana.<ref name=":57" /> Merafe ya tshireletso mmogo e ne ya bopa lekgotla la peomolao ka ngwaga wa 1961.<ref name=":37" /> Batho ba Kwena ba ne ba iphitlhela ba le ka fa tlase ga moemedi, [[:en:Neale_Sechele|Neale Sechele]], ka ngwaga wa 1963, se se rayang gore ba ne ba na le tlhotlheletso e nnye ya sepolotiki fa mokgatlho wa boipuso o ntse o gola.<ref name=":60">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;102.</ref> Leano la Tlhabololo la Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland la dingwaga tsa 1963/1968 le ne la kwalwa ka thulaganyo ya dipuisano ka ngwaga wa 1963, le tlhama tlhaloso ya boipuso jwa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;26–27.</ref> Fa palo ya batho e ne ba sa dire sepe mo dipolotiking ka kakaretso, lefatshe la United Kingdom e ne ya nna nngwe ya mafatshe a a neng a etelela pele go bona boipuso. Ka go tshwenyega gore lekoko la BPP e ne e le e e tseneletseng thata, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa moeteledipele wa yone yo o mo ratang, Seretse Khama, go tlhama lekoko la sepolotiki.<ref name=":59" /> Le fa Khama a ne a dumalana le mekgwa ya lekoko la BPP e e kgatlhanong le bosemorafe le ya lefatshe, o ne a le kgatlhanong le tsela ya yone ya go tlhoma dipolotiki le go amogela ga yone bojammogo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;96.</ref>O ne a dumela go tlogela go bolela ga gagwe mo bathong ba ga Ngwato go dira jaaka radipolotiki, a tlhama [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Lekoko la]] [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|puso ya batho ka batho la Bechuanaland]] (BDP, moragonyana ya nna lekoko la Botswana Democratic ) ka ngwaga wa 1962.<ref name=":59" /> Lekoko la BDP e ne ya itlhoma jaaka "lekoko la dikgosi", mme ya amogela dikakanyo tse di amanang le puso ya merafe ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref name=":30" /> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa lekoko la BDP, le tlhaloganya gore le tla tshegetsa kgwebisano ya leruo ya motlha wa bokoloniale.<ref name=":73">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;149.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1963, kgosi ya Kgatla Linchwe e ne e le ene fela kgosi e e neng e le kgatlhanong le BDP e bile e na le tlhotlheletso ya sepolotiki, mme batho ba Kgatla ba ne ba rata lekoko la BDP, ka jalo o ne a nna a sa tsenelele mo dipolotiking.<ref name=":60" /> Thulaganyo ya phetogo e ne ya simolola ka lekoko la BDP e ne e solofetswe go busa Botswana yo o ikemetseng, mme puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya bereka le boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BDP go ba baakanyetsa go tsamaisa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Go ne ga tshwarwa bokopano ka ngwaga wa 1963 go okamela go tlhamiwa ga molaotheo o mosha. Dikgotlhang tsa ka fa gare ga lekoko la BPP di ne di raya gore lekoko la BDP e ne e na le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo thulaganyong. Tshekedi Khama o ne a tlhokafetse ka nako e, ka jalo Bathoen wa bobedi o ne a nna moeteledipele wa lekoko le le neng le ema nokeng puso ya bofederale, a dumela gore le tla boloka puso e le mo diatleng tsa dikgosi. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le boradipolotiki ba Batswana ba ne ba tshegetsa puso ya bosetšhaba e e kopaneng ka gonne Botswana e ne e humanegile thata go ka kgaoganya dithoto tsa yona le ka gonne go tlhoka go kopanya dithoto go ne go tla dira gore e nne mo kotsing ya go tlhaselwa ke merafe e mengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Puso ya dikgaolo e e itsholetseng e ne ya itshupa e sa kgonege mo dipolotiking, ka jalo go ne ga dirwa tumalano ya gore dikgosi di tla bopa Ntlo ya Dikgosi, e leng setlhopha sa bagakolodi mo teng ga [[:en:Parliament_of_Botswana|Palamente ya Botswana]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;98–99.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di santse di le kgatlhanong le thulaganyo e, mme mo mokgatlhong o o neng o eteletswe pele ke Bathoen, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya fetisa tlhopo ya [[:en:No_confidence|go sa tshepe]] puso e ntšhwa, mme fela go tlhoka maatla a yone a sepolotiki go ne ga e thibela go dirisa phetogo e e nang le bokao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Molao wa Lekgotla la Kgaolo o ne wa fetisiwa jaaka tsela e nngwe ya go lekanyetsa maatla a dikgosi ka go tlhama makgotla a a tla okamelang kgaolo le toropo nngwe le nngwe,<ref name=":58" /> go dira gore mekgatlho e e tlhophilweng e e nne balaodi ba konokono ba selegae.<ref name=":64">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Toropo ya [[:en:Gaborone|Gaborone]] e agilwe ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme ya itsisiwe jaaka motsemogolo o mošwa.<ref name=":59" /> E agilwe mo lefatsheng la puso ya Borithane, le le neng le tlamela ka lefelo le le sa tseyeng letlhakore le le neng le sa laolwe ke morafe ope .<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;16.</ref> [[:en:Constitution_of_Botswana|Molamotheo]] o ne wa tsenngwa tirisong ka one ngwaga oo.<ref name=":59" /> Ka se se tirisong, Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la fa tshireletso puso ya go ipusa.<ref name=":61">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;116.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1965 gape e ne ya bona go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Dikgotla tsa Dikgaolo o o neng wa fetola seabe sa bokoloniale sa molaodi wa kgaolo ka go se bofa mo makgotleng a dikgaolo a a sa tswang go tlhamiwa,<ref name=":74">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> mme wa bona go tlhongwa ga Banka ya Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba e e neng e le ya puso.<ref name=":75">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Mpho o ne a kgaogana le lekoko la BPP go tlhama Lekoko la Boipuso la Bechuanaland (BIP) ka ngwaga wa 1965.<ref name=":62">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> E eteletswe pele ke Seretse Khama le [[:en:Quett_Masire|Quett Masire]], lekoko la BDP le ne la dira letsholo mo e ka nnang mo motseng mongwe le mongwe wa kgaolo ya tshireletso pele ga ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kakaretso. Go farologana le batho ba bangwe ba sepolotiki kwa Bechuanaland, Seretse Khama o ne a na le boikuelo go ralala merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":60" /> Morago ga moo lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhophiwa go etelela puso ya ntlha pele.<ref name=":61" /> Lekoko la BPP le ne la gapa manno a le mararo fela mo lekgotleng la peomolao, mme lekoko la BIP le ne la palelwa ke go gapa epe.<ref name=":62" /> Morago ga ditlhopho, go ne ga tlhamiwa lekoko la [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|Botswana]] [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|National Front]] (BNF) jaaka lekoko le le kopaneng la kganetso ya BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Kenneth_Koma|Kenneth Koma]], lekoko la BNF le ne la nna mmaba yo mogolo wa lekoko la BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;109.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;31–33.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhopha Khama go nna tonakgolo ya naga.<ref name=":65">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;204.</ref>Go farologana le makoko a mantsi a sepolotiki a a tlhomilweng mo Aforika, BDP e ne e le lekoko le le itekanetseng le le sa fetogeng go na le go nna lekoko le le kgatlhanong le bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;711.</ref> Morago ga go tlhamiwa ga yona, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya ntsha tlhopo ya go sa tshepe molaotheo ka ngwaga wa 1966, mme se sa dira gore go nne le letsholo la bosetšhaba la go tshegetsa molaotheo le le neng la bona tshegetso e e lekaneng gore dikgosi di fedise maiteko a tsone a go o gwetlha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;100–101.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya newa boipuso jaaka Rephaboliki ya Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966.<ref name=":61" /> == Repaboliki ya Botswana == [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Independence, 1966.png|thumb|[[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] a ikanisa maikano a go nna Tautona wa ntlha wa Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966]] Boipuso jwa Botswana bo ne bo kaya go tsenngwa tirisong ga puso ya batho le batho e e gololesegileng, go tlisa ditlhopho, tshireletso ya ditshwanelo tsa batho, le tirelosetšhaba.<ref name=":64" /> Se se ne sa dira gore go nne le thulaganyo ya go tlhatlosiwa maemo e e ikaegileng ka bokgoni le go tlhamiwa ga tsamaiso ya puso ya maranyane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref>Setšhaba se ne sa bopa puso e e neng e fetotswe go tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]],<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;23–24.</ref> mme Tonakgolo Seretse Khama a nna Moporesidente Seretse Khama.<ref name=":65" /> Go ne ga tlhamiwa boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba, jwa kopanya merafe e e sa tshwaneng mo letshwaong le le lengwe la Setswana, ka ngwao e e ikaegileng ka ya merafe ya Setswana.<ref name=":80">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNyamnjoh2007|Nyamnjoh 2007]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Botswana e ne ya boloka bontsi jwa ditheo tsa yone tsa merafe tsa pele ga bokoloniale morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;54.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Se e ne e le ditlamorago tsa puso e e nonofileng e e neng e amana le merafe ya Batswana le tsereganyo e e lekanyeditsweng ya puso ya Borithane mo dinakong tsa bokoloniale.<ref name=":34" /> Mofuta wa go buisana wa dipolotiki tsa setšhaba pele le morago ga boipuso e ne e le mokgwa o o sa tlwaelesegang mo merafeng e mengwe e mentsi ya Aforika e e neng ya nna le babusaesi morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;30, 56.</ref> Go na le go fedisa bogosi, puso e ntšhwa e ne ya bo tsenya mo tsamaisong ya semolao, ya fa dikgosi dithata tsa boatlhodi ka ''kgotla'', go ikaegile ka dikgotlatshekelo tsa boikuelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe]] 2012, p.&#x20;36.</ref>Tlwaelo ya go ikobela boeteledipele, e e kileng ya fiwa dikgosi, e ne ya sutela kwa botautoneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;30.</ref> Puso e ne ya tiisa go tlhomama ga yona ka go thapa tirelosetšhaba ya yone ka baitseanape b<ref name=":66">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref>a dinaga di sele, go farologana le dinaga tse dingwe tse dišwa tsa Aforika tse gantsi di neng di leleka baitseanape ba dinaga di sele.<ref name=":67">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref name=":68">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;105.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;59.</ref> Se se ne sa boloka puso ya mofuta wa Bophirima e e neng e gatelela tlhabololo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;259.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go tlamela Botswana ka matlole mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse tlhano tsa go nna teng ga yone.<ref name=":61" /> Maemo a yone a kagiso, a puso ya batho ka batho fa a bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tsa Aforika a ne a raya gore e ne ya amogela thuso e ntsi go tswa mo mekgatlhong ya Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;255.</ref> Ka nako ya boipuso, Botswana e ne e le setšhaba se se humanegileng thata, go feta bontsi jwa dinaga tse dingwe mo Aforika.<ref name=":69">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;104.</ref><ref name=":66" /> E ne e sena badiri ba ba rutegileng, ka baagi ba le masome a mane fela ba ba nang le ditlankana tse di hagodimo tsa mmadikolo, mme go ne go sena ditlamelo tse di itsegeng tsa metswedi ya tlholego go tshegetsa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;62, 64.</ref> Botswana e ne e ikaegile ka puso ya Tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa go fitlhelela setšhaba sa lefatshe, mme bontsi jwa badiri ba Botswana e ne e le badiri ba bafaladi mo Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Botswana e ne ya tsena mo ntweng e e tlhamaletseng le Rhodesia, e e neng ya baka dintwa tsa sesole go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1978.<ref name=":63" /> Go nna le seabe mo go lekanyeditsweng ga Borithane go ne go kaya gore go ne go se na tlhabololo e ntsi fa e sale ka nako ya bokoloniale.<ref name=":69" /><ref name=":70">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;160.</ref> Bokgoni jwa go bala le go kwala e ne e le selekanyo sa karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong, mme go ne go na le dikilometara di le lesome fela tsa tsela e e tshetsweng.<ref name=":69" /> Mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a robangbongwe ya baagi e ne e le mo [[:en:Abject_poverty|lehumeng le le tseneletseng]],<ref name=":70" /> mme bontsi jwa baagi e ne e le balemibarui ba dikgomo kgotsa [[:en:Subsistence_farmers|balemibarui ba ba itshidisang]].<ref name=":71">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Fa setšhaba se fitlhelela boipuso, komelelo e e masisi e ne ya fedisa karolo ya masome amarao go fihlela masome a matlhano mo lekgolong ya palo ya dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa Batswana ba ne ba ikaegile ka [[:en:World_Food_Programme|Lenaneo la Dijo la Lefatshe]] go tila tlala.<ref name=":81">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;220.</ref> Ditšhaba tse dingwe di ne di na le ditsholofelo tse di kwa tlase mo Botswana, mme mo Aforika yotlhe e ne e bonwa jaaka [[:en:Bantustan|Bantustan]] ya Tlhaolele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;1.</ref> Kamano e le Tlhaolele gape e ne e le ntlha ya katlego ya Botswana jaaka setšhaba se se ikemetseng: boeteledipele jwa Batswana bo ne bo eletsa go tila phelelo e e tshwanang le ya Aforika Borwa fa setšhaba se ka palelwa, mme dikgolagano tsa dikgang tsa mafatshe fatshe tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa le Bophirima go thibela go tsenngwa ke Aforika Borwa di ne di raya gore Botswana o ne a tshepa thata dinaga tsa Bophirima go amogela thuso le thato ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;76–77.</ref> Boeteledipele jwa ntlha jwa Botswana bo ne bo laolwa ke malapa a merafe e e busang mmogo le palo e nnye ya badiredipuso ba ba rutegileng thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;6.</ref> Go tshwana ga bona ga itsholelo le dikgopolo go ne go raya gore puso e nne e tlhomame kwa ntle ga dintwa tsa sepolotiki.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;71.</ref> Le fa Bathoen a ne a tlogela maemo a gagwe a go nna kgosi go ya go dira dipolotiki, bontsi jwa dikgosi tse dingwe di ne tsa amogela maatla a tsona a a fokoditsweng a sepolotiki mo pusong e ntšhwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;56–57.</ref> Tiro e nngwe ya dikgosi e ne e laolwa ke Molao wa Bogosi wa ngwaga ya 1966.<ref name=":92">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;140.</ref> Go tlhoka bonweenwee go ne ga dira gore puso e nne semolao thata mme ya ratwa ke balekane ba Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;166.</ref> Go farologana le bontsi jwa merafe e e sa tswang go tlhamiwa ya Aforika, bontsi jwa boeteledipele bo ne bo tswa mo setšhabeng sa temothuo, go kaya gore dikgatlhego tsa bona di ne di tsamaisana le bontsi.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":71" /> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa go boloka dipholisi tsa motlha wa bokoloniale tse di neng di solegela barui ba dikgomo molemo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;75.</ref> Setlhopa sa semmuso sa Nama ya Botswana se ne sa tlhamiwa go laola madirelo a nama ya kgomo.<ref name=":58" /> Boikuelo jwa lekoko la BDP jwa merafe yotlhe le kgatlhego e e kopanetsweng ya go tlhoma boipuso di ne tsa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa gape go dira mo dikgatlhegelong tsa bontsi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref> Ditlhopha tse dinnye tsa baagi ba basweu di ne tsa sala mo nageng mme tsa ganetsa boipuso jwa yone.<ref name=":63" /> Le fa moragonyana di ne di tla nna botlhokwa mo tlhabololong ya Botswana, ditshwanelo tsa ditswammung di ne tsa fiwa botlhokwa jo bo kwa tlase fa di bona boipuso, mme merafe e ne ya di fetisetsa kwa pusong ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1967.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;103–104.</ref> === Puso ya ga Seretse Khama === Khama o ne a ratwa ke batho botlhe mme a bonwa e le moeteledipele wa tlholego wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;202–203.</ref> Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya tsenya tirisong maano a a neng a lebisitswe mo go tlhameng mafaratlhatlha le dithoto tsa setšhaba, bogolosegolo go tsenya tshela ditsela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;111.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;86.</ref> O ne a simolola go aga dikolo, matlhabelo le dikhuti tse di neng tsa tswelela mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. Lefatshe le le nang le banni la Batswana le Basarwa le ne la dirisiwa go aga mesima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;219.</ref> Tlhabololo e ne ya tla ka tshenyegelo ya kgwebo le tlhagiso, e e neng e lekanyeditswe go tlamela ka matlole a leruo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004,]] p.&#x20;164.</ref> Go ne ga tlhongwa mogopolo thata mo go otla dikgomo le go aga matlhabelo go rotloetsa madirelo a nama ya kgomo mo gare ga go tlhoka metsi. <ref name=":82">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;205.</ref>[[:en:Public_welfare|Mananeo a katlaatleloloago]] le one a ne a tlhongwa.<ref name=":67" /> Go ribololwa ga ditaemane go ne ga netefatsa gore mananeo a a bona madi a a lekaneng.<ref name=":72">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Dipeeletso tse le mokgwa o o sa fetogeng wa go somarela madi a puso di ne tsa thibela boemo jwa [[:en:Dutch_disease|bolwetse jwa Dutch]] jo bo neng jwa golafatsa dinaga tse dingwe tsa Aforika tse di neng di tletse ka didirisiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;4.</ref> Thuto e ne ya atolosiwa mo setšhabeng sotlhe, mme puo ya Setswana e ne ya lekanngwa mmogo le Seesemane ka go latlhegelwa ke dipuo tse dingwe.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":68" /> Khama o ne a siamisa seo jaaka tsela ya go fitlhelela kutlwano.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;228.</ref> Quett Masire o ne a dira jaaka Mothusa tautona ka fa tlase ga ga Seretse Khama mmogo le Tona ya tsa madi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> O ne a laola tekanyetsokabo ya lefatshe le tiriso ya madi ka go tlhama motseletsele wa Maano a Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba, go ikaegilwe ka kamogelo ya Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba le Komiti ya itsholelo ya Kabinete.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Dipoeletso tsa maano a di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya molao wa semmuso ya puso morago ga gore batlhatlhami ba ga Khama le Masire ba tsene mo maemong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;171.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, ditaemane di ne tsa fitlhellwa kwa Botswana ke setlamo sa Aforika Borwa sa ditaemane sa [[:en:De_Beers|De Beers]], mme ditiro di ne tsa simolola ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref name=":76">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;110.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;61.</ref> Dipeeletso tsa kopore di ne tsa fitlhelwa kwa [[:en:Selebi-Phikwe|Selebi-Phikwe]] ka ngwaga oo, mme se sa senola gape khumo ya ditswammung tsa setšhaba.<ref name=":58" /> Puso e ne ya dirisana le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1969 go dira ditiro tse dikgolo tsa meepo ya ditaemane,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> mme e ne ya amega mo dipuisanong sešwa tsa [[:en:Southern_African_Customs_Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa]] ka one ngwaga oo go tokafatsa thata maatla a yone a itsholelo mo kgaolong.<ref name=":77">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;65.</ref> Moepo mongwe kwa [[:en:Morupule|Morupule]] o ne wa simolola go ntsha magala ka ngwaga wa 1973, mme wa tlamela setšhaba ka karolo e kgolo ya motlakase.<ref name=":78">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xix.</ref> [[:en:Orapa_diamond_mine|Moepo wa ditaemane wa Orapa]] o ne wa bulwa kwa Orapa ka ngwaga wa 1971, mme go ne ga tlomamisiwia tumalano ya go abelana lotseno fa gare ga puso le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1974.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;125.</ref> Moragonyana Masire o ne a netefatsa gore De Beers e ne e tshegeditse dikgwebo tsa gagwe tse di hapegileng ka madi, mme se sa dira gore go akanyediwe gore setlamo se ka tswa se amogetse tumalano e e mosola mo kgannyeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;129–130.</ref> Molao wa Metsi le Molao wa ditsha tsa Morafe di ne tsa tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1968, mme tsa tlhama lekgotla la Kabo ya Metsi le lekgotla tsa naga di le lesome le bobedi, ka go latelana. Tse di ne di okametse kabo ya ditshwanelo tsa metsi le lefatshe ke puso go na le ka go nna mong wa morafe mongwe le mongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;76.</ref> Ka se, ba ne ba tsenya dithata tsa setso tsa dikgosi.<ref name=":74" /> Molao wa Mafatshe a Phulo a Merafe e ne ya tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1975 go thibela [[:en:Overgrazing|phulo e e feteletseng]], mme fela e ne ya itshupa e sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;67.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;173.</ref> Tota e bile, e ne e letla baagi ba ba humileng go kopa ditsha tse dikgolo tsa dikgomo ka tshenyegelo ya baagi ba ba sa humang thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Ditlhopho tsa ntlha morago ga boipuso di ne tsa diragala ka ngwaga wa 1969.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la dira maswe go le gonnye fa e bapisiwa le tiragatso ya yona ya ngwaga wa 1965, mme mothusa tautona Masire o ne a latlhegelwa ke setilo sa gagwe ke Bathoen, se se neng sa mo tlhoka gore a tseye setilo se se kgethegileng se se tlhophilweng.<ref name=":79">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Lekoko la BPP le ne la nyelela ka botlhokwa fa dipolotiki tsa Botswana di ntse di gola.<ref name=":73" /> Koporase ya Tlhabololo ya Botswana e e neng e le ya puso e ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1970,<ref name=":75" /> mme moepo wa diteemane wa Orapa o ne wa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 1971.<ref name=":78" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, diteemane di ne di dira karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong ya Palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana,<ref name=":76" /> mme kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1970, meepo e ne e le madirelo a magolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;5.</ref> Goromente wa Botswana o ne a buisana gape ka tumalano ya yone ya meepo le De Beers magareng ga ngwaga wa 1971 le ngwaga wa 1975, ya sutisetsa bontsi jwa dituelo kwa setšhabeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;210.</ref> Fa itsholelo ya teemane e ntse e tlhabologa le dipeeletso di boela mo lefatsheng, Botswana e ne ya falola lehuma mme ya bonwa jaaka katlego mo merafeng e mengwe mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara morago ga bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;212.</ref> Ditlhabololo tse di dirile gore Botswana e nne naga e e golang ka bonako mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":77" /> Batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo le a a fa gare ba ne ba bona molemo thata, go oketsa go [[:en:Wealth_inequality|tlhoka tekatekano ga khumo]], mme gape go ne go raya gore makgetho a ka fokodiwa, se se neng sa dira gore balemi ba ba tshegetse.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;71–72.</ref> Tlhabololo ya Botswana le tiriso ya yone ya tirelosetšhaba ya mafatshe a sele e ne ya atlega mo e leng gore puso e ne ya tlhotlheletsa lefatshe la United States go romela setlhopa sa baithaopi ba kagiso (Peace Corps) kwa ntle ga ditekanyetso tsa setso tsa gore ke dikarolo dife tse mokgatlho o ka di dirang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go ne ga tla koketsego ya Batswana ba ba botlana ba ba rutegileng mo lefelong la gaeno, ba ba neng ba nna le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo pusong.<ref name=":64" /> Jaaka fa batho ba bašwa ba ba ne ba amogela thuto e e tshwanang mme ba simolola go dira mo setsong se le sengwe sa tsamaiso, go ne go sena pharologano e kgolo ya tiro fa gare ga tirelosetšhaba e e neng e eteletswe pele ke batswakwa le e e neng e tsamaisiwa ke Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Lephata la Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo le ne le le teng ka bokhutshwane morago ga go kgaogana mo Lephateng la Matlole magareng ga batlhokomedi ba setso ba ba neng ba amana le tshireletso kgatlhanong le baemanokeng ba ga Masire ba ba neng ba eletsa go bona tlhabololo e e bogale thata. Ya bofelo e ne ya tsaya taolo, mme ditona di ne tsa kopanngwa gape go nna Lephata la Matlole le Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo ka ngwaga wa 1970. Ka ntlha ya palo e e lekanyeditsweng ya batho ba ba tshwanelegang go laola itsholelo, lephata le le ne la tsaya taolo e feletseng ya tiriso ya madi a puso mme la simolola lenaneo la Shashe le le neng le batla gore naga e nne le tlhabololo e e tseneletseng ya palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana. Se se ne se akaretsa go tlhoma lefelo la meepo ya kopore le nikele, le le neng la nna selo se se tlang pele mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;84–85.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, [[:en:Seepapitso_IV|Seepapitso wa bone]] o ne a nna kgosi ya ntlha go emisiwa mo maemong a gagwe morago ga nako ya bokoloniele.<ref name=":83">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;141.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la atlega thata gape ka [[:en:1974_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopo tsa ngwaga wa 1974]].<ref name=":79" /> [[:en:Minimum_wage|Dituelo tse di kwa tlase]] di ne tsa tlhagisiwa ka one ngwaga oo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Botswana e simolotse go ntsha madi a one, e leng [[:en:Botswana_pula|Botswana pula]], ka ngwaga wa 1976. Mmusi wa [[:en:Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya Botswana]] Quill Hermans o ne a kgaratlhela go kgaogana ga madi le Aforika Borwa le [[:en:South_African_rand|ranta ya yone ya Aforika Borwa]]. Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego a boditšhabatšhaba a gore Botswana e ka nna ya se ka ya kgona go tshegetsa madi a yone, Khama o ne a ikutlwa gore bagakolodi ba gagwe ba itsholelo ba na le bokgoni mme o ne a tshepa tshwetso ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tsa boipuso, Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya ditšhaba tse di humileng thata mo [[:en:Third_World|Lefatsheng la Boraro]].<ref name=":67" /> Phetogo ya itsholelo e kaiwa jaaka "kgakgamatso" ya Botswana.<ref name=":77" /> Linchwe II, kgosi ya [[:en:Kgatla_people|batho ba Kgatla]], o ne a busetsa ngwao ya go simolola bogwera mo morafeng wa gagwe ka ngwaga wa 1975, mme se sa gakatsa puso ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;148.</ref> Khama o ne a tsaya tsela ya go akaretsa batho botlhe mo pusong ya gagwe, a tila dipolotiki tsa merafe le go gana tlhotlheletso ya baeteledipele ba merafe a rata badiredipuso.<ref name=":84">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> Ka dinako tse dingwe o ne a kopa batho go rola tiro fa morafe mongwe o ka nna le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo tirelong ya setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tshaba gore go sa dumalane le batho ba ba kwa tlase ba Kalanga go ka nna ga dira gore go se ka ga nna le kagiso. Go rarabolola se, Khama o ne a tsenya maloko a a rutegileng a morafe wa Kalanga mo pusong, a tlhoma bontsi mo maemong a a kwa godimo. Tshwetso e ne e tsosa kganetsano, mme e ne ya tsosa dikgopolo tsa bolotsana ka ga tlhotlheletso e e bosula ya Kalanga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;122.</ref> Tse ka dinako tse dingwe di ne di ikaegile ka Mokgatlho wa Baithuti ba Bakalanga, o o neng wa nna Mokgatlho wa Tsweletso ya Puo ya Ikalanga ka ngwaga wa 1980.<ref>[[Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 123.|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> Poifo ya dipuso tsa baagisani tse di eteletsweng pele ke basweu kwa Namibia, Rhodesia, le Aforika Borwa, mmogo le kotsi ya [[:en:Angolan_Civil_War|Ntwa ya Selegae ya Angola]], di dirile gore Botswana e tlhame [[:en:Botswana_Defence_Force|sesole sa bosetšhaba]] ka ngwaga wa 1977.<ref name=":78" /> Pele ga se, [[:en:Botswana_Police_Service|Tirelo ya Sepodisi]] sa Botswana e ne e tlhokometse tshireletso ya setshaba. Go tlhoka sesole go ne go raya gore Botswana e ne e sa tlhaselwe ke dilo tse di bakang go sa tlhomamang mo merafeng e mengwe ya Aforika: go menola puso ga sesole le bonweenwee ka go dirisa madi a sesole.<ref>[[Beaulier & Subrick 2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], pp.&#x20;111–112.</ref> Sesole se ne sa bona ntwa ngwaga o o latelang fa dirukutlhi tsa Rhodesia di ne di tlhasela Leshoma, di bolaya masole a le lesome le botlhano.<ref name=":78" /> Ka tirisanommogo ya yone le De Beers, puso ya Botswana e ne ya tlhama kompone ya meepo ya Debswana ka ngwaga wa 1978, mme ya bona lotseno lo lo bonalang lwa puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Meepo e ne ya nna madirelo a a kwa godimo ya itsholelo ya lefatshe mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang,<ref name=":85">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> mme Botswana ya nna itsholelo e e golang ka bonako go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":86">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;33.</ref><ref name=":86" /> Go nna le seabe ga mafatshe a sele mo itsholelong go ne ga nna kgang ya sepolotiki ka nako e jaaka fa batho ba kwa ntle ba ne ba kokoanya kgolo ya setšhaba fa ditiro tsa selegae di ne di tlhabologa ka iketlo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;143–145.</ref> Thuo ya dikgomo, e e neng e setse e amilwe ke go runya mo gogolo ga [[:en:Foot-and-mouth_disease|bolwetse jwa tlhako le molomo]] ka ngwaga wa1977,<ref name=":82" /> e ne ya latlhegelwa ke botlhokwa jo e neng e na le jone pele.<ref name=":85" /> === Puso ya ga Quett Masire === [[Setshwantsho:Quett Masire DF-SC-85-12044.JPEG|thumb|Quett Masire a etetse America ka ngwaga wa 1984]] Morago ga loso lwa ga Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa 1980, Mothusa-Tautona Quett Masire o ne a nna tautona wa Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;117.</ref> Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego ka go tlhatlhama ga ga Khama, Masire o ne a tshegetsa mafaratlhatlha a puso a a neng a thusa go a aga le go boloka tumelo mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;182.</ref> Go ritibatsa morafe wa ga Khama wa Ngwato le merafe e mengwe ya bokone, Masire o ne a tlhoma ntsalae Khama, [[:en:Lenyeletse_Seretse|Lenyeletse Seretse]], go nna mothusa-tautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;232.</ref> Kakanyo e e neng e tlwaelesegile mo gare ga BaNgwato e ne e le gore morwa Khama, [[:en:Ian_Khama|Ian Khama]], o ne a tshwanelwa ke bo tautona. Fa Lenyeletse a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1983, Masire o ne a tlhopha [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] go tsena mo boemong jwa gagwe. Gompieno o ne a tlhopha mongwe go tswa mo morafeng wa borwa, gore a se ka a tlhoma sekao sa gore tautona le mothusa-tautona ka nako tsotlhe ba tshwanetse go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di fapaaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;233.</ref> Botswana e ne e le karolo ya Khonferense ya Kgokaganyo ya Tlhabololo ya Borwa jwa Aforika e e neng ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1980 go tlhama mmaraka wa borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":78" /> Setšhaba se ne sa amiwa ke [[:en:Early_1980s_recession|kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980]].<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Jwaneng_diamond_mine|Moepo wa diteemane wa Jwaneng]] o simolotse go dira ka ngwaga wa 1982, wa nna moepo o o dirang dipoelo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng. [[:en:University_of_Botswana|Mmadikolo wa Botswana]] o tlhomilwe ka one ngwaga o o neng o kgaogana le [[:en:University_of_Botswana,_Lesotho_and_Swaziland|Mmadikolo ya Botswana, Lesotho le Swaziland]].<ref name=":78" /> Ditlhabololo tsa semolao ka ngwaga wa 1982, Molawana wa Thuso ya Matlole le go dira gore tiro ya kgwebo gore e nne ya ka fa molaong ke badiredipuso, di ne tsa tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya naga mme gape tsa gagamolola melawana e e neng e tla thibela bonweenwee.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;127, 129.</ref> Jaaka fa puso ya batho le batho le kgolo ya itsholelo di itshupile e le diphetogo tsa paka e telele, Botswana e ne ya itsege jaaka "kgakgamatso ya Aforika".<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Kganetso e e nonofileng kgatlhanong le puso e e laolwang ke lekoko la BDP e ne ya tlhagelela la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go fenya ditlhopho tsa selegae, ditlhopha tsa dikgatlhego tsa simolola go tlhamiwa, mme makwalo a dikgang a matlhano a magolo a a kgatlhanong le lekoko la BDP a simolola go gatisiwa.<ref name=":64" /> Pele e ne e ikaegile ka tshegetso ya merafe e e rileng, lekoko la BNF le ne la bona tshegetso mo setlhopheng sa badiri.<ref name=":84" /> Ka ditlhopho ka kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1984, e ne e le lekoko kganetso le le gaisanang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;712.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya ama Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa1982 go fitlhela ka ngwaga wa 1987, mme ya tlhoka thuso ya dijo ya puso go ka nna karolo ya masome a marataro le botlhano mo lekgolong ya Batswana ba kwa magaeng.<ref name=":87">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;82.</ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba ga Masire ba ne ba mo amanya le komelelo e ka e ne e tsamaisana le tshimologo ya botautona jwa gagwe, ba akantsha gore Khama o ne a na le taelo ya bomodimo e Masire a neng a se na yone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;203.</ref> Mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1980, madirelo a ditaemane a ne a fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa yone ka karolo ya masome a matlhano le boraro mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya tlhagiso ya bosetšhaba.<ref name=":76" /> Ka nako e, itsholelo ya setšhaba e ne ya nonoha mo e leng gore baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba rotloediwa go tlhopha [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|temothuo ya go]] [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|itshidisa]] kgotsa go fuduga go ya go dira kwa Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":84" /> [[:en:Entrepreneurship|Bogwebi]] bo ne jwa anama thata, bogolosegolo mo badiring ba pele ba puso ba ba neng ba tswa mo [[:en:Public_sector|lephateng la puso]] go ya kwa lephateng la [[:en:Private_sector|e]] [[:en:Private_sector|seng la puso]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Thuto ya mahala ya [[:en:Secondary_education|sekole se segolwane]] ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1989.<ref name=":87" /> [[:en:Trade_union|Mekgatlho ya badiri]] le [[:en:Special_interest_group|ditlhopha tse di kgethegileng tsa dikgatlhego]] tse dingwe di ne tsa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go tlhotlheletsa melawana ya setšhaba, le fa gantsi puso e ne e sa batle go di amogela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], pp.&#x20;85–86.</ref> E tsibogetse mokgatlho o o neng o gola wa badiri ka go fetisa dithibelo tse di bokete mo mekgatlhong ya badiri ka ngwaga wa 1983.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dingwaga di le lesome gape o ne wa tlhagisa mekgatlho ya go amogela merafe e mennye, go gana boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba jwa Motswana.<ref name=":80" /> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, Aforika Borwa e ne ya simolola ditlhaselo tsa sesole mo Botswana go batla batlhabani ba Aforika Borwa. Go tsibogela dikgobalo tsa baagitse di neng tsa direga, puso ya Botswana e ne ya oketsa tiriso ya madi mo sesoleng.<ref name=":93">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;112.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> E ne gape ya fa sesole tiro ya go sireletsa diphologolo tsa naga le go tsenya mo tirisong molao o o kgatlhanong le go tsoma mo go seng ka fa molaong go tsibogela kotsi e e tlisiwang ke batsomi ba ba tshotseng dibetsa.<ref name=":94">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Palo ya ntlha ya [[:en:HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana|mogare wa segajaja]] mo Botswana e ne ya lemogiwa ka ngwaga wa 1985, mme mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang lefatshe ;e ne la nna lone le le neng la amega thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;265.</ref> [[:en:Life_expectancy|Botshelo jo bo solofetsweng]] mo Botswana bo ne bo tla wela tlase tswa go masomeng a maratarole bosupa go ya kwa masomeng a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 1997.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;175.</ref> Phetogo e e gakgamatsang mo tsamaisong ya botsogo ya Botswana e ne ya latela go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1980 le bo 1990; Bongaka jwa Bophirima bo ne jwa tlotliwa thata mmogo le kalafi ya setso, mme go ne ga tlhongwa dikokelo tse e seng tsa puso go nna mmogo le dikago tse di tsamaisiwang ke puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> [[:en:Early_1990s_recession|Kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1990]] e ne ya ama Botswana.<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Attorney_General_of_Botswana_v._Unity_Dow|Tsheko e e botlhokwa ya kgotlatshekelo ya molaomotheo]] e e neng ya tlisiwa ke Unity Dow e ne ya felela ka katlholo ka ngwaga wa 1991 ya gore bana ba ka fiwa boagedi mo go bomme ba bone ga mmogo le borraabone, e e neng ya amogelwa go nna molao ka Molao wa Boagi wa 1995.<ref name=":88">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xx.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang sa Kgabo se ne sa tshwarwa ka ngwaga wa 1991 go batlisisa lekgotla la kabo ditsha tsa lefatshe tsa puso, mme sa fitlhela gore go dirilwe ditlolomolao tsa maitsholo a a siameng ke mothusa-tautona Peter Mmusi le mokwaledi wa kakaretso wa lekoko la BDP [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]], ba bobedi jwa bone gape e neng e le maloko a setlhopa sa ditona tsa puso ya Botswana.<ref name=":89">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;346.</ref><ref name=":90">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;333.</ref> Ka go lebana le go galefa mo pusong le mo setšhabeng, bobedi jwa bone ba ne ba rola tiro.<ref name=":90" /> Go wa mo go ne ga tlhola ditlhopha tse pedi tse di kgaoganeng mo teng ga lekoko, e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke maloko a mabedi a pele a setlhopa sa ditona (Ba babedi ba bagolo),<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;333–335.</ref> mme e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke baganetsi ba bona (ba batlhano ba bagolo): [[:en:Festus_Mogae|Festus Mogae]], Bihiti Temane, Chapson Butale, [[:en:Gaositwe_Chiepe|Gaositwe Chiepe]], le moeteledipele wa bona [[:en:Mompati_Merafhe|Mompati Merafhe]].<ref name=":91">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;235.</ref> Se se ne sa aga mo dikgotlhang tse di neng di godile fa gare ga boeteledipele jwa borwa jwa BLP le kokomana e ntšhwa ya boradipolotiki go tswa kwa bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], pp.&#x20;233–234.</ref> Masire o ne a tlhopha Mogae go nna mothusa- tautona yo mosha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;334.</ref> Ka go tshwenyega ka kgonagalo ya go tlwaetsa bonweenwee, Masire o ne a thapa mothusa- mogolwane wa [[:en:Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)|setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang e e Ikemetseng ya Hong Kong e e Kgatlhanong le Bonweenwee (Hong Kong)]] go tlhama mokgatlho o o tshwanang mo Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;222.</ref> [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Bokaedi jwa Bonweenwee le Bosenyi jwa]] [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Itsholelo]] bo ne jwa tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, mme lekgotla la kabo ditsha le ne la tlhamiwa go reetsa boikuelo jwa ditshwetso tsa kabo ditsha ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Boemo jwa lekoko la BDP jaaka lekoko le le laolang bo ne jwa amogela kgwetlho ya jone ya ntlha e e masisi ka ntlha ya Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlsisa kgota go sekaseka dikgang ya Kgabo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;249.</ref> Matlhabisaditlhong le go kgaogana mo go neng ga nna teng mo lekokong la BDP go ne ga dira gore lekoko la BNF le nne lekoko la kganetso le le gaisanang thata morago ga ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;335–336.</ref><ref name=":89" /> Ka go mathata a a oketsegileng a go tsenngwa ga ditoropo go fokotsa motheo wa BDP kwa metseselegaeng, makoko a kganetso a ne a na le bonnye jo bo bonalang mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa ga Mmusi, Kwelagobe o ne a ikgolaganya le [[:en:Ponatshego_Kedikilwe|Ponatshego Kedikilwe]], mme ba bopa setlhopa se sennye sa Barata-Phathi sa lekoko la BDP. Ba batlhano ba bagolo ba ne ba nna setlhopa se sennye sa A-Team.<ref name=":89" /> Botswana e ne ya solegelwa molemo ke go khutla ga puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, ka puso e ntšhwa e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Aforika e ne e sa thibele kgolo ya Botswana kgotsa go tsenelela mo ditirong tsa sesole go kgabaganya molelwane.<ref name=":81" /> Fa kgaolo e ntse e tlhomama, ditlhabololo tsa itsholelo tse di tshwanang le mabentlele a magolo, kakanyo e e sa netefadiwang ya dithoto, le bojanala jwa baagi di ne tsa atologa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;675.</ref> Morafe wa Ngwaketse o ne wa nna le kgotlang le puso ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa 1994, fa tona ya pusoselegae le mafatshe Patrick Balope a ne a latofatsa kgosi Seepapitso wa bone ka go palelwa ke go diragatsa ditiro tsa gagwe mme a laela gore kgosi e emisiwe—e leng go emisiwa ga bobedi ga puso ya ga Seepapitso.<ref name=":83" /> Morwa wa ga Seepapitso e bong Leema o ne a amogela go tlhomiwa go dira tiro eo, kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa ga Seepapitso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;141–142.</ref> Morafe o ne wa lwantshana le kgang ya go nna semolao mo go sa tlhaloganyesegeng ga ga Leema le poifo ya gore setso sa morafe ga se kitla se tlhola se lemogiwa, mme go tlosiwa ga gagwe go ne ga nna kgang ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;142–143.</ref> Seepapitso o ne a tsenya kganetso ya semolao, mme kgotlatshekelo ya atlhola ka Tlhakole a tlhola malatsia le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 1995 gore le fa go tlosiwa ga ga Seepapitso go ne go le ka fa molaong, go tlhomiwa ga ga Leema go ne go se kafa molaong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;145.</ref> Ka maatla a go tlhoma a ne a buseditswe mo morafeng, ba ne ba gana go tlhopha moeteledipele yo mosha jaaka tsela ya go ikuela. Puso e ne ya ineela mme ya letlelela Seepapitso go busediwa mo tirong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;145–146.</ref> [[:en:Ritual_murder|Polao ya dipheko]] ya ga [[:en:Segametsi_Mogomotsi|Segametsi Mogomotsi]], mosetsana wa dingwaga di le lesome le bone wa kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]], e diragetse ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 1994. Dikhuduego tsa loago di ne tsa tsoga fa babelaelwa bao, ba e neng e le borakgwebo le boradipolotiki ba ba humileng, ba ne ba gololwa ka ntlha ya go tlhoka bosupi. Mo dikgweding tse di latelang, go ne ga nna le ditshupetso le dikhuduego tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke baithuti kgatlhanong le tiriso ya ditiro tsa masaitsiweng tse di tshwanang le polao ya dipheko go bona khumo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;286–290.</ref> Go tlhagoga ga bolwetse jo bo [[:en:Contagious_bovine_pleuropneumonia|tshelanwang jwa pleuropneumonia ya dikgomo]] ka ngwaga wa 1995 go ne ga baka dintsho tsa dikgomo di le dikete tse makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi .<ref name=":88" /> Molao wa Temothuo wa ngwaga ya 1995 o ne wa atolosa thulaganyo ya go dira lefatshe la baagi la le e seng la puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Merafe e mennye e ne ya tswelela go kgaratlhela go lemogiwa go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;163–164.</ref> Puso e simolotse go ntsha batho ba Basarwa mo [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|Lefelong la Diphologolo la Kalahari]] [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|la Bogare]] ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Le fa e ne e nganga gore maikaelelo e ne e le go thusa go kopanya baagi ba ba neng ba le kgakala thata, mme e neelana ka leruo go rotloetsa tirisanommogo, mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba e ne ya pega molato puso ka go pateletsa le go [[:en:Forced_displacement|fudusiwa ka dikgoka]] ga batho go dira sebaka sa meepo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;11–12.</ref> Maiteko a ntlha a magolo a semolao a go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa merafe e mennye a ne a tswa mo tshitshinyong ya ngwaga wa 1995 kwa palamenteng ya go tlhalosa molaomotheo jaaka o o sa tseyeng letlhakore mo merafeng, mme o ne wa bewa mo tafoleng. Mokgatlho wa Kamanakao o ne wa tlhamiwa ka one ngwaga oo ke morutegi [[:en:Lydia_Nyati-Ramahobo|Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo]] go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa [[:en:Yeyi_people|batho ba Yeyi]].<ref name=":95">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;215.</ref> Motseletsele wa diphetogo tsa puso le tsa ditlhopho di ne tsa tsenngwa mo tirisong mo dingwageng tsa bofelo tsa bo tautona jwa ga Masire. Tlhokomelo ya ditlhopho e ne ya fetisediwa kwa setheong se se ikemetseng, dingwaga tsa go tlhopa di ne tsa fokodiwa go tswa ko masomeng a mabedi le bongwe go ya ko lesomeng le borobabobedi , go [[:en:Postal_voting|tlhopa ka poso]] go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong, mme ga tsenngwa tirisong melawana ya go sireletsa [[:en:Labour_rights|ditshwanelo tsa badiri]] le [[:en:Gender_equality|tekatekano ya bong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;168.</ref> Masire o ne a eletsa go tlhama [[:en:Order_of_succession|tatelano e e tlhomameng ya]] [[:en:Order_of_succession|go tlhatlologana]] mo bogosing le go netefatsa gore motlhatlogi wa gagwe yo a mo tlhophileng mothusa Tautona Mogae e nna tautona, ka jalo o ne a dirisana le mmueledi Parks Tafa go kwala paakanyo ya molaotheo. Se se ne sa tsenya tirisong tatelano e e itirisang le [[:en:Term_limit|melelwane ya paka]] ya botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;337–338.</ref> O ne a pateletsa paakanyo ka boene.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;304–305.</ref> Go fetola itsholelo ya lefatshe, go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong tsamaiso ya nakwana ya go nna le [[:en:Tripartism|makoko a mararo]] go kopanya puso, lekalana le e seng la puso, le baemedi ba badiri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;169.</ref> Fa lekoko le ne le tlhopha maloko a komiti ya lone ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1997, kotsi ya go nna le ditlhopha e ne ya gola mo e leng gore Masire o ne a phimola ditlhopho tsa lone tse di mo teng ga mokgatlho mme a dira gore ditlhopha di mo fe manaane a maina.<ref name=":91" /> === Puso ya ga Festus Mogae === [[Setshwantsho:George Bush with African national leaders February 26, 2002.jpg|thumb|Festus Mogae mmogo le botautona ba mafatshe a sele [[:en:Joaquim_Chissano|Joaquim Chissano]], [[:en:George_W._Bush|George W. Bush]] le [[:en:José_Eduardo_dos_Santos|José Eduardo dos Santos]] ka ngwaga wa 2002]] Masire o ne a tlogela tiro ya botautona ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le ngwe ka ngwaga wa 1998, mme a latelelelwa ke mothusa tautona Festus Mogae.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;338.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya tshwetso e e neng ya tsosa kganetsano ya go tlhoma Ian Khama, molaodi wa sesole le morwa Seretse Khama, go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang,<ref name=":72" /> a fetisa kgetho ya gagwe ka go tshosetsa go phatlalatsa palamente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Le fa ba ne ba sa tseye letlhakore semmuso fa gare ga ditlhopha tsa lekoko la BDP, Mogae le Khama ka bobedi ba ne ba tlhaloganngwa e le batho ba bagolo mo gare ga A-Team.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;347.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1998 o ne wa bona nngwe ya dikgaogano tse dintsi mo teng ga lekoko la kganetso la BNF. E ne e kgaogane ka ditlhopha tse pedi: batho ba ba sa rateng diphetogo ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa loago le ba ba neng ba tswelela pele ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa puso ya batho ka batho ya loago. Dikhuduego kwa mokgatlhong wa lekoko di ne tsa dira gore batho ba ba neng ba rata kgatelopele ba kgaogane go nna lekoko la bone, [[:en:Botswana_Congress_Party|Botswana Congress Party]] (BCP), le le neng la nna lekoko le legolo la kganetso go fitlhela ba latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa manno a bone mo [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa]] [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 1999]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Kgaogano e ya kganetso, mmogo le diphetogo tsa selegae tsa dingwaga tse di fetileng, di ne tsa dira gore lekoko la BDP le boelwe ke ditilo dingwe tse e neng ya di latlhegelwa ka ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;168–169.</ref> Maloko a le mmalwa a borwa a boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BCP a ne a boela kwa lekokong la BNF morago ga gore maemo otlhe a a kwa godimo a tsewe ke batho ba bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;237.</ref> Go itlhatlosa go ya kwa maemong a merafe ya Tswana, batho ba Yeyi ba ne ba bitsa kgosi e e kwa godimo ka ngwaga wa 1999, fela se se ne sa se ka sa lemogiwa ke Molao wa Bogosi. Ba ne ba tlisa kgang eo kwa Kgotlatshekelong e Kgolo, e e neng ya tlhasela thulaganyo e e maleba ya molao e le e e tlhaolang.<ref name=":95" /> Mogae o ne a tlhoma setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang ka ngwaga wa 2000 go sekaseka kemedi ya merafe e mennye mo Ntlong ya Dikgosi, mme seo sa baka boipelaetso go tswa mo go ba ba neng ba ikutlwa gore Mogae o batla go nyatsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;239.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang se ne sa tlhomamisa gore Ntlo ya Dikgosi e tshwanetse go nna teng, mme ya bidiwa Setswana ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;216.</ref> Diphetogo tse dingwe tse di fetotsweng ga di a amogelwa morago ga go kgarametswa go tswa mo merafeng e megolo ya Batswana, bogolosegolo ba Ngwato.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;217–218.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, batho ba Kgatla-baga-Mmanaana ba ne ba bona kgosi ya bone Gobuamang Gobuamang wa bobedi a amogelwa semmuso jaaka kgosi e nnye mo teng ga kgaolo ya Kwena kwa ba nnang teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;177.</ref> [[:en:Botswana–Namibia_border|Molelwane wa Botswana le Namibia]] o ne wa tsena mo kganetsanong ka ngwaga wa 1999 fa mafatshe ka bobedi a ne a batla kgaolo mo [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Mopakong wa Caprivi]].[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;xx–xxi.</ref>] Ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000, Botswana e ne ya beeletsa thata mo go tlhabololeng sesole sa mowa.<ref name=":93" /> [[:en:Botswana_Television|Setshwantso sa motshikinyego sa Botswana]] se tlhomilwe ka ngwaga wa 2000. Lentswe tsa Tsodilo le ne la nna [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|Lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe]] ka ngwaga wa 2001. Batho ba Basarwa ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao ka ngwaga wa 2002 go ganetsa go ntshiwa ga bona kwa Central Kalahari Game Reserve, fela kgang e sekisiwang e ne ya tlhokomologiwa. [[:en:Mosadi_Seboko|Mosadi Seboko]] wa [[:en:Lete_people|morafe wa]] [[:en:Lete_people|Balete]] o ne a nna moeteledipele wa ntlha wa mosadi wa morafe ka ngwaga wa 2003.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xxi.</ref> Mogae o ne a dira gore mongwe wa batshwayadiphoso ba ba tlhageletseng thata ba puso, [[:en:Kenneth_Good_(political_scientist)|Kenneth Good]], a lelekwe mo lefatsheng la gagwe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], pp.&#x20;333–334.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;226–227.</ref> [[:en:Three_Dikgosi_Monument|Sefikantswe sa Dikgosi tse Tharo]] se ne sa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;680.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya bolwetsi jo bo anameng lefatshe la HIV/AIDS e le kgang e e botlhokwa thata ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Go e lwantsha, o ne a dira gore dikalafi tsa [[:en:Antiretroviral|diantiretroviral]] tsa HIV/AIDS di nne teng mahala.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;225.</ref> === Puso ya ga Ian Khama === [[Setshwantsho:London Conference on The Illegal Wildlife Trade (12499797834).jpg|thumb|Kopano ya ga Ian Khama le [[:en:William_Hague|William Hague]] kwa Lontone]] Ian Khama o ne a latela mo maemong a botautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Mogae ka kgwedi ya Moranang a le letsatsi le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref name=":96">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mokgwa wa gagwe wa boeteledipele o ne wa phatlaladiwa jaaka o o latelang "di-D tse nne": puso ya batho ka batho, tlhabololo, seriti, le kotlhao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Fa a sena go nna mo setilong, o ne a rulaganya sešwa khuduthamaga ya setšhaba ka mokgwa wa tatelano, a kopanya maatla go dikologa botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;227–228.</ref> Khama o ne a gatelela tshireletsego ya setshaba mo tsamaisong ya gagwe. Ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo maemong a gagwe, Lekalana la Bosenodi le Tshireletsego le ne la itsege ka go dira ditlhodi tse di neng di tlhotlhelediwa ke dipolotiki le go tshwara baganetsi ba gagwe ba sepolotiki. O ne gape a tlhoma batho ba le mmalwa ba pele ba sesole mo pusong ya gagwe<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], pp.&#x20;714–715.</ref> Botswana o ne e sa amege thata mo [[:en:African_Union|Kopanong ya Aforika]] ka nako ya botautona jwa ga Khama, go na le moo e ne ya tlhagisa molawana wa mafatshe a sele a a neng e lebisitswe thata mo Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;190.</ref> Mathata a matlole a ngwaga wa 2008 a ne a gatelela itsholelo ya Botswana, e e neng ya nna e ikaegile ka meepo ya ditaemane le fa puso e ne e dira maiteko.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;202.</ref> Madirelo a diteemane a ne a fedisa kwelotlase e e tlhomameng fa e ne e tlhomama ka bokana ka karolo ya masome a mararo le borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tse di tlhagisitsweng tsa lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 2009.<ref name=":76" /> Taolo ya dikgosi e ne ya fetolwa ka ngwaga wa 2008 ka Molao wa Bogosi.<ref name=":92" /> Khama o ne a rotloetsa go neela dikgosi maatla ka leina la go busetsa kotlhao le maitsholo a setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], pp.&#x20;196–197.</ref> O ne a ntsha taelo e e neng ya oketsa dingwaga tsa go nwa tse di kafa molaong go nna masome a mabedi le bongwe, ya fa baeteledipele ba merafe e mennye maatla a go laela gore batho ba itewe, ya tlhama ditlhopha tsa mephato go nna balebedi, le go tsenya gape [[:en:Corporal_punishment_in_schools|kotlhao ya go itaya mo dikolong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Dikgosi di le mmalwa tse di sa tswang go tlhongwa di ne tsa tshegetsa melawana e mme tsa tsenya tirisong dikotlhao tse di gagametseng tsa badiraphoso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Gareng ga bone go ne go na le Kgafela wa bobedi, kgosana ya morafe wa Kgatla. Go dira gore batho ba gagwe ba nne le boitsholo jo bo tlwaelegileng, o ne a oketsa thata go itewa ga batho ba ba neng ba tlola molao. Kgafela le ba bangwe ba ba amegang ba ne ba pegwa molato wa bosenyi ka ntlha ya go dirisa kotlhao ka tsela e e sa siamang ka ngwaga wa 2010, mme kgotlatshekelo e ne ya kgaphela thoko kopo ya gagwe ya go sirelediwa, ya tlhomamisa gore dikgosi ga di na boipuso mme di laolwa ke molaotheo.<ref name=":97">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;157.</ref> Jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le tlhopha boeteledipele jwa lekoko la yone ka ngwaga wa 2009, Khama o ne a tlhoma batho ba le bantsi ba A-Team mo dikomiting tse potlana tsa lekoko le fa Barata-Phathi e ne ya fenya ka nako ya mokgatlho wa lekoko.<ref name=":97" /><ref name=":98">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;335.</ref> Fa mokwaledi mogolo wa lekoko leo, Rre [[:en:Gomolemo_Motswaledi|Gomolemo Motswaledi]] a ne a rerisana le babueledi go botsa gore a ditiro tsa ga Khama di ka fa molaong, Khama o ne a dira gore a sekegiwe mo komiting. Morago ga go isa kgang kwa kgotlatshekelo, go ne ga fitlhelwa gore tautona yo o mo maemong ao ga a kgone go sekisiwa semolao, mme Khama o ne a emisa Motswaledi mo BDP gotlhelele.<ref name=":98" />Mo tshimologong ya ngwaga wa 2010, Khama o ne a emisa mme morago a ntsha maloko a mangwe a le mmalwa a lekalana le le mo teng ga lekoko la Barata-Phathi mo lekokong BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], pp.&#x20;354–355.</ref> Se se ne sa baka go kgaogana ga ntlha ga BDP ka Mopitlwe fa lekoko la Barata-Phathi le ne le tswa mo lekokong go bopa Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Temokerasi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;345.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Molao wa Tirelosetšhaba o tsentswe tirisong ka ngwaga wa 2010, o dira gore badiredipuso ba dire ditshupetso ka ha molaong mo maemong mangwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mo ngwageng o o latelang, Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Mekgatlho ya Badiri (BOFEPUSU) o ne wa etelela pele ditshupetso tsa dikgwedi di le pedi mo gare ga badiredipuso ba lefatshe go batla tuelo ya karolo ya lesome le borataro mo lekgolong, mme puso ya tsiboga ka go ntsha diketekete tsa badiri mo maemong a bone.<ref name=":96" /> Go ntshiwa ga batho go ne go okametswe ke [[:en:Mokgweetsi_Masisi|Mokgweetsi Masisi]], Tona ya Merero ya Botautona.<ref name=":99">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Go ganetsa boemo jwa puso, BOFEPUSU e ne ya tlhofofatsa go kopanngwa ga makoko a magolo a kganetso go nna [[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC).<ref name=":96" /> Setlhopha se sešwa se se ne se eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Duma_Boko|Duma Boko]], yo o neng a tsere taolo ya BNF ka ngwaga wa 2010 mme a laola dipuo tsa yona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;715.</ref> Khama o ne a diragatsa diphetogo tse di nonofileng tsa tshomarelo ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe, bogolo jang mabapi le go tsoma. Le fa ba ne ba opa diatla kwa mahatsheng a mangwe le go bopa leina la Botswana jaaka "kgakgamatso e tala", ba ne ba kopana le go kgobega marapo mo nageng ka ntlha ya ditsela tse di neng di dirisiwa go tswa kwa godimo go ya kwa tlase, bogolosegolo go tswa mo go ba ba nnang mo mafelong a a tlhomilweng a tshomarelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Melawana e e ne e akaretsa go oketsega ga mekgwa ya sesole e e kgatlhanong le go tsoma diphologolo; digongwana tse di kgatlhanong le go tsoma di ne di tsentswe ditlhobolo tse di itirisang go tlaleletsa melawana ya go thuntsha go bolaya kgatlhanong le batho ba ba belaelwang gore ke batsomi.<ref name=":94" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boloka bontsi jwa yone mo lekgotleng la peomolao morago ga [[:en:2014_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopho tse di latelang]], mme e le lekgetho la ntlha e ne ya dira jalo ka bontsi fela jwa ditlhopo tsa batho.<ref>[[Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;705.</ref> Ian Khama o ne a tlhoma Masisi go nna mothusa tautona wa gagwe.<ref name=":99" /> Tshwetso e ne ya tsosa kganetsano ka ntlha ya go tlhoka maitemogelo ga ga Masisi fa go bapisiwa le ditlhopho tse dingwe tse di ka kgonegang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Go ya ka Mogae, Masisi o ne a tlhophiwa ka tlhaloganyo ya gore o tla tlhoma [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|Tshekedi Khama]] [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|wa bobedi]] go nna mothusa tautona morago ga go tsaya botautona ka boene.<ref name=":99" /> Botsalo Ntuane o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Mokwaledi Mogolo wa lekoko la BDP ka ngwaga 2015 mo seraleng sa twantsho tshenyetso setshaba le phetolo ya ditlhopho. Se se ne sa tshosetsa tlholego e e tseneletseng ya lekoko la BDP, mme Ntuane a bona mmaba wa sepolotiki kwa Masisi.<ref name=":99" /> Khama o ne a le bobaba mo bobegadikgannyeng, bogolo jang mo mafelong a a neng a sa dumalane le ditiro tsa puso ya gagwe. O ne a na le babegadikgang ba babedi ba ba neng ba latofadiwa ka [[:en:Sedition|botsuolodi]] ka ngwaga wa 2017, mme moragonyana ditatofatso di ne tsa latlhiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;714.</ref> === Puso ya ga Mokgweetsi Masisi === [[Setshwantsho:Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference London 2018 (45245990491).jpg|thumb|Mokgweetsi Masisi a bua kwa bokopanong jo bo neng bo bua ka kgwebisano e e seng ka fa molaong ya diphologolo tsa naga kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:London|London]] ka ngwaga wa 2018]] Masisi o ne a nna tautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Khama ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2018. Fa ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2019_Botswana_general_election|kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 2019]] di ntse di atamela, Masisi o ne a tlhama setshwantsho sa go ipharologanya le Khama, a itlhagisa jaaka motho yo o [[:en:Anti-corruption|lwantshanang le bonweenwee]] fa a ntse a tshegetsa bobegakgang le BOFEPUSU.<ref name=":02">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;716.</ref><ref name=":02" /> Letsholo la gagwe la go lwantsha bonweenwee le ne la felela ka go tshwarwa ga ga Isaac Kgosi, yo o neng a eteletse pele Bokaedi jwa Botlhodi le Tshireletso mo pusong ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;717.</ref><ref name=":110" /> Masisi o ne a tswelela ka go busetsa morago bontsi jwa melawana ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110" /> Gareng ga tse e ne e le go phimolwa ga melawana ya tshomarelo, go akaretsa le thibelo ya go tsoma e e neng e tsoma e e neng e lebisitswe mo kgwebong ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|manaka a tlou]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;23–24, 33–34.</ref> O ne gape a okametse go fedisiwa ga go tsewa go ratana ka bong bole bongwe e le molato.<ref>Rotberg 2023, pp.&#x20;228–229.</ref> Fa se se ntse se tsweletse, Masisi le Khama ba nna baganetsi go na le go nna balekane. Khama o ne a leka go thapa [[:en:Pelonomi_Venson-Moitoi|Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi]] go nna ntlhopheng yo mongwe wa BDP kgatlhanong le Masisi, mme fa seo se palelwa, o ne a itlhomela lekoko la gagwe, la [[:en:Botswana_Patriotic_Front|Botswana Patriotic Front]] (BPF).<ref name=":99" /><ref name=":110" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boelwa ke bontsi jwa ditlhopho tsa batho ka ngwaga wa 2019,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> mme ditlhopho di ne tsa senngwa ke kgatelelo ya puso le diphuruphutsho tsa nako le nako kgatlhanong le batho ba kganetso. Lekoko la UDC le ne la gwetlha maduo, mme ga di a atlega.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;308.</ref> Diphetogo tsa kgaolo di ne tsa fetoga ka ngwaga wa 2019 jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le latlhegelwa ke thotloetso nngwe kwa bokone fa e ntse e oketsa tlhotlheletso ya yone kwa borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;231.</ref> Ditlhopho gape di ne tsa bona lekokokganetso le legolo, BNF, le latlhegelwa ke BCP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> Jaaka ditšhaba di le dintsi, [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana|Botswana e ne ya bona kwelotlase e e kgolo ya tsholelo ka nako ya tlhaselo ya bolwetsi jwa COVID-19]], mme lefatshe le ne la nna [[:en:COVID-19_lockdowns|mo thibelong ya metsamao]] bontsi jwa ngwaga wa 2020 le ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;309.</ref> Mofuta wa SARS-CoV-2 Omicron o ribolotswe kwa Botswana moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Maikutlo a a kgatlhanong le makula a ne a anama ka setšhaba sa makula kwa Botswana se ne se humile thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;310.</ref> Khama o ne a tshabela kwa lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa a le kwa botshabelo ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele ka ngwaga wa 2021, mme puso ya Botswana ya mo latofatsa ka go nna le dibetsa e se ka fa molaong ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;311–312.</ref> === Puso ya ga Duma Boko === [[Setshwantsho:Secretary Rubio Meets with Botswana President Boko (54371806715).jpg|thumb|Duma Boko o ikanisa tumalano le lefatshe la Amerika ka ngwaga wa 2025]] Lekoko la [:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change][[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC) le nnile lekokokganetso la ntlha mo Botswana go tsaya puso morago ga phenyo ya lone mo [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa]] [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 2024]] , mme se sa fedisa dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi tsa puso ya [[:en:Botswana_Democratic_Party|lekoko la Botswana la batho ka batho]] (BDP).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMuiaZane2024|Muia &#x26; Zane 2024]]</ref> Mo puisanong ya gagwe ya ntlha ya Maemo a Setšhaba ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2024, Duma Boko o boletse gore puso ya gagwe e tla kgaratlhela go oketsa dipeeletso mo maatleng a letsatsi, [[:en:Cannabis|motokwane]] ya kalafi le mofuta wa motokwane o o lengwang ka lebaka la madirelo. O ne gape a itsise ditirisano le [[:en:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] go atolosa phitlhelelo ya mafaratlhatlha a maranyane e e teng lefatshe ka bophara ka [[:en:Starlink|Starlink]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFFrance242024|France24 2024]]</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2025, Botswana e ne ya romela sathalaete ya yone ya ntlha, e leng [[:en:BOTSAT‑1|BOTSAT‐1,]] kwa lefaufaung.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRanjan2025|Ranjan 2025]]</ref> [[:en:Duma_Boko|Boko]] o ne a tsenela go itsisiwe semmuso ga sathalaete, e e neng ya tshwarelwa kwa mafelong a [[:en:SpaceX|SpaceX]] kwa lefatsheng la United States.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNamunwa2025|Namunwa 2025]].</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Lekwalokwalo la Botswana * [[Ngwao ya Botswana|Ngwao ya Batswana]] * Dipalopalo tsa Botswana * [[Itsholelo ya Botswana]] * Thutafatshe ya Botswana * [[Ditso tsa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Borwa jwa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Gaborone]] * [[Lenaane la dikgang tse di amanang le Botswana]] * Lenaane la dingwaga mo Botswana * [[Tlhaloso ya Botswana]] * Mola wa nako wa Botswana * Mola wa nako ya Gaborone * [[Dipolotiki tsa Botswana]] == Dintlhana tse di kwa tlase == <references /> == Metswedi == === Dibuka === * Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). Culture and Customs of Botswana. Greenwood Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-313-33178-7</nowiki>. OCLC 62118271. * Gulbrandsen, Ørnulf (2012). The State and the Social: State Formation in Botswana and its Precolonial and Colonial Genealogies. Berghahn Books. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85745-298-6</nowiki>. * Hillbom, Ellen; Bolt, Jutta (2018). Botswana – A Modern Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73144-5. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-73144-5</nowiki>. * Holm, John D.; Molutsi, Patrick P. (1992). "State-Society Relations in Botswana: Beginning Liberalization". In Hydén, Göran; Bratton, Michael (eds.). Governance and Politics in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 75–95. doi:10.1515/9781685853297. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-55587-285-4</nowiki>. * Jackson, Ashley (1999). Botswana, 1939-1945: An African Country at War. Clarendon Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-820764-1</nowiki>. * Leith, James Clark (2005). Why Botswana Prospered. McGill-Queen's University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7735-2821-5</nowiki>. * Molutsi, Patrick (2004). "Botswana: The Path to Democracy and Development". In Gyimah-Boadi, E. (ed.). Democratic Reform in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 159–182. doi:10.1515/9781685857325. <nowiki>ISBN 9781685857325</nowiki>. * Nyamnjoh, Francis B. (2007). "'Ever-Diminishing Circles': The Paradoxes of Belonging in Botswana". In de la Cadena, Marisol; Starn, Orin (eds.). Indigenous Experience Today. Routledge. pp. 305–332. <nowiki>ISBN 9781003085690</nowiki>. * Rotberg, Robert I. (2023). "Botswana: Africa's Democratic Exception". Overcoming the Oppressors: White and Black in Southern Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–231. <nowiki>ISBN 9780197674239</nowiki>. * Samatar, Abdi Ismail (1999). An African Miracle: State and Class Leadership and Colonial Legacy in Botswana Development. Heinemann. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-325-00068-8</nowiki>. * Tlou, Thomas; Campbell, Alec C. (1997) [1984]. History of Botswana (2nd ed.). Macmillan Botswana. <nowiki>ISBN 9991278087</nowiki>. == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref name=":2"><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref>Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref></ref><ref name=":30"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> ij2fmy2spu8hz908paqt5i3rj0tfi8f 53694 53692 2026-07-30T22:20:29Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Pre-colonial history" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366623313|History of Botswana]]" 53694 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditso tsa lefatshe la Botswana''' di akaretsa tsa bogologolo le tsa ngwao ya kgaolo, go diriwa kolone ya [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Bechuanaland Protectorate]], le go nna Republic of [[Botswana]] gompieno. Batho ba ntlha ba motlha wa gompieno go nna mo [[Botswana]] e ne e le Basarwa, temothuo e tlhabolotswe dingwaga di ka nna dikete pedi, le makgolo a mararo a a fetileng. Batho bantsho ba Bantu ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago ga loso lwa ga Keresete, fa [[Batswana]] ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago. Batswana ba ne ba kgaogana ka ditlhopha tsa merafe mo dingwageng tse di dikete tse di latelang fa diphudugo mo kgaolong di tswelela, tse di neng tsa baka [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]] mo lekgolong la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi. Go amana le lefatshe le le kgolo le le naleng dikarolo la Europe ga ntlha go diragetse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi lesome le borataro, mo go bakileng go diriwa Bakeresete ga batho ba kgaolo. Magosi a Batswana a a neng a na le thotloetso e kgolo a ne a ikopela go nna mo tlhokomelong ya lefatshe la [[United Kingdom]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le botlhano ka ba ne ba itemogela matshosetsi go tswa kwa [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German South West Africa]] le mo Maburung. Batho ba Britain ba ne ba kgaoganya kgaolo go nna merafe e kgosi nngwe le nngwe e tlaa e etelelang pele, ba a fa dikgosi maatla a a fetang a ba neng ba na le one pele, mme ba ne ba nna le taolo e e lekanetseng fela mo lefatsheng. Puso ya Britain e ne ya nna le seabe se setlhagafetseng ka dinwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la ema nokeng go tsaya karolo ga Britain mo ntweng ya bobedi ya mafatshe, bontsi ba ne ba lwa e le bontlha jwa sesole sa [[Aferika|Aforika]] sa Auxiliary Pioneer Corps. Go lwela go laola go nnile teng ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a matlhano fa gare ga Kgosi ya [[Bangwato]] [[Seretse Khama]] le motlhatlhami wa gagwe [[Tshekedi Khama]]. Go nyala mosadi wa lekgoa ebong [[Ruth Williams Khama]] ga ga Seretse, go ne ga baka gore batho ba Britain ba mo thibele go nna mo [[Botswana]]. O ne a boa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a matlhano le borataro, ka a ne a na le kemo nokeng e kgolo, merafe e ne inaakanya le puso e e tlhophilweng fa letsholo la boipuso le tlhamiwa. Molao wa lefatshe o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le motso, ga tlhamiwa diphathi tsa polotiki. Seretse o ne a nna moeteledipele wa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Bechuanaland Democratic Party]], e e neng e bueletswe ke puso ya Britain go busa morago ga boipuso, e ne ya nna le kemo nokeng e e tsitsibanyang mmele mo ditlhophong tsa ntlha tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le botlhano. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la neelwa boipuso jo bo tletseng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro. Ka maikaelelo a a nonofileng, Seretse le phathi ya gagwe ba ne ba tlhama puso ya batho ka batho ya bophirima ba simolola go tlhabolola dikago mo lefatsheng le e neng e le lengwe la a a neng a humanegile thata ka nako eo. Go ne ga lemogiwa fa go na le diteemane ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabongwe, mo go neng ga bopa sesha itsholelo ya Botswana. Kompone ya meepo ya [[Debswana]] e tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi, lefatshe la Botswana la nna la itsholelo e e golang ka bofefo thata go gaisa a mangwe mo Botswana. Phathi ya sepolotiki ya Botswana Democratic e ne ya tswelela e le yone phathi e e busang go tswa ka nako ya boipuso go fitlhelela phathi ya [[Umbrella for Democratic Change]] e fenya ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone.]] == Ditso tsa pele ga bokolone == === Ditso tsa pele === [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo Hills rock paintings4.jpg|thumb|metako ya magaga kwa Tsodilo mo ditsong tsa pele]] Lefatshe la Botswana la gompieno e ne e le sekgwa fela dingwaga di le didikadike tse di lesome tse di fitileng, dinoka di ne di le ditona go fetisa gompieno, di tshela kwa [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|letsheng la Makgadikgadi]].<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou, Thomas]]; [[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Campbell, Alec C]]. (1997) [1984]. ''[[History of Botswana]]'' (2nd&nbsp;ed.). Macmillan Botswana. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/9991278087|&nbsp;<bdi>9991278087</bdi>.]]</ref> Batho ba sebopego sa ntlha sa Homo erectus ba ne ba nna mo kgaolong eo ka motlha wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997,]] p.&nbsp;14.</ref> Didirisiwa tsa lejwe mo Botswana wa gompieno, di tshwana le dilepe, di tswa go o lowe, dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fitileng.<ref name=":4">Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). [[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|''Culture and Customs of Botswana''.]] Greenwood Press. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33178-7|<bdi>978-0-313-33178-7</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#Identifiers_and_linked_data|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/title/62118271 62118271.]</ref><ref name=":0">Klehm, Carla (28 June 2021). "Archaeology of Botswana". ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History''. doi:[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61663/chapter/553401196 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.792]. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4|<bdi>978-0-19-027773-4</bdi>.]]</ref> Phudugo go ya sekakeng sa Kalahari go akanyediwa fa e diragetse pele ga legato la borataro dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro tse di fitileng.<ref name=":0" /> Letsha la Makgadikgadi le simolotse go fokotsega dingwaga di le dikete di le masome matlhano tse di fitileng.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;17.]]</ref> Bagolagolwane ba merafe e e sa amaneng ka gope ba ba bidiwang Basarwa fa ba kgobokantswe, ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome mane go tsena masome a mararo tse di fitileng. Ba ka tswa e le bone batho ba ntlha go nna mo motlheng wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&nbsp;18, 23.</ref> Ba ne ba itlhoma go bapa le dinoka ka dipaka tsa komelelo, mme ba phatlalale le kgaolo ka nako ya dipula.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&nbsp;24.</ref>Go ne go itsewe fa ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikaganyeditseng [[letsha la Makgadikgadi]], ga mmogo le [[Tsodilo]] le GI.<ref name=":1">[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;xv.</ref> Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba [[Nata]], Shua le Xani, go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref name=":2">Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;23.</ref>[[:en:Rock_art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse masome a mararo tse di fetileng,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Meepo ya specularite le hematite e simolotse ka nako e go tlhama dipente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;48.</ref> Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a leruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome mabedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":1" /> Thuto e e tseneletseng ya Aforika e e kwa borwa mo [[:en:Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Matlapa]] e ntse e lekanyeditswe.<ref name=":0" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[:en:Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba sala ka ditlhopha tse dinnye mme ba dira kgwebo le ba bangwe.<ref name=":2" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere tshimo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monna yo mogolo wa lelapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tse dikgolo, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela le go tshwara diphologolo tse dinnye.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Ditlhopha di ne di nyalana mme di dirisa thulaganyo ya magadi, xaro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete tse tse di fetileng, batho ba kgaolo eo ba ne ba tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana wa gompieno mme ba simolola go dira dinkgwana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;8.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;28.</ref>Temothuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga le go wela tlase fa seemo sa loapi le ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo di ne di dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;29–30.</ref>Gareng ga dijalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[:en:Pearl_millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[:en:Sorghum|mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[:en:Cowpea|dinawa tsa kgomo]], le dimela tsa lelapa la [[:en:Cucurbitaceae|cucurbits]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba Bantu ba ne ba [[:en:Bantu_expansion|fudugela kwa kgaolong]] e dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi le dingwaga dile selete le makgolo a matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong leno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;22–24, 28.</ref> [[:en:Kalanga_people|Batho ba Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba goroga c. 200 C.E.<ref name=":3">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Bagologolwane ba morafe wa ntlha wa [[:en:Tswana_people|Batswana]] (bongwe ''Motswana'', bontsi ''Batswana'') go fopholediwa fa ba gorogile c. 400 C.E.<ref name=":3" /> Batho ba ba Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didirisiwa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna mo ditseleng tsa metsi tsa leruri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;9.</ref> Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a leruri a matlo a ka nna lesome go fitlhela lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Pole-and-daga|dipale le mmu]] nngwe le nngwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa Khoisan e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;44–45.</ref> BaKhoisan le Bantu ba ka tswa ba ne ba gweba le go nyalana mo pakeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;36.</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlhela ka lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga === Setlhopha sa batho ba Zhizo, batho ba Taukome, ba ne ba goroga mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme ba nna fa gare ga [[:en:Shashe_River|Noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|Noka ya Serorome]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref><ref name=":5">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;10.</ref> Go nna le [[:en:Glass_bead|dipheta tsa galase]] go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo ya Lewatle la India]].<ref name=":5" /> Palo ya leruo le le ruiwang mo Botswana wa gompieno e ne ya oketsega thata fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa borobabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":4" /> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso ya morafe, e e bidiwang ''morafe'' (bontsi merafe), mongwe le mongwe o eteletswe pele ke kgosi e e bidiwang ''[[:en:Kgosi|kgosi]]'' (bontsi dikgosi).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Tsamaiso e e ne ya tlhagisa puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le tse dingwe mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;40.</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong, mme go nna mong wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho.<ref name=":6">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;11.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ditso tsa bogologolo tsa batho ba Tswana e sa ntse e sa itsiwe thata ka gonne go setse bosupi jo bonnye jwa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo.<ref name=":3" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Sekaka sa Kalahari]] ka makgolo ale borobabongwe morago ga ga Keresete,<ref name=":1" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong le le latelang la dingwaga, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng kwa Lewatleng la India.<ref name=":6" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Bangwe ba batho ba Eiland ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa ya gompieno go tsena mo Botswana wa gompieno mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Batho ba Toutswe, ba bangwe ba morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, ba bona khumo ya bona ka go nna le dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;13.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Go ne ga agiwa metse e meraro ya Ba-Toutswe kwa [[:en:Bosutswe|Bosutswe]], Sung, le [[:en:Toutswemogala|Toutswemogala]], mongwe le mongwe wa bone o ne o busa metse e mennye e e neng e e dikologile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 12, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba anametse kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;60.</ref> Boleng jwa ditlhagiswa bo ne jwa fetogafetoga fa kgwebisano e ntse e atolosiwa le ditšhaba di sele mme go ribololwa ga gauta go ne ga diragala, go fokotsa kgatlhego mo ditlhagisweng tsa sebilo le tsa diphologolo jaaka lonaka lwa tlou.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;27–28.</ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":7">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Merafe e e kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditiragalo tse mme e ne ya sala e sa amege thata.<ref name=":8">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Baagisani ba Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe le wa lesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard's Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":9">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> <ref name=":10">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;61.</ref>Ba tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[:en:Bambandyanalo|Bambandyanalo]], ba ne ba nna batho ba bagolo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe kwa ba neng ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;67–68.</ref> Ba ne ba bonela pele tlhotlheletso go ralala kgaolo fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> Batho ba Okavango Delta le batho ba Tsodilo mme morago ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bodulo mo nakong e, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke batho ba Khoe fela ba ba neng ba nna mo lefelong leo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou & Campbell 1997]], pp. 46, 81.</ref>Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro,<ref name=":11">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;14.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa mo nako e le nngwe.<ref name=":10" />Batho ba Mambo ba ne ba nna go dikologa [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]] ya gompieno mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo tikologong ya nako e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Batho ba segompieno ba Tswana, [[:en:Khalagari_people|Khalagari]], le [[:en:Sotho_people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo e ka nnang ka lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":12">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Ba-Khalagari ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana.<ref name=":13">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Batho ba Fokeng le bone ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi,<ref name=":14">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;93.</ref> mme batho ba Moloko ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro.<ref name=":12" /> Morafe wa tshimologo wa BaTswana, losika lwa bogosi lwa Phofu, o tlhodilwe kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro ke Mogale. Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, e ne ya kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa le merafe ya Bahurutshe, [[:en:Kwena_people|Kwena]], [[:en:Ngwaketse_people|Ngwaketse]], [[:en:Ngwato_people|Ngwato]], Tlharo, le batho ba ba [[:en:Ngwato_people|Kgatla]].<ref name=":13" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa ema mo boemong jwa Mapungubwe e le maatla a kgaolo ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro fa batho ba Gumanye ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[:en:Great_Zimbabwe|Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le le botlhokwa le ditsompelo tsa yone le go nna gaufi le lebopo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;77–78.</ref> Zimbabwe e ne e laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le teng mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana,<ref name=":15">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvi.</ref> mme kgwebisano ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo eo.<ref name=":11" /> Zimbabwe e ne e latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga, mme e ne ya wela mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Dinaga tse dingwe di le mmalwa di ne tsa tlhagelela morago ga go wa ga yone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo neng jwa bopiwa ke [[:en:Kalanga_people|merafe ya Kalanga]], bo ne jwa tsaya maemo a Zimbabwe mo molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;98–100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana le [[:en:Pedi_people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bone<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> mme [[:en:Rolong_people|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Morolong.<ref name=":13" /> Kgosi Masilo go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya bophirima jwa Tswana ka nako e, go fitlhela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga moo go bolelwa fa lefelo le le ne le busiwa ke Malope kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":14" /> === Lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell - Thlapingkaptein en sy vrou.png|thumb|Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1800]] Batho ba baTswana ba ne ba fuduga fa gare ga Botswana wa gompieno ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke batho ba naga le batho ba mmuso wa ga mmamosadinyana go tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":16">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;19.</ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga sekete le makgolo a le marataro.<ref name=":17">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, losika lwa ga Phofu, lo ne lwa wela tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;104.</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la lesome le botlhano le la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":11" /> Batho ba ba Kalanga ba ne ba laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[:en:Motloutse_River|Noka ya Motloutse]] le [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Letsha la Makgadikgadi]] go fitlhela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabobedi.<ref name=":7" /> Batho ba Hurutshe, Kgatla, le Kwena ba ne ba kgaogana le losika lwa segosi lwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo gare ga komelelo le dintwa tsa boswa, mme kgabagare ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;10.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Batho ba Ngwaketse le ba Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le boraro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;105.</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo ba ne ba nna mo Motlheng wa Bofelo wa Leje go fitlha mo e ka nnang mo lekgolong la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;22.</ref> Batho ba Botswana wa gompieno ba simolodistse ditsela tse di telle tsa motsamao ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa, e tsamaelwa dikilometara tse makgolo go rekisa,go tsoma le go itsalanya le batho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;108–109.</ref>Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana motlhofo abo e ipopa ka bongwe go tswa mo go ba bangwe ka gore dithoto tse dipotlana , le leruo tsa lefelo ne di kgona go tsmaisiwa motlhofo.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":16" />Merafe ya botlhabatsatsi e ne e tshabellwa ke go kgaogana ka ntlha ya seele se se tona gareng ga toropo le ditshimo.<ref name=":18">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;392.</ref>Kgaogano gareng ga ditlhopa tsa baTswana e nnile mo gareng ga ngwagakgolong ya lesome le bosupa, e tlhalosa merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":19">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;106.</ref>Merafe ya baTswana ba botlhabatsatsi e ne e nna e le maikaelelo a dintwa tsa [[:en:Griqua_people|batho ba Griqua]].<ref name=":18" /> Fa batho ba baTswana ba tswa bokone go ya Botswana wa borwa-bophirima wa segompieno ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa , ba ne ba nna mo metseng e e neng e nna batho ba Kgalagari, ba ba tshwaetsa kgotsa ba ba ntsha. Batho ba ba Kwena le merafe ya bone ya lekala ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa segompieno ka fa tlase ga taolo ya [[:en:Kgabo_II|Kgabo wa bobedi]] ba bo ba nna gaufi le motse wa [[:en:Molepolole|Molepolole]].<ref name=":19" />Go ya ka setso sa molomo, bapatole ba e leng batho ba Herero le Mbanderu ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathung ba Mbunda ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bosupa fa ntwa tsa leruo la batswana le ne le phatlalatsa ditlhopa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> le batho ba Bayeyi ba ne ba fudugela kwa Okavango Delta go ya kwa nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;8.</ref>Mo mafelong a mangwe, batho ba Kaa ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathong ba Rolong le batho ba Khurutse ba kgaogana le batho ba Bahurutshe, fa ditlhopa tsotlhe di fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":20">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;107.</ref>Batho ba Bashaga ba ne ba kopana le batho ba Kgalagari ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;110.</ref> State sa ntlha sa Tswana se tlhamilwe ke batho ba Ngwaketse bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi. Si state tse dingwe tsa Tswana di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka go latelana ke batho ba ba Kwena, batho ba Ngwato le batho ba ba Tawana mo dingwageng tse lesome tse nne di latela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;113.</ref> Ka se go ne ga tla ditlhabololo tsa ''mophato (''bontsi ''mephato),'' mephato ya sesole e e rulagantsweng k a dingwaga tsa setlhopa, gareng ga batho ba Tswana ba bophirima mo dingwageng tsa sekete le makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano''.''<ref name=":21">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;386.</ref>Batho ba le babedi ba Kgatla , batho ba Kgafela le batho ba ba Tlokwa, ba tsene mo nakong e ba bo ba tsaa taolo mo tikologong ya [[:en:Pilanesberg|Pilanesberg]] mo Aforika Borewng wa segompieno. Ba ne ba laola ka thata bontsi jwa batho mo lefelong leo mme ebile ba fentse dintwa tse pedi le batho ba Fokeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;390–391.</ref>Tiriso ya mephato e ne ya phatlatsega kwa bathong ba Tswana ba kwa botlhaba kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":21" />E ne e sa amogelwa go phutologilwe mo borwa === Difaqane === [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]], nako ya dintwa le phuduso mo borwa jwa Aforika , e diragetse kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi le tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;17.</ref> Mo nakong ye, batho ba baTswana ba ne ba le mo '''kgonegong''' ya dintwa ke ditlhopa di le dintsi ,di akaretsa [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Ndebele]], ba [[:en:Kololo_people|Kololo]], ba [[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]],<ref name=":8" /> ba Pedi, le ba [[:en:Voortrekker|Voortrekkers]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;391.</ref>Bontsi jwa ditlhopa tsa ba Tswana di itlhopetse go boela morago ko ntlheng ga go lwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;394.</ref>Sese ne sa trigger phudugo e e extensive e e ralalang lefelo, go baka gore morafe wa ba Tswana o phatlalale thata abo o simolodisa bolengteng jo bo nonofileng gareng ga territory ya Botswana wa segompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo [[:en:Hardveld|nageng e e thata]] e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Batho ba Kwena le ba Ngwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa motseng wa [[:en:South_African_Republic|Transvaal]] go ya kwa ''lefelong la motlhaba''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;18.</ref> Batho ba ntlha wa Kgatla go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, batho ba Mmanaana, o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[:en:Moshupa|Moshupa]] le [[:en:Thamaga|Thamaga]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53, 56.</ref> Ke fela bangwe ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba bolokwa mo go fudugeng kgotsa mo go kgorelediweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;393.</ref> Batho ba Kololo ba ne ba tlhasela merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa 1826, ba pateletsa BaKwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bona ka go farologana. Sebogo, molaodi wa morafe wa Ngwaketse, o ne a tsosa banna ba le dikete dile nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa Dithubaruba kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ba bolaya batlhabani le baagi, ba kobela ruri Bakololo mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;393–394.</ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma dinaga tsa yone gape ka dingwaga tsa bo 1840, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;31.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;693.</ref><ref name=":22">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;114.</ref> Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[:en:Kgotla|kgotla]]'', kopano ya dipuisano e mo go yone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a utlwa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagi ba banna pele a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref name=":34">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;695.</ref><ref name=":23">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1880, batho ba Tswana le ba Khalagari ba ne ba dirile Botswana yotlhe ya gompieno dikolone.<ref name=":20" /> === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe ba ne ba goroga lantlha mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|London Missionary Society]]. Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa dira go fetolela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":24">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Morongwa [[:en:Robert_Moffat_(missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya motse wa gagwe wa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa Botswana wa gompieno jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le Maburu gore ba se ka ba kgona go ya kwa teng.<ref name=":8" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a ne a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekeresete le go kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente e Kgologolo le e Ntšhwa ka bobedi di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa 1857.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;57, 65.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgopolo di le mmalwa tsa itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aforika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''mafisa'' ya bahumi ba adima bahumanegi dikgomo go ba ananya ka tiro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;701.</ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya dithoto tse di fhapegileng ka bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe , mme banna ba ba nyetsweng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le tshwanelo ya ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;698.</ref> Banna ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref> Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se lengwa thata mo kgaolong eo mo lekgolong la lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela komelelo e ne e raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Bagwebi ba lefatshe la Britain ba gorogile ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":24" /> Go tla ga baagi ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe ba ba neng ba nna gaufi le foo go ne ga dira gore merafe ya Batswana e kgone go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Sechele_I|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_I|wa ntlha]] wa batho ba Bakwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya lefatshe la Britain ya morafe wa gagwe.<ref name=":22" /> Morongwa wa kwa Scotland e bong [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o ne a goroga mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma lekgotla la [[:en:Kolobeng_Mission|Kolobeng Mission]]. Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe mo go bokete ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe mo merafeng ya Batswana fa ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano tsa dikontinente tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":15" /> Moaparo wa Bophirima o ne wa amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala ngwagakgolo otlhe mme o kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;120–121.</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a fa batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu.<ref name=":25">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa batho ba Kalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba lebana le kgotlhang go tswa mo ditlhopheng tse dingwe mo kgaolong, mme ya goroga kwa setlhoeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1850. Batswana ba le bantsi, bogolosegolo merafe ya Kwena le Ngwato, ba ne ba lwa kgatlhanong le merafe ya Maaforikanere le ya MaZulu kwa botlhaba jwa Sekaka sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;195.</ref> Ba-Kwena le Ba-Mmanaana ba ne ba lwantsha Maburu go tswa kwa Transvaal ka ngwaga wa 1852, ba sireletsa kgaolo ya bone mme ba fedisa go atologa ga setšhaba go ya kwa bophirima.<ref name=":26">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;396.</ref> Batswana ba ne ba bona ditlhopha tsa barongwa e le tsela ya go tshabela mo batlhaseding, ba rotloetsa go sokologela mo Bokereseteng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Sechele o ne a kopa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Britain ka 1853 go fedisa dintwa tsa kgaolo, mme o ne a ganwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;107.</ref> Baeng ba Europa ba ne ba tlwaelesegile thata mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga fa batsomi, batlhotlhomisi, le bagwebi ba ne ba batla dipoelo le go bona dilo tse di kgatlhang mo kgaolong eo.<ref name=":25" /> Ba le bantsi ba ne ba kwala [[:en:Travel_book|dibuka tsa maeto]] ka ga lefelo leo, tse e neng e le dingwe tsa dikgatiso fela tse e seng tsa thuto ka ga Botswana wa gompieno ka nako eo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;65–66.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1860, go fuduga go tswa mo kgaolong go ne ga oketsega fa banna ba Batswana ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya go bereka kwa meepong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Go ribololwa ga Masimo a [[:en:Tati_Goldfields|Gauta a Tati]] go ne ga tsosa go batla gauta ga ntlha ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe kwa Borwa jwa Aforika ka ngwaga wa 1868.<ref name=":24" /> Kampa ya pele ya meepo e e neng ya tlhongwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1870 e ne ya atologa thata fa e ne e nna lefelo le legolo la terena fa gare ga [[:en:Cape_Province|kgaolo ya Cape]] le [[:en:Bulawayo|Bulawayo]], mme ya nna toropokgolo ya ntlha ya Botswana, e leng [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;15, 29.</ref> Mo nakong e mo hisitoring ya Botswana, dikgosi tse dikgolo tsotlhe e ne e le Bakeresete.[92] Ntwa magareng ga Bakwena le BaKgafela ka ngwaga wa 1875.<ref name=":26" />Kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga di le lesome, kgosi [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa batho ba Ngwato o ne a gapa taolo ya kgwebisano ya Borithane mo bathong ba Kwena.<ref name=":22" /> == Tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland == ''Setlhogo se segolo: [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]'' Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e oketsegang ya lefatshe la Germany mo kgaolong, mme e ne ya dumela go bopa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]].<ref name=":27">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom & Bolt 2018]], p. 40.</ref><ref name=":28">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Makgowa a Britain a ne a eletsa go somarela tlhotlheletso ya yone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka a ne a neelana ka kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aforika.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Dikgosi tsa Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane ya Aforika Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maaforikaner]],<ref name=":29">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;161.</ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ya taolo ya Borithane e ne e le bokoloniale jwa baagi ke Jeremane.<ref name=":30">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;694.</ref> Ba ne ba eletsa gape go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Aforika Borwa kgotsa moeteledipele wa meepo [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa tshireletso e santse e iphitlhela e ikaegile ka Aforika Borwa mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe go nna lefatshe la merafe le le busiwang ke dikgosi le [[:en:Crown_land|lefatshe la segosi]] le le laolwang ke United Kingdom.<ref name=":29" /> Merafe e borobarobedi e ne ya amogelwa ke Maesemane fa go ne go tlhodiwa protectorate. Tse nne tse dikgolo di ne tsa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe: Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Gape go ne ga lemogiwa tse tharo tse dinnye: tsa Kgatla, tsa [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Tlokwa]] le tsa ga [[:en:Malete_people|Malete]]. Ba borobedi, ba Tshidi, ba ne ba fiwa lefelo la polokelo le le kgabaganyang molelwane magareng ga naga e e sireleditsweng le Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;30n1.</ref> Fa maloko a merafe e mennye e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe tsa bona.<ref name=":17" /> Go tsenngwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola mofuta wa puso ya Motswana, ka merafe e ne e sa tlhalosiwe thata mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka dikgaolo di kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;46–47.</ref><ref name=":31">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;24.</ref> Tshireletso kwa tshimologong e ne ya atologela kwa Ngwato, e fitlha go tswa go didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa go ya kwa [[:en:Molopo_River|Nokeng ya Molopo]], mme e ne ya atolosiwa go ya kwa didikiriing di le lesome le borobabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhela kwa Nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwaga wa 1890.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;30.</ref>Se se ne sa tlamela Maborithane ka badiri ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya yona mme sa bopa sekgoreletsi se segolo sa go lekanyetsa bokoloniale jwa Jeremane.<ref name=":32" /> Batho ba bangwe ba Tswana ba ne ba nna kwa borwa jwa tshireletso mme moragonyana ba ne ba tsenngwa mo Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":28" /> Batho ba ga Kgafela ba ne ba nna kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa 1887. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna seka-Kgatla.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53.</ref>Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa 1891 go tlhoma tshireletso semmuso.<ref name=":29" /> Puso ya yone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa mookamedi go nna tlhogo ya yone. Mookamedi o ne a fiwa dithata tse di anameng mo tshireletsong, fa fela a ne a tlotla molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> Motsemogolo wa yone e ne e le toropo ya Aforika Borwa ya Vryburg, go supa gore babusi ba bokoloniale ba ne ba sa nne mo tshireletsong mme ba ne ba sa amege ka tlhamalalo mo mererong ya yona.<ref name=":33">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;41.</ref>Go na le moo, mookamedi yo mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusa-baokamedi ba babedi, mme mookamedi wa kgaolo o ne a tlhofofatsa go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":35">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Go tsenngwa ga puso ya Borithane mo Aforikaborwa go ne go raya gore Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne e ikaegile ka yona mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;162.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore Bechuanaland Protectorate ke setheo sa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore e tla tloga e tsewa ke kolone ya Borithane.<ref name=":37">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;115.</ref> Fa go ntse jalo, e ne e dumela gore tshireletso e e kgonang go itshedisa e tla ja madi a mannye go e tlhokomela.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":41">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;108.</ref> Ka ntlha ya mabaka a, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya gapeletsa taolo e nnye fela e e tlhamaletseng ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland.<ref name=":23" /> Dikgosi di ne di akola dikgang tse mme tsa kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jo bo anameng, fela tshegetso ya bokoloniale e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka tumelelo ya merafe go tshegetsa puso.<ref name=":36">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;41–42.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;66–67.</ref>[ Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya seemanosi, se se neng sa baka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho le go tlhaola basadi le merafe e mennye.<ref name=":38">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;161–162.</ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa tshireletso === {{Multiple image|total_width=300|image1=Chief-khama-III.jpg|image2=Sebele I by Fritsch 1865.jpg|image3=Bathoen I in london1895.jpg|footer=Khama III, Sebele I le Bathoen I, ba ba neng ba kgona go tlhotlheletsa puso ya Borithane gore e se ka ya tsenya Bechuanaland Protectorate mo taolong ya Khamphani ya British South Africa.|direction=Horizontal}} Batho ba lefatshe la Britain ba ne a rulagantse gore kwa bofelong ba akaretse Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland mo Kopanong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":31" /> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso, United Kingdom e ne ya tsena mo dipuisanong le Cecil Rhodes go e tsenya mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aforika Borwa ya Borithane]].<ref name=":27" /> Fa ba araba, dikgosi tse tharo tse di nang le tlhotlheletso thata—Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, Sebele Iwa ntlha wa Ba-Kwena, le Bathoen wa ntlha wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto lwa bodipolomate go ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa1895 mme ba dira gore puso e se ka ya wetsa tumalano eo.<ref name=":33" /><ref name=":39">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvii.</ref>Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di dirisanang le makgoa a lefatshe la Briritsh jaaka setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref name=":40">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> mme sa kwala batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka setšhaba se le sengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[:en:Jameson_Raid|Jameson Raid]] ka yone e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba makgowa a lefatshe la British marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;30–31.</ref> Go ketekwa ga dikgosi tse go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aforika: ''Khamé'', ''Sebéle'' le ''Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa lefatshe la London ka one ngwaga oo. Mokwalo o o [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhagisitse tlhamane]] e e simolotseng ya gore merafe ya bone e meraro ka go farologana e tlhodilwe ke bakaulengwe ba bararo.<ref name=":42">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;670.</ref> Gape ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropong e nngwe ya Aforika Borwa, [[:en:Mafeking|Mafeking]],<ref name=":33" />mme kompone ya Marope a Bogologolo e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marope a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go batla gauta.<ref name=":32" /> Tshireletso e ne ya amiwa thata ke go runya ga bolwane mo diphologolong ya Aforika ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, ya latlhegelwa ke dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa leruo la yona le diphologolo tsa naga.<ref name=":39" /> [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|Seporo sa tshireletso se agilwe ka]] [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|ngwaga wa 1897]] jaaka mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tsosa [[:en:Pioneer_Column|setlhopa sa Babulatsela]] go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa Ngwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole.<ref name=":43">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la [[:en:Jameson_Raid|tlhaselo ya ga Jameson]] ka 1896.<ref name=":39" /> Morafe wa Kgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya [[:en:Boer_War|Ntwa ya Maburu]], o lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane.<ref name=":43" /> Itsholelo ya pele ya bokoloniale ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne ya nna e tshwana thata le itsholelo ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref /> United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata naga ya tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e fa Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka mo meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;42.</ref> Makgetho le one a ne a tsenngwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la ntlwana]] ka ngwaga wa 1899, le le neng la emisediwa ka [[:en:Poll_tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa 1909.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Lekgetho la selegae le ne la tsenngwa moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 1919.<ref name=":44">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;31.</ref>Makgetho a bokoloniale kwa Tshireletsong ya Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme se sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagi go ba rotloetsa go nna.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;43–44.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la akanyetsa go kopanya tshireletso mo Aforika Borwa jaaka e ne e [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|kopanya dikoloni tsa yona tsa borwa jwa Aforika]], fela kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":39" /> ya kopana ka ngwaga wa 1910.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;137.</ref> Boloko bo ne bo dira gore tshireletso e nne le karolo tse pedi mo lekgolong fela ya lotseno lwa bokopano.<ref name=":44" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1910, merafe yotlhe ya Batswana e ne e amogetse Bokeresete.<ref name=":24" />Bechuanaland e ne ya romela masole a le makgolo a le mmalwa go thusa Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya [[:en:World_War_I|Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya ntlha]].<ref name=":43" /> Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o ne wa iphitlhela o wela tlase ka nako eo, mme ka iketlo o ne wa latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso mo pusong e e neng e sireleditswe.<ref name=":42" /> [[:en:Sebele_II|Sebele wa bobedi]] o ne a nna kgosi ya Kwena ka ngwaga wa 1918, a tlhatlhama rraagwe, [[:en:Sechele_II|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_II|wa bobedi]]. Sechele II o ne a thulana le Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o o neng o laola, a letlelela go nna teng ga Anglican le go busetsa mekgwa e mentsi ya setso e e jaaka go nyala basadi ba le bantsi, go dira pula le ''[[:en:Bogwera|bogwera]]''. Sebele II o ne a tswelela ka kgwetlho ya ga rraagwe kwa Mokgatlhong wa Barongwa wa London, go ngongorega ga puso ya Borithane.<ref /> Puso e e gabedi ya dikgosi le tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya dira gore tsamaiso e nne thata, ka jalo tsamaiso e ne ya tlhama makgotla a mabedi a bagakolodi go lekalekanya balaodi bao.<ref name=":44" /> Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana (moragonyana Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Aforika) le ne la tlhongwa ka ngwagawa 1919.<ref name=":35" />Kopano e ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya dikgosi le batho ba bangwe ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso mo tshireletsong e ne ya letla puso ya Borithane go utlwa le go laola merafe mmogo go na le ka bongwe.[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;47–49.</ref>] Khama wa boraro wa Ngwato o ne a gana go tsaya karolo, a supa bokoa jwa tiragatso ya thibelo ya bojalwa mo morafeng wa borwa. Khama wa boraro o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1923<ref name=":45">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;230.</ref> mme a tlhatlhangwa ke [[:en:Sekgoma_II|Sekgoma]] [[:en:Sekgoma_II|wa bobedi]], yo o neng a direla go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1926.<ref name=":45" /> Morwa wa ga Sekgoma e bong [[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] o ne a sa ntse a le lesea, ka jalo [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama|Tshekedi Khama]] o ne a nna mmusi.<ref name=":46">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Tshekedi o ne a lemogwa jaaka moemedi wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> Fa Seretse a ntse a gola, Tshekedi o ne a gatelela gore a fiwe [[:en:Liberal_education|thuto e e gololesegileng]] go na le gore a romelwe kwa sekolong sa madirelo sa Rhodesia.<ref>Samatar 1999, p.&#x20;179.</ref> === Tlhabololo le tlhotlheletso e e oketsegileng ya Borithane === Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920, kgosi Isang Pilane wa batho ba Kgatla o ne a okametse sekema sa ntlha se segolo sa tlhabololo ya metsi sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland , a dira gore go epiwe metswedi ya metsi e le lesomethataro, mme di le supa tsa tsone di ne tsa nna ditlamelo tsa metsi tse di atlegileng. Tse e ne tsa tlwaelega thata mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang fa puso ya Borithane e ne e kgatlhegela go atolosa itsholelo ya tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;70.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930, Isang Pilane le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana ba ne ba dira gore dikhuti di nne tse di hapegileng, ka gonne di ne di sa tlhokomelwe ka fa tlase ga bong jo bo kopanetsweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], pp.&#x20;699–700.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya nna teng mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1930, ya bolaya go feta karolo ya masome a marataro mo lekgolong ya dikgomo tsa tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne ya tsaya karolo e e matlhagatlhaga mo pusong ya tshireletso go simolola ka ngwaga wa 1930.<ref name=":47">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;58.</ref><ref name=":41" />Mo ngwageng oo, e ne ya simolola go tlamela ka matlole ka tlhamalalo go tshireletso.<ref name=":48">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Charles Rey o ne a tlhomiwa go nna molaodi wa Moagi wa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, mme o ne a na le maikarabelo a go rulaganya itsholelo sešwa go dikologa dikgomo tsa go romelwa kwa ntle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;55–56.</ref> Maiteko a go fetola tshireletso go ya kwa tlhabololong ya meepo le temothuo ya kgwebo a ne a lekwa mme a bona a kgarametswa morago go tswa mo dikgosing.<ref name=":37" /> Molaodi wa Moagi Rey o ne a thulana le kgosi Sebele wa bobedi, mme a dira gore a lelekwe ka 1931. Sebele II o ne a emisediwa ka morwarraagwe yo mmotlana, Kgari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dikgato tse dingwe di ne tsa lekwa ke puso ya Borithane ka 1934 go thibela maatla a a sa laolweng a dikgosi morago ga go menolwa ga ga Sebele II. Dikgato tseno di ne tsa laela makgotla a bagakolodi a dikgosi di neng di tshwanetse go buisana le one mme di ne di batla gore puso ya Borithane e newe phitlhelelo ya direkoto tsa kgotlatshekelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;69–70.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;49.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Bathoen_II|Bathoen wa bobedi]] wa Ngwaketse le moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao mo maitekong a. Le fa kgotlatshekelo ya Borithane e ne ya atlhola kgatlhanong le kgwetlho, dipholisi tse dišwa ga di ise di ko di tsenngwe tirisong ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;72–73.</ref><ref name=":49">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Dithibelo tse dingwe di ne tsa amogelwa ka kgoeletso ya bokoloniale go lekanyetsa bokgoni jwa dikgosi go lefisa makgetho le go gapa dikgomo tse di timetseng.<ref name=":39" /> Molaodi yo mošwa wa baagi, [[:en:Charles_Arden-Clarke|Charles Arden-Clarke]], o ne a tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1936 mme a dira gaufi le dikgosi.<ref name=":49" /> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe II === Dipoifo tsa tlhaselo ya Jeremane kwa Bechuanaland di ne tsa gola pele ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi ka ntlha ya boemo jwa yone jwa togamaano fa gare ga dikoloni tsa Boritane tse di fa gare le tse di kwa borwa mo Aforika. Malatsi a le lesome le bongwe pele ga ntwa e itsisiwe, puso ya Borithane e ne ya tlhagisa naga e e sireleditsweng gore e nne e le mo seemong se se siameng, mme masole a sesole a ne a rulaganngwa. Malatsi a le manè morago ga gore Borithane e bolele ntwa kgatlhanong le lefatshe la Germany, Molaodi wa Moagi Arden-Clarke o ne a tshwara kopano le dikgosi kwa ba neng ba solofetsa go tshegetsa maiteko a ntwa ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> Letsatsi le le latelang, khomišene e kgolo e ne ya ntsha kgoeletso ya [[:en:Emergency_powers|dithata tsa tshoganyetso]] tse di neng tsa e fa taolo e e feletseng mo tirong ya setšhaba mo tshireletsong, fela dikgosi di ne tsa itsisiwe gore di tla nna le maikarabelo a bontsi jwa tiragatso le go boloka kagiso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;33–34.</ref> Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi di ne di batlile go se go nne le tshusumetso epe mo bathong ba Bechuanaland, mme bontsi bo ne bo na le kakanyo e e sa tlhamalalang fela ya gore ntwa e ne e le teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya ngotlega fa palo e kgolo ya baagi ba basweu ba ne ba ikwadisa mo Sesoleng sa Boritane. Ba ba neng ba setse ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo mo thulaganyong ya tshireletsego fa go ka direga gore borwa jwa Aforika bo nne letlhakore le lengwe mo ntweng.<ref name=":50">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;35.</ref> Kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa dikgosi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya rotloetsa Batswana ba ba neng ba eletsa go direla le Sesole sa Borithane go ikwadisa le Sesole sa Batswana sa Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Banna ba Batswana ba ka nna makgolo a supa ba ne ba ikwadisa le setlhopha seno.<ref name=":51">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Go tlhokomela Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland go ne ga nna selo se se kwa tlase mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya Kwelotlase e Kgolo ya itsholelo le Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi,<ref name=":41" /> mme tshireletso ga e a ka ya amogela matlole ape go tswa kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":48" /> Mmusomogolo wa Borithane o ne o na le taolo e nnye mo Bechuanaland fa o bapisiwa le dikgaolo tsa one tse dingwe, mme maiteko a Borithane a go laola tlhagiso ya nako ya ntwa mo tshireletsong a ne a sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;124.</ref> Ntwa e ne ya fetola thata itsholelo ya tshireletso fa e ntse e tswelela, ya tlhagisa tlhaelo, go aba dijo, le ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> [[:en:Profiteering|Go dira dipoelo]] le go [[:en:Price_gouging|fokotsa ditlhwatlhwa]] go ne go tlwaelesegile, mme puso ya bokoloniale, e e neng e sa kgone go gagamatsa [[:en:Price_control|ditaolo tsa ditlhwatlhwa]], e ne ya dirisa [[:en:Gentlemen's_agreement|ditumalano tsa banna]] le bagwebi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;138.</ref> Makgetho a ne a tlhatlosiwa mme mananeo a Letlole la Tlhabololo ya Bokoloniale di ne tsa fokodiwa kwa tshimologong ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi go tlhoma boipuso jwa matlole go tswa mo mmusomogolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;125–126.</ref> Kgoeletso ya Taolo ya Madirelo a Leruo ya ntlha ya ngwaga wa 1940 e ne ya fetisiwa go duedisa dikgomo lekgetho, madirelo a a magolo a tshireletso, mme fela e ne ya kopana le kganetso e e boitshegang go tswa kwa Batswaneng le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la kaorolokgolong ya lefatsa ya Europe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> Letlole la ntwa le ne le dira kwa Bechuanaland, mme le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le solohetse gore meneelo e nne ya boithaopo, dikgosi di ne tsa dirisa taolo ya tsone mo merafeng ya tsone go pateletsa meneelo. E ne ya emisediwa ka lekgetho ka ngwaga wa1941, fela se se ne se sa ratwe thata mme sa itshupa se le thata go se diragatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;128–131.</ref> === Botsayakarolo jwa Batswana mo Ntweng ya Lefatshe II === [[Setshwantsho:Bechuanaland Boys cleaning Aa Guns in the Twilight after Action, Syracuse, Sicily Art.IWMARTLD4576.jpg|thumb|Basimane ba Bechuanaland ba phepafatsa Ditlhobolo tsa Aa mo Lefifing morago ga Tiragalo, Syracuse, Sicily, tiro ya botaki ya 1944 e e dirilweng ke [[:en:Leslie_Cole_(artist)|Leslie Cole]]]] Go thapiwa ga sesole go simolotse kwa Bechuanaland ka ngwaga wa 1941.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;34–35.</ref> Banna ba ka nna dikete tse tlhano le makgolo a matlhano ba ne ba katisiwa mme ba romelwa kwa ntweng mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse thataro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Banna ba bangwe ba Batswana ba le dikete tse tlhano ba ne ba tsenelela ntwa ka ngwaga wa 1942.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ka kakaretso, masole a ka nna dikete tse lesome le bongwe go tswa kwa Bechuanaland a ne a lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":50" /> Ba feta dikete tse lesome ba bone ba ne ba direla mo Sesoleng sa Boritane sa [[:en:African_Auxiliary_Pioneer_Corps|Babulatsela ba ba Thusang ba Aforika]].<ref name=":51" /> Dikgosi ka tlwaelo di ne di na le tshwanelo ya go [[:en:Conscript|kwadisa]] masole, mme di ne di itlhokomolosa dikeletso tsa puso ya bokoloniale tsa gore tirelo ya sesole e nne ya boithaopo gotlhelele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;44–46.</ref> Moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato o ne a dira gore a se ka a ratwa ke batho ka go dirisa go tsenngwa mo sesoleng jaaka sedirisiwa sa taolo, a go dirisa sebetsa go didimatsa batshwayadiphoso le baganetsi ba sepolotiki.<ref name=":52">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Banna ba ba neng ba eletsa go tila go tsenela bosole ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Aforika Borwa kgotsa kwa mafelong a a kgakala jaaka metlhaba ya [[:en:Okavango_Delta|noka e phatlallang ya Okavango]] le [[:en:Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park|sekgwa sa Kgalagadi]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;47.</ref> Ba bangwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgato tsa go itlhokomela ka bonako, jaaka go epa dikhutsi fa bathapi ba ne ba etela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di eletsa go dirisa go tsaya karolo ga tsone mo ntweng go bona ditshwanelo tse dingwe mo teng ga Mmusomogolo wa Borithane, mme di ne di tshaba gore go fenngwa ga Borithane go tla ba dira babusiwa ba Jeremane kgotsa Aforika Borwa, e leng phelelo e ba neng ba eletsa go e tila.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;39–40.</ref> Maiteko a ntwa gape e ne e le tshono ya go busetsa banna ba Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugetse kwa Aforika Borwa go ya go dira ditiro tsa meepo; dikgosi di ne di eletsa go fedisa mokgwa o mme di ne di ikutlwa di ka dira jalo ka go neelana ka ditiro tsa sesole.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;41–43.</ref> Dituelo dingwe tsa sesole di ne tsa diegisiwa go malapa a masole, mme ditekanyetso tsa thomelo kwa ntle di ne tsa tlosiwa ka nako ya ntwa, mme tsa baka go tsena ga madi kwa Bechuanaland.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;133.</ref> Fa go bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tse di mo Mmusong wa Boritane, batho ba Bechuanaland ba ne ba amogela ntwa eo. Batswana ba le bantsi ba ne ba na le maikutlo a boikanyegi mo mmusomogolong kgotsa ba ikutlwa gore dikgatlhego tsa bone di a tsamaisana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;36–37.</ref> Dikgosi dingwe, jaaka [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|Kgari Sechele]] [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|wa bobedi]] wa kwa ga Kwena le Molefi Pilane wa ga Kgatla, ba ne ba ikwadisa ka sebele. Ba ne ba dira jaaka disajene tse dikgolo tsa masole, e leng maemo a a kwa godimo a a neng a le teng mo Batswaneng.<ref name=":52" /> Go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya letlelela Batswana go nna le diteseletso tsa kgwebo le go dira mo teng ga naga e e sireleditsweng. Se pele se ne se lekanyeditswe batho basweu le makula.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;135.</ref> Setlhopha sa Dikgaolo tsa Dikhomišene tse di Kwa Godimo se ne se le kwa Botlhabagare go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1946 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1949.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> === Mokgatlho wa boipuso === [[Setshwantsho:1960 6d Bechuanaland Protectorate stamp.jpg|thumb|Setempe sa ngwaga wa 1960 sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland se se nang le ditshwantsho tsa ga [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Kgosigadi Victoria]] le [[:en:Elizabeth_II|Elizabeth wa bobedi]], dikgosi tsa ntlha le tsa bofelo tsa Borithane tsa tshireletso .]] Bokhutlo jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi bo ne jwa tla ka phetogo e kgolo mo setšhabeng. Dikgosi di ne tsa bonwa di se botlhokwa thata mo sebopegong sa loago, mme bontsi bo ne jwa tlogela dipolelo tsa bone tsa lefatshe lotlhe mo dikgomong tsa merafe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;51.</ref> Didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa setšhaba, jaaka lefatshe le badiri, di ne tsa dirwa tse di hapegileng le go dirwa dithoto.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;52.</ref> Phitlhelelo ya thuto e ne ya tlhola setlhopha sa batlhalefi ba ba [[:en:Liberalism|gololesegileng]] ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le puso ya dikgosi mme ba simolola go ipopela mafelo a bone a maatla mo mekgatlhong ya badiri le ditlhopha tsa baagi.<ref name=":63">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;165.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1946, ke karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong fela ya paoyotlhe ya baagi e e neng e na le tiro kwa ntle ga temothuo le ditirelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya bona koketsego e kgolo ya dikelo tsa matsalo jaaka karolo ya bogare jwa [[:en:Mid-20th_century_baby_boom|ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi wa go tlhatloga ga masea]] mo dingwageng tsa morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, e e neng e tsamaya le koketsego ya [[:en:Life_expectancy|dingwaga tsa botshelo]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e simolotse lenaneo la yone la ntlha ya tlhabololo mo tshireletsong, e leng lefelo la matlhabelo, ka dingwaga tsa bo ka ngwaga wa 1950.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;81.</ref> Maborithane, a santse a solofetse go kopanya tshireletso go nna Aforika Borwa, kwa bofelong a ne a phimola leano le morago ga tshimologo ya [[:en:Apartheid|Tlhaolele]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref>Fa maiteko a simolola go tlhama tsela e ntšhwa ya isago ya tshireletso, tshireletso e ne ya bewa mo seemong sa go tlhoka maitseo, mme ga go na tsela ya go ya pele e e neng e bonala sentle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], pp.&#x20;672–673.</ref> Tshitshinyo nngwe e ne e le go e tsenya mo [[:en:Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland|Mokgatlhong wa Rhodesia le Nyasaland]], o lefatshe la United Kingdom e o tlhamileng ka fa tlase ga pholisi ya "tirisanommogo ya merafe e mentsi".<ref>Parsons 2006, p.&#x20;673.</ref> Fa mojaboswa wa Ngwato Seretse Khama a gola, mmusi Tshekedi Khama o ne a leka go tshwarelela mo pusong.<ref name=":53">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;696.</ref> Seretse o ne a nyala mosadi wa mosweu, [[:en:Ruth_Williams_Khama|Ruth Williams]], fa a ne a ithuta kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom, mme se sa baka matlhabisa ditlhong mo lelapeng la segosi la ga Ngwato.<ref name=":46" /> Le fa kwa tshimologong setšhaba se ne se le kgatlhanong le lenyalo le, go sa ratweng ga ga Tshekedi go ne ga fetola maikutlo a Seretse.<ref name=":47" /> Kgang e ne ya tlhagisiwa mo kgotleng ka ngwaga wa 1949, mme puso ya ga Tshekedi e ne ya ganwa ka bontsi ke diketekete tsa batho ba ba neng ba le teng.<ref name=":53" /><ref name=":47" /> Tshekedi le batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Kwena kwa botshabelo.<ref name=":54">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Puso ya makgowa e ne e sa itshokele lenyalo la ga Seretse le mosadi yo mosweu. Ka maiteko a go ritibatsa puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, e ne ya leleka banyalani ba mo pusong ya tshireletso ka ngwaga wa 1950. Se se ne sa tsosa mokgatlho wa bosetšhaba o o neng o gola mo gare ga baemanokeng ba ga Seretse mo pusong ya tshireletso, o o neng wa tlhagelela ka botlalo ka ngwaga wa 1952.<ref name=":37" /> Ka nako ya fa Seretse a ne a seyo, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la baya molaodi wa kgaolo dingwaga di le nne pele ga e tlhoma Rasebolai Kgamane, motshegetsi wa ga Tshekedi, go nna moemedi.<ref name=":54" /> Morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tsuologela go lelekwa ga ga Seretse.<ref name=":55">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;53.</ref> Batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba kopa gore a bowe, mme go ne ga tsoga dikhuduego fa ba ne ba ganwa. Seretse o ne a feleletsa a letleletswe go boa ka ngwaga wa1956.<ref name=":56">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Ka nako e, kgaogano e e gagametseng ya merafe mo Aforika Borwa ya Tlhaolele e ne ya thibela lefatshe la United Kingdom go e ritibatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;200.</ref> Mo nakong yotlhe ya mathata a go lelekwa ga ga Seretse, maatla a ne a tlogela bogosi mme a ya kwa mekgatlhong ya ditlhopho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;91.</ref> Tshekedi le Seretse ba ne ba dira kagiso fa Seretse a boa, mme Seretse a nna moeteledipele wa ''nnete'' wa Ngwato, le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le mo thibetse go nna kgosi ya semmuso.<ref name=":56" /> Ka thotloetso ya Borithane, morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tlhama lekgotla la morafe, le Seretse le Tshekedi ka bobedi e neng e le maloko a lone.<ref name=":55" /> Merafe e mengwe e ne ya tlhoma makgotla a merafe a a tshwanang, a a neng a dira jaaka ditšheke tsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Go ne ga sala letlhoo lengwe fa gare ga banna ba babedi ba: Tshekedi o ne a eletsa go boloka puso ya morafe le maatla a dikgosi, fa Seretse ene a ne a akanya ka puso ya batho ka batho ya boemedi le dikgosi tse di bokoa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;91–92.</ref> Selekanyo sa maatla a a beeleditsweng mo dikgosing e ne ya nna kgang e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata mo mokgatlhong wa boipuso o o neng o gola, bogolosegolo mo bathong ba ga Ngwato le ba lelapa la ga Khama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;93–94.</ref> Bechuanaland Protectorate Federal Party e ne e le lekoko la ntlha la sepolotiki le le neng la tlhamiwa mo kgaolong ya tshireletso fa le ne le tlhamiwa ke moeteledipele wa mokgatlo wa Ngwato [[:en:Leetile_Disang_Raditladi|Leetile Disang Raditladi]] ka ngwaga wa 1959. Le bopilwe thata ke batho ba maemo le batlhalefi, le ne le buelela kopano ya merafe ya Batswana. Lekoko le ne la palelwa ke go bona tshegetso mme la nna lobaka lo lokhutshwane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;94.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, [[:en:Bechuanaland_People's_Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] (BPP, moragonyana Lekoko la Batho la Botswana) le ne la tlhamiwa jaaka lekoko le le bogale thata, le le ganetsanang le puso ya merafe ya setso mme la bona boikuelo mo badiring ba bafaladi.<ref name=":57">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> E ne e eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Motsamai_Mpho|Motsamai Mpho]], [[:en:Philip_Matante|Philip Matante]], le Kgalemang Morsete.<ref name=":58">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xviii.</ref> BPP, e e neng ya tlhamiwa jaaka molekane wa Setswana wa lekoko la [[:en:African_National_Congress|African National Congress]] la Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":59">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;74.</ref> e ne ya tshegetsa boipuso jwa ka bonako le go fedisiwa gotlhelele ga bogosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Ka go tshaba gore BPP e tla nyatsa puso e e leng teng le go tshuba dikgotlhang le puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, dikgosi le puso ya Borithane di ne tsa thibela bokgoni jwa yona jwa go kopana.<ref name=":57" /> Merafe ya tshireletso mmogo e ne ya bopa lekgotla la peomolao ka ngwaga wa 1961.<ref name=":37" /> Batho ba Kwena ba ne ba iphitlhela ba le ka fa tlase ga moemedi, [[:en:Neale_Sechele|Neale Sechele]], ka ngwaga wa 1963, se se rayang gore ba ne ba na le tlhotlheletso e nnye ya sepolotiki fa mokgatlho wa boipuso o ntse o gola.<ref name=":60">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;102.</ref> Leano la Tlhabololo la Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland la dingwaga tsa 1963/1968 le ne la kwalwa ka thulaganyo ya dipuisano ka ngwaga wa 1963, le tlhama tlhaloso ya boipuso jwa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;26–27.</ref> Fa palo ya batho e ne ba sa dire sepe mo dipolotiking ka kakaretso, lefatshe la United Kingdom e ne ya nna nngwe ya mafatshe a a neng a etelela pele go bona boipuso. Ka go tshwenyega gore lekoko la BPP e ne e le e e tseneletseng thata, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa moeteledipele wa yone yo o mo ratang, Seretse Khama, go tlhama lekoko la sepolotiki.<ref name=":59" /> Le fa Khama a ne a dumalana le mekgwa ya lekoko la BPP e e kgatlhanong le bosemorafe le ya lefatshe, o ne a le kgatlhanong le tsela ya yone ya go tlhoma dipolotiki le go amogela ga yone bojammogo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;96.</ref>O ne a dumela go tlogela go bolela ga gagwe mo bathong ba ga Ngwato go dira jaaka radipolotiki, a tlhama [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Lekoko la]] [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|puso ya batho ka batho la Bechuanaland]] (BDP, moragonyana ya nna lekoko la Botswana Democratic ) ka ngwaga wa 1962.<ref name=":59" /> Lekoko la BDP e ne ya itlhoma jaaka "lekoko la dikgosi", mme ya amogela dikakanyo tse di amanang le puso ya merafe ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref name=":30" /> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa lekoko la BDP, le tlhaloganya gore le tla tshegetsa kgwebisano ya leruo ya motlha wa bokoloniale.<ref name=":73">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;149.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1963, kgosi ya Kgatla Linchwe e ne e le ene fela kgosi e e neng e le kgatlhanong le BDP e bile e na le tlhotlheletso ya sepolotiki, mme batho ba Kgatla ba ne ba rata lekoko la BDP, ka jalo o ne a nna a sa tsenelele mo dipolotiking.<ref name=":60" /> Thulaganyo ya phetogo e ne ya simolola ka lekoko la BDP e ne e solofetswe go busa Botswana yo o ikemetseng, mme puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya bereka le boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BDP go ba baakanyetsa go tsamaisa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Go ne ga tshwarwa bokopano ka ngwaga wa 1963 go okamela go tlhamiwa ga molaotheo o mosha. Dikgotlhang tsa ka fa gare ga lekoko la BPP di ne di raya gore lekoko la BDP e ne e na le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo thulaganyong. Tshekedi Khama o ne a tlhokafetse ka nako e, ka jalo Bathoen wa bobedi o ne a nna moeteledipele wa lekoko le le neng le ema nokeng puso ya bofederale, a dumela gore le tla boloka puso e le mo diatleng tsa dikgosi. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le boradipolotiki ba Batswana ba ne ba tshegetsa puso ya bosetšhaba e e kopaneng ka gonne Botswana e ne e humanegile thata go ka kgaoganya dithoto tsa yona le ka gonne go tlhoka go kopanya dithoto go ne go tla dira gore e nne mo kotsing ya go tlhaselwa ke merafe e mengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Puso ya dikgaolo e e itsholetseng e ne ya itshupa e sa kgonege mo dipolotiking, ka jalo go ne ga dirwa tumalano ya gore dikgosi di tla bopa Ntlo ya Dikgosi, e leng setlhopha sa bagakolodi mo teng ga [[:en:Parliament_of_Botswana|Palamente ya Botswana]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;98–99.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di santse di le kgatlhanong le thulaganyo e, mme mo mokgatlhong o o neng o eteletswe pele ke Bathoen, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya fetisa tlhopo ya [[:en:No_confidence|go sa tshepe]] puso e ntšhwa, mme fela go tlhoka maatla a yone a sepolotiki go ne ga e thibela go dirisa phetogo e e nang le bokao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Molao wa Lekgotla la Kgaolo o ne wa fetisiwa jaaka tsela e nngwe ya go lekanyetsa maatla a dikgosi ka go tlhama makgotla a a tla okamelang kgaolo le toropo nngwe le nngwe,<ref name=":58" /> go dira gore mekgatlho e e tlhophilweng e e nne balaodi ba konokono ba selegae.<ref name=":64">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Toropo ya [[:en:Gaborone|Gaborone]] e agilwe ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme ya itsisiwe jaaka motsemogolo o mošwa.<ref name=":59" /> E agilwe mo lefatsheng la puso ya Borithane, le le neng le tlamela ka lefelo le le sa tseyeng letlhakore le le neng le sa laolwe ke morafe ope .<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;16.</ref> [[:en:Constitution_of_Botswana|Molamotheo]] o ne wa tsenngwa tirisong ka one ngwaga oo.<ref name=":59" /> Ka se se tirisong, Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la fa tshireletso puso ya go ipusa.<ref name=":61">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;116.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1965 gape e ne ya bona go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Dikgotla tsa Dikgaolo o o neng wa fetola seabe sa bokoloniale sa molaodi wa kgaolo ka go se bofa mo makgotleng a dikgaolo a a sa tswang go tlhamiwa,<ref name=":74">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> mme wa bona go tlhongwa ga Banka ya Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba e e neng e le ya puso.<ref name=":75">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Mpho o ne a kgaogana le lekoko la BPP go tlhama Lekoko la Boipuso la Bechuanaland (BIP) ka ngwaga wa 1965.<ref name=":62">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> E eteletswe pele ke Seretse Khama le [[:en:Quett_Masire|Quett Masire]], lekoko la BDP le ne la dira letsholo mo e ka nnang mo motseng mongwe le mongwe wa kgaolo ya tshireletso pele ga ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kakaretso. Go farologana le batho ba bangwe ba sepolotiki kwa Bechuanaland, Seretse Khama o ne a na le boikuelo go ralala merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":60" /> Morago ga moo lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhophiwa go etelela puso ya ntlha pele.<ref name=":61" /> Lekoko la BPP le ne la gapa manno a le mararo fela mo lekgotleng la peomolao, mme lekoko la BIP le ne la palelwa ke go gapa epe.<ref name=":62" /> Morago ga ditlhopho, go ne ga tlhamiwa lekoko la [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|Botswana]] [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|National Front]] (BNF) jaaka lekoko le le kopaneng la kganetso ya BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Kenneth_Koma|Kenneth Koma]], lekoko la BNF le ne la nna mmaba yo mogolo wa lekoko la BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;109.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;31–33.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhopha Khama go nna tonakgolo ya naga.<ref name=":65">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;204.</ref>Go farologana le makoko a mantsi a sepolotiki a a tlhomilweng mo Aforika, BDP e ne e le lekoko le le itekanetseng le le sa fetogeng go na le go nna lekoko le le kgatlhanong le bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;711.</ref> Morago ga go tlhamiwa ga yona, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya ntsha tlhopo ya go sa tshepe molaotheo ka ngwaga wa 1966, mme se sa dira gore go nne le letsholo la bosetšhaba la go tshegetsa molaotheo le le neng la bona tshegetso e e lekaneng gore dikgosi di fedise maiteko a tsone a go o gwetlha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;100–101.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya newa boipuso jaaka Rephaboliki ya Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966.<ref name=":61" /> == Repaboliki ya Botswana == [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Independence, 1966.png|thumb|[[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] a ikanisa maikano a go nna Tautona wa ntlha wa Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966]] Boipuso jwa Botswana bo ne bo kaya go tsenngwa tirisong ga puso ya batho le batho e e gololesegileng, go tlisa ditlhopho, tshireletso ya ditshwanelo tsa batho, le tirelosetšhaba.<ref name=":64" /> Se se ne sa dira gore go nne le thulaganyo ya go tlhatlosiwa maemo e e ikaegileng ka bokgoni le go tlhamiwa ga tsamaiso ya puso ya maranyane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref>Setšhaba se ne sa bopa puso e e neng e fetotswe go tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]],<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;23–24.</ref> mme Tonakgolo Seretse Khama a nna Moporesidente Seretse Khama.<ref name=":65" /> Go ne ga tlhamiwa boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba, jwa kopanya merafe e e sa tshwaneng mo letshwaong le le lengwe la Setswana, ka ngwao e e ikaegileng ka ya merafe ya Setswana.<ref name=":80">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNyamnjoh2007|Nyamnjoh 2007]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Botswana e ne ya boloka bontsi jwa ditheo tsa yone tsa merafe tsa pele ga bokoloniale morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;54.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Se e ne e le ditlamorago tsa puso e e nonofileng e e neng e amana le merafe ya Batswana le tsereganyo e e lekanyeditsweng ya puso ya Borithane mo dinakong tsa bokoloniale.<ref name=":34" /> Mofuta wa go buisana wa dipolotiki tsa setšhaba pele le morago ga boipuso e ne e le mokgwa o o sa tlwaelesegang mo merafeng e mengwe e mentsi ya Aforika e e neng ya nna le babusaesi morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;30, 56.</ref> Go na le go fedisa bogosi, puso e ntšhwa e ne ya bo tsenya mo tsamaisong ya semolao, ya fa dikgosi dithata tsa boatlhodi ka ''kgotla'', go ikaegile ka dikgotlatshekelo tsa boikuelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe]] 2012, p.&#x20;36.</ref>Tlwaelo ya go ikobela boeteledipele, e e kileng ya fiwa dikgosi, e ne ya sutela kwa botautoneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;30.</ref> Puso e ne ya tiisa go tlhomama ga yona ka go thapa tirelosetšhaba ya yone ka baitseanape b<ref name=":66">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref>a dinaga di sele, go farologana le dinaga tse dingwe tse dišwa tsa Aforika tse gantsi di neng di leleka baitseanape ba dinaga di sele.<ref name=":67">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref name=":68">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;105.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;59.</ref> Se se ne sa boloka puso ya mofuta wa Bophirima e e neng e gatelela tlhabololo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;259.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go tlamela Botswana ka matlole mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse tlhano tsa go nna teng ga yone.<ref name=":61" /> Maemo a yone a kagiso, a puso ya batho ka batho fa a bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tsa Aforika a ne a raya gore e ne ya amogela thuso e ntsi go tswa mo mekgatlhong ya Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;255.</ref> Ka nako ya boipuso, Botswana e ne e le setšhaba se se humanegileng thata, go feta bontsi jwa dinaga tse dingwe mo Aforika.<ref name=":69">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;104.</ref><ref name=":66" /> E ne e sena badiri ba ba rutegileng, ka baagi ba le masome a mane fela ba ba nang le ditlankana tse di hagodimo tsa mmadikolo, mme go ne go sena ditlamelo tse di itsegeng tsa metswedi ya tlholego go tshegetsa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;62, 64.</ref> Botswana e ne e ikaegile ka puso ya Tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa go fitlhelela setšhaba sa lefatshe, mme bontsi jwa badiri ba Botswana e ne e le badiri ba bafaladi mo Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Botswana e ne ya tsena mo ntweng e e tlhamaletseng le Rhodesia, e e neng ya baka dintwa tsa sesole go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1978.<ref name=":63" /> Go nna le seabe mo go lekanyeditsweng ga Borithane go ne go kaya gore go ne go se na tlhabololo e ntsi fa e sale ka nako ya bokoloniale.<ref name=":69" /><ref name=":70">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;160.</ref> Bokgoni jwa go bala le go kwala e ne e le selekanyo sa karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong, mme go ne go na le dikilometara di le lesome fela tsa tsela e e tshetsweng.<ref name=":69" /> Mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a robangbongwe ya baagi e ne e le mo [[:en:Abject_poverty|lehumeng le le tseneletseng]],<ref name=":70" /> mme bontsi jwa baagi e ne e le balemibarui ba dikgomo kgotsa [[:en:Subsistence_farmers|balemibarui ba ba itshidisang]].<ref name=":71">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Fa setšhaba se fitlhelela boipuso, komelelo e e masisi e ne ya fedisa karolo ya masome amarao go fihlela masome a matlhano mo lekgolong ya palo ya dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa Batswana ba ne ba ikaegile ka [[:en:World_Food_Programme|Lenaneo la Dijo la Lefatshe]] go tila tlala.<ref name=":81">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;220.</ref> Ditšhaba tse dingwe di ne di na le ditsholofelo tse di kwa tlase mo Botswana, mme mo Aforika yotlhe e ne e bonwa jaaka [[:en:Bantustan|Bantustan]] ya Tlhaolele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;1.</ref> Kamano e le Tlhaolele gape e ne e le ntlha ya katlego ya Botswana jaaka setšhaba se se ikemetseng: boeteledipele jwa Batswana bo ne bo eletsa go tila phelelo e e tshwanang le ya Aforika Borwa fa setšhaba se ka palelwa, mme dikgolagano tsa dikgang tsa mafatshe fatshe tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa le Bophirima go thibela go tsenngwa ke Aforika Borwa di ne di raya gore Botswana o ne a tshepa thata dinaga tsa Bophirima go amogela thuso le thato ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;76–77.</ref> Boeteledipele jwa ntlha jwa Botswana bo ne bo laolwa ke malapa a merafe e e busang mmogo le palo e nnye ya badiredipuso ba ba rutegileng thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;6.</ref> Go tshwana ga bona ga itsholelo le dikgopolo go ne go raya gore puso e nne e tlhomame kwa ntle ga dintwa tsa sepolotiki.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;71.</ref> Le fa Bathoen a ne a tlogela maemo a gagwe a go nna kgosi go ya go dira dipolotiki, bontsi jwa dikgosi tse dingwe di ne tsa amogela maatla a tsona a a fokoditsweng a sepolotiki mo pusong e ntšhwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;56–57.</ref> Tiro e nngwe ya dikgosi e ne e laolwa ke Molao wa Bogosi wa ngwaga ya 1966.<ref name=":92">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;140.</ref> Go tlhoka bonweenwee go ne ga dira gore puso e nne semolao thata mme ya ratwa ke balekane ba Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;166.</ref> Go farologana le bontsi jwa merafe e e sa tswang go tlhamiwa ya Aforika, bontsi jwa boeteledipele bo ne bo tswa mo setšhabeng sa temothuo, go kaya gore dikgatlhego tsa bona di ne di tsamaisana le bontsi.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":71" /> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa go boloka dipholisi tsa motlha wa bokoloniale tse di neng di solegela barui ba dikgomo molemo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;75.</ref> Setlhopa sa semmuso sa Nama ya Botswana se ne sa tlhamiwa go laola madirelo a nama ya kgomo.<ref name=":58" /> Boikuelo jwa lekoko la BDP jwa merafe yotlhe le kgatlhego e e kopanetsweng ya go tlhoma boipuso di ne tsa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa gape go dira mo dikgatlhegelong tsa bontsi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref> Ditlhopha tse dinnye tsa baagi ba basweu di ne tsa sala mo nageng mme tsa ganetsa boipuso jwa yone.<ref name=":63" /> Le fa moragonyana di ne di tla nna botlhokwa mo tlhabololong ya Botswana, ditshwanelo tsa ditswammung di ne tsa fiwa botlhokwa jo bo kwa tlase fa di bona boipuso, mme merafe e ne ya di fetisetsa kwa pusong ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1967.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;103–104.</ref> === Puso ya ga Seretse Khama === Khama o ne a ratwa ke batho botlhe mme a bonwa e le moeteledipele wa tlholego wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;202–203.</ref> Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya tsenya tirisong maano a a neng a lebisitswe mo go tlhameng mafaratlhatlha le dithoto tsa setšhaba, bogolosegolo go tsenya tshela ditsela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;111.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;86.</ref> O ne a simolola go aga dikolo, matlhabelo le dikhuti tse di neng tsa tswelela mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. Lefatshe le le nang le banni la Batswana le Basarwa le ne la dirisiwa go aga mesima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;219.</ref> Tlhabololo e ne ya tla ka tshenyegelo ya kgwebo le tlhagiso, e e neng e lekanyeditswe go tlamela ka matlole a leruo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004,]] p.&#x20;164.</ref> Go ne ga tlhongwa mogopolo thata mo go otla dikgomo le go aga matlhabelo go rotloetsa madirelo a nama ya kgomo mo gare ga go tlhoka metsi. <ref name=":82">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;205.</ref>[[:en:Public_welfare|Mananeo a katlaatleloloago]] le one a ne a tlhongwa.<ref name=":67" /> Go ribololwa ga ditaemane go ne ga netefatsa gore mananeo a a bona madi a a lekaneng.<ref name=":72">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Dipeeletso tse le mokgwa o o sa fetogeng wa go somarela madi a puso di ne tsa thibela boemo jwa [[:en:Dutch_disease|bolwetse jwa Dutch]] jo bo neng jwa golafatsa dinaga tse dingwe tsa Aforika tse di neng di tletse ka didirisiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;4.</ref> Thuto e ne ya atolosiwa mo setšhabeng sotlhe, mme puo ya Setswana e ne ya lekanngwa mmogo le Seesemane ka go latlhegelwa ke dipuo tse dingwe.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":68" /> Khama o ne a siamisa seo jaaka tsela ya go fitlhelela kutlwano.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;228.</ref> Quett Masire o ne a dira jaaka Mothusa tautona ka fa tlase ga ga Seretse Khama mmogo le Tona ya tsa madi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> O ne a laola tekanyetsokabo ya lefatshe le tiriso ya madi ka go tlhama motseletsele wa Maano a Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba, go ikaegilwe ka kamogelo ya Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba le Komiti ya itsholelo ya Kabinete.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Dipoeletso tsa maano a di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya molao wa semmuso ya puso morago ga gore batlhatlhami ba ga Khama le Masire ba tsene mo maemong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;171.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, ditaemane di ne tsa fitlhellwa kwa Botswana ke setlamo sa Aforika Borwa sa ditaemane sa [[:en:De_Beers|De Beers]], mme ditiro di ne tsa simolola ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref name=":76">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;110.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;61.</ref> Dipeeletso tsa kopore di ne tsa fitlhelwa kwa [[:en:Selebi-Phikwe|Selebi-Phikwe]] ka ngwaga oo, mme se sa senola gape khumo ya ditswammung tsa setšhaba.<ref name=":58" /> Puso e ne ya dirisana le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1969 go dira ditiro tse dikgolo tsa meepo ya ditaemane,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> mme e ne ya amega mo dipuisanong sešwa tsa [[:en:Southern_African_Customs_Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa]] ka one ngwaga oo go tokafatsa thata maatla a yone a itsholelo mo kgaolong.<ref name=":77">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;65.</ref> Moepo mongwe kwa [[:en:Morupule|Morupule]] o ne wa simolola go ntsha magala ka ngwaga wa 1973, mme wa tlamela setšhaba ka karolo e kgolo ya motlakase.<ref name=":78">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xix.</ref> [[:en:Orapa_diamond_mine|Moepo wa ditaemane wa Orapa]] o ne wa bulwa kwa Orapa ka ngwaga wa 1971, mme go ne ga tlomamisiwia tumalano ya go abelana lotseno fa gare ga puso le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1974.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;125.</ref> Moragonyana Masire o ne a netefatsa gore De Beers e ne e tshegeditse dikgwebo tsa gagwe tse di hapegileng ka madi, mme se sa dira gore go akanyediwe gore setlamo se ka tswa se amogetse tumalano e e mosola mo kgannyeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;129–130.</ref> Molao wa Metsi le Molao wa ditsha tsa Morafe di ne tsa tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1968, mme tsa tlhama lekgotla la Kabo ya Metsi le lekgotla tsa naga di le lesome le bobedi, ka go latelana. Tse di ne di okametse kabo ya ditshwanelo tsa metsi le lefatshe ke puso go na le ka go nna mong wa morafe mongwe le mongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;76.</ref> Ka se, ba ne ba tsenya dithata tsa setso tsa dikgosi.<ref name=":74" /> Molao wa Mafatshe a Phulo a Merafe e ne ya tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1975 go thibela [[:en:Overgrazing|phulo e e feteletseng]], mme fela e ne ya itshupa e sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;67.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;173.</ref> Tota e bile, e ne e letla baagi ba ba humileng go kopa ditsha tse dikgolo tsa dikgomo ka tshenyegelo ya baagi ba ba sa humang thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Ditlhopho tsa ntlha morago ga boipuso di ne tsa diragala ka ngwaga wa 1969.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la dira maswe go le gonnye fa e bapisiwa le tiragatso ya yona ya ngwaga wa 1965, mme mothusa tautona Masire o ne a latlhegelwa ke setilo sa gagwe ke Bathoen, se se neng sa mo tlhoka gore a tseye setilo se se kgethegileng se se tlhophilweng.<ref name=":79">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Lekoko la BPP le ne la nyelela ka botlhokwa fa dipolotiki tsa Botswana di ntse di gola.<ref name=":73" /> Koporase ya Tlhabololo ya Botswana e e neng e le ya puso e ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1970,<ref name=":75" /> mme moepo wa diteemane wa Orapa o ne wa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 1971.<ref name=":78" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, diteemane di ne di dira karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong ya Palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana,<ref name=":76" /> mme kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1970, meepo e ne e le madirelo a magolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;5.</ref> Goromente wa Botswana o ne a buisana gape ka tumalano ya yone ya meepo le De Beers magareng ga ngwaga wa 1971 le ngwaga wa 1975, ya sutisetsa bontsi jwa dituelo kwa setšhabeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;210.</ref> Fa itsholelo ya teemane e ntse e tlhabologa le dipeeletso di boela mo lefatsheng, Botswana e ne ya falola lehuma mme ya bonwa jaaka katlego mo merafeng e mengwe mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara morago ga bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;212.</ref> Ditlhabololo tse di dirile gore Botswana e nne naga e e golang ka bonako mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":77" /> Batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo le a a fa gare ba ne ba bona molemo thata, go oketsa go [[:en:Wealth_inequality|tlhoka tekatekano ga khumo]], mme gape go ne go raya gore makgetho a ka fokodiwa, se se neng sa dira gore balemi ba ba tshegetse.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;71–72.</ref> Tlhabololo ya Botswana le tiriso ya yone ya tirelosetšhaba ya mafatshe a sele e ne ya atlega mo e leng gore puso e ne ya tlhotlheletsa lefatshe la United States go romela setlhopa sa baithaopi ba kagiso (Peace Corps) kwa ntle ga ditekanyetso tsa setso tsa gore ke dikarolo dife tse mokgatlho o ka di dirang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go ne ga tla koketsego ya Batswana ba ba botlana ba ba rutegileng mo lefelong la gaeno, ba ba neng ba nna le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo pusong.<ref name=":64" /> Jaaka fa batho ba bašwa ba ba ne ba amogela thuto e e tshwanang mme ba simolola go dira mo setsong se le sengwe sa tsamaiso, go ne go sena pharologano e kgolo ya tiro fa gare ga tirelosetšhaba e e neng e eteletswe pele ke batswakwa le e e neng e tsamaisiwa ke Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Lephata la Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo le ne le le teng ka bokhutshwane morago ga go kgaogana mo Lephateng la Matlole magareng ga batlhokomedi ba setso ba ba neng ba amana le tshireletso kgatlhanong le baemanokeng ba ga Masire ba ba neng ba eletsa go bona tlhabololo e e bogale thata. Ya bofelo e ne ya tsaya taolo, mme ditona di ne tsa kopanngwa gape go nna Lephata la Matlole le Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo ka ngwaga wa 1970. Ka ntlha ya palo e e lekanyeditsweng ya batho ba ba tshwanelegang go laola itsholelo, lephata le le ne la tsaya taolo e feletseng ya tiriso ya madi a puso mme la simolola lenaneo la Shashe le le neng le batla gore naga e nne le tlhabololo e e tseneletseng ya palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana. Se se ne se akaretsa go tlhoma lefelo la meepo ya kopore le nikele, le le neng la nna selo se se tlang pele mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;84–85.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, [[:en:Seepapitso_IV|Seepapitso wa bone]] o ne a nna kgosi ya ntlha go emisiwa mo maemong a gagwe morago ga nako ya bokoloniele.<ref name=":83">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;141.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la atlega thata gape ka [[:en:1974_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopo tsa ngwaga wa 1974]].<ref name=":79" /> [[:en:Minimum_wage|Dituelo tse di kwa tlase]] di ne tsa tlhagisiwa ka one ngwaga oo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Botswana e simolotse go ntsha madi a one, e leng [[:en:Botswana_pula|Botswana pula]], ka ngwaga wa 1976. Mmusi wa [[:en:Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya Botswana]] Quill Hermans o ne a kgaratlhela go kgaogana ga madi le Aforika Borwa le [[:en:South_African_rand|ranta ya yone ya Aforika Borwa]]. Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego a boditšhabatšhaba a gore Botswana e ka nna ya se ka ya kgona go tshegetsa madi a yone, Khama o ne a ikutlwa gore bagakolodi ba gagwe ba itsholelo ba na le bokgoni mme o ne a tshepa tshwetso ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tsa boipuso, Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya ditšhaba tse di humileng thata mo [[:en:Third_World|Lefatsheng la Boraro]].<ref name=":67" /> Phetogo ya itsholelo e kaiwa jaaka "kgakgamatso" ya Botswana.<ref name=":77" /> Linchwe II, kgosi ya [[:en:Kgatla_people|batho ba Kgatla]], o ne a busetsa ngwao ya go simolola bogwera mo morafeng wa gagwe ka ngwaga wa 1975, mme se sa gakatsa puso ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;148.</ref> Khama o ne a tsaya tsela ya go akaretsa batho botlhe mo pusong ya gagwe, a tila dipolotiki tsa merafe le go gana tlhotlheletso ya baeteledipele ba merafe a rata badiredipuso.<ref name=":84">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> Ka dinako tse dingwe o ne a kopa batho go rola tiro fa morafe mongwe o ka nna le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo tirelong ya setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tshaba gore go sa dumalane le batho ba ba kwa tlase ba Kalanga go ka nna ga dira gore go se ka ga nna le kagiso. Go rarabolola se, Khama o ne a tsenya maloko a a rutegileng a morafe wa Kalanga mo pusong, a tlhoma bontsi mo maemong a a kwa godimo. Tshwetso e ne e tsosa kganetsano, mme e ne ya tsosa dikgopolo tsa bolotsana ka ga tlhotlheletso e e bosula ya Kalanga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;122.</ref> Tse ka dinako tse dingwe di ne di ikaegile ka Mokgatlho wa Baithuti ba Bakalanga, o o neng wa nna Mokgatlho wa Tsweletso ya Puo ya Ikalanga ka ngwaga wa 1980.<ref>[[Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 123.|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> Poifo ya dipuso tsa baagisani tse di eteletsweng pele ke basweu kwa Namibia, Rhodesia, le Aforika Borwa, mmogo le kotsi ya [[:en:Angolan_Civil_War|Ntwa ya Selegae ya Angola]], di dirile gore Botswana e tlhame [[:en:Botswana_Defence_Force|sesole sa bosetšhaba]] ka ngwaga wa 1977.<ref name=":78" /> Pele ga se, [[:en:Botswana_Police_Service|Tirelo ya Sepodisi]] sa Botswana e ne e tlhokometse tshireletso ya setshaba. Go tlhoka sesole go ne go raya gore Botswana e ne e sa tlhaselwe ke dilo tse di bakang go sa tlhomamang mo merafeng e mengwe ya Aforika: go menola puso ga sesole le bonweenwee ka go dirisa madi a sesole.<ref>[[Beaulier & Subrick 2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], pp.&#x20;111–112.</ref> Sesole se ne sa bona ntwa ngwaga o o latelang fa dirukutlhi tsa Rhodesia di ne di tlhasela Leshoma, di bolaya masole a le lesome le botlhano.<ref name=":78" /> Ka tirisanommogo ya yone le De Beers, puso ya Botswana e ne ya tlhama kompone ya meepo ya Debswana ka ngwaga wa 1978, mme ya bona lotseno lo lo bonalang lwa puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Meepo e ne ya nna madirelo a a kwa godimo ya itsholelo ya lefatshe mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang,<ref name=":85">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> mme Botswana ya nna itsholelo e e golang ka bonako go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":86">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;33.</ref><ref name=":86" /> Go nna le seabe ga mafatshe a sele mo itsholelong go ne ga nna kgang ya sepolotiki ka nako e jaaka fa batho ba kwa ntle ba ne ba kokoanya kgolo ya setšhaba fa ditiro tsa selegae di ne di tlhabologa ka iketlo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;143–145.</ref> Thuo ya dikgomo, e e neng e setse e amilwe ke go runya mo gogolo ga [[:en:Foot-and-mouth_disease|bolwetse jwa tlhako le molomo]] ka ngwaga wa1977,<ref name=":82" /> e ne ya latlhegelwa ke botlhokwa jo e neng e na le jone pele.<ref name=":85" /> === Puso ya ga Quett Masire === [[Setshwantsho:Quett Masire DF-SC-85-12044.JPEG|thumb|Quett Masire a etetse America ka ngwaga wa 1984]] Morago ga loso lwa ga Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa 1980, Mothusa-Tautona Quett Masire o ne a nna tautona wa Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;117.</ref> Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego ka go tlhatlhama ga ga Khama, Masire o ne a tshegetsa mafaratlhatlha a puso a a neng a thusa go a aga le go boloka tumelo mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;182.</ref> Go ritibatsa morafe wa ga Khama wa Ngwato le merafe e mengwe ya bokone, Masire o ne a tlhoma ntsalae Khama, [[:en:Lenyeletse_Seretse|Lenyeletse Seretse]], go nna mothusa-tautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;232.</ref> Kakanyo e e neng e tlwaelesegile mo gare ga BaNgwato e ne e le gore morwa Khama, [[:en:Ian_Khama|Ian Khama]], o ne a tshwanelwa ke bo tautona. Fa Lenyeletse a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1983, Masire o ne a tlhopha [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] go tsena mo boemong jwa gagwe. Gompieno o ne a tlhopha mongwe go tswa mo morafeng wa borwa, gore a se ka a tlhoma sekao sa gore tautona le mothusa-tautona ka nako tsotlhe ba tshwanetse go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di fapaaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;233.</ref> Botswana e ne e le karolo ya Khonferense ya Kgokaganyo ya Tlhabololo ya Borwa jwa Aforika e e neng ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1980 go tlhama mmaraka wa borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":78" /> Setšhaba se ne sa amiwa ke [[:en:Early_1980s_recession|kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980]].<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Jwaneng_diamond_mine|Moepo wa diteemane wa Jwaneng]] o simolotse go dira ka ngwaga wa 1982, wa nna moepo o o dirang dipoelo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng. [[:en:University_of_Botswana|Mmadikolo wa Botswana]] o tlhomilwe ka one ngwaga o o neng o kgaogana le [[:en:University_of_Botswana,_Lesotho_and_Swaziland|Mmadikolo ya Botswana, Lesotho le Swaziland]].<ref name=":78" /> Ditlhabololo tsa semolao ka ngwaga wa 1982, Molawana wa Thuso ya Matlole le go dira gore tiro ya kgwebo gore e nne ya ka fa molaong ke badiredipuso, di ne tsa tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya naga mme gape tsa gagamolola melawana e e neng e tla thibela bonweenwee.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;127, 129.</ref> Jaaka fa puso ya batho le batho le kgolo ya itsholelo di itshupile e le diphetogo tsa paka e telele, Botswana e ne ya itsege jaaka "kgakgamatso ya Aforika".<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Kganetso e e nonofileng kgatlhanong le puso e e laolwang ke lekoko la BDP e ne ya tlhagelela la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go fenya ditlhopho tsa selegae, ditlhopha tsa dikgatlhego tsa simolola go tlhamiwa, mme makwalo a dikgang a matlhano a magolo a a kgatlhanong le lekoko la BDP a simolola go gatisiwa.<ref name=":64" /> Pele e ne e ikaegile ka tshegetso ya merafe e e rileng, lekoko la BNF le ne la bona tshegetso mo setlhopheng sa badiri.<ref name=":84" /> Ka ditlhopho ka kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1984, e ne e le lekoko kganetso le le gaisanang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;712.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya ama Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa1982 go fitlhela ka ngwaga wa 1987, mme ya tlhoka thuso ya dijo ya puso go ka nna karolo ya masome a marataro le botlhano mo lekgolong ya Batswana ba kwa magaeng.<ref name=":87">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;82.</ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba ga Masire ba ne ba mo amanya le komelelo e ka e ne e tsamaisana le tshimologo ya botautona jwa gagwe, ba akantsha gore Khama o ne a na le taelo ya bomodimo e Masire a neng a se na yone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;203.</ref> Mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1980, madirelo a ditaemane a ne a fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa yone ka karolo ya masome a matlhano le boraro mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya tlhagiso ya bosetšhaba.<ref name=":76" /> Ka nako e, itsholelo ya setšhaba e ne ya nonoha mo e leng gore baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba rotloediwa go tlhopha [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|temothuo ya go]] [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|itshidisa]] kgotsa go fuduga go ya go dira kwa Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":84" /> [[:en:Entrepreneurship|Bogwebi]] bo ne jwa anama thata, bogolosegolo mo badiring ba pele ba puso ba ba neng ba tswa mo [[:en:Public_sector|lephateng la puso]] go ya kwa lephateng la [[:en:Private_sector|e]] [[:en:Private_sector|seng la puso]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Thuto ya mahala ya [[:en:Secondary_education|sekole se segolwane]] ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1989.<ref name=":87" /> [[:en:Trade_union|Mekgatlho ya badiri]] le [[:en:Special_interest_group|ditlhopha tse di kgethegileng tsa dikgatlhego]] tse dingwe di ne tsa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go tlhotlheletsa melawana ya setšhaba, le fa gantsi puso e ne e sa batle go di amogela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], pp.&#x20;85–86.</ref> E tsibogetse mokgatlho o o neng o gola wa badiri ka go fetisa dithibelo tse di bokete mo mekgatlhong ya badiri ka ngwaga wa 1983.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dingwaga di le lesome gape o ne wa tlhagisa mekgatlho ya go amogela merafe e mennye, go gana boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba jwa Motswana.<ref name=":80" /> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, Aforika Borwa e ne ya simolola ditlhaselo tsa sesole mo Botswana go batla batlhabani ba Aforika Borwa. Go tsibogela dikgobalo tsa baagitse di neng tsa direga, puso ya Botswana e ne ya oketsa tiriso ya madi mo sesoleng.<ref name=":93">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;112.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> E ne gape ya fa sesole tiro ya go sireletsa diphologolo tsa naga le go tsenya mo tirisong molao o o kgatlhanong le go tsoma mo go seng ka fa molaong go tsibogela kotsi e e tlisiwang ke batsomi ba ba tshotseng dibetsa.<ref name=":94">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Palo ya ntlha ya [[:en:HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana|mogare wa segajaja]] mo Botswana e ne ya lemogiwa ka ngwaga wa 1985, mme mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang lefatshe ;e ne la nna lone le le neng la amega thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;265.</ref> [[:en:Life_expectancy|Botshelo jo bo solofetsweng]] mo Botswana bo ne bo tla wela tlase tswa go masomeng a maratarole bosupa go ya kwa masomeng a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 1997.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;175.</ref> Phetogo e e gakgamatsang mo tsamaisong ya botsogo ya Botswana e ne ya latela go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1980 le bo 1990; Bongaka jwa Bophirima bo ne jwa tlotliwa thata mmogo le kalafi ya setso, mme go ne ga tlhongwa dikokelo tse e seng tsa puso go nna mmogo le dikago tse di tsamaisiwang ke puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> [[:en:Early_1990s_recession|Kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1990]] e ne ya ama Botswana.<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Attorney_General_of_Botswana_v._Unity_Dow|Tsheko e e botlhokwa ya kgotlatshekelo ya molaomotheo]] e e neng ya tlisiwa ke Unity Dow e ne ya felela ka katlholo ka ngwaga wa 1991 ya gore bana ba ka fiwa boagedi mo go bomme ba bone ga mmogo le borraabone, e e neng ya amogelwa go nna molao ka Molao wa Boagi wa 1995.<ref name=":88">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xx.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang sa Kgabo se ne sa tshwarwa ka ngwaga wa 1991 go batlisisa lekgotla la kabo ditsha tsa lefatshe tsa puso, mme sa fitlhela gore go dirilwe ditlolomolao tsa maitsholo a a siameng ke mothusa-tautona Peter Mmusi le mokwaledi wa kakaretso wa lekoko la BDP [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]], ba bobedi jwa bone gape e neng e le maloko a setlhopa sa ditona tsa puso ya Botswana.<ref name=":89">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;346.</ref><ref name=":90">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;333.</ref> Ka go lebana le go galefa mo pusong le mo setšhabeng, bobedi jwa bone ba ne ba rola tiro.<ref name=":90" /> Go wa mo go ne ga tlhola ditlhopha tse pedi tse di kgaoganeng mo teng ga lekoko, e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke maloko a mabedi a pele a setlhopa sa ditona (Ba babedi ba bagolo),<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;333–335.</ref> mme e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke baganetsi ba bona (ba batlhano ba bagolo): [[:en:Festus_Mogae|Festus Mogae]], Bihiti Temane, Chapson Butale, [[:en:Gaositwe_Chiepe|Gaositwe Chiepe]], le moeteledipele wa bona [[:en:Mompati_Merafhe|Mompati Merafhe]].<ref name=":91">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;235.</ref> Se se ne sa aga mo dikgotlhang tse di neng di godile fa gare ga boeteledipele jwa borwa jwa BLP le kokomana e ntšhwa ya boradipolotiki go tswa kwa bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], pp.&#x20;233–234.</ref> Masire o ne a tlhopha Mogae go nna mothusa- tautona yo mosha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;334.</ref> Ka go tshwenyega ka kgonagalo ya go tlwaetsa bonweenwee, Masire o ne a thapa mothusa- mogolwane wa [[:en:Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)|setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang e e Ikemetseng ya Hong Kong e e Kgatlhanong le Bonweenwee (Hong Kong)]] go tlhama mokgatlho o o tshwanang mo Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;222.</ref> [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Bokaedi jwa Bonweenwee le Bosenyi jwa]] [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Itsholelo]] bo ne jwa tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, mme lekgotla la kabo ditsha le ne la tlhamiwa go reetsa boikuelo jwa ditshwetso tsa kabo ditsha ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Boemo jwa lekoko la BDP jaaka lekoko le le laolang bo ne jwa amogela kgwetlho ya jone ya ntlha e e masisi ka ntlha ya Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlsisa kgota go sekaseka dikgang ya Kgabo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;249.</ref> Matlhabisaditlhong le go kgaogana mo go neng ga nna teng mo lekokong la BDP go ne ga dira gore lekoko la BNF le nne lekoko la kganetso le le gaisanang thata morago ga ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;335–336.</ref><ref name=":89" /> Ka go mathata a a oketsegileng a go tsenngwa ga ditoropo go fokotsa motheo wa BDP kwa metseselegaeng, makoko a kganetso a ne a na le bonnye jo bo bonalang mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa ga Mmusi, Kwelagobe o ne a ikgolaganya le [[:en:Ponatshego_Kedikilwe|Ponatshego Kedikilwe]], mme ba bopa setlhopa se sennye sa Barata-Phathi sa lekoko la BDP. Ba batlhano ba bagolo ba ne ba nna setlhopa se sennye sa A-Team.<ref name=":89" /> Botswana e ne ya solegelwa molemo ke go khutla ga puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, ka puso e ntšhwa e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Aforika e ne e sa thibele kgolo ya Botswana kgotsa go tsenelela mo ditirong tsa sesole go kgabaganya molelwane.<ref name=":81" /> Fa kgaolo e ntse e tlhomama, ditlhabololo tsa itsholelo tse di tshwanang le mabentlele a magolo, kakanyo e e sa netefadiwang ya dithoto, le bojanala jwa baagi di ne tsa atologa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;675.</ref> Morafe wa Ngwaketse o ne wa nna le kgotlang le puso ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa 1994, fa tona ya pusoselegae le mafatshe Patrick Balope a ne a latofatsa kgosi Seepapitso wa bone ka go palelwa ke go diragatsa ditiro tsa gagwe mme a laela gore kgosi e emisiwe—e leng go emisiwa ga bobedi ga puso ya ga Seepapitso.<ref name=":83" /> Morwa wa ga Seepapitso e bong Leema o ne a amogela go tlhomiwa go dira tiro eo, kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa ga Seepapitso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;141–142.</ref> Morafe o ne wa lwantshana le kgang ya go nna semolao mo go sa tlhaloganyesegeng ga ga Leema le poifo ya gore setso sa morafe ga se kitla se tlhola se lemogiwa, mme go tlosiwa ga gagwe go ne ga nna kgang ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;142–143.</ref> Seepapitso o ne a tsenya kganetso ya semolao, mme kgotlatshekelo ya atlhola ka Tlhakole a tlhola malatsia le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 1995 gore le fa go tlosiwa ga ga Seepapitso go ne go le ka fa molaong, go tlhomiwa ga ga Leema go ne go se kafa molaong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;145.</ref> Ka maatla a go tlhoma a ne a buseditswe mo morafeng, ba ne ba gana go tlhopha moeteledipele yo mosha jaaka tsela ya go ikuela. Puso e ne ya ineela mme ya letlelela Seepapitso go busediwa mo tirong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;145–146.</ref> [[:en:Ritual_murder|Polao ya dipheko]] ya ga [[:en:Segametsi_Mogomotsi|Segametsi Mogomotsi]], mosetsana wa dingwaga di le lesome le bone wa kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]], e diragetse ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 1994. Dikhuduego tsa loago di ne tsa tsoga fa babelaelwa bao, ba e neng e le borakgwebo le boradipolotiki ba ba humileng, ba ne ba gololwa ka ntlha ya go tlhoka bosupi. Mo dikgweding tse di latelang, go ne ga nna le ditshupetso le dikhuduego tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke baithuti kgatlhanong le tiriso ya ditiro tsa masaitsiweng tse di tshwanang le polao ya dipheko go bona khumo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;286–290.</ref> Go tlhagoga ga bolwetse jo bo [[:en:Contagious_bovine_pleuropneumonia|tshelanwang jwa pleuropneumonia ya dikgomo]] ka ngwaga wa 1995 go ne ga baka dintsho tsa dikgomo di le dikete tse makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi .<ref name=":88" /> Molao wa Temothuo wa ngwaga ya 1995 o ne wa atolosa thulaganyo ya go dira lefatshe la baagi la le e seng la puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Merafe e mennye e ne ya tswelela go kgaratlhela go lemogiwa go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;163–164.</ref> Puso e simolotse go ntsha batho ba Basarwa mo [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|Lefelong la Diphologolo la Kalahari]] [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|la Bogare]] ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Le fa e ne e nganga gore maikaelelo e ne e le go thusa go kopanya baagi ba ba neng ba le kgakala thata, mme e neelana ka leruo go rotloetsa tirisanommogo, mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba e ne ya pega molato puso ka go pateletsa le go [[:en:Forced_displacement|fudusiwa ka dikgoka]] ga batho go dira sebaka sa meepo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;11–12.</ref> Maiteko a ntlha a magolo a semolao a go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa merafe e mennye a ne a tswa mo tshitshinyong ya ngwaga wa 1995 kwa palamenteng ya go tlhalosa molaomotheo jaaka o o sa tseyeng letlhakore mo merafeng, mme o ne wa bewa mo tafoleng. Mokgatlho wa Kamanakao o ne wa tlhamiwa ka one ngwaga oo ke morutegi [[:en:Lydia_Nyati-Ramahobo|Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo]] go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa [[:en:Yeyi_people|batho ba Yeyi]].<ref name=":95">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;215.</ref> Motseletsele wa diphetogo tsa puso le tsa ditlhopho di ne tsa tsenngwa mo tirisong mo dingwageng tsa bofelo tsa bo tautona jwa ga Masire. Tlhokomelo ya ditlhopho e ne ya fetisediwa kwa setheong se se ikemetseng, dingwaga tsa go tlhopa di ne tsa fokodiwa go tswa ko masomeng a mabedi le bongwe go ya ko lesomeng le borobabobedi , go [[:en:Postal_voting|tlhopa ka poso]] go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong, mme ga tsenngwa tirisong melawana ya go sireletsa [[:en:Labour_rights|ditshwanelo tsa badiri]] le [[:en:Gender_equality|tekatekano ya bong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;168.</ref> Masire o ne a eletsa go tlhama [[:en:Order_of_succession|tatelano e e tlhomameng ya]] [[:en:Order_of_succession|go tlhatlologana]] mo bogosing le go netefatsa gore motlhatlogi wa gagwe yo a mo tlhophileng mothusa Tautona Mogae e nna tautona, ka jalo o ne a dirisana le mmueledi Parks Tafa go kwala paakanyo ya molaotheo. Se se ne sa tsenya tirisong tatelano e e itirisang le [[:en:Term_limit|melelwane ya paka]] ya botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;337–338.</ref> O ne a pateletsa paakanyo ka boene.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;304–305.</ref> Go fetola itsholelo ya lefatshe, go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong tsamaiso ya nakwana ya go nna le [[:en:Tripartism|makoko a mararo]] go kopanya puso, lekalana le e seng la puso, le baemedi ba badiri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;169.</ref> Fa lekoko le ne le tlhopha maloko a komiti ya lone ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1997, kotsi ya go nna le ditlhopha e ne ya gola mo e leng gore Masire o ne a phimola ditlhopho tsa lone tse di mo teng ga mokgatlho mme a dira gore ditlhopha di mo fe manaane a maina.<ref name=":91" /> === Puso ya ga Festus Mogae === [[Setshwantsho:George Bush with African national leaders February 26, 2002.jpg|thumb|Festus Mogae mmogo le botautona ba mafatshe a sele [[:en:Joaquim_Chissano|Joaquim Chissano]], [[:en:George_W._Bush|George W. Bush]] le [[:en:José_Eduardo_dos_Santos|José Eduardo dos Santos]] ka ngwaga wa 2002]] Masire o ne a tlogela tiro ya botautona ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le ngwe ka ngwaga wa 1998, mme a latelelelwa ke mothusa tautona Festus Mogae.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;338.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya tshwetso e e neng ya tsosa kganetsano ya go tlhoma Ian Khama, molaodi wa sesole le morwa Seretse Khama, go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang,<ref name=":72" /> a fetisa kgetho ya gagwe ka go tshosetsa go phatlalatsa palamente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Le fa ba ne ba sa tseye letlhakore semmuso fa gare ga ditlhopha tsa lekoko la BDP, Mogae le Khama ka bobedi ba ne ba tlhaloganngwa e le batho ba bagolo mo gare ga A-Team.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;347.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1998 o ne wa bona nngwe ya dikgaogano tse dintsi mo teng ga lekoko la kganetso la BNF. E ne e kgaogane ka ditlhopha tse pedi: batho ba ba sa rateng diphetogo ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa loago le ba ba neng ba tswelela pele ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa puso ya batho ka batho ya loago. Dikhuduego kwa mokgatlhong wa lekoko di ne tsa dira gore batho ba ba neng ba rata kgatelopele ba kgaogane go nna lekoko la bone, [[:en:Botswana_Congress_Party|Botswana Congress Party]] (BCP), le le neng la nna lekoko le legolo la kganetso go fitlhela ba latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa manno a bone mo [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa]] [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 1999]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Kgaogano e ya kganetso, mmogo le diphetogo tsa selegae tsa dingwaga tse di fetileng, di ne tsa dira gore lekoko la BDP le boelwe ke ditilo dingwe tse e neng ya di latlhegelwa ka ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;168–169.</ref> Maloko a le mmalwa a borwa a boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BCP a ne a boela kwa lekokong la BNF morago ga gore maemo otlhe a a kwa godimo a tsewe ke batho ba bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;237.</ref> Go itlhatlosa go ya kwa maemong a merafe ya Tswana, batho ba Yeyi ba ne ba bitsa kgosi e e kwa godimo ka ngwaga wa 1999, fela se se ne sa se ka sa lemogiwa ke Molao wa Bogosi. Ba ne ba tlisa kgang eo kwa Kgotlatshekelong e Kgolo, e e neng ya tlhasela thulaganyo e e maleba ya molao e le e e tlhaolang.<ref name=":95" /> Mogae o ne a tlhoma setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang ka ngwaga wa 2000 go sekaseka kemedi ya merafe e mennye mo Ntlong ya Dikgosi, mme seo sa baka boipelaetso go tswa mo go ba ba neng ba ikutlwa gore Mogae o batla go nyatsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;239.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang se ne sa tlhomamisa gore Ntlo ya Dikgosi e tshwanetse go nna teng, mme ya bidiwa Setswana ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;216.</ref> Diphetogo tse dingwe tse di fetotsweng ga di a amogelwa morago ga go kgarametswa go tswa mo merafeng e megolo ya Batswana, bogolosegolo ba Ngwato.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;217–218.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, batho ba Kgatla-baga-Mmanaana ba ne ba bona kgosi ya bone Gobuamang Gobuamang wa bobedi a amogelwa semmuso jaaka kgosi e nnye mo teng ga kgaolo ya Kwena kwa ba nnang teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;177.</ref> [[:en:Botswana–Namibia_border|Molelwane wa Botswana le Namibia]] o ne wa tsena mo kganetsanong ka ngwaga wa 1999 fa mafatshe ka bobedi a ne a batla kgaolo mo [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Mopakong wa Caprivi]].[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;xx–xxi.</ref>] Ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000, Botswana e ne ya beeletsa thata mo go tlhabololeng sesole sa mowa.<ref name=":93" /> [[:en:Botswana_Television|Setshwantso sa motshikinyego sa Botswana]] se tlhomilwe ka ngwaga wa 2000. Lentswe tsa Tsodilo le ne la nna [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|Lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe]] ka ngwaga wa 2001. Batho ba Basarwa ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao ka ngwaga wa 2002 go ganetsa go ntshiwa ga bona kwa Central Kalahari Game Reserve, fela kgang e sekisiwang e ne ya tlhokomologiwa. [[:en:Mosadi_Seboko|Mosadi Seboko]] wa [[:en:Lete_people|morafe wa]] [[:en:Lete_people|Balete]] o ne a nna moeteledipele wa ntlha wa mosadi wa morafe ka ngwaga wa 2003.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xxi.</ref> Mogae o ne a dira gore mongwe wa batshwayadiphoso ba ba tlhageletseng thata ba puso, [[:en:Kenneth_Good_(political_scientist)|Kenneth Good]], a lelekwe mo lefatsheng la gagwe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], pp.&#x20;333–334.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;226–227.</ref> [[:en:Three_Dikgosi_Monument|Sefikantswe sa Dikgosi tse Tharo]] se ne sa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;680.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya bolwetsi jo bo anameng lefatshe la HIV/AIDS e le kgang e e botlhokwa thata ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Go e lwantsha, o ne a dira gore dikalafi tsa [[:en:Antiretroviral|diantiretroviral]] tsa HIV/AIDS di nne teng mahala.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;225.</ref> === Puso ya ga Ian Khama === [[Setshwantsho:London Conference on The Illegal Wildlife Trade (12499797834).jpg|thumb|Kopano ya ga Ian Khama le [[:en:William_Hague|William Hague]] kwa Lontone]] Ian Khama o ne a latela mo maemong a botautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Mogae ka kgwedi ya Moranang a le letsatsi le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref name=":96">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mokgwa wa gagwe wa boeteledipele o ne wa phatlaladiwa jaaka o o latelang "di-D tse nne": puso ya batho ka batho, tlhabololo, seriti, le kotlhao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Fa a sena go nna mo setilong, o ne a rulaganya sešwa khuduthamaga ya setšhaba ka mokgwa wa tatelano, a kopanya maatla go dikologa botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;227–228.</ref> Khama o ne a gatelela tshireletsego ya setshaba mo tsamaisong ya gagwe. Ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo maemong a gagwe, Lekalana la Bosenodi le Tshireletsego le ne la itsege ka go dira ditlhodi tse di neng di tlhotlhelediwa ke dipolotiki le go tshwara baganetsi ba gagwe ba sepolotiki. O ne gape a tlhoma batho ba le mmalwa ba pele ba sesole mo pusong ya gagwe<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], pp.&#x20;714–715.</ref> Botswana o ne e sa amege thata mo [[:en:African_Union|Kopanong ya Aforika]] ka nako ya botautona jwa ga Khama, go na le moo e ne ya tlhagisa molawana wa mafatshe a sele a a neng e lebisitswe thata mo Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;190.</ref> Mathata a matlole a ngwaga wa 2008 a ne a gatelela itsholelo ya Botswana, e e neng ya nna e ikaegile ka meepo ya ditaemane le fa puso e ne e dira maiteko.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;202.</ref> Madirelo a diteemane a ne a fedisa kwelotlase e e tlhomameng fa e ne e tlhomama ka bokana ka karolo ya masome a mararo le borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tse di tlhagisitsweng tsa lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 2009.<ref name=":76" /> Taolo ya dikgosi e ne ya fetolwa ka ngwaga wa 2008 ka Molao wa Bogosi.<ref name=":92" /> Khama o ne a rotloetsa go neela dikgosi maatla ka leina la go busetsa kotlhao le maitsholo a setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], pp.&#x20;196–197.</ref> O ne a ntsha taelo e e neng ya oketsa dingwaga tsa go nwa tse di kafa molaong go nna masome a mabedi le bongwe, ya fa baeteledipele ba merafe e mennye maatla a go laela gore batho ba itewe, ya tlhama ditlhopha tsa mephato go nna balebedi, le go tsenya gape [[:en:Corporal_punishment_in_schools|kotlhao ya go itaya mo dikolong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Dikgosi di le mmalwa tse di sa tswang go tlhongwa di ne tsa tshegetsa melawana e mme tsa tsenya tirisong dikotlhao tse di gagametseng tsa badiraphoso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Gareng ga bone go ne go na le Kgafela wa bobedi, kgosana ya morafe wa Kgatla. Go dira gore batho ba gagwe ba nne le boitsholo jo bo tlwaelegileng, o ne a oketsa thata go itewa ga batho ba ba neng ba tlola molao. Kgafela le ba bangwe ba ba amegang ba ne ba pegwa molato wa bosenyi ka ntlha ya go dirisa kotlhao ka tsela e e sa siamang ka ngwaga wa 2010, mme kgotlatshekelo e ne ya kgaphela thoko kopo ya gagwe ya go sirelediwa, ya tlhomamisa gore dikgosi ga di na boipuso mme di laolwa ke molaotheo.<ref name=":97">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;157.</ref> Jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le tlhopha boeteledipele jwa lekoko la yone ka ngwaga wa 2009, Khama o ne a tlhoma batho ba le bantsi ba A-Team mo dikomiting tse potlana tsa lekoko le fa Barata-Phathi e ne ya fenya ka nako ya mokgatlho wa lekoko.<ref name=":97" /><ref name=":98">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;335.</ref> Fa mokwaledi mogolo wa lekoko leo, Rre [[:en:Gomolemo_Motswaledi|Gomolemo Motswaledi]] a ne a rerisana le babueledi go botsa gore a ditiro tsa ga Khama di ka fa molaong, Khama o ne a dira gore a sekegiwe mo komiting. Morago ga go isa kgang kwa kgotlatshekelo, go ne ga fitlhelwa gore tautona yo o mo maemong ao ga a kgone go sekisiwa semolao, mme Khama o ne a emisa Motswaledi mo BDP gotlhelele.<ref name=":98" />Mo tshimologong ya ngwaga wa 2010, Khama o ne a emisa mme morago a ntsha maloko a mangwe a le mmalwa a lekalana le le mo teng ga lekoko la Barata-Phathi mo lekokong BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], pp.&#x20;354–355.</ref> Se se ne sa baka go kgaogana ga ntlha ga BDP ka Mopitlwe fa lekoko la Barata-Phathi le ne le tswa mo lekokong go bopa Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Temokerasi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;345.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Molao wa Tirelosetšhaba o tsentswe tirisong ka ngwaga wa 2010, o dira gore badiredipuso ba dire ditshupetso ka ha molaong mo maemong mangwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mo ngwageng o o latelang, Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Mekgatlho ya Badiri (BOFEPUSU) o ne wa etelela pele ditshupetso tsa dikgwedi di le pedi mo gare ga badiredipuso ba lefatshe go batla tuelo ya karolo ya lesome le borataro mo lekgolong, mme puso ya tsiboga ka go ntsha diketekete tsa badiri mo maemong a bone.<ref name=":96" /> Go ntshiwa ga batho go ne go okametswe ke [[:en:Mokgweetsi_Masisi|Mokgweetsi Masisi]], Tona ya Merero ya Botautona.<ref name=":99">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Go ganetsa boemo jwa puso, BOFEPUSU e ne ya tlhofofatsa go kopanngwa ga makoko a magolo a kganetso go nna [[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC).<ref name=":96" /> Setlhopha se sešwa se se ne se eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Duma_Boko|Duma Boko]], yo o neng a tsere taolo ya BNF ka ngwaga wa 2010 mme a laola dipuo tsa yona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;715.</ref> Khama o ne a diragatsa diphetogo tse di nonofileng tsa tshomarelo ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe, bogolo jang mabapi le go tsoma. Le fa ba ne ba opa diatla kwa mahatsheng a mangwe le go bopa leina la Botswana jaaka "kgakgamatso e tala", ba ne ba kopana le go kgobega marapo mo nageng ka ntlha ya ditsela tse di neng di dirisiwa go tswa kwa godimo go ya kwa tlase, bogolosegolo go tswa mo go ba ba nnang mo mafelong a a tlhomilweng a tshomarelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Melawana e e ne e akaretsa go oketsega ga mekgwa ya sesole e e kgatlhanong le go tsoma diphologolo; digongwana tse di kgatlhanong le go tsoma di ne di tsentswe ditlhobolo tse di itirisang go tlaleletsa melawana ya go thuntsha go bolaya kgatlhanong le batho ba ba belaelwang gore ke batsomi.<ref name=":94" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boloka bontsi jwa yone mo lekgotleng la peomolao morago ga [[:en:2014_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopho tse di latelang]], mme e le lekgetho la ntlha e ne ya dira jalo ka bontsi fela jwa ditlhopo tsa batho.<ref>[[Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;705.</ref> Ian Khama o ne a tlhoma Masisi go nna mothusa tautona wa gagwe.<ref name=":99" /> Tshwetso e ne ya tsosa kganetsano ka ntlha ya go tlhoka maitemogelo ga ga Masisi fa go bapisiwa le ditlhopho tse dingwe tse di ka kgonegang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Go ya ka Mogae, Masisi o ne a tlhophiwa ka tlhaloganyo ya gore o tla tlhoma [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|Tshekedi Khama]] [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|wa bobedi]] go nna mothusa tautona morago ga go tsaya botautona ka boene.<ref name=":99" /> Botsalo Ntuane o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Mokwaledi Mogolo wa lekoko la BDP ka ngwaga 2015 mo seraleng sa twantsho tshenyetso setshaba le phetolo ya ditlhopho. Se se ne sa tshosetsa tlholego e e tseneletseng ya lekoko la BDP, mme Ntuane a bona mmaba wa sepolotiki kwa Masisi.<ref name=":99" /> Khama o ne a le bobaba mo bobegadikgannyeng, bogolo jang mo mafelong a a neng a sa dumalane le ditiro tsa puso ya gagwe. O ne a na le babegadikgang ba babedi ba ba neng ba latofadiwa ka [[:en:Sedition|botsuolodi]] ka ngwaga wa 2017, mme moragonyana ditatofatso di ne tsa latlhiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;714.</ref> === Puso ya ga Mokgweetsi Masisi === [[Setshwantsho:Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference London 2018 (45245990491).jpg|thumb|Mokgweetsi Masisi a bua kwa bokopanong jo bo neng bo bua ka kgwebisano e e seng ka fa molaong ya diphologolo tsa naga kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:London|London]] ka ngwaga wa 2018]] Masisi o ne a nna tautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Khama ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2018. Fa ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2019_Botswana_general_election|kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 2019]] di ntse di atamela, Masisi o ne a tlhama setshwantsho sa go ipharologanya le Khama, a itlhagisa jaaka motho yo o [[:en:Anti-corruption|lwantshanang le bonweenwee]] fa a ntse a tshegetsa bobegakgang le BOFEPUSU.<ref name=":02">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;716.</ref><ref name=":02" /> Letsholo la gagwe la go lwantsha bonweenwee le ne la felela ka go tshwarwa ga ga Isaac Kgosi, yo o neng a eteletse pele Bokaedi jwa Botlhodi le Tshireletso mo pusong ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;717.</ref><ref name=":110" /> Masisi o ne a tswelela ka go busetsa morago bontsi jwa melawana ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110" /> Gareng ga tse e ne e le go phimolwa ga melawana ya tshomarelo, go akaretsa le thibelo ya go tsoma e e neng e tsoma e e neng e lebisitswe mo kgwebong ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|manaka a tlou]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;23–24, 33–34.</ref> O ne gape a okametse go fedisiwa ga go tsewa go ratana ka bong bole bongwe e le molato.<ref>Rotberg 2023, pp.&#x20;228–229.</ref> Fa se se ntse se tsweletse, Masisi le Khama ba nna baganetsi go na le go nna balekane. Khama o ne a leka go thapa [[:en:Pelonomi_Venson-Moitoi|Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi]] go nna ntlhopheng yo mongwe wa BDP kgatlhanong le Masisi, mme fa seo se palelwa, o ne a itlhomela lekoko la gagwe, la [[:en:Botswana_Patriotic_Front|Botswana Patriotic Front]] (BPF).<ref name=":99" /><ref name=":110" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boelwa ke bontsi jwa ditlhopho tsa batho ka ngwaga wa 2019,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> mme ditlhopho di ne tsa senngwa ke kgatelelo ya puso le diphuruphutsho tsa nako le nako kgatlhanong le batho ba kganetso. Lekoko la UDC le ne la gwetlha maduo, mme ga di a atlega.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;308.</ref> Diphetogo tsa kgaolo di ne tsa fetoga ka ngwaga wa 2019 jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le latlhegelwa ke thotloetso nngwe kwa bokone fa e ntse e oketsa tlhotlheletso ya yone kwa borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;231.</ref> Ditlhopho gape di ne tsa bona lekokokganetso le legolo, BNF, le latlhegelwa ke BCP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> Jaaka ditšhaba di le dintsi, [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana|Botswana e ne ya bona kwelotlase e e kgolo ya tsholelo ka nako ya tlhaselo ya bolwetsi jwa COVID-19]], mme lefatshe le ne la nna [[:en:COVID-19_lockdowns|mo thibelong ya metsamao]] bontsi jwa ngwaga wa 2020 le ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;309.</ref> Mofuta wa SARS-CoV-2 Omicron o ribolotswe kwa Botswana moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Maikutlo a a kgatlhanong le makula a ne a anama ka setšhaba sa makula kwa Botswana se ne se humile thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;310.</ref> Khama o ne a tshabela kwa lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa a le kwa botshabelo ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele ka ngwaga wa 2021, mme puso ya Botswana ya mo latofatsa ka go nna le dibetsa e se ka fa molaong ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;311–312.</ref> === Puso ya ga Duma Boko === [[Setshwantsho:Secretary Rubio Meets with Botswana President Boko (54371806715).jpg|thumb|Duma Boko o ikanisa tumalano le lefatshe la Amerika ka ngwaga wa 2025]] Lekoko la [:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change][[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC) le nnile lekokokganetso la ntlha mo Botswana go tsaya puso morago ga phenyo ya lone mo [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa]] [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 2024]] , mme se sa fedisa dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi tsa puso ya [[:en:Botswana_Democratic_Party|lekoko la Botswana la batho ka batho]] (BDP).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMuiaZane2024|Muia &#x26; Zane 2024]]</ref> Mo puisanong ya gagwe ya ntlha ya Maemo a Setšhaba ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2024, Duma Boko o boletse gore puso ya gagwe e tla kgaratlhela go oketsa dipeeletso mo maatleng a letsatsi, [[:en:Cannabis|motokwane]] ya kalafi le mofuta wa motokwane o o lengwang ka lebaka la madirelo. O ne gape a itsise ditirisano le [[:en:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] go atolosa phitlhelelo ya mafaratlhatlha a maranyane e e teng lefatshe ka bophara ka [[:en:Starlink|Starlink]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFFrance242024|France24 2024]]</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2025, Botswana e ne ya romela sathalaete ya yone ya ntlha, e leng [[:en:BOTSAT‑1|BOTSAT‐1,]] kwa lefaufaung.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRanjan2025|Ranjan 2025]]</ref> [[:en:Duma_Boko|Boko]] o ne a tsenela go itsisiwe semmuso ga sathalaete, e e neng ya tshwarelwa kwa mafelong a [[:en:SpaceX|SpaceX]] kwa lefatsheng la United States.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNamunwa2025|Namunwa 2025]].</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Lekwalokwalo la Botswana * [[Ngwao ya Botswana|Ngwao ya Batswana]] * Dipalopalo tsa Botswana * [[Itsholelo ya Botswana]] * Thutafatshe ya Botswana * [[Ditso tsa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Borwa jwa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Gaborone]] * [[Lenaane la dikgang tse di amanang le Botswana]] * Lenaane la dingwaga mo Botswana * [[Tlhaloso ya Botswana]] * Mola wa nako wa Botswana * Mola wa nako ya Gaborone * [[Dipolotiki tsa Botswana]] == Dintlhana tse di kwa tlase == <references /> == Metswedi == === Dibuka === * Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). Culture and Customs of Botswana. Greenwood Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-313-33178-7</nowiki>. OCLC 62118271. * Gulbrandsen, Ørnulf (2012). The State and the Social: State Formation in Botswana and its Precolonial and Colonial Genealogies. Berghahn Books. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85745-298-6</nowiki>. * Hillbom, Ellen; Bolt, Jutta (2018). Botswana – A Modern Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73144-5. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-73144-5</nowiki>. * Holm, John D.; Molutsi, Patrick P. (1992). "State-Society Relations in Botswana: Beginning Liberalization". In Hydén, Göran; Bratton, Michael (eds.). Governance and Politics in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 75–95. doi:10.1515/9781685853297. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-55587-285-4</nowiki>. * Jackson, Ashley (1999). Botswana, 1939-1945: An African Country at War. Clarendon Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-820764-1</nowiki>. * Leith, James Clark (2005). Why Botswana Prospered. McGill-Queen's University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7735-2821-5</nowiki>. * Molutsi, Patrick (2004). "Botswana: The Path to Democracy and Development". In Gyimah-Boadi, E. (ed.). Democratic Reform in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 159–182. doi:10.1515/9781685857325. <nowiki>ISBN 9781685857325</nowiki>. * Nyamnjoh, Francis B. (2007). "'Ever-Diminishing Circles': The Paradoxes of Belonging in Botswana". In de la Cadena, Marisol; Starn, Orin (eds.). Indigenous Experience Today. Routledge. pp. 305–332. <nowiki>ISBN 9781003085690</nowiki>. * Rotberg, Robert I. (2023). "Botswana: Africa's Democratic Exception". Overcoming the Oppressors: White and Black in Southern Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–231. <nowiki>ISBN 9780197674239</nowiki>. * Samatar, Abdi Ismail (1999). An African Miracle: State and Class Leadership and Colonial Legacy in Botswana Development. Heinemann. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-325-00068-8</nowiki>. * Tlou, Thomas; Campbell, Alec C. (1997) [1984]. History of Botswana (2nd ed.). Macmillan Botswana. <nowiki>ISBN 9991278087</nowiki>. == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref name=":2"><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref>Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref></ref><ref name=":30"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> 8doy12v3kuxdhigjdwfd6qkkovlsdc5 53695 53694 2026-07-30T22:31:37Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Pre-colonial history" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366623313|History of Botswana]]" 53695 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditso tsa lefatshe la Botswana''' di akaretsa tsa bogologolo le tsa ngwao ya kgaolo, go diriwa kolone ya [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Bechuanaland Protectorate]], le go nna Republic of [[Botswana]] gompieno. Batho ba ntlha ba motlha wa gompieno go nna mo [[Botswana]] e ne e le Basarwa, temothuo e tlhabolotswe dingwaga di ka nna dikete pedi, le makgolo a mararo a a fetileng. Batho bantsho ba Bantu ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago ga loso lwa ga Keresete, fa [[Batswana]] ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago. Batswana ba ne ba kgaogana ka ditlhopha tsa merafe mo dingwageng tse di dikete tse di latelang fa diphudugo mo kgaolong di tswelela, tse di neng tsa baka [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]] mo lekgolong la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi. Go amana le lefatshe le le kgolo le le naleng dikarolo la Europe ga ntlha go diragetse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi lesome le borataro, mo go bakileng go diriwa Bakeresete ga batho ba kgaolo. Magosi a Batswana a a neng a na le thotloetso e kgolo a ne a ikopela go nna mo tlhokomelong ya lefatshe la [[United Kingdom]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le botlhano ka ba ne ba itemogela matshosetsi go tswa kwa [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German South West Africa]] le mo Maburung. Batho ba Britain ba ne ba kgaoganya kgaolo go nna merafe e kgosi nngwe le nngwe e tlaa e etelelang pele, ba a fa dikgosi maatla a a fetang a ba neng ba na le one pele, mme ba ne ba nna le taolo e e lekanetseng fela mo lefatsheng. Puso ya Britain e ne ya nna le seabe se setlhagafetseng ka dinwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la ema nokeng go tsaya karolo ga Britain mo ntweng ya bobedi ya mafatshe, bontsi ba ne ba lwa e le bontlha jwa sesole sa [[Aferika|Aforika]] sa Auxiliary Pioneer Corps. Go lwela go laola go nnile teng ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a matlhano fa gare ga Kgosi ya [[Bangwato]] [[Seretse Khama]] le motlhatlhami wa gagwe [[Tshekedi Khama]]. Go nyala mosadi wa lekgoa ebong [[Ruth Williams Khama]] ga ga Seretse, go ne ga baka gore batho ba Britain ba mo thibele go nna mo [[Botswana]]. O ne a boa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a matlhano le borataro, ka a ne a na le kemo nokeng e kgolo, merafe e ne inaakanya le puso e e tlhophilweng fa letsholo la boipuso le tlhamiwa. Molao wa lefatshe o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le motso, ga tlhamiwa diphathi tsa polotiki. Seretse o ne a nna moeteledipele wa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Bechuanaland Democratic Party]], e e neng e bueletswe ke puso ya Britain go busa morago ga boipuso, e ne ya nna le kemo nokeng e e tsitsibanyang mmele mo ditlhophong tsa ntlha tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le botlhano. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la neelwa boipuso jo bo tletseng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro. Ka maikaelelo a a nonofileng, Seretse le phathi ya gagwe ba ne ba tlhama puso ya batho ka batho ya bophirima ba simolola go tlhabolola dikago mo lefatsheng le e neng e le lengwe la a a neng a humanegile thata ka nako eo. Go ne ga lemogiwa fa go na le diteemane ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabongwe, mo go neng ga bopa sesha itsholelo ya Botswana. Kompone ya meepo ya [[Debswana]] e tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi, lefatshe la Botswana la nna la itsholelo e e golang ka bofefo thata go gaisa a mangwe mo Botswana. Phathi ya sepolotiki ya Botswana Democratic e ne ya tswelela e le yone phathi e e busang go tswa ka nako ya boipuso go fitlhelela phathi ya [[Umbrella for Democratic Change]] e fenya ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone.]] == Ditso tsa pele ga bokolone == === Ditso tsa pele === [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo Hills rock paintings4.jpg|thumb|metako ya magaga kwa Tsodilo mo ditsong tsa pele]] Lefatshe la Botswana la gompieno e ne e le sekgwa fela dingwaga di le didikadike tse di lesome tse di fitileng, dinoka di ne di le ditona go fetisa gompieno, di tshela kwa [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|letsheng la Makgadikgadi]].<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou, Thomas]]; [[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Campbell, Alec C]]. (1997) [1984]. ''[[History of Botswana]]'' (2nd&nbsp;ed.). Macmillan Botswana. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/9991278087|&nbsp;<bdi>9991278087</bdi>.]]</ref> Batho ba sebopego sa ntlha sa Homo erectus ba ne ba nna mo kgaolong eo ka motlha wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997,]] p.&nbsp;14.</ref> Didirisiwa tsa lejwe mo Botswana wa gompieno, di tshwana le dilepe, di tswa go o lowe, dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fitileng.<ref name=":4">Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). [[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|''Culture and Customs of Botswana''.]] Greenwood Press. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33178-7|<bdi>978-0-313-33178-7</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#Identifiers_and_linked_data|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/title/62118271 62118271.]</ref><ref name=":0">Klehm, Carla (28 June 2021). "Archaeology of Botswana". ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History''. doi:[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61663/chapter/553401196 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.792]. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4|<bdi>978-0-19-027773-4</bdi>.]]</ref> Phudugo go ya sekakeng sa Kalahari go akanyediwa fa e diragetse pele ga legato la borataro dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro tse di fitileng.<ref name=":0" /> Letsha la Makgadikgadi le simolotse go fokotsega dingwaga di le dikete di le masome matlhano tse di fitileng.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;17.]]</ref> Bagolagolwane ba merafe e e sa amaneng ka gope ba ba bidiwang Basarwa fa ba kgobokantswe, ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome mane go tsena masome a mararo tse di fitileng. Ba ka tswa e le bone batho ba ntlha go nna mo motlheng wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&nbsp;18, 23.</ref> Ba ne ba itlhoma go bapa le dinoka ka dipaka tsa komelelo, mme ba phatlalale le kgaolo ka nako ya dipula.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&nbsp;24.</ref>Go ne go itsewe fa ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikaganyeditseng [[letsha la Makgadikgadi]], ga mmogo le [[Tsodilo]] le GI.<ref name=":1">[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;xv.</ref> Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba [[Nata]], Shua le Xani, go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref name=":2">Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;23.</ref>[[:en:Rock_art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse masome a mararo tse di fetileng,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Meepo ya specularite le hematite e simolotse ka nako e go tlhama dipente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;48.</ref> Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a leruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome mabedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":1" /> Thuto e e tseneletseng ya Aforika e e kwa borwa mo [[:en:Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Matlapa]] e ntse e lekanyeditswe.<ref name=":0" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[:en:Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba sala ka ditlhopha tse dinnye mme ba dira kgwebo le ba bangwe.<ref name=":2" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere tshimo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monna yo mogolo wa lelapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tse dikgolo, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela le go tshwara diphologolo tse dinnye.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Ditlhopha di ne di nyalana mme di dirisa thulaganyo ya magadi, xaro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete tse tse di fetileng, batho ba kgaolo eo ba ne ba tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana wa gompieno mme ba simolola go dira dinkgwana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;8.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;28.</ref>Temothuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga le go wela tlase fa seemo sa loapi le ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo di ne di dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;29–30.</ref>Gareng ga dijalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[:en:Pearl_millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[:en:Sorghum|mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[:en:Cowpea|dinawa tsa kgomo]], le dimela tsa lelapa la [[:en:Cucurbitaceae|cucurbits]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba Bantu ba ne ba [[:en:Bantu_expansion|fudugela kwa kgaolong]] e dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi le dingwaga dile selete le makgolo a matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong leno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;22–24, 28.</ref> [[:en:Kalanga_people|Batho ba Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba goroga c. 200 C.E.<ref name=":3">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Bagologolwane ba morafe wa ntlha wa [[:en:Tswana_people|Batswana]] (bongwe ''Motswana'', bontsi ''Batswana'') go fopholediwa fa ba gorogile c. 400 C.E.<ref name=":3" /> Batho ba ba Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didirisiwa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna mo ditseleng tsa metsi tsa leruri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;9.</ref> Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a leruri a matlo a ka nna lesome go fitlhela lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Pole-and-daga|dipale le mmu]] nngwe le nngwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa Khoisan e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;44–45.</ref> BaKhoisan le Bantu ba ka tswa ba ne ba gweba le go nyalana mo pakeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;36.</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlhela ka lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga === Setlhopha sa batho ba Zhizo, batho ba Taukome, ba ne ba goroga mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme ba nna fa gare ga [[:en:Shashe_River|Noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|Noka ya Serorome]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref><ref name=":5">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;10.</ref> Go nna le [[:en:Glass_bead|dipheta tsa galase]] go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo ya Lewatle la India]].<ref name=":5" /> Palo ya leruo le le ruiwang mo Botswana wa gompieno e ne ya oketsega thata fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa borobabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":4" /> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso ya morafe, e e bidiwang ''morafe'' (bontsi merafe), mongwe le mongwe o eteletswe pele ke kgosi e e bidiwang ''[[:en:Kgosi|kgosi]]'' (bontsi dikgosi).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Tsamaiso e e ne ya tlhagisa puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le tse dingwe mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;40.</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong, mme go nna mong wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho.<ref name=":6">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;11.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ditso tsa bogologolo tsa batho ba Tswana e sa ntse e sa itsiwe thata ka gonne go setse bosupi jo bonnye jwa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo.<ref name=":3" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Sekaka sa Kalahari]] ka makgolo ale borobabongwe morago ga ga Keresete,<ref name=":1" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong le le latelang la dingwaga, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng kwa Lewatleng la India.<ref name=":6" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Bangwe ba batho ba Eiland ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa ya gompieno go tsena mo Botswana wa gompieno mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Batho ba Toutswe, ba bangwe ba morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, ba bona khumo ya bona ka go nna le dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;13.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Go ne ga agiwa metse e meraro ya Ba-Toutswe kwa [[:en:Bosutswe|Bosutswe]], Sung, le [[:en:Toutswemogala|Toutswemogala]], mongwe le mongwe wa bone o ne o busa metse e mennye e e neng e e dikologile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 12, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba anametse kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;60.</ref> Boleng jwa ditlhagiswa bo ne jwa fetogafetoga fa kgwebisano e ntse e atolosiwa le ditšhaba di sele mme go ribololwa ga gauta go ne ga diragala, go fokotsa kgatlhego mo ditlhagisweng tsa sebilo le tsa diphologolo jaaka lonaka lwa tlou.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;27–28.</ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":7">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Merafe e e kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditiragalo tse mme e ne ya sala e sa amege thata.<ref name=":8">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Baagisani ba Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe le wa lesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard's Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":9">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> <ref name=":10">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;61.</ref>Ba tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[:en:Bambandyanalo|Bambandyanalo]], ba ne ba nna batho ba bagolo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe kwa ba neng ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;67–68.</ref> Ba ne ba bonela pele tlhotlheletso go ralala kgaolo fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> Batho ba Okavango Delta le batho ba Tsodilo mme morago ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bodulo mo nakong e, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke batho ba Khoe fela ba ba neng ba nna mo lefelong leo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou & Campbell 1997]], pp. 46, 81.</ref>Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro,<ref name=":11">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;14.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa mo nako e le nngwe.<ref name=":10" />Batho ba Mambo ba ne ba nna go dikologa [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]] ya gompieno mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo tikologong ya nako e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Batho ba segompieno ba Tswana, [[:en:Khalagari_people|Khalagari]], le [[:en:Sotho_people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo e ka nnang ka lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":12">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Ba-Khalagari ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana.<ref name=":13">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Batho ba Fokeng le bone ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi,<ref name=":14">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;93.</ref> mme batho ba Moloko ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro.<ref name=":12" /> Morafe wa tshimologo wa BaTswana, losika lwa bogosi lwa Phofu, o tlhodilwe kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro ke Mogale. Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, e ne ya kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa le merafe ya Bahurutshe, [[:en:Kwena_people|Kwena]], [[:en:Ngwaketse_people|Ngwaketse]], [[:en:Ngwato_people|Ngwato]], Tlharo, le batho ba ba [[:en:Ngwato_people|Kgatla]].<ref name=":13" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa ema mo boemong jwa Mapungubwe e le maatla a kgaolo ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro fa batho ba Gumanye ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[:en:Great_Zimbabwe|Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le le botlhokwa le ditsompelo tsa yone le go nna gaufi le lebopo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;77–78.</ref> Zimbabwe e ne e laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le teng mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana,<ref name=":15">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvi.</ref> mme kgwebisano ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo eo.<ref name=":11" /> Zimbabwe e ne e latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga, mme e ne ya wela mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Dinaga tse dingwe di le mmalwa di ne tsa tlhagelela morago ga go wa ga yone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo neng jwa bopiwa ke [[:en:Kalanga_people|merafe ya Kalanga]], bo ne jwa tsaya maemo a Zimbabwe mo molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;98–100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana le [[:en:Pedi_people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bone<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> mme [[:en:Rolong_people|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Morolong.<ref name=":13" /> Kgosi Masilo go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya bophirima jwa Tswana ka nako e, go fitlhela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga moo go bolelwa fa lefelo le le ne le busiwa ke Malope kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":14" /> === Lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell - Thlapingkaptein en sy vrou.png|thumb|Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1800]] Batho ba baTswana ba ne ba fuduga fa gare ga Botswana wa gompieno ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke batho ba naga le batho ba mmuso wa ga mmamosadinyana go tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":16">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;19.</ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga sekete le makgolo a le marataro.<ref name=":17">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, losika lwa ga Phofu, lo ne lwa wela tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;104.</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la lesome le botlhano le la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":11" /> Batho ba ba Kalanga ba ne ba laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[:en:Motloutse_River|Noka ya Motloutse]] le [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Letsha la Makgadikgadi]] go fitlhela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabobedi.<ref name=":7" /> Batho ba Hurutshe, Kgatla, le Kwena ba ne ba kgaogana le losika lwa segosi lwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo gare ga komelelo le dintwa tsa boswa, mme kgabagare ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;10.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Batho ba Ngwaketse le ba Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le boraro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;105.</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo ba ne ba nna mo Motlheng wa Bofelo wa Leje go fitlha mo e ka nnang mo lekgolong la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;22.</ref> Batho ba Botswana wa gompieno ba simolodistse ditsela tse di telle tsa motsamao ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa, e tsamaelwa dikilometara tse makgolo go rekisa,go tsoma le go itsalanya le batho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;108–109.</ref>Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana motlhofo abo e ipopa ka bongwe go tswa mo go ba bangwe ka gore dithoto tse dipotlana , le leruo tsa lefelo ne di kgona go tsmaisiwa motlhofo.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":16" />Merafe ya botlhabatsatsi e ne e tshabellwa ke go kgaogana ka ntlha ya seele se se tona gareng ga toropo le ditshimo.<ref name=":18">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;392.</ref>Kgaogano gareng ga ditlhopa tsa baTswana e nnile mo gareng ga ngwagakgolong ya lesome le bosupa, e tlhalosa merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":19">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;106.</ref>Merafe ya baTswana ba botlhabatsatsi e ne e nna e le maikaelelo a dintwa tsa [[:en:Griqua_people|batho ba Griqua]].<ref name=":18" /> Fa batho ba baTswana ba tswa bokone go ya Botswana wa borwa-bophirima wa segompieno ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa , ba ne ba nna mo metseng e e neng e nna batho ba Kgalagari, ba ba tshwaetsa kgotsa ba ba ntsha. Batho ba ba Kwena le merafe ya bone ya lekala ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa segompieno ka fa tlase ga taolo ya [[:en:Kgabo_II|Kgabo wa bobedi]] ba bo ba nna gaufi le motse wa [[:en:Molepolole|Molepolole]].<ref name=":19" />Go ya ka setso sa molomo, bapatole ba e leng batho ba Herero le Mbanderu ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathung ba Mbunda ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bosupa fa ntwa tsa leruo la batswana le ne le phatlalatsa ditlhopa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> le batho ba Bayeyi ba ne ba fudugela kwa Okavango Delta go ya kwa nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;8.</ref>Mo mafelong a mangwe, batho ba Kaa ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathong ba Rolong le batho ba Khurutse ba kgaogana le batho ba Bahurutshe, fa ditlhopa tsotlhe di fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":20">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;107.</ref>Batho ba Bashaga ba ne ba kopana le batho ba Kgalagari ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;110.</ref> State sa ntlha sa Tswana se tlhamilwe ke batho ba Ngwaketse bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi. Si state tse dingwe tsa Tswana di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka go latelana ke batho ba ba Kwena, batho ba Ngwato le batho ba ba Tawana mo dingwageng tse lesome tse nne di latela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;113.</ref> Ka se go ne ga tla ditlhabololo tsa ''mophato (''bontsi ''mephato),'' mephato ya sesole e e rulagantsweng k a dingwaga tsa setlhopa, gareng ga batho ba Tswana ba bophirima mo dingwageng tsa sekete le makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano''.''<ref name=":21">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;386.</ref>Batho ba le babedi ba Kgatla , batho ba Kgafela le batho ba ba Tlokwa, ba tsene mo nakong e ba bo ba tsaa taolo mo tikologong ya [[:en:Pilanesberg|Pilanesberg]] mo Aforika Borewng wa segompieno. Ba ne ba laola ka thata bontsi jwa batho mo lefelong leo mme ebile ba fentse dintwa tse pedi le batho ba Fokeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;390–391.</ref>Tiriso ya mephato e ne ya phatlatsega kwa bathong ba Tswana ba kwa botlhaba kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":21" />E ne e sa amogelwa go phutologilwe mo borwa === Difaqane === [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]], nako ya dintwa le phuduso mo borwa jwa Aforika , e diragetse kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi le tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;17.</ref> Mo nakong ye, batho ba baTswana ba ne ba le mo '''kgonegong''' ya dintwa ke ditlhopa di le dintsi ,di akaretsa [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Ndebele]], ba [[:en:Kololo_people|Kololo]], ba [[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]],<ref name=":8" /> ba Pedi, le ba [[:en:Voortrekker|Voortrekkers]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;391.</ref>Bontsi jwa ditlhopa tsa ba Tswana di itlhopetse go boela morago ko ntlheng ga go lwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;394.</ref>Sese ne sa trigger phudugo e e extensive e e ralalang lefelo, go baka gore morafe wa ba Tswana o phatlalale thata abo o simolodisa bolengteng jo bo nonofileng gareng ga territory ya Botswana wa segompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo [[:en:Hardveld|nageng e e thata]] e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Batho ba Kwena le ba Ngwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa motseng wa [[:en:South_African_Republic|Transvaal]] go ya kwa ''lefelong la motlhaba''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;18.</ref> Batho ba ntlha wa Kgatla go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, batho ba Mmanaana, o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[:en:Moshupa|Moshupa]] le [[:en:Thamaga|Thamaga]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53, 56.</ref> Ke fela bangwe ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba bolokwa mo go fudugeng kgotsa mo go kgorelediweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;393.</ref> Batho ba Kololo ba ne ba tlhasela merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa 1826, ba pateletsa BaKwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bona ka go farologana. Sebogo, molaodi wa morafe wa Ngwaketse, o ne a tsosa banna ba le dikete dile nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa Dithubaruba kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ba bolaya batlhabani le baagi, ba kobela ruri Bakololo mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;393–394.</ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma dinaga tsa yone gape ka dingwaga tsa bo 1840, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;31.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;693.</ref><ref name=":22">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;114.</ref> Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[:en:Kgotla|kgotla]]'', kopano ya dipuisano e mo go yone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a utlwa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagi ba banna pele a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref name=":34">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;695.</ref><ref name=":23">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1880, batho ba Tswana le ba Khalagari ba ne ba dirile Botswana yotlhe ya gompieno dikolone.<ref name=":20" /> === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe ba ne ba goroga lantlha mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|London Missionary Society]]. Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa dira go fetolela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":24">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Morongwa [[:en:Robert_Moffat_(missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya motse wa gagwe wa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa Botswana wa gompieno jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le Maburu gore ba se ka ba kgona go ya kwa teng.<ref name=":8" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a ne a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekeresete le go kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente e Kgologolo le e Ntšhwa ka bobedi di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa 1857.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;57, 65.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgopolo di le mmalwa tsa itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aforika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''mafisa'' ya bahumi ba adima bahumanegi dikgomo go ba ananya ka tiro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;701.</ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya dithoto tse di fhapegileng ka bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe , mme banna ba ba nyetsweng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le tshwanelo ya ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;698.</ref> Banna ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref> Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se lengwa thata mo kgaolong eo mo lekgolong la lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela komelelo e ne e raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Bagwebi ba lefatshe la Britain ba gorogile ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":24" /> Go tla ga baagi ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe ba ba neng ba nna gaufi le foo go ne ga dira gore merafe ya Batswana e kgone go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Sechele_I|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_I|wa ntlha]] wa batho ba Bakwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya lefatshe la Britain ya morafe wa gagwe.<ref name=":22" /> Morongwa wa kwa Scotland e bong [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o ne a goroga mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma lekgotla la [[:en:Kolobeng_Mission|Kolobeng Mission]]. Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe mo go bokete ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe mo merafeng ya Batswana fa ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano tsa dikontinente tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":15" /> Moaparo wa Bophirima o ne wa amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala ngwagakgolo otlhe mme o kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;120–121.</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a fa batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu.<ref name=":25">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa batho ba Kalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba lebana le kgotlhang go tswa mo ditlhopheng tse dingwe mo kgaolong, mme ya goroga kwa setlhoeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1850. Batswana ba le bantsi, bogolosegolo merafe ya Kwena le Ngwato, ba ne ba lwa kgatlhanong le merafe ya Maaforikanere le ya MaZulu kwa botlhaba jwa Sekaka sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;195.</ref> Ba-Kwena le Ba-Mmanaana ba ne ba lwantsha Maburu go tswa kwa Transvaal ka ngwaga wa 1852, ba sireletsa kgaolo ya bone mme ba fedisa go atologa ga setšhaba go ya kwa bophirima.<ref name=":26">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;396.</ref> Batswana ba ne ba bona ditlhopha tsa barongwa e le tsela ya go tshabela mo batlhaseding, ba rotloetsa go sokologela mo Bokereseteng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Sechele o ne a kopa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Britain ka 1853 go fedisa dintwa tsa kgaolo, mme o ne a ganwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;107.</ref> Baeng ba Europa ba ne ba tlwaelesegile thata mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga fa batsomi, batlhotlhomisi, le bagwebi ba ne ba batla dipoelo le go bona dilo tse di kgatlhang mo kgaolong eo.<ref name=":25" /> Ba le bantsi ba ne ba kwala [[:en:Travel_book|dibuka tsa maeto]] ka ga lefelo leo, tse e neng e le dingwe tsa dikgatiso fela tse e seng tsa thuto ka ga Botswana wa gompieno ka nako eo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;65–66.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1860, go fuduga go tswa mo kgaolong go ne ga oketsega fa banna ba Batswana ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya go bereka kwa meepong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Go ribololwa ga Masimo a [[:en:Tati_Goldfields|Gauta a Tati]] go ne ga tsosa go batla gauta ga ntlha ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe kwa Borwa jwa Aforika ka ngwaga wa 1868.<ref name=":24" /> Kampa ya pele ya meepo e e neng ya tlhongwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1870 e ne ya atologa thata fa e ne e nna lefelo le legolo la terena fa gare ga [[:en:Cape_Province|kgaolo ya Cape]] le [[:en:Bulawayo|Bulawayo]], mme ya nna toropokgolo ya ntlha ya Botswana, e leng [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;15, 29.</ref> Mo nakong e mo hisitoring ya Botswana, dikgosi tse dikgolo tsotlhe e ne e le Bakeresete.[92] Ntwa magareng ga Bakwena le BaKgafela ka ngwaga wa 1875.<ref name=":26" />Kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga di le lesome, kgosi [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa batho ba Ngwato o ne a gapa taolo ya kgwebisano ya Borithane mo bathong ba Kwena.<ref name=":22" /> == Tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland == ''Setlhogo se segolo: [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]'' Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e oketsegang ya lefatshe la Germany mo kgaolong, mme e ne ya dumela go bopa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]].<ref name=":27">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom & Bolt 2018]], p. 40.</ref><ref name=":28">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Makgowa a Britain a ne a eletsa go somarela tlhotlheletso ya yone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka a ne a neelana ka kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aforika.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Dikgosi tsa Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane ya Aforika Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maaforikaner]],<ref name=":29">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;161.</ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ya taolo ya Borithane e ne e le bokoloniale jwa baagi ke Jeremane.<ref name=":30">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;694.</ref> Ba ne ba eletsa gape go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Aforika Borwa kgotsa moeteledipele wa meepo [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa tshireletso e santse e iphitlhela e ikaegile ka Aforika Borwa mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe go nna lefatshe la merafe le le busiwang ke dikgosi le [[:en:Crown_land|lefatshe la segosi]] le le laolwang ke United Kingdom.<ref name=":29" /> Merafe e borobarobedi e ne ya amogelwa ke Maesemane fa go ne go tlhodiwa protectorate. Tse nne tse dikgolo di ne tsa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe: Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Gape go ne ga lemogiwa tse tharo tse dinnye: tsa Kgatla, tsa [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Tlokwa]] le tsa ga [[:en:Malete_people|Malete]]. Ba borobedi, ba Tshidi, ba ne ba fiwa lefelo la polokelo le le kgabaganyang molelwane magareng ga naga e e sireleditsweng le Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;30n1.</ref> Fa maloko a merafe e mennye e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe tsa bona.<ref name=":17" /> Go tsenngwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola mofuta wa puso ya Motswana, ka merafe e ne e sa tlhalosiwe thata mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka dikgaolo di kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;46–47.</ref><ref name=":31">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;24.</ref> Tshireletso kwa tshimologong e ne ya atologela kwa Ngwato, e fitlha go tswa go didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa go ya kwa [[:en:Molopo_River|Nokeng ya Molopo]], mme e ne ya atolosiwa go ya kwa didikiriing di le lesome le borobabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhela kwa Nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwaga wa 1890.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;30.</ref>Se se ne sa tlamela Maborithane ka badiri ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya yona mme sa bopa sekgoreletsi se segolo sa go lekanyetsa bokoloniale jwa Jeremane.<ref name=":32" /> Batho ba bangwe ba Tswana ba ne ba nna kwa borwa jwa tshireletso mme moragonyana ba ne ba tsenngwa mo Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":28" /> Batho ba ga Kgafela ba ne ba nna kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa 1887. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna seka-Kgatla.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53.</ref>Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa 1891 go tlhoma tshireletso semmuso.<ref name=":29" /> Puso ya yone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa mookamedi go nna tlhogo ya yone. Mookamedi o ne a fiwa dithata tse di anameng mo tshireletsong, fa fela a ne a tlotla molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> Motsemogolo wa yone e ne e le toropo ya Aforika Borwa ya Vryburg, go supa gore babusi ba bokoloniale ba ne ba sa nne mo tshireletsong mme ba ne ba sa amege ka tlhamalalo mo mererong ya yona.<ref name=":33">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;41.</ref>Go na le moo, mookamedi yo mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusa-baokamedi ba babedi, mme mookamedi wa kgaolo o ne a tlhofofatsa go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":35">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Go tsenngwa ga puso ya Borithane mo Aforikaborwa go ne go raya gore Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne e ikaegile ka yona mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;162.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore Bechuanaland Protectorate ke setheo sa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore e tla tloga e tsewa ke kolone ya Borithane.<ref name=":37">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;115.</ref> Fa go ntse jalo, e ne e dumela gore tshireletso e e kgonang go itshedisa e tla ja madi a mannye go e tlhokomela.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":41">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;108.</ref> Ka ntlha ya mabaka a, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya gapeletsa taolo e nnye fela e e tlhamaletseng ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland.<ref name=":23" /> Dikgosi di ne di akola dikgang tse mme tsa kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jo bo anameng, fela tshegetso ya bokoloniale e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka tumelelo ya merafe go tshegetsa puso.<ref name=":36">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;41–42.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;66–67.</ref>[ Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya seemanosi, se se neng sa baka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho le go tlhaola basadi le merafe e mennye.<ref name=":38">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;161–162.</ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa tshireletso === {{Multiple image|total_width=300|image1=Chief-khama-III.jpg|image2=Sebele I by Fritsch 1865.jpg|image3=Bathoen I in london1895.jpg|footer=Khama III, Sebele I le Bathoen I, ba ba neng ba kgona go tlhotlheletsa puso ya Borithane gore e se ka ya tsenya Bechuanaland Protectorate mo taolong ya Khamphani ya British South Africa.|direction=Horizontal}} Batho ba lefatshe la Britain ba ne a rulagantse gore kwa bofelong ba akaretse Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland mo Kopanong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":31" /> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso, United Kingdom e ne ya tsena mo dipuisanong le Cecil Rhodes go e tsenya mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aforika Borwa ya Borithane]].<ref name=":27" /> Fa ba araba, dikgosi tse tharo tse di nang le tlhotlheletso thata—Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, Sebele Iwa ntlha wa Ba-Kwena, le Bathoen wa ntlha wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto lwa bodipolomate go ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa1895 mme ba dira gore puso e se ka ya wetsa tumalano eo.<ref name=":33" /><ref name=":39">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvii.</ref>Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di dirisanang le makgoa a lefatshe la Briritsh jaaka setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref name=":40">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> mme sa kwala batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka setšhaba se le sengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[:en:Jameson_Raid|Jameson Raid]] ka yone e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba makgowa a lefatshe la British marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;30–31.</ref> Go ketekwa ga dikgosi tse go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aforika: ''Khamé'', ''Sebéle'' le ''Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa lefatshe la London ka one ngwaga oo. Mokwalo o o [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhagisitse tlhamane]] e e simolotseng ya gore merafe ya bone e meraro ka go farologana e tlhodilwe ke bakaulengwe ba bararo.<ref name=":42">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;670.</ref> Gape ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropong e nngwe ya Aforika Borwa, [[:en:Mafeking|Mafeking]],<ref name=":33" />mme kompone ya Marope a Bogologolo e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marope a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go batla gauta.<ref name=":32" /> Tshireletso e ne ya amiwa thata ke go runya ga bolwane mo diphologolong ya Aforika ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, ya latlhegelwa ke dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa leruo la yona le diphologolo tsa naga.<ref name=":39" /> [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|Seporo sa tshireletso se agilwe ka]] [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|ngwaga wa 1897]] jaaka mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tsosa [[:en:Pioneer_Column|setlhopa sa Babulatsela]] go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa Ngwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole.<ref name=":43">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la [[:en:Jameson_Raid|tlhaselo ya ga Jameson]] ka 1896.<ref name=":39" /> Morafe wa Kgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya [[:en:Boer_War|Ntwa ya Maburu]], o lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane.<ref name=":43" /> Itsholelo ya pele ya bokoloniale ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne ya nna e tshwana thata le itsholelo ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref /> United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata naga ya tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e fa Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka mo meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;42.</ref> Makgetho le one a ne a tsenngwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la ntlwana]] ka ngwaga wa 1899, le le neng la emisediwa ka [[:en:Poll_tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa 1909.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Lekgetho la selegae le ne la tsenngwa moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 1919.<ref name=":44">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;31.</ref>Makgetho a bokoloniale kwa Tshireletsong ya Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme se sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagi go ba rotloetsa go nna.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;43–44.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la akanyetsa go kopanya tshireletso mo Aforika Borwa jaaka e ne e [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|kopanya dikoloni tsa yona tsa borwa jwa Aforika]], fela kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":39" /> ya kopana ka ngwaga wa 1910.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;137.</ref> Boloko bo ne bo dira gore tshireletso e nne le karolo tse pedi mo lekgolong fela ya lotseno lwa bokopano.<ref name=":44" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1910, merafe yotlhe ya Batswana e ne e amogetse Bokeresete.<ref name=":24" />Bechuanaland e ne ya romela masole a le makgolo a le mmalwa go thusa Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya [[:en:World_War_I|Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya ntlha]].<ref name=":43" /> Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o ne wa iphitlhela o wela tlase ka nako eo, mme ka iketlo o ne wa latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso mo pusong e e neng e sireleditswe.<ref name=":42" /> [[:en:Sebele_II|Sebele wa bobedi]] o ne a nna kgosi ya Kwena ka ngwaga wa 1918, a tlhatlhama rraagwe, [[:en:Sechele_II|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_II|wa bobedi]]. Sechele II o ne a thulana le Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o o neng o laola, a letlelela go nna teng ga Anglican le go busetsa mekgwa e mentsi ya setso e e jaaka go nyala basadi ba le bantsi, go dira pula le ''[[:en:Bogwera|bogwera]]''. Sebele II o ne a tswelela ka kgwetlho ya ga rraagwe kwa Mokgatlhong wa Barongwa wa London, go ngongorega ga puso ya Borithane.<ref /> Puso e e gabedi ya dikgosi le tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya dira gore tsamaiso e nne thata, ka jalo tsamaiso e ne ya tlhama makgotla a mabedi a bagakolodi go lekalekanya balaodi bao.<ref name=":44" /> Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana (moragonyana Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Aforika) le ne la tlhongwa ka ngwagawa 1919.<ref name=":35" />Kopano e ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya dikgosi le batho ba bangwe ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso mo tshireletsong e ne ya letla puso ya Borithane go utlwa le go laola merafe mmogo go na le ka bongwe.[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;47–49.</ref>] Khama wa boraro wa Ngwato o ne a gana go tsaya karolo, a supa bokoa jwa tiragatso ya thibelo ya bojalwa mo morafeng wa borwa. Khama wa boraro o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1923<ref name=":45">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;230.</ref> mme a tlhatlhangwa ke [[:en:Sekgoma_II|Sekgoma]] [[:en:Sekgoma_II|wa bobedi]], yo o neng a direla go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1926.<ref name=":45" /> Morwa wa ga Sekgoma e bong [[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] o ne a sa ntse a le lesea, ka jalo [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama|Tshekedi Khama]] o ne a nna mmusi.<ref name=":46">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Tshekedi o ne a lemogwa jaaka moemedi wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> Fa Seretse a ntse a gola, Tshekedi o ne a gatelela gore a fiwe [[:en:Liberal_education|thuto e e gololesegileng]] go na le gore a romelwe kwa sekolong sa madirelo sa Rhodesia.<ref>Samatar 1999, p.&#x20;179.</ref> === Tlhabololo le tlhotlheletso e e oketsegileng ya Borithane === Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920, kgosi Isang Pilane wa batho ba Kgatla o ne a okametse sekema sa ntlha se segolo sa tlhabololo ya metsi sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland , a dira gore go epiwe metswedi ya metsi e le lesomethataro, mme di le supa tsa tsone di ne tsa nna ditlamelo tsa metsi tse di atlegileng. Tse e ne tsa tlwaelega thata mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang fa puso ya Borithane e ne e kgatlhegela go atolosa itsholelo ya tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;70.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930, Isang Pilane le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana ba ne ba dira gore dikhuti di nne tse di hapegileng, ka gonne di ne di sa tlhokomelwe ka fa tlase ga bong jo bo kopanetsweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], pp.&#x20;699–700.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya nna teng mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1930, ya bolaya go feta karolo ya masome a marataro mo lekgolong ya dikgomo tsa tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne ya tsaya karolo e e matlhagatlhaga mo pusong ya tshireletso go simolola ka ngwaga wa 1930.<ref name=":47">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;58.</ref><ref name=":41" />Mo ngwageng oo, e ne ya simolola go tlamela ka matlole ka tlhamalalo go tshireletso.<ref name=":48">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Charles Rey o ne a tlhomiwa go nna molaodi wa Moagi wa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, mme o ne a na le maikarabelo a go rulaganya itsholelo sešwa go dikologa dikgomo tsa go romelwa kwa ntle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;55–56.</ref> Maiteko a go fetola tshireletso go ya kwa tlhabololong ya meepo le temothuo ya kgwebo a ne a lekwa mme a bona a kgarametswa morago go tswa mo dikgosing.<ref name=":37" /> Molaodi wa Moagi Rey o ne a thulana le kgosi Sebele wa bobedi, mme a dira gore a lelekwe ka 1931. Sebele II o ne a emisediwa ka morwarraagwe yo mmotlana, Kgari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dikgato tse dingwe di ne tsa lekwa ke puso ya Borithane ka 1934 go thibela maatla a a sa laolweng a dikgosi morago ga go menolwa ga ga Sebele II. Dikgato tseno di ne tsa laela makgotla a bagakolodi a dikgosi di neng di tshwanetse go buisana le one mme di ne di batla gore puso ya Borithane e newe phitlhelelo ya direkoto tsa kgotlatshekelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;69–70.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;49.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Bathoen_II|Bathoen wa bobedi]] wa Ngwaketse le moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao mo maitekong a. Le fa kgotlatshekelo ya Borithane e ne ya atlhola kgatlhanong le kgwetlho, dipholisi tse dišwa ga di ise di ko di tsenngwe tirisong ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;72–73.</ref><ref name=":49">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Dithibelo tse dingwe di ne tsa amogelwa ka kgoeletso ya bokoloniale go lekanyetsa bokgoni jwa dikgosi go lefisa makgetho le go gapa dikgomo tse di timetseng.<ref name=":39" /> Molaodi yo mošwa wa baagi, [[:en:Charles_Arden-Clarke|Charles Arden-Clarke]], o ne a tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1936 mme a dira gaufi le dikgosi.<ref name=":49" /> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe II === Dipoifo tsa tlhaselo ya Jeremane kwa Bechuanaland di ne tsa gola pele ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi ka ntlha ya boemo jwa yone jwa togamaano fa gare ga dikoloni tsa Boritane tse di fa gare le tse di kwa borwa mo Aforika. Malatsi a le lesome le bongwe pele ga ntwa e itsisiwe, puso ya Borithane e ne ya tlhagisa naga e e sireleditsweng gore e nne e le mo seemong se se siameng, mme masole a sesole a ne a rulaganngwa. Malatsi a le manè morago ga gore Borithane e bolele ntwa kgatlhanong le lefatshe la Germany, Molaodi wa Moagi Arden-Clarke o ne a tshwara kopano le dikgosi kwa ba neng ba solofetsa go tshegetsa maiteko a ntwa ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> Letsatsi le le latelang, khomišene e kgolo e ne ya ntsha kgoeletso ya [[:en:Emergency_powers|dithata tsa tshoganyetso]] tse di neng tsa e fa taolo e e feletseng mo tirong ya setšhaba mo tshireletsong, fela dikgosi di ne tsa itsisiwe gore di tla nna le maikarabelo a bontsi jwa tiragatso le go boloka kagiso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;33–34.</ref> Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi di ne di batlile go se go nne le tshusumetso epe mo bathong ba Bechuanaland, mme bontsi bo ne bo na le kakanyo e e sa tlhamalalang fela ya gore ntwa e ne e le teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya ngotlega fa palo e kgolo ya baagi ba basweu ba ne ba ikwadisa mo Sesoleng sa Boritane. Ba ba neng ba setse ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo mo thulaganyong ya tshireletsego fa go ka direga gore borwa jwa Aforika bo nne letlhakore le lengwe mo ntweng.<ref name=":50">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;35.</ref> Kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa dikgosi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya rotloetsa Batswana ba ba neng ba eletsa go direla le Sesole sa Borithane go ikwadisa le Sesole sa Batswana sa Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Banna ba Batswana ba ka nna makgolo a supa ba ne ba ikwadisa le setlhopha seno.<ref name=":51">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Go tlhokomela Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland go ne ga nna selo se se kwa tlase mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya Kwelotlase e Kgolo ya itsholelo le Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi,<ref name=":41" /> mme tshireletso ga e a ka ya amogela matlole ape go tswa kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":48" /> Mmusomogolo wa Borithane o ne o na le taolo e nnye mo Bechuanaland fa o bapisiwa le dikgaolo tsa one tse dingwe, mme maiteko a Borithane a go laola tlhagiso ya nako ya ntwa mo tshireletsong a ne a sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;124.</ref> Ntwa e ne ya fetola thata itsholelo ya tshireletso fa e ntse e tswelela, ya tlhagisa tlhaelo, go aba dijo, le ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> [[:en:Profiteering|Go dira dipoelo]] le go [[:en:Price_gouging|fokotsa ditlhwatlhwa]] go ne go tlwaelesegile, mme puso ya bokoloniale, e e neng e sa kgone go gagamatsa [[:en:Price_control|ditaolo tsa ditlhwatlhwa]], e ne ya dirisa [[:en:Gentlemen's_agreement|ditumalano tsa banna]] le bagwebi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;138.</ref> Makgetho a ne a tlhatlosiwa mme mananeo a Letlole la Tlhabololo ya Bokoloniale di ne tsa fokodiwa kwa tshimologong ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi go tlhoma boipuso jwa matlole go tswa mo mmusomogolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;125–126.</ref> Kgoeletso ya Taolo ya Madirelo a Leruo ya ntlha ya ngwaga wa 1940 e ne ya fetisiwa go duedisa dikgomo lekgetho, madirelo a a magolo a tshireletso, mme fela e ne ya kopana le kganetso e e boitshegang go tswa kwa Batswaneng le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la kaorolokgolong ya lefatsa ya Europe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> Letlole la ntwa le ne le dira kwa Bechuanaland, mme le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le solohetse gore meneelo e nne ya boithaopo, dikgosi di ne tsa dirisa taolo ya tsone mo merafeng ya tsone go pateletsa meneelo. E ne ya emisediwa ka lekgetho ka ngwaga wa1941, fela se se ne se sa ratwe thata mme sa itshupa se le thata go se diragatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;128–131.</ref> === Botsayakarolo jwa Batswana mo Ntweng ya Lefatshe II === [[Setshwantsho:Bechuanaland Boys cleaning Aa Guns in the Twilight after Action, Syracuse, Sicily Art.IWMARTLD4576.jpg|thumb|Basimane ba Bechuanaland ba phepafatsa Ditlhobolo tsa Aa mo Lefifing morago ga Tiragalo, Syracuse, Sicily, tiro ya botaki ya 1944 e e dirilweng ke [[:en:Leslie_Cole_(artist)|Leslie Cole]]]] Go thapiwa ga sesole go simolotse kwa Bechuanaland ka ngwaga wa 1941.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;34–35.</ref> Banna ba ka nna dikete tse tlhano le makgolo a matlhano ba ne ba katisiwa mme ba romelwa kwa ntweng mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse thataro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Banna ba bangwe ba Batswana ba le dikete tse tlhano ba ne ba tsenelela ntwa ka ngwaga wa 1942.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ka kakaretso, masole a ka nna dikete tse lesome le bongwe go tswa kwa Bechuanaland a ne a lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":50" /> Ba feta dikete tse lesome ba bone ba ne ba direla mo Sesoleng sa Boritane sa [[:en:African_Auxiliary_Pioneer_Corps|Babulatsela ba ba Thusang ba Aforika]].<ref name=":51" /> Dikgosi ka tlwaelo di ne di na le tshwanelo ya go [[:en:Conscript|kwadisa]] masole, mme di ne di itlhokomolosa dikeletso tsa puso ya bokoloniale tsa gore tirelo ya sesole e nne ya boithaopo gotlhelele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;44–46.</ref> Moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato o ne a dira gore a se ka a ratwa ke batho ka go dirisa go tsenngwa mo sesoleng jaaka sedirisiwa sa taolo, a go dirisa sebetsa go didimatsa batshwayadiphoso le baganetsi ba sepolotiki.<ref name=":52">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Banna ba ba neng ba eletsa go tila go tsenela bosole ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Aforika Borwa kgotsa kwa mafelong a a kgakala jaaka metlhaba ya [[:en:Okavango_Delta|noka e phatlallang ya Okavango]] le [[:en:Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park|sekgwa sa Kgalagadi]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;47.</ref> Ba bangwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgato tsa go itlhokomela ka bonako, jaaka go epa dikhutsi fa bathapi ba ne ba etela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di eletsa go dirisa go tsaya karolo ga tsone mo ntweng go bona ditshwanelo tse dingwe mo teng ga Mmusomogolo wa Borithane, mme di ne di tshaba gore go fenngwa ga Borithane go tla ba dira babusiwa ba Jeremane kgotsa Aforika Borwa, e leng phelelo e ba neng ba eletsa go e tila.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;39–40.</ref> Maiteko a ntwa gape e ne e le tshono ya go busetsa banna ba Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugetse kwa Aforika Borwa go ya go dira ditiro tsa meepo; dikgosi di ne di eletsa go fedisa mokgwa o mme di ne di ikutlwa di ka dira jalo ka go neelana ka ditiro tsa sesole.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;41–43.</ref> Dituelo dingwe tsa sesole di ne tsa diegisiwa go malapa a masole, mme ditekanyetso tsa thomelo kwa ntle di ne tsa tlosiwa ka nako ya ntwa, mme tsa baka go tsena ga madi kwa Bechuanaland.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;133.</ref> Fa go bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tse di mo Mmusong wa Boritane, batho ba Bechuanaland ba ne ba amogela ntwa eo. Batswana ba le bantsi ba ne ba na le maikutlo a boikanyegi mo mmusomogolong kgotsa ba ikutlwa gore dikgatlhego tsa bone di a tsamaisana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;36–37.</ref> Dikgosi dingwe, jaaka [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|Kgari Sechele]] [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|wa bobedi]] wa kwa ga Kwena le Molefi Pilane wa ga Kgatla, ba ne ba ikwadisa ka sebele. Ba ne ba dira jaaka disajene tse dikgolo tsa masole, e leng maemo a a kwa godimo a a neng a le teng mo Batswaneng.<ref name=":52" /> Go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya letlelela Batswana go nna le diteseletso tsa kgwebo le go dira mo teng ga naga e e sireleditsweng. Se pele se ne se lekanyeditswe batho basweu le makula.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;135.</ref> Setlhopha sa Dikgaolo tsa Dikhomišene tse di Kwa Godimo se ne se le kwa Botlhabagare go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1946 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1949.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> === Mokgatlho wa boipuso === [[Setshwantsho:1960 6d Bechuanaland Protectorate stamp.jpg|thumb|Setempe sa ngwaga wa 1960 sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland se se nang le ditshwantsho tsa ga [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Kgosigadi Victoria]] le [[:en:Elizabeth_II|Elizabeth wa bobedi]], dikgosi tsa ntlha le tsa bofelo tsa Borithane tsa tshireletso .]] Bokhutlo jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi bo ne jwa tla ka phetogo e kgolo mo setšhabeng. Dikgosi di ne tsa bonwa di se botlhokwa thata mo sebopegong sa loago, mme bontsi bo ne jwa tlogela dipolelo tsa bone tsa lefatshe lotlhe mo dikgomong tsa merafe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;51.</ref> Didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa setšhaba, jaaka lefatshe le badiri, di ne tsa dirwa tse di hapegileng le go dirwa dithoto.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;52.</ref> Phitlhelelo ya thuto e ne ya tlhola setlhopha sa batlhalefi ba ba [[:en:Liberalism|gololesegileng]] ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le puso ya dikgosi mme ba simolola go ipopela mafelo a bone a maatla mo mekgatlhong ya badiri le ditlhopha tsa baagi.<ref name=":63">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;165.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1946, ke karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong fela ya paoyotlhe ya baagi e e neng e na le tiro kwa ntle ga temothuo le ditirelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya bona koketsego e kgolo ya dikelo tsa matsalo jaaka karolo ya bogare jwa [[:en:Mid-20th_century_baby_boom|ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi wa go tlhatloga ga masea]] mo dingwageng tsa morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, e e neng e tsamaya le koketsego ya [[:en:Life_expectancy|dingwaga tsa botshelo]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e simolotse lenaneo la yone la ntlha ya tlhabololo mo tshireletsong, e leng lefelo la matlhabelo, ka dingwaga tsa bo ka ngwaga wa 1950.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;81.</ref> Maborithane, a santse a solofetse go kopanya tshireletso go nna Aforika Borwa, kwa bofelong a ne a phimola leano le morago ga tshimologo ya [[:en:Apartheid|Tlhaolele]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref>Fa maiteko a simolola go tlhama tsela e ntšhwa ya isago ya tshireletso, tshireletso e ne ya bewa mo seemong sa go tlhoka maitseo, mme ga go na tsela ya go ya pele e e neng e bonala sentle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], pp.&#x20;672–673.</ref> Tshitshinyo nngwe e ne e le go e tsenya mo [[:en:Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland|Mokgatlhong wa Rhodesia le Nyasaland]], o lefatshe la United Kingdom e o tlhamileng ka fa tlase ga pholisi ya "tirisanommogo ya merafe e mentsi".<ref>Parsons 2006, p.&#x20;673.</ref> Fa mojaboswa wa Ngwato Seretse Khama a gola, mmusi Tshekedi Khama o ne a leka go tshwarelela mo pusong.<ref name=":53">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;696.</ref> Seretse o ne a nyala mosadi wa mosweu, [[:en:Ruth_Williams_Khama|Ruth Williams]], fa a ne a ithuta kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom, mme se sa baka matlhabisa ditlhong mo lelapeng la segosi la ga Ngwato.<ref name=":46" /> Le fa kwa tshimologong setšhaba se ne se le kgatlhanong le lenyalo le, go sa ratweng ga ga Tshekedi go ne ga fetola maikutlo a Seretse.<ref name=":47" /> Kgang e ne ya tlhagisiwa mo kgotleng ka ngwaga wa 1949, mme puso ya ga Tshekedi e ne ya ganwa ka bontsi ke diketekete tsa batho ba ba neng ba le teng.<ref name=":53" /><ref name=":47" /> Tshekedi le batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Kwena kwa botshabelo.<ref name=":54">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Puso ya makgowa e ne e sa itshokele lenyalo la ga Seretse le mosadi yo mosweu. Ka maiteko a go ritibatsa puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, e ne ya leleka banyalani ba mo pusong ya tshireletso ka ngwaga wa 1950. Se se ne sa tsosa mokgatlho wa bosetšhaba o o neng o gola mo gare ga baemanokeng ba ga Seretse mo pusong ya tshireletso, o o neng wa tlhagelela ka botlalo ka ngwaga wa 1952.<ref name=":37" /> Ka nako ya fa Seretse a ne a seyo, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la baya molaodi wa kgaolo dingwaga di le nne pele ga e tlhoma Rasebolai Kgamane, motshegetsi wa ga Tshekedi, go nna moemedi.<ref name=":54" /> Morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tsuologela go lelekwa ga ga Seretse.<ref name=":55">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;53.</ref> Batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba kopa gore a bowe, mme go ne ga tsoga dikhuduego fa ba ne ba ganwa. Seretse o ne a feleletsa a letleletswe go boa ka ngwaga wa1956.<ref name=":56">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Ka nako e, kgaogano e e gagametseng ya merafe mo Aforika Borwa ya Tlhaolele e ne ya thibela lefatshe la United Kingdom go e ritibatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;200.</ref> Mo nakong yotlhe ya mathata a go lelekwa ga ga Seretse, maatla a ne a tlogela bogosi mme a ya kwa mekgatlhong ya ditlhopho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;91.</ref> Tshekedi le Seretse ba ne ba dira kagiso fa Seretse a boa, mme Seretse a nna moeteledipele wa ''nnete'' wa Ngwato, le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le mo thibetse go nna kgosi ya semmuso.<ref name=":56" /> Ka thotloetso ya Borithane, morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tlhama lekgotla la morafe, le Seretse le Tshekedi ka bobedi e neng e le maloko a lone.<ref name=":55" /> Merafe e mengwe e ne ya tlhoma makgotla a merafe a a tshwanang, a a neng a dira jaaka ditšheke tsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Go ne ga sala letlhoo lengwe fa gare ga banna ba babedi ba: Tshekedi o ne a eletsa go boloka puso ya morafe le maatla a dikgosi, fa Seretse ene a ne a akanya ka puso ya batho ka batho ya boemedi le dikgosi tse di bokoa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;91–92.</ref> Selekanyo sa maatla a a beeleditsweng mo dikgosing e ne ya nna kgang e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata mo mokgatlhong wa boipuso o o neng o gola, bogolosegolo mo bathong ba ga Ngwato le ba lelapa la ga Khama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;93–94.</ref> Bechuanaland Protectorate Federal Party e ne e le lekoko la ntlha la sepolotiki le le neng la tlhamiwa mo kgaolong ya tshireletso fa le ne le tlhamiwa ke moeteledipele wa mokgatlo wa Ngwato [[:en:Leetile_Disang_Raditladi|Leetile Disang Raditladi]] ka ngwaga wa 1959. Le bopilwe thata ke batho ba maemo le batlhalefi, le ne le buelela kopano ya merafe ya Batswana. Lekoko le ne la palelwa ke go bona tshegetso mme la nna lobaka lo lokhutshwane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;94.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, [[:en:Bechuanaland_People's_Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] (BPP, moragonyana Lekoko la Batho la Botswana) le ne la tlhamiwa jaaka lekoko le le bogale thata, le le ganetsanang le puso ya merafe ya setso mme la bona boikuelo mo badiring ba bafaladi.<ref name=":57">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> E ne e eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Motsamai_Mpho|Motsamai Mpho]], [[:en:Philip_Matante|Philip Matante]], le Kgalemang Morsete.<ref name=":58">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xviii.</ref> BPP, e e neng ya tlhamiwa jaaka molekane wa Setswana wa lekoko la [[:en:African_National_Congress|African National Congress]] la Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":59">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;74.</ref> e ne ya tshegetsa boipuso jwa ka bonako le go fedisiwa gotlhelele ga bogosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Ka go tshaba gore BPP e tla nyatsa puso e e leng teng le go tshuba dikgotlhang le puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, dikgosi le puso ya Borithane di ne tsa thibela bokgoni jwa yona jwa go kopana.<ref name=":57" /> Merafe ya tshireletso mmogo e ne ya bopa lekgotla la peomolao ka ngwaga wa 1961.<ref name=":37" /> Batho ba Kwena ba ne ba iphitlhela ba le ka fa tlase ga moemedi, [[:en:Neale_Sechele|Neale Sechele]], ka ngwaga wa 1963, se se rayang gore ba ne ba na le tlhotlheletso e nnye ya sepolotiki fa mokgatlho wa boipuso o ntse o gola.<ref name=":60">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;102.</ref> Leano la Tlhabololo la Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland la dingwaga tsa 1963/1968 le ne la kwalwa ka thulaganyo ya dipuisano ka ngwaga wa 1963, le tlhama tlhaloso ya boipuso jwa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;26–27.</ref> Fa palo ya batho e ne ba sa dire sepe mo dipolotiking ka kakaretso, lefatshe la United Kingdom e ne ya nna nngwe ya mafatshe a a neng a etelela pele go bona boipuso. Ka go tshwenyega gore lekoko la BPP e ne e le e e tseneletseng thata, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa moeteledipele wa yone yo o mo ratang, Seretse Khama, go tlhama lekoko la sepolotiki.<ref name=":59" /> Le fa Khama a ne a dumalana le mekgwa ya lekoko la BPP e e kgatlhanong le bosemorafe le ya lefatshe, o ne a le kgatlhanong le tsela ya yone ya go tlhoma dipolotiki le go amogela ga yone bojammogo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;96.</ref>O ne a dumela go tlogela go bolela ga gagwe mo bathong ba ga Ngwato go dira jaaka radipolotiki, a tlhama [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Lekoko la]] [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|puso ya batho ka batho la Bechuanaland]] (BDP, moragonyana ya nna lekoko la Botswana Democratic ) ka ngwaga wa 1962.<ref name=":59" /> Lekoko la BDP e ne ya itlhoma jaaka "lekoko la dikgosi", mme ya amogela dikakanyo tse di amanang le puso ya merafe ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref name=":30" /> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa lekoko la BDP, le tlhaloganya gore le tla tshegetsa kgwebisano ya leruo ya motlha wa bokoloniale.<ref name=":73">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;149.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1963, kgosi ya Kgatla Linchwe e ne e le ene fela kgosi e e neng e le kgatlhanong le BDP e bile e na le tlhotlheletso ya sepolotiki, mme batho ba Kgatla ba ne ba rata lekoko la BDP, ka jalo o ne a nna a sa tsenelele mo dipolotiking.<ref name=":60" /> Thulaganyo ya phetogo e ne ya simolola ka lekoko la BDP e ne e solofetswe go busa Botswana yo o ikemetseng, mme puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya bereka le boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BDP go ba baakanyetsa go tsamaisa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Go ne ga tshwarwa bokopano ka ngwaga wa 1963 go okamela go tlhamiwa ga molaotheo o mosha. Dikgotlhang tsa ka fa gare ga lekoko la BPP di ne di raya gore lekoko la BDP e ne e na le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo thulaganyong. Tshekedi Khama o ne a tlhokafetse ka nako e, ka jalo Bathoen wa bobedi o ne a nna moeteledipele wa lekoko le le neng le ema nokeng puso ya bofederale, a dumela gore le tla boloka puso e le mo diatleng tsa dikgosi. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le boradipolotiki ba Batswana ba ne ba tshegetsa puso ya bosetšhaba e e kopaneng ka gonne Botswana e ne e humanegile thata go ka kgaoganya dithoto tsa yona le ka gonne go tlhoka go kopanya dithoto go ne go tla dira gore e nne mo kotsing ya go tlhaselwa ke merafe e mengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Puso ya dikgaolo e e itsholetseng e ne ya itshupa e sa kgonege mo dipolotiking, ka jalo go ne ga dirwa tumalano ya gore dikgosi di tla bopa Ntlo ya Dikgosi, e leng setlhopha sa bagakolodi mo teng ga [[:en:Parliament_of_Botswana|Palamente ya Botswana]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;98–99.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di santse di le kgatlhanong le thulaganyo e, mme mo mokgatlhong o o neng o eteletswe pele ke Bathoen, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya fetisa tlhopo ya [[:en:No_confidence|go sa tshepe]] puso e ntšhwa, mme fela go tlhoka maatla a yone a sepolotiki go ne ga e thibela go dirisa phetogo e e nang le bokao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Molao wa Lekgotla la Kgaolo o ne wa fetisiwa jaaka tsela e nngwe ya go lekanyetsa maatla a dikgosi ka go tlhama makgotla a a tla okamelang kgaolo le toropo nngwe le nngwe,<ref name=":58" /> go dira gore mekgatlho e e tlhophilweng e e nne balaodi ba konokono ba selegae.<ref name=":64">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Toropo ya [[:en:Gaborone|Gaborone]] e agilwe ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme ya itsisiwe jaaka motsemogolo o mošwa.<ref name=":59" /> E agilwe mo lefatsheng la puso ya Borithane, le le neng le tlamela ka lefelo le le sa tseyeng letlhakore le le neng le sa laolwe ke morafe ope .<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;16.</ref> [[:en:Constitution_of_Botswana|Molamotheo]] o ne wa tsenngwa tirisong ka one ngwaga oo.<ref name=":59" /> Ka se se tirisong, Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la fa tshireletso puso ya go ipusa.<ref name=":61">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;116.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1965 gape e ne ya bona go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Dikgotla tsa Dikgaolo o o neng wa fetola seabe sa bokoloniale sa molaodi wa kgaolo ka go se bofa mo makgotleng a dikgaolo a a sa tswang go tlhamiwa,<ref name=":74">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> mme wa bona go tlhongwa ga Banka ya Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba e e neng e le ya puso.<ref name=":75">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Mpho o ne a kgaogana le lekoko la BPP go tlhama Lekoko la Boipuso la Bechuanaland (BIP) ka ngwaga wa 1965.<ref name=":62">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> E eteletswe pele ke Seretse Khama le [[:en:Quett_Masire|Quett Masire]], lekoko la BDP le ne la dira letsholo mo e ka nnang mo motseng mongwe le mongwe wa kgaolo ya tshireletso pele ga ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kakaretso. Go farologana le batho ba bangwe ba sepolotiki kwa Bechuanaland, Seretse Khama o ne a na le boikuelo go ralala merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":60" /> Morago ga moo lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhophiwa go etelela puso ya ntlha pele.<ref name=":61" /> Lekoko la BPP le ne la gapa manno a le mararo fela mo lekgotleng la peomolao, mme lekoko la BIP le ne la palelwa ke go gapa epe.<ref name=":62" /> Morago ga ditlhopho, go ne ga tlhamiwa lekoko la [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|Botswana]] [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|National Front]] (BNF) jaaka lekoko le le kopaneng la kganetso ya BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Kenneth_Koma|Kenneth Koma]], lekoko la BNF le ne la nna mmaba yo mogolo wa lekoko la BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;109.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;31–33.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhopha Khama go nna tonakgolo ya naga.<ref name=":65">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;204.</ref>Go farologana le makoko a mantsi a sepolotiki a a tlhomilweng mo Aforika, BDP e ne e le lekoko le le itekanetseng le le sa fetogeng go na le go nna lekoko le le kgatlhanong le bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;711.</ref> Morago ga go tlhamiwa ga yona, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya ntsha tlhopo ya go sa tshepe molaotheo ka ngwaga wa 1966, mme se sa dira gore go nne le letsholo la bosetšhaba la go tshegetsa molaotheo le le neng la bona tshegetso e e lekaneng gore dikgosi di fedise maiteko a tsone a go o gwetlha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;100–101.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya newa boipuso jaaka Rephaboliki ya Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966.<ref name=":61" /> == Repaboliki ya Botswana == [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Independence, 1966.png|thumb|[[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] a ikanisa maikano a go nna Tautona wa ntlha wa Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966]] Boipuso jwa Botswana bo ne bo kaya go tsenngwa tirisong ga puso ya batho le batho e e gololesegileng, go tlisa ditlhopho, tshireletso ya ditshwanelo tsa batho, le tirelosetšhaba.<ref name=":64" /> Se se ne sa dira gore go nne le thulaganyo ya go tlhatlosiwa maemo e e ikaegileng ka bokgoni le go tlhamiwa ga tsamaiso ya puso ya maranyane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref>Setšhaba se ne sa bopa puso e e neng e fetotswe go tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]],<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;23–24.</ref> mme Tonakgolo Seretse Khama a nna Moporesidente Seretse Khama.<ref name=":65" /> Go ne ga tlhamiwa boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba, jwa kopanya merafe e e sa tshwaneng mo letshwaong le le lengwe la Setswana, ka ngwao e e ikaegileng ka ya merafe ya Setswana.<ref name=":80">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNyamnjoh2007|Nyamnjoh 2007]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Botswana e ne ya boloka bontsi jwa ditheo tsa yone tsa merafe tsa pele ga bokoloniale morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;54.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Se e ne e le ditlamorago tsa puso e e nonofileng e e neng e amana le merafe ya Batswana le tsereganyo e e lekanyeditsweng ya puso ya Borithane mo dinakong tsa bokoloniale.<ref name=":34" /> Mofuta wa go buisana wa dipolotiki tsa setšhaba pele le morago ga boipuso e ne e le mokgwa o o sa tlwaelesegang mo merafeng e mengwe e mentsi ya Aforika e e neng ya nna le babusaesi morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;30, 56.</ref> Go na le go fedisa bogosi, puso e ntšhwa e ne ya bo tsenya mo tsamaisong ya semolao, ya fa dikgosi dithata tsa boatlhodi ka ''kgotla'', go ikaegile ka dikgotlatshekelo tsa boikuelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe]] 2012, p.&#x20;36.</ref>Tlwaelo ya go ikobela boeteledipele, e e kileng ya fiwa dikgosi, e ne ya sutela kwa botautoneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;30.</ref> Puso e ne ya tiisa go tlhomama ga yona ka go thapa tirelosetšhaba ya yone ka baitseanape b<ref name=":66">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref>a dinaga di sele, go farologana le dinaga tse dingwe tse dišwa tsa Aforika tse gantsi di neng di leleka baitseanape ba dinaga di sele.<ref name=":67">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref name=":68">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;105.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;59.</ref> Se se ne sa boloka puso ya mofuta wa Bophirima e e neng e gatelela tlhabololo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;259.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go tlamela Botswana ka matlole mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse tlhano tsa go nna teng ga yone.<ref name=":61" /> Maemo a yone a kagiso, a puso ya batho ka batho fa a bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tsa Aforika a ne a raya gore e ne ya amogela thuso e ntsi go tswa mo mekgatlhong ya Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;255.</ref> Ka nako ya boipuso, Botswana e ne e le setšhaba se se humanegileng thata, go feta bontsi jwa dinaga tse dingwe mo Aforika.<ref name=":69">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;104.</ref><ref name=":66" /> E ne e sena badiri ba ba rutegileng, ka baagi ba le masome a mane fela ba ba nang le ditlankana tse di hagodimo tsa mmadikolo, mme go ne go sena ditlamelo tse di itsegeng tsa metswedi ya tlholego go tshegetsa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;62, 64.</ref> Botswana e ne e ikaegile ka puso ya Tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa go fitlhelela setšhaba sa lefatshe, mme bontsi jwa badiri ba Botswana e ne e le badiri ba bafaladi mo Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Botswana e ne ya tsena mo ntweng e e tlhamaletseng le Rhodesia, e e neng ya baka dintwa tsa sesole go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1978.<ref name=":63" /> Go nna le seabe mo go lekanyeditsweng ga Borithane go ne go kaya gore go ne go se na tlhabololo e ntsi fa e sale ka nako ya bokoloniale.<ref name=":69" /><ref name=":70">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;160.</ref> Bokgoni jwa go bala le go kwala e ne e le selekanyo sa karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong, mme go ne go na le dikilometara di le lesome fela tsa tsela e e tshetsweng.<ref name=":69" /> Mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a robangbongwe ya baagi e ne e le mo [[:en:Abject_poverty|lehumeng le le tseneletseng]],<ref name=":70" /> mme bontsi jwa baagi e ne e le balemibarui ba dikgomo kgotsa [[:en:Subsistence_farmers|balemibarui ba ba itshidisang]].<ref name=":71">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Fa setšhaba se fitlhelela boipuso, komelelo e e masisi e ne ya fedisa karolo ya masome amarao go fihlela masome a matlhano mo lekgolong ya palo ya dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa Batswana ba ne ba ikaegile ka [[:en:World_Food_Programme|Lenaneo la Dijo la Lefatshe]] go tila tlala.<ref name=":81">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;220.</ref> Ditšhaba tse dingwe di ne di na le ditsholofelo tse di kwa tlase mo Botswana, mme mo Aforika yotlhe e ne e bonwa jaaka [[:en:Bantustan|Bantustan]] ya Tlhaolele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;1.</ref> Kamano e le Tlhaolele gape e ne e le ntlha ya katlego ya Botswana jaaka setšhaba se se ikemetseng: boeteledipele jwa Batswana bo ne bo eletsa go tila phelelo e e tshwanang le ya Aforika Borwa fa setšhaba se ka palelwa, mme dikgolagano tsa dikgang tsa mafatshe fatshe tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa le Bophirima go thibela go tsenngwa ke Aforika Borwa di ne di raya gore Botswana o ne a tshepa thata dinaga tsa Bophirima go amogela thuso le thato ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;76–77.</ref> Boeteledipele jwa ntlha jwa Botswana bo ne bo laolwa ke malapa a merafe e e busang mmogo le palo e nnye ya badiredipuso ba ba rutegileng thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;6.</ref> Go tshwana ga bona ga itsholelo le dikgopolo go ne go raya gore puso e nne e tlhomame kwa ntle ga dintwa tsa sepolotiki.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;71.</ref> Le fa Bathoen a ne a tlogela maemo a gagwe a go nna kgosi go ya go dira dipolotiki, bontsi jwa dikgosi tse dingwe di ne tsa amogela maatla a tsona a a fokoditsweng a sepolotiki mo pusong e ntšhwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;56–57.</ref> Tiro e nngwe ya dikgosi e ne e laolwa ke Molao wa Bogosi wa ngwaga ya 1966.<ref name=":92">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;140.</ref> Go tlhoka bonweenwee go ne ga dira gore puso e nne semolao thata mme ya ratwa ke balekane ba Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;166.</ref> Go farologana le bontsi jwa merafe e e sa tswang go tlhamiwa ya Aforika, bontsi jwa boeteledipele bo ne bo tswa mo setšhabeng sa temothuo, go kaya gore dikgatlhego tsa bona di ne di tsamaisana le bontsi.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":71" /> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa go boloka dipholisi tsa motlha wa bokoloniale tse di neng di solegela barui ba dikgomo molemo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;75.</ref> Setlhopa sa semmuso sa Nama ya Botswana se ne sa tlhamiwa go laola madirelo a nama ya kgomo.<ref name=":58" /> Boikuelo jwa lekoko la BDP jwa merafe yotlhe le kgatlhego e e kopanetsweng ya go tlhoma boipuso di ne tsa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa gape go dira mo dikgatlhegelong tsa bontsi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref> Ditlhopha tse dinnye tsa baagi ba basweu di ne tsa sala mo nageng mme tsa ganetsa boipuso jwa yone.<ref name=":63" /> Le fa moragonyana di ne di tla nna botlhokwa mo tlhabololong ya Botswana, ditshwanelo tsa ditswammung di ne tsa fiwa botlhokwa jo bo kwa tlase fa di bona boipuso, mme merafe e ne ya di fetisetsa kwa pusong ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1967.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;103–104.</ref> === Puso ya ga Seretse Khama === Khama o ne a ratwa ke batho botlhe mme a bonwa e le moeteledipele wa tlholego wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;202–203.</ref> Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya tsenya tirisong maano a a neng a lebisitswe mo go tlhameng mafaratlhatlha le dithoto tsa setšhaba, bogolosegolo go tsenya tshela ditsela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;111.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;86.</ref> O ne a simolola go aga dikolo, matlhabelo le dikhuti tse di neng tsa tswelela mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. Lefatshe le le nang le banni la Batswana le Basarwa le ne la dirisiwa go aga mesima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;219.</ref> Tlhabololo e ne ya tla ka tshenyegelo ya kgwebo le tlhagiso, e e neng e lekanyeditswe go tlamela ka matlole a leruo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004,]] p.&#x20;164.</ref> Go ne ga tlhongwa mogopolo thata mo go otla dikgomo le go aga matlhabelo go rotloetsa madirelo a nama ya kgomo mo gare ga go tlhoka metsi. <ref name=":82">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;205.</ref>[[:en:Public_welfare|Mananeo a katlaatleloloago]] le one a ne a tlhongwa.<ref name=":67" /> Go ribololwa ga ditaemane go ne ga netefatsa gore mananeo a a bona madi a a lekaneng.<ref name=":72">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Dipeeletso tse le mokgwa o o sa fetogeng wa go somarela madi a puso di ne tsa thibela boemo jwa [[:en:Dutch_disease|bolwetse jwa Dutch]] jo bo neng jwa golafatsa dinaga tse dingwe tsa Aforika tse di neng di tletse ka didirisiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;4.</ref> Thuto e ne ya atolosiwa mo setšhabeng sotlhe, mme puo ya Setswana e ne ya lekanngwa mmogo le Seesemane ka go latlhegelwa ke dipuo tse dingwe.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":68" /> Khama o ne a siamisa seo jaaka tsela ya go fitlhelela kutlwano.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;228.</ref> Quett Masire o ne a dira jaaka Mothusa tautona ka fa tlase ga ga Seretse Khama mmogo le Tona ya tsa madi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> O ne a laola tekanyetsokabo ya lefatshe le tiriso ya madi ka go tlhama motseletsele wa Maano a Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba, go ikaegilwe ka kamogelo ya Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba le Komiti ya itsholelo ya Kabinete.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Dipoeletso tsa maano a di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya molao wa semmuso ya puso morago ga gore batlhatlhami ba ga Khama le Masire ba tsene mo maemong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;171.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, ditaemane di ne tsa fitlhellwa kwa Botswana ke setlamo sa Aforika Borwa sa ditaemane sa [[:en:De_Beers|De Beers]], mme ditiro di ne tsa simolola ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref name=":76">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;110.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;61.</ref> Dipeeletso tsa kopore di ne tsa fitlhelwa kwa [[:en:Selebi-Phikwe|Selebi-Phikwe]] ka ngwaga oo, mme se sa senola gape khumo ya ditswammung tsa setšhaba.<ref name=":58" /> Puso e ne ya dirisana le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1969 go dira ditiro tse dikgolo tsa meepo ya ditaemane,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> mme e ne ya amega mo dipuisanong sešwa tsa [[:en:Southern_African_Customs_Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa]] ka one ngwaga oo go tokafatsa thata maatla a yone a itsholelo mo kgaolong.<ref name=":77">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;65.</ref> Moepo mongwe kwa [[:en:Morupule|Morupule]] o ne wa simolola go ntsha magala ka ngwaga wa 1973, mme wa tlamela setšhaba ka karolo e kgolo ya motlakase.<ref name=":78">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xix.</ref> [[:en:Orapa_diamond_mine|Moepo wa ditaemane wa Orapa]] o ne wa bulwa kwa Orapa ka ngwaga wa 1971, mme go ne ga tlomamisiwia tumalano ya go abelana lotseno fa gare ga puso le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1974.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;125.</ref> Moragonyana Masire o ne a netefatsa gore De Beers e ne e tshegeditse dikgwebo tsa gagwe tse di hapegileng ka madi, mme se sa dira gore go akanyediwe gore setlamo se ka tswa se amogetse tumalano e e mosola mo kgannyeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;129–130.</ref> Molao wa Metsi le Molao wa ditsha tsa Morafe di ne tsa tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1968, mme tsa tlhama lekgotla la Kabo ya Metsi le lekgotla tsa naga di le lesome le bobedi, ka go latelana. Tse di ne di okametse kabo ya ditshwanelo tsa metsi le lefatshe ke puso go na le ka go nna mong wa morafe mongwe le mongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;76.</ref> Ka se, ba ne ba tsenya dithata tsa setso tsa dikgosi.<ref name=":74" /> Molao wa Mafatshe a Phulo a Merafe e ne ya tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1975 go thibela [[:en:Overgrazing|phulo e e feteletseng]], mme fela e ne ya itshupa e sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;67.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;173.</ref> Tota e bile, e ne e letla baagi ba ba humileng go kopa ditsha tse dikgolo tsa dikgomo ka tshenyegelo ya baagi ba ba sa humang thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Ditlhopho tsa ntlha morago ga boipuso di ne tsa diragala ka ngwaga wa 1969.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la dira maswe go le gonnye fa e bapisiwa le tiragatso ya yona ya ngwaga wa 1965, mme mothusa tautona Masire o ne a latlhegelwa ke setilo sa gagwe ke Bathoen, se se neng sa mo tlhoka gore a tseye setilo se se kgethegileng se se tlhophilweng.<ref name=":79">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Lekoko la BPP le ne la nyelela ka botlhokwa fa dipolotiki tsa Botswana di ntse di gola.<ref name=":73" /> Koporase ya Tlhabololo ya Botswana e e neng e le ya puso e ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1970,<ref name=":75" /> mme moepo wa diteemane wa Orapa o ne wa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 1971.<ref name=":78" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, diteemane di ne di dira karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong ya Palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana,<ref name=":76" /> mme kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1970, meepo e ne e le madirelo a magolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;5.</ref> Goromente wa Botswana o ne a buisana gape ka tumalano ya yone ya meepo le De Beers magareng ga ngwaga wa 1971 le ngwaga wa 1975, ya sutisetsa bontsi jwa dituelo kwa setšhabeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;210.</ref> Fa itsholelo ya teemane e ntse e tlhabologa le dipeeletso di boela mo lefatsheng, Botswana e ne ya falola lehuma mme ya bonwa jaaka katlego mo merafeng e mengwe mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara morago ga bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;212.</ref> Ditlhabololo tse di dirile gore Botswana e nne naga e e golang ka bonako mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":77" /> Batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo le a a fa gare ba ne ba bona molemo thata, go oketsa go [[:en:Wealth_inequality|tlhoka tekatekano ga khumo]], mme gape go ne go raya gore makgetho a ka fokodiwa, se se neng sa dira gore balemi ba ba tshegetse.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;71–72.</ref> Tlhabololo ya Botswana le tiriso ya yone ya tirelosetšhaba ya mafatshe a sele e ne ya atlega mo e leng gore puso e ne ya tlhotlheletsa lefatshe la United States go romela setlhopa sa baithaopi ba kagiso (Peace Corps) kwa ntle ga ditekanyetso tsa setso tsa gore ke dikarolo dife tse mokgatlho o ka di dirang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go ne ga tla koketsego ya Batswana ba ba botlana ba ba rutegileng mo lefelong la gaeno, ba ba neng ba nna le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo pusong.<ref name=":64" /> Jaaka fa batho ba bašwa ba ba ne ba amogela thuto e e tshwanang mme ba simolola go dira mo setsong se le sengwe sa tsamaiso, go ne go sena pharologano e kgolo ya tiro fa gare ga tirelosetšhaba e e neng e eteletswe pele ke batswakwa le e e neng e tsamaisiwa ke Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Lephata la Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo le ne le le teng ka bokhutshwane morago ga go kgaogana mo Lephateng la Matlole magareng ga batlhokomedi ba setso ba ba neng ba amana le tshireletso kgatlhanong le baemanokeng ba ga Masire ba ba neng ba eletsa go bona tlhabololo e e bogale thata. Ya bofelo e ne ya tsaya taolo, mme ditona di ne tsa kopanngwa gape go nna Lephata la Matlole le Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo ka ngwaga wa 1970. Ka ntlha ya palo e e lekanyeditsweng ya batho ba ba tshwanelegang go laola itsholelo, lephata le le ne la tsaya taolo e feletseng ya tiriso ya madi a puso mme la simolola lenaneo la Shashe le le neng le batla gore naga e nne le tlhabololo e e tseneletseng ya palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana. Se se ne se akaretsa go tlhoma lefelo la meepo ya kopore le nikele, le le neng la nna selo se se tlang pele mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;84–85.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, [[:en:Seepapitso_IV|Seepapitso wa bone]] o ne a nna kgosi ya ntlha go emisiwa mo maemong a gagwe morago ga nako ya bokoloniele.<ref name=":83">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;141.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la atlega thata gape ka [[:en:1974_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopo tsa ngwaga wa 1974]].<ref name=":79" /> [[:en:Minimum_wage|Dituelo tse di kwa tlase]] di ne tsa tlhagisiwa ka one ngwaga oo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Botswana e simolotse go ntsha madi a one, e leng [[:en:Botswana_pula|Botswana pula]], ka ngwaga wa 1976. Mmusi wa [[:en:Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya Botswana]] Quill Hermans o ne a kgaratlhela go kgaogana ga madi le Aforika Borwa le [[:en:South_African_rand|ranta ya yone ya Aforika Borwa]]. Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego a boditšhabatšhaba a gore Botswana e ka nna ya se ka ya kgona go tshegetsa madi a yone, Khama o ne a ikutlwa gore bagakolodi ba gagwe ba itsholelo ba na le bokgoni mme o ne a tshepa tshwetso ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tsa boipuso, Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya ditšhaba tse di humileng thata mo [[:en:Third_World|Lefatsheng la Boraro]].<ref name=":67" /> Phetogo ya itsholelo e kaiwa jaaka "kgakgamatso" ya Botswana.<ref name=":77" /> Linchwe II, kgosi ya [[:en:Kgatla_people|batho ba Kgatla]], o ne a busetsa ngwao ya go simolola bogwera mo morafeng wa gagwe ka ngwaga wa 1975, mme se sa gakatsa puso ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;148.</ref> Khama o ne a tsaya tsela ya go akaretsa batho botlhe mo pusong ya gagwe, a tila dipolotiki tsa merafe le go gana tlhotlheletso ya baeteledipele ba merafe a rata badiredipuso.<ref name=":84">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> Ka dinako tse dingwe o ne a kopa batho go rola tiro fa morafe mongwe o ka nna le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo tirelong ya setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tshaba gore go sa dumalane le batho ba ba kwa tlase ba Kalanga go ka nna ga dira gore go se ka ga nna le kagiso. Go rarabolola se, Khama o ne a tsenya maloko a a rutegileng a morafe wa Kalanga mo pusong, a tlhoma bontsi mo maemong a a kwa godimo. Tshwetso e ne e tsosa kganetsano, mme e ne ya tsosa dikgopolo tsa bolotsana ka ga tlhotlheletso e e bosula ya Kalanga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;122.</ref> Tse ka dinako tse dingwe di ne di ikaegile ka Mokgatlho wa Baithuti ba Bakalanga, o o neng wa nna Mokgatlho wa Tsweletso ya Puo ya Ikalanga ka ngwaga wa 1980.<ref>[[Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 123.|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> Poifo ya dipuso tsa baagisani tse di eteletsweng pele ke basweu kwa Namibia, Rhodesia, le Aforika Borwa, mmogo le kotsi ya [[:en:Angolan_Civil_War|Ntwa ya Selegae ya Angola]], di dirile gore Botswana e tlhame [[:en:Botswana_Defence_Force|sesole sa bosetšhaba]] ka ngwaga wa 1977.<ref name=":78" /> Pele ga se, [[:en:Botswana_Police_Service|Tirelo ya Sepodisi]] sa Botswana e ne e tlhokometse tshireletso ya setshaba. Go tlhoka sesole go ne go raya gore Botswana e ne e sa tlhaselwe ke dilo tse di bakang go sa tlhomamang mo merafeng e mengwe ya Aforika: go menola puso ga sesole le bonweenwee ka go dirisa madi a sesole.<ref>[[Beaulier & Subrick 2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], pp.&#x20;111–112.</ref> Sesole se ne sa bona ntwa ngwaga o o latelang fa dirukutlhi tsa Rhodesia di ne di tlhasela Leshoma, di bolaya masole a le lesome le botlhano.<ref name=":78" /> Ka tirisanommogo ya yone le De Beers, puso ya Botswana e ne ya tlhama kompone ya meepo ya Debswana ka ngwaga wa 1978, mme ya bona lotseno lo lo bonalang lwa puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Meepo e ne ya nna madirelo a a kwa godimo ya itsholelo ya lefatshe mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang,<ref name=":85">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> mme Botswana ya nna itsholelo e e golang ka bonako go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":86">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;33.</ref><ref name=":86" /> Go nna le seabe ga mafatshe a sele mo itsholelong go ne ga nna kgang ya sepolotiki ka nako e jaaka fa batho ba kwa ntle ba ne ba kokoanya kgolo ya setšhaba fa ditiro tsa selegae di ne di tlhabologa ka iketlo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;143–145.</ref> Thuo ya dikgomo, e e neng e setse e amilwe ke go runya mo gogolo ga [[:en:Foot-and-mouth_disease|bolwetse jwa tlhako le molomo]] ka ngwaga wa1977,<ref name=":82" /> e ne ya latlhegelwa ke botlhokwa jo e neng e na le jone pele.<ref name=":85" /> === Puso ya ga Quett Masire === [[Setshwantsho:Quett Masire DF-SC-85-12044.JPEG|thumb|Quett Masire a etetse America ka ngwaga wa 1984]] Morago ga loso lwa ga Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa 1980, Mothusa-Tautona Quett Masire o ne a nna tautona wa Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;117.</ref> Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego ka go tlhatlhama ga ga Khama, Masire o ne a tshegetsa mafaratlhatlha a puso a a neng a thusa go a aga le go boloka tumelo mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;182.</ref> Go ritibatsa morafe wa ga Khama wa Ngwato le merafe e mengwe ya bokone, Masire o ne a tlhoma ntsalae Khama, [[:en:Lenyeletse_Seretse|Lenyeletse Seretse]], go nna mothusa-tautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;232.</ref> Kakanyo e e neng e tlwaelesegile mo gare ga BaNgwato e ne e le gore morwa Khama, [[:en:Ian_Khama|Ian Khama]], o ne a tshwanelwa ke bo tautona. Fa Lenyeletse a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1983, Masire o ne a tlhopha [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] go tsena mo boemong jwa gagwe. Gompieno o ne a tlhopha mongwe go tswa mo morafeng wa borwa, gore a se ka a tlhoma sekao sa gore tautona le mothusa-tautona ka nako tsotlhe ba tshwanetse go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di fapaaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;233.</ref> Botswana e ne e le karolo ya Khonferense ya Kgokaganyo ya Tlhabololo ya Borwa jwa Aforika e e neng ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1980 go tlhama mmaraka wa borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":78" /> Setšhaba se ne sa amiwa ke [[:en:Early_1980s_recession|kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980]].<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Jwaneng_diamond_mine|Moepo wa diteemane wa Jwaneng]] o simolotse go dira ka ngwaga wa 1982, wa nna moepo o o dirang dipoelo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng. [[:en:University_of_Botswana|Mmadikolo wa Botswana]] o tlhomilwe ka one ngwaga o o neng o kgaogana le [[:en:University_of_Botswana,_Lesotho_and_Swaziland|Mmadikolo ya Botswana, Lesotho le Swaziland]].<ref name=":78" /> Ditlhabololo tsa semolao ka ngwaga wa 1982, Molawana wa Thuso ya Matlole le go dira gore tiro ya kgwebo gore e nne ya ka fa molaong ke badiredipuso, di ne tsa tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya naga mme gape tsa gagamolola melawana e e neng e tla thibela bonweenwee.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;127, 129.</ref> Jaaka fa puso ya batho le batho le kgolo ya itsholelo di itshupile e le diphetogo tsa paka e telele, Botswana e ne ya itsege jaaka "kgakgamatso ya Aforika".<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Kganetso e e nonofileng kgatlhanong le puso e e laolwang ke lekoko la BDP e ne ya tlhagelela la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go fenya ditlhopho tsa selegae, ditlhopha tsa dikgatlhego tsa simolola go tlhamiwa, mme makwalo a dikgang a matlhano a magolo a a kgatlhanong le lekoko la BDP a simolola go gatisiwa.<ref name=":64" /> Pele e ne e ikaegile ka tshegetso ya merafe e e rileng, lekoko la BNF le ne la bona tshegetso mo setlhopheng sa badiri.<ref name=":84" /> Ka ditlhopho ka kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1984, e ne e le lekoko kganetso le le gaisanang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;712.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya ama Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa1982 go fitlhela ka ngwaga wa 1987, mme ya tlhoka thuso ya dijo ya puso go ka nna karolo ya masome a marataro le botlhano mo lekgolong ya Batswana ba kwa magaeng.<ref name=":87">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;82.</ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba ga Masire ba ne ba mo amanya le komelelo e ka e ne e tsamaisana le tshimologo ya botautona jwa gagwe, ba akantsha gore Khama o ne a na le taelo ya bomodimo e Masire a neng a se na yone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;203.</ref> Mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1980, madirelo a ditaemane a ne a fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa yone ka karolo ya masome a matlhano le boraro mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya tlhagiso ya bosetšhaba.<ref name=":76" /> Ka nako e, itsholelo ya setšhaba e ne ya nonoha mo e leng gore baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba rotloediwa go tlhopha [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|temothuo ya go]] [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|itshidisa]] kgotsa go fuduga go ya go dira kwa Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":84" /> [[:en:Entrepreneurship|Bogwebi]] bo ne jwa anama thata, bogolosegolo mo badiring ba pele ba puso ba ba neng ba tswa mo [[:en:Public_sector|lephateng la puso]] go ya kwa lephateng la [[:en:Private_sector|e]] [[:en:Private_sector|seng la puso]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Thuto ya mahala ya [[:en:Secondary_education|sekole se segolwane]] ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1989.<ref name=":87" /> [[:en:Trade_union|Mekgatlho ya badiri]] le [[:en:Special_interest_group|ditlhopha tse di kgethegileng tsa dikgatlhego]] tse dingwe di ne tsa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go tlhotlheletsa melawana ya setšhaba, le fa gantsi puso e ne e sa batle go di amogela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], pp.&#x20;85–86.</ref> E tsibogetse mokgatlho o o neng o gola wa badiri ka go fetisa dithibelo tse di bokete mo mekgatlhong ya badiri ka ngwaga wa 1983.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dingwaga di le lesome gape o ne wa tlhagisa mekgatlho ya go amogela merafe e mennye, go gana boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba jwa Motswana.<ref name=":80" /> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, Aforika Borwa e ne ya simolola ditlhaselo tsa sesole mo Botswana go batla batlhabani ba Aforika Borwa. Go tsibogela dikgobalo tsa baagitse di neng tsa direga, puso ya Botswana e ne ya oketsa tiriso ya madi mo sesoleng.<ref name=":93">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;112.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> E ne gape ya fa sesole tiro ya go sireletsa diphologolo tsa naga le go tsenya mo tirisong molao o o kgatlhanong le go tsoma mo go seng ka fa molaong go tsibogela kotsi e e tlisiwang ke batsomi ba ba tshotseng dibetsa.<ref name=":94">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Palo ya ntlha ya [[:en:HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana|mogare wa segajaja]] mo Botswana e ne ya lemogiwa ka ngwaga wa 1985, mme mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang lefatshe ;e ne la nna lone le le neng la amega thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;265.</ref> [[:en:Life_expectancy|Botshelo jo bo solofetsweng]] mo Botswana bo ne bo tla wela tlase tswa go masomeng a maratarole bosupa go ya kwa masomeng a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 1997.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;175.</ref> Phetogo e e gakgamatsang mo tsamaisong ya botsogo ya Botswana e ne ya latela go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1980 le bo 1990; Bongaka jwa Bophirima bo ne jwa tlotliwa thata mmogo le kalafi ya setso, mme go ne ga tlhongwa dikokelo tse e seng tsa puso go nna mmogo le dikago tse di tsamaisiwang ke puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> [[:en:Early_1990s_recession|Kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1990]] e ne ya ama Botswana.<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Attorney_General_of_Botswana_v._Unity_Dow|Tsheko e e botlhokwa ya kgotlatshekelo ya molaomotheo]] e e neng ya tlisiwa ke Unity Dow e ne ya felela ka katlholo ka ngwaga wa 1991 ya gore bana ba ka fiwa boagedi mo go bomme ba bone ga mmogo le borraabone, e e neng ya amogelwa go nna molao ka Molao wa Boagi wa 1995.<ref name=":88">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xx.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang sa Kgabo se ne sa tshwarwa ka ngwaga wa 1991 go batlisisa lekgotla la kabo ditsha tsa lefatshe tsa puso, mme sa fitlhela gore go dirilwe ditlolomolao tsa maitsholo a a siameng ke mothusa-tautona Peter Mmusi le mokwaledi wa kakaretso wa lekoko la BDP [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]], ba bobedi jwa bone gape e neng e le maloko a setlhopa sa ditona tsa puso ya Botswana.<ref name=":89">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;346.</ref><ref name=":90">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;333.</ref> Ka go lebana le go galefa mo pusong le mo setšhabeng, bobedi jwa bone ba ne ba rola tiro.<ref name=":90" /> Go wa mo go ne ga tlhola ditlhopha tse pedi tse di kgaoganeng mo teng ga lekoko, e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke maloko a mabedi a pele a setlhopa sa ditona (Ba babedi ba bagolo),<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;333–335.</ref> mme e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke baganetsi ba bona (ba batlhano ba bagolo): [[:en:Festus_Mogae|Festus Mogae]], Bihiti Temane, Chapson Butale, [[:en:Gaositwe_Chiepe|Gaositwe Chiepe]], le moeteledipele wa bona [[:en:Mompati_Merafhe|Mompati Merafhe]].<ref name=":91">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;235.</ref> Se se ne sa aga mo dikgotlhang tse di neng di godile fa gare ga boeteledipele jwa borwa jwa BLP le kokomana e ntšhwa ya boradipolotiki go tswa kwa bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], pp.&#x20;233–234.</ref> Masire o ne a tlhopha Mogae go nna mothusa- tautona yo mosha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;334.</ref> Ka go tshwenyega ka kgonagalo ya go tlwaetsa bonweenwee, Masire o ne a thapa mothusa- mogolwane wa [[:en:Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)|setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang e e Ikemetseng ya Hong Kong e e Kgatlhanong le Bonweenwee (Hong Kong)]] go tlhama mokgatlho o o tshwanang mo Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;222.</ref> [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Bokaedi jwa Bonweenwee le Bosenyi jwa]] [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Itsholelo]] bo ne jwa tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, mme lekgotla la kabo ditsha le ne la tlhamiwa go reetsa boikuelo jwa ditshwetso tsa kabo ditsha ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Boemo jwa lekoko la BDP jaaka lekoko le le laolang bo ne jwa amogela kgwetlho ya jone ya ntlha e e masisi ka ntlha ya Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlsisa kgota go sekaseka dikgang ya Kgabo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;249.</ref> Matlhabisaditlhong le go kgaogana mo go neng ga nna teng mo lekokong la BDP go ne ga dira gore lekoko la BNF le nne lekoko la kganetso le le gaisanang thata morago ga ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;335–336.</ref><ref name=":89" /> Ka go mathata a a oketsegileng a go tsenngwa ga ditoropo go fokotsa motheo wa BDP kwa metseselegaeng, makoko a kganetso a ne a na le bonnye jo bo bonalang mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa ga Mmusi, Kwelagobe o ne a ikgolaganya le [[:en:Ponatshego_Kedikilwe|Ponatshego Kedikilwe]], mme ba bopa setlhopa se sennye sa Barata-Phathi sa lekoko la BDP. Ba batlhano ba bagolo ba ne ba nna setlhopa se sennye sa A-Team.<ref name=":89" /> Botswana e ne ya solegelwa molemo ke go khutla ga puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, ka puso e ntšhwa e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Aforika e ne e sa thibele kgolo ya Botswana kgotsa go tsenelela mo ditirong tsa sesole go kgabaganya molelwane.<ref name=":81" /> Fa kgaolo e ntse e tlhomama, ditlhabololo tsa itsholelo tse di tshwanang le mabentlele a magolo, kakanyo e e sa netefadiwang ya dithoto, le bojanala jwa baagi di ne tsa atologa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;675.</ref> Morafe wa Ngwaketse o ne wa nna le kgotlang le puso ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa 1994, fa tona ya pusoselegae le mafatshe Patrick Balope a ne a latofatsa kgosi Seepapitso wa bone ka go palelwa ke go diragatsa ditiro tsa gagwe mme a laela gore kgosi e emisiwe—e leng go emisiwa ga bobedi ga puso ya ga Seepapitso.<ref name=":83" /> Morwa wa ga Seepapitso e bong Leema o ne a amogela go tlhomiwa go dira tiro eo, kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa ga Seepapitso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;141–142.</ref> Morafe o ne wa lwantshana le kgang ya go nna semolao mo go sa tlhaloganyesegeng ga ga Leema le poifo ya gore setso sa morafe ga se kitla se tlhola se lemogiwa, mme go tlosiwa ga gagwe go ne ga nna kgang ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;142–143.</ref> Seepapitso o ne a tsenya kganetso ya semolao, mme kgotlatshekelo ya atlhola ka Tlhakole a tlhola malatsia le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 1995 gore le fa go tlosiwa ga ga Seepapitso go ne go le ka fa molaong, go tlhomiwa ga ga Leema go ne go se kafa molaong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;145.</ref> Ka maatla a go tlhoma a ne a buseditswe mo morafeng, ba ne ba gana go tlhopha moeteledipele yo mosha jaaka tsela ya go ikuela. Puso e ne ya ineela mme ya letlelela Seepapitso go busediwa mo tirong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;145–146.</ref> [[:en:Ritual_murder|Polao ya dipheko]] ya ga [[:en:Segametsi_Mogomotsi|Segametsi Mogomotsi]], mosetsana wa dingwaga di le lesome le bone wa kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]], e diragetse ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 1994. Dikhuduego tsa loago di ne tsa tsoga fa babelaelwa bao, ba e neng e le borakgwebo le boradipolotiki ba ba humileng, ba ne ba gololwa ka ntlha ya go tlhoka bosupi. Mo dikgweding tse di latelang, go ne ga nna le ditshupetso le dikhuduego tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke baithuti kgatlhanong le tiriso ya ditiro tsa masaitsiweng tse di tshwanang le polao ya dipheko go bona khumo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;286–290.</ref> Go tlhagoga ga bolwetse jo bo [[:en:Contagious_bovine_pleuropneumonia|tshelanwang jwa pleuropneumonia ya dikgomo]] ka ngwaga wa 1995 go ne ga baka dintsho tsa dikgomo di le dikete tse makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi .<ref name=":88" /> Molao wa Temothuo wa ngwaga ya 1995 o ne wa atolosa thulaganyo ya go dira lefatshe la baagi la le e seng la puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Merafe e mennye e ne ya tswelela go kgaratlhela go lemogiwa go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;163–164.</ref> Puso e simolotse go ntsha batho ba Basarwa mo [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|Lefelong la Diphologolo la Kalahari]] [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|la Bogare]] ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Le fa e ne e nganga gore maikaelelo e ne e le go thusa go kopanya baagi ba ba neng ba le kgakala thata, mme e neelana ka leruo go rotloetsa tirisanommogo, mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba e ne ya pega molato puso ka go pateletsa le go [[:en:Forced_displacement|fudusiwa ka dikgoka]] ga batho go dira sebaka sa meepo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;11–12.</ref> Maiteko a ntlha a magolo a semolao a go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa merafe e mennye a ne a tswa mo tshitshinyong ya ngwaga wa 1995 kwa palamenteng ya go tlhalosa molaomotheo jaaka o o sa tseyeng letlhakore mo merafeng, mme o ne wa bewa mo tafoleng. Mokgatlho wa Kamanakao o ne wa tlhamiwa ka one ngwaga oo ke morutegi [[:en:Lydia_Nyati-Ramahobo|Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo]] go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa [[:en:Yeyi_people|batho ba Yeyi]].<ref name=":95">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;215.</ref> Motseletsele wa diphetogo tsa puso le tsa ditlhopho di ne tsa tsenngwa mo tirisong mo dingwageng tsa bofelo tsa bo tautona jwa ga Masire. Tlhokomelo ya ditlhopho e ne ya fetisediwa kwa setheong se se ikemetseng, dingwaga tsa go tlhopa di ne tsa fokodiwa go tswa ko masomeng a mabedi le bongwe go ya ko lesomeng le borobabobedi , go [[:en:Postal_voting|tlhopa ka poso]] go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong, mme ga tsenngwa tirisong melawana ya go sireletsa [[:en:Labour_rights|ditshwanelo tsa badiri]] le [[:en:Gender_equality|tekatekano ya bong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;168.</ref> Masire o ne a eletsa go tlhama [[:en:Order_of_succession|tatelano e e tlhomameng ya]] [[:en:Order_of_succession|go tlhatlologana]] mo bogosing le go netefatsa gore motlhatlogi wa gagwe yo a mo tlhophileng mothusa Tautona Mogae e nna tautona, ka jalo o ne a dirisana le mmueledi Parks Tafa go kwala paakanyo ya molaotheo. Se se ne sa tsenya tirisong tatelano e e itirisang le [[:en:Term_limit|melelwane ya paka]] ya botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;337–338.</ref> O ne a pateletsa paakanyo ka boene.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;304–305.</ref> Go fetola itsholelo ya lefatshe, go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong tsamaiso ya nakwana ya go nna le [[:en:Tripartism|makoko a mararo]] go kopanya puso, lekalana le e seng la puso, le baemedi ba badiri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;169.</ref> Fa lekoko le ne le tlhopha maloko a komiti ya lone ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1997, kotsi ya go nna le ditlhopha e ne ya gola mo e leng gore Masire o ne a phimola ditlhopho tsa lone tse di mo teng ga mokgatlho mme a dira gore ditlhopha di mo fe manaane a maina.<ref name=":91" /> === Puso ya ga Festus Mogae === [[Setshwantsho:George Bush with African national leaders February 26, 2002.jpg|thumb|Festus Mogae mmogo le botautona ba mafatshe a sele [[:en:Joaquim_Chissano|Joaquim Chissano]], [[:en:George_W._Bush|George W. Bush]] le [[:en:José_Eduardo_dos_Santos|José Eduardo dos Santos]] ka ngwaga wa 2002]] Masire o ne a tlogela tiro ya botautona ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le ngwe ka ngwaga wa 1998, mme a latelelelwa ke mothusa tautona Festus Mogae.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;338.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya tshwetso e e neng ya tsosa kganetsano ya go tlhoma Ian Khama, molaodi wa sesole le morwa Seretse Khama, go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang,<ref name=":72" /> a fetisa kgetho ya gagwe ka go tshosetsa go phatlalatsa palamente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Le fa ba ne ba sa tseye letlhakore semmuso fa gare ga ditlhopha tsa lekoko la BDP, Mogae le Khama ka bobedi ba ne ba tlhaloganngwa e le batho ba bagolo mo gare ga A-Team.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;347.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1998 o ne wa bona nngwe ya dikgaogano tse dintsi mo teng ga lekoko la kganetso la BNF. E ne e kgaogane ka ditlhopha tse pedi: batho ba ba sa rateng diphetogo ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa loago le ba ba neng ba tswelela pele ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa puso ya batho ka batho ya loago. Dikhuduego kwa mokgatlhong wa lekoko di ne tsa dira gore batho ba ba neng ba rata kgatelopele ba kgaogane go nna lekoko la bone, [[:en:Botswana_Congress_Party|Botswana Congress Party]] (BCP), le le neng la nna lekoko le legolo la kganetso go fitlhela ba latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa manno a bone mo [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa]] [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 1999]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Kgaogano e ya kganetso, mmogo le diphetogo tsa selegae tsa dingwaga tse di fetileng, di ne tsa dira gore lekoko la BDP le boelwe ke ditilo dingwe tse e neng ya di latlhegelwa ka ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;168–169.</ref> Maloko a le mmalwa a borwa a boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BCP a ne a boela kwa lekokong la BNF morago ga gore maemo otlhe a a kwa godimo a tsewe ke batho ba bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;237.</ref> Go itlhatlosa go ya kwa maemong a merafe ya Tswana, batho ba Yeyi ba ne ba bitsa kgosi e e kwa godimo ka ngwaga wa 1999, fela se se ne sa se ka sa lemogiwa ke Molao wa Bogosi. Ba ne ba tlisa kgang eo kwa Kgotlatshekelong e Kgolo, e e neng ya tlhasela thulaganyo e e maleba ya molao e le e e tlhaolang.<ref name=":95" /> Mogae o ne a tlhoma setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang ka ngwaga wa 2000 go sekaseka kemedi ya merafe e mennye mo Ntlong ya Dikgosi, mme seo sa baka boipelaetso go tswa mo go ba ba neng ba ikutlwa gore Mogae o batla go nyatsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;239.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang se ne sa tlhomamisa gore Ntlo ya Dikgosi e tshwanetse go nna teng, mme ya bidiwa Setswana ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;216.</ref> Diphetogo tse dingwe tse di fetotsweng ga di a amogelwa morago ga go kgarametswa go tswa mo merafeng e megolo ya Batswana, bogolosegolo ba Ngwato.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;217–218.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, batho ba Kgatla-baga-Mmanaana ba ne ba bona kgosi ya bone Gobuamang Gobuamang wa bobedi a amogelwa semmuso jaaka kgosi e nnye mo teng ga kgaolo ya Kwena kwa ba nnang teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;177.</ref> [[:en:Botswana–Namibia_border|Molelwane wa Botswana le Namibia]] o ne wa tsena mo kganetsanong ka ngwaga wa 1999 fa mafatshe ka bobedi a ne a batla kgaolo mo [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Mopakong wa Caprivi]].[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;xx–xxi.</ref>] Ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000, Botswana e ne ya beeletsa thata mo go tlhabololeng sesole sa mowa.<ref name=":93" /> [[:en:Botswana_Television|Setshwantso sa motshikinyego sa Botswana]] se tlhomilwe ka ngwaga wa 2000. Lentswe tsa Tsodilo le ne la nna [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|Lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe]] ka ngwaga wa 2001. Batho ba Basarwa ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao ka ngwaga wa 2002 go ganetsa go ntshiwa ga bona kwa Central Kalahari Game Reserve, fela kgang e sekisiwang e ne ya tlhokomologiwa. [[:en:Mosadi_Seboko|Mosadi Seboko]] wa [[:en:Lete_people|morafe wa]] [[:en:Lete_people|Balete]] o ne a nna moeteledipele wa ntlha wa mosadi wa morafe ka ngwaga wa 2003.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xxi.</ref> Mogae o ne a dira gore mongwe wa batshwayadiphoso ba ba tlhageletseng thata ba puso, [[:en:Kenneth_Good_(political_scientist)|Kenneth Good]], a lelekwe mo lefatsheng la gagwe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], pp.&#x20;333–334.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;226–227.</ref> [[:en:Three_Dikgosi_Monument|Sefikantswe sa Dikgosi tse Tharo]] se ne sa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;680.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya bolwetsi jo bo anameng lefatshe la HIV/AIDS e le kgang e e botlhokwa thata ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Go e lwantsha, o ne a dira gore dikalafi tsa [[:en:Antiretroviral|diantiretroviral]] tsa HIV/AIDS di nne teng mahala.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;225.</ref> === Puso ya ga Ian Khama === [[Setshwantsho:London Conference on The Illegal Wildlife Trade (12499797834).jpg|thumb|Kopano ya ga Ian Khama le [[:en:William_Hague|William Hague]] kwa Lontone]] Ian Khama o ne a latela mo maemong a botautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Mogae ka kgwedi ya Moranang a le letsatsi le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref name=":96">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mokgwa wa gagwe wa boeteledipele o ne wa phatlaladiwa jaaka o o latelang "di-D tse nne": puso ya batho ka batho, tlhabololo, seriti, le kotlhao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Fa a sena go nna mo setilong, o ne a rulaganya sešwa khuduthamaga ya setšhaba ka mokgwa wa tatelano, a kopanya maatla go dikologa botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;227–228.</ref> Khama o ne a gatelela tshireletsego ya setshaba mo tsamaisong ya gagwe. Ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo maemong a gagwe, Lekalana la Bosenodi le Tshireletsego le ne la itsege ka go dira ditlhodi tse di neng di tlhotlhelediwa ke dipolotiki le go tshwara baganetsi ba gagwe ba sepolotiki. O ne gape a tlhoma batho ba le mmalwa ba pele ba sesole mo pusong ya gagwe<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], pp.&#x20;714–715.</ref> Botswana o ne e sa amege thata mo [[:en:African_Union|Kopanong ya Aforika]] ka nako ya botautona jwa ga Khama, go na le moo e ne ya tlhagisa molawana wa mafatshe a sele a a neng e lebisitswe thata mo Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;190.</ref> Mathata a matlole a ngwaga wa 2008 a ne a gatelela itsholelo ya Botswana, e e neng ya nna e ikaegile ka meepo ya ditaemane le fa puso e ne e dira maiteko.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;202.</ref> Madirelo a diteemane a ne a fedisa kwelotlase e e tlhomameng fa e ne e tlhomama ka bokana ka karolo ya masome a mararo le borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tse di tlhagisitsweng tsa lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 2009.<ref name=":76" /> Taolo ya dikgosi e ne ya fetolwa ka ngwaga wa 2008 ka Molao wa Bogosi.<ref name=":92" /> Khama o ne a rotloetsa go neela dikgosi maatla ka leina la go busetsa kotlhao le maitsholo a setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], pp.&#x20;196–197.</ref> O ne a ntsha taelo e e neng ya oketsa dingwaga tsa go nwa tse di kafa molaong go nna masome a mabedi le bongwe, ya fa baeteledipele ba merafe e mennye maatla a go laela gore batho ba itewe, ya tlhama ditlhopha tsa mephato go nna balebedi, le go tsenya gape [[:en:Corporal_punishment_in_schools|kotlhao ya go itaya mo dikolong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Dikgosi di le mmalwa tse di sa tswang go tlhongwa di ne tsa tshegetsa melawana e mme tsa tsenya tirisong dikotlhao tse di gagametseng tsa badiraphoso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Gareng ga bone go ne go na le Kgafela wa bobedi, kgosana ya morafe wa Kgatla. Go dira gore batho ba gagwe ba nne le boitsholo jo bo tlwaelegileng, o ne a oketsa thata go itewa ga batho ba ba neng ba tlola molao. Kgafela le ba bangwe ba ba amegang ba ne ba pegwa molato wa bosenyi ka ntlha ya go dirisa kotlhao ka tsela e e sa siamang ka ngwaga wa 2010, mme kgotlatshekelo e ne ya kgaphela thoko kopo ya gagwe ya go sirelediwa, ya tlhomamisa gore dikgosi ga di na boipuso mme di laolwa ke molaotheo.<ref name=":97">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;157.</ref> Jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le tlhopha boeteledipele jwa lekoko la yone ka ngwaga wa 2009, Khama o ne a tlhoma batho ba le bantsi ba A-Team mo dikomiting tse potlana tsa lekoko le fa Barata-Phathi e ne ya fenya ka nako ya mokgatlho wa lekoko.<ref name=":97" /><ref name=":98">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;335.</ref> Fa mokwaledi mogolo wa lekoko leo, Rre [[:en:Gomolemo_Motswaledi|Gomolemo Motswaledi]] a ne a rerisana le babueledi go botsa gore a ditiro tsa ga Khama di ka fa molaong, Khama o ne a dira gore a sekegiwe mo komiting. Morago ga go isa kgang kwa kgotlatshekelo, go ne ga fitlhelwa gore tautona yo o mo maemong ao ga a kgone go sekisiwa semolao, mme Khama o ne a emisa Motswaledi mo BDP gotlhelele.<ref name=":98" />Mo tshimologong ya ngwaga wa 2010, Khama o ne a emisa mme morago a ntsha maloko a mangwe a le mmalwa a lekalana le le mo teng ga lekoko la Barata-Phathi mo lekokong BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], pp.&#x20;354–355.</ref> Se se ne sa baka go kgaogana ga ntlha ga BDP ka Mopitlwe fa lekoko la Barata-Phathi le ne le tswa mo lekokong go bopa Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Temokerasi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;345.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Molao wa Tirelosetšhaba o tsentswe tirisong ka ngwaga wa 2010, o dira gore badiredipuso ba dire ditshupetso ka ha molaong mo maemong mangwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mo ngwageng o o latelang, Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Mekgatlho ya Badiri (BOFEPUSU) o ne wa etelela pele ditshupetso tsa dikgwedi di le pedi mo gare ga badiredipuso ba lefatshe go batla tuelo ya karolo ya lesome le borataro mo lekgolong, mme puso ya tsiboga ka go ntsha diketekete tsa badiri mo maemong a bone.<ref name=":96" /> Go ntshiwa ga batho go ne go okametswe ke [[:en:Mokgweetsi_Masisi|Mokgweetsi Masisi]], Tona ya Merero ya Botautona.<ref name=":99">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Go ganetsa boemo jwa puso, BOFEPUSU e ne ya tlhofofatsa go kopanngwa ga makoko a magolo a kganetso go nna [[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC).<ref name=":96" /> Setlhopha se sešwa se se ne se eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Duma_Boko|Duma Boko]], yo o neng a tsere taolo ya BNF ka ngwaga wa 2010 mme a laola dipuo tsa yona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;715.</ref> Khama o ne a diragatsa diphetogo tse di nonofileng tsa tshomarelo ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe, bogolo jang mabapi le go tsoma. Le fa ba ne ba opa diatla kwa mahatsheng a mangwe le go bopa leina la Botswana jaaka "kgakgamatso e tala", ba ne ba kopana le go kgobega marapo mo nageng ka ntlha ya ditsela tse di neng di dirisiwa go tswa kwa godimo go ya kwa tlase, bogolosegolo go tswa mo go ba ba nnang mo mafelong a a tlhomilweng a tshomarelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Melawana e e ne e akaretsa go oketsega ga mekgwa ya sesole e e kgatlhanong le go tsoma diphologolo; digongwana tse di kgatlhanong le go tsoma di ne di tsentswe ditlhobolo tse di itirisang go tlaleletsa melawana ya go thuntsha go bolaya kgatlhanong le batho ba ba belaelwang gore ke batsomi.<ref name=":94" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boloka bontsi jwa yone mo lekgotleng la peomolao morago ga [[:en:2014_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopho tse di latelang]], mme e le lekgetho la ntlha e ne ya dira jalo ka bontsi fela jwa ditlhopo tsa batho.<ref>[[Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;705.</ref> Ian Khama o ne a tlhoma Masisi go nna mothusa tautona wa gagwe.<ref name=":99" /> Tshwetso e ne ya tsosa kganetsano ka ntlha ya go tlhoka maitemogelo ga ga Masisi fa go bapisiwa le ditlhopho tse dingwe tse di ka kgonegang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Go ya ka Mogae, Masisi o ne a tlhophiwa ka tlhaloganyo ya gore o tla tlhoma [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|Tshekedi Khama]] [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|wa bobedi]] go nna mothusa tautona morago ga go tsaya botautona ka boene.<ref name=":99" /> Botsalo Ntuane o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Mokwaledi Mogolo wa lekoko la BDP ka ngwaga 2015 mo seraleng sa twantsho tshenyetso setshaba le phetolo ya ditlhopho. Se se ne sa tshosetsa tlholego e e tseneletseng ya lekoko la BDP, mme Ntuane a bona mmaba wa sepolotiki kwa Masisi.<ref name=":99" /> Khama o ne a le bobaba mo bobegadikgannyeng, bogolo jang mo mafelong a a neng a sa dumalane le ditiro tsa puso ya gagwe. O ne a na le babegadikgang ba babedi ba ba neng ba latofadiwa ka [[:en:Sedition|botsuolodi]] ka ngwaga wa 2017, mme moragonyana ditatofatso di ne tsa latlhiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;714.</ref> === Puso ya ga Mokgweetsi Masisi === [[Setshwantsho:Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference London 2018 (45245990491).jpg|thumb|Mokgweetsi Masisi a bua kwa bokopanong jo bo neng bo bua ka kgwebisano e e seng ka fa molaong ya diphologolo tsa naga kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:London|London]] ka ngwaga wa 2018]] Masisi o ne a nna tautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Khama ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2018. Fa ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2019_Botswana_general_election|kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 2019]] di ntse di atamela, Masisi o ne a tlhama setshwantsho sa go ipharologanya le Khama, a itlhagisa jaaka motho yo o [[:en:Anti-corruption|lwantshanang le bonweenwee]] fa a ntse a tshegetsa bobegakgang le BOFEPUSU.<ref name=":02">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;716.</ref><ref name=":02" /> Letsholo la gagwe la go lwantsha bonweenwee le ne la felela ka go tshwarwa ga ga Isaac Kgosi, yo o neng a eteletse pele Bokaedi jwa Botlhodi le Tshireletso mo pusong ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;717.</ref><ref name=":110" /> Masisi o ne a tswelela ka go busetsa morago bontsi jwa melawana ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110" /> Gareng ga tse e ne e le go phimolwa ga melawana ya tshomarelo, go akaretsa le thibelo ya go tsoma e e neng e tsoma e e neng e lebisitswe mo kgwebong ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|manaka a tlou]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;23–24, 33–34.</ref> O ne gape a okametse go fedisiwa ga go tsewa go ratana ka bong bole bongwe e le molato.<ref>Rotberg 2023, pp.&#x20;228–229.</ref> Fa se se ntse se tsweletse, Masisi le Khama ba nna baganetsi go na le go nna balekane. Khama o ne a leka go thapa [[:en:Pelonomi_Venson-Moitoi|Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi]] go nna ntlhopheng yo mongwe wa BDP kgatlhanong le Masisi, mme fa seo se palelwa, o ne a itlhomela lekoko la gagwe, la [[:en:Botswana_Patriotic_Front|Botswana Patriotic Front]] (BPF).<ref name=":99" /><ref name=":110" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boelwa ke bontsi jwa ditlhopho tsa batho ka ngwaga wa 2019,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> mme ditlhopho di ne tsa senngwa ke kgatelelo ya puso le diphuruphutsho tsa nako le nako kgatlhanong le batho ba kganetso. Lekoko la UDC le ne la gwetlha maduo, mme ga di a atlega.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;308.</ref> Diphetogo tsa kgaolo di ne tsa fetoga ka ngwaga wa 2019 jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le latlhegelwa ke thotloetso nngwe kwa bokone fa e ntse e oketsa tlhotlheletso ya yone kwa borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;231.</ref> Ditlhopho gape di ne tsa bona lekokokganetso le legolo, BNF, le latlhegelwa ke BCP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> Jaaka ditšhaba di le dintsi, [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana|Botswana e ne ya bona kwelotlase e e kgolo ya tsholelo ka nako ya tlhaselo ya bolwetsi jwa COVID-19]], mme lefatshe le ne la nna [[:en:COVID-19_lockdowns|mo thibelong ya metsamao]] bontsi jwa ngwaga wa 2020 le ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;309.</ref> Mofuta wa SARS-CoV-2 Omicron o ribolotswe kwa Botswana moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Maikutlo a a kgatlhanong le makula a ne a anama ka setšhaba sa makula kwa Botswana se ne se humile thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;310.</ref> Khama o ne a tshabela kwa lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa a le kwa botshabelo ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele ka ngwaga wa 2021, mme puso ya Botswana ya mo latofatsa ka go nna le dibetsa e se ka fa molaong ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;311–312.</ref> === Puso ya ga Duma Boko === [[Setshwantsho:Secretary Rubio Meets with Botswana President Boko (54371806715).jpg|thumb|Duma Boko o ikanisa tumalano le lefatshe la Amerika ka ngwaga wa 2025]] Lekoko la [:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change][[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC) le nnile lekokokganetso la ntlha mo Botswana go tsaya puso morago ga phenyo ya lone mo [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa]] [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 2024]] , mme se sa fedisa dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi tsa puso ya [[:en:Botswana_Democratic_Party|lekoko la Botswana la batho ka batho]] (BDP).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMuiaZane2024|Muia &#x26; Zane 2024]]</ref> Mo puisanong ya gagwe ya ntlha ya Maemo a Setšhaba ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2024, Duma Boko o boletse gore puso ya gagwe e tla kgaratlhela go oketsa dipeeletso mo maatleng a letsatsi, [[:en:Cannabis|motokwane]] ya kalafi le mofuta wa motokwane o o lengwang ka lebaka la madirelo. O ne gape a itsise ditirisano le [[:en:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] go atolosa phitlhelelo ya mafaratlhatlha a maranyane e e teng lefatshe ka bophara ka [[:en:Starlink|Starlink]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFFrance242024|France24 2024]]</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2025, Botswana e ne ya romela sathalaete ya yone ya ntlha, e leng [[:en:BOTSAT‑1|BOTSAT‐1,]] kwa lefaufaung.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRanjan2025|Ranjan 2025]]</ref> [[:en:Duma_Boko|Boko]] o ne a tsenela go itsisiwe semmuso ga sathalaete, e e neng ya tshwarelwa kwa mafelong a [[:en:SpaceX|SpaceX]] kwa lefatsheng la United States.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNamunwa2025|Namunwa 2025]].</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Lekwalokwalo la Botswana * [[Ngwao ya Botswana|Ngwao ya Batswana]] * Dipalopalo tsa Botswana * [[Itsholelo ya Botswana]] * Thutafatshe ya Botswana * [[Ditso tsa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Borwa jwa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Gaborone]] * [[Lenaane la dikgang tse di amanang le Botswana]] * Lenaane la dingwaga mo Botswana * [[Tlhaloso ya Botswana]] * Mola wa nako wa Botswana * Mola wa nako ya Gaborone * [[Dipolotiki tsa Botswana]] == Dintlhana tse di kwa tlase == <references /> == Metswedi == === Dibuka === * Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). Culture and Customs of Botswana. Greenwood Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-313-33178-7</nowiki>. OCLC 62118271. * Gulbrandsen, Ørnulf (2012). The State and the Social: State Formation in Botswana and its Precolonial and Colonial Genealogies. Berghahn Books. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85745-298-6</nowiki>. * Hillbom, Ellen; Bolt, Jutta (2018). Botswana – A Modern Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73144-5. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-73144-5</nowiki>. * Holm, John D.; Molutsi, Patrick P. (1992). "State-Society Relations in Botswana: Beginning Liberalization". In Hydén, Göran; Bratton, Michael (eds.). Governance and Politics in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 75–95. doi:10.1515/9781685853297. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-55587-285-4</nowiki>. * Jackson, Ashley (1999). Botswana, 1939-1945: An African Country at War. Clarendon Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-820764-1</nowiki>. * Leith, James Clark (2005). Why Botswana Prospered. McGill-Queen's University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7735-2821-5</nowiki>. * Molutsi, Patrick (2004). "Botswana: The Path to Democracy and Development". In Gyimah-Boadi, E. (ed.). Democratic Reform in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 159–182. doi:10.1515/9781685857325. <nowiki>ISBN 9781685857325</nowiki>. * Nyamnjoh, Francis B. (2007). "'Ever-Diminishing Circles': The Paradoxes of Belonging in Botswana". In de la Cadena, Marisol; Starn, Orin (eds.). Indigenous Experience Today. Routledge. pp. 305–332. <nowiki>ISBN 9781003085690</nowiki>. * Rotberg, Robert I. (2023). "Botswana: Africa's Democratic Exception". Overcoming the Oppressors: White and Black in Southern Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–231. <nowiki>ISBN 9780197674239</nowiki>. * Samatar, Abdi Ismail (1999). An African Miracle: State and Class Leadership and Colonial Legacy in Botswana Development. Heinemann. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-325-00068-8</nowiki>. * Tlou, Thomas; Campbell, Alec C. (1997) [1984]. History of Botswana (2nd ed.). Macmillan Botswana. <nowiki>ISBN 9991278087</nowiki>. == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref name=":2"><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref>Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref></ref><ref name=":30"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikakanyo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aferika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''[[mafisa]]'' e mo go yone bahumi ba ne ba adima ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane dikgomo go ananya tiro. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 701</ref></ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya [[:en:Private_property|dithoto]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme banna ba ba nyetseng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lefatshe.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 698</ref></ref> Banna ka tlwaelo ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijwalo. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 31–32</ref></ref>Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se jalwa thata mo kgaolong e mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela leuba le ne le raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 34</ref></ref> Bagwebi ba Makgowa ba ne ba goroga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi. [ 86 ] Go tsena ga baagi ba Yuropa gaufi go ne ga letla merafe ya BaTswana go ikamanya le ikonomi ya lefatshe. [ 92 ] Kgosi [[Sechele I]] wa batho ba Kwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya Borithane mo morafeng wa gagwe. [ 83 ] Morongwa wa Mo-Scotland David Livingstone o gorogile mo Botswana ka 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma [[Kolobeng Mission|Morongwa wa Kolobeng]] . Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe se se bokete sa Yuropa mo merafeng ya BaTswana jaaka ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano magareng ga dikontinente. [ 51 ] Feshene ya Bophirima e ne ya amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala lekgolo lotlhe la dingwaga mme ya kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso. [ 93 ] Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a naya batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu. [ 94 ] or8804dpe1rzjjkymrl3lmhn4syo4mt 53696 53695 2026-07-30T22:43:54Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Pre-colonial history" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366623313|History of Botswana]]" 53696 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditso tsa lefatshe la Botswana''' di akaretsa tsa bogologolo le tsa ngwao ya kgaolo, go diriwa kolone ya [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Bechuanaland Protectorate]], le go nna Republic of [[Botswana]] gompieno. Batho ba ntlha ba motlha wa gompieno go nna mo [[Botswana]] e ne e le Basarwa, temothuo e tlhabolotswe dingwaga di ka nna dikete pedi, le makgolo a mararo a a fetileng. Batho bantsho ba Bantu ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago ga loso lwa ga Keresete, fa [[Batswana]] ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago. Batswana ba ne ba kgaogana ka ditlhopha tsa merafe mo dingwageng tse di dikete tse di latelang fa diphudugo mo kgaolong di tswelela, tse di neng tsa baka [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]] mo lekgolong la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi. Go amana le lefatshe le le kgolo le le naleng dikarolo la Europe ga ntlha go diragetse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi lesome le borataro, mo go bakileng go diriwa Bakeresete ga batho ba kgaolo. Magosi a Batswana a a neng a na le thotloetso e kgolo a ne a ikopela go nna mo tlhokomelong ya lefatshe la [[United Kingdom]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le botlhano ka ba ne ba itemogela matshosetsi go tswa kwa [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German South West Africa]] le mo Maburung. Batho ba Britain ba ne ba kgaoganya kgaolo go nna merafe e kgosi nngwe le nngwe e tlaa e etelelang pele, ba a fa dikgosi maatla a a fetang a ba neng ba na le one pele, mme ba ne ba nna le taolo e e lekanetseng fela mo lefatsheng. Puso ya Britain e ne ya nna le seabe se setlhagafetseng ka dinwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la ema nokeng go tsaya karolo ga Britain mo ntweng ya bobedi ya mafatshe, bontsi ba ne ba lwa e le bontlha jwa sesole sa [[Aferika|Aforika]] sa Auxiliary Pioneer Corps. Go lwela go laola go nnile teng ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a matlhano fa gare ga Kgosi ya [[Bangwato]] [[Seretse Khama]] le motlhatlhami wa gagwe [[Tshekedi Khama]]. Go nyala mosadi wa lekgoa ebong [[Ruth Williams Khama]] ga ga Seretse, go ne ga baka gore batho ba Britain ba mo thibele go nna mo [[Botswana]]. O ne a boa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a matlhano le borataro, ka a ne a na le kemo nokeng e kgolo, merafe e ne inaakanya le puso e e tlhophilweng fa letsholo la boipuso le tlhamiwa. Molao wa lefatshe o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le motso, ga tlhamiwa diphathi tsa polotiki. Seretse o ne a nna moeteledipele wa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Bechuanaland Democratic Party]], e e neng e bueletswe ke puso ya Britain go busa morago ga boipuso, e ne ya nna le kemo nokeng e e tsitsibanyang mmele mo ditlhophong tsa ntlha tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le botlhano. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la neelwa boipuso jo bo tletseng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro. Ka maikaelelo a a nonofileng, Seretse le phathi ya gagwe ba ne ba tlhama puso ya batho ka batho ya bophirima ba simolola go tlhabolola dikago mo lefatsheng le e neng e le lengwe la a a neng a humanegile thata ka nako eo. Go ne ga lemogiwa fa go na le diteemane ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabongwe, mo go neng ga bopa sesha itsholelo ya Botswana. Kompone ya meepo ya [[Debswana]] e tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi, lefatshe la Botswana la nna la itsholelo e e golang ka bofefo thata go gaisa a mangwe mo Botswana. Phathi ya sepolotiki ya Botswana Democratic e ne ya tswelela e le yone phathi e e busang go tswa ka nako ya boipuso go fitlhelela phathi ya [[Umbrella for Democratic Change]] e fenya ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone.]] == Ditso tsa pele ga bokolone == === Ditso tsa pele === [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo Hills rock paintings4.jpg|thumb|metako ya magaga kwa Tsodilo mo ditsong tsa pele]] Lefatshe la Botswana la gompieno e ne e le sekgwa fela dingwaga di le didikadike tse di lesome tse di fitileng, dinoka di ne di le ditona go fetisa gompieno, di tshela kwa [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|letsheng la Makgadikgadi]].<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou, Thomas]]; [[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Campbell, Alec C]]. (1997) [1984]. ''[[History of Botswana]]'' (2nd&nbsp;ed.). Macmillan Botswana. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/9991278087|&nbsp;<bdi>9991278087</bdi>.]]</ref> Batho ba sebopego sa ntlha sa Homo erectus ba ne ba nna mo kgaolong eo ka motlha wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997,]] p.&nbsp;14.</ref> Didirisiwa tsa lejwe mo Botswana wa gompieno, di tshwana le dilepe, di tswa go o lowe, dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fitileng.<ref name=":4">Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). [[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|''Culture and Customs of Botswana''.]] Greenwood Press. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33178-7|<bdi>978-0-313-33178-7</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#Identifiers_and_linked_data|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/title/62118271 62118271.]</ref><ref name=":0">Klehm, Carla (28 June 2021). "Archaeology of Botswana". ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History''. doi:[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61663/chapter/553401196 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.792]. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4|<bdi>978-0-19-027773-4</bdi>.]]</ref> Phudugo go ya sekakeng sa Kalahari go akanyediwa fa e diragetse pele ga legato la borataro dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro tse di fitileng.<ref name=":0" /> Letsha la Makgadikgadi le simolotse go fokotsega dingwaga di le dikete di le masome matlhano tse di fitileng.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;17.]]</ref> Bagolagolwane ba merafe e e sa amaneng ka gope ba ba bidiwang Basarwa fa ba kgobokantswe, ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome mane go tsena masome a mararo tse di fitileng. Ba ka tswa e le bone batho ba ntlha go nna mo motlheng wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&nbsp;18, 23.</ref> Ba ne ba itlhoma go bapa le dinoka ka dipaka tsa komelelo, mme ba phatlalale le kgaolo ka nako ya dipula.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&nbsp;24.</ref>Go ne go itsewe fa ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikaganyeditseng [[letsha la Makgadikgadi]], ga mmogo le [[Tsodilo]] le GI.<ref name=":1">[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;xv.</ref> Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba [[Nata]], Shua le Xani, go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref name=":2">Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;23.</ref>[[:en:Rock_art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse masome a mararo tse di fetileng,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Meepo ya specularite le hematite e simolotse ka nako e go tlhama dipente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;48.</ref> Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a leruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome mabedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":1" /> Thuto e e tseneletseng ya Aforika e e kwa borwa mo [[:en:Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Matlapa]] e ntse e lekanyeditswe.<ref name=":0" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[:en:Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba sala ka ditlhopha tse dinnye mme ba dira kgwebo le ba bangwe.<ref name=":2" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere tshimo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monna yo mogolo wa lelapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tse dikgolo, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela le go tshwara diphologolo tse dinnye.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Ditlhopha di ne di nyalana mme di dirisa thulaganyo ya magadi, xaro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete tse tse di fetileng, batho ba kgaolo eo ba ne ba tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana wa gompieno mme ba simolola go dira dinkgwana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;8.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;28.</ref>Temothuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga le go wela tlase fa seemo sa loapi le ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo di ne di dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;29–30.</ref>Gareng ga dijalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[:en:Pearl_millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[:en:Sorghum|mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[:en:Cowpea|dinawa tsa kgomo]], le dimela tsa lelapa la [[:en:Cucurbitaceae|cucurbits]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba Bantu ba ne ba [[:en:Bantu_expansion|fudugela kwa kgaolong]] e dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi le dingwaga dile selete le makgolo a matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong leno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;22–24, 28.</ref> [[:en:Kalanga_people|Batho ba Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba goroga c. 200 C.E.<ref name=":3">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Bagologolwane ba morafe wa ntlha wa [[:en:Tswana_people|Batswana]] (bongwe ''Motswana'', bontsi ''Batswana'') go fopholediwa fa ba gorogile c. 400 C.E.<ref name=":3" /> Batho ba ba Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didirisiwa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna mo ditseleng tsa metsi tsa leruri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;9.</ref> Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a leruri a matlo a ka nna lesome go fitlhela lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Pole-and-daga|dipale le mmu]] nngwe le nngwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa Khoisan e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;44–45.</ref> BaKhoisan le Bantu ba ka tswa ba ne ba gweba le go nyalana mo pakeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;36.</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlhela ka lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga === Setlhopha sa batho ba Zhizo, batho ba Taukome, ba ne ba goroga mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme ba nna fa gare ga [[:en:Shashe_River|Noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|Noka ya Serorome]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref><ref name=":5">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;10.</ref> Go nna le [[:en:Glass_bead|dipheta tsa galase]] go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo ya Lewatle la India]].<ref name=":5" /> Palo ya leruo le le ruiwang mo Botswana wa gompieno e ne ya oketsega thata fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa borobabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":4" /> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso ya morafe, e e bidiwang ''morafe'' (bontsi merafe), mongwe le mongwe o eteletswe pele ke kgosi e e bidiwang ''[[:en:Kgosi|kgosi]]'' (bontsi dikgosi).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Tsamaiso e e ne ya tlhagisa puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le tse dingwe mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;40.</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong, mme go nna mong wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho.<ref name=":6">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;11.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ditso tsa bogologolo tsa batho ba Tswana e sa ntse e sa itsiwe thata ka gonne go setse bosupi jo bonnye jwa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo.<ref name=":3" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Sekaka sa Kalahari]] ka makgolo ale borobabongwe morago ga ga Keresete,<ref name=":1" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong le le latelang la dingwaga, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng kwa Lewatleng la India.<ref name=":6" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Bangwe ba batho ba Eiland ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa ya gompieno go tsena mo Botswana wa gompieno mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Batho ba Toutswe, ba bangwe ba morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, ba bona khumo ya bona ka go nna le dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;13.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Go ne ga agiwa metse e meraro ya Ba-Toutswe kwa [[:en:Bosutswe|Bosutswe]], Sung, le [[:en:Toutswemogala|Toutswemogala]], mongwe le mongwe wa bone o ne o busa metse e mennye e e neng e e dikologile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 12, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba anametse kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;60.</ref> Boleng jwa ditlhagiswa bo ne jwa fetogafetoga fa kgwebisano e ntse e atolosiwa le ditšhaba di sele mme go ribololwa ga gauta go ne ga diragala, go fokotsa kgatlhego mo ditlhagisweng tsa sebilo le tsa diphologolo jaaka lonaka lwa tlou.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;27–28.</ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":7">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Merafe e e kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditiragalo tse mme e ne ya sala e sa amege thata.<ref name=":8">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Baagisani ba Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe le wa lesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard's Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":9">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> <ref name=":10">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;61.</ref>Ba tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[:en:Bambandyanalo|Bambandyanalo]], ba ne ba nna batho ba bagolo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe kwa ba neng ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;67–68.</ref> Ba ne ba bonela pele tlhotlheletso go ralala kgaolo fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> Batho ba Okavango Delta le batho ba Tsodilo mme morago ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bodulo mo nakong e, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke batho ba Khoe fela ba ba neng ba nna mo lefelong leo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou & Campbell 1997]], pp. 46, 81.</ref>Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro,<ref name=":11">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;14.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa mo nako e le nngwe.<ref name=":10" />Batho ba Mambo ba ne ba nna go dikologa [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]] ya gompieno mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo tikologong ya nako e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Batho ba segompieno ba Tswana, [[:en:Khalagari_people|Khalagari]], le [[:en:Sotho_people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo e ka nnang ka lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":12">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Ba-Khalagari ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana.<ref name=":13">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Batho ba Fokeng le bone ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi,<ref name=":14">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;93.</ref> mme batho ba Moloko ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro.<ref name=":12" /> Morafe wa tshimologo wa BaTswana, losika lwa bogosi lwa Phofu, o tlhodilwe kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro ke Mogale. Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, e ne ya kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa le merafe ya Bahurutshe, [[:en:Kwena_people|Kwena]], [[:en:Ngwaketse_people|Ngwaketse]], [[:en:Ngwato_people|Ngwato]], Tlharo, le batho ba ba [[:en:Ngwato_people|Kgatla]].<ref name=":13" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa ema mo boemong jwa Mapungubwe e le maatla a kgaolo ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro fa batho ba Gumanye ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[:en:Great_Zimbabwe|Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le le botlhokwa le ditsompelo tsa yone le go nna gaufi le lebopo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;77–78.</ref> Zimbabwe e ne e laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le teng mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana,<ref name=":15">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvi.</ref> mme kgwebisano ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo eo.<ref name=":11" /> Zimbabwe e ne e latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga, mme e ne ya wela mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Dinaga tse dingwe di le mmalwa di ne tsa tlhagelela morago ga go wa ga yone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo neng jwa bopiwa ke [[:en:Kalanga_people|merafe ya Kalanga]], bo ne jwa tsaya maemo a Zimbabwe mo molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;98–100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana le [[:en:Pedi_people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bone<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> mme [[:en:Rolong_people|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Morolong.<ref name=":13" /> Kgosi Masilo go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya bophirima jwa Tswana ka nako e, go fitlhela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga moo go bolelwa fa lefelo le le ne le busiwa ke Malope kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":14" /> === Lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell - Thlapingkaptein en sy vrou.png|thumb|Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1800]] Batho ba baTswana ba ne ba fuduga fa gare ga Botswana wa gompieno ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke batho ba naga le batho ba mmuso wa ga mmamosadinyana go tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":16">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;19.</ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga sekete le makgolo a le marataro.<ref name=":17">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, losika lwa ga Phofu, lo ne lwa wela tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;104.</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la lesome le botlhano le la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":11" /> Batho ba ba Kalanga ba ne ba laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[:en:Motloutse_River|Noka ya Motloutse]] le [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Letsha la Makgadikgadi]] go fitlhela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabobedi.<ref name=":7" /> Batho ba Hurutshe, Kgatla, le Kwena ba ne ba kgaogana le losika lwa segosi lwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo gare ga komelelo le dintwa tsa boswa, mme kgabagare ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;10.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Batho ba Ngwaketse le ba Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le boraro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;105.</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo ba ne ba nna mo Motlheng wa Bofelo wa Leje go fitlha mo e ka nnang mo lekgolong la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;22.</ref> Batho ba Botswana wa gompieno ba simolodistse ditsela tse di telle tsa motsamao ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa, e tsamaelwa dikilometara tse makgolo go rekisa,go tsoma le go itsalanya le batho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;108–109.</ref>Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana motlhofo abo e ipopa ka bongwe go tswa mo go ba bangwe ka gore dithoto tse dipotlana , le leruo tsa lefelo ne di kgona go tsmaisiwa motlhofo.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":16" />Merafe ya botlhabatsatsi e ne e tshabellwa ke go kgaogana ka ntlha ya seele se se tona gareng ga toropo le ditshimo.<ref name=":18">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;392.</ref>Kgaogano gareng ga ditlhopa tsa baTswana e nnile mo gareng ga ngwagakgolong ya lesome le bosupa, e tlhalosa merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":19">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;106.</ref>Merafe ya baTswana ba botlhabatsatsi e ne e nna e le maikaelelo a dintwa tsa [[:en:Griqua_people|batho ba Griqua]].<ref name=":18" /> Fa batho ba baTswana ba tswa bokone go ya Botswana wa borwa-bophirima wa segompieno ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa , ba ne ba nna mo metseng e e neng e nna batho ba Kgalagari, ba ba tshwaetsa kgotsa ba ba ntsha. Batho ba ba Kwena le merafe ya bone ya lekala ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa segompieno ka fa tlase ga taolo ya [[:en:Kgabo_II|Kgabo wa bobedi]] ba bo ba nna gaufi le motse wa [[:en:Molepolole|Molepolole]].<ref name=":19" />Go ya ka setso sa molomo, bapatole ba e leng batho ba Herero le Mbanderu ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathung ba Mbunda ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bosupa fa ntwa tsa leruo la batswana le ne le phatlalatsa ditlhopa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> le batho ba Bayeyi ba ne ba fudugela kwa Okavango Delta go ya kwa nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;8.</ref>Mo mafelong a mangwe, batho ba Kaa ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathong ba Rolong le batho ba Khurutse ba kgaogana le batho ba Bahurutshe, fa ditlhopa tsotlhe di fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":20">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;107.</ref>Batho ba Bashaga ba ne ba kopana le batho ba Kgalagari ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;110.</ref> State sa ntlha sa Tswana se tlhamilwe ke batho ba Ngwaketse bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi. Si state tse dingwe tsa Tswana di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka go latelana ke batho ba ba Kwena, batho ba Ngwato le batho ba ba Tawana mo dingwageng tse lesome tse nne di latela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;113.</ref> Ka se go ne ga tla ditlhabololo tsa ''mophato (''bontsi ''mephato),'' mephato ya sesole e e rulagantsweng k a dingwaga tsa setlhopa, gareng ga batho ba Tswana ba bophirima mo dingwageng tsa sekete le makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano''.''<ref name=":21">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;386.</ref>Batho ba le babedi ba Kgatla , batho ba Kgafela le batho ba ba Tlokwa, ba tsene mo nakong e ba bo ba tsaa taolo mo tikologong ya [[:en:Pilanesberg|Pilanesberg]] mo Aforika Borewng wa segompieno. Ba ne ba laola ka thata bontsi jwa batho mo lefelong leo mme ebile ba fentse dintwa tse pedi le batho ba Fokeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;390–391.</ref>Tiriso ya mephato e ne ya phatlatsega kwa bathong ba Tswana ba kwa botlhaba kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":21" />E ne e sa amogelwa go phutologilwe mo borwa === Difaqane === [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]], nako ya dintwa le phuduso mo borwa jwa Aforika , e diragetse kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi le tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;17.</ref> Mo nakong ye, batho ba baTswana ba ne ba le mo '''kgonegong''' ya dintwa ke ditlhopa di le dintsi ,di akaretsa [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Ndebele]], ba [[:en:Kololo_people|Kololo]], ba [[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]],<ref name=":8" /> ba Pedi, le ba [[:en:Voortrekker|Voortrekkers]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;391.</ref>Bontsi jwa ditlhopa tsa ba Tswana di itlhopetse go boela morago ko ntlheng ga go lwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;394.</ref>Sese ne sa trigger phudugo e e extensive e e ralalang lefelo, go baka gore morafe wa ba Tswana o phatlalale thata abo o simolodisa bolengteng jo bo nonofileng gareng ga territory ya Botswana wa segompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo [[:en:Hardveld|nageng e e thata]] e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Batho ba Kwena le ba Ngwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa motseng wa [[:en:South_African_Republic|Transvaal]] go ya kwa ''lefelong la motlhaba''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;18.</ref> Batho ba ntlha wa Kgatla go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, batho ba Mmanaana, o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[:en:Moshupa|Moshupa]] le [[:en:Thamaga|Thamaga]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53, 56.</ref> Ke fela bangwe ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba bolokwa mo go fudugeng kgotsa mo go kgorelediweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;393.</ref> Batho ba Kololo ba ne ba tlhasela merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa 1826, ba pateletsa BaKwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bona ka go farologana. Sebogo, molaodi wa morafe wa Ngwaketse, o ne a tsosa banna ba le dikete dile nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa Dithubaruba kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ba bolaya batlhabani le baagi, ba kobela ruri Bakololo mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;393–394.</ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma dinaga tsa yone gape ka dingwaga tsa bo 1840, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;31.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;693.</ref><ref name=":22">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;114.</ref> Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[:en:Kgotla|kgotla]]'', kopano ya dipuisano e mo go yone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a utlwa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagi ba banna pele a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref name=":34">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;695.</ref><ref name=":23">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1880, batho ba Tswana le ba Khalagari ba ne ba dirile Botswana yotlhe ya gompieno dikolone.<ref name=":20" /> === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe ba ne ba goroga lantlha mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|London Missionary Society]]. Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa dira go fetolela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":24">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Morongwa [[:en:Robert_Moffat_(missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya motse wa gagwe wa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa Botswana wa gompieno jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le Maburu gore ba se ka ba kgona go ya kwa teng.<ref name=":8" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a ne a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekeresete le go kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente e Kgologolo le e Ntšhwa ka bobedi di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa 1857.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;57, 65.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgopolo di le mmalwa tsa itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aforika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''mafisa'' ya bahumi ba adima bahumanegi dikgomo go ba ananya ka tiro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;701.</ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya dithoto tse di fhapegileng ka bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe , mme banna ba ba nyetsweng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le tshwanelo ya ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;698.</ref> Banna ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref> Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se lengwa thata mo kgaolong eo mo lekgolong la lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela komelelo e ne e raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Bagwebi ba lefatshe la Britain ba gorogile ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":24" /> Go tla ga baagi ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe ba ba neng ba nna gaufi le foo go ne ga dira gore merafe ya Batswana e kgone go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Sechele_I|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_I|wa ntlha]] wa batho ba Bakwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya lefatshe la Britain ya morafe wa gagwe.<ref name=":22" /> Morongwa wa kwa Scotland e bong [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o ne a goroga mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma lekgotla la [[:en:Kolobeng_Mission|Kolobeng Mission]]. Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe mo go bokete ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe mo merafeng ya Batswana fa ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano tsa dikontinente tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":15" /> Moaparo wa Bophirima o ne wa amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala ngwagakgolo otlhe mme o kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;120–121.</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a fa batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu.<ref name=":25">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa batho ba Kalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba lebana le kgotlhang go tswa mo ditlhopheng tse dingwe mo kgaolong, mme ya goroga kwa setlhoeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1850. Batswana ba le bantsi, bogolosegolo merafe ya Kwena le Ngwato, ba ne ba lwa kgatlhanong le merafe ya Maaforikanere le ya MaZulu kwa botlhaba jwa Sekaka sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;195.</ref> Ba-Kwena le Ba-Mmanaana ba ne ba lwantsha Maburu go tswa kwa Transvaal ka ngwaga wa 1852, ba sireletsa kgaolo ya bone mme ba fedisa go atologa ga setšhaba go ya kwa bophirima.<ref name=":26">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;396.</ref> Batswana ba ne ba bona ditlhopha tsa barongwa e le tsela ya go tshabela mo batlhaseding, ba rotloetsa go sokologela mo Bokereseteng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Sechele o ne a kopa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Britain ka 1853 go fedisa dintwa tsa kgaolo, mme o ne a ganwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;107.</ref> Baeng ba Europa ba ne ba tlwaelesegile thata mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga fa batsomi, batlhotlhomisi, le bagwebi ba ne ba batla dipoelo le go bona dilo tse di kgatlhang mo kgaolong eo.<ref name=":25" /> Ba le bantsi ba ne ba kwala [[:en:Travel_book|dibuka tsa maeto]] ka ga lefelo leo, tse e neng e le dingwe tsa dikgatiso fela tse e seng tsa thuto ka ga Botswana wa gompieno ka nako eo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;65–66.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1860, go fuduga go tswa mo kgaolong go ne ga oketsega fa banna ba Batswana ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya go bereka kwa meepong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Go ribololwa ga Masimo a [[:en:Tati_Goldfields|Gauta a Tati]] go ne ga tsosa go batla gauta ga ntlha ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe kwa Borwa jwa Aforika ka ngwaga wa 1868.<ref name=":24" /> Kampa ya pele ya meepo e e neng ya tlhongwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1870 e ne ya atologa thata fa e ne e nna lefelo le legolo la terena fa gare ga [[:en:Cape_Province|kgaolo ya Cape]] le [[:en:Bulawayo|Bulawayo]], mme ya nna toropokgolo ya ntlha ya Botswana, e leng [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;15, 29.</ref> Mo nakong e mo hisitoring ya Botswana, dikgosi tse dikgolo tsotlhe e ne e le Bakeresete.[92] Ntwa magareng ga Bakwena le BaKgafela ka ngwaga wa 1875.<ref name=":26" />Kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga di le lesome, kgosi [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa batho ba Ngwato o ne a gapa taolo ya kgwebisano ya Borithane mo bathong ba Kwena.<ref name=":22" /> == Tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland == ''Setlhogo se segolo: [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]'' Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e oketsegang ya lefatshe la Germany mo kgaolong, mme e ne ya dumela go bopa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]].<ref name=":27">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom & Bolt 2018]], p. 40.</ref><ref name=":28">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Makgowa a Britain a ne a eletsa go somarela tlhotlheletso ya yone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka a ne a neelana ka kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aforika.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Dikgosi tsa Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane ya Aforika Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maaforikaner]],<ref name=":29">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;161.</ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ya taolo ya Borithane e ne e le bokoloniale jwa baagi ke Jeremane.<ref name=":30">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;694.</ref> Ba ne ba eletsa gape go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Aforika Borwa kgotsa moeteledipele wa meepo [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa tshireletso e santse e iphitlhela e ikaegile ka Aforika Borwa mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe go nna lefatshe la merafe le le busiwang ke dikgosi le [[:en:Crown_land|lefatshe la segosi]] le le laolwang ke United Kingdom.<ref name=":29" /> Merafe e borobarobedi e ne ya amogelwa ke Maesemane fa go ne go tlhodiwa protectorate. Tse nne tse dikgolo di ne tsa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe: Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Gape go ne ga lemogiwa tse tharo tse dinnye: tsa Kgatla, tsa [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Tlokwa]] le tsa ga [[:en:Malete_people|Malete]]. Ba borobedi, ba Tshidi, ba ne ba fiwa lefelo la polokelo le le kgabaganyang molelwane magareng ga naga e e sireleditsweng le Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;30n1.</ref> Fa maloko a merafe e mennye e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe tsa bona.<ref name=":17" /> Go tsenngwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola mofuta wa puso ya Motswana, ka merafe e ne e sa tlhalosiwe thata mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka dikgaolo di kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;46–47.</ref><ref name=":31">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;24.</ref> Tshireletso kwa tshimologong e ne ya atologela kwa Ngwato, e fitlha go tswa go didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa go ya kwa [[:en:Molopo_River|Nokeng ya Molopo]], mme e ne ya atolosiwa go ya kwa didikiriing di le lesome le borobabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhela kwa Nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwaga wa 1890.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;30.</ref>Se se ne sa tlamela Maborithane ka badiri ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya yona mme sa bopa sekgoreletsi se segolo sa go lekanyetsa bokoloniale jwa Jeremane.<ref name=":32" /> Batho ba bangwe ba Tswana ba ne ba nna kwa borwa jwa tshireletso mme moragonyana ba ne ba tsenngwa mo Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":28" /> Batho ba ga Kgafela ba ne ba nna kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa 1887. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna seka-Kgatla.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53.</ref>Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa 1891 go tlhoma tshireletso semmuso.<ref name=":29" /> Puso ya yone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa mookamedi go nna tlhogo ya yone. Mookamedi o ne a fiwa dithata tse di anameng mo tshireletsong, fa fela a ne a tlotla molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> Motsemogolo wa yone e ne e le toropo ya Aforika Borwa ya Vryburg, go supa gore babusi ba bokoloniale ba ne ba sa nne mo tshireletsong mme ba ne ba sa amege ka tlhamalalo mo mererong ya yona.<ref name=":33">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;41.</ref>Go na le moo, mookamedi yo mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusa-baokamedi ba babedi, mme mookamedi wa kgaolo o ne a tlhofofatsa go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":35">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Go tsenngwa ga puso ya Borithane mo Aforikaborwa go ne go raya gore Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne e ikaegile ka yona mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;162.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore Bechuanaland Protectorate ke setheo sa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore e tla tloga e tsewa ke kolone ya Borithane.<ref name=":37">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;115.</ref> Fa go ntse jalo, e ne e dumela gore tshireletso e e kgonang go itshedisa e tla ja madi a mannye go e tlhokomela.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":41">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;108.</ref> Ka ntlha ya mabaka a, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya gapeletsa taolo e nnye fela e e tlhamaletseng ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland.<ref name=":23" /> Dikgosi di ne di akola dikgang tse mme tsa kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jo bo anameng, fela tshegetso ya bokoloniale e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka tumelelo ya merafe go tshegetsa puso.<ref name=":36">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;41–42.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;66–67.</ref>[ Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya seemanosi, se se neng sa baka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho le go tlhaola basadi le merafe e mennye.<ref name=":38">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;161–162.</ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa tshireletso === {{Multiple image|total_width=300|image1=Chief-khama-III.jpg|image2=Sebele I by Fritsch 1865.jpg|image3=Bathoen I in london1895.jpg|footer=Khama III, Sebele I le Bathoen I, ba ba neng ba kgona go tlhotlheletsa puso ya Borithane gore e se ka ya tsenya Bechuanaland Protectorate mo taolong ya Khamphani ya British South Africa.|direction=Horizontal}} Batho ba lefatshe la Britain ba ne a rulagantse gore kwa bofelong ba akaretse Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland mo Kopanong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":31" /> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso, United Kingdom e ne ya tsena mo dipuisanong le Cecil Rhodes go e tsenya mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aforika Borwa ya Borithane]].<ref name=":27" /> Fa ba araba, dikgosi tse tharo tse di nang le tlhotlheletso thata—Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, Sebele Iwa ntlha wa Ba-Kwena, le Bathoen wa ntlha wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto lwa bodipolomate go ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa1895 mme ba dira gore puso e se ka ya wetsa tumalano eo.<ref name=":33" /><ref name=":39">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvii.</ref>Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di dirisanang le makgoa a lefatshe la Briritsh jaaka setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref name=":40">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> mme sa kwala batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka setšhaba se le sengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[:en:Jameson_Raid|Jameson Raid]] ka yone e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba makgowa a lefatshe la British marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;30–31.</ref> Go ketekwa ga dikgosi tse go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aforika: ''Khamé'', ''Sebéle'' le ''Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa lefatshe la London ka one ngwaga oo. Mokwalo o o [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhagisitse tlhamane]] e e simolotseng ya gore merafe ya bone e meraro ka go farologana e tlhodilwe ke bakaulengwe ba bararo.<ref name=":42">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;670.</ref> Gape ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropong e nngwe ya Aforika Borwa, [[:en:Mafeking|Mafeking]],<ref name=":33" />mme kompone ya Marope a Bogologolo e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marope a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go batla gauta.<ref name=":32" /> Tshireletso e ne ya amiwa thata ke go runya ga bolwane mo diphologolong ya Aforika ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, ya latlhegelwa ke dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa leruo la yona le diphologolo tsa naga.<ref name=":39" /> [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|Seporo sa tshireletso se agilwe ka]] [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|ngwaga wa 1897]] jaaka mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tsosa [[:en:Pioneer_Column|setlhopa sa Babulatsela]] go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa Ngwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole.<ref name=":43">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la [[:en:Jameson_Raid|tlhaselo ya ga Jameson]] ka 1896.<ref name=":39" /> Morafe wa Kgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya [[:en:Boer_War|Ntwa ya Maburu]], o lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane.<ref name=":43" /> Itsholelo ya pele ya bokoloniale ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne ya nna e tshwana thata le itsholelo ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref /> United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata naga ya tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e fa Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka mo meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;42.</ref> Makgetho le one a ne a tsenngwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la ntlwana]] ka ngwaga wa 1899, le le neng la emisediwa ka [[:en:Poll_tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa 1909.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Lekgetho la selegae le ne la tsenngwa moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 1919.<ref name=":44">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;31.</ref>Makgetho a bokoloniale kwa Tshireletsong ya Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme se sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagi go ba rotloetsa go nna.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;43–44.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la akanyetsa go kopanya tshireletso mo Aforika Borwa jaaka e ne e [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|kopanya dikoloni tsa yona tsa borwa jwa Aforika]], fela kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":39" /> ya kopana ka ngwaga wa 1910.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;137.</ref> Boloko bo ne bo dira gore tshireletso e nne le karolo tse pedi mo lekgolong fela ya lotseno lwa bokopano.<ref name=":44" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1910, merafe yotlhe ya Batswana e ne e amogetse Bokeresete.<ref name=":24" />Bechuanaland e ne ya romela masole a le makgolo a le mmalwa go thusa Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya [[:en:World_War_I|Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya ntlha]].<ref name=":43" /> Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o ne wa iphitlhela o wela tlase ka nako eo, mme ka iketlo o ne wa latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso mo pusong e e neng e sireleditswe.<ref name=":42" /> [[:en:Sebele_II|Sebele wa bobedi]] o ne a nna kgosi ya Kwena ka ngwaga wa 1918, a tlhatlhama rraagwe, [[:en:Sechele_II|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_II|wa bobedi]]. Sechele II o ne a thulana le Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o o neng o laola, a letlelela go nna teng ga Anglican le go busetsa mekgwa e mentsi ya setso e e jaaka go nyala basadi ba le bantsi, go dira pula le ''[[:en:Bogwera|bogwera]]''. Sebele II o ne a tswelela ka kgwetlho ya ga rraagwe kwa Mokgatlhong wa Barongwa wa London, go ngongorega ga puso ya Borithane.<ref /> Puso e e gabedi ya dikgosi le tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya dira gore tsamaiso e nne thata, ka jalo tsamaiso e ne ya tlhama makgotla a mabedi a bagakolodi go lekalekanya balaodi bao.<ref name=":44" /> Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana (moragonyana Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Aforika) le ne la tlhongwa ka ngwagawa 1919.<ref name=":35" />Kopano e ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya dikgosi le batho ba bangwe ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso mo tshireletsong e ne ya letla puso ya Borithane go utlwa le go laola merafe mmogo go na le ka bongwe.[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;47–49.</ref>] Khama wa boraro wa Ngwato o ne a gana go tsaya karolo, a supa bokoa jwa tiragatso ya thibelo ya bojalwa mo morafeng wa borwa. Khama wa boraro o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1923<ref name=":45">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;230.</ref> mme a tlhatlhangwa ke [[:en:Sekgoma_II|Sekgoma]] [[:en:Sekgoma_II|wa bobedi]], yo o neng a direla go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1926.<ref name=":45" /> Morwa wa ga Sekgoma e bong [[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] o ne a sa ntse a le lesea, ka jalo [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama|Tshekedi Khama]] o ne a nna mmusi.<ref name=":46">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Tshekedi o ne a lemogwa jaaka moemedi wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> Fa Seretse a ntse a gola, Tshekedi o ne a gatelela gore a fiwe [[:en:Liberal_education|thuto e e gololesegileng]] go na le gore a romelwe kwa sekolong sa madirelo sa Rhodesia.<ref>Samatar 1999, p.&#x20;179.</ref> === Tlhabololo le tlhotlheletso e e oketsegileng ya Borithane === Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920, kgosi Isang Pilane wa batho ba Kgatla o ne a okametse sekema sa ntlha se segolo sa tlhabololo ya metsi sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland , a dira gore go epiwe metswedi ya metsi e le lesomethataro, mme di le supa tsa tsone di ne tsa nna ditlamelo tsa metsi tse di atlegileng. Tse e ne tsa tlwaelega thata mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang fa puso ya Borithane e ne e kgatlhegela go atolosa itsholelo ya tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;70.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930, Isang Pilane le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana ba ne ba dira gore dikhuti di nne tse di hapegileng, ka gonne di ne di sa tlhokomelwe ka fa tlase ga bong jo bo kopanetsweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], pp.&#x20;699–700.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya nna teng mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1930, ya bolaya go feta karolo ya masome a marataro mo lekgolong ya dikgomo tsa tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne ya tsaya karolo e e matlhagatlhaga mo pusong ya tshireletso go simolola ka ngwaga wa 1930.<ref name=":47">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;58.</ref><ref name=":41" />Mo ngwageng oo, e ne ya simolola go tlamela ka matlole ka tlhamalalo go tshireletso.<ref name=":48">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Charles Rey o ne a tlhomiwa go nna molaodi wa Moagi wa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, mme o ne a na le maikarabelo a go rulaganya itsholelo sešwa go dikologa dikgomo tsa go romelwa kwa ntle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;55–56.</ref> Maiteko a go fetola tshireletso go ya kwa tlhabololong ya meepo le temothuo ya kgwebo a ne a lekwa mme a bona a kgarametswa morago go tswa mo dikgosing.<ref name=":37" /> Molaodi wa Moagi Rey o ne a thulana le kgosi Sebele wa bobedi, mme a dira gore a lelekwe ka 1931. Sebele II o ne a emisediwa ka morwarraagwe yo mmotlana, Kgari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dikgato tse dingwe di ne tsa lekwa ke puso ya Borithane ka 1934 go thibela maatla a a sa laolweng a dikgosi morago ga go menolwa ga ga Sebele II. Dikgato tseno di ne tsa laela makgotla a bagakolodi a dikgosi di neng di tshwanetse go buisana le one mme di ne di batla gore puso ya Borithane e newe phitlhelelo ya direkoto tsa kgotlatshekelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;69–70.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;49.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Bathoen_II|Bathoen wa bobedi]] wa Ngwaketse le moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao mo maitekong a. Le fa kgotlatshekelo ya Borithane e ne ya atlhola kgatlhanong le kgwetlho, dipholisi tse dišwa ga di ise di ko di tsenngwe tirisong ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;72–73.</ref><ref name=":49">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Dithibelo tse dingwe di ne tsa amogelwa ka kgoeletso ya bokoloniale go lekanyetsa bokgoni jwa dikgosi go lefisa makgetho le go gapa dikgomo tse di timetseng.<ref name=":39" /> Molaodi yo mošwa wa baagi, [[:en:Charles_Arden-Clarke|Charles Arden-Clarke]], o ne a tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1936 mme a dira gaufi le dikgosi.<ref name=":49" /> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe II === Dipoifo tsa tlhaselo ya Jeremane kwa Bechuanaland di ne tsa gola pele ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi ka ntlha ya boemo jwa yone jwa togamaano fa gare ga dikoloni tsa Boritane tse di fa gare le tse di kwa borwa mo Aforika. Malatsi a le lesome le bongwe pele ga ntwa e itsisiwe, puso ya Borithane e ne ya tlhagisa naga e e sireleditsweng gore e nne e le mo seemong se se siameng, mme masole a sesole a ne a rulaganngwa. Malatsi a le manè morago ga gore Borithane e bolele ntwa kgatlhanong le lefatshe la Germany, Molaodi wa Moagi Arden-Clarke o ne a tshwara kopano le dikgosi kwa ba neng ba solofetsa go tshegetsa maiteko a ntwa ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> Letsatsi le le latelang, khomišene e kgolo e ne ya ntsha kgoeletso ya [[:en:Emergency_powers|dithata tsa tshoganyetso]] tse di neng tsa e fa taolo e e feletseng mo tirong ya setšhaba mo tshireletsong, fela dikgosi di ne tsa itsisiwe gore di tla nna le maikarabelo a bontsi jwa tiragatso le go boloka kagiso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;33–34.</ref> Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi di ne di batlile go se go nne le tshusumetso epe mo bathong ba Bechuanaland, mme bontsi bo ne bo na le kakanyo e e sa tlhamalalang fela ya gore ntwa e ne e le teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya ngotlega fa palo e kgolo ya baagi ba basweu ba ne ba ikwadisa mo Sesoleng sa Boritane. Ba ba neng ba setse ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo mo thulaganyong ya tshireletsego fa go ka direga gore borwa jwa Aforika bo nne letlhakore le lengwe mo ntweng.<ref name=":50">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;35.</ref> Kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa dikgosi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya rotloetsa Batswana ba ba neng ba eletsa go direla le Sesole sa Borithane go ikwadisa le Sesole sa Batswana sa Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Banna ba Batswana ba ka nna makgolo a supa ba ne ba ikwadisa le setlhopha seno.<ref name=":51">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Go tlhokomela Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland go ne ga nna selo se se kwa tlase mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya Kwelotlase e Kgolo ya itsholelo le Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi,<ref name=":41" /> mme tshireletso ga e a ka ya amogela matlole ape go tswa kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":48" /> Mmusomogolo wa Borithane o ne o na le taolo e nnye mo Bechuanaland fa o bapisiwa le dikgaolo tsa one tse dingwe, mme maiteko a Borithane a go laola tlhagiso ya nako ya ntwa mo tshireletsong a ne a sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;124.</ref> Ntwa e ne ya fetola thata itsholelo ya tshireletso fa e ntse e tswelela, ya tlhagisa tlhaelo, go aba dijo, le ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> [[:en:Profiteering|Go dira dipoelo]] le go [[:en:Price_gouging|fokotsa ditlhwatlhwa]] go ne go tlwaelesegile, mme puso ya bokoloniale, e e neng e sa kgone go gagamatsa [[:en:Price_control|ditaolo tsa ditlhwatlhwa]], e ne ya dirisa [[:en:Gentlemen's_agreement|ditumalano tsa banna]] le bagwebi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;138.</ref> Makgetho a ne a tlhatlosiwa mme mananeo a Letlole la Tlhabololo ya Bokoloniale di ne tsa fokodiwa kwa tshimologong ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi go tlhoma boipuso jwa matlole go tswa mo mmusomogolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;125–126.</ref> Kgoeletso ya Taolo ya Madirelo a Leruo ya ntlha ya ngwaga wa 1940 e ne ya fetisiwa go duedisa dikgomo lekgetho, madirelo a a magolo a tshireletso, mme fela e ne ya kopana le kganetso e e boitshegang go tswa kwa Batswaneng le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la kaorolokgolong ya lefatsa ya Europe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> Letlole la ntwa le ne le dira kwa Bechuanaland, mme le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le solohetse gore meneelo e nne ya boithaopo, dikgosi di ne tsa dirisa taolo ya tsone mo merafeng ya tsone go pateletsa meneelo. E ne ya emisediwa ka lekgetho ka ngwaga wa1941, fela se se ne se sa ratwe thata mme sa itshupa se le thata go se diragatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;128–131.</ref> === Botsayakarolo jwa Batswana mo Ntweng ya Lefatshe II === [[Setshwantsho:Bechuanaland Boys cleaning Aa Guns in the Twilight after Action, Syracuse, Sicily Art.IWMARTLD4576.jpg|thumb|Basimane ba Bechuanaland ba phepafatsa Ditlhobolo tsa Aa mo Lefifing morago ga Tiragalo, Syracuse, Sicily, tiro ya botaki ya 1944 e e dirilweng ke [[:en:Leslie_Cole_(artist)|Leslie Cole]]]] Go thapiwa ga sesole go simolotse kwa Bechuanaland ka ngwaga wa 1941.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;34–35.</ref> Banna ba ka nna dikete tse tlhano le makgolo a matlhano ba ne ba katisiwa mme ba romelwa kwa ntweng mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse thataro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Banna ba bangwe ba Batswana ba le dikete tse tlhano ba ne ba tsenelela ntwa ka ngwaga wa 1942.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ka kakaretso, masole a ka nna dikete tse lesome le bongwe go tswa kwa Bechuanaland a ne a lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":50" /> Ba feta dikete tse lesome ba bone ba ne ba direla mo Sesoleng sa Boritane sa [[:en:African_Auxiliary_Pioneer_Corps|Babulatsela ba ba Thusang ba Aforika]].<ref name=":51" /> Dikgosi ka tlwaelo di ne di na le tshwanelo ya go [[:en:Conscript|kwadisa]] masole, mme di ne di itlhokomolosa dikeletso tsa puso ya bokoloniale tsa gore tirelo ya sesole e nne ya boithaopo gotlhelele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;44–46.</ref> Moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato o ne a dira gore a se ka a ratwa ke batho ka go dirisa go tsenngwa mo sesoleng jaaka sedirisiwa sa taolo, a go dirisa sebetsa go didimatsa batshwayadiphoso le baganetsi ba sepolotiki.<ref name=":52">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Banna ba ba neng ba eletsa go tila go tsenela bosole ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Aforika Borwa kgotsa kwa mafelong a a kgakala jaaka metlhaba ya [[:en:Okavango_Delta|noka e phatlallang ya Okavango]] le [[:en:Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park|sekgwa sa Kgalagadi]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;47.</ref> Ba bangwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgato tsa go itlhokomela ka bonako, jaaka go epa dikhutsi fa bathapi ba ne ba etela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di eletsa go dirisa go tsaya karolo ga tsone mo ntweng go bona ditshwanelo tse dingwe mo teng ga Mmusomogolo wa Borithane, mme di ne di tshaba gore go fenngwa ga Borithane go tla ba dira babusiwa ba Jeremane kgotsa Aforika Borwa, e leng phelelo e ba neng ba eletsa go e tila.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;39–40.</ref> Maiteko a ntwa gape e ne e le tshono ya go busetsa banna ba Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugetse kwa Aforika Borwa go ya go dira ditiro tsa meepo; dikgosi di ne di eletsa go fedisa mokgwa o mme di ne di ikutlwa di ka dira jalo ka go neelana ka ditiro tsa sesole.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;41–43.</ref> Dituelo dingwe tsa sesole di ne tsa diegisiwa go malapa a masole, mme ditekanyetso tsa thomelo kwa ntle di ne tsa tlosiwa ka nako ya ntwa, mme tsa baka go tsena ga madi kwa Bechuanaland.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;133.</ref> Fa go bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tse di mo Mmusong wa Boritane, batho ba Bechuanaland ba ne ba amogela ntwa eo. Batswana ba le bantsi ba ne ba na le maikutlo a boikanyegi mo mmusomogolong kgotsa ba ikutlwa gore dikgatlhego tsa bone di a tsamaisana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;36–37.</ref> Dikgosi dingwe, jaaka [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|Kgari Sechele]] [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|wa bobedi]] wa kwa ga Kwena le Molefi Pilane wa ga Kgatla, ba ne ba ikwadisa ka sebele. Ba ne ba dira jaaka disajene tse dikgolo tsa masole, e leng maemo a a kwa godimo a a neng a le teng mo Batswaneng.<ref name=":52" /> Go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya letlelela Batswana go nna le diteseletso tsa kgwebo le go dira mo teng ga naga e e sireleditsweng. Se pele se ne se lekanyeditswe batho basweu le makula.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;135.</ref> Setlhopha sa Dikgaolo tsa Dikhomišene tse di Kwa Godimo se ne se le kwa Botlhabagare go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1946 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1949.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> === Mokgatlho wa boipuso === [[Setshwantsho:1960 6d Bechuanaland Protectorate stamp.jpg|thumb|Setempe sa ngwaga wa 1960 sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland se se nang le ditshwantsho tsa ga [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Kgosigadi Victoria]] le [[:en:Elizabeth_II|Elizabeth wa bobedi]], dikgosi tsa ntlha le tsa bofelo tsa Borithane tsa tshireletso .]] Bokhutlo jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi bo ne jwa tla ka phetogo e kgolo mo setšhabeng. Dikgosi di ne tsa bonwa di se botlhokwa thata mo sebopegong sa loago, mme bontsi bo ne jwa tlogela dipolelo tsa bone tsa lefatshe lotlhe mo dikgomong tsa merafe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;51.</ref> Didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa setšhaba, jaaka lefatshe le badiri, di ne tsa dirwa tse di hapegileng le go dirwa dithoto.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;52.</ref> Phitlhelelo ya thuto e ne ya tlhola setlhopha sa batlhalefi ba ba [[:en:Liberalism|gololesegileng]] ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le puso ya dikgosi mme ba simolola go ipopela mafelo a bone a maatla mo mekgatlhong ya badiri le ditlhopha tsa baagi.<ref name=":63">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;165.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1946, ke karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong fela ya paoyotlhe ya baagi e e neng e na le tiro kwa ntle ga temothuo le ditirelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya bona koketsego e kgolo ya dikelo tsa matsalo jaaka karolo ya bogare jwa [[:en:Mid-20th_century_baby_boom|ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi wa go tlhatloga ga masea]] mo dingwageng tsa morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, e e neng e tsamaya le koketsego ya [[:en:Life_expectancy|dingwaga tsa botshelo]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e simolotse lenaneo la yone la ntlha ya tlhabololo mo tshireletsong, e leng lefelo la matlhabelo, ka dingwaga tsa bo ka ngwaga wa 1950.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;81.</ref> Maborithane, a santse a solofetse go kopanya tshireletso go nna Aforika Borwa, kwa bofelong a ne a phimola leano le morago ga tshimologo ya [[:en:Apartheid|Tlhaolele]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref>Fa maiteko a simolola go tlhama tsela e ntšhwa ya isago ya tshireletso, tshireletso e ne ya bewa mo seemong sa go tlhoka maitseo, mme ga go na tsela ya go ya pele e e neng e bonala sentle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], pp.&#x20;672–673.</ref> Tshitshinyo nngwe e ne e le go e tsenya mo [[:en:Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland|Mokgatlhong wa Rhodesia le Nyasaland]], o lefatshe la United Kingdom e o tlhamileng ka fa tlase ga pholisi ya "tirisanommogo ya merafe e mentsi".<ref>Parsons 2006, p.&#x20;673.</ref> Fa mojaboswa wa Ngwato Seretse Khama a gola, mmusi Tshekedi Khama o ne a leka go tshwarelela mo pusong.<ref name=":53">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;696.</ref> Seretse o ne a nyala mosadi wa mosweu, [[:en:Ruth_Williams_Khama|Ruth Williams]], fa a ne a ithuta kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom, mme se sa baka matlhabisa ditlhong mo lelapeng la segosi la ga Ngwato.<ref name=":46" /> Le fa kwa tshimologong setšhaba se ne se le kgatlhanong le lenyalo le, go sa ratweng ga ga Tshekedi go ne ga fetola maikutlo a Seretse.<ref name=":47" /> Kgang e ne ya tlhagisiwa mo kgotleng ka ngwaga wa 1949, mme puso ya ga Tshekedi e ne ya ganwa ka bontsi ke diketekete tsa batho ba ba neng ba le teng.<ref name=":53" /><ref name=":47" /> Tshekedi le batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Kwena kwa botshabelo.<ref name=":54">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Puso ya makgowa e ne e sa itshokele lenyalo la ga Seretse le mosadi yo mosweu. Ka maiteko a go ritibatsa puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, e ne ya leleka banyalani ba mo pusong ya tshireletso ka ngwaga wa 1950. Se se ne sa tsosa mokgatlho wa bosetšhaba o o neng o gola mo gare ga baemanokeng ba ga Seretse mo pusong ya tshireletso, o o neng wa tlhagelela ka botlalo ka ngwaga wa 1952.<ref name=":37" /> Ka nako ya fa Seretse a ne a seyo, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la baya molaodi wa kgaolo dingwaga di le nne pele ga e tlhoma Rasebolai Kgamane, motshegetsi wa ga Tshekedi, go nna moemedi.<ref name=":54" /> Morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tsuologela go lelekwa ga ga Seretse.<ref name=":55">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;53.</ref> Batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba kopa gore a bowe, mme go ne ga tsoga dikhuduego fa ba ne ba ganwa. Seretse o ne a feleletsa a letleletswe go boa ka ngwaga wa1956.<ref name=":56">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Ka nako e, kgaogano e e gagametseng ya merafe mo Aforika Borwa ya Tlhaolele e ne ya thibela lefatshe la United Kingdom go e ritibatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;200.</ref> Mo nakong yotlhe ya mathata a go lelekwa ga ga Seretse, maatla a ne a tlogela bogosi mme a ya kwa mekgatlhong ya ditlhopho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;91.</ref> Tshekedi le Seretse ba ne ba dira kagiso fa Seretse a boa, mme Seretse a nna moeteledipele wa ''nnete'' wa Ngwato, le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le mo thibetse go nna kgosi ya semmuso.<ref name=":56" /> Ka thotloetso ya Borithane, morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tlhama lekgotla la morafe, le Seretse le Tshekedi ka bobedi e neng e le maloko a lone.<ref name=":55" /> Merafe e mengwe e ne ya tlhoma makgotla a merafe a a tshwanang, a a neng a dira jaaka ditšheke tsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Go ne ga sala letlhoo lengwe fa gare ga banna ba babedi ba: Tshekedi o ne a eletsa go boloka puso ya morafe le maatla a dikgosi, fa Seretse ene a ne a akanya ka puso ya batho ka batho ya boemedi le dikgosi tse di bokoa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;91–92.</ref> Selekanyo sa maatla a a beeleditsweng mo dikgosing e ne ya nna kgang e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata mo mokgatlhong wa boipuso o o neng o gola, bogolosegolo mo bathong ba ga Ngwato le ba lelapa la ga Khama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;93–94.</ref> Bechuanaland Protectorate Federal Party e ne e le lekoko la ntlha la sepolotiki le le neng la tlhamiwa mo kgaolong ya tshireletso fa le ne le tlhamiwa ke moeteledipele wa mokgatlo wa Ngwato [[:en:Leetile_Disang_Raditladi|Leetile Disang Raditladi]] ka ngwaga wa 1959. Le bopilwe thata ke batho ba maemo le batlhalefi, le ne le buelela kopano ya merafe ya Batswana. Lekoko le ne la palelwa ke go bona tshegetso mme la nna lobaka lo lokhutshwane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;94.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, [[:en:Bechuanaland_People's_Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] (BPP, moragonyana Lekoko la Batho la Botswana) le ne la tlhamiwa jaaka lekoko le le bogale thata, le le ganetsanang le puso ya merafe ya setso mme la bona boikuelo mo badiring ba bafaladi.<ref name=":57">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> E ne e eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Motsamai_Mpho|Motsamai Mpho]], [[:en:Philip_Matante|Philip Matante]], le Kgalemang Morsete.<ref name=":58">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xviii.</ref> BPP, e e neng ya tlhamiwa jaaka molekane wa Setswana wa lekoko la [[:en:African_National_Congress|African National Congress]] la Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":59">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;74.</ref> e ne ya tshegetsa boipuso jwa ka bonako le go fedisiwa gotlhelele ga bogosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Ka go tshaba gore BPP e tla nyatsa puso e e leng teng le go tshuba dikgotlhang le puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, dikgosi le puso ya Borithane di ne tsa thibela bokgoni jwa yona jwa go kopana.<ref name=":57" /> Merafe ya tshireletso mmogo e ne ya bopa lekgotla la peomolao ka ngwaga wa 1961.<ref name=":37" /> Batho ba Kwena ba ne ba iphitlhela ba le ka fa tlase ga moemedi, [[:en:Neale_Sechele|Neale Sechele]], ka ngwaga wa 1963, se se rayang gore ba ne ba na le tlhotlheletso e nnye ya sepolotiki fa mokgatlho wa boipuso o ntse o gola.<ref name=":60">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;102.</ref> Leano la Tlhabololo la Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland la dingwaga tsa 1963/1968 le ne la kwalwa ka thulaganyo ya dipuisano ka ngwaga wa 1963, le tlhama tlhaloso ya boipuso jwa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;26–27.</ref> Fa palo ya batho e ne ba sa dire sepe mo dipolotiking ka kakaretso, lefatshe la United Kingdom e ne ya nna nngwe ya mafatshe a a neng a etelela pele go bona boipuso. Ka go tshwenyega gore lekoko la BPP e ne e le e e tseneletseng thata, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa moeteledipele wa yone yo o mo ratang, Seretse Khama, go tlhama lekoko la sepolotiki.<ref name=":59" /> Le fa Khama a ne a dumalana le mekgwa ya lekoko la BPP e e kgatlhanong le bosemorafe le ya lefatshe, o ne a le kgatlhanong le tsela ya yone ya go tlhoma dipolotiki le go amogela ga yone bojammogo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;96.</ref>O ne a dumela go tlogela go bolela ga gagwe mo bathong ba ga Ngwato go dira jaaka radipolotiki, a tlhama [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Lekoko la]] [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|puso ya batho ka batho la Bechuanaland]] (BDP, moragonyana ya nna lekoko la Botswana Democratic ) ka ngwaga wa 1962.<ref name=":59" /> Lekoko la BDP e ne ya itlhoma jaaka "lekoko la dikgosi", mme ya amogela dikakanyo tse di amanang le puso ya merafe ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref name=":30" /> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa lekoko la BDP, le tlhaloganya gore le tla tshegetsa kgwebisano ya leruo ya motlha wa bokoloniale.<ref name=":73">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;149.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1963, kgosi ya Kgatla Linchwe e ne e le ene fela kgosi e e neng e le kgatlhanong le BDP e bile e na le tlhotlheletso ya sepolotiki, mme batho ba Kgatla ba ne ba rata lekoko la BDP, ka jalo o ne a nna a sa tsenelele mo dipolotiking.<ref name=":60" /> Thulaganyo ya phetogo e ne ya simolola ka lekoko la BDP e ne e solofetswe go busa Botswana yo o ikemetseng, mme puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya bereka le boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BDP go ba baakanyetsa go tsamaisa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Go ne ga tshwarwa bokopano ka ngwaga wa 1963 go okamela go tlhamiwa ga molaotheo o mosha. Dikgotlhang tsa ka fa gare ga lekoko la BPP di ne di raya gore lekoko la BDP e ne e na le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo thulaganyong. Tshekedi Khama o ne a tlhokafetse ka nako e, ka jalo Bathoen wa bobedi o ne a nna moeteledipele wa lekoko le le neng le ema nokeng puso ya bofederale, a dumela gore le tla boloka puso e le mo diatleng tsa dikgosi. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le boradipolotiki ba Batswana ba ne ba tshegetsa puso ya bosetšhaba e e kopaneng ka gonne Botswana e ne e humanegile thata go ka kgaoganya dithoto tsa yona le ka gonne go tlhoka go kopanya dithoto go ne go tla dira gore e nne mo kotsing ya go tlhaselwa ke merafe e mengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Puso ya dikgaolo e e itsholetseng e ne ya itshupa e sa kgonege mo dipolotiking, ka jalo go ne ga dirwa tumalano ya gore dikgosi di tla bopa Ntlo ya Dikgosi, e leng setlhopha sa bagakolodi mo teng ga [[:en:Parliament_of_Botswana|Palamente ya Botswana]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;98–99.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di santse di le kgatlhanong le thulaganyo e, mme mo mokgatlhong o o neng o eteletswe pele ke Bathoen, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya fetisa tlhopo ya [[:en:No_confidence|go sa tshepe]] puso e ntšhwa, mme fela go tlhoka maatla a yone a sepolotiki go ne ga e thibela go dirisa phetogo e e nang le bokao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Molao wa Lekgotla la Kgaolo o ne wa fetisiwa jaaka tsela e nngwe ya go lekanyetsa maatla a dikgosi ka go tlhama makgotla a a tla okamelang kgaolo le toropo nngwe le nngwe,<ref name=":58" /> go dira gore mekgatlho e e tlhophilweng e e nne balaodi ba konokono ba selegae.<ref name=":64">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Toropo ya [[:en:Gaborone|Gaborone]] e agilwe ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme ya itsisiwe jaaka motsemogolo o mošwa.<ref name=":59" /> E agilwe mo lefatsheng la puso ya Borithane, le le neng le tlamela ka lefelo le le sa tseyeng letlhakore le le neng le sa laolwe ke morafe ope .<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;16.</ref> [[:en:Constitution_of_Botswana|Molamotheo]] o ne wa tsenngwa tirisong ka one ngwaga oo.<ref name=":59" /> Ka se se tirisong, Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la fa tshireletso puso ya go ipusa.<ref name=":61">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;116.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1965 gape e ne ya bona go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Dikgotla tsa Dikgaolo o o neng wa fetola seabe sa bokoloniale sa molaodi wa kgaolo ka go se bofa mo makgotleng a dikgaolo a a sa tswang go tlhamiwa,<ref name=":74">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> mme wa bona go tlhongwa ga Banka ya Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba e e neng e le ya puso.<ref name=":75">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Mpho o ne a kgaogana le lekoko la BPP go tlhama Lekoko la Boipuso la Bechuanaland (BIP) ka ngwaga wa 1965.<ref name=":62">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> E eteletswe pele ke Seretse Khama le [[:en:Quett_Masire|Quett Masire]], lekoko la BDP le ne la dira letsholo mo e ka nnang mo motseng mongwe le mongwe wa kgaolo ya tshireletso pele ga ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kakaretso. Go farologana le batho ba bangwe ba sepolotiki kwa Bechuanaland, Seretse Khama o ne a na le boikuelo go ralala merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":60" /> Morago ga moo lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhophiwa go etelela puso ya ntlha pele.<ref name=":61" /> Lekoko la BPP le ne la gapa manno a le mararo fela mo lekgotleng la peomolao, mme lekoko la BIP le ne la palelwa ke go gapa epe.<ref name=":62" /> Morago ga ditlhopho, go ne ga tlhamiwa lekoko la [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|Botswana]] [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|National Front]] (BNF) jaaka lekoko le le kopaneng la kganetso ya BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Kenneth_Koma|Kenneth Koma]], lekoko la BNF le ne la nna mmaba yo mogolo wa lekoko la BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;109.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;31–33.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhopha Khama go nna tonakgolo ya naga.<ref name=":65">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;204.</ref>Go farologana le makoko a mantsi a sepolotiki a a tlhomilweng mo Aforika, BDP e ne e le lekoko le le itekanetseng le le sa fetogeng go na le go nna lekoko le le kgatlhanong le bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;711.</ref> Morago ga go tlhamiwa ga yona, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya ntsha tlhopo ya go sa tshepe molaotheo ka ngwaga wa 1966, mme se sa dira gore go nne le letsholo la bosetšhaba la go tshegetsa molaotheo le le neng la bona tshegetso e e lekaneng gore dikgosi di fedise maiteko a tsone a go o gwetlha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;100–101.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya newa boipuso jaaka Rephaboliki ya Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966.<ref name=":61" /> == Repaboliki ya Botswana == [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Independence, 1966.png|thumb|[[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] a ikanisa maikano a go nna Tautona wa ntlha wa Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966]] Boipuso jwa Botswana bo ne bo kaya go tsenngwa tirisong ga puso ya batho le batho e e gololesegileng, go tlisa ditlhopho, tshireletso ya ditshwanelo tsa batho, le tirelosetšhaba.<ref name=":64" /> Se se ne sa dira gore go nne le thulaganyo ya go tlhatlosiwa maemo e e ikaegileng ka bokgoni le go tlhamiwa ga tsamaiso ya puso ya maranyane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref>Setšhaba se ne sa bopa puso e e neng e fetotswe go tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]],<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;23–24.</ref> mme Tonakgolo Seretse Khama a nna Moporesidente Seretse Khama.<ref name=":65" /> Go ne ga tlhamiwa boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba, jwa kopanya merafe e e sa tshwaneng mo letshwaong le le lengwe la Setswana, ka ngwao e e ikaegileng ka ya merafe ya Setswana.<ref name=":80">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNyamnjoh2007|Nyamnjoh 2007]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Botswana e ne ya boloka bontsi jwa ditheo tsa yone tsa merafe tsa pele ga bokoloniale morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;54.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Se e ne e le ditlamorago tsa puso e e nonofileng e e neng e amana le merafe ya Batswana le tsereganyo e e lekanyeditsweng ya puso ya Borithane mo dinakong tsa bokoloniale.<ref name=":34" /> Mofuta wa go buisana wa dipolotiki tsa setšhaba pele le morago ga boipuso e ne e le mokgwa o o sa tlwaelesegang mo merafeng e mengwe e mentsi ya Aforika e e neng ya nna le babusaesi morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;30, 56.</ref> Go na le go fedisa bogosi, puso e ntšhwa e ne ya bo tsenya mo tsamaisong ya semolao, ya fa dikgosi dithata tsa boatlhodi ka ''kgotla'', go ikaegile ka dikgotlatshekelo tsa boikuelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe]] 2012, p.&#x20;36.</ref>Tlwaelo ya go ikobela boeteledipele, e e kileng ya fiwa dikgosi, e ne ya sutela kwa botautoneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;30.</ref> Puso e ne ya tiisa go tlhomama ga yona ka go thapa tirelosetšhaba ya yone ka baitseanape b<ref name=":66">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref>a dinaga di sele, go farologana le dinaga tse dingwe tse dišwa tsa Aforika tse gantsi di neng di leleka baitseanape ba dinaga di sele.<ref name=":67">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref name=":68">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;105.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;59.</ref> Se se ne sa boloka puso ya mofuta wa Bophirima e e neng e gatelela tlhabololo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;259.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go tlamela Botswana ka matlole mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse tlhano tsa go nna teng ga yone.<ref name=":61" /> Maemo a yone a kagiso, a puso ya batho ka batho fa a bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tsa Aforika a ne a raya gore e ne ya amogela thuso e ntsi go tswa mo mekgatlhong ya Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;255.</ref> Ka nako ya boipuso, Botswana e ne e le setšhaba se se humanegileng thata, go feta bontsi jwa dinaga tse dingwe mo Aforika.<ref name=":69">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;104.</ref><ref name=":66" /> E ne e sena badiri ba ba rutegileng, ka baagi ba le masome a mane fela ba ba nang le ditlankana tse di hagodimo tsa mmadikolo, mme go ne go sena ditlamelo tse di itsegeng tsa metswedi ya tlholego go tshegetsa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;62, 64.</ref> Botswana e ne e ikaegile ka puso ya Tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa go fitlhelela setšhaba sa lefatshe, mme bontsi jwa badiri ba Botswana e ne e le badiri ba bafaladi mo Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Botswana e ne ya tsena mo ntweng e e tlhamaletseng le Rhodesia, e e neng ya baka dintwa tsa sesole go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1978.<ref name=":63" /> Go nna le seabe mo go lekanyeditsweng ga Borithane go ne go kaya gore go ne go se na tlhabololo e ntsi fa e sale ka nako ya bokoloniale.<ref name=":69" /><ref name=":70">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;160.</ref> Bokgoni jwa go bala le go kwala e ne e le selekanyo sa karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong, mme go ne go na le dikilometara di le lesome fela tsa tsela e e tshetsweng.<ref name=":69" /> Mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a robangbongwe ya baagi e ne e le mo [[:en:Abject_poverty|lehumeng le le tseneletseng]],<ref name=":70" /> mme bontsi jwa baagi e ne e le balemibarui ba dikgomo kgotsa [[:en:Subsistence_farmers|balemibarui ba ba itshidisang]].<ref name=":71">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Fa setšhaba se fitlhelela boipuso, komelelo e e masisi e ne ya fedisa karolo ya masome amarao go fihlela masome a matlhano mo lekgolong ya palo ya dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa Batswana ba ne ba ikaegile ka [[:en:World_Food_Programme|Lenaneo la Dijo la Lefatshe]] go tila tlala.<ref name=":81">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;220.</ref> Ditšhaba tse dingwe di ne di na le ditsholofelo tse di kwa tlase mo Botswana, mme mo Aforika yotlhe e ne e bonwa jaaka [[:en:Bantustan|Bantustan]] ya Tlhaolele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;1.</ref> Kamano e le Tlhaolele gape e ne e le ntlha ya katlego ya Botswana jaaka setšhaba se se ikemetseng: boeteledipele jwa Batswana bo ne bo eletsa go tila phelelo e e tshwanang le ya Aforika Borwa fa setšhaba se ka palelwa, mme dikgolagano tsa dikgang tsa mafatshe fatshe tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa le Bophirima go thibela go tsenngwa ke Aforika Borwa di ne di raya gore Botswana o ne a tshepa thata dinaga tsa Bophirima go amogela thuso le thato ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;76–77.</ref> Boeteledipele jwa ntlha jwa Botswana bo ne bo laolwa ke malapa a merafe e e busang mmogo le palo e nnye ya badiredipuso ba ba rutegileng thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;6.</ref> Go tshwana ga bona ga itsholelo le dikgopolo go ne go raya gore puso e nne e tlhomame kwa ntle ga dintwa tsa sepolotiki.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;71.</ref> Le fa Bathoen a ne a tlogela maemo a gagwe a go nna kgosi go ya go dira dipolotiki, bontsi jwa dikgosi tse dingwe di ne tsa amogela maatla a tsona a a fokoditsweng a sepolotiki mo pusong e ntšhwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;56–57.</ref> Tiro e nngwe ya dikgosi e ne e laolwa ke Molao wa Bogosi wa ngwaga ya 1966.<ref name=":92">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;140.</ref> Go tlhoka bonweenwee go ne ga dira gore puso e nne semolao thata mme ya ratwa ke balekane ba Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;166.</ref> Go farologana le bontsi jwa merafe e e sa tswang go tlhamiwa ya Aforika, bontsi jwa boeteledipele bo ne bo tswa mo setšhabeng sa temothuo, go kaya gore dikgatlhego tsa bona di ne di tsamaisana le bontsi.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":71" /> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa go boloka dipholisi tsa motlha wa bokoloniale tse di neng di solegela barui ba dikgomo molemo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;75.</ref> Setlhopa sa semmuso sa Nama ya Botswana se ne sa tlhamiwa go laola madirelo a nama ya kgomo.<ref name=":58" /> Boikuelo jwa lekoko la BDP jwa merafe yotlhe le kgatlhego e e kopanetsweng ya go tlhoma boipuso di ne tsa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa gape go dira mo dikgatlhegelong tsa bontsi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref> Ditlhopha tse dinnye tsa baagi ba basweu di ne tsa sala mo nageng mme tsa ganetsa boipuso jwa yone.<ref name=":63" /> Le fa moragonyana di ne di tla nna botlhokwa mo tlhabololong ya Botswana, ditshwanelo tsa ditswammung di ne tsa fiwa botlhokwa jo bo kwa tlase fa di bona boipuso, mme merafe e ne ya di fetisetsa kwa pusong ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1967.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;103–104.</ref> === Puso ya ga Seretse Khama === Khama o ne a ratwa ke batho botlhe mme a bonwa e le moeteledipele wa tlholego wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;202–203.</ref> Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya tsenya tirisong maano a a neng a lebisitswe mo go tlhameng mafaratlhatlha le dithoto tsa setšhaba, bogolosegolo go tsenya tshela ditsela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;111.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;86.</ref> O ne a simolola go aga dikolo, matlhabelo le dikhuti tse di neng tsa tswelela mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. Lefatshe le le nang le banni la Batswana le Basarwa le ne la dirisiwa go aga mesima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;219.</ref> Tlhabololo e ne ya tla ka tshenyegelo ya kgwebo le tlhagiso, e e neng e lekanyeditswe go tlamela ka matlole a leruo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004,]] p.&#x20;164.</ref> Go ne ga tlhongwa mogopolo thata mo go otla dikgomo le go aga matlhabelo go rotloetsa madirelo a nama ya kgomo mo gare ga go tlhoka metsi. <ref name=":82">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;205.</ref>[[:en:Public_welfare|Mananeo a katlaatleloloago]] le one a ne a tlhongwa.<ref name=":67" /> Go ribololwa ga ditaemane go ne ga netefatsa gore mananeo a a bona madi a a lekaneng.<ref name=":72">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Dipeeletso tse le mokgwa o o sa fetogeng wa go somarela madi a puso di ne tsa thibela boemo jwa [[:en:Dutch_disease|bolwetse jwa Dutch]] jo bo neng jwa golafatsa dinaga tse dingwe tsa Aforika tse di neng di tletse ka didirisiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;4.</ref> Thuto e ne ya atolosiwa mo setšhabeng sotlhe, mme puo ya Setswana e ne ya lekanngwa mmogo le Seesemane ka go latlhegelwa ke dipuo tse dingwe.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":68" /> Khama o ne a siamisa seo jaaka tsela ya go fitlhelela kutlwano.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;228.</ref> Quett Masire o ne a dira jaaka Mothusa tautona ka fa tlase ga ga Seretse Khama mmogo le Tona ya tsa madi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> O ne a laola tekanyetsokabo ya lefatshe le tiriso ya madi ka go tlhama motseletsele wa Maano a Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba, go ikaegilwe ka kamogelo ya Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba le Komiti ya itsholelo ya Kabinete.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Dipoeletso tsa maano a di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya molao wa semmuso ya puso morago ga gore batlhatlhami ba ga Khama le Masire ba tsene mo maemong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;171.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, ditaemane di ne tsa fitlhellwa kwa Botswana ke setlamo sa Aforika Borwa sa ditaemane sa [[:en:De_Beers|De Beers]], mme ditiro di ne tsa simolola ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref name=":76">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;110.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;61.</ref> Dipeeletso tsa kopore di ne tsa fitlhelwa kwa [[:en:Selebi-Phikwe|Selebi-Phikwe]] ka ngwaga oo, mme se sa senola gape khumo ya ditswammung tsa setšhaba.<ref name=":58" /> Puso e ne ya dirisana le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1969 go dira ditiro tse dikgolo tsa meepo ya ditaemane,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> mme e ne ya amega mo dipuisanong sešwa tsa [[:en:Southern_African_Customs_Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa]] ka one ngwaga oo go tokafatsa thata maatla a yone a itsholelo mo kgaolong.<ref name=":77">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;65.</ref> Moepo mongwe kwa [[:en:Morupule|Morupule]] o ne wa simolola go ntsha magala ka ngwaga wa 1973, mme wa tlamela setšhaba ka karolo e kgolo ya motlakase.<ref name=":78">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xix.</ref> [[:en:Orapa_diamond_mine|Moepo wa ditaemane wa Orapa]] o ne wa bulwa kwa Orapa ka ngwaga wa 1971, mme go ne ga tlomamisiwia tumalano ya go abelana lotseno fa gare ga puso le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1974.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;125.</ref> Moragonyana Masire o ne a netefatsa gore De Beers e ne e tshegeditse dikgwebo tsa gagwe tse di hapegileng ka madi, mme se sa dira gore go akanyediwe gore setlamo se ka tswa se amogetse tumalano e e mosola mo kgannyeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;129–130.</ref> Molao wa Metsi le Molao wa ditsha tsa Morafe di ne tsa tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1968, mme tsa tlhama lekgotla la Kabo ya Metsi le lekgotla tsa naga di le lesome le bobedi, ka go latelana. Tse di ne di okametse kabo ya ditshwanelo tsa metsi le lefatshe ke puso go na le ka go nna mong wa morafe mongwe le mongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;76.</ref> Ka se, ba ne ba tsenya dithata tsa setso tsa dikgosi.<ref name=":74" /> Molao wa Mafatshe a Phulo a Merafe e ne ya tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1975 go thibela [[:en:Overgrazing|phulo e e feteletseng]], mme fela e ne ya itshupa e sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;67.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;173.</ref> Tota e bile, e ne e letla baagi ba ba humileng go kopa ditsha tse dikgolo tsa dikgomo ka tshenyegelo ya baagi ba ba sa humang thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Ditlhopho tsa ntlha morago ga boipuso di ne tsa diragala ka ngwaga wa 1969.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la dira maswe go le gonnye fa e bapisiwa le tiragatso ya yona ya ngwaga wa 1965, mme mothusa tautona Masire o ne a latlhegelwa ke setilo sa gagwe ke Bathoen, se se neng sa mo tlhoka gore a tseye setilo se se kgethegileng se se tlhophilweng.<ref name=":79">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Lekoko la BPP le ne la nyelela ka botlhokwa fa dipolotiki tsa Botswana di ntse di gola.<ref name=":73" /> Koporase ya Tlhabololo ya Botswana e e neng e le ya puso e ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1970,<ref name=":75" /> mme moepo wa diteemane wa Orapa o ne wa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 1971.<ref name=":78" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, diteemane di ne di dira karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong ya Palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana,<ref name=":76" /> mme kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1970, meepo e ne e le madirelo a magolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;5.</ref> Goromente wa Botswana o ne a buisana gape ka tumalano ya yone ya meepo le De Beers magareng ga ngwaga wa 1971 le ngwaga wa 1975, ya sutisetsa bontsi jwa dituelo kwa setšhabeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;210.</ref> Fa itsholelo ya teemane e ntse e tlhabologa le dipeeletso di boela mo lefatsheng, Botswana e ne ya falola lehuma mme ya bonwa jaaka katlego mo merafeng e mengwe mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara morago ga bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;212.</ref> Ditlhabololo tse di dirile gore Botswana e nne naga e e golang ka bonako mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":77" /> Batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo le a a fa gare ba ne ba bona molemo thata, go oketsa go [[:en:Wealth_inequality|tlhoka tekatekano ga khumo]], mme gape go ne go raya gore makgetho a ka fokodiwa, se se neng sa dira gore balemi ba ba tshegetse.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;71–72.</ref> Tlhabololo ya Botswana le tiriso ya yone ya tirelosetšhaba ya mafatshe a sele e ne ya atlega mo e leng gore puso e ne ya tlhotlheletsa lefatshe la United States go romela setlhopa sa baithaopi ba kagiso (Peace Corps) kwa ntle ga ditekanyetso tsa setso tsa gore ke dikarolo dife tse mokgatlho o ka di dirang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go ne ga tla koketsego ya Batswana ba ba botlana ba ba rutegileng mo lefelong la gaeno, ba ba neng ba nna le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo pusong.<ref name=":64" /> Jaaka fa batho ba bašwa ba ba ne ba amogela thuto e e tshwanang mme ba simolola go dira mo setsong se le sengwe sa tsamaiso, go ne go sena pharologano e kgolo ya tiro fa gare ga tirelosetšhaba e e neng e eteletswe pele ke batswakwa le e e neng e tsamaisiwa ke Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Lephata la Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo le ne le le teng ka bokhutshwane morago ga go kgaogana mo Lephateng la Matlole magareng ga batlhokomedi ba setso ba ba neng ba amana le tshireletso kgatlhanong le baemanokeng ba ga Masire ba ba neng ba eletsa go bona tlhabololo e e bogale thata. Ya bofelo e ne ya tsaya taolo, mme ditona di ne tsa kopanngwa gape go nna Lephata la Matlole le Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo ka ngwaga wa 1970. Ka ntlha ya palo e e lekanyeditsweng ya batho ba ba tshwanelegang go laola itsholelo, lephata le le ne la tsaya taolo e feletseng ya tiriso ya madi a puso mme la simolola lenaneo la Shashe le le neng le batla gore naga e nne le tlhabololo e e tseneletseng ya palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana. Se se ne se akaretsa go tlhoma lefelo la meepo ya kopore le nikele, le le neng la nna selo se se tlang pele mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;84–85.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, [[:en:Seepapitso_IV|Seepapitso wa bone]] o ne a nna kgosi ya ntlha go emisiwa mo maemong a gagwe morago ga nako ya bokoloniele.<ref name=":83">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;141.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la atlega thata gape ka [[:en:1974_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopo tsa ngwaga wa 1974]].<ref name=":79" /> [[:en:Minimum_wage|Dituelo tse di kwa tlase]] di ne tsa tlhagisiwa ka one ngwaga oo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Botswana e simolotse go ntsha madi a one, e leng [[:en:Botswana_pula|Botswana pula]], ka ngwaga wa 1976. Mmusi wa [[:en:Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya Botswana]] Quill Hermans o ne a kgaratlhela go kgaogana ga madi le Aforika Borwa le [[:en:South_African_rand|ranta ya yone ya Aforika Borwa]]. Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego a boditšhabatšhaba a gore Botswana e ka nna ya se ka ya kgona go tshegetsa madi a yone, Khama o ne a ikutlwa gore bagakolodi ba gagwe ba itsholelo ba na le bokgoni mme o ne a tshepa tshwetso ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tsa boipuso, Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya ditšhaba tse di humileng thata mo [[:en:Third_World|Lefatsheng la Boraro]].<ref name=":67" /> Phetogo ya itsholelo e kaiwa jaaka "kgakgamatso" ya Botswana.<ref name=":77" /> Linchwe II, kgosi ya [[:en:Kgatla_people|batho ba Kgatla]], o ne a busetsa ngwao ya go simolola bogwera mo morafeng wa gagwe ka ngwaga wa 1975, mme se sa gakatsa puso ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;148.</ref> Khama o ne a tsaya tsela ya go akaretsa batho botlhe mo pusong ya gagwe, a tila dipolotiki tsa merafe le go gana tlhotlheletso ya baeteledipele ba merafe a rata badiredipuso.<ref name=":84">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> Ka dinako tse dingwe o ne a kopa batho go rola tiro fa morafe mongwe o ka nna le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo tirelong ya setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tshaba gore go sa dumalane le batho ba ba kwa tlase ba Kalanga go ka nna ga dira gore go se ka ga nna le kagiso. Go rarabolola se, Khama o ne a tsenya maloko a a rutegileng a morafe wa Kalanga mo pusong, a tlhoma bontsi mo maemong a a kwa godimo. Tshwetso e ne e tsosa kganetsano, mme e ne ya tsosa dikgopolo tsa bolotsana ka ga tlhotlheletso e e bosula ya Kalanga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;122.</ref> Tse ka dinako tse dingwe di ne di ikaegile ka Mokgatlho wa Baithuti ba Bakalanga, o o neng wa nna Mokgatlho wa Tsweletso ya Puo ya Ikalanga ka ngwaga wa 1980.<ref>[[Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 123.|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> Poifo ya dipuso tsa baagisani tse di eteletsweng pele ke basweu kwa Namibia, Rhodesia, le Aforika Borwa, mmogo le kotsi ya [[:en:Angolan_Civil_War|Ntwa ya Selegae ya Angola]], di dirile gore Botswana e tlhame [[:en:Botswana_Defence_Force|sesole sa bosetšhaba]] ka ngwaga wa 1977.<ref name=":78" /> Pele ga se, [[:en:Botswana_Police_Service|Tirelo ya Sepodisi]] sa Botswana e ne e tlhokometse tshireletso ya setshaba. Go tlhoka sesole go ne go raya gore Botswana e ne e sa tlhaselwe ke dilo tse di bakang go sa tlhomamang mo merafeng e mengwe ya Aforika: go menola puso ga sesole le bonweenwee ka go dirisa madi a sesole.<ref>[[Beaulier & Subrick 2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], pp.&#x20;111–112.</ref> Sesole se ne sa bona ntwa ngwaga o o latelang fa dirukutlhi tsa Rhodesia di ne di tlhasela Leshoma, di bolaya masole a le lesome le botlhano.<ref name=":78" /> Ka tirisanommogo ya yone le De Beers, puso ya Botswana e ne ya tlhama kompone ya meepo ya Debswana ka ngwaga wa 1978, mme ya bona lotseno lo lo bonalang lwa puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Meepo e ne ya nna madirelo a a kwa godimo ya itsholelo ya lefatshe mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang,<ref name=":85">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> mme Botswana ya nna itsholelo e e golang ka bonako go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":86">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;33.</ref><ref name=":86" /> Go nna le seabe ga mafatshe a sele mo itsholelong go ne ga nna kgang ya sepolotiki ka nako e jaaka fa batho ba kwa ntle ba ne ba kokoanya kgolo ya setšhaba fa ditiro tsa selegae di ne di tlhabologa ka iketlo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;143–145.</ref> Thuo ya dikgomo, e e neng e setse e amilwe ke go runya mo gogolo ga [[:en:Foot-and-mouth_disease|bolwetse jwa tlhako le molomo]] ka ngwaga wa1977,<ref name=":82" /> e ne ya latlhegelwa ke botlhokwa jo e neng e na le jone pele.<ref name=":85" /> === Puso ya ga Quett Masire === [[Setshwantsho:Quett Masire DF-SC-85-12044.JPEG|thumb|Quett Masire a etetse America ka ngwaga wa 1984]] Morago ga loso lwa ga Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa 1980, Mothusa-Tautona Quett Masire o ne a nna tautona wa Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;117.</ref> Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego ka go tlhatlhama ga ga Khama, Masire o ne a tshegetsa mafaratlhatlha a puso a a neng a thusa go a aga le go boloka tumelo mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;182.</ref> Go ritibatsa morafe wa ga Khama wa Ngwato le merafe e mengwe ya bokone, Masire o ne a tlhoma ntsalae Khama, [[:en:Lenyeletse_Seretse|Lenyeletse Seretse]], go nna mothusa-tautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;232.</ref> Kakanyo e e neng e tlwaelesegile mo gare ga BaNgwato e ne e le gore morwa Khama, [[:en:Ian_Khama|Ian Khama]], o ne a tshwanelwa ke bo tautona. Fa Lenyeletse a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1983, Masire o ne a tlhopha [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] go tsena mo boemong jwa gagwe. Gompieno o ne a tlhopha mongwe go tswa mo morafeng wa borwa, gore a se ka a tlhoma sekao sa gore tautona le mothusa-tautona ka nako tsotlhe ba tshwanetse go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di fapaaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;233.</ref> Botswana e ne e le karolo ya Khonferense ya Kgokaganyo ya Tlhabololo ya Borwa jwa Aforika e e neng ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1980 go tlhama mmaraka wa borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":78" /> Setšhaba se ne sa amiwa ke [[:en:Early_1980s_recession|kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980]].<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Jwaneng_diamond_mine|Moepo wa diteemane wa Jwaneng]] o simolotse go dira ka ngwaga wa 1982, wa nna moepo o o dirang dipoelo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng. [[:en:University_of_Botswana|Mmadikolo wa Botswana]] o tlhomilwe ka one ngwaga o o neng o kgaogana le [[:en:University_of_Botswana,_Lesotho_and_Swaziland|Mmadikolo ya Botswana, Lesotho le Swaziland]].<ref name=":78" /> Ditlhabololo tsa semolao ka ngwaga wa 1982, Molawana wa Thuso ya Matlole le go dira gore tiro ya kgwebo gore e nne ya ka fa molaong ke badiredipuso, di ne tsa tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya naga mme gape tsa gagamolola melawana e e neng e tla thibela bonweenwee.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;127, 129.</ref> Jaaka fa puso ya batho le batho le kgolo ya itsholelo di itshupile e le diphetogo tsa paka e telele, Botswana e ne ya itsege jaaka "kgakgamatso ya Aforika".<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Kganetso e e nonofileng kgatlhanong le puso e e laolwang ke lekoko la BDP e ne ya tlhagelela la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go fenya ditlhopho tsa selegae, ditlhopha tsa dikgatlhego tsa simolola go tlhamiwa, mme makwalo a dikgang a matlhano a magolo a a kgatlhanong le lekoko la BDP a simolola go gatisiwa.<ref name=":64" /> Pele e ne e ikaegile ka tshegetso ya merafe e e rileng, lekoko la BNF le ne la bona tshegetso mo setlhopheng sa badiri.<ref name=":84" /> Ka ditlhopho ka kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1984, e ne e le lekoko kganetso le le gaisanang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;712.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya ama Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa1982 go fitlhela ka ngwaga wa 1987, mme ya tlhoka thuso ya dijo ya puso go ka nna karolo ya masome a marataro le botlhano mo lekgolong ya Batswana ba kwa magaeng.<ref name=":87">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;82.</ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba ga Masire ba ne ba mo amanya le komelelo e ka e ne e tsamaisana le tshimologo ya botautona jwa gagwe, ba akantsha gore Khama o ne a na le taelo ya bomodimo e Masire a neng a se na yone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;203.</ref> Mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1980, madirelo a ditaemane a ne a fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa yone ka karolo ya masome a matlhano le boraro mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya tlhagiso ya bosetšhaba.<ref name=":76" /> Ka nako e, itsholelo ya setšhaba e ne ya nonoha mo e leng gore baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba rotloediwa go tlhopha [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|temothuo ya go]] [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|itshidisa]] kgotsa go fuduga go ya go dira kwa Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":84" /> [[:en:Entrepreneurship|Bogwebi]] bo ne jwa anama thata, bogolosegolo mo badiring ba pele ba puso ba ba neng ba tswa mo [[:en:Public_sector|lephateng la puso]] go ya kwa lephateng la [[:en:Private_sector|e]] [[:en:Private_sector|seng la puso]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Thuto ya mahala ya [[:en:Secondary_education|sekole se segolwane]] ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1989.<ref name=":87" /> [[:en:Trade_union|Mekgatlho ya badiri]] le [[:en:Special_interest_group|ditlhopha tse di kgethegileng tsa dikgatlhego]] tse dingwe di ne tsa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go tlhotlheletsa melawana ya setšhaba, le fa gantsi puso e ne e sa batle go di amogela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], pp.&#x20;85–86.</ref> E tsibogetse mokgatlho o o neng o gola wa badiri ka go fetisa dithibelo tse di bokete mo mekgatlhong ya badiri ka ngwaga wa 1983.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dingwaga di le lesome gape o ne wa tlhagisa mekgatlho ya go amogela merafe e mennye, go gana boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba jwa Motswana.<ref name=":80" /> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, Aforika Borwa e ne ya simolola ditlhaselo tsa sesole mo Botswana go batla batlhabani ba Aforika Borwa. Go tsibogela dikgobalo tsa baagitse di neng tsa direga, puso ya Botswana e ne ya oketsa tiriso ya madi mo sesoleng.<ref name=":93">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;112.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> E ne gape ya fa sesole tiro ya go sireletsa diphologolo tsa naga le go tsenya mo tirisong molao o o kgatlhanong le go tsoma mo go seng ka fa molaong go tsibogela kotsi e e tlisiwang ke batsomi ba ba tshotseng dibetsa.<ref name=":94">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Palo ya ntlha ya [[:en:HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana|mogare wa segajaja]] mo Botswana e ne ya lemogiwa ka ngwaga wa 1985, mme mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang lefatshe ;e ne la nna lone le le neng la amega thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;265.</ref> [[:en:Life_expectancy|Botshelo jo bo solofetsweng]] mo Botswana bo ne bo tla wela tlase tswa go masomeng a maratarole bosupa go ya kwa masomeng a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 1997.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;175.</ref> Phetogo e e gakgamatsang mo tsamaisong ya botsogo ya Botswana e ne ya latela go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1980 le bo 1990; Bongaka jwa Bophirima bo ne jwa tlotliwa thata mmogo le kalafi ya setso, mme go ne ga tlhongwa dikokelo tse e seng tsa puso go nna mmogo le dikago tse di tsamaisiwang ke puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> [[:en:Early_1990s_recession|Kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1990]] e ne ya ama Botswana.<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Attorney_General_of_Botswana_v._Unity_Dow|Tsheko e e botlhokwa ya kgotlatshekelo ya molaomotheo]] e e neng ya tlisiwa ke Unity Dow e ne ya felela ka katlholo ka ngwaga wa 1991 ya gore bana ba ka fiwa boagedi mo go bomme ba bone ga mmogo le borraabone, e e neng ya amogelwa go nna molao ka Molao wa Boagi wa 1995.<ref name=":88">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xx.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang sa Kgabo se ne sa tshwarwa ka ngwaga wa 1991 go batlisisa lekgotla la kabo ditsha tsa lefatshe tsa puso, mme sa fitlhela gore go dirilwe ditlolomolao tsa maitsholo a a siameng ke mothusa-tautona Peter Mmusi le mokwaledi wa kakaretso wa lekoko la BDP [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]], ba bobedi jwa bone gape e neng e le maloko a setlhopa sa ditona tsa puso ya Botswana.<ref name=":89">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;346.</ref><ref name=":90">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;333.</ref> Ka go lebana le go galefa mo pusong le mo setšhabeng, bobedi jwa bone ba ne ba rola tiro.<ref name=":90" /> Go wa mo go ne ga tlhola ditlhopha tse pedi tse di kgaoganeng mo teng ga lekoko, e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke maloko a mabedi a pele a setlhopa sa ditona (Ba babedi ba bagolo),<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;333–335.</ref> mme e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke baganetsi ba bona (ba batlhano ba bagolo): [[:en:Festus_Mogae|Festus Mogae]], Bihiti Temane, Chapson Butale, [[:en:Gaositwe_Chiepe|Gaositwe Chiepe]], le moeteledipele wa bona [[:en:Mompati_Merafhe|Mompati Merafhe]].<ref name=":91">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;235.</ref> Se se ne sa aga mo dikgotlhang tse di neng di godile fa gare ga boeteledipele jwa borwa jwa BLP le kokomana e ntšhwa ya boradipolotiki go tswa kwa bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], pp.&#x20;233–234.</ref> Masire o ne a tlhopha Mogae go nna mothusa- tautona yo mosha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;334.</ref> Ka go tshwenyega ka kgonagalo ya go tlwaetsa bonweenwee, Masire o ne a thapa mothusa- mogolwane wa [[:en:Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)|setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang e e Ikemetseng ya Hong Kong e e Kgatlhanong le Bonweenwee (Hong Kong)]] go tlhama mokgatlho o o tshwanang mo Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;222.</ref> [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Bokaedi jwa Bonweenwee le Bosenyi jwa]] [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Itsholelo]] bo ne jwa tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, mme lekgotla la kabo ditsha le ne la tlhamiwa go reetsa boikuelo jwa ditshwetso tsa kabo ditsha ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Boemo jwa lekoko la BDP jaaka lekoko le le laolang bo ne jwa amogela kgwetlho ya jone ya ntlha e e masisi ka ntlha ya Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlsisa kgota go sekaseka dikgang ya Kgabo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;249.</ref> Matlhabisaditlhong le go kgaogana mo go neng ga nna teng mo lekokong la BDP go ne ga dira gore lekoko la BNF le nne lekoko la kganetso le le gaisanang thata morago ga ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;335–336.</ref><ref name=":89" /> Ka go mathata a a oketsegileng a go tsenngwa ga ditoropo go fokotsa motheo wa BDP kwa metseselegaeng, makoko a kganetso a ne a na le bonnye jo bo bonalang mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa ga Mmusi, Kwelagobe o ne a ikgolaganya le [[:en:Ponatshego_Kedikilwe|Ponatshego Kedikilwe]], mme ba bopa setlhopa se sennye sa Barata-Phathi sa lekoko la BDP. Ba batlhano ba bagolo ba ne ba nna setlhopa se sennye sa A-Team.<ref name=":89" /> Botswana e ne ya solegelwa molemo ke go khutla ga puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, ka puso e ntšhwa e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Aforika e ne e sa thibele kgolo ya Botswana kgotsa go tsenelela mo ditirong tsa sesole go kgabaganya molelwane.<ref name=":81" /> Fa kgaolo e ntse e tlhomama, ditlhabololo tsa itsholelo tse di tshwanang le mabentlele a magolo, kakanyo e e sa netefadiwang ya dithoto, le bojanala jwa baagi di ne tsa atologa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;675.</ref> Morafe wa Ngwaketse o ne wa nna le kgotlang le puso ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa 1994, fa tona ya pusoselegae le mafatshe Patrick Balope a ne a latofatsa kgosi Seepapitso wa bone ka go palelwa ke go diragatsa ditiro tsa gagwe mme a laela gore kgosi e emisiwe—e leng go emisiwa ga bobedi ga puso ya ga Seepapitso.<ref name=":83" /> Morwa wa ga Seepapitso e bong Leema o ne a amogela go tlhomiwa go dira tiro eo, kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa ga Seepapitso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;141–142.</ref> Morafe o ne wa lwantshana le kgang ya go nna semolao mo go sa tlhaloganyesegeng ga ga Leema le poifo ya gore setso sa morafe ga se kitla se tlhola se lemogiwa, mme go tlosiwa ga gagwe go ne ga nna kgang ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;142–143.</ref> Seepapitso o ne a tsenya kganetso ya semolao, mme kgotlatshekelo ya atlhola ka Tlhakole a tlhola malatsia le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 1995 gore le fa go tlosiwa ga ga Seepapitso go ne go le ka fa molaong, go tlhomiwa ga ga Leema go ne go se kafa molaong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;145.</ref> Ka maatla a go tlhoma a ne a buseditswe mo morafeng, ba ne ba gana go tlhopha moeteledipele yo mosha jaaka tsela ya go ikuela. Puso e ne ya ineela mme ya letlelela Seepapitso go busediwa mo tirong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;145–146.</ref> [[:en:Ritual_murder|Polao ya dipheko]] ya ga [[:en:Segametsi_Mogomotsi|Segametsi Mogomotsi]], mosetsana wa dingwaga di le lesome le bone wa kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]], e diragetse ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 1994. Dikhuduego tsa loago di ne tsa tsoga fa babelaelwa bao, ba e neng e le borakgwebo le boradipolotiki ba ba humileng, ba ne ba gololwa ka ntlha ya go tlhoka bosupi. Mo dikgweding tse di latelang, go ne ga nna le ditshupetso le dikhuduego tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke baithuti kgatlhanong le tiriso ya ditiro tsa masaitsiweng tse di tshwanang le polao ya dipheko go bona khumo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;286–290.</ref> Go tlhagoga ga bolwetse jo bo [[:en:Contagious_bovine_pleuropneumonia|tshelanwang jwa pleuropneumonia ya dikgomo]] ka ngwaga wa 1995 go ne ga baka dintsho tsa dikgomo di le dikete tse makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi .<ref name=":88" /> Molao wa Temothuo wa ngwaga ya 1995 o ne wa atolosa thulaganyo ya go dira lefatshe la baagi la le e seng la puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Merafe e mennye e ne ya tswelela go kgaratlhela go lemogiwa go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;163–164.</ref> Puso e simolotse go ntsha batho ba Basarwa mo [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|Lefelong la Diphologolo la Kalahari]] [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|la Bogare]] ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Le fa e ne e nganga gore maikaelelo e ne e le go thusa go kopanya baagi ba ba neng ba le kgakala thata, mme e neelana ka leruo go rotloetsa tirisanommogo, mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba e ne ya pega molato puso ka go pateletsa le go [[:en:Forced_displacement|fudusiwa ka dikgoka]] ga batho go dira sebaka sa meepo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;11–12.</ref> Maiteko a ntlha a magolo a semolao a go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa merafe e mennye a ne a tswa mo tshitshinyong ya ngwaga wa 1995 kwa palamenteng ya go tlhalosa molaomotheo jaaka o o sa tseyeng letlhakore mo merafeng, mme o ne wa bewa mo tafoleng. Mokgatlho wa Kamanakao o ne wa tlhamiwa ka one ngwaga oo ke morutegi [[:en:Lydia_Nyati-Ramahobo|Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo]] go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa [[:en:Yeyi_people|batho ba Yeyi]].<ref name=":95">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;215.</ref> Motseletsele wa diphetogo tsa puso le tsa ditlhopho di ne tsa tsenngwa mo tirisong mo dingwageng tsa bofelo tsa bo tautona jwa ga Masire. Tlhokomelo ya ditlhopho e ne ya fetisediwa kwa setheong se se ikemetseng, dingwaga tsa go tlhopa di ne tsa fokodiwa go tswa ko masomeng a mabedi le bongwe go ya ko lesomeng le borobabobedi , go [[:en:Postal_voting|tlhopa ka poso]] go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong, mme ga tsenngwa tirisong melawana ya go sireletsa [[:en:Labour_rights|ditshwanelo tsa badiri]] le [[:en:Gender_equality|tekatekano ya bong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;168.</ref> Masire o ne a eletsa go tlhama [[:en:Order_of_succession|tatelano e e tlhomameng ya]] [[:en:Order_of_succession|go tlhatlologana]] mo bogosing le go netefatsa gore motlhatlogi wa gagwe yo a mo tlhophileng mothusa Tautona Mogae e nna tautona, ka jalo o ne a dirisana le mmueledi Parks Tafa go kwala paakanyo ya molaotheo. Se se ne sa tsenya tirisong tatelano e e itirisang le [[:en:Term_limit|melelwane ya paka]] ya botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;337–338.</ref> O ne a pateletsa paakanyo ka boene.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;304–305.</ref> Go fetola itsholelo ya lefatshe, go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong tsamaiso ya nakwana ya go nna le [[:en:Tripartism|makoko a mararo]] go kopanya puso, lekalana le e seng la puso, le baemedi ba badiri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;169.</ref> Fa lekoko le ne le tlhopha maloko a komiti ya lone ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1997, kotsi ya go nna le ditlhopha e ne ya gola mo e leng gore Masire o ne a phimola ditlhopho tsa lone tse di mo teng ga mokgatlho mme a dira gore ditlhopha di mo fe manaane a maina.<ref name=":91" /> === Puso ya ga Festus Mogae === [[Setshwantsho:George Bush with African national leaders February 26, 2002.jpg|thumb|Festus Mogae mmogo le botautona ba mafatshe a sele [[:en:Joaquim_Chissano|Joaquim Chissano]], [[:en:George_W._Bush|George W. Bush]] le [[:en:José_Eduardo_dos_Santos|José Eduardo dos Santos]] ka ngwaga wa 2002]] Masire o ne a tlogela tiro ya botautona ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le ngwe ka ngwaga wa 1998, mme a latelelelwa ke mothusa tautona Festus Mogae.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;338.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya tshwetso e e neng ya tsosa kganetsano ya go tlhoma Ian Khama, molaodi wa sesole le morwa Seretse Khama, go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang,<ref name=":72" /> a fetisa kgetho ya gagwe ka go tshosetsa go phatlalatsa palamente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Le fa ba ne ba sa tseye letlhakore semmuso fa gare ga ditlhopha tsa lekoko la BDP, Mogae le Khama ka bobedi ba ne ba tlhaloganngwa e le batho ba bagolo mo gare ga A-Team.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;347.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1998 o ne wa bona nngwe ya dikgaogano tse dintsi mo teng ga lekoko la kganetso la BNF. E ne e kgaogane ka ditlhopha tse pedi: batho ba ba sa rateng diphetogo ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa loago le ba ba neng ba tswelela pele ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa puso ya batho ka batho ya loago. Dikhuduego kwa mokgatlhong wa lekoko di ne tsa dira gore batho ba ba neng ba rata kgatelopele ba kgaogane go nna lekoko la bone, [[:en:Botswana_Congress_Party|Botswana Congress Party]] (BCP), le le neng la nna lekoko le legolo la kganetso go fitlhela ba latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa manno a bone mo [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa]] [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 1999]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Kgaogano e ya kganetso, mmogo le diphetogo tsa selegae tsa dingwaga tse di fetileng, di ne tsa dira gore lekoko la BDP le boelwe ke ditilo dingwe tse e neng ya di latlhegelwa ka ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;168–169.</ref> Maloko a le mmalwa a borwa a boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BCP a ne a boela kwa lekokong la BNF morago ga gore maemo otlhe a a kwa godimo a tsewe ke batho ba bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;237.</ref> Go itlhatlosa go ya kwa maemong a merafe ya Tswana, batho ba Yeyi ba ne ba bitsa kgosi e e kwa godimo ka ngwaga wa 1999, fela se se ne sa se ka sa lemogiwa ke Molao wa Bogosi. Ba ne ba tlisa kgang eo kwa Kgotlatshekelong e Kgolo, e e neng ya tlhasela thulaganyo e e maleba ya molao e le e e tlhaolang.<ref name=":95" /> Mogae o ne a tlhoma setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang ka ngwaga wa 2000 go sekaseka kemedi ya merafe e mennye mo Ntlong ya Dikgosi, mme seo sa baka boipelaetso go tswa mo go ba ba neng ba ikutlwa gore Mogae o batla go nyatsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;239.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang se ne sa tlhomamisa gore Ntlo ya Dikgosi e tshwanetse go nna teng, mme ya bidiwa Setswana ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;216.</ref> Diphetogo tse dingwe tse di fetotsweng ga di a amogelwa morago ga go kgarametswa go tswa mo merafeng e megolo ya Batswana, bogolosegolo ba Ngwato.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;217–218.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, batho ba Kgatla-baga-Mmanaana ba ne ba bona kgosi ya bone Gobuamang Gobuamang wa bobedi a amogelwa semmuso jaaka kgosi e nnye mo teng ga kgaolo ya Kwena kwa ba nnang teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;177.</ref> [[:en:Botswana–Namibia_border|Molelwane wa Botswana le Namibia]] o ne wa tsena mo kganetsanong ka ngwaga wa 1999 fa mafatshe ka bobedi a ne a batla kgaolo mo [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Mopakong wa Caprivi]].[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;xx–xxi.</ref>] Ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000, Botswana e ne ya beeletsa thata mo go tlhabololeng sesole sa mowa.<ref name=":93" /> [[:en:Botswana_Television|Setshwantso sa motshikinyego sa Botswana]] se tlhomilwe ka ngwaga wa 2000. Lentswe tsa Tsodilo le ne la nna [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|Lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe]] ka ngwaga wa 2001. Batho ba Basarwa ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao ka ngwaga wa 2002 go ganetsa go ntshiwa ga bona kwa Central Kalahari Game Reserve, fela kgang e sekisiwang e ne ya tlhokomologiwa. [[:en:Mosadi_Seboko|Mosadi Seboko]] wa [[:en:Lete_people|morafe wa]] [[:en:Lete_people|Balete]] o ne a nna moeteledipele wa ntlha wa mosadi wa morafe ka ngwaga wa 2003.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xxi.</ref> Mogae o ne a dira gore mongwe wa batshwayadiphoso ba ba tlhageletseng thata ba puso, [[:en:Kenneth_Good_(political_scientist)|Kenneth Good]], a lelekwe mo lefatsheng la gagwe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], pp.&#x20;333–334.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;226–227.</ref> [[:en:Three_Dikgosi_Monument|Sefikantswe sa Dikgosi tse Tharo]] se ne sa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;680.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya bolwetsi jo bo anameng lefatshe la HIV/AIDS e le kgang e e botlhokwa thata ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Go e lwantsha, o ne a dira gore dikalafi tsa [[:en:Antiretroviral|diantiretroviral]] tsa HIV/AIDS di nne teng mahala.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;225.</ref> === Puso ya ga Ian Khama === [[Setshwantsho:London Conference on The Illegal Wildlife Trade (12499797834).jpg|thumb|Kopano ya ga Ian Khama le [[:en:William_Hague|William Hague]] kwa Lontone]] Ian Khama o ne a latela mo maemong a botautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Mogae ka kgwedi ya Moranang a le letsatsi le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref name=":96">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mokgwa wa gagwe wa boeteledipele o ne wa phatlaladiwa jaaka o o latelang "di-D tse nne": puso ya batho ka batho, tlhabololo, seriti, le kotlhao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Fa a sena go nna mo setilong, o ne a rulaganya sešwa khuduthamaga ya setšhaba ka mokgwa wa tatelano, a kopanya maatla go dikologa botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;227–228.</ref> Khama o ne a gatelela tshireletsego ya setshaba mo tsamaisong ya gagwe. Ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo maemong a gagwe, Lekalana la Bosenodi le Tshireletsego le ne la itsege ka go dira ditlhodi tse di neng di tlhotlhelediwa ke dipolotiki le go tshwara baganetsi ba gagwe ba sepolotiki. O ne gape a tlhoma batho ba le mmalwa ba pele ba sesole mo pusong ya gagwe<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], pp.&#x20;714–715.</ref> Botswana o ne e sa amege thata mo [[:en:African_Union|Kopanong ya Aforika]] ka nako ya botautona jwa ga Khama, go na le moo e ne ya tlhagisa molawana wa mafatshe a sele a a neng e lebisitswe thata mo Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;190.</ref> Mathata a matlole a ngwaga wa 2008 a ne a gatelela itsholelo ya Botswana, e e neng ya nna e ikaegile ka meepo ya ditaemane le fa puso e ne e dira maiteko.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;202.</ref> Madirelo a diteemane a ne a fedisa kwelotlase e e tlhomameng fa e ne e tlhomama ka bokana ka karolo ya masome a mararo le borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tse di tlhagisitsweng tsa lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 2009.<ref name=":76" /> Taolo ya dikgosi e ne ya fetolwa ka ngwaga wa 2008 ka Molao wa Bogosi.<ref name=":92" /> Khama o ne a rotloetsa go neela dikgosi maatla ka leina la go busetsa kotlhao le maitsholo a setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], pp.&#x20;196–197.</ref> O ne a ntsha taelo e e neng ya oketsa dingwaga tsa go nwa tse di kafa molaong go nna masome a mabedi le bongwe, ya fa baeteledipele ba merafe e mennye maatla a go laela gore batho ba itewe, ya tlhama ditlhopha tsa mephato go nna balebedi, le go tsenya gape [[:en:Corporal_punishment_in_schools|kotlhao ya go itaya mo dikolong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Dikgosi di le mmalwa tse di sa tswang go tlhongwa di ne tsa tshegetsa melawana e mme tsa tsenya tirisong dikotlhao tse di gagametseng tsa badiraphoso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Gareng ga bone go ne go na le Kgafela wa bobedi, kgosana ya morafe wa Kgatla. Go dira gore batho ba gagwe ba nne le boitsholo jo bo tlwaelegileng, o ne a oketsa thata go itewa ga batho ba ba neng ba tlola molao. Kgafela le ba bangwe ba ba amegang ba ne ba pegwa molato wa bosenyi ka ntlha ya go dirisa kotlhao ka tsela e e sa siamang ka ngwaga wa 2010, mme kgotlatshekelo e ne ya kgaphela thoko kopo ya gagwe ya go sirelediwa, ya tlhomamisa gore dikgosi ga di na boipuso mme di laolwa ke molaotheo.<ref name=":97">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;157.</ref> Jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le tlhopha boeteledipele jwa lekoko la yone ka ngwaga wa 2009, Khama o ne a tlhoma batho ba le bantsi ba A-Team mo dikomiting tse potlana tsa lekoko le fa Barata-Phathi e ne ya fenya ka nako ya mokgatlho wa lekoko.<ref name=":97" /><ref name=":98">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;335.</ref> Fa mokwaledi mogolo wa lekoko leo, Rre [[:en:Gomolemo_Motswaledi|Gomolemo Motswaledi]] a ne a rerisana le babueledi go botsa gore a ditiro tsa ga Khama di ka fa molaong, Khama o ne a dira gore a sekegiwe mo komiting. Morago ga go isa kgang kwa kgotlatshekelo, go ne ga fitlhelwa gore tautona yo o mo maemong ao ga a kgone go sekisiwa semolao, mme Khama o ne a emisa Motswaledi mo BDP gotlhelele.<ref name=":98" />Mo tshimologong ya ngwaga wa 2010, Khama o ne a emisa mme morago a ntsha maloko a mangwe a le mmalwa a lekalana le le mo teng ga lekoko la Barata-Phathi mo lekokong BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], pp.&#x20;354–355.</ref> Se se ne sa baka go kgaogana ga ntlha ga BDP ka Mopitlwe fa lekoko la Barata-Phathi le ne le tswa mo lekokong go bopa Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Temokerasi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;345.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Molao wa Tirelosetšhaba o tsentswe tirisong ka ngwaga wa 2010, o dira gore badiredipuso ba dire ditshupetso ka ha molaong mo maemong mangwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mo ngwageng o o latelang, Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Mekgatlho ya Badiri (BOFEPUSU) o ne wa etelela pele ditshupetso tsa dikgwedi di le pedi mo gare ga badiredipuso ba lefatshe go batla tuelo ya karolo ya lesome le borataro mo lekgolong, mme puso ya tsiboga ka go ntsha diketekete tsa badiri mo maemong a bone.<ref name=":96" /> Go ntshiwa ga batho go ne go okametswe ke [[:en:Mokgweetsi_Masisi|Mokgweetsi Masisi]], Tona ya Merero ya Botautona.<ref name=":99">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Go ganetsa boemo jwa puso, BOFEPUSU e ne ya tlhofofatsa go kopanngwa ga makoko a magolo a kganetso go nna [[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC).<ref name=":96" /> Setlhopha se sešwa se se ne se eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Duma_Boko|Duma Boko]], yo o neng a tsere taolo ya BNF ka ngwaga wa 2010 mme a laola dipuo tsa yona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;715.</ref> Khama o ne a diragatsa diphetogo tse di nonofileng tsa tshomarelo ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe, bogolo jang mabapi le go tsoma. Le fa ba ne ba opa diatla kwa mahatsheng a mangwe le go bopa leina la Botswana jaaka "kgakgamatso e tala", ba ne ba kopana le go kgobega marapo mo nageng ka ntlha ya ditsela tse di neng di dirisiwa go tswa kwa godimo go ya kwa tlase, bogolosegolo go tswa mo go ba ba nnang mo mafelong a a tlhomilweng a tshomarelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Melawana e e ne e akaretsa go oketsega ga mekgwa ya sesole e e kgatlhanong le go tsoma diphologolo; digongwana tse di kgatlhanong le go tsoma di ne di tsentswe ditlhobolo tse di itirisang go tlaleletsa melawana ya go thuntsha go bolaya kgatlhanong le batho ba ba belaelwang gore ke batsomi.<ref name=":94" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boloka bontsi jwa yone mo lekgotleng la peomolao morago ga [[:en:2014_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopho tse di latelang]], mme e le lekgetho la ntlha e ne ya dira jalo ka bontsi fela jwa ditlhopo tsa batho.<ref>[[Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;705.</ref> Ian Khama o ne a tlhoma Masisi go nna mothusa tautona wa gagwe.<ref name=":99" /> Tshwetso e ne ya tsosa kganetsano ka ntlha ya go tlhoka maitemogelo ga ga Masisi fa go bapisiwa le ditlhopho tse dingwe tse di ka kgonegang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Go ya ka Mogae, Masisi o ne a tlhophiwa ka tlhaloganyo ya gore o tla tlhoma [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|Tshekedi Khama]] [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|wa bobedi]] go nna mothusa tautona morago ga go tsaya botautona ka boene.<ref name=":99" /> Botsalo Ntuane o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Mokwaledi Mogolo wa lekoko la BDP ka ngwaga 2015 mo seraleng sa twantsho tshenyetso setshaba le phetolo ya ditlhopho. Se se ne sa tshosetsa tlholego e e tseneletseng ya lekoko la BDP, mme Ntuane a bona mmaba wa sepolotiki kwa Masisi.<ref name=":99" /> Khama o ne a le bobaba mo bobegadikgannyeng, bogolo jang mo mafelong a a neng a sa dumalane le ditiro tsa puso ya gagwe. O ne a na le babegadikgang ba babedi ba ba neng ba latofadiwa ka [[:en:Sedition|botsuolodi]] ka ngwaga wa 2017, mme moragonyana ditatofatso di ne tsa latlhiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;714.</ref> === Puso ya ga Mokgweetsi Masisi === [[Setshwantsho:Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference London 2018 (45245990491).jpg|thumb|Mokgweetsi Masisi a bua kwa bokopanong jo bo neng bo bua ka kgwebisano e e seng ka fa molaong ya diphologolo tsa naga kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:London|London]] ka ngwaga wa 2018]] Masisi o ne a nna tautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Khama ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2018. Fa ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2019_Botswana_general_election|kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 2019]] di ntse di atamela, Masisi o ne a tlhama setshwantsho sa go ipharologanya le Khama, a itlhagisa jaaka motho yo o [[:en:Anti-corruption|lwantshanang le bonweenwee]] fa a ntse a tshegetsa bobegakgang le BOFEPUSU.<ref name=":02">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;716.</ref><ref name=":02" /> Letsholo la gagwe la go lwantsha bonweenwee le ne la felela ka go tshwarwa ga ga Isaac Kgosi, yo o neng a eteletse pele Bokaedi jwa Botlhodi le Tshireletso mo pusong ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;717.</ref><ref name=":110" /> Masisi o ne a tswelela ka go busetsa morago bontsi jwa melawana ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110" /> Gareng ga tse e ne e le go phimolwa ga melawana ya tshomarelo, go akaretsa le thibelo ya go tsoma e e neng e tsoma e e neng e lebisitswe mo kgwebong ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|manaka a tlou]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;23–24, 33–34.</ref> O ne gape a okametse go fedisiwa ga go tsewa go ratana ka bong bole bongwe e le molato.<ref>Rotberg 2023, pp.&#x20;228–229.</ref> Fa se se ntse se tsweletse, Masisi le Khama ba nna baganetsi go na le go nna balekane. Khama o ne a leka go thapa [[:en:Pelonomi_Venson-Moitoi|Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi]] go nna ntlhopheng yo mongwe wa BDP kgatlhanong le Masisi, mme fa seo se palelwa, o ne a itlhomela lekoko la gagwe, la [[:en:Botswana_Patriotic_Front|Botswana Patriotic Front]] (BPF).<ref name=":99" /><ref name=":110" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boelwa ke bontsi jwa ditlhopho tsa batho ka ngwaga wa 2019,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> mme ditlhopho di ne tsa senngwa ke kgatelelo ya puso le diphuruphutsho tsa nako le nako kgatlhanong le batho ba kganetso. Lekoko la UDC le ne la gwetlha maduo, mme ga di a atlega.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;308.</ref> Diphetogo tsa kgaolo di ne tsa fetoga ka ngwaga wa 2019 jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le latlhegelwa ke thotloetso nngwe kwa bokone fa e ntse e oketsa tlhotlheletso ya yone kwa borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;231.</ref> Ditlhopho gape di ne tsa bona lekokokganetso le legolo, BNF, le latlhegelwa ke BCP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> Jaaka ditšhaba di le dintsi, [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana|Botswana e ne ya bona kwelotlase e e kgolo ya tsholelo ka nako ya tlhaselo ya bolwetsi jwa COVID-19]], mme lefatshe le ne la nna [[:en:COVID-19_lockdowns|mo thibelong ya metsamao]] bontsi jwa ngwaga wa 2020 le ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;309.</ref> Mofuta wa SARS-CoV-2 Omicron o ribolotswe kwa Botswana moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Maikutlo a a kgatlhanong le makula a ne a anama ka setšhaba sa makula kwa Botswana se ne se humile thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;310.</ref> Khama o ne a tshabela kwa lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa a le kwa botshabelo ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele ka ngwaga wa 2021, mme puso ya Botswana ya mo latofatsa ka go nna le dibetsa e se ka fa molaong ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;311–312.</ref> === Puso ya ga Duma Boko === [[Setshwantsho:Secretary Rubio Meets with Botswana President Boko (54371806715).jpg|thumb|Duma Boko o ikanisa tumalano le lefatshe la Amerika ka ngwaga wa 2025]] Lekoko la [:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change][[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC) le nnile lekokokganetso la ntlha mo Botswana go tsaya puso morago ga phenyo ya lone mo [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa]] [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 2024]] , mme se sa fedisa dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi tsa puso ya [[:en:Botswana_Democratic_Party|lekoko la Botswana la batho ka batho]] (BDP).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMuiaZane2024|Muia &#x26; Zane 2024]]</ref> Mo puisanong ya gagwe ya ntlha ya Maemo a Setšhaba ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2024, Duma Boko o boletse gore puso ya gagwe e tla kgaratlhela go oketsa dipeeletso mo maatleng a letsatsi, [[:en:Cannabis|motokwane]] ya kalafi le mofuta wa motokwane o o lengwang ka lebaka la madirelo. O ne gape a itsise ditirisano le [[:en:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] go atolosa phitlhelelo ya mafaratlhatlha a maranyane e e teng lefatshe ka bophara ka [[:en:Starlink|Starlink]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFFrance242024|France24 2024]]</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2025, Botswana e ne ya romela sathalaete ya yone ya ntlha, e leng [[:en:BOTSAT‑1|BOTSAT‐1,]] kwa lefaufaung.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRanjan2025|Ranjan 2025]]</ref> [[:en:Duma_Boko|Boko]] o ne a tsenela go itsisiwe semmuso ga sathalaete, e e neng ya tshwarelwa kwa mafelong a [[:en:SpaceX|SpaceX]] kwa lefatsheng la United States.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNamunwa2025|Namunwa 2025]].</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Lekwalokwalo la Botswana * [[Ngwao ya Botswana|Ngwao ya Batswana]] * Dipalopalo tsa Botswana * [[Itsholelo ya Botswana]] * Thutafatshe ya Botswana * [[Ditso tsa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Borwa jwa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Gaborone]] * [[Lenaane la dikgang tse di amanang le Botswana]] * Lenaane la dingwaga mo Botswana * [[Tlhaloso ya Botswana]] * Mola wa nako wa Botswana * Mola wa nako ya Gaborone * [[Dipolotiki tsa Botswana]] == Dintlhana tse di kwa tlase == <references /> == Metswedi == === Dibuka === * Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). Culture and Customs of Botswana. Greenwood Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-313-33178-7</nowiki>. OCLC 62118271. * Gulbrandsen, Ørnulf (2012). The State and the Social: State Formation in Botswana and its Precolonial and Colonial Genealogies. Berghahn Books. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85745-298-6</nowiki>. * Hillbom, Ellen; Bolt, Jutta (2018). Botswana – A Modern Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73144-5. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-73144-5</nowiki>. * Holm, John D.; Molutsi, Patrick P. (1992). "State-Society Relations in Botswana: Beginning Liberalization". In Hydén, Göran; Bratton, Michael (eds.). Governance and Politics in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 75–95. doi:10.1515/9781685853297. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-55587-285-4</nowiki>. * Jackson, Ashley (1999). Botswana, 1939-1945: An African Country at War. Clarendon Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-820764-1</nowiki>. * Leith, James Clark (2005). Why Botswana Prospered. McGill-Queen's University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7735-2821-5</nowiki>. * Molutsi, Patrick (2004). "Botswana: The Path to Democracy and Development". In Gyimah-Boadi, E. (ed.). Democratic Reform in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 159–182. doi:10.1515/9781685857325. <nowiki>ISBN 9781685857325</nowiki>. * Nyamnjoh, Francis B. (2007). "'Ever-Diminishing Circles': The Paradoxes of Belonging in Botswana". In de la Cadena, Marisol; Starn, Orin (eds.). Indigenous Experience Today. Routledge. pp. 305–332. <nowiki>ISBN 9781003085690</nowiki>. * Rotberg, Robert I. (2023). "Botswana: Africa's Democratic Exception". Overcoming the Oppressors: White and Black in Southern Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–231. <nowiki>ISBN 9780197674239</nowiki>. * Samatar, Abdi Ismail (1999). An African Miracle: State and Class Leadership and Colonial Legacy in Botswana Development. Heinemann. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-325-00068-8</nowiki>. * Tlou, Thomas; Campbell, Alec C. (1997) [1984]. History of Botswana (2nd ed.). Macmillan Botswana. <nowiki>ISBN 9991278087</nowiki>. == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref name=":2"><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref>Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref></ref><ref name=":30"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikakanyo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aferika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''[[mafisa]]'' e mo go yone bahumi ba ne ba adima ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane dikgomo go ananya tiro. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 701</ref></ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya [[:en:Private_property|dithoto]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme banna ba ba nyetseng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lefatshe.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 698</ref></ref> Banna ka tlwaelo ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijwalo. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 31–32</ref></ref>Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se jalwa thata mo kgaolong e mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela leuba le ne le raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 34</ref></ref> Bagwebi ba Makgowa ba ne ba goroga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi. [ 86 ] Go tsena ga baagi ba Yuropa gaufi go ne ga letla merafe ya BaTswana go ikamanya le ikonomi ya lefatshe. [ 92 ] Kgosi [[Sechele I]] wa batho ba Kwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya Borithane mo morafeng wa gagwe. [ 83 ] Morongwa wa Mo-Scotland David Livingstone o gorogile mo Botswana ka 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma [[Kolobeng Mission|Morongwa wa Kolobeng]] . Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe se se bokete sa Yuropa mo merafeng ya BaTswana jaaka ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano magareng ga dikontinente. [ 51 ] Feshene ya Bophirima e ne ya amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala lekgolo lotlhe la dingwaga mme ya kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso. [ 93 ] Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a naya batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu. [ 94 ] == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref name=":49" /></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref name=":50" /></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref name=":51"><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":52"><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikakanyo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aferika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''[[mafisa]]'' e mo go yone bahumi ba ne ba adima ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane dikgomo go ananya tiro. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 701</ref></ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya [[:en:Private_property|dithoto]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme banna ba ba nyetseng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lefatshe.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 698</ref></ref> Banna ka tlwaelo ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijwalo. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 31–32</ref></ref>Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se jalwa thata mo kgaolong e mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela leuba le ne le raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 34</ref></ref> Bagwebi ba batho-basweu ba ne ba goroga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":52" />Go tsena ga baagedi ba Yuropa go ne ga letlelela merafe ya BaTswana go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe. <ref name=":49">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref>Kgosi [[Sechele I]] wa BaKwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya Borithane mo morafeng wa gagwe.<ref name=":51" /> Morongwa wa Mo-Scotland rre [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o gorogile mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma [[Kolobeng Mission|tirelo ya borongwa ya Kolobeng]] . Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe se se kwa godimo ga Yuropa mo merafeng ya Batswana jaaka ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano magareng ga dikontinente. <ref name=":32" />Kapari ya Bophirima e ne ya amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala lekgolo lotlhe la dingwaga mme ya kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref name=":50">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a neela Bakwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola dikgosana tsa gagwe ka dithupa tsa matlalo a tshukudu.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 29</ref></ref> fth9ghde7oiesokjbnli3ljl7c0kfya 53697 53696 2026-07-30T22:45:29Z Lame Ralosetlha 12932 Created by translating the section "Pre-colonial history" from the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366623313|History of Botswana]]" 53697 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ditso tsa lefatshe la Botswana''' di akaretsa tsa bogologolo le tsa ngwao ya kgaolo, go diriwa kolone ya [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Bechuanaland Protectorate]], le go nna Republic of [[Botswana]] gompieno. Batho ba ntlha ba motlha wa gompieno go nna mo [[Botswana]] e ne e le Basarwa, temothuo e tlhabolotswe dingwaga di ka nna dikete pedi, le makgolo a mararo a a fetileng. Batho bantsho ba Bantu ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago ga loso lwa ga Keresete, fa [[Batswana]] ba ntlha ba gorogile dingwaga di le makgolo mabedi morago. Batswana ba ne ba kgaogana ka ditlhopha tsa merafe mo dingwageng tse di dikete tse di latelang fa diphudugo mo kgaolong di tswelela, tse di neng tsa baka [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]] mo lekgolong la dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi. Go amana le lefatshe le le kgolo le le naleng dikarolo la Europe ga ntlha go diragetse ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi lesome le borataro, mo go bakileng go diriwa Bakeresete ga batho ba kgaolo. Magosi a Batswana a a neng a na le thotloetso e kgolo a ne a ikopela go nna mo tlhokomelong ya lefatshe la [[United Kingdom]] ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabobedi, masome a robabobedi le botlhano ka ba ne ba itemogela matshosetsi go tswa kwa [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|German South West Africa]] le mo Maburung. Batho ba Britain ba ne ba kgaoganya kgaolo go nna merafe e kgosi nngwe le nngwe e tlaa e etelelang pele, ba a fa dikgosi maatla a a fetang a ba neng ba na le one pele, mme ba ne ba nna le taolo e e lekanetseng fela mo lefatsheng. Puso ya Britain e ne ya nna le seabe se setlhagafetseng ka dinwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la ema nokeng go tsaya karolo ga Britain mo ntweng ya bobedi ya mafatshe, bontsi ba ne ba lwa e le bontlha jwa sesole sa [[Aferika|Aforika]] sa Auxiliary Pioneer Corps. Go lwela go laola go nnile teng ka dingwaga tsa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, le masome a matlhano fa gare ga Kgosi ya [[Bangwato]] [[Seretse Khama]] le motlhatlhami wa gagwe [[Tshekedi Khama]]. Go nyala mosadi wa lekgoa ebong [[Ruth Williams Khama]] ga ga Seretse, go ne ga baka gore batho ba Britain ba mo thibele go nna mo [[Botswana]]. O ne a boa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a matlhano le borataro, ka a ne a na le kemo nokeng e kgolo, merafe e ne inaakanya le puso e e tlhophilweng fa letsholo la boipuso le tlhamiwa. Molao wa lefatshe o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le motso, ga tlhamiwa diphathi tsa polotiki. Seretse o ne a nna moeteledipele wa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Bechuanaland Democratic Party]], e e neng e bueletswe ke puso ya Britain go busa morago ga boipuso, e ne ya nna le kemo nokeng e e tsitsibanyang mmele mo ditlhophong tsa ntlha tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le botlhano. Lefatshe la Botswana le ne la neelwa boipuso jo bo tletseng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borataro. Ka maikaelelo a a nonofileng, Seretse le phathi ya gagwe ba ne ba tlhama puso ya batho ka batho ya bophirima ba simolola go tlhabolola dikago mo lefatsheng le e neng e le lengwe la a a neng a humanegile thata ka nako eo. Go ne ga lemogiwa fa go na le diteemane ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a marataro le borobabongwe, mo go neng ga bopa sesha itsholelo ya Botswana. Kompone ya meepo ya [[Debswana]] e tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a supa le borobabobedi, lefatshe la Botswana la nna la itsholelo e e golang ka bofefo thata go gaisa a mangwe mo Botswana. Phathi ya sepolotiki ya Botswana Democratic e ne ya tswelela e le yone phathi e e busang go tswa ka nako ya boipuso go fitlhelela phathi ya [[Umbrella for Democratic Change]] e fenya ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa dikete pedi, masome a mabedi le bone.]] == Ditso tsa pele ga bokolone == === Ditso tsa pele === [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo Hills rock paintings4.jpg|thumb|metako ya magaga kwa Tsodilo mo ditsong tsa pele]] Lefatshe la Botswana la gompieno e ne e le sekgwa fela dingwaga di le didikadike tse di lesome tse di fitileng, dinoka di ne di le ditona go fetisa gompieno, di tshela kwa [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|letsheng la Makgadikgadi]].<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou, Thomas]]; [[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Campbell, Alec C]]. (1997) [1984]. ''[[History of Botswana]]'' (2nd&nbsp;ed.). Macmillan Botswana. ISBN[[:en:Special:BookSources/9991278087|&nbsp;<bdi>9991278087</bdi>.]]</ref> Batho ba sebopego sa ntlha sa Homo erectus ba ne ba nna mo kgaolong eo ka motlha wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997,]] p.&nbsp;14.</ref> Didirisiwa tsa lejwe mo Botswana wa gompieno, di tshwana le dilepe, di tswa go o lowe, dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fitileng.<ref name=":4">Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). [[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|''Culture and Customs of Botswana''.]] Greenwood Press. ISBN&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33178-7|<bdi>978-0-313-33178-7</bdi>.]] [[:en:OCLC#Identifiers_and_linked_data|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/title/62118271 62118271.]</ref><ref name=":0">Klehm, Carla (28 June 2021). "Archaeology of Botswana". ''Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History''. doi:[https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/61663/chapter/553401196 10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.792]. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4|<bdi>978-0-19-027773-4</bdi>.]]</ref> Phudugo go ya sekakeng sa Kalahari go akanyediwa fa e diragetse pele ga legato la borataro dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo, makgolo a robabobedi le masome a marataro tse di fitileng.<ref name=":0" /> Letsha la Makgadikgadi le simolotse go fokotsega dingwaga di le dikete di le masome matlhano tse di fitileng.<ref>[[:en:Thomas_Tlou|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;17.]]</ref> Bagolagolwane ba merafe e e sa amaneng ka gope ba ba bidiwang Basarwa fa ba kgobokantswe, ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome mane go tsena masome a mararo tse di fitileng. Ba ka tswa e le bone batho ba ntlha go nna mo motlheng wa lejwe.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&nbsp;18, 23.</ref> Ba ne ba itlhoma go bapa le dinoka ka dipaka tsa komelelo, mme ba phatlalale le kgaolo ka nako ya dipula.<ref>[[:en:Alec_Campbell_(archaeologist)|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&nbsp;24.</ref>Go ne go itsewe fa ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikaganyeditseng [[letsha la Makgadikgadi]], ga mmogo le [[Tsodilo]] le GI.<ref name=":1">[[iarchive:culturecustomsof0000denb|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&nbsp;xv.</ref> Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba [[Nata]], Shua le Xani, go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref name=":2">Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997, p.&nbsp;23.</ref>[[:en:Rock_art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete tse masome a mararo tse di fetileng,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Meepo ya specularite le hematite e simolotse ka nako e go tlhama dipente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;48.</ref> Mo e ka nnang metsi otlhe a leruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome mabedi tse di fetileng.<ref name=":1" /> Thuto e e tseneletseng ya Aforika e e kwa borwa mo [[:en:Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Matlapa]] e ntse e lekanyeditswe.<ref name=":0" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[:en:Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba sala ka ditlhopha tse dinnye mme ba dira kgwebo le ba bangwe.<ref name=":2" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere tshimo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monna yo mogolo wa lelapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tse dikgolo, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela le go tshwara diphologolo tse dinnye.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Ditlhopha di ne di nyalana mme di dirisa thulaganyo ya magadi, xaro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le dikete tse tse di fetileng, batho ba kgaolo eo ba ne ba tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana wa gompieno mme ba simolola go dira dinkgwana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;8.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;28.</ref>Temothuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga le go wela tlase fa seemo sa loapi le ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo di ne di dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;29–30.</ref>Gareng ga dijalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[:en:Pearl_millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[:en:Sorghum|mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[:en:Cowpea|dinawa tsa kgomo]], le dimela tsa lelapa la [[:en:Cucurbitaceae|cucurbits]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba Bantu ba ne ba [[:en:Bantu_expansion|fudugela kwa kgaolong]] e dingwaga di le dikete tse pedi le dingwaga dile selete le makgolo a matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong leno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;22–24, 28.</ref> [[:en:Kalanga_people|Batho ba Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba goroga c. 200 C.E.<ref name=":3">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Bagologolwane ba morafe wa ntlha wa [[:en:Tswana_people|Batswana]] (bongwe ''Motswana'', bontsi ''Batswana'') go fopholediwa fa ba gorogile c. 400 C.E.<ref name=":3" /> Batho ba ba Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didirisiwa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna mo ditseleng tsa metsi tsa leruri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;9.</ref> Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a leruri a matlo a ka nna lesome go fitlhela lesome le botlhano a [[:en:Pole-and-daga|dipale le mmu]] nngwe le nngwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa Khoisan e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;44–45.</ref> BaKhoisan le Bantu ba ka tswa ba ne ba gweba le go nyalana mo pakeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;36.</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlhela ka lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga === Setlhopha sa batho ba Zhizo, batho ba Taukome, ba ne ba goroga mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme ba nna fa gare ga [[:en:Shashe_River|Noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|Noka ya Serorome]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref><ref name=":5">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;10.</ref> Go nna le [[:en:Glass_bead|dipheta tsa galase]] go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo ya Lewatle la India]].<ref name=":5" /> Palo ya leruo le le ruiwang mo Botswana wa gompieno e ne ya oketsega thata fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa borobabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":4" /> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso ya morafe, e e bidiwang ''morafe'' (bontsi merafe), mongwe le mongwe o eteletswe pele ke kgosi e e bidiwang ''[[:en:Kgosi|kgosi]]'' (bontsi dikgosi).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Tsamaiso e e ne ya tlhagisa puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le tse dingwe mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;40.</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong, mme go nna mong wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho.<ref name=":6">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;11.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ditso tsa bogologolo tsa batho ba Tswana e sa ntse e sa itsiwe thata ka gonne go setse bosupi jo bonnye jwa baepi ba dilo tsa bogologolo.<ref name=":3" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[:en:Kalahari_Desert|Sekaka sa Kalahari]] ka makgolo ale borobabongwe morago ga ga Keresete,<ref name=":1" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong le le latelang la dingwaga, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng kwa Lewatleng la India.<ref name=":6" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Bangwe ba batho ba Eiland ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa ya gompieno go tsena mo Botswana wa gompieno mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Batho ba Toutswe, ba bangwe ba morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, ba bona khumo ya bona ka go nna le dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;13.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Go ne ga agiwa metse e meraro ya Ba-Toutswe kwa [[:en:Bosutswe|Bosutswe]], Sung, le [[:en:Toutswemogala|Toutswemogala]], mongwe le mongwe wa bone o ne o busa metse e mennye e e neng e e dikologile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Ka ngwagakgolo wa bo 12, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba anametse kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;60.</ref> Boleng jwa ditlhagiswa bo ne jwa fetogafetoga fa kgwebisano e ntse e atolosiwa le ditšhaba di sele mme go ribololwa ga gauta go ne ga diragala, go fokotsa kgatlhego mo ditlhagisweng tsa sebilo le tsa diphologolo jaaka lonaka lwa tlou.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;27–28.</ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":7">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Merafe e e kwa borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditiragalo tse mme e ne ya sala e sa amege thata.<ref name=":8">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;28.</ref> Baagisani ba Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe le wa lesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard's Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":9">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> <ref name=":10">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;61.</ref>Ba tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[:en:Bambandyanalo|Bambandyanalo]], ba ne ba nna batho ba bagolo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bongwe kwa ba neng ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;67–68.</ref> Ba ne ba bonela pele tlhotlheletso go ralala kgaolo fa gare ga ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /> Batho ba Okavango Delta le batho ba Tsodilo mme morago ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bodulo mo nakong e, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke batho ba Khoe fela ba ba neng ba nna mo lefelong leo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou & Campbell 1997]], pp. 46, 81.</ref>Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro,<ref name=":11">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;14.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa mo nako e le nngwe.<ref name=":10" />Batho ba Mambo ba ne ba nna go dikologa [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]] ya gompieno mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo tikologong ya nako e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Batho ba segompieno ba Tswana, [[:en:Khalagari_people|Khalagari]], le [[:en:Sotho_people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo e ka nnang ka lekgolo la lesome le bobedi la dingwaga.<ref name=":12">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Ba-Khalagari ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana.<ref name=":13">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Batho ba Fokeng le bone ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bobedi,<ref name=":14">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;93.</ref> mme batho ba Moloko ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro.<ref name=":12" /> Morafe wa tshimologo wa BaTswana, losika lwa bogosi lwa Phofu, o tlhodilwe kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro ke Mogale. Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, e ne ya kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa le merafe ya Bahurutshe, [[:en:Kwena_people|Kwena]], [[:en:Ngwaketse_people|Ngwaketse]], [[:en:Ngwato_people|Ngwato]], Tlharo, le batho ba ba [[:en:Ngwato_people|Kgatla]].<ref name=":13" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa ema mo boemong jwa Mapungubwe e le maatla a kgaolo ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le boraro fa batho ba Gumanye ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[:en:Great_Zimbabwe|Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le le botlhokwa le ditsompelo tsa yone le go nna gaufi le lebopo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;77–78.</ref> Zimbabwe e ne e laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le teng mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana,<ref name=":15">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvi.</ref> mme kgwebisano ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo eo.<ref name=":11" /> Zimbabwe e ne e latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le bone la dingwaga, mme e ne ya wela mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Dinaga tse dingwe di le mmalwa di ne tsa tlhagelela morago ga go wa ga yone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo neng jwa bopiwa ke [[:en:Kalanga_people|merafe ya Kalanga]], bo ne jwa tsaya maemo a Zimbabwe mo molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" /><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;98–100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana le [[:en:Pedi_people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bone<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> mme [[:en:Rolong_people|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga Morolong.<ref name=":13" /> Kgosi Masilo go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya bophirima jwa Tswana ka nako e, go fitlhela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga moo go bolelwa fa lefelo le le ne le busiwa ke Malope kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":14" /> === Lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le borobabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell - Thlapingkaptein en sy vrou.png|thumb|Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1800]] Batho ba baTswana ba ne ba fuduga fa gare ga Botswana wa gompieno ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke batho ba naga le batho ba mmuso wa ga mmamosadinyana go tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":16">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;19.</ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga sekete le makgolo a le marataro.<ref name=":17">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, losika lwa ga Phofu, lo ne lwa wela tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la lesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;104.</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la lesome le botlhano le la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":11" /> Batho ba ba Kalanga ba ne ba laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[:en:Motloutse_River|Noka ya Motloutse]] le [[:en:Makgadikgadi_Pan|Letsha la Makgadikgadi]] go fitlhela ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabobedi.<ref name=":7" /> Batho ba Hurutshe, Kgatla, le Kwena ba ne ba kgaogana le losika lwa segosi lwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Transvaal mo gare ga komelelo le dintwa tsa boswa, mme kgabagare ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;10.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Batho ba Ngwaketse le ba Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le boraro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;105.</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo ba ne ba nna mo Motlheng wa Bofelo wa Leje go fitlha mo e ka nnang mo lekgolong la lesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;22.</ref> Batho ba Botswana wa gompieno ba simolodistse ditsela tse di telle tsa motsamao ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa, e tsamaelwa dikilometara tse makgolo go rekisa,go tsoma le go itsalanya le batho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], pp.&#x20;108–109.</ref>Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana motlhofo abo e ipopa ka bongwe go tswa mo go ba bangwe ka gore dithoto tse dipotlana , le leruo tsa lefelo ne di kgona go tsmaisiwa motlhofo.<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":16" />Merafe ya botlhabatsatsi e ne e tshabellwa ke go kgaogana ka ntlha ya seele se se tona gareng ga toropo le ditshimo.<ref name=":18">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;392.</ref>Kgaogano gareng ga ditlhopa tsa baTswana e nnile mo gareng ga ngwagakgolong ya lesome le bosupa, e tlhalosa merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":19">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;106.</ref>Merafe ya baTswana ba botlhabatsatsi e ne e nna e le maikaelelo a dintwa tsa [[:en:Griqua_people|batho ba Griqua]].<ref name=":18" /> Fa batho ba baTswana ba tswa bokone go ya Botswana wa borwa-bophirima wa segompieno ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le bosupa , ba ne ba nna mo metseng e e neng e nna batho ba Kgalagari, ba ba tshwaetsa kgotsa ba ba ntsha. Batho ba ba Kwena le merafe ya bone ya lekala ba ne ba fudugela kwa Botswana wa segompieno ka fa tlase ga taolo ya [[:en:Kgabo_II|Kgabo wa bobedi]] ba bo ba nna gaufi le motse wa [[:en:Molepolole|Molepolole]].<ref name=":19" />Go ya ka setso sa molomo, bapatole ba e leng batho ba Herero le Mbanderu ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathung ba Mbunda ka ngwagakgolo wa lesome le bosupa fa ntwa tsa leruo la batswana le ne le phatlalatsa ditlhopa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref> le batho ba Bayeyi ba ne ba fudugela kwa Okavango Delta go ya kwa nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;8.</ref>Mo mafelong a mangwe, batho ba Kaa ba ne ba kgaogana go tswa mo bathong ba Rolong le batho ba Khurutse ba kgaogana le batho ba Bahurutshe, fa ditlhopa tsotlhe di fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":20">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;107.</ref>Batho ba Bashaga ba ne ba kopana le batho ba Kgalagari ko bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;110.</ref> State sa ntlha sa Tswana se tlhamilwe ke batho ba Ngwaketse bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi. Si state tse dingwe tsa Tswana di ne tsa tlhamiwa ka go latelana ke batho ba ba Kwena, batho ba Ngwato le batho ba ba Tawana mo dingwageng tse lesome tse nne di latela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;113.</ref> Ka se go ne ga tla ditlhabololo tsa ''mophato (''bontsi ''mephato),'' mephato ya sesole e e rulagantsweng k a dingwaga tsa setlhopa, gareng ga batho ba Tswana ba bophirima mo dingwageng tsa sekete le makgolo a supa le masome a matlhano''.''<ref name=":21">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;386.</ref>Batho ba le babedi ba Kgatla , batho ba Kgafela le batho ba ba Tlokwa, ba tsene mo nakong e ba bo ba tsaa taolo mo tikologong ya [[:en:Pilanesberg|Pilanesberg]] mo Aforika Borewng wa segompieno. Ba ne ba laola ka thata bontsi jwa batho mo lefelong leo mme ebile ba fentse dintwa tse pedi le batho ba Fokeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;390–391.</ref>Tiriso ya mephato e ne ya phatlatsega kwa bathong ba Tswana ba kwa botlhaba kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":21" />E ne e sa amogelwa go phutologilwe mo borwa === Difaqane === [[:en:Difaqane|Difaqane]], nako ya dintwa le phuduso mo borwa jwa Aforika , e diragetse kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabobedi le tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo ya lesome le borobabongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;17.</ref> Mo nakong ye, batho ba baTswana ba ne ba le mo '''kgonegong''' ya dintwa ke ditlhopa di le dintsi ,di akaretsa [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Ndebele]], ba [[:en:Kololo_people|Kololo]], ba [[:en:Ngoni_people|Ngoni]],<ref name=":8" /> ba Pedi, le ba [[:en:Voortrekker|Voortrekkers]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;391.</ref>Bontsi jwa ditlhopa tsa ba Tswana di itlhopetse go boela morago ko ntlheng ga go lwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;394.</ref>Sese ne sa trigger phudugo e e extensive e e ralalang lefelo, go baka gore morafe wa ba Tswana o phatlalale thata abo o simolodisa bolengteng jo bo nonofileng gareng ga territory ya Botswana wa segompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;25.</ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo [[:en:Hardveld|nageng e e thata]] e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Batho ba Kwena le ba Ngwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa motseng wa [[:en:South_African_Republic|Transvaal]] go ya kwa ''lefelong la motlhaba''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFKlehm2021|Klehm 2021]], p.&#x20;18.</ref> Batho ba ntlha wa Kgatla go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, batho ba Mmanaana, o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aforika Borwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le borobabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[:en:Moshupa|Moshupa]] le [[:en:Thamaga|Thamaga]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53, 56.</ref> Ke fela bangwe ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba bolokwa mo go fudugeng kgotsa mo go kgorelediweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;393.</ref> Batho ba Kololo ba ne ba tlhasela merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa 1826, ba pateletsa BaKwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bona ka go farologana. Sebogo, molaodi wa morafe wa Ngwaketse, o ne a tsosa banna ba le dikete dile nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa Dithubaruba kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ba bolaya batlhabani le baagi, ba kobela ruri Bakololo mo kgaolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], pp.&#x20;393–394.</ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma dinaga tsa yone gape ka dingwaga tsa bo 1840, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;31.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;693.</ref><ref name=":22">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;114.</ref> Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[:en:Kgotla|kgotla]]'', kopano ya dipuisano e mo go yone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a utlwa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagi ba banna pele a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref name=":34">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;695.</ref><ref name=":23">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1880, batho ba Tswana le ba Khalagari ba ne ba dirile Botswana yotlhe ya gompieno dikolone.<ref name=":20" /> === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe === Barongwa ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe ya Europe ba ne ba goroga lantlha mo Botswana wa gompieno ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|London Missionary Society]]. Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa dira go fetolela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":24">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Morongwa [[:en:Robert_Moffat_(missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya motse wa gagwe wa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa Botswana wa gompieno jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le Maburu gore ba se ka ba kgona go ya kwa teng.<ref name=":8" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a ne a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekeresete le go kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente e Kgologolo le e Ntšhwa ka bobedi di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa 1857.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;57, 65.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgopolo di le mmalwa tsa itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aforika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''mafisa'' ya bahumi ba adima bahumanegi dikgomo go ba ananya ka tiro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;701.</ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya dithoto tse di fhapegileng ka bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa lesome le borobabongwe , mme banna ba ba nyetsweng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le tshwanelo ya ditshwanelo tsa lefatshe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;698.</ref> Banna ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref> Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se lengwa thata mo kgaolong eo mo lekgolong la lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela komelelo e ne e raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Bagwebi ba lefatshe la Britain ba gorogile ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":24" /> Go tla ga baagi ba karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe ba ba neng ba nna gaufi le foo go ne ga dira gore merafe ya Batswana e kgone go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Sechele_I|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_I|wa ntlha]] wa batho ba Bakwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya lefatshe la Britain ya morafe wa gagwe.<ref name=":22" /> Morongwa wa kwa Scotland e bong [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o ne a goroga mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma lekgotla la [[:en:Kolobeng_Mission|Kolobeng Mission]]. Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe mo go bokete ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe mo merafeng ya Batswana fa ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano tsa dikontinente tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":15" /> Moaparo wa Bophirima o ne wa amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala ngwagakgolo otlhe mme o kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;120–121.</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a fa batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu.<ref name=":25">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa batho ba Kalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFTlouCampbell1997|Tlou &#x26; Campbell 1997]], p.&#x20;100.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba lebana le kgotlhang go tswa mo ditlhopheng tse dingwe mo kgaolong, mme ya goroga kwa setlhoeng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1850. Batswana ba le bantsi, bogolosegolo merafe ya Kwena le Ngwato, ba ne ba lwa kgatlhanong le merafe ya Maaforikanere le ya MaZulu kwa botlhaba jwa Sekaka sa Kalahari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;195.</ref> Ba-Kwena le Ba-Mmanaana ba ne ba lwantsha Maburu go tswa kwa Transvaal ka ngwaga wa 1852, ba sireletsa kgaolo ya bone mme ba fedisa go atologa ga setšhaba go ya kwa bophirima.<ref name=":26">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMorton2012|Morton 2012]], p.&#x20;396.</ref> Batswana ba ne ba bona ditlhopha tsa barongwa e le tsela ya go tshabela mo batlhaseding, ba rotloetsa go sokologela mo Bokereseteng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Sechele o ne a kopa tshireletso ya lefatshe la Britain ka 1853 go fedisa dintwa tsa kgaolo, mme o ne a ganwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;107.</ref> Baeng ba Europa ba ne ba tlwaelesegile thata mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bo19 la dingwaga fa batsomi, batlhotlhomisi, le bagwebi ba ne ba batla dipoelo le go bona dilo tse di kgatlhang mo kgaolong eo.<ref name=":25" /> Ba le bantsi ba ne ba kwala [[:en:Travel_book|dibuka tsa maeto]] ka ga lefelo leo, tse e neng e le dingwe tsa dikgatiso fela tse e seng tsa thuto ka ga Botswana wa gompieno ka nako eo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;65–66.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1860, go fuduga go tswa mo kgaolong go ne ga oketsega fa banna ba Batswana ba ne ba tsaya loeto go ya go bereka kwa meepong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;96.</ref> Go ribololwa ga Masimo a [[:en:Tati_Goldfields|Gauta a Tati]] go ne ga tsosa go batla gauta ga ntlha ga karolokgolo ya lefatshe la Europe kwa Borwa jwa Aforika ka ngwaga wa 1868.<ref name=":24" /> Kampa ya pele ya meepo e e neng ya tlhongwa ka dingwaga tsa bo 1870 e ne ya atologa thata fa e ne e nna lefelo le legolo la terena fa gare ga [[:en:Cape_Province|kgaolo ya Cape]] le [[:en:Bulawayo|Bulawayo]], mme ya nna toropokgolo ya ntlha ya Botswana, e leng [[:en:Francistown|Francistown]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;15, 29.</ref> Mo nakong e mo hisitoring ya Botswana, dikgosi tse dikgolo tsotlhe e ne e le Bakeresete.[92] Ntwa magareng ga Bakwena le BaKgafela ka ngwaga wa 1875.<ref name=":26" />Kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga di le lesome, kgosi [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa batho ba Ngwato o ne a gapa taolo ya kgwebisano ya Borithane mo bathong ba Kwena.<ref name=":22" /> == Tshireletso ya lefatshe la Bechuanaland == ''Setlhogo se segolo: [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]]'' Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tshaba tlhotlheletso e e oketsegang ya lefatshe la Germany mo kgaolong, mme e ne ya dumela go bopa [[:en:Bechuanaland_Protectorate|Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland]].<ref name=":27">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom & Bolt 2018]], p. 40.</ref><ref name=":28">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Makgowa a Britain a ne a eletsa go somarela tlhotlheletso ya yone mo merafeng ya Batswana, ka a ne a neelana ka kgolagano magareng ga borwa le bogare jwa Aforika.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Dikgosi tsa Tswana di ne di tshaba go tsenelelwa ke [[:en:German_South_West_Africa|Jeremane ya Aforika Borwa Bophirima]] le [[:en:Afrikaners|Maaforikaner]],<ref name=":29">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;161.</ref> mme di ne di dumela gore tsela e nngwe ya taolo ya Borithane e ne e le bokoloniale jwa baagi ke Jeremane.<ref name=":30">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;694.</ref> Ba ne ba eletsa gape go tila go wela ka fa tlase ga taolo ya Aforika Borwa kgotsa moeteledipele wa meepo [[:en:Cecil_Rhodes|Cecil Rhodes]], le fa tshireletso e santse e iphitlhela e ikaegile ka Aforika Borwa mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Kgaolo e ne e kgaogantswe go nna lefatshe la merafe le le busiwang ke dikgosi le [[:en:Crown_land|lefatshe la segosi]] le le laolwang ke United Kingdom.<ref name=":29" /> Merafe e borobarobedi e ne ya amogelwa ke Maesemane fa go ne go tlhodiwa protectorate. Tse nne tse dikgolo di ne tsa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe: Bakwena, BaNgwaketse, BaNgwato le BaTawana. Gape go ne ga lemogiwa tse tharo tse dinnye: tsa Kgatla, tsa [[:en:Tlokwa_people|Tlokwa]] le tsa ga [[:en:Malete_people|Malete]]. Ba borobedi, ba Tshidi, ba ne ba fiwa lefelo la polokelo le le kgabaganyang molelwane magareng ga naga e e sireleditsweng le Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;30n1.</ref> Fa maloko a merafe e mennye e e seng ya Batswana a ne a letleletswe go tsaya karolo mo setšhabeng le pusong ya Batswana, ba ne ba sa fiwa dipolokelo tsa merafe tsa bona.<ref name=":17" /> Go tsenngwa ga dipolokelo tsa merafe go ne ga fetola mofuta wa puso ya Motswana, ka merafe e ne e sa tlhalosiwe thata mo nakong e e fetileng mme e ne e ka atolosiwa kgotsa ya sutisiwa. Ka dikgaolo di kgaogantswe ka dipuso tsa merafe, baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba kgona go tswa mo morafeng motlhofo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;46–47.</ref><ref name=":31">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;24.</ref> Tshireletso kwa tshimologong e ne ya atologela kwa Ngwato, e fitlha go tswa go didikirii di le masome a mabedi le bobedi kwa borwa go ya kwa [[:en:Molopo_River|Nokeng ya Molopo]], mme e ne ya atolosiwa go ya kwa didikiriing di le lesome le borobabobedi kwa borwa go fitlhela kwa Nokeng ya Chobe ka ngwaga wa 1890.<ref name=":22" /><ref name=":32">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;30.</ref>Se se ne sa tlamela Maborithane ka badiri ba bantsi ka fa tlase ga taolo ya yona mme sa bopa sekgoreletsi se segolo sa go lekanyetsa bokoloniale jwa Jeremane.<ref name=":32" /> Batho ba bangwe ba Tswana ba ne ba nna kwa borwa jwa tshireletso mme moragonyana ba ne ba tsenngwa mo Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":28" /> Batho ba ga Kgafela ba ne ba nna kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]] ka ngwaga wa 1887. Setlhopha se sa Kgatla se ne sa nna le tlhotlheletso ka bonako mo kgaolong mme leina la sone la nna seka-Kgatla.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMatemba2003|Matemba 2003]], p.&#x20;53.</ref>Masole a Borithane a a neng a eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Charles_Warren|Charles Warren]] a ne a goroga ka ngwaga wa 1891 go tlhoma tshireletso semmuso.<ref name=":29" /> Puso ya yone e ne ya tlhalosiwa, mme ga tlhomiwa mookamedi go nna tlhogo ya yone. Mookamedi o ne a fiwa dithata tse di anameng mo tshireletsong, fa fela a ne a tlotla molao wa morafe o o neng o tlhomilwe pele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> Motsemogolo wa yone e ne e le toropo ya Aforika Borwa ya Vryburg, go supa gore babusi ba bokoloniale ba ne ba sa nne mo tshireletsong mme ba ne ba sa amege ka tlhamalalo mo mererong ya yona.<ref name=":33">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;41.</ref>Go na le moo, mookamedi yo mogolo o ne a dira ka bathusa-baokamedi ba babedi, mme mookamedi wa kgaolo o ne a tlhofofatsa go ikgolaganya le merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":35">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Go tsenngwa ga puso ya Borithane mo Aforikaborwa go ne go raya gore Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne e ikaegile ka yona mo itsholelong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;162.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne e dumela gore Bechuanaland Protectorate ke setheo sa nakwana fela mme e ne e solofetse gore e tla tloga e tsewa ke kolone ya Borithane.<ref name=":37">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;115.</ref> Fa go ntse jalo, e ne e dumela gore tshireletso e e kgonang go itshedisa e tla ja madi a mannye go e tlhokomela.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":41">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;108.</ref> Ka ntlha ya mabaka a, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya gapeletsa taolo e nnye fela e e tlhamaletseng ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland.<ref name=":23" /> Dikgosi di ne di akola dikgang tse mme tsa kgona go ithatafatsa le go ikhumisa; ba ne ba boloka boipuso jo bo anameng, fela tshegetso ya bokoloniale e ne e raya gore ba ne ba sa tlhole ba tlhoka tumelelo ya merafe go tshegetsa puso.<ref name=":36">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;41–42.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;66–67.</ref>[ Puso ya merafe e ne ya nna ya seemanosi, se se neng sa baka go gataka ditshwanelo tsa batho le go tlhaola basadi le merafe e mennye.<ref name=":38">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;161–162.</ref> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa tshireletso === {{Multiple image|total_width=300|image1=Chief-khama-III.jpg|image2=Sebele I by Fritsch 1865.jpg|image3=Bathoen I in london1895.jpg|footer=Khama III, Sebele I le Bathoen I, ba ba neng ba kgona go tlhotlheletsa puso ya Borithane gore e se ka ya tsenya Bechuanaland Protectorate mo taolong ya Khamphani ya British South Africa.|direction=Horizontal}} Batho ba lefatshe la Britain ba ne a rulagantse gore kwa bofelong ba akaretse Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland mo Kopanong ya Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":31" /> Mo dingwageng morago ga go tlhamiwa ga tshireletso, United Kingdom e ne ya tsena mo dipuisanong le Cecil Rhodes go e tsenya mo [[:en:British_South_Africa_Company|komponeng ya Aforika Borwa ya Borithane]].<ref name=":27" /> Fa ba araba, dikgosi tse tharo tse di nang le tlhotlheletso thata—Khama wa boraro wa Ba-Ngwato, Sebele Iwa ntlha wa Ba-Kwena, le Bathoen wa ntlha wa Ba-Ngwaketse—ba ne ba tsaya loeto lwa bodipolomate go ya kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka ngwaga wa1895 mme ba dira gore puso e se ka ya wetsa tumalano eo.<ref name=":33" /><ref name=":39">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xvii.</ref>Se se ne sa tlhoma sekao sa dikgosi tse di dirisanang le makgoa a lefatshe la Briritsh jaaka setlhopha se se kopaneng<ref name=":40">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> mme sa kwala batho ba bararo ba jaaka batho ba ntlha mo ditsong tsa Botswana jaaka setšhaba se le sengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;29.</ref> Tsela e Rhodes a neng a tshwara [[:en:Jameson_Raid|Jameson Raid]] ka yone e e neng ya palelwa e ne ya kgoba makgowa a lefatshe la British marapo mme dipuisano tsa busediwa morago go ya go ile.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;30–31.</ref> Go ketekwa ga dikgosi tse go ne ga felela ka go gatisiwa ga Dikgosi tse Tharo tse dikgolo tsa Aforika: ''Khamé'', ''Sebéle'' le ''Bathoeng'' ke Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa lefatshe la London ka one ngwaga oo. Mokwalo o o [[:en:Founding_myth|tlhagisitse tlhamane]] e e simolotseng ya gore merafe ya bone e meraro ka go farologana e tlhodilwe ke bakaulengwe ba bararo.<ref name=":42">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;670.</ref> Gape ka ngwaga wa 1895, motsemogolo o ne wa fudusiwa go tswa kwa Vryburg go ya kwa toropong e nngwe ya Aforika Borwa, [[:en:Mafeking|Mafeking]],<ref name=":33" />mme kompone ya Marope a Bogologolo e ne ya kwadisiwa go epa marope a pele ga ditso kwa Bechuanaland le Rhodesia go batla gauta.<ref name=":32" /> Tshireletso e ne ya amiwa thata ke go runya ga bolwane mo diphologolong ya Aforika ya dingwaga tsa bo 1890, ya latlhegelwa ke dikarolo tse dikgolo tsa leruo la yona le diphologolo tsa naga.<ref name=":39" /> [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|Seporo sa tshireletso se agilwe ka]] [[:en:1890s_African_rinderpest_epizootic|ngwaga wa 1897]] jaaka mola o mogolo wa phetiso ya bokone–borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le tsosa [[:en:Pioneer_Column|setlhopa sa Babulatsela]] go ya ntweng le batho ba Ndebele, [[:en:Khama_III|Khama wa boraro]] wa Ngwato o ne a thusa ka go romela masole.<ref name=":43">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> Botswana e ne ya nna lefelo la [[:en:Jameson_Raid|tlhaselo ya ga Jameson]] ka 1896.<ref name=":39" /> Morafe wa Kgatla moragonyana o ne wa nna karolo ya [[:en:Boer_War|Ntwa ya Maburu]], o lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane.<ref name=":43" /> Itsholelo ya pele ya bokoloniale ya Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland e ne ya nna e tshwana thata le itsholelo ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref /> United Kingdom e ne e dirisa thata naga ya tshireletso jaaka tlamelo ya badiri, e fa Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugela kwa borwa go ya go bereka mo meepong dituelo tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;42.</ref> Makgetho le one a ne a tsenngwa, go simolola ka [[:en:Hut_tax|lekgetho la ntlwana]] ka ngwaga wa 1899, le le neng la emisediwa ka [[:en:Poll_tax|lekgetho la ditlhopho]] ka ngwaga wa 1909.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Lekgetho la selegae le ne la tsenngwa moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 1919.<ref name=":44">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;31.</ref>Makgetho a bokoloniale kwa Tshireletsong ya Bechuanaland a ne a le kwa godimo go feta a dikoloni tse di mabapi, mme se sa dira gore batho ba le bantsi ba fudugele kwa borwa, mme dikgosi di ne tsa letlelela go abelana maatla ka bopelotshweu le baagi go ba rotloetsa go nna.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;43–44.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la akanyetsa go kopanya tshireletso mo Aforika Borwa jaaka e ne e [[:en:South_Africa_Act_1909|kopanya dikoloni tsa yona tsa borwa jwa Aforika]], fela kwa bofelong e ne ya di kopanya ka itsholelo ka go tlhama Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":39" /> ya kopana ka ngwaga wa 1910.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;137.</ref> Boloko bo ne bo dira gore tshireletso e nne le karolo tse pedi mo lekgolong fela ya lotseno lwa bokopano.<ref name=":44" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1910, merafe yotlhe ya Batswana e ne e amogetse Bokeresete.<ref name=":24" />Bechuanaland e ne ya romela masole a le makgolo a le mmalwa go thusa Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya [[:en:World_War_I|Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya ntlha]].<ref name=":43" /> Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o ne wa iphitlhela o wela tlase ka nako eo, mme ka iketlo o ne wa latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso mo pusong e e neng e sireleditswe.<ref name=":42" /> [[:en:Sebele_II|Sebele wa bobedi]] o ne a nna kgosi ya Kwena ka ngwaga wa 1918, a tlhatlhama rraagwe, [[:en:Sechele_II|Sechele]] [[:en:Sechele_II|wa bobedi]]. Sechele II o ne a thulana le Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London o o neng o laola, a letlelela go nna teng ga Anglican le go busetsa mekgwa e mentsi ya setso e e jaaka go nyala basadi ba le bantsi, go dira pula le ''[[:en:Bogwera|bogwera]]''. Sebele II o ne a tswelela ka kgwetlho ya ga rraagwe kwa Mokgatlhong wa Barongwa wa London, go ngongorega ga puso ya Borithane.<ref /> Puso e e gabedi ya dikgosi le tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya dira gore tsamaiso e nne thata, ka jalo tsamaiso e ne ya tlhama makgotla a mabedi a bagakolodi go lekalekanya balaodi bao.<ref name=":44" /> Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana (moragonyana Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Aforika) le ne la tlhongwa ka ngwagawa 1919.<ref name=":35" />Kopano e ya ngwaga le ngwaga ya dikgosi le batho ba bangwe ba ba nang le tlhotlheletso mo tshireletsong e ne ya letla puso ya Borithane go utlwa le go laola merafe mmogo go na le ka bongwe.[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;47–49.</ref>] Khama wa boraro wa Ngwato o ne a gana go tsaya karolo, a supa bokoa jwa tiragatso ya thibelo ya bojalwa mo morafeng wa borwa. Khama wa boraro o ne a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1923<ref name=":45">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;230.</ref> mme a tlhatlhangwa ke [[:en:Sekgoma_II|Sekgoma]] [[:en:Sekgoma_II|wa bobedi]], yo o neng a direla go fitlha a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1926.<ref name=":45" /> Morwa wa ga Sekgoma e bong [[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] o ne a sa ntse a le lesea, ka jalo [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama|Tshekedi Khama]] o ne a nna mmusi.<ref name=":46">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Tshekedi o ne a lemogwa jaaka moemedi wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> Fa Seretse a ntse a gola, Tshekedi o ne a gatelela gore a fiwe [[:en:Liberal_education|thuto e e gololesegileng]] go na le gore a romelwe kwa sekolong sa madirelo sa Rhodesia.<ref>Samatar 1999, p.&#x20;179.</ref> === Tlhabololo le tlhotlheletso e e oketsegileng ya Borithane === Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1920, kgosi Isang Pilane wa batho ba Kgatla o ne a okametse sekema sa ntlha se segolo sa tlhabololo ya metsi sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland , a dira gore go epiwe metswedi ya metsi e le lesomethataro, mme di le supa tsa tsone di ne tsa nna ditlamelo tsa metsi tse di atlegileng. Tse e ne tsa tlwaelega thata mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang fa puso ya Borithane e ne e kgatlhegela go atolosa itsholelo ya tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;70.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1930, Isang Pilane le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la Batswana ba ne ba dira gore dikhuti di nne tse di hapegileng, ka gonne di ne di sa tlhokomelwe ka fa tlase ga bong jo bo kopanetsweng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], pp.&#x20;699–700.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya nna teng mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo 1930, ya bolaya go feta karolo ya masome a marataro mo lekgolong ya dikgomo tsa tshireletso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;69.</ref> Puso ya Borithane e ne ya tsaya karolo e e matlhagatlhaga mo pusong ya tshireletso go simolola ka ngwaga wa 1930.<ref name=":47">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;58.</ref><ref name=":41" />Mo ngwageng oo, e ne ya simolola go tlamela ka matlole ka tlhamalalo go tshireletso.<ref name=":48">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Charles Rey o ne a tlhomiwa go nna molaodi wa Moagi wa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland, mme o ne a na le maikarabelo a go rulaganya itsholelo sešwa go dikologa dikgomo tsa go romelwa kwa ntle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], pp.&#x20;55–56.</ref> Maiteko a go fetola tshireletso go ya kwa tlhabololong ya meepo le temothuo ya kgwebo a ne a lekwa mme a bona a kgarametswa morago go tswa mo dikgosing.<ref name=":37" /> Molaodi wa Moagi Rey o ne a thulana le kgosi Sebele wa bobedi, mme a dira gore a lelekwe ka 1931. Sebele II o ne a emisediwa ka morwarraagwe yo mmotlana, Kgari.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dikgato tse dingwe di ne tsa lekwa ke puso ya Borithane ka 1934 go thibela maatla a a sa laolweng a dikgosi morago ga go menolwa ga ga Sebele II. Dikgato tseno di ne tsa laela makgotla a bagakolodi a dikgosi di neng di tshwanetse go buisana le one mme di ne di batla gore puso ya Borithane e newe phitlhelelo ya direkoto tsa kgotlatshekelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;69–70.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;49.</ref> Kgosi [[:en:Bathoen_II|Bathoen wa bobedi]] wa Ngwaketse le moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao mo maitekong a. Le fa kgotlatshekelo ya Borithane e ne ya atlhola kgatlhanong le kgwetlho, dipholisi tse dišwa ga di ise di ko di tsenngwe tirisong ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;72–73.</ref><ref name=":49">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Dithibelo tse dingwe di ne tsa amogelwa ka kgoeletso ya bokoloniale go lekanyetsa bokgoni jwa dikgosi go lefisa makgetho le go gapa dikgomo tse di timetseng.<ref name=":39" /> Molaodi yo mošwa wa baagi, [[:en:Charles_Arden-Clarke|Charles Arden-Clarke]], o ne a tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1936 mme a dira gaufi le dikgosi.<ref name=":49" /> === Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe II === Dipoifo tsa tlhaselo ya Jeremane kwa Bechuanaland di ne tsa gola pele ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi ka ntlha ya boemo jwa yone jwa togamaano fa gare ga dikoloni tsa Boritane tse di fa gare le tse di kwa borwa mo Aforika. Malatsi a le lesome le bongwe pele ga ntwa e itsisiwe, puso ya Borithane e ne ya tlhagisa naga e e sireleditsweng gore e nne e le mo seemong se se siameng, mme masole a sesole a ne a rulaganngwa. Malatsi a le manè morago ga gore Borithane e bolele ntwa kgatlhanong le lefatshe la Germany, Molaodi wa Moagi Arden-Clarke o ne a tshwara kopano le dikgosi kwa ba neng ba solofetsa go tshegetsa maiteko a ntwa ka botlalo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> Letsatsi le le latelang, khomišene e kgolo e ne ya ntsha kgoeletso ya [[:en:Emergency_powers|dithata tsa tshoganyetso]] tse di neng tsa e fa taolo e e feletseng mo tirong ya setšhaba mo tshireletsong, fela dikgosi di ne tsa itsisiwe gore di tla nna le maikarabelo a bontsi jwa tiragatso le go boloka kagiso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;33–34.</ref> Dingwaga tsa ntlha tsa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi di ne di batlile go se go nne le tshusumetso epe mo bathong ba Bechuanaland, mme bontsi bo ne bo na le kakanyo e e sa tlhamalalang fela ya gore ntwa e ne e le teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;34.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e ne ya ngotlega fa palo e kgolo ya baagi ba basweu ba ne ba ikwadisa mo Sesoleng sa Boritane. Ba ba neng ba setse ba ne ba tlhomile mogopolo mo thulaganyong ya tshireletsego fa go ka direga gore borwa jwa Aforika bo nne letlhakore le lengwe mo ntweng.<ref name=":50">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;35.</ref> Kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa dikgosi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya rotloetsa Batswana ba ba neng ba eletsa go direla le Sesole sa Borithane go ikwadisa le Sesole sa Batswana sa Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;38.</ref> Banna ba Batswana ba ka nna makgolo a supa ba ne ba ikwadisa le setlhopha seno.<ref name=":51">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;50.</ref> Go tlhokomela Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland go ne ga nna selo se se kwa tlase mo lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya Kwelotlase e Kgolo ya itsholelo le Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi,<ref name=":41" /> mme tshireletso ga e a ka ya amogela matlole ape go tswa kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":48" /> Mmusomogolo wa Borithane o ne o na le taolo e nnye mo Bechuanaland fa o bapisiwa le dikgaolo tsa one tse dingwe, mme maiteko a Borithane a go laola tlhagiso ya nako ya ntwa mo tshireletsong a ne a sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;124.</ref> Ntwa e ne ya fetola thata itsholelo ya tshireletso fa e ntse e tswelela, ya tlhagisa tlhaelo, go aba dijo, le ditlhwatlhwa tse di kwa godimo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> [[:en:Profiteering|Go dira dipoelo]] le go [[:en:Price_gouging|fokotsa ditlhwatlhwa]] go ne go tlwaelesegile, mme puso ya bokoloniale, e e neng e sa kgone go gagamatsa [[:en:Price_control|ditaolo tsa ditlhwatlhwa]], e ne ya dirisa [[:en:Gentlemen's_agreement|ditumalano tsa banna]] le bagwebi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;138.</ref> Makgetho a ne a tlhatlosiwa mme mananeo a Letlole la Tlhabololo ya Bokoloniale di ne tsa fokodiwa kwa tshimologong ya Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi go tlhoma boipuso jwa matlole go tswa mo mmusomogolong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;125–126.</ref> Kgoeletso ya Taolo ya Madirelo a Leruo ya ntlha ya ngwaga wa 1940 e ne ya fetisiwa go duedisa dikgomo lekgetho, madirelo a a magolo a tshireletso, mme fela e ne ya kopana le kganetso e e boitshegang go tswa kwa Batswaneng le Lekgotla la Bogakolodi la kaorolokgolong ya lefatsa ya Europe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> Letlole la ntwa le ne le dira kwa Bechuanaland, mme le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le solohetse gore meneelo e nne ya boithaopo, dikgosi di ne tsa dirisa taolo ya tsone mo merafeng ya tsone go pateletsa meneelo. E ne ya emisediwa ka lekgetho ka ngwaga wa1941, fela se se ne se sa ratwe thata mme sa itshupa se le thata go se diragatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;128–131.</ref> === Botsayakarolo jwa Batswana mo Ntweng ya Lefatshe II === [[Setshwantsho:Bechuanaland Boys cleaning Aa Guns in the Twilight after Action, Syracuse, Sicily Art.IWMARTLD4576.jpg|thumb|Basimane ba Bechuanaland ba phepafatsa Ditlhobolo tsa Aa mo Lefifing morago ga Tiragalo, Syracuse, Sicily, tiro ya botaki ya 1944 e e dirilweng ke [[:en:Leslie_Cole_(artist)|Leslie Cole]]]] Go thapiwa ga sesole go simolotse kwa Bechuanaland ka ngwaga wa 1941.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;34–35.</ref> Banna ba ka nna dikete tse tlhano le makgolo a matlhano ba ne ba katisiwa mme ba romelwa kwa ntweng mo dikgweding tsa ntlha tse thataro.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;44.</ref> Banna ba bangwe ba Batswana ba le dikete tse tlhano ba ne ba tsenelela ntwa ka ngwaga wa 1942.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;46.</ref> Ka kakaretso, masole a ka nna dikete tse lesome le bongwe go tswa kwa Bechuanaland a ne a lwa mmogo le Sesole sa Borithane ka nako ya ntwa.<ref name=":50" /> Ba feta dikete tse lesome ba bone ba ne ba direla mo Sesoleng sa Boritane sa [[:en:African_Auxiliary_Pioneer_Corps|Babulatsela ba ba Thusang ba Aforika]].<ref name=":51" /> Dikgosi ka tlwaelo di ne di na le tshwanelo ya go [[:en:Conscript|kwadisa]] masole, mme di ne di itlhokomolosa dikeletso tsa puso ya bokoloniale tsa gore tirelo ya sesole e nne ya boithaopo gotlhelele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;44–46.</ref> Moemedi Tshekedi Khama wa Ngwato o ne a dira gore a se ka a ratwa ke batho ka go dirisa go tsenngwa mo sesoleng jaaka sedirisiwa sa taolo, a go dirisa sebetsa go didimatsa batshwayadiphoso le baganetsi ba sepolotiki.<ref name=":52">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;43.</ref> Banna ba ba neng ba eletsa go tila go tsenela bosole ka dinako tse dingwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Aforika Borwa kgotsa kwa mafelong a a kgakala jaaka metlhaba ya [[:en:Okavango_Delta|noka e phatlallang ya Okavango]] le [[:en:Kgalagadi_Transfrontier_Park|sekgwa sa Kgalagadi]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;47.</ref> Ba bangwe ba ne ba dirisa dikgato tsa go itlhokomela ka bonako, jaaka go epa dikhutsi fa bathapi ba ne ba etela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di eletsa go dirisa go tsaya karolo ga tsone mo ntweng go bona ditshwanelo tse dingwe mo teng ga Mmusomogolo wa Borithane, mme di ne di tshaba gore go fenngwa ga Borithane go tla ba dira babusiwa ba Jeremane kgotsa Aforika Borwa, e leng phelelo e ba neng ba eletsa go e tila.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;39–40.</ref> Maiteko a ntwa gape e ne e le tshono ya go busetsa banna ba Batswana ba ba neng ba fudugetse kwa Aforika Borwa go ya go dira ditiro tsa meepo; dikgosi di ne di eletsa go fedisa mokgwa o mme di ne di ikutlwa di ka dira jalo ka go neelana ka ditiro tsa sesole.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;41–43.</ref> Dituelo dingwe tsa sesole di ne tsa diegisiwa go malapa a masole, mme ditekanyetso tsa thomelo kwa ntle di ne tsa tlosiwa ka nako ya ntwa, mme tsa baka go tsena ga madi kwa Bechuanaland.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;133.</ref> Fa go bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tse di mo Mmusong wa Boritane, batho ba Bechuanaland ba ne ba amogela ntwa eo. Batswana ba le bantsi ba ne ba na le maikutlo a boikanyegi mo mmusomogolong kgotsa ba ikutlwa gore dikgatlhego tsa bone di a tsamaisana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], pp.&#x20;36–37.</ref> Dikgosi dingwe, jaaka [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|Kgari Sechele]] [[:en:Kgari_Sechele_II|wa bobedi]] wa kwa ga Kwena le Molefi Pilane wa ga Kgatla, ba ne ba ikwadisa ka sebele. Ba ne ba dira jaaka disajene tse dikgolo tsa masole, e leng maemo a a kwa godimo a a neng a le teng mo Batswaneng.<ref name=":52" /> Go ela kwa bokhutlong jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya letlelela Batswana go nna le diteseletso tsa kgwebo le go dira mo teng ga naga e e sireleditsweng. Se pele se ne se lekanyeditswe batho basweu le makula.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;135.</ref> Setlhopha sa Dikgaolo tsa Dikhomišene tse di Kwa Godimo se ne se le kwa Botlhabagare go tloga ka ngwaga wa 1946 go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1949.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFJackson1999|Jackson 1999]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> === Mokgatlho wa boipuso === [[Setshwantsho:1960 6d Bechuanaland Protectorate stamp.jpg|thumb|Setempe sa ngwaga wa 1960 sa Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland se se nang le ditshwantsho tsa ga [[:en:Queen_Victoria|Kgosigadi Victoria]] le [[:en:Elizabeth_II|Elizabeth wa bobedi]], dikgosi tsa ntlha le tsa bofelo tsa Borithane tsa tshireletso .]] Bokhutlo jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi bo ne jwa tla ka phetogo e kgolo mo setšhabeng. Dikgosi di ne tsa bonwa di se botlhokwa thata mo sebopegong sa loago, mme bontsi bo ne jwa tlogela dipolelo tsa bone tsa lefatshe lotlhe mo dikgomong tsa merafe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;51.</ref> Didirisiwa tse dingwe tsa setšhaba, jaaka lefatshe le badiri, di ne tsa dirwa tse di hapegileng le go dirwa dithoto.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;52.</ref> Phitlhelelo ya thuto e ne ya tlhola setlhopha sa batlhalefi ba ba [[:en:Liberalism|gololesegileng]] ba ba neng ba le kgatlhanong le puso ya dikgosi mme ba simolola go ipopela mafelo a bone a maatla mo mekgatlhong ya badiri le ditlhopha tsa baagi.<ref name=":63">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;165.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1946, ke karolo ya bobedi mo lekgolong fela ya paoyotlhe ya baagi e e neng e na le tiro kwa ntle ga temothuo le ditirelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;57.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya bona koketsego e kgolo ya dikelo tsa matsalo jaaka karolo ya bogare jwa [[:en:Mid-20th_century_baby_boom|ngwagakgolo wa masome a mabedi wa go tlhatloga ga masea]] mo dingwageng tsa morago ga Ntwa ya Lefatshe ya bobedi, e e neng e tsamaya le koketsego ya [[:en:Life_expectancy|dingwaga tsa botshelo]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;12–13.</ref> Tsamaiso ya bokoloniale e simolotse lenaneo la yone la ntlha ya tlhabololo mo tshireletsong, e leng lefelo la matlhabelo, ka dingwaga tsa bo ka ngwaga wa 1950.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;81.</ref> Maborithane, a santse a solofetse go kopanya tshireletso go nna Aforika Borwa, kwa bofelong a ne a phimola leano le morago ga tshimologo ya [[:en:Apartheid|Tlhaolele]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref>Fa maiteko a simolola go tlhama tsela e ntšhwa ya isago ya tshireletso, tshireletso e ne ya bewa mo seemong sa go tlhoka maitseo, mme ga go na tsela ya go ya pele e e neng e bonala sentle.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], pp.&#x20;672–673.</ref> Tshitshinyo nngwe e ne e le go e tsenya mo [[:en:Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland|Mokgatlhong wa Rhodesia le Nyasaland]], o lefatshe la United Kingdom e o tlhamileng ka fa tlase ga pholisi ya "tirisanommogo ya merafe e mentsi".<ref>Parsons 2006, p.&#x20;673.</ref> Fa mojaboswa wa Ngwato Seretse Khama a gola, mmusi Tshekedi Khama o ne a leka go tshwarelela mo pusong.<ref name=":53">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHjort2009|Hjort 2009]], p.&#x20;696.</ref> Seretse o ne a nyala mosadi wa mosweu, [[:en:Ruth_Williams_Khama|Ruth Williams]], fa a ne a ithuta kwa lefatsheng la United Kingdom, mme se sa baka matlhabisa ditlhong mo lelapeng la segosi la ga Ngwato.<ref name=":46" /> Le fa kwa tshimologong setšhaba se ne se le kgatlhanong le lenyalo le, go sa ratweng ga ga Tshekedi go ne ga fetola maikutlo a Seretse.<ref name=":47" /> Kgang e ne ya tlhagisiwa mo kgotleng ka ngwaga wa 1949, mme puso ya ga Tshekedi e ne ya ganwa ka bontsi ke diketekete tsa batho ba ba neng ba le teng.<ref name=":53" /><ref name=":47" /> Tshekedi le batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba tshabela kwa Kwena kwa botshabelo.<ref name=":54">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Puso ya makgowa e ne e sa itshokele lenyalo la ga Seretse le mosadi yo mosweu. Ka maiteko a go ritibatsa puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, e ne ya leleka banyalani ba mo pusong ya tshireletso ka ngwaga wa 1950. Se se ne sa tsosa mokgatlho wa bosetšhaba o o neng o gola mo gare ga baemanokeng ba ga Seretse mo pusong ya tshireletso, o o neng wa tlhagelela ka botlalo ka ngwaga wa 1952.<ref name=":37" /> Ka nako ya fa Seretse a ne a seyo, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la baya molaodi wa kgaolo dingwaga di le nne pele ga e tlhoma Rasebolai Kgamane, motshegetsi wa ga Tshekedi, go nna moemedi.<ref name=":54" /> Morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tsuologela go lelekwa ga ga Seretse.<ref name=":55">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;53.</ref> Batshegetsi ba gagwe ba ne ba kopa gore a bowe, mme go ne ga tsoga dikhuduego fa ba ne ba ganwa. Seretse o ne a feleletsa a letleletswe go boa ka ngwaga wa1956.<ref name=":56">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Ka nako e, kgaogano e e gagametseng ya merafe mo Aforika Borwa ya Tlhaolele e ne ya thibela lefatshe la United Kingdom go e ritibatsa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;200.</ref> Mo nakong yotlhe ya mathata a go lelekwa ga ga Seretse, maatla a ne a tlogela bogosi mme a ya kwa mekgatlhong ya ditlhopho.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;91.</ref> Tshekedi le Seretse ba ne ba dira kagiso fa Seretse a boa, mme Seretse a nna moeteledipele wa ''nnete'' wa Ngwato, le fa lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne le mo thibetse go nna kgosi ya semmuso.<ref name=":56" /> Ka thotloetso ya Borithane, morafe wa Ngwato o ne wa tlhama lekgotla la morafe, le Seretse le Tshekedi ka bobedi e neng e le maloko a lone.<ref name=":55" /> Merafe e mengwe e ne ya tlhoma makgotla a merafe a a tshwanang, a a neng a dira jaaka ditšheke tsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;26.</ref> Go ne ga sala letlhoo lengwe fa gare ga banna ba babedi ba: Tshekedi o ne a eletsa go boloka puso ya morafe le maatla a dikgosi, fa Seretse ene a ne a akanya ka puso ya batho ka batho ya boemedi le dikgosi tse di bokoa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;91–92.</ref> Selekanyo sa maatla a a beeleditsweng mo dikgosing e ne ya nna kgang e e neng ya baka dikganetsano thata mo mokgatlhong wa boipuso o o neng o gola, bogolosegolo mo bathong ba ga Ngwato le ba lelapa la ga Khama.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;93–94.</ref> Bechuanaland Protectorate Federal Party e ne e le lekoko la ntlha la sepolotiki le le neng la tlhamiwa mo kgaolong ya tshireletso fa le ne le tlhamiwa ke moeteledipele wa mokgatlo wa Ngwato [[:en:Leetile_Disang_Raditladi|Leetile Disang Raditladi]] ka ngwaga wa 1959. Le bopilwe thata ke batho ba maemo le batlhalefi, le ne le buelela kopano ya merafe ya Batswana. Lekoko le ne la palelwa ke go bona tshegetso mme la nna lobaka lo lokhutshwane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;94.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, [[:en:Bechuanaland_People's_Party|Lekoko la Batho la Bechuanaland]] (BPP, moragonyana Lekoko la Batho la Botswana) le ne la tlhamiwa jaaka lekoko le le bogale thata, le le ganetsanang le puso ya merafe ya setso mme la bona boikuelo mo badiring ba bafaladi.<ref name=":57">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> E ne e eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Motsamai_Mpho|Motsamai Mpho]], [[:en:Philip_Matante|Philip Matante]], le Kgalemang Morsete.<ref name=":58">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xviii.</ref> BPP, e e neng ya tlhamiwa jaaka molekane wa Setswana wa lekoko la [[:en:African_National_Congress|African National Congress]] la Aforika Borwa,<ref name=":59">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;74.</ref> e ne ya tshegetsa boipuso jwa ka bonako le go fedisiwa gotlhelele ga bogosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;27.</ref> Ka go tshaba gore BPP e tla nyatsa puso e e leng teng le go tshuba dikgotlhang le puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa, dikgosi le puso ya Borithane di ne tsa thibela bokgoni jwa yona jwa go kopana.<ref name=":57" /> Merafe ya tshireletso mmogo e ne ya bopa lekgotla la peomolao ka ngwaga wa 1961.<ref name=":37" /> Batho ba Kwena ba ne ba iphitlhela ba le ka fa tlase ga moemedi, [[:en:Neale_Sechele|Neale Sechele]], ka ngwaga wa 1963, se se rayang gore ba ne ba na le tlhotlheletso e nnye ya sepolotiki fa mokgatlho wa boipuso o ntse o gola.<ref name=":60">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;102.</ref> Leano la Tlhabololo la Tshireletso ya Bechuanaland la dingwaga tsa 1963/1968 le ne la kwalwa ka thulaganyo ya dipuisano ka ngwaga wa 1963, le tlhama tlhaloso ya boipuso jwa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;26–27.</ref> Fa palo ya batho e ne ba sa dire sepe mo dipolotiking ka kakaretso, lefatshe la United Kingdom e ne ya nna nngwe ya mafatshe a a neng a etelela pele go bona boipuso. Ka go tshwenyega gore lekoko la BPP e ne e le e e tseneletseng thata, lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa moeteledipele wa yone yo o mo ratang, Seretse Khama, go tlhama lekoko la sepolotiki.<ref name=":59" /> Le fa Khama a ne a dumalana le mekgwa ya lekoko la BPP e e kgatlhanong le bosemorafe le ya lefatshe, o ne a le kgatlhanong le tsela ya yone ya go tlhoma dipolotiki le go amogela ga yone bojammogo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;96.</ref>O ne a dumela go tlogela go bolela ga gagwe mo bathong ba ga Ngwato go dira jaaka radipolotiki, a tlhama [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|Lekoko la]] [[:en:Bechuanaland_Democratic_Party|puso ya batho ka batho la Bechuanaland]] (BDP, moragonyana ya nna lekoko la Botswana Democratic ) ka ngwaga wa 1962.<ref name=":59" /> Lekoko la BDP e ne ya itlhoma jaaka "lekoko la dikgosi", mme ya amogela dikakanyo tse di amanang le puso ya merafe ya pele ga bokoloniale.<ref name=":30" /> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la rotloetsa lekoko la BDP, le tlhaloganya gore le tla tshegetsa kgwebisano ya leruo ya motlha wa bokoloniale.<ref name=":73">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;149.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1963, kgosi ya Kgatla Linchwe e ne e le ene fela kgosi e e neng e le kgatlhanong le BDP e bile e na le tlhotlheletso ya sepolotiki, mme batho ba Kgatla ba ne ba rata lekoko la BDP, ka jalo o ne a nna a sa tsenelele mo dipolotiking.<ref name=":60" /> Thulaganyo ya phetogo e ne ya simolola ka lekoko la BDP e ne e solofetswe go busa Botswana yo o ikemetseng, mme puso ya bokoloniale e ne ya bereka le boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BDP go ba baakanyetsa go tsamaisa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Go ne ga tshwarwa bokopano ka ngwaga wa 1963 go okamela go tlhamiwa ga molaotheo o mosha. Dikgotlhang tsa ka fa gare ga lekoko la BPP di ne di raya gore lekoko la BDP e ne e na le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo thulaganyong. Tshekedi Khama o ne a tlhokafetse ka nako e, ka jalo Bathoen wa bobedi o ne a nna moeteledipele wa lekoko le le neng le ema nokeng puso ya bofederale, a dumela gore le tla boloka puso e le mo diatleng tsa dikgosi. Lefatshe la United Kingdom le boradipolotiki ba Batswana ba ne ba tshegetsa puso ya bosetšhaba e e kopaneng ka gonne Botswana e ne e humanegile thata go ka kgaoganya dithoto tsa yona le ka gonne go tlhoka go kopanya dithoto go ne go tla dira gore e nne mo kotsing ya go tlhaselwa ke merafe e mengwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;97.</ref> Puso ya dikgaolo e e itsholetseng e ne ya itshupa e sa kgonege mo dipolotiking, ka jalo go ne ga dirwa tumalano ya gore dikgosi di tla bopa Ntlo ya Dikgosi, e leng setlhopha sa bagakolodi mo teng ga [[:en:Parliament_of_Botswana|Palamente ya Botswana]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;98–99.</ref> Dikgosi di ne di santse di le kgatlhanong le thulaganyo e, mme mo mokgatlhong o o neng o eteletswe pele ke Bathoen, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya fetisa tlhopo ya [[:en:No_confidence|go sa tshepe]] puso e ntšhwa, mme fela go tlhoka maatla a yone a sepolotiki go ne ga e thibela go dirisa phetogo e e nang le bokao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;56.</ref> Molao wa Lekgotla la Kgaolo o ne wa fetisiwa jaaka tsela e nngwe ya go lekanyetsa maatla a dikgosi ka go tlhama makgotla a a tla okamelang kgaolo le toropo nngwe le nngwe,<ref name=":58" /> go dira gore mekgatlho e e tlhophilweng e e nne balaodi ba konokono ba selegae.<ref name=":64">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;78.</ref> Toropo ya [[:en:Gaborone|Gaborone]] e agilwe ka ngwaga wa 1965 mme ya itsisiwe jaaka motsemogolo o mošwa.<ref name=":59" /> E agilwe mo lefatsheng la puso ya Borithane, le le neng le tlamela ka lefelo le le sa tseyeng letlhakore le le neng le sa laolwe ke morafe ope .<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;16.</ref> [[:en:Constitution_of_Botswana|Molamotheo]] o ne wa tsenngwa tirisong ka one ngwaga oo.<ref name=":59" /> Ka se se tirisong, Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la fa tshireletso puso ya go ipusa.<ref name=":61">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;116.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1965 gape e ne ya bona go fetisiwa ga Molao wa Dikgotla tsa Dikgaolo o o neng wa fetola seabe sa bokoloniale sa molaodi wa kgaolo ka go se bofa mo makgotleng a dikgaolo a a sa tswang go tlhamiwa,<ref name=":74">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;25.</ref> mme wa bona go tlhongwa ga Banka ya Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba e e neng e le ya puso.<ref name=":75">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Mpho o ne a kgaogana le lekoko la BPP go tlhama Lekoko la Boipuso la Bechuanaland (BIP) ka ngwaga wa 1965.<ref name=":62">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;32.</ref> E eteletswe pele ke Seretse Khama le [[:en:Quett_Masire|Quett Masire]], lekoko la BDP le ne la dira letsholo mo e ka nnang mo motseng mongwe le mongwe wa kgaolo ya tshireletso pele ga ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa kakaretso. Go farologana le batho ba bangwe ba sepolotiki kwa Bechuanaland, Seretse Khama o ne a na le boikuelo go ralala merafe e e farologaneng.<ref name=":60" /> Morago ga moo lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhophiwa go etelela puso ya ntlha pele.<ref name=":61" /> Lekoko la BPP le ne la gapa manno a le mararo fela mo lekgotleng la peomolao, mme lekoko la BIP le ne la palelwa ke go gapa epe.<ref name=":62" /> Morago ga ditlhopho, go ne ga tlhamiwa lekoko la [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|Botswana]] [[:en:Botswana_National_Front|National Front]] (BNF) jaaka lekoko le le kopaneng la kganetso ya BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;32–33.</ref> E tlhomilwe ke [[:en:Kenneth_Koma|Kenneth Koma]], lekoko la BNF le ne la nna mmaba yo mogolo wa lekoko la BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;109.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;31–33.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la tlhopha Khama go nna tonakgolo ya naga.<ref name=":65">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;204.</ref>Go farologana le makoko a mantsi a sepolotiki a a tlhomilweng mo Aforika, BDP e ne e le lekoko le le itekanetseng le le sa fetogeng go na le go nna lekoko le le kgatlhanong le bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;711.</ref> Morago ga go tlhamiwa ga yona, Ntlo ya Dikgosi e ne ya ntsha tlhopo ya go sa tshepe molaotheo ka ngwaga wa 1966, mme se sa dira gore go nne le letsholo la bosetšhaba la go tshegetsa molaotheo le le neng la bona tshegetso e e lekaneng gore dikgosi di fedise maiteko a tsone a go o gwetlha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;100–101.</ref> Tshireletso e ne ya newa boipuso jaaka Rephaboliki ya Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966.<ref name=":61" /> == Repaboliki ya Botswana == [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Independence, 1966.png|thumb|[[:en:Seretse_Khama|Seretse Khama]] a ikanisa maikano a go nna Tautona wa ntlha wa Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1966]] Boipuso jwa Botswana bo ne bo kaya go tsenngwa tirisong ga puso ya batho le batho e e gololesegileng, go tlisa ditlhopho, tshireletso ya ditshwanelo tsa batho, le tirelosetšhaba.<ref name=":64" /> Se se ne sa dira gore go nne le thulaganyo ya go tlhatlosiwa maemo e e ikaegileng ka bokgoni le go tlhamiwa ga tsamaiso ya puso ya maranyane.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;8–9.</ref>Setšhaba se ne sa bopa puso e e neng e fetotswe go tswa mo [[:en:Westminster_system|tsamaisong ya Westminster]],<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;23–24.</ref> mme Tonakgolo Seretse Khama a nna Moporesidente Seretse Khama.<ref name=":65" /> Go ne ga tlhamiwa boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba, jwa kopanya merafe e e sa tshwaneng mo letshwaong le le lengwe la Setswana, ka ngwao e e ikaegileng ka ya merafe ya Setswana.<ref name=":80">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNyamnjoh2007|Nyamnjoh 2007]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Botswana e ne ya boloka bontsi jwa ditheo tsa yone tsa merafe tsa pele ga bokoloniale morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;54.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Se e ne e le ditlamorago tsa puso e e nonofileng e e neng e amana le merafe ya Batswana le tsereganyo e e lekanyeditsweng ya puso ya Borithane mo dinakong tsa bokoloniale.<ref name=":34" /> Mofuta wa go buisana wa dipolotiki tsa setšhaba pele le morago ga boipuso e ne e le mokgwa o o sa tlwaelesegang mo merafeng e mengwe e mentsi ya Aforika e e neng ya nna le babusaesi morago ga boipuso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;30, 56.</ref> Go na le go fedisa bogosi, puso e ntšhwa e ne ya bo tsenya mo tsamaisong ya semolao, ya fa dikgosi dithata tsa boatlhodi ka ''kgotla'', go ikaegile ka dikgotlatshekelo tsa boikuelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe]] 2012, p.&#x20;36.</ref>Tlwaelo ya go ikobela boeteledipele, e e kileng ya fiwa dikgosi, e ne ya sutela kwa botautoneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;30.</ref> Puso e ne ya tiisa go tlhomama ga yona ka go thapa tirelosetšhaba ya yone ka baitseanape b<ref name=":66">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], pp.&#x20;31–32.</ref>a dinaga di sele, go farologana le dinaga tse dingwe tse dišwa tsa Aforika tse gantsi di neng di leleka baitseanape ba dinaga di sele.<ref name=":67">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;35.</ref><ref name=":68">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;105.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;59.</ref> Se se ne sa boloka puso ya mofuta wa Bophirima e e neng e gatelela tlhabololo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;259.</ref> Lefatshe la United Kingdom le ne la tswelela go tlamela Botswana ka matlole mo dingwageng tsa ntlha tse tlhano tsa go nna teng ga yone.<ref name=":61" /> Maemo a yone a kagiso, a puso ya batho ka batho fa a bapisiwa le ditšhaba tse dingwe tsa Aforika a ne a raya gore e ne ya amogela thuso e ntsi go tswa mo mekgatlhong ya Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;255.</ref> Ka nako ya boipuso, Botswana e ne e le setšhaba se se humanegileng thata, go feta bontsi jwa dinaga tse dingwe mo Aforika.<ref name=":69">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;104.</ref><ref name=":66" /> E ne e sena badiri ba ba rutegileng, ka baagi ba le masome a mane fela ba ba nang le ditlankana tse di hagodimo tsa mmadikolo, mme go ne go sena ditlamelo tse di itsegeng tsa metswedi ya tlholego go tshegetsa setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;62, 64.</ref> Botswana e ne e ikaegile ka puso ya Tlhaolele mo Aforika Borwa go fitlhelela setšhaba sa lefatshe, mme bontsi jwa badiri ba Botswana e ne e le badiri ba bafaladi mo Aforika Borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;64.</ref> Botswana e ne ya tsena mo ntweng e e tlhamaletseng le Rhodesia, e e neng ya baka dintwa tsa sesole go fitlha ka ngwaga wa 1978.<ref name=":63" /> Go nna le seabe mo go lekanyeditsweng ga Borithane go ne go kaya gore go ne go se na tlhabololo e ntsi fa e sale ka nako ya bokoloniale.<ref name=":69" /><ref name=":70">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;160.</ref> Bokgoni jwa go bala le go kwala e ne e le selekanyo sa karolo ya masome a mabedi le botlhano mo lekgolong, mme go ne go na le dikilometara di le lesome fela tsa tsela e e tshetsweng.<ref name=":69" /> Mo e ka nnang karolo ya masome a robangbongwe ya baagi e ne e le mo [[:en:Abject_poverty|lehumeng le le tseneletseng]],<ref name=":70" /> mme bontsi jwa baagi e ne e le balemibarui ba dikgomo kgotsa [[:en:Subsistence_farmers|balemibarui ba ba itshidisang]].<ref name=":71">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;55.</ref> Fa setšhaba se fitlhelela boipuso, komelelo e e masisi e ne ya fedisa karolo ya masome amarao go fihlela masome a matlhano mo lekgolong ya palo ya dikgomo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;63.</ref> Mo e ka nnang sephatlo sa Batswana ba ne ba ikaegile ka [[:en:World_Food_Programme|Lenaneo la Dijo la Lefatshe]] go tila tlala.<ref name=":81">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;220.</ref> Ditšhaba tse dingwe di ne di na le ditsholofelo tse di kwa tlase mo Botswana, mme mo Aforika yotlhe e ne e bonwa jaaka [[:en:Bantustan|Bantustan]] ya Tlhaolele.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;1.</ref> Kamano e le Tlhaolele gape e ne e le ntlha ya katlego ya Botswana jaaka setšhaba se se ikemetseng: boeteledipele jwa Batswana bo ne bo eletsa go tila phelelo e e tshwanang le ya Aforika Borwa fa setšhaba se ka palelwa, mme dikgolagano tsa dikgang tsa mafatshe fatshe tse di neng tsa tlhamiwa le Bophirima go thibela go tsenngwa ke Aforika Borwa di ne di raya gore Botswana o ne a tshepa thata dinaga tsa Bophirima go amogela thuso le thato ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;76–77.</ref> Boeteledipele jwa ntlha jwa Botswana bo ne bo laolwa ke malapa a merafe e e busang mmogo le palo e nnye ya badiredipuso ba ba rutegileng thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;6.</ref> Go tshwana ga bona ga itsholelo le dikgopolo go ne go raya gore puso e nne e tlhomame kwa ntle ga dintwa tsa sepolotiki.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;71.</ref> Le fa Bathoen a ne a tlogela maemo a gagwe a go nna kgosi go ya go dira dipolotiki, bontsi jwa dikgosi tse dingwe di ne tsa amogela maatla a tsona a a fokoditsweng a sepolotiki mo pusong e ntšhwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;56–57.</ref> Tiro e nngwe ya dikgosi e ne e laolwa ke Molao wa Bogosi wa ngwaga ya 1966.<ref name=":92">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;140.</ref> Go tlhoka bonweenwee go ne ga dira gore puso e nne semolao thata mme ya ratwa ke balekane ba Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;166.</ref> Go farologana le bontsi jwa merafe e e sa tswang go tlhamiwa ya Aforika, bontsi jwa boeteledipele bo ne bo tswa mo setšhabeng sa temothuo, go kaya gore dikgatlhego tsa bona di ne di tsamaisana le bontsi.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":71" /> Se se ne sa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa go boloka dipholisi tsa motlha wa bokoloniale tse di neng di solegela barui ba dikgomo molemo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;75.</ref> Setlhopa sa semmuso sa Nama ya Botswana se ne sa tlhamiwa go laola madirelo a nama ya kgomo.<ref name=":58" /> Boikuelo jwa lekoko la BDP jwa merafe yotlhe le kgatlhego e e kopanetsweng ya go tlhoma boipuso di ne tsa rotloetsa puso e ntšhwa gape go dira mo dikgatlhegelong tsa bontsi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], pp.&#x20;54–55.</ref> Ditlhopha tse dinnye tsa baagi ba basweu di ne tsa sala mo nageng mme tsa ganetsa boipuso jwa yone.<ref name=":63" /> Le fa moragonyana di ne di tla nna botlhokwa mo tlhabololong ya Botswana, ditshwanelo tsa ditswammung di ne tsa fiwa botlhokwa jo bo kwa tlase fa di bona boipuso, mme merafe e ne ya di fetisetsa kwa pusong ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1967.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;103–104.</ref> === Puso ya ga Seretse Khama === Khama o ne a ratwa ke batho botlhe mme a bonwa e le moeteledipele wa tlholego wa merafe yotlhe ya Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;202–203.</ref> Tsamaiso ya gagwe e ne ya tsenya tirisong maano a a neng a lebisitswe mo go tlhameng mafaratlhatlha le dithoto tsa setšhaba, bogolosegolo go tsenya tshela ditsela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;111.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;86.</ref> O ne a simolola go aga dikolo, matlhabelo le dikhuti tse di neng tsa tswelela mo masomeng a dingwaga a a latelang. Lefatshe le le nang le banni la Batswana le Basarwa le ne la dirisiwa go aga mesima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;219.</ref> Tlhabololo e ne ya tla ka tshenyegelo ya kgwebo le tlhagiso, e e neng e lekanyeditswe go tlamela ka matlole a leruo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004,]] p.&#x20;164.</ref> Go ne ga tlhongwa mogopolo thata mo go otla dikgomo le go aga matlhabelo go rotloetsa madirelo a nama ya kgomo mo gare ga go tlhoka metsi. <ref name=":82">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;205.</ref>[[:en:Public_welfare|Mananeo a katlaatleloloago]] le one a ne a tlhongwa.<ref name=":67" /> Go ribololwa ga ditaemane go ne ga netefatsa gore mananeo a a bona madi a a lekaneng.<ref name=":72">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Dipeeletso tse le mokgwa o o sa fetogeng wa go somarela madi a puso di ne tsa thibela boemo jwa [[:en:Dutch_disease|bolwetse jwa Dutch]] jo bo neng jwa golafatsa dinaga tse dingwe tsa Aforika tse di neng di tletse ka didirisiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;4.</ref> Thuto e ne ya atolosiwa mo setšhabeng sotlhe, mme puo ya Setswana e ne ya lekanngwa mmogo le Seesemane ka go latlhegelwa ke dipuo tse dingwe.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":68" /> Khama o ne a siamisa seo jaaka tsela ya go fitlhelela kutlwano.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;228.</ref> Quett Masire o ne a dira jaaka Mothusa tautona ka fa tlase ga ga Seretse Khama mmogo le Tona ya tsa madi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> O ne a laola tekanyetsokabo ya lefatshe le tiriso ya madi ka go tlhama motseletsele wa Maano a Tlhabololo ya Bosetšhaba, go ikaegilwe ka kamogelo ya Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba le Komiti ya itsholelo ya Kabinete.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;58.</ref> Dipoeletso tsa maano a di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya molao wa semmuso ya puso morago ga gore batlhatlhami ba ga Khama le Masire ba tsene mo maemong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;171.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1967, ditaemane di ne tsa fitlhellwa kwa Botswana ke setlamo sa Aforika Borwa sa ditaemane sa [[:en:De_Beers|De Beers]], mme ditiro di ne tsa simolola ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref name=":76">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;110.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;61.</ref> Dipeeletso tsa kopore di ne tsa fitlhelwa kwa [[:en:Selebi-Phikwe|Selebi-Phikwe]] ka ngwaga oo, mme se sa senola gape khumo ya ditswammung tsa setšhaba.<ref name=":58" /> Puso e ne ya dirisana le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1969 go dira ditiro tse dikgolo tsa meepo ya ditaemane,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;136.</ref> mme e ne ya amega mo dipuisanong sešwa tsa [[:en:Southern_African_Customs_Union|Kopano ya Melelwane ya Aforika Borwa]] ka one ngwaga oo go tokafatsa thata maatla a yone a itsholelo mo kgaolong.<ref name=":77">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;65.</ref> Moepo mongwe kwa [[:en:Morupule|Morupule]] o ne wa simolola go ntsha magala ka ngwaga wa 1973, mme wa tlamela setšhaba ka karolo e kgolo ya motlakase.<ref name=":78">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xix.</ref> [[:en:Orapa_diamond_mine|Moepo wa ditaemane wa Orapa]] o ne wa bulwa kwa Orapa ka ngwaga wa 1971, mme go ne ga tlomamisiwia tumalano ya go abelana lotseno fa gare ga puso le De Beers ka ngwaga wa 1974.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;125.</ref> Moragonyana Masire o ne a netefatsa gore De Beers e ne e tshegeditse dikgwebo tsa gagwe tse di hapegileng ka madi, mme se sa dira gore go akanyediwe gore setlamo se ka tswa se amogetse tumalano e e mosola mo kgannyeng e.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;129–130.</ref> Molao wa Metsi le Molao wa ditsha tsa Morafe di ne tsa tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1968, mme tsa tlhama lekgotla la Kabo ya Metsi le lekgotla tsa naga di le lesome le bobedi, ka go latelana. Tse di ne di okametse kabo ya ditshwanelo tsa metsi le lefatshe ke puso go na le ka go nna mong wa morafe mongwe le mongwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;76.</ref> Ka se, ba ne ba tsenya dithata tsa setso tsa dikgosi.<ref name=":74" /> Molao wa Mafatshe a Phulo a Merafe e ne ya tsenngwa tirisong ka ngwaga wa 1975 go thibela [[:en:Overgrazing|phulo e e feteletseng]], mme fela e ne ya itshupa e sa atlege.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;67.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;173.</ref> Tota e bile, e ne e letla baagi ba ba humileng go kopa ditsha tse dikgolo tsa dikgomo ka tshenyegelo ya baagi ba ba sa humang thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Ditlhopho tsa ntlha morago ga boipuso di ne tsa diragala ka ngwaga wa 1969.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la dira maswe go le gonnye fa e bapisiwa le tiragatso ya yona ya ngwaga wa 1965, mme mothusa tautona Masire o ne a latlhegelwa ke setilo sa gagwe ke Bathoen, se se neng sa mo tlhoka gore a tseye setilo se se kgethegileng se se tlhophilweng.<ref name=":79">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;80.</ref> Lekoko la BPP le ne la nyelela ka botlhokwa fa dipolotiki tsa Botswana di ntse di gola.<ref name=":73" /> Koporase ya Tlhabololo ya Botswana e e neng e le ya puso e ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1970,<ref name=":75" /> mme moepo wa diteemane wa Orapa o ne wa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 1971.<ref name=":78" /> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, diteemane di ne di dira karolo ya lesome mo lekgolong ya Palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana,<ref name=":76" /> mme kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1970, meepo e ne e le madirelo a magolo go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;5.</ref> Goromente wa Botswana o ne a buisana gape ka tumalano ya yone ya meepo le De Beers magareng ga ngwaga wa 1971 le ngwaga wa 1975, ya sutisetsa bontsi jwa dituelo kwa setšhabeng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;210.</ref> Fa itsholelo ya teemane e ntse e tlhabologa le dipeeletso di boela mo lefatsheng, Botswana e ne ya falola lehuma mme ya bonwa jaaka katlego mo merafeng e mengwe mo Aforika e e kwa borwa jwa Sahara morago ga bokoloniale.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;212.</ref> Ditlhabololo tse di dirile gore Botswana e nne naga e e golang ka bonako mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":77" /> Batho ba maemo a a kwa godimo le a a fa gare ba ne ba bona molemo thata, go oketsa go [[:en:Wealth_inequality|tlhoka tekatekano ga khumo]], mme gape go ne go raya gore makgetho a ka fokodiwa, se se neng sa dira gore balemi ba ba tshegetse.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;71–72.</ref> Tlhabololo ya Botswana le tiriso ya yone ya tirelosetšhaba ya mafatshe a sele e ne ya atlega mo e leng gore puso e ne ya tlhotlheletsa lefatshe la United States go romela setlhopa sa baithaopi ba kagiso (Peace Corps) kwa ntle ga ditekanyetso tsa setso tsa gore ke dikarolo dife tse mokgatlho o ka di dirang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go ne ga tla koketsego ya Batswana ba ba botlana ba ba rutegileng mo lefelong la gaeno, ba ba neng ba nna le tlhotlheletso e kgolo mo pusong.<ref name=":64" /> Jaaka fa batho ba bašwa ba ba ne ba amogela thuto e e tshwanang mme ba simolola go dira mo setsong se le sengwe sa tsamaiso, go ne go sena pharologano e kgolo ya tiro fa gare ga tirelosetšhaba e e neng e eteletswe pele ke batswakwa le e e neng e tsamaisiwa ke Batswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Lephata la Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo le ne le le teng ka bokhutshwane morago ga go kgaogana mo Lephateng la Matlole magareng ga batlhokomedi ba setso ba ba neng ba amana le tshireletso kgatlhanong le baemanokeng ba ga Masire ba ba neng ba eletsa go bona tlhabololo e e bogale thata. Ya bofelo e ne ya tsaya taolo, mme ditona di ne tsa kopanngwa gape go nna Lephata la Matlole le Thulaganyo ya Tlhabololo ka ngwaga wa 1970. Ka ntlha ya palo e e lekanyeditsweng ya batho ba ba tshwanelegang go laola itsholelo, lephata le le ne la tsaya taolo e feletseng ya tiriso ya madi a puso mme la simolola lenaneo la Shashe le le neng le batla gore naga e nne le tlhabololo e e tseneletseng ya palo yotlhe ya tlhagiso ya lefatshe ya Botswana. Se se ne se akaretsa go tlhoma lefelo la meepo ya kopore le nikele, le le neng la nna selo se se tlang pele mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;84–85.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa 1973, [[:en:Seepapitso_IV|Seepapitso wa bone]] o ne a nna kgosi ya ntlha go emisiwa mo maemong a gagwe morago ga nako ya bokoloniele.<ref name=":83">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;141.</ref> Lekoko la BDP le ne la atlega thata gape ka [[:en:1974_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopo tsa ngwaga wa 1974]].<ref name=":79" /> [[:en:Minimum_wage|Dituelo tse di kwa tlase]] di ne tsa tlhagisiwa ka one ngwaga oo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;89.</ref> Botswana e simolotse go ntsha madi a one, e leng [[:en:Botswana_pula|Botswana pula]], ka ngwaga wa 1976. Mmusi wa [[:en:Bank_of_Botswana|Banka ya Botswana]] Quill Hermans o ne a kgaratlhela go kgaogana ga madi le Aforika Borwa le [[:en:South_African_rand|ranta ya yone ya Aforika Borwa]]. Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego a boditšhabatšhaba a gore Botswana e ka nna ya se ka ya kgona go tshegetsa madi a yone, Khama o ne a ikutlwa gore bagakolodi ba gagwe ba itsholelo ba na le bokgoni mme o ne a tshepa tshwetso ya bone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;206.</ref> Mo dingwageng di le lesome tsa boipuso, Botswana e ne e le nngwe ya ditšhaba tse di humileng thata mo [[:en:Third_World|Lefatsheng la Boraro]].<ref name=":67" /> Phetogo ya itsholelo e kaiwa jaaka "kgakgamatso" ya Botswana.<ref name=":77" /> Linchwe II, kgosi ya [[:en:Kgatla_people|batho ba Kgatla]], o ne a busetsa ngwao ya go simolola bogwera mo morafeng wa gagwe ka ngwaga wa 1975, mme se sa gakatsa puso ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;148.</ref> Khama o ne a tsaya tsela ya go akaretsa batho botlhe mo pusong ya gagwe, a tila dipolotiki tsa merafe le go gana tlhotlheletso ya baeteledipele ba merafe a rata badiredipuso.<ref name=":84">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;84.</ref> Ka dinako tse dingwe o ne a kopa batho go rola tiro fa morafe mongwe o ka nna le tlhotlheletso e ntsi mo tirelong ya setšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;88.</ref> Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tshaba gore go sa dumalane le batho ba ba kwa tlase ba Kalanga go ka nna ga dira gore go se ka ga nna le kagiso. Go rarabolola se, Khama o ne a tsenya maloko a a rutegileng a morafe wa Kalanga mo pusong, a tlhoma bontsi mo maemong a a kwa godimo. Tshwetso e ne e tsosa kganetsano, mme e ne ya tsosa dikgopolo tsa bolotsana ka ga tlhotlheletso e e bosula ya Kalanga.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;122.</ref> Tse ka dinako tse dingwe di ne di ikaegile ka Mokgatlho wa Baithuti ba Bakalanga, o o neng wa nna Mokgatlho wa Tsweletso ya Puo ya Ikalanga ka ngwaga wa 1980.<ref>[[Gulbrandsen 2012, p. 123.|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;123.</ref> Poifo ya dipuso tsa baagisani tse di eteletsweng pele ke basweu kwa Namibia, Rhodesia, le Aforika Borwa, mmogo le kotsi ya [[:en:Angolan_Civil_War|Ntwa ya Selegae ya Angola]], di dirile gore Botswana e tlhame [[:en:Botswana_Defence_Force|sesole sa bosetšhaba]] ka ngwaga wa 1977.<ref name=":78" /> Pele ga se, [[:en:Botswana_Police_Service|Tirelo ya Sepodisi]] sa Botswana e ne e tlhokometse tshireletso ya setshaba. Go tlhoka sesole go ne go raya gore Botswana e ne e sa tlhaselwe ke dilo tse di bakang go sa tlhomamang mo merafeng e mengwe ya Aforika: go menola puso ga sesole le bonweenwee ka go dirisa madi a sesole.<ref>[[Beaulier & Subrick 2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], pp.&#x20;111–112.</ref> Sesole se ne sa bona ntwa ngwaga o o latelang fa dirukutlhi tsa Rhodesia di ne di tlhasela Leshoma, di bolaya masole a le lesome le botlhano.<ref name=":78" /> Ka tirisanommogo ya yone le De Beers, puso ya Botswana e ne ya tlhama kompone ya meepo ya Debswana ka ngwaga wa 1978, mme ya bona lotseno lo lo bonalang lwa puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;95.</ref> Meepo e ne ya nna madirelo a a kwa godimo ya itsholelo ya lefatshe mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang,<ref name=":85">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHillbomBolt2018|Hillbom &#x26; Bolt 2018]], p.&#x20;77.</ref> mme Botswana ya nna itsholelo e e golang ka bonako go gaisa mo lefatsheng.<ref name=":86">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSebudubuduBotlhomilwe2012|Sebudubudu &#x26; Botlhomilwe 2012]], p.&#x20;33.</ref><ref name=":86" /> Go nna le seabe ga mafatshe a sele mo itsholelong go ne ga nna kgang ya sepolotiki ka nako e jaaka fa batho ba kwa ntle ba ne ba kokoanya kgolo ya setšhaba fa ditiro tsa selegae di ne di tlhabologa ka iketlo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], pp.&#x20;143–145.</ref> Thuo ya dikgomo, e e neng e setse e amilwe ke go runya mo gogolo ga [[:en:Foot-and-mouth_disease|bolwetse jwa tlhako le molomo]] ka ngwaga wa1977,<ref name=":82" /> e ne ya latlhegelwa ke botlhokwa jo e neng e na le jone pele.<ref name=":85" /> === Puso ya ga Quett Masire === [[Setshwantsho:Quett Masire DF-SC-85-12044.JPEG|thumb|Quett Masire a etetse America ka ngwaga wa 1984]] Morago ga loso lwa ga Seretse Khama ka ngwaga wa 1980, Mothusa-Tautona Quett Masire o ne a nna tautona wa Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRobinsonParsons2006|Robinson &#x26; Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;117.</ref> Le fa go ne go na le matshwenyego ka go tlhatlhama ga ga Khama, Masire o ne a tshegetsa mafaratlhatlha a puso a a neng a thusa go a aga le go boloka tumelo mo pusong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFSamatar1999|Samatar 1999]], p.&#x20;182.</ref> Go ritibatsa morafe wa ga Khama wa Ngwato le merafe e mengwe ya bokone, Masire o ne a tlhoma ntsalae Khama, [[:en:Lenyeletse_Seretse|Lenyeletse Seretse]], go nna mothusa-tautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;232.</ref> Kakanyo e e neng e tlwaelesegile mo gare ga BaNgwato e ne e le gore morwa Khama, [[:en:Ian_Khama|Ian Khama]], o ne a tshwanelwa ke bo tautona. Fa Lenyeletse a tlhokafala ka ngwaga wa 1983, Masire o ne a tlhopha [[:en:Peter_Mmusi|Peter Mmusi]] go tsena mo boemong jwa gagwe. Gompieno o ne a tlhopha mongwe go tswa mo morafeng wa borwa, gore a se ka a tlhoma sekao sa gore tautona le mothusa-tautona ka nako tsotlhe ba tshwanetse go tswa mo dikgaolong tse di fapaaneng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;233.</ref> Botswana e ne e le karolo ya Khonferense ya Kgokaganyo ya Tlhabololo ya Borwa jwa Aforika e e neng ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1980 go tlhama mmaraka wa borwa jwa Aforika.<ref name=":78" /> Setšhaba se ne sa amiwa ke [[:en:Early_1980s_recession|kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1980]].<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Jwaneng_diamond_mine|Moepo wa diteemane wa Jwaneng]] o simolotse go dira ka ngwaga wa 1982, wa nna moepo o o dirang dipoelo go gaisa tsotlhe mo lefatsheng. [[:en:University_of_Botswana|Mmadikolo wa Botswana]] o tlhomilwe ka one ngwaga o o neng o kgaogana le [[:en:University_of_Botswana,_Lesotho_and_Swaziland|Mmadikolo ya Botswana, Lesotho le Swaziland]].<ref name=":78" /> Ditlhabololo tsa semolao ka ngwaga wa 1982, Molawana wa Thuso ya Matlole le go dira gore tiro ya kgwebo gore e nne ya ka fa molaong ke badiredipuso, di ne tsa tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya naga mme gape tsa gagamolola melawana e e neng e tla thibela bonweenwee.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;127, 129.</ref> Jaaka fa puso ya batho le batho le kgolo ya itsholelo di itshupile e le diphetogo tsa paka e telele, Botswana e ne ya itsege jaaka "kgakgamatso ya Aforika".<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;24–25.</ref> Kganetso e e nonofileng kgatlhanong le puso e e laolwang ke lekoko la BDP e ne ya tlhagelela la ntlha ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980. Makoko a kganetso a ne a simolola go fenya ditlhopho tsa selegae, ditlhopha tsa dikgatlhego tsa simolola go tlhamiwa, mme makwalo a dikgang a matlhano a magolo a a kgatlhanong le lekoko la BDP a simolola go gatisiwa.<ref name=":64" /> Pele e ne e ikaegile ka tshegetso ya merafe e e rileng, lekoko la BNF le ne la bona tshegetso mo setlhopheng sa badiri.<ref name=":84" /> Ka ditlhopho ka kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1984, e ne e le lekoko kganetso le le gaisanang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;712.</ref> Komelelo e e masisi e ne ya ama Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa1982 go fitlhela ka ngwaga wa 1987, mme ya tlhoka thuso ya dijo ya puso go ka nna karolo ya masome a marataro le botlhano mo lekgolong ya Batswana ba kwa magaeng.<ref name=":87">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;82.</ref> Batshwayadiphoso ba ga Masire ba ne ba mo amanya le komelelo e ka e ne e tsamaisana le tshimologo ya botautona jwa gagwe, ba akantsha gore Khama o ne a na le taelo ya bomodimo e Masire a neng a se na yone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;203.</ref> Mo bogareng jwa dingwaga tsa bo 1980, madirelo a ditaemane a ne a fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa yone ka karolo ya masome a matlhano le boraro mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya tlhagiso ya bosetšhaba.<ref name=":76" /> Ka nako e, itsholelo ya setšhaba e ne ya nonoha mo e leng gore baagi ba ne ba sa tlhole ba rotloediwa go tlhopha [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|temothuo ya go]] [[:en:Subsistence_agriculture|itshidisa]] kgotsa go fuduga go ya go dira kwa Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":84" /> [[:en:Entrepreneurship|Bogwebi]] bo ne jwa anama thata, bogolosegolo mo badiring ba pele ba puso ba ba neng ba tswa mo [[:en:Public_sector|lephateng la puso]] go ya kwa lephateng la [[:en:Private_sector|e]] [[:en:Private_sector|seng la puso]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;90.</ref> Thuto ya mahala ya [[:en:Secondary_education|sekole se segolwane]] ne ya tlhongwa ka ngwaga wa 1989.<ref name=":87" /> [[:en:Trade_union|Mekgatlho ya badiri]] le [[:en:Special_interest_group|ditlhopha tse di kgethegileng tsa dikgatlhego]] tse dingwe di ne tsa tlhagelela ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980 go tlhotlheletsa melawana ya setšhaba, le fa gantsi puso e ne e sa batle go di amogela.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], pp.&#x20;85–86.</ref> E tsibogetse mokgatlho o o neng o gola wa badiri ka go fetisa dithibelo tse di bokete mo mekgatlhong ya badiri ka ngwaga wa 1983.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFHolmMolutsi1992|Holm &#x26; Molutsi 1992]], p.&#x20;79.</ref> Dingwaga di le lesome gape o ne wa tlhagisa mekgatlho ya go amogela merafe e mennye, go gana boitshupo jwa bosetšhaba jwa Motswana.<ref name=":80" /> Ka dingwaga tsa bo 1980, Aforika Borwa e ne ya simolola ditlhaselo tsa sesole mo Botswana go batla batlhabani ba Aforika Borwa. Go tsibogela dikgobalo tsa baagitse di neng tsa direga, puso ya Botswana e ne ya oketsa tiriso ya madi mo sesoleng.<ref name=":93">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBeaulierSubrick2006|Beaulier &#x26; Subrick 2006]], p.&#x20;112.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;87.</ref> E ne gape ya fa sesole tiro ya go sireletsa diphologolo tsa naga le go tsenya mo tirisong molao o o kgatlhanong le go tsoma mo go seng ka fa molaong go tsibogela kotsi e e tlisiwang ke batsomi ba ba tshotseng dibetsa.<ref name=":94">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;31.</ref> Palo ya ntlha ya [[:en:HIV/AIDS_in_Botswana|mogare wa segajaja]] mo Botswana e ne ya lemogiwa ka ngwaga wa 1985, mme mo dingwageng di le lesome tse di latelang lefatshe ;e ne la nna lone le le neng la amega thata mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;265.</ref> [[:en:Life_expectancy|Botshelo jo bo solofetsweng]] mo Botswana bo ne bo tla wela tlase tswa go masomeng a maratarole bosupa go ya kwa masomeng a matlhano ka ngwaga wa 1997.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;175.</ref> Phetogo e e gakgamatsang mo tsamaisong ya botsogo ya Botswana e ne ya latela go ralala dingwaga tsa bo 1980 le bo 1990; Bongaka jwa Bophirima bo ne jwa tlotliwa thata mmogo le kalafi ya setso, mme go ne ga tlhongwa dikokelo tse e seng tsa puso go nna mmogo le dikago tse di tsamaisiwang ke puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;45.</ref> [[:en:Early_1990s_recession|Kwelotlase ya itsholelo ya tshimologo ya dingwaga tsa bo 1990]] e ne ya ama Botswana.<ref name=":81" /> [[:en:Attorney_General_of_Botswana_v._Unity_Dow|Tsheko e e botlhokwa ya kgotlatshekelo ya molaomotheo]] e e neng ya tlisiwa ke Unity Dow e ne ya felela ka katlholo ka ngwaga wa 1991 ya gore bana ba ka fiwa boagedi mo go bomme ba bone ga mmogo le borraabone, e e neng ya amogelwa go nna molao ka Molao wa Boagi wa 1995.<ref name=":88">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xx.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang sa Kgabo se ne sa tshwarwa ka ngwaga wa 1991 go batlisisa lekgotla la kabo ditsha tsa lefatshe tsa puso, mme sa fitlhela gore go dirilwe ditlolomolao tsa maitsholo a a siameng ke mothusa-tautona Peter Mmusi le mokwaledi wa kakaretso wa lekoko la BDP [[:en:Daniel_Kwelagobe|Daniel Kwelagobe]], ba bobedi jwa bone gape e neng e le maloko a setlhopa sa ditona tsa puso ya Botswana.<ref name=":89">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;346.</ref><ref name=":90">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;333.</ref> Ka go lebana le go galefa mo pusong le mo setšhabeng, bobedi jwa bone ba ne ba rola tiro.<ref name=":90" /> Go wa mo go ne ga tlhola ditlhopha tse pedi tse di kgaoganeng mo teng ga lekoko, e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke maloko a mabedi a pele a setlhopa sa ditona (Ba babedi ba bagolo),<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;333–335.</ref> mme e nngwe e eteletswe pele ke baganetsi ba bona (ba batlhano ba bagolo): [[:en:Festus_Mogae|Festus Mogae]], Bihiti Temane, Chapson Butale, [[:en:Gaositwe_Chiepe|Gaositwe Chiepe]], le moeteledipele wa bona [[:en:Mompati_Merafhe|Mompati Merafhe]].<ref name=":91">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;235.</ref> Se se ne sa aga mo dikgotlhang tse di neng di godile fa gare ga boeteledipele jwa borwa jwa BLP le kokomana e ntšhwa ya boradipolotiki go tswa kwa bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], pp.&#x20;233–234.</ref> Masire o ne a tlhopha Mogae go nna mothusa- tautona yo mosha.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;334.</ref> Ka go tshwenyega ka kgonagalo ya go tlwaetsa bonweenwee, Masire o ne a thapa mothusa- mogolwane wa [[:en:Independent_Commission_Against_Corruption_(Hong_Kong)|setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang e e Ikemetseng ya Hong Kong e e Kgatlhanong le Bonweenwee (Hong Kong)]] go tlhama mokgatlho o o tshwanang mo Botswana.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;222.</ref> [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Bokaedi jwa Bonweenwee le Bosenyi jwa]] [[:en:Directorate_on_Corruption_and_Economic_Crime|Itsholelo]] bo ne jwa tlhomiwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, mme lekgotla la kabo ditsha le ne la tlhamiwa go reetsa boikuelo jwa ditshwetso tsa kabo ditsha ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Boemo jwa lekoko la BDP jaaka lekoko le le laolang bo ne jwa amogela kgwetlho ya jone ya ntlha e e masisi ka ntlha ya Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlsisa kgota go sekaseka dikgang ya Kgabo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;249.</ref> Matlhabisaditlhong le go kgaogana mo go neng ga nna teng mo lekokong la BDP go ne ga dira gore lekoko la BNF le nne lekoko la kganetso le le gaisanang thata morago ga ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;335–336.</ref><ref name=":89" /> Ka go mathata a a oketsegileng a go tsenngwa ga ditoropo go fokotsa motheo wa BDP kwa metseselegaeng, makoko a kganetso a ne a na le bonnye jo bo bonalang mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLeith2005|Leith 2005]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Morago ga loso lwa ga Mmusi, Kwelagobe o ne a ikgolaganya le [[:en:Ponatshego_Kedikilwe|Ponatshego Kedikilwe]], mme ba bopa setlhopa se sennye sa Barata-Phathi sa lekoko la BDP. Ba batlhano ba bagolo ba ne ba nna setlhopa se sennye sa A-Team.<ref name=":89" /> Botswana e ne ya solegelwa molemo ke go khutla ga puso ya Tlhaolele ya Aforika Borwa ka ngwaga wa 1994, ka puso e ntšhwa e e neng e eteletswe pele ke Aforika e ne e sa thibele kgolo ya Botswana kgotsa go tsenelela mo ditirong tsa sesole go kgabaganya molelwane.<ref name=":81" /> Fa kgaolo e ntse e tlhomama, ditlhabololo tsa itsholelo tse di tshwanang le mabentlele a magolo, kakanyo e e sa netefadiwang ya dithoto, le bojanala jwa baagi di ne tsa atologa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;675.</ref> Morafe wa Ngwaketse o ne wa nna le kgotlang le puso ka kgwedi ya Moranang ngwaga wa 1994, fa tona ya pusoselegae le mafatshe Patrick Balope a ne a latofatsa kgosi Seepapitso wa bone ka go palelwa ke go diragatsa ditiro tsa gagwe mme a laela gore kgosi e emisiwe—e leng go emisiwa ga bobedi ga puso ya ga Seepapitso.<ref name=":83" /> Morwa wa ga Seepapitso e bong Leema o ne a amogela go tlhomiwa go dira tiro eo, kgatlhanong le dikeletso tsa ga Seepapitso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;141–142.</ref> Morafe o ne wa lwantshana le kgang ya go nna semolao mo go sa tlhaloganyesegeng ga ga Leema le poifo ya gore setso sa morafe ga se kitla se tlhola se lemogiwa, mme go tlosiwa ga gagwe go ne ga nna kgang ya bosetšhaba.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;142–143.</ref> Seepapitso o ne a tsenya kganetso ya semolao, mme kgotlatshekelo ya atlhola ka Tlhakole a tlhola malatsia le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa 1995 gore le fa go tlosiwa ga ga Seepapitso go ne go le ka fa molaong, go tlhomiwa ga ga Leema go ne go se kafa molaong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;145.</ref> Ka maatla a go tlhoma a ne a buseditswe mo morafeng, ba ne ba gana go tlhopha moeteledipele yo mosha jaaka tsela ya go ikuela. Puso e ne ya ineela mme ya letlelela Seepapitso go busediwa mo tirong.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;145–146.</ref> [[:en:Ritual_murder|Polao ya dipheko]] ya ga [[:en:Segametsi_Mogomotsi|Segametsi Mogomotsi]], mosetsana wa dingwaga di le lesome le bone wa kwa [[:en:Mochudi|Mochudi]], e diragetse ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 1994. Dikhuduego tsa loago di ne tsa tsoga fa babelaelwa bao, ba e neng e le borakgwebo le boradipolotiki ba ba humileng, ba ne ba gololwa ka ntlha ya go tlhoka bosupi. Mo dikgweding tse di latelang, go ne ga nna le ditshupetso le dikhuduego tse di neng di eteletswe pele ke baithuti kgatlhanong le tiriso ya ditiro tsa masaitsiweng tse di tshwanang le polao ya dipheko go bona khumo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;286–290.</ref> Go tlhagoga ga bolwetse jo bo [[:en:Contagious_bovine_pleuropneumonia|tshelanwang jwa pleuropneumonia ya dikgomo]] ka ngwaga wa 1995 go ne ga baka dintsho tsa dikgomo di le dikete tse makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi .<ref name=":88" /> Molao wa Temothuo wa ngwaga ya 1995 o ne wa atolosa thulaganyo ya go dira lefatshe la baagi la le e seng la puso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;7.</ref> Merafe e mennye e ne ya tswelela go kgaratlhela go lemogiwa go simolola ka dingwaga tsa bo 1990.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;163–164.</ref> Puso e simolotse go ntsha batho ba Basarwa mo [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|Lefelong la Diphologolo la Kalahari]] [[:en:Central_Kalahari_Game_Reserve|la Bogare]] ka ngwaga wa 1995.<ref name=":88" /> Le fa e ne e nganga gore maikaelelo e ne e le go thusa go kopanya baagi ba ba neng ba le kgakala thata, mme e neelana ka leruo go rotloetsa tirisanommogo, mekgatlho ya boditšhabatšhaba e ne ya pega molato puso ka go pateletsa le go [[:en:Forced_displacement|fudusiwa ka dikgoka]] ga batho go dira sebaka sa meepo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;11–12.</ref> Maiteko a ntlha a magolo a semolao a go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa merafe e mennye a ne a tswa mo tshitshinyong ya ngwaga wa 1995 kwa palamenteng ya go tlhalosa molaomotheo jaaka o o sa tseyeng letlhakore mo merafeng, mme o ne wa bewa mo tafoleng. Mokgatlho wa Kamanakao o ne wa tlhamiwa ka one ngwaga oo ke morutegi [[:en:Lydia_Nyati-Ramahobo|Lydia Nyati-Ramahobo]] go sireletsa ditshwanelo tsa [[:en:Yeyi_people|batho ba Yeyi]].<ref name=":95">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;215.</ref> Motseletsele wa diphetogo tsa puso le tsa ditlhopho di ne tsa tsenngwa mo tirisong mo dingwageng tsa bofelo tsa bo tautona jwa ga Masire. Tlhokomelo ya ditlhopho e ne ya fetisediwa kwa setheong se se ikemetseng, dingwaga tsa go tlhopa di ne tsa fokodiwa go tswa ko masomeng a mabedi le bongwe go ya ko lesomeng le borobabobedi , go [[:en:Postal_voting|tlhopa ka poso]] go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong, mme ga tsenngwa tirisong melawana ya go sireletsa [[:en:Labour_rights|ditshwanelo tsa badiri]] le [[:en:Gender_equality|tekatekano ya bong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;168.</ref> Masire o ne a eletsa go tlhama [[:en:Order_of_succession|tatelano e e tlhomameng ya]] [[:en:Order_of_succession|go tlhatlologana]] mo bogosing le go netefatsa gore motlhatlogi wa gagwe yo a mo tlhophileng mothusa Tautona Mogae e nna tautona, ka jalo o ne a dirisana le mmueledi Parks Tafa go kwala paakanyo ya molaotheo. Se se ne sa tsenya tirisong tatelano e e itirisang le [[:en:Term_limit|melelwane ya paka]] ya botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], pp.&#x20;337–338.</ref> O ne a pateletsa paakanyo ka boene.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;304–305.</ref> Go fetola itsholelo ya lefatshe, go ne ga tsenngwa tirisong tsamaiso ya nakwana ya go nna le [[:en:Tripartism|makoko a mararo]] go kopanya puso, lekalana le e seng la puso, le baemedi ba badiri.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], p.&#x20;169.</ref> Fa lekoko le ne le tlhopha maloko a komiti ya lone ya bogareng ka ngwaga wa 1997, kotsi ya go nna le ditlhopha e ne ya gola mo e leng gore Masire o ne a phimola ditlhopho tsa lone tse di mo teng ga mokgatlho mme a dira gore ditlhopha di mo fe manaane a maina.<ref name=":91" /> === Puso ya ga Festus Mogae === [[Setshwantsho:George Bush with African national leaders February 26, 2002.jpg|thumb|Festus Mogae mmogo le botautona ba mafatshe a sele [[:en:Joaquim_Chissano|Joaquim Chissano]], [[:en:George_W._Bush|George W. Bush]] le [[:en:José_Eduardo_dos_Santos|José Eduardo dos Santos]] ka ngwaga wa 2002]] Masire o ne a tlogela tiro ya botautona ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le ngwe ka ngwaga wa 1998, mme a latelelelwa ke mothusa tautona Festus Mogae.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNtuane2018|Ntuane 2018]], p.&#x20;338.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya tshwetso e e neng ya tsosa kganetsano ya go tlhoma Ian Khama, molaodi wa sesole le morwa Seretse Khama, go nna mothusa tautona yo o latelang,<ref name=":72" /> a fetisa kgetho ya gagwe ka go tshosetsa go phatlalatsa palamente.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;305.</ref> Le fa ba ne ba sa tseye letlhakore semmuso fa gare ga ditlhopha tsa lekoko la BDP, Mogae le Khama ka bobedi ba ne ba tlhaloganngwa e le batho ba bagolo mo gare ga A-Team.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;347.</ref> Ngwaga wa 1998 o ne wa bona nngwe ya dikgaogano tse dintsi mo teng ga lekoko la kganetso la BNF. E ne e kgaogane ka ditlhopha tse pedi: batho ba ba sa rateng diphetogo ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa loago le ba ba neng ba tswelela pele ba ba neng ba na le ditumelo tsa puso ya batho ka batho ya loago. Dikhuduego kwa mokgatlhong wa lekoko di ne tsa dira gore batho ba ba neng ba rata kgatelopele ba kgaogane go nna lekoko la bone, [[:en:Botswana_Congress_Party|Botswana Congress Party]] (BCP), le le neng la nna lekoko le legolo la kganetso go fitlhela ba latlhegelwa ke bontsi jwa manno a bone mo [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa]] [[:en:1999_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 1999]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Kgaogano e ya kganetso, mmogo le diphetogo tsa selegae tsa dingwaga tse di fetileng, di ne tsa dira gore lekoko la BDP le boelwe ke ditilo dingwe tse e neng ya di latlhegelwa ka ngwaga wa 1994.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMolutsi2004|Molutsi 2004]], pp.&#x20;168–169.</ref> Maloko a le mmalwa a borwa a boeteledipele jwa lekoko la BCP a ne a boela kwa lekokong la BNF morago ga gore maemo otlhe a a kwa godimo a tsewe ke batho ba bokone.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;237.</ref> Go itlhatlosa go ya kwa maemong a merafe ya Tswana, batho ba Yeyi ba ne ba bitsa kgosi e e kwa godimo ka ngwaga wa 1999, fela se se ne sa se ka sa lemogiwa ke Molao wa Bogosi. Ba ne ba tlisa kgang eo kwa Kgotlatshekelong e Kgolo, e e neng ya tlhasela thulaganyo e e maleba ya molao e le e e tlhaolang.<ref name=":95" /> Mogae o ne a tlhoma setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang ka ngwaga wa 2000 go sekaseka kemedi ya merafe e mennye mo Ntlong ya Dikgosi, mme seo sa baka boipelaetso go tswa mo go ba ba neng ba ikutlwa gore Mogae o batla go nyatsa maatla a dikgosi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgala2009|Makgala 2009]], p.&#x20;239.</ref> Setlhopa se se tlhopilweng go batlisisa kgotsa go sekaseka dikgang se ne sa tlhomamisa gore Ntlo ya Dikgosi e tshwanetse go nna teng, mme ya bidiwa Setswana ''Ntlo ya Dikgosi''.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;216.</ref> Diphetogo tse dingwe tse di fetotsweng ga di a amogelwa morago ga go kgarametswa go tswa mo merafeng e megolo ya Batswana, bogolosegolo ba Ngwato.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], pp.&#x20;217–218.</ref> Ngwaga o o latelang, batho ba Kgatla-baga-Mmanaana ba ne ba bona kgosi ya bone Gobuamang Gobuamang wa bobedi a amogelwa semmuso jaaka kgosi e nnye mo teng ga kgaolo ya Kwena kwa ba nnang teng.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;177.</ref> [[:en:Botswana–Namibia_border|Molelwane wa Botswana le Namibia]] o ne wa tsena mo kganetsanong ka ngwaga wa 1999 fa mafatshe ka bobedi a ne a batla kgaolo mo [[:en:Caprivi_Strip|Mopakong wa Caprivi]].[<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], pp.&#x20;xx–xxi.</ref>] Ka dingwaga tsa bo 2000, Botswana e ne ya beeletsa thata mo go tlhabololeng sesole sa mowa.<ref name=":93" /> [[:en:Botswana_Television|Setshwantso sa motshikinyego sa Botswana]] se tlhomilwe ka ngwaga wa 2000. Lentswe tsa Tsodilo le ne la nna [[:en:World_Heritage_Site|Lefelo la Ngwaoboswa ya Lefatshe]] ka ngwaga wa 2001. Batho ba Basarwa ba ne ba ntsha kgwetlho ya semolao ka ngwaga wa 2002 go ganetsa go ntshiwa ga bona kwa Central Kalahari Game Reserve, fela kgang e sekisiwang e ne ya tlhokomologiwa. [[:en:Mosadi_Seboko|Mosadi Seboko]] wa [[:en:Lete_people|morafe wa]] [[:en:Lete_people|Balete]] o ne a nna moeteledipele wa ntlha wa mosadi wa morafe ka ngwaga wa 2003.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFDenbowThebe2006|Denbow &#x26; Thebe 2006]], p.&#x20;xxi.</ref> Mogae o ne a dira gore mongwe wa batshwayadiphoso ba ba tlhageletseng thata ba puso, [[:en:Kenneth_Good_(political_scientist)|Kenneth Good]], a lelekwe mo lefatsheng la gagwe ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], pp.&#x20;333–334.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;226–227.</ref> [[:en:Three_Dikgosi_Monument|Sefikantswe sa Dikgosi tse Tharo]] se ne sa bulwa ka ngwaga wa 2005.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFParsons2006|Parsons 2006]], p.&#x20;680.</ref> Mogae o ne a tsaya bolwetsi jo bo anameng lefatshe la HIV/AIDS e le kgang e e botlhokwa thata ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;226.</ref> Go e lwantsha, o ne a dira gore dikalafi tsa [[:en:Antiretroviral|diantiretroviral]] tsa HIV/AIDS di nne teng mahala.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;225.</ref> === Puso ya ga Ian Khama === [[Setshwantsho:London Conference on The Illegal Wildlife Trade (12499797834).jpg|thumb|Kopano ya ga Ian Khama le [[:en:William_Hague|William Hague]] kwa Lontone]] Ian Khama o ne a latela mo maemong a botautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Mogae ka kgwedi ya Moranang a le letsatsi le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2008.<ref name=":96">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mokgwa wa gagwe wa boeteledipele o ne wa phatlaladiwa jaaka o o latelang "di-D tse nne": puso ya batho ka batho, tlhabololo, seriti, le kotlhao.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;196.</ref> Fa a sena go nna mo setilong, o ne a rulaganya sešwa khuduthamaga ya setšhaba ka mokgwa wa tatelano, a kopanya maatla go dikologa botautona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], pp.&#x20;227–228.</ref> Khama o ne a gatelela tshireletsego ya setshaba mo tsamaisong ya gagwe. Ka nako ya fa a ne a le mo maemong a gagwe, Lekalana la Bosenodi le Tshireletsego le ne la itsege ka go dira ditlhodi tse di neng di tlhotlhelediwa ke dipolotiki le go tshwara baganetsi ba gagwe ba sepolotiki. O ne gape a tlhoma batho ba le mmalwa ba pele ba sesole mo pusong ya gagwe<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], pp.&#x20;714–715.</ref> Botswana o ne e sa amege thata mo [[:en:African_Union|Kopanong ya Aforika]] ka nako ya botautona jwa ga Khama, go na le moo e ne ya tlhagisa molawana wa mafatshe a sele a a neng e lebisitswe thata mo Bophirima.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;190.</ref> Mathata a matlole a ngwaga wa 2008 a ne a gatelela itsholelo ya Botswana, e e neng ya nna e ikaegile ka meepo ya ditaemane le fa puso e ne e dira maiteko.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;202.</ref> Madirelo a diteemane a ne a fedisa kwelotlase e e tlhomameng fa e ne e tlhomama ka bokana ka karolo ya masome a mararo le borobabongwe mo lekgolong ya paloyotlhe ya dithoto le ditirelo tse di tlhagisitsweng tsa lefatshe ka ngwaga wa 2009.<ref name=":76" /> Taolo ya dikgosi e ne ya fetolwa ka ngwaga wa 2008 ka Molao wa Bogosi.<ref name=":92" /> Khama o ne a rotloetsa go neela dikgosi maatla ka leina la go busetsa kotlhao le maitsholo a setso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], pp.&#x20;196–197.</ref> O ne a ntsha taelo e e neng ya oketsa dingwaga tsa go nwa tse di kafa molaong go nna masome a mabedi le bongwe, ya fa baeteledipele ba merafe e mennye maatla a go laela gore batho ba itewe, ya tlhama ditlhopha tsa mephato go nna balebedi, le go tsenya gape [[:en:Corporal_punishment_in_schools|kotlhao ya go itaya mo dikolong]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Dikgosi di le mmalwa tse di sa tswang go tlhongwa di ne tsa tshegetsa melawana e mme tsa tsenya tirisong dikotlhao tse di gagametseng tsa badiraphoso.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMosime2020|Mosime 2020]], p.&#x20;197.</ref> Gareng ga bone go ne go na le Kgafela wa bobedi, kgosana ya morafe wa Kgatla. Go dira gore batho ba gagwe ba nne le boitsholo jo bo tlwaelegileng, o ne a oketsa thata go itewa ga batho ba ba neng ba tlola molao. Kgafela le ba bangwe ba ba amegang ba ne ba pegwa molato wa bosenyi ka ntlha ya go dirisa kotlhao ka tsela e e sa siamang ka ngwaga wa 2010, mme kgotlatshekelo e ne ya kgaphela thoko kopo ya gagwe ya go sirelediwa, ya tlhomamisa gore dikgosi ga di na boipuso mme di laolwa ke molaotheo.<ref name=":97">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;157.</ref> Jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le tlhopha boeteledipele jwa lekoko la yone ka ngwaga wa 2009, Khama o ne a tlhoma batho ba le bantsi ba A-Team mo dikomiting tse potlana tsa lekoko le fa Barata-Phathi e ne ya fenya ka nako ya mokgatlho wa lekoko.<ref name=":97" /><ref name=":98">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;335.</ref> Fa mokwaledi mogolo wa lekoko leo, Rre [[:en:Gomolemo_Motswaledi|Gomolemo Motswaledi]] a ne a rerisana le babueledi go botsa gore a ditiro tsa ga Khama di ka fa molaong, Khama o ne a dira gore a sekegiwe mo komiting. Morago ga go isa kgang kwa kgotlatshekelo, go ne ga fitlhelwa gore tautona yo o mo maemong ao ga a kgone go sekisiwa semolao, mme Khama o ne a emisa Motswaledi mo BDP gotlhelele.<ref name=":98" />Mo tshimologong ya ngwaga wa 2010, Khama o ne a emisa mme morago a ntsha maloko a mangwe a le mmalwa a lekalana le le mo teng ga lekoko la Barata-Phathi mo lekokong BDP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], pp.&#x20;354–355.</ref> Se se ne sa baka go kgaogana ga ntlha ga BDP ka Mopitlwe fa lekoko la Barata-Phathi le ne le tswa mo lekokong go bopa Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Temokerasi.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLotshwaoSuping2013|Lotshwao &#x26; Suping 2013]], p.&#x20;345.</ref><ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBotlhomilweSebudubuduMaripe2011|Botlhomilwe, Sebudubudu &#x26; Maripe 2011]], p.&#x20;344.</ref> Molao wa Tirelosetšhaba o tsentswe tirisong ka ngwaga wa 2010, o dira gore badiredipuso ba dire ditshupetso ka ha molaong mo maemong mangwe.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFGulbrandsen2012|Gulbrandsen 2012]], p.&#x20;306.</ref> Mo ngwageng o o latelang, Mokgatlho wa Botswana wa Mekgatlho ya Badiri (BOFEPUSU) o ne wa etelela pele ditshupetso tsa dikgwedi di le pedi mo gare ga badiredipuso ba lefatshe go batla tuelo ya karolo ya lesome le borataro mo lekgolong, mme puso ya tsiboga ka go ntsha diketekete tsa badiri mo maemong a bone.<ref name=":96" /> Go ntshiwa ga batho go ne go okametswe ke [[:en:Mokgweetsi_Masisi|Mokgweetsi Masisi]], Tona ya Merero ya Botautona.<ref name=":99">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;307.</ref> Go ganetsa boemo jwa puso, BOFEPUSU e ne ya tlhofofatsa go kopanngwa ga makoko a magolo a kganetso go nna [[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC).<ref name=":96" /> Setlhopha se sešwa se se ne se eteletswe pele ke [[:en:Duma_Boko|Duma Boko]], yo o neng a tsere taolo ya BNF ka ngwaga wa 2010 mme a laola dipuo tsa yona.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;715.</ref> Khama o ne a diragatsa diphetogo tse di nonofileng tsa tshomarelo ka nako ya botautona jwa gagwe, bogolo jang mabapi le go tsoma. Le fa ba ne ba opa diatla kwa mahatsheng a mangwe le go bopa leina la Botswana jaaka "kgakgamatso e tala", ba ne ba kopana le go kgobega marapo mo nageng ka ntlha ya ditsela tse di neng di dirisiwa go tswa kwa godimo go ya kwa tlase, bogolosegolo go tswa mo go ba ba nnang mo mafelong a a tlhomilweng a tshomarelo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;23.</ref> Melawana e e ne e akaretsa go oketsega ga mekgwa ya sesole e e kgatlhanong le go tsoma diphologolo; digongwana tse di kgatlhanong le go tsoma di ne di tsentswe ditlhobolo tse di itirisang go tlaleletsa melawana ya go thuntsha go bolaya kgatlhanong le batho ba ba belaelwang gore ke batsomi.<ref name=":94" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boloka bontsi jwa yone mo lekgotleng la peomolao morago ga [[:en:2014_Botswana_general_election|ditlhopho tse di latelang]], mme e le lekgetho la ntlha e ne ya dira jalo ka bontsi fela jwa ditlhopo tsa batho.<ref>[[Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;705.</ref> Ian Khama o ne a tlhoma Masisi go nna mothusa tautona wa gagwe.<ref name=":99" /> Tshwetso e ne ya tsosa kganetsano ka ntlha ya go tlhoka maitemogelo ga ga Masisi fa go bapisiwa le ditlhopho tse dingwe tse di ka kgonegang.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], p.&#x20;33.</ref> Go ya ka Mogae, Masisi o ne a tlhophiwa ka tlhaloganyo ya gore o tla tlhoma [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|Tshekedi Khama]] [[:en:Tshekedi_Khama_II|wa bobedi]] go nna mothusa tautona morago ga go tsaya botautona ka boene.<ref name=":99" /> Botsalo Ntuane o ne a tlhophiwa go nna Mokwaledi Mogolo wa lekoko la BDP ka ngwaga 2015 mo seraleng sa twantsho tshenyetso setshaba le phetolo ya ditlhopho. Se se ne sa tshosetsa tlholego e e tseneletseng ya lekoko la BDP, mme Ntuane a bona mmaba wa sepolotiki kwa Masisi.<ref name=":99" /> Khama o ne a le bobaba mo bobegadikgannyeng, bogolo jang mo mafelong a a neng a sa dumalane le ditiro tsa puso ya gagwe. O ne a na le babegadikgang ba babedi ba ba neng ba latofadiwa ka [[:en:Sedition|botsuolodi]] ka ngwaga wa 2017, mme moragonyana ditatofatso di ne tsa latlhiwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;714.</ref> === Puso ya ga Mokgweetsi Masisi === [[Setshwantsho:Illegal Wildlife Trade Conference London 2018 (45245990491).jpg|thumb|Mokgweetsi Masisi a bua kwa bokopanong jo bo neng bo bua ka kgwebisano e e seng ka fa molaong ya diphologolo tsa naga kwa lefatsheng la [[:en:London|London]] ka ngwaga wa 2018]] Masisi o ne a nna tautona kwa bokhutlong jwa paka ya ga Khama ka kgwedi ya Moranang a tlhola letsatsi le le lengwe ka ngwaga wa 2018. Fa ditlhopho tsa [[:en:2019_Botswana_general_election|kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa 2019]] di ntse di atamela, Masisi o ne a tlhama setshwantsho sa go ipharologanya le Khama, a itlhagisa jaaka motho yo o [[:en:Anti-corruption|lwantshanang le bonweenwee]] fa a ntse a tshegetsa bobegakgang le BOFEPUSU.<ref name=":02">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;716.</ref><ref name=":02" /> Letsholo la gagwe la go lwantsha bonweenwee le ne la felela ka go tshwarwa ga ga Isaac Kgosi, yo o neng a eteletse pele Bokaedi jwa Botlhodi le Tshireletso mo pusong ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110">[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;717.</ref><ref name=":110" /> Masisi o ne a tswelela ka go busetsa morago bontsi jwa melawana ya ga Khama.<ref name=":110" /> Gareng ga tse e ne e le go phimolwa ga melawana ya tshomarelo, go akaretsa le thibelo ya go tsoma e e neng e tsoma e e neng e lebisitswe mo kgwebong ya [[:en:Ivory_trade|manaka a tlou]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFLaRoccoMogende2022|LaRocco &#x26; Mogende 2022]], pp.&#x20;23–24, 33–34.</ref> O ne gape a okametse go fedisiwa ga go tsewa go ratana ka bong bole bongwe e le molato.<ref>Rotberg 2023, pp.&#x20;228–229.</ref> Fa se se ntse se tsweletse, Masisi le Khama ba nna baganetsi go na le go nna balekane. Khama o ne a leka go thapa [[:en:Pelonomi_Venson-Moitoi|Pelonomi Venson-Moitoi]] go nna ntlhopheng yo mongwe wa BDP kgatlhanong le Masisi, mme fa seo se palelwa, o ne a itlhomela lekoko la gagwe, la [[:en:Botswana_Patriotic_Front|Botswana Patriotic Front]] (BPF).<ref name=":99" /><ref name=":110" /> Lekoko la BDP le ne la boelwa ke bontsi jwa ditlhopho tsa batho ka ngwaga wa 2019,<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;703.</ref> mme ditlhopho di ne tsa senngwa ke kgatelelo ya puso le diphuruphutsho tsa nako le nako kgatlhanong le batho ba kganetso. Lekoko la UDC le ne la gwetlha maduo, mme ga di a atlega.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;308.</ref> Diphetogo tsa kgaolo di ne tsa fetoga ka ngwaga wa 2019 jaaka fa lekoko la BDP le ne le latlhegelwa ke thotloetso nngwe kwa bokone fa e ntse e oketsa tlhotlheletso ya yone kwa borwa.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;231.</ref> Ditlhopho gape di ne tsa bona lekokokganetso le legolo, BNF, le latlhegelwa ke BCP.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFBrown2020|Brown 2020]], p.&#x20;704.</ref> Jaaka ditšhaba di le dintsi, [[:en:COVID-19_pandemic_in_Botswana|Botswana e ne ya bona kwelotlase e e kgolo ya tsholelo ka nako ya tlhaselo ya bolwetsi jwa COVID-19]], mme lefatshe le ne la nna [[:en:COVID-19_lockdowns|mo thibelong ya metsamao]] bontsi jwa ngwaga wa 2020 le ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;309.</ref> Mofuta wa SARS-CoV-2 Omicron o ribolotswe kwa Botswana moragonyana ka ngwaga wa 2021.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRotberg2023|Rotberg 2023]], p.&#x20;229.</ref> Maikutlo a a kgatlhanong le makula a ne a anama ka setšhaba sa makula kwa Botswana se ne se humile thata.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], p.&#x20;310.</ref> Khama o ne a tshabela kwa lefatsheng la Aforika Borwa a le kwa botshabelo ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatseele ka ngwaga wa 2021, mme puso ya Botswana ya mo latofatsa ka go nna le dibetsa e se ka fa molaong ka bonako morago ga moo.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMakgalaMalila2022|Makgala &#x26; Malila 2022]], pp.&#x20;311–312.</ref> === Puso ya ga Duma Boko === [[Setshwantsho:Secretary Rubio Meets with Botswana President Boko (54371806715).jpg|thumb|Duma Boko o ikanisa tumalano le lefatshe la Amerika ka ngwaga wa 2025]] Lekoko la [:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change][[:en:Umbrella_for_Democratic_Change|Sekhukhu sa Phetogo ya puso ya batho ka batho]] (UDC) le nnile lekokokganetso la ntlha mo Botswana go tsaya puso morago ga phenyo ya lone mo [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa]] [[:en:2024_Botswana_general_election|ngwaga wa 2024]] , mme se sa fedisa dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le borobabobedi tsa puso ya [[:en:Botswana_Democratic_Party|lekoko la Botswana la batho ka batho]] (BDP).<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFMuiaZane2024|Muia &#x26; Zane 2024]]</ref> Mo puisanong ya gagwe ya ntlha ya Maemo a Setšhaba ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa 2024, Duma Boko o boletse gore puso ya gagwe e tla kgaratlhela go oketsa dipeeletso mo maatleng a letsatsi, [[:en:Cannabis|motokwane]] ya kalafi le mofuta wa motokwane o o lengwang ka lebaka la madirelo. O ne gape a itsise ditirisano le [[:en:Elon_Musk|Elon Musk]] go atolosa phitlhelelo ya mafaratlhatlha a maranyane e e teng lefatshe ka bophara ka [[:en:Starlink|Starlink]].<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFFrance242024|France24 2024]]</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlo ka ngwaga wa 2025, Botswana e ne ya romela sathalaete ya yone ya ntlha, e leng [[:en:BOTSAT‑1|BOTSAT‐1,]] kwa lefaufaung.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFRanjan2025|Ranjan 2025]]</ref> [[:en:Duma_Boko|Boko]] o ne a tsenela go itsisiwe semmuso ga sathalaete, e e neng ya tshwarelwa kwa mafelong a [[:en:SpaceX|SpaceX]] kwa lefatsheng la United States.<ref>[[:en:History_of_Botswana#CITEREFNamunwa2025|Namunwa 2025]].</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * Lekwalokwalo la Botswana * [[Ngwao ya Botswana|Ngwao ya Batswana]] * Dipalopalo tsa Botswana * [[Itsholelo ya Botswana]] * Thutafatshe ya Botswana * [[Ditso tsa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Borwa jwa Aforika]] * [[Ditso tsa Gaborone]] * [[Lenaane la dikgang tse di amanang le Botswana]] * Lenaane la dingwaga mo Botswana * [[Tlhaloso ya Botswana]] * Mola wa nako wa Botswana * Mola wa nako ya Gaborone * [[Dipolotiki tsa Botswana]] == Dintlhana tse di kwa tlase == <references /> == Metswedi == === Dibuka === * Denbow, James R.; Thebe, Phenyo C. (2006). Culture and Customs of Botswana. Greenwood Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-313-33178-7</nowiki>. OCLC 62118271. * Gulbrandsen, Ørnulf (2012). The State and the Social: State Formation in Botswana and its Precolonial and Colonial Genealogies. Berghahn Books. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-85745-298-6</nowiki>. * Hillbom, Ellen; Bolt, Jutta (2018). Botswana – A Modern Economic History. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73144-5. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-319-73144-5</nowiki>. * Holm, John D.; Molutsi, Patrick P. (1992). "State-Society Relations in Botswana: Beginning Liberalization". In Hydén, Göran; Bratton, Michael (eds.). Governance and Politics in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 75–95. doi:10.1515/9781685853297. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-55587-285-4</nowiki>. * Jackson, Ashley (1999). Botswana, 1939-1945: An African Country at War. Clarendon Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-19-820764-1</nowiki>. * Leith, James Clark (2005). Why Botswana Prospered. McGill-Queen's University Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-7735-2821-5</nowiki>. * Molutsi, Patrick (2004). "Botswana: The Path to Democracy and Development". In Gyimah-Boadi, E. (ed.). Democratic Reform in Africa. Lynne Rienner Publishers. pp. 159–182. doi:10.1515/9781685857325. <nowiki>ISBN 9781685857325</nowiki>. * Nyamnjoh, Francis B. (2007). "'Ever-Diminishing Circles': The Paradoxes of Belonging in Botswana". In de la Cadena, Marisol; Starn, Orin (eds.). Indigenous Experience Today. Routledge. pp. 305–332. <nowiki>ISBN 9781003085690</nowiki>. * Rotberg, Robert I. (2023). "Botswana: Africa's Democratic Exception". Overcoming the Oppressors: White and Black in Southern Africa. Oxford University Press. pp. 192–231. <nowiki>ISBN 9780197674239</nowiki>. * Samatar, Abdi Ismail (1999). An African Miracle: State and Class Leadership and Colonial Legacy in Botswana Development. Heinemann. <nowiki>ISBN 978-0-325-00068-8</nowiki>. * Tlou, Thomas; Campbell, Alec C. (1997) [1984]. History of Botswana (2nd ed.). Macmillan Botswana. <nowiki>ISBN 9991278087</nowiki>. == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref></ref><ref name=":2"><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref></ref><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref>Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref></ref><ref name=":30"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikakanyo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aferika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''[[mafisa]]'' e mo go yone bahumi ba ne ba adima ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane dikgomo go ananya tiro. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 701</ref></ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya [[:en:Private_property|dithoto]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme banna ba ba nyetseng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lefatshe.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 698</ref></ref> Banna ka tlwaelo ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijwalo. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 31–32</ref></ref>Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se jalwa thata mo kgaolong e mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela leuba le ne le raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 34</ref></ref> Bagwebi ba Makgowa ba ne ba goroga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi. [ 86 ] Go tsena ga baagi ba Yuropa gaufi go ne ga letla merafe ya BaTswana go ikamanya le ikonomi ya lefatshe. [ 92 ] Kgosi [[Sechele I]] wa batho ba Kwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya Borithane mo morafeng wa gagwe. [ 83 ] Morongwa wa Mo-Scotland David Livingstone o gorogile mo Botswana ka 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma [[Kolobeng Mission|Morongwa wa Kolobeng]] . Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe se se bokete sa Yuropa mo merafeng ya BaTswana jaaka ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano magareng ga dikontinente. [ 51 ] Feshene ya Bophirima e ne ya amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala lekgolo lotlhe la dingwaga mme ya kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso. [ 93 ] Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a naya batho ba Kwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola banna ba gagwe ba tlhogo a dirisa disefe tsa letlalo la tshukudu. [ 94 ] == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref name=":49" /></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref name=":50" /></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref name=":51"><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":52"><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikakanyo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aferika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''[[mafisa]]'' e mo go yone bahumi ba ne ba adima ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane dikgomo go ananya tiro. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 701</ref></ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya [[:en:Private_property|dithoto]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme banna ba ba nyetseng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lefatshe.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 698</ref></ref> Banna ka tlwaelo ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijwalo. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 31–32</ref></ref>Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se jalwa thata mo kgaolong e mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela leuba le ne le raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 34</ref></ref> Bagwebi ba batho-basweu ba ne ba goroga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":52" />Go tsena ga baagedi ba Yuropa go ne ga letlelela merafe ya BaTswana go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe. <ref name=":49">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref>Kgosi [[Sechele I]] wa BaKwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya Borithane mo morafeng wa gagwe.<ref name=":51" /> Morongwa wa Mo-Scotland rre [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o gorogile mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma [[Kolobeng Mission|tirelo ya borongwa ya Kolobeng]] . Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe se se kwa godimo ga Yuropa mo merafeng ya Batswana jaaka ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano magareng ga dikontinente. <ref name=":32" />Kapari ya Bophirima e ne ya amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala lekgolo lotlhe la dingwaga mme ya kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref name=":50">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a neela Bakwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola dikgosana tsa gagwe ka dithupa tsa matlalo a tshukudu.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 29</ref></ref> == Ditso tsa pele ga puso ya batho-basweu == [[Setshwantsho:Tsodilo_Hills_rock_paintings4.jpg|thumb| Ditshwantsho tse di takilweng mo magageng kwa dithabeng tsa [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]]]] Botswana wa gompieno e ne e le sekgwa dingwaga di ka tshwara didikadike di le lesome tse di fetileng, mme ebile dinoka di ne di le ditona thata go feta jaaka gompieno, di elela mo letsheng le letona la [[Letsha la Makgadikgadi|Makgadikgadi]].<ref><ref name=":0" /></ref>''[[:en:Homo_erectus|Homo erectus]]'' e ne e nna mo kgaolong e ka nako ya [[:en:Early_Stone_Age|Motlha wa Matlapa wa Pele]]. <ref><ref name=":1" /></ref>Didirisiwa tsa matlapa mo Botswana wa gompieno, jaaka dilepe tsa [[:en:Acheulean|Acheulean]], di simolotse dingwaga di le didikadike di le pedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":16"><ref name=":6" /></ref><ref name=":2"><ref name=":7" /></ref>Go fuduga ga batho ba letso la Hominin go ya kwa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari|Sekakeng sa Kalahari]] go supega fa go diragetse pele ga [[:en:Marine_Isotope_Stage_6|karolo ya borataro ya diphetogo tsa lewatle]] , dingwaga di le dikete di le lekgolo le masome a le boferabobedi le borataro tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":8" /></ref> Noka ya Makgadikgadi e simolotse go ngotlega dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a matlhano tse di fetileng.<ref><ref name=":9" /></ref> Bagologolwane ba merafe ya [[Basarwa]] —batho ba ba sa amaneng ka matsalo ba ba bidiwang ka leina le le lengwe fela la merafe ''[[Khoisan|ya Khoisan]]'' kgotsa Bas''arwa'' ba ne ba nna mo Botswana wa gompieno dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a mane go ya kwa go dikete di le masome a mararo tse di fetileng. E ka tswa e nnile batho ba ntlha go tsena mo [[:en:Late_Stone_Age|Motlheng wa Morago wa Matlapa]]. <ref><ref name=":10" /></ref>Ba ne ba itlhoma go dikologa dinoka ka dinako tsa bogologolo tsa leuba mme ba ne ba anama go ralala kgaolo ka dinako tsa dipula. <ref name=":3"><ref name=":11" /></ref>Ba itsege ka gore ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a a dikologileng noka ya Makgadikgadi, [[Lefelo la Tsodilo|Tsodilo]] ga mmogo le [[≠Gi]].<ref name=":4"><ref name=":12" /></ref>Batho ba bangwe jaaka ba merafe ya [[Nata people|Nata]], [[Shua people|Shua]], le [[Xani people|Xani]] go dumelwa fa ba gorogile morago ga Basarwa.<ref><ref name=":13" /></ref> [[Rock art|Botaki jwa matlapa]] bo simolotse dingwaga di ka nna dikete di le masome a le mararo tse di fetileng,<ref><ref name=":14" /></ref> Go epiwa ga [[:en:Specularite|'specularite']] le [[:en:Hematite|'hematite']] go ne ga simolola golo gongwe ka nako yone e go dira metako. <ref name=":5"><ref name=":15" /></ref> Metsi otlhe a a nnelang ruri a ne a amana le batho ba ntlha dingwaga di le dikete di le masome a mabedi tse di fetileng. <ref name=":3" />Thuto e e tseneletseng mo borweng jwa Aferika ka Motlha wa Matlapa ga e bonagale motlhofo.<ref name=":2" /> Batho ba ba farologaneng ba kgaolo e ne e le [[Hunter-gatherer|batsomi-baphuthi]] ba ba neng ba nna fela ka ditlhophana tse di potlana mme ba gweba magareng ga ditlhophana tsone tseo. <ref name=":4" /> Go dumelwa gore setlhopha sengwe le sengwe e ne e le kokoanyo ya malapa a a sikanang a a neng a tshwere kgaolo e e rileng, a eteletswe pele ke monnamogolo wa lelwapa la tlhogo ya setlhopha seo.<ref name=":5" /> Banna ba ne ba tsoma diphologolo tsa naga, fa basadi ba ne ba phutha dimela ebile ba tshwara diphologolo tse dipotlana.<ref name=":0">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 10</ref> Go ne go nyalwa mo ditlhopheng tse mme go dirisiwa thulaganyo [[Bogadi|ya magadi]], e e neng e bidiwa ''xaro.''<ref name=":1">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 14</ref> Dingwaga di ka tshwara dikete di le pedi tse di fetileng, merafe ya kgaolo yeo e ne ya tla ka dikgomo le dinku mo Botswana mme ba simolola go dira didirisiwa ka mmopa.<ref name=":6">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 26</ref><ref name=":7">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref><ref name=":8">Klehm 2021, p. 6</ref>Temo-thuo e ne ya tlhabologa ka nako e mme batho ba ne ba simolola go nna mo metseng, e e neng ya tlhatloga e bo e wela kwa tlase fa seemo sa loapi le [[:en:Cattle_raid|borukutlhi jwa dikgomo]] di ne tsa dira gore phitlhelelo ya leruo e fetofetoge. <ref name=":9">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 17</ref> Magareng ga dijwalo tsa ntlha e ne e le [[Pearl millet|mmidi wa perela]], [[:en:Finger_millet|mmidi wa menwana]], [[mabele]], [[:en:Bambara_groundnut|matonkomane a Bambara]], [[dinawa]] , le [[Cucurbitaceae|dikhukhuriti]].<ref name=":10">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 18, 23</ref> Batho ba ntlha ba merafe ya 'Bantu' [[Katoloso ya Bantu|ba ne ba fudugela kwa kgaolong e]] dingwaga di le dikete di le pedi le di le sekete le makgolo a le matlhano tse di fetileng, mme go kile ga dumelwa gore ke bone ba ba neng ba tlisa leruo la ntlha mo lefelong le. <ref name=":11">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 24</ref>[[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|Batho ba morafe wa Kalanga]] ke bone ba ntlha mo [[:en:Bantu_people|merafeng ya Bantu]] go nna mo Botswana wa gompieno, ba gorogile bogologolo tala.<ref name=":12">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. xv</ref> Bagologolwane ba [[Batho ba letso la Setswana|morafe wa ntlha wa Motswana]] ( bongwe '<nowiki/>''Motswana'<nowiki/>'', bontsi '<nowiki/>''Batswana''' ) go belaesega ba gorogile dingwaga tsa makgolo a le mane a bogologolo a a fetileng<ref name=":12" /> Batho ba ba merafe ya Bantu ba ne ba tlisa didiriswa tsa tshipi le tsa kopore mo kgaolong mme ba nna go bapa le ditsela tsa metsi tsa sennela ruri. <ref name=":13">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 23</ref>Ba ne ba aga mafelo a bonno a sennela-ruri a ka nnang lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano a [[Pole-and-daga|lepolanka le boloko]] mongwe le mongwe, go na le dikago tsa nakwana tsa merafe ya Basarwa e e neng e tsamayatsamaya thata.<ref name=":14">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 58</ref> Basarwa le merafe ya Bantu go ka direga gore ba ne ba gweba ebile ba nyalana magareng ga bone le go nyalana mo pakeng yeo.<ref name=":15">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 48</ref> === Lekgolo la bosupa la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la lesome le bone === Setlhopha sa [[Zhizo people|morafe wa maZhizo]] le [[Taukome people|morafe wa Taukome]], se ne sa goroga mo Botswana ka ngwagakgolo wa bosupa mme sa nna fa gare ga [[noka ya Shashe]] le [[:en:Serorome_River|noka ya Serorome]].<ref><ref name=":17" /></ref> Go nna le [[Glass bead|dibaga tsa galase]] ga bone go supa kgolagano ya pele le [[:en:Indian_Ocean_trade|kgwebo e e neng e diragala fa lewatleng la India]]. <ref><ref name=":18" /></ref>Palo ya leruo mo Botswana e ne ya oketsega thata magareng ga ngwagakgolo wa boferabobedi le ngwagakgolo wa lesome.<ref name=":16" /> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ne ba ithulaganya go nna mofuta wa puso, o o bidiwang ''[[morafe]]'' (fa e le mentsi ke ''merafe'' ), nngwe le nngwe e eteletswe pele ke moeteledipele o o bidiwang ''[[kgosi]]'' (fa ba le bantsi ke ''dikgosi'' ).<ref name=":17">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 54–55</ref> Tsamaiso e, e ne ya ntsha puso e e nang le maemo a a kwa godimo fa e bapisiwa le e mengwe mo kgaolong e.<ref name=":18">Klehm 2021, p. 10</ref> Dikgomo di ne tsa nna karolo e e botlhokwa ya setšhaba mo kgaolong e o, mme go nna morui wa dikgomo go ne go supa maemo a motho mo setšhabeng.<ref name=":19"><ref name=":20" /></ref><ref><ref name=":21" /></ref> Ditso tsa morafe wa Tswana di sa ntse di sa itsiwe ka bontsi ka gore go tlogetswe bosupi bo se bontsi jwa marupi a bogologolo.<ref name=":12" /> Ditsela tsa kgwebo di ne di golaganya merafe go ralala [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] dingwaga di ka tshwara makgolo a le boferabongwe morago ga matsalo a morena<ref name=":3" /> mme go ne ga tlhamiwa motseletsele wa ditsela go ralala kgaolo yotlhe mo lekgolong la dingwaga le le latelang, mme tsa fitlha kwa setlhoeng sa lewatleng la Intia.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20">Klehm 2021, p. 11</ref>. [[Eiland people|Batho bangwe ba leina la Eiland]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa mo lefatsheng le gompieno le itsegeng ka Aferika Borwa go tsena mo go le le itsegeng ka leina la Botswana gompieno ka nako ya legare la ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome.<ref name=":21">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 46</ref> [[Toutswe people|Batho ba Toutswe]], morafe o mongwe wa morafe wa Zhizo, ba ne ba fudugela mo Botswana ka nako ya ngwagakgolo wa bo lesome le bongwe mme ba nna setlhopha se se nonofileng go gaisa mo kgaolong, khumo ya bone e ne e tswa mo go rueng dikgomo ga bone.<ref><ref name=":22" /></ref><ref><ref name=":23" /></ref>Go ne ga agiwa metse e le meraro ya BaToutswe kwa [[Bosutswe]], [[Sung (Botswana)|kwa Sung]], le [[Thaba ya Toutswemogala|kwa Toutswemogala]], motse mongwe le mongwe wa metse e meraro e o ne o busa metse e e potlana e e neng e ba dikologile. <ref><ref name=":24" /></ref>Ka lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi la dingwaga, Ba-Toutswe ba ne ba setse ba anametse kwa sekakeng sa Kalahari.<ref><ref name=":25" /></ref> Boleng ba ditlhagisiwa bo ne bo fetogafetoga fa go atolosiwa thekiso le merafe ya mafatshe a mangwe ga mmogo le fa go tlhagoga ga gauta go diragala, mo go feletseng go fokotsa kgatlhego mo speculaite le ditlhagisiwa tsa diphologolo jaaka manaka a tlou.<ref><ref name=":26" /></ref> Morafe mongwe kwa Tsodilo o ne o na le tlhotlheletso e e kgethegileng mo kgwebong ya sebilo go fitlha e wa kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi.<ref name=":34"><ref name=":27" /></ref> Merafe e e kwa borwa-botlhaba jwa lefatshe la Botswana e ne e le kgakala le ditlhabololo tse mme bontsi jwa tsone di ne di sa amega.<ref name=":47"><ref name=":28" /></ref> Baagisani ba lefatshe la Botswana ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bongwe le tsa bolesome le bobedi e ne e le batho ba [[:en:Leopard's_Kopje|Leopard’s Kopje]] kwa botlhaba.<ref name=":29"><ref name=":31" /></ref><ref name=":30"><ref name=":32" /></ref>Batho ba ba ne tlhomilwe la ntlha kwa [[Bambandyanalo]], mme ba ne ba nna batho ba kwa godimo mo kgwebong ya kgaolo mme ba fudugela kwa Mapungubwe kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome kwa ba neng ba feta ba bopa [[:en:Kingdom_of_Mapungubwe|Bogosi jwa Mapungubwe]]. <ref><ref name=":33" /></ref> Ba ne ba tlhotlheletsa go gasama ga mekgwa e e farologaneng go ralala kgaolo go mo dingwageng tsa lekgolo la bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":29" /><ref name=":30" />Batho ba Okavango Delta mme moragonyana batho ba dithaba tsa Tsodilo ba ne ba patelesega go tlogela mafelo a bone a bonno mo nakong e o, se se ka tswang se bakilwe ke gore ba ne ba kgaotswe mo ditseleng tse dikgolo tsa kgwebo. Ke morafe wa Basarwa fela o o neng wa sala mo kgaolong e o.<ref name=":22">Klehm 2021, p. 13</ref> Mapungubwe e ne ya wa ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro,<ref name=":23">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 56</ref> <ref name=":24">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 57</ref>mme metse ya Toutswe, e e neng e kgaotswe mo kgwebong, e ne ya wa le yone ka nako e le nngwe. <ref name=":30" /> [[Mambo people|Batho ba Mambo]] ba ne ba nna go dikologa lefelo le gompieno le itsegeng ka [[Francistown]] mme ba nna le tlhotlheletso ka nako yone e. <ref name=":25">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 60</ref>Batho ba segompieno ba merafe ya Tswana, [[Kgalagadi people|Khalagari]], le [[Sotho people|Sotho]] ba simolotse go bopega kwa Teransefala ka dingwagakgolo tsa bolesome le bobedi. <ref name=":26">Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 27–28</ref> Bakgalagadi ba ne ba fudugela kwa bophirima kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang borwa-botlhaba jwa Botswana. <ref name=":27">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 27</ref> [[Fokeng people|Batho ba Fokeng]] le bona ba ne ba tlhagelela kwa bophirima ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bobedi, <ref name=":28">Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 28</ref> mme [[Moloko people|batho ba Moloko]] ba ne ba tlhagelela ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boraro. <ref name=":26" /> Morafe ntlha tota wa Batswana, e bong [[Phofu dynasty|losika lwa bogosi lwa ga Phofu]], o tlhamilwe kwa Teransefala ka ngwagakgolo wa bo bolesome le boraro ke [[Mogale]] . Mo makgolong a dingwaga a a latelang, o ne wa kgaogana go nna merafe e le mmalwa ya Batswana, go akaretsa merafe ya [[Hurutshe people|Bahurutshe]], [[Morafe wa Bakwena|Bakwena]], [[Bangwaketse]], [[Bangwato]], [[Tlharo people|Tlharo]], le Bakgatla .<ref name=":27" /> [[:en:Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe|Bogosi jwa Zimbabwe]] bo ne jwa tlhagelela mme jwa emisetsa morafe wa Mapungubwe maatla a kgaolo mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boraro fa [[Gumanye people|batho ba Gumanye]] ba ne ba nna le tlhotlheletso mo toropong ya [[Great Zimbabwe]], e e neng ya kgona go laola kgwebisano gaufi thata ka lefatshe la yone le nang le boleng le ditsompelo ga mmogo le go nna gaufi le lotshitshi la lewatle.<ref name=":31">Klehm 2012, pp. 12–13</ref> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le laola merafe e mentsi e e neng e le mo lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang bokonebotlhaba jwa Botswana, <ref name=":32">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 61</ref>mme kgwebo ya gauta e ne ya nna selo se se neng se tlhotlheletsa itsholelo ya kgaolo e o.<ref name=":23" /> Lefatshe la Zimbabwe le ne le latlhegelwa ke tlhotlheletso kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la dingwaga bolesome le bone, mme e ne ya wa mo bogareng jwa dingwaga di lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":33">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 67–68</ref> Mafelo a mangwe a le mmalwa a ne a tlhabologa morago ga go wa ga lone. [[:en:Kingdom_of_Butua|Bogosi jwa Butua]], jo bo tlhamilweng ke [[Bakalaka/Bakalanga|merafe ya Bakalanga]], bo tsere boemo jwa lefatshe la Zimbabwe mo [[Botswana–Zimbabwe border|molelwaneng wa gompieno wa Botswana–Zimbabwe]].<ref name=":23" /><ref name=":32" /><ref><ref name=":35" /></ref> Batho ba morafe Tswana le [[Pedi people|Bapedi]] ba ne ba latela batho ba Khalagari kwa bophirima mo e ka nnang kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bone, <ref><ref name=":36" /></ref>mme [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] ba ne ba kgaogana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Morolong]]. <ref name=":27" />Kgosi [[Masilo (chief)|Masilo]] go bolelwa fa a ne a busa merafe yotlhe ya Tswana kwa bophirima ka nako e, go fitlhelela batho ba Tlharo ba kgaogana le puso ya gagwe. Morago ga foo go bolelwa fa lefelo leo le ne le busiwa ke [[Malope (chief)|Malope]] kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le botlhano.<ref name=":28" /> === Lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga go fitlha ka lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga === [[Setshwantsho:Campbell_-_Thlapingkaptein_en_sy_vrou.png|thumb| Setshwantsho sa monna wa Motswana le mosadi wa gagwe mo tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a ferabobedi]] Batho ba Tswana ba ne ba fuduga mo lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka ba ne ba fudusiwa ke baagedi ba lefatshe le dipalopalo tsa bagapi ba mafatshe ba ba neng ba tswa kwa borwa,<ref name=":39"><ref name=":37" /></ref> mme ba ne ba le teng go ralala Botswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le marataro. <ref name=":40"><ref name=":38" /></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa BaTswana, wa losika lwa ga Phofu, o ne wa wela kwa tlase kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le botlhano la dingwaga.<ref name=":35">Tlou & Campbell 1997, pp. 98–100</ref> Diphudugo tse dikgolo tsa batho ba Kalanga le Sotho–Tswana di diragetse mo lekgolong la bolesome le botlhano le mo go la bolesome le borataro la dingwaga.<ref name=":23" /> Merafe ya Kalanga e ne e laola lefatshe le le fa gare ga [[Molapo wa Motloutse|noka ya Motloutse]] le [[Makgadikgadi pans|matswai a Makgadikgadi]] go fitlha ka ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":34" /> Morafe wa Bahurutshe, Bakgatla, le Bakwena o ne wa kgaogana go tswa mo losikeng lwa bogosi lwa jwa ga Phofu kwa kgaolong ya Teransefale mo gare ga leuba le dikgotlhang tsa boswa, mme kwa bofelong ba fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana.<ref name=":36">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 95</ref> <ref name=":37">Leith 2005, p. 19</ref>Batho ba ga Ngwaketse le ba ga Ngwato ba ne ba kgaogana le Bakwena ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a matlhano le masome a mararo. <ref name=":38">Hjort 2009, p. 703</ref> Batho bangwe ba kgaolo e o ba ne ba nna mo motlheng wa bofelo wa tiriso ya matlapa go fitlhelela mo dingwagengkgolo tsa bolesome le borataro.<ref><ref name=":41" /></ref> Batho ba lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ba ne ba tlhomile ditsela tse dileele tsa mosepele kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le bosupa la dingwaga, ba ne ba tsamaya makgolokgolo a dikilometara go ya go dira kgwebo, go tsoma le go dira dilo tsa tirisano-mmogo.<ref name=":41">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 22</ref> Merafe e ne e kgona go kgaogana go le motlhofo le go bopa e ikemetse ka nosi go tswa mo go e mengwe ka gore letlotlo la konokono la kgaolo, e bong dikgomo, di ne di le motlhofo go rwalwa mo lefelong le lengwe go ya kwa go le lengwe. <ref name=":39" /><ref name=":40" /> Merafe ya bophirima e ne e rata go kgaogana thata ka ntlha ya sekgele se segolo fa gare ga ditoropo le masimo. <ref name=":42"><ref name=":43" /></ref>Dikgaogano magareng ga ditlhopha tsa Batswana di diragetse go ralala ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le bosupa, go supa sentle merafe ya segompieno.<ref name=":44"><ref name=":45" /></ref> Merafe ya Batswana kwa bophirima gantsi e ne e nna e fudisiwa ke merafe ya [[:en:Griqua_people|Ba-Griqua]] <ref name=":42" />Fa merafe ya Tswana e ne e fudugela kwa bokone go ya kwa lefelong le gompieno e leng borwabotlhaba jwa Botswana mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa, ba ne ba nna mo mafelong a go neng go nna merafe ya Bakgalagadi, ba bo ba feta ba ba tsenya mo morafeng wa bone ka dikgoka kgotsa ba ba fudusa. Bakwena le merafe e e tswang mo go bone ba ne ba fudugela kwa lefatsheng le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana ka fa tlase ga puso ya ga [[Kgabo II]] mme ba aga gaufi le [[Molepolole]] . <ref name=":44" />Go ya ka ngwao, merafe ya barui ya [[Herero people|ba Herero]] le [[:en:Mbanderu_people|Mbanderu]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Mbunda people|batho ba Mbunda]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le bosupa fa ditlhaselo tsa dikgomo tsa Batswana di ne di gasaganya ditlhopha, <ref name=":43">Morton 2012, p. 392</ref>mme [[Bayeyi|BaYeyi]] ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa godimo ga [[Noka ya Cuando|Noka ya Chobe]] go tsena mo makgobokgobong a [[Makgobokgobo a Okavango|Okavango]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref name=":45">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 106</ref> Mo mafelong a mangwe, [[Kaa people|batho ba Kaa]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Barolong|batho ba Rolong]] mme [[Khurutshe people|batho ba Khurutshe]] ba ne ba kgaogana le [[Bahurutshe people|batho ba Bahurutshe]], mme ditlhopha tseo ka bobedi di ne tsa fudugela kwa bokone.<ref name=":48"><ref name=":49" /></ref> [[Bashaga people|Batho ba Bashaga]] ba ne ba kopakopana le batho ba Khalagari kwa bofelong jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi.<ref><ref name=":50" /></ref> Puso ya ntlha ya Tswana e ne ya tlhamiwa ke morafe wa Bangwaketse mo bogareng jwa ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabobedi. Mafelo a a neng a latela a Tswana a ne a bopiwa ke batho Bakwena, Bangwato, le [[Tawana people|Batawana]] mo dingwageng tsa bolesome tse di neng di latela.<ref><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 113</ref></ref> Go ne ga tla tlhabololo ya ''[[mophato]]'' (bontsi ke ''mephato'' ), mophato wa sesole o o rulagantsweng ka setlhopha sa dingwaga, mo merafeng ya botlhaba jwa Tswana ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le supa le masome a matlhano. <ref name=":46"><ref>Morton 2012, p. 386</ref></ref>Merafe e mebedi ya Bakgatla, e bong [[Kgafela people|batho ba ga Kgafela]] le [[:en:Tlokwa_people|batho ba Tlokwa]], ba ne ba kopana ka nako e mme ba tsaya taolo mo kgaolong e e dikologileng [[Pilanesberg]] mo lefatsheng le le bidiwang Aferika Borwa gompieno. Ba ne ba fenya batho ba le mmalwa mo kgaolong e o mme ba fenya dikgotlhang gabedi kgatlhanong le batho ba Fokeng.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 390–391</ref></ref> Tiriso ya ''mephato'' e ne ya anama le kwa merafeng ya bophirima ya Tswana kwa bokhutlong jwa ngwagakgolo.<ref name=":46" /> Ga e ise e ko e amogelwe thata kwa borwa.<ref name=":42" /> ''Difaqane'', e ne e le nako ya dintwa le go fuduga ga batho mo borwa jwa Aferika, e ne ya diragala kwa bokhutlong jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabobedi la dingwaga le kwa tshimologong ya lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 17</ref></ref>Ka nako e, batho ba Tswana ba ne ba tlhaselwa ke ditlhopha di le dintsi, go akaretsa le [[:en:Northern_Ndebele_people|Bandebele]], [[Kololo people|Bakololo]], [[:en:Ngoni_people|Bangoni]], <ref name=":47" />Bapedi, le [[Voortrekker|Bavoortrekker]]. <ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 391</ref></ref> Bontsi jwa ditlhopha tsa Batswana bo ne jwa tlhopha go boela morago go na le go lwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 394</ref></ref> Se se ne sa tsosa khudugo e e tseneletseng go ralala kgaolo, sa dira gore merafe ya Batswana e aname ka botlalo le go tlhoma bolengteng jo bo nonofileng go ralala kgaolo e e bidiwang Botswana gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 25</ref></ref>Ba ne ba nna thata mo ''[[:en:Hardveld|nageng]]'' e e dirang kgaolo ya botlhaba jwa Botswana wa gompieno. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 29</ref></ref>BaKwena le BaNgwaketse ba ne ba fuduga go tswa kwa [[South African Republic|Teransefala]] go ya kwa ''nageng ya motlhaba''. <ref><ref>Klehm 2021, p. 18</ref></ref>Morafe wa ntlha wa Bakgatla go nna mo Botswana, [[Mmanaana people|morafe wa ga Mmanaana]], o ne wa fuduga go tswa kwa Aferikaborwa mo tshimologong ya ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe pele ga o nna kwa [[Moshupa]] le [[Thamaga]].<ref><ref>Matemba 2003, pp. 53, 56</ref></ref> Ke bangwe fela ba merafe ya Tswana ya bokonebophirima ba ba neng ba falola go fudusiwa kgotsa go kgorelediwa.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, p. 393</ref></ref> Morafe wa Bakololo o ne wa tlhasela merafe ya Batswana ya bokonebophirima ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a mabedi le borataro, ba pateletsa Bakwena le BaNgwaketse go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bone ka go farologana. [[Sebogo]], mmusi wa morafe wa Bangwaketse, o ne a tsosolosa banna ba le dikete di le nne mo ''mephatong'' ya bone mme ba dikaganyetsa [[Dithubaruba]] kwa Bakololo ba neng ba nna teng. Ka go bolaya batlhabani le baagedi, ba ne ba ntsha Ba-Kololo go ya go ile mo kgaolong e o.<ref><ref>Morton 2012, pp. 393–394</ref></ref> Merafe e ne ya tlhoma gape dipuso tsa yone ka dingwaga tsa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le mane, ya tlhoma ditoropo le metsana e le mmalwa ya bogolo jo bo farologaneng.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 31</ref></ref><ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 693</ref></ref><ref name=":51"><ref>Robinson & Parsons 2006, p. 114</ref></ref>. Puso e ne e ikaegile ka ''[[kgotla]]'', e ne e le lenaneo la dipuisano le mo go lone kgosi kgotsa moeteledipele wa kgaolo a neng a reetsa matshwenyego a bontsi jwa baagedi ba borre pele ga a tsaya ditshwetso.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 695</ref></ref> <ref><ref>Holm & Molutsi 1992, p. 77</ref></ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a le boferabobedi, morafe wa Tswana le wa Khalagari o ne o setse o laola Botswana yotlhe wa gompieno.<ref name=":48" /> === Barongwa ba Yuropa === Barongwa ba kwa Yuropa ba gorogile la ntlha mo lefatsheng le gompieno e leng Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1816 ka [[:en:London_Missionary_Society|Mokgatlho wa Barongwa wa London]] . Setlhopha se le tse dingwe tsa barongwa di ne tsa bereka thata go sokololela dikgosi mo Bokereseteng le go aga dikolo tsa barongwa.<ref name=":52"><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 38</ref></ref> Morongwa [[Robert Moffat (missionary)|Robert Moffat]] o ne a baya seteišene sa gagwe sa borongwa mo molelwaneng wa lefatshe le gompieno le bidiwang Botswana jaaka sekgoreletsi kgatlhanong le [[:en:Boers|Maburu]] gore ba se ka ba kgona go tswelela go tsenenela mo teng ga lefatshe.<ref name=":47" /> Moffat o gatisitse mokwalo wa ntlha wa puo ya Setswana o o nang le mokwalo o o tshwanang fa a simolola go ranola dikwalo tsa Sekgoa mme ebile o ne a kwala thanodi ya Setswana. Tesetamente [[Old Testament|e Kgologolo]] le e Ntšha ka bobedi ba tsone di ne di kgona go balwa ka Setswana ka ngwaga wa sekete le makgolo a le boferabobedi le masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, pp. 57, 65</ref></ref> Batho ba morafe wa Tswana ba ngwagakgolo wa bolesome le boferabongwe ba ne ba dirisa dikakanyo di le mmalwa tse di amanang le itsholelo tse di neng di le sewelo mo borwa jwa Aferika, go akaretsa sekoloto, dikonteraka tsa tirelo, le thulaganyo ya ''[[mafisa]]'' e mo go yone bahumi ba ne ba adima ba ba dikobo dikhutshwane dikgomo go ananya tiro. <ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 701</ref></ref> Gape ba ne ba na le kgopolo ya [[:en:Private_property|dithoto]] mo bogareng jwa lekgolo la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga, mme banna ba ba nyetseng le basadi ba ba nyetsweng ba ne ba na le ditshwanelo tsa go nna le lefatshe.<ref><ref>Hjort 2009, p. 698</ref></ref> Banna ka tlwaelo ba ne ba disa dikgomo fa basadi ba ne ba lema dijwalo. <ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, pp. 31–32</ref></ref>Mabele e ne e le sejalo se se neng se jalwa thata mo kgaolong e mo lekgolong la bolesome le boferabongwe la dingwaga. Naga e ne e le teng thata, fela leuba le ne le raya gore temothuo e ne e sa tlhomama.<ref><ref>Hillbom & Bolt 2018, p. 34</ref></ref> Bagwebi ba batho-basweu ba ne ba goroga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1830 mme ba dira ditirisano le dikgosi.<ref name=":52" />Go tsena ga baagedi ba Yuropa go ne ga letlelela merafe ya BaTswana go ikamanya le itsholelo ya lefatshe. <ref name=":49">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 107</ref>Kgosi [[Sechele I]] wa BaKwena o ne a dirisa ditsela tse dišwa tsa kgwebo, a netefatsa taolo ya kgwebo ya Borithane mo morafeng wa gagwe.<ref name=":51" /> Morongwa wa Mo-Scotland rre [[:en:David_Livingstone|David Livingstone]] o gorogile mo Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1845, kwa a neng a tlhoma [[Kolobeng Mission|tirelo ya borongwa ya Kolobeng]] . Se e ne e le tshimologo ya go nna le seabe se se kwa godimo ga Yuropa mo merafeng ya Batswana jaaka ba ne ba tlhoma ditsela tsa kgwebisano magareng ga dikontinente. <ref name=":32" />Kapari ya Bophirima e ne ya amogelwa kwa ditoropong go ralala lekgolo lotlhe la dingwaga mme ya kopanngwa le diaparo tsa setso.<ref name=":50">Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 110</ref> Mo maitekong a mangwe a go kgoreletsa Maburu, Livingstone o ne a neela Bakwena ditlhobolo. Sechele e ne e le motho wa ntlha yo Livingstone a neng a mo sokololela mo Bokereseteng, mme morago ga moo kgosi e ne ya ithaopela go sokolola dikgosana tsa gagwe ka dithupa tsa matlalo a tshukudu.<ref><ref>Denbow & Thebe 2006, p. 29</ref></ref> Bogosi jwa Butua jwa BaKalanga bo ne jwa wa ka ngwaga wa 1840.<ref><ref>Tlou & Campbell 1997, p. 100</ref></ref> 04a0i51drh2ps82d8jbghdz90apx96q Puisano ya modirisi:Amire80 3 14563 53681 53202 2026-07-30T20:31:16Z Amire80 1712 /* Request for Support on Setswana Wikipedia Landing Page */ Reply 53681 wikitext text/x-wiki == Request for Support on Setswana Wikipedia Landing Page == Hello Amire, I hope you are doing well. I am currently working to strengthen the [[Tsebe ya konokono|Setswana Wikipedia]]. I am reaching out to request your guidance and technical support in improving the landing page (''Tsebe ya konokono''). Specifically, I would like help with: * Building some important templates that can make the page more engaging and user-friendly. * Setting up protections for the landing page to prevent accidental or disruptive edits. Our goal is to create a welcoming and stable entry point for new contributors, while ensuring the page reflects the importance of Setswana knowledge. Your experience would be invaluable in helping us achieve this. [[Modirisi:Mothusi Sekhomba|Mothusi Sekhomba]] ([[Puisano ya modirisi:Mothusi Sekhomba|talk]]) 11:59, 22 Phukwi 2026 (CAT) :Hi! :There's this new tool: [[:mw:Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit]] :Can you maybe try that? Some people who are in a similar situation to you tried and liked it. Maybe it will work for you, too. If not, please tell me. [[Modirisi:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni ]] ([[Puisano ya modirisi:Amire80|talk]]) 12:06, 22 Phukwi 2026 (CAT) ::@[[Modirisi:Amire80|Amire80]]Thanks for the suggestion. It seems more like a content page. How do i start? [[Modirisi:Mothusi Sekhomba|Mothusi Sekhomba]] ([[Puisano ya modirisi:Mothusi Sekhomba|talk]]) 14:56, 25 Phukwi 2026 (CAT) :::Thanks. Please check again. There is now a link to the tool near the top. [[Modirisi:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni ]] ([[Puisano ya modirisi:Amire80|talk]]) 22:31, 30 Phukwi 2026 (CAT) qve5dwgqpuznazspixnt5dgat7b9c7v Dipitse mo Botswana 0 14699 53724 53399 2026-07-31T08:38:29Z JudithShe 9421 Ke okeditse thanolo le go golaganya tsebe e le tse dngwe #Wikipedia25BW 53724 wikitext text/x-wiki Pitse e ne ya tlisiwa kwa [[Botswana]] go tswa kwa [[Aforika Borwa|Aferika Borwa]] ke babatlisisi le bakoloniale ba Yuropa mo lekgolong la bo lesome le borobabongwe la dingwaga. Palo ya dipitse e ne ya oketsega thata mo sephatlong sa bobedi sa lekgolo la bo masome a mabedi la dingwaga, fa naga e sena go bona boipuso, ka ntlha ya go bo di ne di dirisediwa go tsoma le go bo di ne di sa tlhole di dirisiwa go rwala dithoto. Ka palo ya batho ba ba fetang dikete tse masome a mararo ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone, dipitse di dirisetswa go tsoma, dikgaisano tsa mabelo le maeto a [[bojanala]]. Dipitse di bonwa thata kwa [[Maun]] le kwa dikgaolong tsa Bophirima, koo motlhaba wa [[Sekaka sa Kalahari]] o dirang gore go nne thata go tsamaya ka dikoloi. Kwa [[Botswana]] go na le mefuta e le lesome le bobedi ya dipitse, go akaretsa le dipitse tsa Arabia le tsa mofuta wa Thoroughbred. Gape go na le malwetse a le mmalwa a a bolayang dipitse, go akaretsa bolwetse jwa dipitse jwa [[Aferika|Aforika]], nagana le rabies. == Ditso tsa Dipitse == [[Pitse ya selegae]] ga se karolo ya [[ditso tsa lefatshe la Botswana]] ebile ga se ya selegae mo lefatseng leno,<ref name=":0">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Botswana#CITEREFSenyatso1996]{{Harvtxt|Senyatso|1996|p=53}}</ref> e e itsegeng thata ka dipitse tsa naga , mofuta o o itsegeng thata<ref>Levin, Howard (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=f9ZKxGG2KPMC&dq=horse+botswana&pg=PT48 ''A History of Horses Told by Horses: Horse Sense for Humans''.] Morgan James Publishing. p.&#x20;48. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-61448-416-5|ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-61448-416-5</bdi>.]]</ref> o o neng wa nna teng pele ga [[phiri e e nang le marontho]].<ref>Diedrich, Cajus (2010)[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1040618210000443 . "Specialized horse killers in Europe: Foetal horse remains in the Late Pleistocene Srbsko Chlum-Komín Cave hyena den in the Bohemian Karst (Czech Republic) and actualistic comparisons to modern African spotted hyenas as zebra hunters".] ''Quaternary International, Climate Dynamics and Prehistoric Occupation: Eurasian Perspectives on Environmental Archaeology''. '''220''' (1): 174-18. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010QuInt.220..174D Bibcode:2010QuInt.220..174D.] [[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.01.023|doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2010.01.023.]] Retrieved 27 February 2023.</ref> Dipitse tsa ntlha tse di tlisitsweng mo borwa jwa Aferika di ne tsa tswa kwa [[Cape Town]] mo ngwagakgolong wa bo lesome le bosupa.<ref>Porter, Valerie; Alderson, Lawrence; Hall, Stephen; Sponenberg, Dan (2016). ''Mason's World Encyclopedia of Livestock Breeds and Breeding'' (6th&#x20;ed.). CAB International. p.&#x20;1107. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-84593-466-8|ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-84593-466-8</bdi>.]]</ref> Bontsi jwa dipitse tsa Botswana di ne di rekwa go tswa mo [[Aforika Borwa]].<ref name=":0" /> Go na le direkoto tsa dipatlisiso tsa kgaolo e e neng ya nna [[Bechuanaland]] mme morago ya nna Botswana ke monna wa lekgowa [[William Cornwallis Harris]] ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mararo le borataro, a latelwa ke bapalami ba bangwe ba basweu ba Yuropa ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mane.<ref name=":10">Itard, Jacques (1986). [https://books.google.com/books?id=wQJNAAAAYAAJ&q=cheval+Botswana ''Les glossines ou mouches tsé-tsé, Institut d'élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux''.] Institut d'élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-2-85985-114-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-85985-114-9|ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-2-85985-114-9</bdi>.]]</ref> === Ka fa tlase ga Bechuanaland Protectorate (1885-1966) === Fa kgaolo e e itsegeng jaaka "Bechuanaland" e ne e bolelwa e le lefelo le le sireleditsweng ke Boritane ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ele masome a mabedi le bongwe,ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le bone, go ne ga tsaya dibeke di le thataro fela gore mapodisi, a bontsi jwa one a neng a tswa kwa Boritane, a simolole go rulaganya go laola kgaolo e ntšha.<ref name=":1">Hamley, Richard (2000). . Covos Day''[https://books.google.com/books?id=dz8FAQAAIAAJ&q=horse+police+Bechuanaland The Regiment: A History and the Uniforms of the British South Africa Police]''. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-620-25394-9|ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-620-25394-9</bdi>.]]</ref>Tsona di ne di akaretsa sepodisi se se palameng, se se neng se dirisiwa go laola molelwane magareng ga Bechuanaland le Afrika Borwa. <ref>Bussy, William (2020). [https://books.google.com/books?id=9UQoEAAAQBAJ&dq=horse+Bechuanaland&pg=PT51 ''The British South African Police: Origins and Early History 1885–1901''.] Lulu Press, Inc. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-913294-33-5|ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-913294-33-5</bdi>.]]</ref> <ref name=":1" />Bechuanaland Mounted Police, e e tlhamilweng ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le botlhano (1885)<ref>Noyoo, Ndangwa (2021). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=kPQyEAAAQBAJ&dq=horse+police+Bechuanaland&pg=PA45 Social Welfare and Social Work in Southern Africa, African Sun Media]''. African Sun Media. p.&#x20;45. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-928480-76-1|ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-928480-76-1</bdi>.]]</ref> ke Major Stanley Lowe go boloka thulaganyo le go thibela bogodu jwa dikgomo,<ref>Great Britain Colonial Office (1882). ''T[https://books.google.com/books?id=ef0wAQAAMAAJ&dq=horse+police+Bechuanaland&pg=RA8-PA58 ransvaal: Further Correspondence Respecting the Affairs of the Transvaal & Adjacent Territories...Presented to Both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty]''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ef0wAQAAMAAJ&dq=horse+police+Bechuanaland&pg=RA8-PA58 .] G.E.B. Eyre & W. Spottiswoode. p.&#x20;58.</ref>e ne ya tlhatlhamiwa ke Bechuanaland Border Police ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe (1889) go ya ko ngwageng wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe (1890).<ref>Central Africa Historical Association (1975). [https://books.google.com/books?id=c3UvAQAAIAAJ&q=horse+police+Bechuanaland ''Rhodesian History: The Journal of the Central Africa Historical Association''.] The Journal of the Central Africa Historical Association. pp.&#x20;104–106.</ref> Bosupi jwa gore batho ba lefelo leno ba ne ba kopana le dipitse bo bonwa moragonyana. Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe lesome le borataro (1916), [[Khama III|Khama]], Kgosi (kgosana ya morafe wa [[Bangwato|Bamangwato]] kwa Bechuanaland, o ne a itewa mo lengoleng ke pitse; o ne a laletsa morwawe Sekgoma II, yo o neng a le kwa botshwarong dingwaga di le lesome, go busa kwa [[Serowe]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Botswana#CITEREFMcIntyre2010]{{Harvtxt|McIntyre|2010|p=7}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le bone (1954), mokwadi John Brown o ne a tlhalosa go nna teng ga dipone mo kgaolong ya Gordonia ya Sekaka sa Kalahari, fa a ne a kile a akanya gore sekaka e ne e se tikologo e e siametseng dipitse.<ref>Brown, John (1954). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=PzA1AQAAIAAJ The Thirsty Land, Hodder and Stoughton]''. p.&#x20;132.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bongwe (1961) palo ya dipitse tsa Botswana e ne e lekanyeditswe go nna dikete tse supa le makgolo a le marataro le masome a marataro le boraro (7 663).<ref name=":11">Mortensen, Chris (2018). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=9CESEAAAQBAJ&dq=horse+botswana&pg=SA8-PA73 The Handbook of Horses and Donkeys: Introduction to Ownership and Care]''. 5m Books Ltd. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-912178-99-5|ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-912178-99-5</bdi>.]]</ref>Pitse ya selegae e tlhalosiwa jaaka "mohumagadi wa dikgomo tsa Botswana", ka gore tlhotlhwa ya yona ke dikgomo di le tharo go ya go di le borataro , kgotsa diesele di le lesome le botlhano go ya go di le masome a mararo .<ref name=":12">Lee, Richard (1979). [https://books.google.com/books?id=9085AAAAIAAJ&dq=horse+botswana&pg=PA405 ''The !Kung San: Men, Women and Work in a Foraging Society''.] CUP Archive. p.&#x20;504. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22578-6|ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-521-22578-6</bdi>.]]</ref>Banna ba kgaolo ya Nyae Nyae ba ne ba tlwaetse go tsoma ditshukudu ba palame dipitse, fela puso ya South West Africa e ne ya goeletsa gore se se seng molaong ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le boraro (1953). Go tloga ka nako eo, dipitse di ne tsa dirisiwa thata jaaka sepalangwa, mme go tsoma go ne ga tswelela ka kelotlhoko.<ref name=":2">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Botswana#CITEREFHitchcock2015]{{Harvtxt|Hitchcock|2015|p=226}}</ref>Ditlhaselo tsa go tsoma di dirwa bosigo, fa batsomi ba sa kgoneng go bonwa. <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Botswana#CITEREFHitchcock2015]{{Harvtxt|Hitchcock|2015|p=225}}</ref>The Dobe! Kung e ne e ikaegile thata ka go tsoma kwa tshimologong ya dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le borataro (1960), fa palo ya bone e ne e gola mme ba ikaegile ka go dirisa dipitse, ditlhobolo le dikoloi tse di tsamayang ka dikoloi. <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Botswana#CITEREFHitchcock1996]{{Harvtxt|Hitchcock|1996|pp=180–181}})</ref> === Fa e sale Botswana e tsaa boipuso (1966 go fitlha jaanong) === [[Setshwantsho:Botswana Police service in the 1970s.jpg|thumb|Mapodisi a Botswana a a tsamayang ka dipitse ka bo1970]] Tlhabololo ya ditsela le dipalangwa e dirile gore go se ka ga tlhola go dirisiwa dipitse mo mafelong mangwe a a nang le batho ba le bantsi.<ref name=":0" /> Le fa go ntse jalo, palo ya dipitse e ne ya gola go tswa go dikete di le lesomele motso ka ngwaga wa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa (1970) go ya go dikete di le masome a mararo le bone ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobongwe (1990). <ref name=":0" />Lengwe la mabaka a magolo a a dirileng gore go nne le phetogo eno e ne e le go tuma ga go tsoma ka dipitse.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Botswana#CITEREFHitchcock1996]{{Harvtxt|Hitchcock|1996|p=190}}</ref> Go palama pitse e ne ya nna mokgwa o o atlegileng thata wa go tsoma ka dingwaga tsa lesome makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa.<ref name=":3">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Botswana#CITEREFHitchcock1996]{{Harvtxt|Hitchcock|1996|p=186}}</ref>Ka ngwaga tsa bo ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa (1970) le bo ngwaga wa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robaboedi (1980), [[Basarwa]] ba [[Central Kalahari Game Reserve]] ba ne ba simolola go tsoma ka go palame dipitse, mme ka nako e le nngwe ba ne ba tlogela go dirisa metsu e e nang le botlhole go na le go dirisa marumo, ka ntlha ya lebelo le le neng le dirwa ke go palama dipitse, <ref>Mitchell, Peter (2015). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=w07CBwAAQBAJ&dq=horse+botswana&pg=PA316 Horse Nations: The Worldwide Impact of the Horse on Indigenous Societies Post-1492]''. OUP Oxford. p.&#x20;316. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100881-8|ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-0-19-100881-8</bdi>.]]</ref><ref name=":4">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Botswana#CITEREFHitchcock1996</ref>jaaka go bontshitswe ke dipatlisiso tse di dirilweng kwa kgaolong ya Xai/Xai ([[Ngamiland]]) magareng ga ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa e boraro (1973) le ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi (1980).<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Botswana#CITEREFHitchcock1996]{{Harvtxt|Hitchcock|1996|p=199}}</ref> Seno e ne e le phetogo e kgolo mo thulaganyong ya bone ya go tsoma le mo go atlegeng ga bone: go dirisiwa ga dipitse go ne ga oketsa lefelo le le neng le tlhatlhobiwa ka nako ya go tsoma. <ref name=":3" />Mo dingwageng tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi (1980) le bo) ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobongwe(1990, basha ba ba neng ba kgona go reka kgotsa go hira pitse ba ne ba rata mokgwa ono wa go tsoma ka lerumo, ka ntlha ya go fetisa bokgoni jwa go palama.<ref name=":3" /> == Ditiriso == [[Setshwantsho:Africa on the move, horse prep.jpg|thumb|Go baakanyetsa pitse go palangwa, ka ngwaga wa 2020]] Fela jaaka tonki, pitse e santse e dirisiwa jaaka sepalangwa se se gogwang ke dipitse le jaaka sepalangwa se se gogwang ke dipitse. <ref name=":0" /><ref>Birke, Lynda; Thompson, Kirrilly (2017). [https://books.google.com/books?id=LNZCDwAAQBAJ&dq=horse+botswana&pg=PT35 ''(Un)Stable Relations: Horses, Humans and Social Agency''.] Routledge. pp.&#x20;35–36. I[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-317-38101-3|SBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-317-38101-3</bdi>.]]</ref>Le fa go ntse jalo, e dirisiwa fela mo ntlheng eno kwa dikgaolong tsa Bophirima le Maun, ka ntlha ya maemo a a maswe a ditsela, tse gantsi di tletseng seretse. <ref name=":0" /> Dipitse gantsi di a palama go na le go nna di bofilwe. <ref name=":0" />Badisa ba dinku tsa Karakul kwa borwa jwa Kalahari ba dirisa dipitse, diesele le diesele. <ref>Nsoso, Shalaulani; Madimabe, Moleboge (2003). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228480831 "A survey of Karakul sheep farmers in Southern Kalahari, Botswana: management practices and constraints to improving production".] ''South African Journal of Animal Science''. '''4''': 23–27.</ref>Beng ba dipitse tsa go tsoma ba dirisa diphologolo tsa bone go dira ditiro tse dingwe tse di farologaneng.<ref name=":5">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Botswana#CITEREFHitchcock1996]{{Harvtxt|Hitchcock|1996|p=197}}</ref> The International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI) database recognizes one national equestrian federation in Botswana, the Horse Society of Botswana (HSB).<ref name=":6">[https://data.fei.org/NFPages/NF/Details/Federation/18/THE-HORSE-SOCIETY-OF-BOTSWANA- ''NATIONAL FEDERATION – BOTSWANA – (BOT)''.] Fédération équestre internationale. Retrieved 2 March 2023.</ref> Mokgatlho wa boditšhabatšhaba wa metshameko ya go palama dipitse (FEI) o lemoga lekgotla la bosetšhaba la go palama dipitse kwa Botswana, Mokgatlho wa Dipitse wa Botswana (HSB).<ref name=":6" /> Le fa go ntse jalo, naga ga e ise e ke e gape metlele wa kgaisano ya dipitse ya boditšhabatšhaba (World Equestrian Games kgotsa Olympic Games).<ref name=":6" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro (2023), Mokgatlho wa Dipitse wa Botswana o rulaganya dikgaisano di le lesome tsa semmuso mo nageng: di le nne tsa go tlola, e le nngwe ya go apara, e le nngwe ya go kgweetsa, di le tlhano tsa go palama, e le nngwe ya go kgweetsa, e le nngwe ya go dira metshameko ya go kgweetsa, e le nngwe ya go dira metshameko ya go kgweetsa, e le nngwe ya go dira metshameko ya go kgweetsa, e le nngwe ya go apara le e le nngwe ya go dirisa ditshipi. <ref name=":6" /> Mo thuto patlisiso ya gagwe e e neng ya sirelediwa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi (2020) kwa mmadikolo wa Botswana, Tinieri Maeresera a re boloko jwa dipitse bo ka kgona go nontsha masimo a Cenchrus ciliaris. <ref>Maeresera, Tinieri (2020). [https://researchhub.buan.ac.bw/handle/13049/303 "Comparative assessment of the effects of horse manure and urea as nitrogen sources on seed yield, forage production and nutritional quality of Cenchrus ciliaris post seed harvesting".] ''Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources''.</ref> == Go tsoma == [[Setshwantsho:Field assistants collecting gemsbok specimen..jpg|thumb|Fa go ne re tsongwa kgama ya Oryx ka dipitse ka ngwaga wa 1909]] Go tsoma ka dipitse go letleletswe semolao ka fa tlase ga molao wa Botswana, go letla batho ba ba tlholegang koo go tsoma mo mafelong a a sireleditsweng ka thuso ya dipitse, ditlhobolo le dintša tsa go tsoma. <ref>Prins, Herbert; Grootenhuis, Jan; Dolan, Thomas (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=HZpfBgAAQBAJ&dq=horse+botswana&pg=PT554 ''Wildlife Conservation by Sustainable Use''.] Springer Science & Business Media. p.&#x20;554. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-94-011-4012-6|ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-94-011-4012-6</bdi>.]]</ref><ref name=":7">{{Harvtxt|Hitchcock|1996|p=188}}</ref>Molao wa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bobedi (1992) wa Wildlife and National Parks Wildlife Act wa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bobedi (1992) o thibela go tsoma go tswa mo dikoloing tse di tsamayang ka dikoloi, se se tlhalosang tiriso ya dipitse.<ref name=":2" />Melao ya Botswana e farologane le ya Namibia e e bapileng le yone, e e thibelang go tsoma ka dipitse gotlhelele. <ref name=":7" /> Go tsoma dipitse go tlwaelegile thata mo molelwaneng wa Botswana le [[Namibia]].<ref name=":2" /> Ba-Mbanderu ba e dirisa go tsoma sekgala se seleele, ka dinako tse dingwe ba tsamaya le ! Kung.<ref name=":5" />Mo e ka nnang nngwe tharong ya batsomi ba Xai/Xai ba tlwaelane le go tsoma ka dipitse ba tshotse ditlhobolo kgotsa marumo.<ref>[[:en:Horses_in_Botswana#CITEREFHitchcock1996|Hhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Botswana#CITEREFHitchcock1996]]{{Harvtxt|Hitchcock|1996|p=203}}</ref> Go tsoma o palame pitse go mosola thata mo go tsomeng di-eland, di-giraffe, le di-oryx gazelle.<ref name=":4" /> Gape e dira sentle thata mo go tsomeng di-antelope tse dikgolo, jaaka eland (Taurotragus oryx). <ref name=":3" />Gape go na le go tsomiwa ga nama ya diphologolo tsa naga (segolo thata kwa Okavango delta), go ikaegile ka tlhabololo ya bosheng ya mekgwa ya go lelekisa dipitse, e e leng kotsi mo bojanala. <ref>Rogan, Matthew; Lindsey, Peter; Tambling, Craig; Golabek, Krystyna (2017). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006320717306432https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006320717306432 "Illegal bushmeat hunters compete with predators and threaten wild herbivore populations in a global tourism hotspot".] ''Biological Conservation''. '''210''': 233–242. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017BCons.210..233R Bibcode:2017BCons.210..233R.] [[doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2017.04.020]]. [[hdl:2263/63592]]. Retrieved 2 March 2023.</ref> === Boitshoko === Go ya ka moporesidente wa Botswana Endurance Riding Association (BERA), Sharon Du Plessis, tlwaelo ya bosetšhaba ya go palama ka go itshoka e simolotse kwa bofelong jwa dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe (1990), fa bapalami ba le mmalwa ba Botswana ba ne ba lemoga gore go na le ba ba lekaneng go ka rulaganya dikgaisano tse di nang le mosola mo nageng ya bone, go na le go etela Afrika Borwa. [ Mokgwa ono o ne wa nna botlhokwa ka iketlo, mme ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borataro (2006) o ne o na le ditlelapa di le pedi tsa selegae, e nngwe kwa Ghanzi mme e nngwe kwa Lobatse. <ref name=":8">{{Harvtxt|Du Plessis|2007|p=90}}</ref> BERA e dirisa thulaganyo ya vet-gate mo dikgaisanong tsa yone, go ya ka melao e e tlhomilweng ke Fédération équestre internationale.<ref name=":8" />Nako ya dikgaisano tsa mabelo a go itshoka gantsi e simolola ka Tlhakole go fitlha ka Seetebosigo, fa dithemperetšha di ka nna mogote thata.<ref name=":8" />Go tshwarwa dikgaisano tsa mabelo di ka nna thataro ngwaga le ngwaga mo Botswana, gantsi di feta 80 km.<ref name=":9">[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Botswana#CITEREFDu_Plessis2007]{{Harvtxt|Du Plessis|2007|p=91}}</ref> Nngwe ya dikgaisano tse di tumileng thata tsa go itshoka e tshwarelwa kwa Tau Tona Lodge kwa Ghanzi, kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari. <ref name=":8" />Lebelo la Lobatse, tiragalo e nngwe e e tlotlegang, e diragala mo mmung o o nang le matlapa mme e ngoka batsayakarolo go tswa kwa Spain, Abu Dhabi, Britain, Namibia le Afrika Borwa.<ref name=":8" /> Bakgweetsi ba Botswana ba gaisana mo Aforika Borwa go tsenela dikgaisanyo tsa sekgala se seleele tse di tlhokegang mo dikgaisanong tsa World Endurance Championships.<ref name=":9" /> Boitshoko gantsi bo dirwa le pitse ya Arabia, mofuta o o tsadisitsweng kwa Botswana. <ref name=":9" /> === Di-safari === [[Setshwantsho:The Horses Of Paje.jpg|thumb|Dipitse tse di berekang mo kgaolong ya Paje ka ngwaga wa 2020]] Botswana ke nngwe ya mafelo a a rategang thata mo Aforika a bojanala jwa go palama dipitse, mo setlhopheng sa bojanala jwa boithabiso. <ref>Ollenburg, Claudia (2005)[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14724040508668437 . "Worldwide Structure of the Equestrian Tourism Sector"]. ''Journal of Ecotourism''. '''4''' (1): 47–55. [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JEcot...4...47O Bibcode:2005JEcot...4...47O]. [[doi:10.1080/14724040508668437|doi:10.1080/14724040508668437.]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153381147 S2CID&#x20;153381147]. Retrieved 26 February 2023.</ref> Patlisiso ya sekao e e phasaladitsweng ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe (2021) e bontsha gore ditiro tsa go palama dipitse di anaanelwa thata jaaka karolo ya mokgwa wa bojanala jwa tikologo. <ref>Vumbunu, Tonderai; Viviers, Pierre-Andre; Du Plessis, Engelina (2021). [https://bioone.org/journals/african-journal-of-wildlife-research/volume-51/issue-1/056.051.0019/A-Demand-Based-Analysis-of-Ecotourism-Product-Diversification-in-Botswana/10.3957/056.051.0019.short "A Demand-Based Analysis of Ecotourism Product Diversification in Botswana"]. ''African Journal of Wildlife Research''. '''51''' (1). [[doi:10.3957/056.051.0019|doi:10.3957/056.051.0019.]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233577944 S2CID&#x20;233577944.] Retrieved 1 March 2023.</ref> Bakwadi ba le mmalwa ba dibuka tsa kaelo ba tlhalosa Botswana (ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome (2010) le ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi ( 2022) jaaka nngwe ya mafelo a mantle a Afrika a go ka tsaya leeto la go palama pitse, segolo thata ka ntlha ya mefutafuta ya diphologolo tsa naga. <ref>Doganieri, Elise (2022). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Jn-HEAAAQBAJ&dq=horse+botswana&pg=PA87 ''The Official Amazing Race Travel Companion: More Than 20 Years of Roadblocks, Detours, and Real-Life Activities to Experience Around the Globe''.] Simon and Schuster. p.&#x20;87. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-9821-7739-3|ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-9821-7739-3</bdi>.]]</ref> <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=2SY_AQAAIAAJ&q=horse+botswana ''Botswana & Namibia''.] Lonely Planet. 2010. p.&#x20;160. [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-922-0|ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-74104-922-0</bdi>.]]</ref><ref name=":13">Buckley, Ralf (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=UZpnOF0u_PgC&dq=horse+botswana&pg=PA310 ''Adventure Tourism''.] CABI. p.&#x20;310. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-84593-123-0</bdi>.</ref>Di-safari tse ka kakaretso di beetswe bapalami ba ba fetang dingwaga di le lesome le bobedi ba ba iketlang mo mekgweng yotlhe e meraro.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Botswana#CITEREFMcIntyre2010]{{Harvtxt|McIntyre|2010|p=300}}</ref><ref name=":13" />Go na le di-safari tse di tsamayang ka dipitse mo Okavango Delta<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Botswana#CITEREFMcIntyre2010]{{Harvtxt|McIntyre|2010|p=314}}</ref> le go bapa le Noka ya Zambezi, gape le dikoloi tse di gogwang ke dipitse tsa setaele sa Victoria.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Botswana#CITEREFMcIntyre2010]{{Harvtxt|McIntyre|2010|p=479}}</ref>Se ke tiro e e ka nnang kotsi, jaaka dibatana (ditau, jalo le jalo) di ka tlhasela dipitse.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Botswana#CITEREFMcIntyre2010]{{Harvtxt|McIntyre|2010|p=316}}</ref> Mefuta ya dipitse tse di dirisiwang mo safari e akaretsa Thoroughbreds, Half-bloods, Arabs, Anglo-Arabs, Friesian crosses le dipitse tsa metshameko tsa selegae, sefapaano magareng ga Boer le American Saddlebred.<ref name=":14">McIntyre, Chris (2018). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7rFcDwAAQBAJ&dq=horse+botswana&pg=PA389 Botswana Safari Guide: Okavango Delta, Chobe and Northern Kalahari]''. Bradt Travel Guides. p.&#x20;389. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-78477-093-8</bdi>.</ref>Tsotlhe di katisitswe mme di na le boleele jo bo magareng ga 1,42 m le 1,73 m.<ref name=":14" /> == Go tsadisa == [[Setshwantsho:A horse in Mochudi.jpg|thumb|Dipitse tse pedi kwa Mochudi ka ngwaga wa 2022]] Batswana, ke batho ba badisa, ba tlwaetse go tsadisa mefuta yotlhe ya diphologolo tsa mo gae. <ref>Amanze, James (2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=J5bXAAAAMAAJ&q=horse+botswana ''African Traditional Religions and Culture in Botswana: A Comprehensive Textbook''.] Pula Press. p.&#x20;308. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-99912-61-98-0</bdi>.</ref>Ba le mmalwa fela ! Kung o simolotse go nna le dipitse ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masom a marataro (1960), e ka tswa e le tsa gagwe kgotsa e le karolo ya tiro ya molemirui wa mosweu.<ref name=":12" /> Buka ya Equine Science (2017) ga e na tshekatsheko ya palo ya dipitse tsa Botswana;<ref>Parker, Rick (2018). ''[https://www.worldcat.org/en/title/1054197727 Equine science]'' (5th&#x20;ed.). Delmar Cengage Learning. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-1-305-94972-0</bdi>.</ref>le fa go ntse jalo, Chris J. Mortensen o supa go ya ka data go tswa go Mokgatlho wa Dijo le Temothuo wa Ditšhaba tse di Kopaneng (FAO) go nna teng ga letsomane la 30 907 ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014).<ref name=":11" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi (2008), Oladimeji Idowu Oladele le Milly Monkhei ba ne ba neela tshedimosetso e e latelang ya bong le e e lekanyeditsweng ya go nna le palogotlhe ya dipitse di le dikete di le masome mabedi le botlhano makgolo a mararo masome a robabobedi le bosupa mo lefatsheng: {| class="wikitable" |+Palo ya dipitse ka kgaolo mo Botswana le bong<ref>Oladele, Oladimeji (2008). [https://www.lrrd.cipav.org.co/lrrd20/10/olad20156.htm ''Gender ownership patterns of livestock in Botswana''.] Vol.&nbsp;20. [[:en:African_Study_Monographs|African Study Monographs.]] Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> !Kgaolo !Dipitse tsa borre !Dipitse tsa bomme |- |Kgaolo ya borwa |dikete di le tharo makgolo a mararo lesome le borarato |makgolo a matlhano masome a mabedi le borataro |- |Kgaolo ya [[Gaborone]] |dikete di le pedi, masome a supa le borobabaongwe |makgolo a mararo le masome a supa |- |Kgaolo ya legare |dikete di le nne, makgolo a supa, masome a robabongwe le botlhano |makgolo a matlhano le masome a robabaongwe |- |Kgaolo ya [[Francistown]] |makgolo a robabaobedi masome a marataro le borobabaongwe |lekgolo masome a marataro le borobabobedi |- |Kgaolo ya [[Maun]] |dikete di le tlhano, makgolo a mararo lesome le borobabongwe |sekete, makgolo a mabedi masome a mabedi le borataro |- |Kgaolo ya bophirima |dikete di le tlhano, makgolo a mabedi masome a supa le botlhano |makgolo a robabobedi masome a matlhano le bone |- |Dipalo tsotlhe |dikete di le masome a mabedi le motso, makgolo a marataro masome a matlhano le boraro |dikete di le tharo, makgolo a supa masome a mararo le bone |} Maun le dikgaolo tsa Bophirima di tsadisa dipitse tse dintsi. <ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Botswana#CITEREFOladele2008]{{Harvtxt|Oladele|2008|p=3}}</ref>Gape go na le dipharologano tsa thutafatshe mo go nneng le dipitse: basadi mo kgaolong ya Maun ba na le dipitse tse dintsi go feta ba kwa dikgaolong tse dingwe.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horses_in_Botswana#CITEREFOladele2008]{{Harvtxt|Oladele|2008|p=1}}</ref> Ga go itsiwe go le gontsi ka go ruiwa ga dipitse mo lefelong leno.<ref name=":0" />Bontsi jwa dipitse kwa Botswana di tsholwa mo dipolaseng tsa setso, tse go ka diregang gore di dirisa mokgwa o monnye o o laolwang wa go tsadisa ka go tlhopha. <ref name=":0" /> === Mefuta e e tsadisitsweng === [[Setshwantsho:Shepherd on donkey on the move.jpg|thumb|Morui wa mo polaseng o ipaakanyetsa go fudusa dipodi tsa gagwe ka ngwaga wa 2019]] Database ya DAD-IS e na le mefuta e le lesome le bobedi ya dipitse tse di dirisiwang ga jaana mo Botswana, le fa e le gore bontsi jwa tsona ga se mefuta e e tlholegileng mo lefelong leo: Appaloosa, Arabian, South African Boer, Hanoverian, Kalahari pony, Nooitgedachter, Quarter Horse, Thoroughbred, Tswana, Warmblood le Welsh pony.<ref>Système d’Information sur la Diversité des Animaux Domestiques. [https://www.fao.org/dad-is/browse-by-country-and-species/fr/ "Races par espèces et pays".] Organisation des Nations unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture. Retrieved 30 September 2022.</ref> Dipitse tsa mofuta o o feletseng di tsadisetswa mo lefelong leo go tsadisa, go dira tiro ya go palama dipitse le go dira lotseno, mmogo le mabaka a setso a a jaaka mabelo a dipitse le go palama dipitse.<ref>DAD-IS[https://dadis-breed-datasheet-ext-ws.firebaseapp.com/?country=BWA&specie=Horse&breed=Thoroughbred&lang=fr . "Thoroughbred / Botswana (Cheval)"]. Retrieved 28 February 2023.</ref>Appaloosa,<ref>DAD-IS. [https://dadis-breed-datasheet-ext-ws.firebaseapp.com/?country=BWA&specie=Horse&breed=Appaloosa&lang=fr "Appaloosa / Botswana (Cheval)".] Retrieved 28 February 2023.</ref> Quarter Horse,<ref>DAD-IS. [https://dadis-breed-datasheet-ext-ws.firebaseapp.com/?country=BWA&specie=Horse&breed=Quarter%20Horse&lang=fr "Quarter Horse / Botswana (Cheval)"]. Retrieved 28 February 2023.</ref>Nooitgedacht,<ref>DAD-IS. [https://dadis-breed-datasheet-ext-ws.firebaseapp.com/?country=BWA&specie=Horse&breed=Nooitgedachter&lang=fr "Nooitgedachter / Botswana (Cheval)"]. Retrieved 28 February 2023.</ref>Arabian<ref>DAD-IS. [https://dadis-breed-datasheet-ext-ws.firebaseapp.com/?country=BWA&specie=Horse&breed=Arab&lang=fr "Arab / Botswana (Cheval)"]. Retrieved 28 February 2023.</ref>le dipitse tsa metshameko<ref>DAD-IS. [https://dadis-breed-datasheet-ext-ws.firebaseapp.com/?country=BWA&specie=Horse&breed=Warm%20blood&lang=fr "Warmblood / Botswana (Cheval)".] Retrieved 28 February 2023.</ref>di tsadisetswa mabaka a a tshwanang, go tlaleletsa go tsoma, go lema ka ditlhopha le go busetsa boloko. Boer gape e dirisetswa bana go palama dipitse. <ref>DAD-IS. [https://dadis-breed-datasheet-ext-ws.firebaseapp.com/?country=BWA&specie=Horse&breed=Boerperd&lang=fr "Boerperd / Botswana (Cheval)".] Retrieved 28 February 2023.</ref>Tswana e tsadisetswa merero e e fa godimo, gammogo le nama ya yona.<ref>DAD-IS. [https://dadis-breed-datasheet-ext-ws.firebaseapp.com/?country=BWA&specie=Horse&breed=Tswana&lang=fr "Tswana / Botswana (Cheval)".] Retrieved 28 February 2023.</ref> Ga go na tshedimosetso e e leng teng ka tiriso ya Hanoverian<ref>DAD-IS. [https://dadis-breed-datasheet-ext-ws.firebaseapp.com/?country=BWA&specie=Horse&breed=Hanoverian&lang=fr "Hanoverian / Botswana (Cheval)".] Retrieved 28 February 2023.</ref>kgotsa Welsh.<ref>DAD-IS. [https://dadis-breed-datasheet-ext-ws.firebaseapp.com/?country=BWA&specie=Horse&breed=Welsh%20Pony&lang=fr "Welsh Pony / Botswana (Cheval)"]. Retrieved 14 March 2023.</ref> Pony ya Kalahari<ref>DAD-IS. [https://dadis-breed-datasheet-ext-ws.firebaseapp.com/?country=BWA&specie=Horse&breed=Kalahari%20pony&lang=fr "Kalahari pony / Botswana (Cheval)".] Retrieved 28 February 2023.</ref>e tlhalosiwa jaaka "mofuta o o tlwaeditsweng wa selegae", mme ga go na tshedimosetso ya palo ya batho kgotsa tiriso e e leng teng. === Malwetse le go tshwaediwa ke megare === Botswana e na le bolwetse jwa rabies, jo bo ka amang dipitse ka sewelo (3.13% ya dikgetse tsa rabies tse di lemogilweng mo nageng eo magareng ga ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe e masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe (1989) le ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borataro (2006).<ref>Moagabo, Keabetswe; Monyame, K. B.; Baipoledi, Eddie; Letshwenyo, Moetapele; Mapitse, Neo; Hyera, Joseph (2009). [https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC86404 "A retrospective longitudinal study of animal and human rabies in Botswana 1989–2006".] ''Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research''. '''76''' (4): 399–407. doi:10.4102/ojvr.v76i4.24. PMID&#x20;21344790. Retrieved 30 September 2022.</ref>Go ne ga begwa gore go na le ditlhaselo tse dintsi tsa equine influenza mo Afrika Borwa, Lesotho le Namibia, gaufi le molelwane le Botswana ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bosupa (1987), mme ga go na dikgetsi dipe tse di begilweng mo Botswana; fela fa ditlhaselo di sena go begwa, mesepele ya dipitse e ne ya thibelwa.<ref>Guthrie, Alan; Stevens, Kim; Bosman, P. P. (1999). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/13108343 "The circumstances surrounding the outbreak and spread of equine influenza in South Africa"]. ''Revue Scientifique et Technique (International Office of Epizootics)''. '''18''' (1): 179–185. doi:10.20506/rst.18.1.1155. PMID&#x20;10190213. Retrieved 30 September 2022</ref> ==== Dintshi tsa Tsetse le Nagana ==== Mafelo a a mogote thata a borwa jwa Afrika a tletse ka dintsi tsa tsetse (Glossina), tse di fetisang trypanosomes, e leng dipharasaete tsa madi tse di bakang bolwetse jo bo bolayang mo dipaleng, nagana. <ref name=":10" /><ref name=":10" />Dintshi tseno di fitlhelwa go bapa le noka ya Limpopo, segolo thata fa e kopanang le noka ya Pongola. Mojanala Frank Vardon o ne a ribolola ditshenekegi tseno mo kgaolong eno fa a ne a tsamaya ka pitse ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mane le botlhano (1845) kgotsa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabobedi le masome a mane le borataro (1846).<ref name=":10" /> ==== Bolwetse jwa dipitse jwa Aferika ==== Bolwetse jwa dipitse tsa Afrika ke mogare o o anamisiwang ke dinonyane tse dinnye tse di senyang borwa jwa Afrika ka metlha. <ref>Clarence-Smith, William (2008). [http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:844165/FULLTEXT01.pdf "Southeast Asia and Southern Africa in the Maritime Horse Trade of the Indian Ocean, c. 1800–1914"] (PDF). ''Breed of Empire: The "Invention" of the Horse in Southeast Asia and Southern Africa 1500–1950''</ref>Tlhokomelo ya malwetse a leroborobo e bontsha gore magareng ga ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le botlhano (1995) le ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bone (2004), go ne ga lemogiwa dikgetse tsa kalafi di le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe kwa Botswana, tsotlhe mo dipitseng tse di sa entiwang. <ref name=":15">Hyera, Joseph; Baipoledi, Eddie (2008). [https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/EJC99752 "A serological survey of African horse sickness in Botswana: research communication".] ''Journal of the South African Veterinary Association''. '''79''' (1): 44–45. doi:10.4102/jsava.v79i1.240. hdl:10520/EJC99752. PMID&#x20;18678192. Retrieved 30 September 2022.</ref><ref name=":15" />Mefuta ya dibaketeria tse di fitlhelwang mo Botswana ke Culicoides miombo le Culicoides imicola,<ref name=":16">Diarra, Maryam; Fall, Moussa; Fall, Assane; Diop, Aliou (2014). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3973751 "Seasonal dynamics of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) biting midges, potential vectors of African horse sickness and bluetongue viruses in the Niayes area of Senegal"]. ''Parasites & Vectors''. '''7''' (1): 147. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-7-147. PMC&#x20;3973751. PMID&#x20;24690198.</ref>e e fitlhelwang gantsi go ya ka patlisiso e e dirilweng kwa Gaborone ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bosupa (1997).<ref>Mushi, E.Z.; Isa, J. F. W.; Chabo, R. G.; Binta, M. G. (1998). [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1006152500642 "Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) associated with horses at Mogoditshane, Gaborone, Botswana"]. ''Veterinary Research Communications''. '''22''' (5): 295–297. doi:10.1023/A:1006152500642. PMID&#x20;9778774. S2CID&#x20;26615166. Retrieved 30 September 2022.</ref> Se se na le ditlamorago tsa ikonomi mo beng ba dipitse (sekao, barulaganyi ba safari), mme gape go na le tatlhegelo ya maikutlo. <ref>Carelesen, Louise (2013). [https://www.magonlinelibrary.com/doi/abs/10.12968/eqhe.2013.1.9.35 "African horse sickness".] ''Equine Health''. '''2013''' (9): 35–37. doi:10.12968/eqhe.2013.1.9.35. Retrieved 30 September 2022</ref>Di-carnivores tse di jang nama ya pitse e e tshwaeditsweng di ka nna tsa tshwaetsega.<ref>Alexander, Kathleen; Kat, Pieter; House, James; House, Carol (1995). [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/037811359500059J "African horse sickness and African carnivores"]. ''Veterinary Microbiology''. '''47''' (1): 133–140. doi:10.1016/0378-1135(95)00059-J. PMID&#x20;8604545. Retrieved 30 September 2022.</ref> Go na le matsholo a go oketsa kitso ya beng ba dipitse le go ba dira gore ba entiwe.<ref name=":16" /> == Ngwao == Mo bukeng ya The Long Ride Home (2014), mokwadi Rupert Isaacson o bua ka loeto lwa gagwe le morwa wa gagwe wa autistic Rowan go palama dipitse mo gare ga Ba-Bushmen ba Namibia, mme kwa Botswana.<ref>Isaacson, Rupert (2016)[https://books.google.com/books?id=gjUeDQAAQBAJ&dq=L%27enfant-cheval+Botswana&pg=PT103 . ''L'Enfant et le cheval de vent: L'extraordinaire voyage qui a changé une vie'']. Albin Michel. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>978-2-226-42154-8</bdi>.</ref>Isaacson o ne a thibelwa go tswa mo Botswana ka ntlha ya tshegetso ya gagwe ya batho ba San mo kgotlhang ya lefatshe la bagologolo mo Botswana.<ref>Savin, Tristan (2009)[https://www.lexpress.fr/culture/livre/en-selle-avec-rupert-isaacson_825636.html . ''En selle avec Rupert Isaacson'']. L'Express. Retrieved 27 February 2023.</ref> == Metswedi == , mxt3nyuf4wkn8ec017vnidrdlnyfa5f Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 2024 (Botswana) 0 14732 53701 53570 2026-07-31T02:00:26Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53701 wikitext text/x-wiki Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso di ne tsa tshwarwa mo [[Botswana]] ka Phalane a le masome a mararo ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bone go bona gore Palamente ya lesome le boraro ya Botswana gammogo le makgotla a selegae go ralala lefatshe leno ka bophara e tlaa bopiwa ke bomang. Go ne go tlhophilwe ditilo di le masome a marataro le motso tsa khuduthamaga ya lefatshe ga mmogo le ditilo di le makgolo a maratro le borobabongwe tsa khansele ya selegae, tsotlhe di tlhophilwe ka thulaganyo ya go tlhopha ya ntlha . Phathi ya [[Phathi ya Tomokoraga|Botswana Democratic Party]] (BDP) e e neng e laola dipolotiki tsa lefatshe leno fa e sale e bona boipuso ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borataro, e ne ya fenngwa ka tsela e e sa siamang ke pphathi ya kganetso e e ka fa molemeng [[Umbrella for Democratic Change|ya Umbrella for Democratic Change]] (UDC). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tumediso |first=Bontle |date=2026 |title=The 2024 Botswana elections and the demise of the Botswana Democratic Party |url=https://academic.oup.com/afraf/advance-article/doi/10.1093/afraf/adag005/8499740 |journal=African Affairs |language=en |doi=10.1093/afraf/adag005 |issn=0001-9909 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Go fetoga ga batlhophi ka bontsi go ya kwa diphathing tsa kganetso go dirile gore BDP e wele mo maemong a bone. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Ndebele|first=Lenin|date=31 October 2024|title=Initial counting suggests Botswana may just get a new ruling party after 58 years|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/africa/news/initial-counting-suggests-botswana-may-just-get-a-new-ruling-party-after-58-years-20241031|work=News24}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-10-31|title=Early Botswana Vote Tallies Point to Shock Loss For Ruling Party|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-10-31/botswana-election-early-tallies-point-to-shock-loss-for-ruling-party|work=Bloomberg.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|last=du Plessis|first=Carien|date=31 October 2024|title=Botswana: Early election count sparks opposition optimism|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/366666/botswana-early-election-count-sparks-opposition-optimism/|work=The Africa Report}}</ref> UDC e ne ya tsaya maemo a ntlha ka manno a le masome a mararo le borataro, bontsi e le a matlhano. Se se ne sa netefatsa gore [[Duma Boko]], moeteledipele wa UDC le phathi ya yone e tona, e [[Botswana National Front|leng Botswana National Front]] ( BNF ), o tla tlhophiwa go nna [[tautona wa Botswana]] . Phathi ya [[Botswana Congress Party]] ( BCP ) e ne ya tsaya maemo a bobedi, mme la yone phathi ya kganetso ya semmuso . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-01 |title=NEW REPUBLIC |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/news/new-republic/news |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Mmegi Online |language=en}}</ref> Phathi ya [[Botswana Patriotic Front]] (BPF) e iponetse kgolo e e bonalang mo [[Kgaolo ya Legare (Botswana)|Kgaolong ya Bogare]], ka go oketsa palo ya manno a yone. BDP e ne ya fokodiwa go nna le ditilo di le nne fela, ya latlhegelwa ke masome a robabongwe mo lekgolong ya boemedi jwa yone mo palamenteng mo go nngwe ya diphenyo tse di maswe go gaisa tse di kileng tsa itemogelwa ke puso e e mo palamenteng. Mo mosong wa Ngwanatsele a rogwa, tautona o o mo maemong a botautona [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] o ne a dumela gore o fentswe mme a netefatsa gore puso e fetisiwa ka kagiso. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana election: Duma Boko – the politician who did the unthinkable |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cx2yx5nk1l0o?xtor=AL-72-%5Bpartner%5D-%5Bbbc.news.twitter%5D-%5Bheadline%5D-%5Bnews%5D-%5Bbizdev%5D-%5Bisapi%5D&at_campaign=Social_Flow&at_campaign_type=owned&at_link_id=5F2B5D36-987B-11EF-AF2F-A1C2AD3A0A2C&at_format=link&at_ptr_name=twitter&at_bbc_team=editorial&at_link_origin=BBCWorld&at_medium=social&at_link_type=web_link |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mo motshegareng o o Boko o ne a ikanisiwa ke Moatlhodimogolo [[Terence Rannowane]], a bopa puso ya ntlha fa e saleka boipuso e e neng e se na seabe sa BDP. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Duma Boko sworn in as Botswana's new president |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/duma-boko-sworn-in-as-botswana-s-new-president/3381189 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref> == Tse di diragetseng pele == === Ditlhopho tse di fetileng === Ditlhopho tse di neng di tshwerwe ka la bo Phalane a le masome mabedi le boraro ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe, di bone BDP e tshegetsa bontsi jwa yona jwa palamente lekghetho la lesome le bobedi ka go latelana, e bona 53% ya ditalama le manno a le masome a mararo le borobabobedi mo go a le masome a matlhano le bouspa, e leng palo e le nngwe go feta mo [[Ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa 2014 (Botswana)|ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa 2014 (Botswana)]] . UDC e ne ya bona ditalama di le 36% le ditilo di le lesome le botlhano, di le kwa tlase ka bobedi go tswa mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bone. Ditlhopho tse, di ne tsa tshwaya go baakanya sepolotiki se segolo mo sepolotiking sa Botswana. Se, ke ka ntlha ya gore [[Kgaolo ya Legare (Botswana)|Kgaolo ya Bogare]] (e e neng e tshegetsa BDP ka tlhomamo, ka palogare ya 75% ya ditalama fa e sale ka ditlhopho tsa ntlha ka tsa ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le botlhano) e ne ya bona diphetogo tse dikgolo mo kganetsong ka ntlha yakemo nokeng ya ga [[Botswana Patriotic Front|tautonawa]] pele [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] ya phathi e e neng e sa tswa go tlhamiwa ya Botswana Patriotic Front (BPF), le bo ntlhopheng ba UDC, kwa BPF e neng e sena bo ntlhopheng teng. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seabo |first=Batlang |last2=Nyenhuis |first2=Robert |date=2021-11-23 |title=Botswana's 2019 General Elections: A Referendum on General Ian Khama |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/african-studies-review/article/abs/botswanas-2019-general-elections-a-referendum-on-general-ian-khama/025D7A45D5F26B1A8045E91529DCAAB5#access-block |journal=African Studies Review |language=en |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=854–883 |doi=10.1017/asr.2021.69 |issn=0002-0206 |s2cid=244539238 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> UDC le BPF di ne tsa gapa manno a le lesome le bongwe mo go a le lesome le bosupa mo kgaolong eo, mme e le lantlha phathi e sele e seng ya BDP e gapa setilo mo kgaolong eo. Le fa go ntse jalo, BDP e ne ya bona dipoelo tse di bonalang mo dikgaolong tse dingwe, ya bona manno otlhe mo Gaborone le dikgaolo tse di kwa borwa jwa lefatshe leno, mme se sa fokotsa kgatelopele ya UDC. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last1=Chutel|first1=Lynsey|date=2019-10-25|title=Botswana Election Won by President, Despite Rift with Predecessor|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/25/world/africa/botswana-election-mokgweetsi-masisi.html|journal=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=26 November 2019|title=Botswana opposition challenges election result in court|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN1Y00QO/|journal=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Ditlamorago tsa ditlhopho tse di tlhalosiwang e le go kgopisega di ne tsa lebisiwa mo maitekong a ga Tautona Masisi a go boelana le dikarolo tsa setshaba tse pele di neng di sa dumalane le Khama, jaaka makgotla an babereki, a kemo nokeng ya bone e neng e fokotsegile mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bone. Go utlwana ga baeteledipele ba UDC le Khama, yo o santseng a sa ratiwe ke batlhophi ba ditoropo le ba borwa, go dirile gore UDC e latlhegelwe ke tshegetso mo gare ga setlhopha sa yone sa kganetso sa kwa borwa. <ref name=":0" /> Fa balebeledi ba mafatshefatshe ba ne ba tsaya gore ditlhopho di "gololesegile e bile di siame", <ref>{{Cite news|title=Botswana's Masisi retains presidency as BDP wins election|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-botswana-election-idUSKBN1X40KS/}}</ref> [[Duma Boko]] o ne a ganetsana le phenyo ya BDP, a supa diphoso tse di bonalang tsa ditlhopho. <ref name=":1"/> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana: Freedom in the World 2020 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/botswana/freedom-world/2020 |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=Freedom House |language=en}}</ref> Le fa UDC e ne e bolela gore e ne ya tlhopha makgetlho a le mantsi le go neela badiredi ba ditlhopho pipamolomo, boikuelo jwa bone jwa go dira gore ditlhopho di se ka tsa nna le mosola bo ne jwa kgaolwa ke kgotlatshekelokgolo ka Sedimonthole ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe. Le fa Kgotlatshekelo ya boikuelo e ne ya dumela go reetsa tsheko e ka Firikgong ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi, moragonyana e ne ya kgaolwa ka ntlha ya go tlhoka o o e okametseng. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff Writer |date=2020-01-31 |title=Court of Appeal ends UDC petition case with dismissal |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/news/court-of-appeal-ends-udc-petition-case-with-dismissal/news |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=Mmegi Online |language=en}}</ref> === Tse di diragetseng pele ka diphathi tsa kganetso pele ga ditlhopho === Morago ga ditlhopho tsa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe, go ne ga nna le diphathi di le tharo tsa kganetso mo khuduthamageng— [[Umbrella for Democratic Change]] (UDC), [[Botswana Patriotic Front]] (BPF) le [[Alliance for Progressives]] (AP). Ka Phatwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi, BPF e ne ya ikgolaganya le UDC, ya kopanya diphathi tsotlhe tsa kganetso kwa ntle ga AP. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=5 October 2022 |title="BPF is a member of UDC" – Mohwasa |url=https://www.thegazette.news/news/bpf-is-a-member-of-udc-mohwasa/ |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=Botswana Gazette |language=en}}</ref> Phathi ya [[Botswana Congress Party]] (BCP), phathi e kgolo ya UDC fa e sale ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bosupa, e ne e supile kgatlhego ya go tswa mo kgolaganong ya UDC ka ntlha ya go sa dumalane magareng ga moeteledipele wa BCP, [[Dumelang Saleshando]] le moeteledipele wa UDC, [[Duma Boko]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tlhankane |first=Mompati |date=2022-12-26 |title=Boko, Saleshando exchanges |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/news/boko-saleshando-exchanges/news |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=Mmegi Online |language=en}}</ref> Saleshando o ne a emisa go nna Moeteledipele wa Kganetso kwa khuduthamageng ysa Botswanan, morago ga gore setlhopha sa maloko a palamente a UDC se se neng se kopantswe ke baganetsi ba le batlhano ba BCP, se mo tlhophe gore a se ka a nna mo maemong ao ka Phukwi ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=KEORAPETSE NEW LOO |url=https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/68042 |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=dailynews.gov.bw}}</ref> BCP e ne ya dira kakanyo ya go tlhama bokopano jwa ditlhopho le AP le phathi e e sa tswang go tlhamiwa, ya Botswana Labour Party (phathi e nnye e e kgaoganeng [[Botswana National Front|ya Botswana National Front]] ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tlhankane |first=Mompati |date=27 February 2023 |title=BCP yet to officially ditch UDC |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/ampArticle/107185 |access-date=28 March 2023 |website=[[Mmegi|Mmegi Online]]}}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, AP e ne ya ikgogela morago mo dipuisanong tsa tirisanommogo morago ga go sa dumalane le BCP bogolo segolo ka ntlha ya go sa dumalane ka kabo ya dikgaolo tsa ditlhopho, ya tlhopha go kopana le UDC boemong jwa seo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-17 |title=AP withdraws from cooperation talks |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/news/ap-withdraws-from-cooperation-talks/news |access-date=2023-04-18 |website=[[Mmegi]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dube |first=Chakalisa |date=2023-07-31 |title=AP joins fight against vote 'rigging' |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/news/ap-joins-fight-against-vote-rigging/news |access-date=2023-10-13 |website=[[Mmegi Online]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ka Motsheganong ngwaga wa dikete pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro, komiti ya legare ya BCP e ne ya fetsa ka bongwefela jwa pelo gore e tseye karolo mo ditlhophong tsa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bone e kgaogane le kgolagano ya UDC. Phathi e umakile matshwenyego a go tlhokomologa puso ya batho ka batho ga UDC ya mo teng ga phathi le go nna mo kotsing ga moeteledipele wa phathi ya bone go tshwarwa ke "dikgatlhego tsa mohama o o ikemetseng", jaaka mabaka a go tswa ga bone. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana Congress Party |url=https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=pfbid0mzrBGJNTFA6GHKrf9TFR6VCvMZDdiTN8zwB8Gf4KejMDt4aPupRuvULzh9rVmrNJl&id=100050397913844 |access-date=2023-06-06 |website=Facebook |language=en}}</ref> Morago ga go boela morago ga boeteledipele jwa phathi ka Moranang ngwaga wa dikeet pedi masome a mabedi le bone, BPF e ne ya tsaya tshwetso ya go tswa mo kgolaganong ya UDC, ya tlhopha go dirisana mmogo mo go neng go tlaa bona BPF e sa nne le bontlhopheng mo dikgaolong tsa tlhopho tse e neng e tsaya gore ga di ka ke tsa fenngwa mme UDC e dira jalo mo dikgaolong tse BPF e ka fenyang mo go tsone ka boeteledipele jwa UDC, boemong jwa go gana ka fa tlase ga boeteledipele jwa UDC. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BPF has decided to use own symbol come October elections |url=https://www.facebook.com/TheWeekendPostBW/posts/pfbid0oXo3VyjNfQrfUusNwgC526Bqdp7s62kAEPjXdDQtXko83mrwYf7M4wKM2JAZrpRl |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=Facebook}}</ref> Letsholo la ditlhopho le bone gape go boa ga ga tautona wa pele [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]], motshwaya diphoso wa tautona o o mo maemong [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]], morago ga dingwaga di le tharo tsa go ipeela botshabelo ka Lwetse ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bone. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana votes with ruling party aiming to extend six decades of power |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241030-botswana-votes-with-ruling-party-aiming-to-extend-six-decades-of-power |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=France 24}}</ref> Khama o ne a ema BPF nokeng mo ditlhophong. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana holds an election where the diamond trade has become a central issue |url=https://apnews.com/article/botswana-election-bdp-masisi-7ae583e904f30e4fe3df3e6de2ecefb6 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=Associated Press}}</ref> === Popego ya palamente === [[Palamente ya lesome le bobedi ya Botswana|Palamente ya bo lesome le bobedi]] e tlhomilwe ka Ngwanatseele a le malatsi a matlhano ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe. [[Dumelang Saleshando]] o ne a emeletse [[Duma Boko]] jaaka Moeteledipele wa diphathi tsa kganetso kwa khuduthamageng ya lefatshe morago ga go fenngwa ga ga Boko kwa ditlhophong tsa kakaretso. Pele ga thibelo ya go kgabaganya diphathi ya ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le boraro, Khuduthamaga e ne ya bona maloko a palamente a mabedi a BDP le maloko a palamente a le mabedi a UDC a fetogela kwa UDC le BDP, ka go latelana. Ditlhopho tsa tlaleletso di ne tsa tsosiwa mo kgaolong ya botlhophi ya Serowe Bophirima morago ga go lelekwa ga [[Tshekedi Khama II|ga Tshekedi Khama]] mo palamenteng morago ga gore a tshabele kwa [[Aforika Borwa]] le morwarraagwe (le tautona wa pele), Ian Khama, mme se sa dira gore a se ka a nna le palo e e kwa tlase ya dikopano tse di tlhokegang go tshegetsa setilo sa gagwe. Ditlhopho tsa tlaleletso tsa Serowe bophirima tsa ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le boraro di ne tsa tshwarwa ka Phukwi ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le boraro mme tsa bona BPF e boloka setilo seo ka bontsi jo bogolo. Yandani Boko, yo e kileng ya bo e le Mopalamente wa UDC kwa [[Mahalapye Botlhaba]], o ithotse tiro mo Palamenteng ya lefatshe ka Mopitlo ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bone. Ga go a ka ga tshwarwa ditlhopho tsa tlaleletso tsa setulo sa gagwe ka gonne go ne go tsewa gore go ne go le gaufi thata le go phatlaladiwa ga palamente, go solofetswe ka Phatwe . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-12 |title=The rise and fall of Yandani Boko |url=https://thepatriot.co.bw/the-rise-and-fall-of-yandani-boko/ |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=The Patriot On Sunday |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Basimanebotlhe |first=Tsaone |date=2024-03-18 |title=Boko's exit leaves workers stranded at Mahalapye East |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/news/bokos-exit-leaves-workers-stranded-at-mahalapye-east/news |access-date=2024-07-07 |website=[[Mmegi Online]] |language=en}}</ref> == Tsamaiso ya ditlhopho == Mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bone, boloko jwa khuduthamaga ya Botswana ke mapalamente ba le masome a marataro le motso ba ba tlhophilweng mo dikgaolong tsa botlhophi tsa ntlhopheng a le mongwe phathi nngwe le nngwe, maloko a le marataro ba ba tlhophilweng ke phathi e e busang le ba le babbedi (tautona le motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230527225716/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/frequently-asked-questions#q1 "FAQs".] ''Parliament of Botswana''. Retrieved 28 July 2026</ref> Batlhophi ba tlhokiwa go bo e le baagedi ba Botswana ba le dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi le go feta, gape ba ntse mo Botswana sebaka sa dikgwedi di le lesome le bobedi pele ga ikwadiso. Batho ba ba lwalang tlhaloganyo, ba na le boagedi jwa mafatshe a mabedi, ba atlholetswe loso, ba lebisitswe molato wa dilthopho kgotsa ba le mo kgolegelong dikgwedi di le thataro ga ba letlelelwe go tlhopha.<ref name=":2">[http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/2041_B.htm Electoral system] IPU</ref> Bo ntlhopheng ba tshwanetse gore e bo e le baagedi ba Botswana, ba le dingwaga di feta masome a mabedi le motso, ba sa tshona thata gape ba kgona go bua le go baal [[Sekgowa]] sentle gore ba nne bontlha jwa dipuisano tsa palamente.<ref name=":2" /> Gape ba tshwanetse go iponela tlhopho ya batho ba le babedi mo kagolong ya bone ya botlhophi le kemo nokeng ya ba le supa. Go tlhokiwa madi a peeletso, a a busiwang fa ntlhopheng a ka amogela lesome le botlhano mo lekgolong la tlhopho ya kgaolo. Maloko a [[Ntlo ya Dikgosi tsa Botswana|Ntlo Ya Dikgosi]] ga ba a tshwanela go emela ditlhopho.<ref name=":2" /> Tautona o tlhophiwa sebaka sa dingwaga di le tlhano ke khuduthamaga. Fa e sale ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bosupa, bo tautona ba thswanetse go nna dingwaga di sa fete lesome mo ofising, di tlhatlhologana kgotsa di sa tlhatlhologane.<ref>[https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6&Itemid=163 "History".] ''www.parliament.gov.bw''. Retrieved 28 July 2026</ref> Go kgona ga ga tautona go ikaegile mo goreng a puso ya gagwe e na le kemo nokeng ya tlhopho ya mapalamente. O kgona go ntshiwa ka tshutiso ya go tlhoka go mo tshepha, mo go dirang gore a ithole marapo kgtsa fa a sa dire jalo, go phatlhaladiwa ga palamente fa tautona a gana go dira jalo. Ka nako ya ipapaletso ditlhopho, bo ntlhopheng botlhe ba khuduthamaga ba supa gore ba eme mang nokeng go emela botautona fa ba isa dipampiri tsa bone tsa tlhopho. Fa phathi e nna le palo e ntsi ya mapalamente a a tlhophilweng, ntlhopheng wa yone wa botautona o nna tautona ntle le go tlhophiwa. == Metswedi == b6ig5cfjsl827emro5d0h0o7i7yhgfo Botswana Center for Public Integrity 0 14741 53699 53476 2026-07-31T00:09:35Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53699 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Infobox organization|name=Botswana Center for Public Integrity|abbreviation=BCPI|type=lekgotla la mafatshefatshe le esengh la puso|purpose=go lwantsha tshenyetso setshaba, go thibela tshenyo|headquarters=[[Gaborone]] [[Botswana]]|location=2704 Phala [[Gaborone]]|region_served=[[Botswana]]|website=https://bcpi.org.bw/}} '''Botswana Centre for Public Integrity ( BCPI )''' ke mokgatlho o e seng wa puso [[Botswana|wa Botswana]] o o berekang go thusa go oketsa le go neetfatsa gore dilo di direlwa mo pontsheng( mo gae), thokgamo le boikarabelo mo [[Botswana]] ka go dira dipatlisiso tse di ikaegileng ka melao, go ela dilo tlhoko, go aga bokgoni le go buelela tshenyetso setshaba le go thusa batho sentle . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Botswana Centre for Public Integrity plants anti-corruption "seed"in learning arena {{!}} Sunday Standard |url=http://www.sundaystandard.info/botswana-centre-public-integrity-plants-anti-corruption-%E2%80%9Cseed%E2%80%9D-learning-arena |access-date=2019-10-29 |website=www.sundaystandard.info |archive-date=2019-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905055010/http://www.sundaystandard.info/botswana-centre-public-integrity-plants-anti-corruption-%E2%80%9Cseed%E2%80%9D-learning-arena |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Dintlha tsa mokgatlho == Maitlamo a BCPI a latela jaana; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://bcpi.org.bw/ |access-date=2019-10-29 |website=Botswana Center for Public Integrity |language=en-US}}</ref> * Boikarabelo le Maikarabelo * Tirisanommogo le kopano * Bothokgami le Boikanyego * Go sa tseye letlhakore * Go direla dilo mo pontsheng == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Kelotlhoko tshenyetso setshaba (Aforika Borwa)]] * Lephata la tshenyetso setshaba le melato ya itsholelo * [[Bokopano jwa mafatshefatshe kgatlhanong le tshenyetso setshaba]] == Metswedi == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} <references responsive="1"></references> ndl3vkpdf0ntl6a75uygoo16hs3d3lp Cashless Society (band) 0 14744 53700 53489 2026-07-31T00:40:03Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53700 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cashless Society''' gape e itsiwe jaaka '''The Hard Cashless Society''' kgotsa '''THC Society''' ke setlhopha sa hip hop sa borwa jwa Afrika go tswa kwa [[Gaborone]], [[Botswana]] le [[Johannesburg]], '''Afrika Borwa'''. Setlhopha se se na le Snazz D (Julian Du Plessis), Draztik (Dave Balsher), X-Amount (Kwezi Ngcakani), Black Intellect (Jerry Kai Lewis), Fat Free (Salim Mosidinyane) & DJ IQ (yo o tlogetseng setlhopha, fa a boela kwa Queens, NY), setlhopha se se ne sa dira dithotloetso tsa moragonyana tsa bataki ba bangwe ba ba neng ba na le megopolo e e tshwanang le Criminal (Alfred Chirwa), Tizeye (Tyrone Phillips) & Gemini (Thabiso Mofokeng) (wa morago le ene ke leloko la Groundworks) ba ikgolaganya le go bopa setlhopha se se itsegeng jaaka Cashless Society. == Ditso == Dingwaga tsa ntlha Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe (1999) go ne ga tlhomiwa laeborari e e ikemetseng ya Unreleased Records ke CEO Draztik le DJ IQ go tswa kwa Gaborone, Botswana, le X-Amount go tswa kwa Johannesburg, Afrika Borwa.<ref name=":0">[http://www.africasgateway.com/2002/01/06/cashless-society/ "We speak to Draztik from Cashless Society"]. AfricasGateway.</ref>Kgopolo e ne e le go dira lefelo la go bulela talente e e golang ya hip-hop mo borwa jwa Aforika ba ba neng ba akanya gore ba ne ba kgaphelwa kwa thoko go tswa mo lefatsheng la mmino ke intaseteri. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20010515220940/http://www.africanhiphop.com/ "Unreleased Records"]. ''Africanhiphop.com''. Archived from the original on 15 May 2001. Retrieved 26 March 2016</ref>Cashless Society e ne e le nngwe ya ditlhopha tsa ntlha go saena le Unreleased Records ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe(1999). Setlhopha se ne se na le Draztik, X-Amount, Snazz D, Black Intellect, Slim a.k.a. Fat Free le DJ IQ.<ref name=":0" />Ditlhopha tse dingwe tse di neng di saenetse kwa pele mo labeleng e ne e le Organik Interfaze (Draztik, Slim le DJ IQ) le Nativity (Fifth Light, L biz, Carnage le Swarthy) ditlhopha tse pedi tse di tswang kwa Gaborone, Botswana.<ref name=":0" /> Leina la Cashless Society le akaretsa setlhopha ka bokao jo bo gabedi: go se nne le madi, jaaka mo bokamosong jwa ikonomi ya polasetiki ya lefatshe la segompieno le go se nne le madi jaaka mo Aforika, e jaanong e leng naga e e humanegileng go gaisa.<ref name=":0" /><ref>Charry, Eric S. (2012). "Hip Hop Africa: New African Music in a Globalizing World". ''Eric S. Charry''. ISBN&#x20;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0253003072|<bdi>978-0253003072</bdi>.]]</ref> Draztik, Slim le DJ IQ e ne e le baamogedi ba lenaneo la radio la beke le beke la Strictly Hip-Hop mo seteisheneng sa radio sa RBII kwa Botswana.<ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20000816225345/http://www.africaserver.nl/rumba-kali/ "One nation under a groove".] Africanhiphop.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2000.</ref> Gape e ne e le maloko a setlhopha sa Organik Interfaze, Ba bararo ba ne ba fetsa nako e ntsi kwa moseja, ka Draztik a golela kwa Sacramento, California, Slim a belegetswe le go golela kwa New York City le DJ IQ a golela kwa Queens, [[New York,]] pele botlhe ba boela kwa Botswana.<ref name=":1" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20000816225345/http://www.africaserver.nl/rumba-kali/ "Feedin' Botswana Hip Hop headz"]. Africanhiphop.com. Archived from the original on 16 August 2000.</ref> X-Amount le Snazz D ba ne ba tswa kwa Johannesburg, Afrika Borwa mme ba ne ba bopa setlhopha sa Gun of a Nation (Zulu, "Isizwe se zi bhamu") mmogo. Morwa wa lesole la pele la ntwa la MK la Afrika Borwa, X-Amount o ne a tsholelwa mo kampeng ya sesole kwa [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya|Kenya,]] pele a fudugela kwa Toronto, Canada, a le dingwaga di le robedi. O ne a boela mo Afrika Borwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi (1998). Black Intellect, le yone e e tswang kwa Johannesburg, e tsholetswe kwa [[Freetown]], Sierra Leone, mme ya golela kwa [[Baltimore]], Maryland, pele e fudugela kwa Afrika Borwa le go tsenela setlhopha sa Cashless Society.<ref name=":0" /> === Blaze Tha Breaks === Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi (2000) Bobbito Garcia, Rre. Len le Jean Grae ba ne ba ya kwa Afrika Borwa go tswa kwa New York City go ya go tshameka mo Afrika Borwa ka lekgetlho la ntlha. Bobbito o ne a golola single ya Cashless Society "Blaze tha Breaks" b/w Mizchif "Place for a Wife" mo Independent Fondle 'Em Records ya gagwe ka 2000 fa ba boela kwa United States.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160406233612/http://www.matadorrecords.com/mr_len "Mr. Len profile"]. ''Matador Records''. Archived from the original on 6 April 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2016.</ref> Letlhakore la A la rekoto, 'Blaze Tha Breaks' le ne la bona Snazz D, X-Amount le Black Intellect ba opela ka pina ya ga Nina Simone e e dirilweng ke Draztik le X-Amount. B-Side e ne e na le Mizchif le Tsakani Mhinga ba opela "Place for a Wife" ka morethetho wa ga Richard The 3rd. Go anamisiwa ga yone go ne ga dirwa ke Fat Beats mme rekoto e ne ya nna e nngwe ya tsa ntlha go anamisiwa mo lefatsheng lotlhe ke moopedi wa hip-hop wa mo Afrika Borwa. E ne ya gololwa kwa borwa jwa Afrika ka Unreleased Records ngwaga o o latelang, mme e ne ya tlhagisiwa gape mo kgobokanong ya "Farewell Fondle 'Em" e e golotsweng ka Definitive Jux.<ref name=":2">[https://www.discogs.com/Cashless-Society-Blaze-Tha-Breaks/release/1118048 "Cashless Society – Blaze Tha Breaks".] discogs. Retrieved 26 March 2016.</ref><ref>[http://www.allmusic.com/album/farewell-fondle-em-mw0000591736 "Farewell Fondle 'Em – Various Artists".] AllMusic. Retrieved 26 March 2016</ref> Kgololo ya Aforika Borwa gape e na le dipina tsa ‘ditso’, ‘Dira gore go diragale’ le Blaze Tha Breaks (Remix). Karolo e e tokafaditsweng ya CD e bontsha dibuka tsa botshelo tse di feletseng mmogo le bidio ya mmino wa 'Blaze Tha Breaks'.<ref name=":2" /><ref>[http://www.publicenemyafrica.com/the-history-of-south-african-hip-hop-by-rashid-ray/ "The History of South African hip-hop"]. Public Enemy Africa.</ref> === ''African Raw Material Vol. 1'' === Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le boraro (2003) setlhopha se ne sa golola alebamo ya sona ya ntlha e e tletseng ya 'African Raw Material bolumo ya ntlha' mo kgatisong ya bona ya Direkoto tse di sa Kgololwang ka kabo e e neng e tshwarwa ke Sony BMG Africa. E ne e na le diponagalo tsa baeng ke Tumi, Mizchif le Masauko ba Blk Sonshine.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171003225259/http://www.africasgateway.com/2003/11/11/unreleased-records-african-raw-material-vol-1-plus-upcoming-events/ "Unreleased Records: African Raw Material VOL 1 plus upcoming events".] ''AfricasGateway.com''. Retrieved 26 March 2016.</ref>Alebamo e ne ya bona setlhopha se oketsa maloko a mangwe e leng Criminal, Tizeye le Gemini, fa DJ IQ ene a ne a tlogetse setlhopha go ya go fudugela kwa Queens, kwa New York. Sekebekwa ke moopedi wa mmino wa repe yo o tswang kwa [[Lilongwe,]] [[Malawi]], Tizeye go tswa kwa Johannesburg le Gemini moopedi wa mmino wa repe le motlhagisi go tswa kwa Motsekapa yo gape e leng leloko la Groundworks.<ref>[http://www.rock.co.za/amuzine/120404.htm "SA Top Selling CDs".] South African Rock Digest.</ref> === ''Hottentot Hop (Bantu 1,2)'' === Pina ya ntlha e e tswang mo alebamong ya 'Hottentot Hop (Bantu 1, 2)' e ne ya amogelwa sentle. Pina e ne e na le Snazz, X-Amount le Fat Free ba diragatsa pina e e tlhagisitsweng ke Draztik. Video e e neng e kaelwa ke Andrew Wessels e ne ya filimiwa kwa [[Sekakang sa Kalahari]] mme ya dira gore setlhopha seno se bone awate kwa Dikabong tsa Mmino tsa Aforika Borwa mo ngwageng oo tsa bidio e e gaisang.<ref>[http://koolout.co.za/?p=9751 "KoolOut: #TBT: Cashless Society – Hottentot Hop (Bantu 1, 2)".] KoolOut.co.za.</ref>Pina e ne gape e tlhagelela mo kokoanyong ya 'Silvertab Harambe Dope Sessions' e e golotsweng ke Direkoto tsa DIY mme ya gatisiwa ke Direkoto tsa Diokobatsi tsa Aforika. Pokello e ne e entswe ka dipina tse boutilweng ke bareetsi ba Bush Radio. E ne gape e tlhagisiwa mo kokoanyong ya 'Rhyme 'N Reason' e e neng ya gololwa ke Ready Rolled Records ka one ngwaga oo.<ref>[https://www.discogs.com/Various-Rhyme-N-Reason/release/1140933 "Various Artists – Rhyme N' Reason".] discogs. 2004.</ref> === ''Taxi Wars'' === Single ya bobedi e e tswang mo alebamong ya 'Taxi Wars' e ne ya amogelwa sentle ka go lekana. Pina e ne e tlhagisitswe ke Gemini mme ya mmona a repa mmogo le Snazz D le X-Amount. Pina e ne ya thusa go rarabolola dikgotlhang tsa dikgaolo tsa dikhomišene tsa dithekisi kwa Johannesburg. Bidio e ne e kaelwa ke Wessels le ene mme gape e ne ya bontshiwa mo kgatisong ya CD/DVD ya 'Afrolution Vol. 1 – Pokello ya Hip Hop ya Aforika ya Ntlha' e lokollotswe direkotong tsa Afrolution.<ref>[https://www.discogs.com/Various-Afrolution-Vol-1-The-Original-African-Hip-Hop-Compilation/release/1140520 "Various Artists – Afrolution Vol. 1".] discogs. 2005.</ref> Pina ya '8-3-1 (Ke a go Rata)', e e neng e neetswe Johannesburg, e ne ya tlhagisiwa mo Pineng ya Modumo ya Yizo Yizo 3 e e neng ya gololwa mo Khamphaning ya Direkoto ya CCP.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160408151634/http://152.111.1.87/argief/berigte/citypress/2004/04/25/C1/33/01.html "Yizo Yizo 3 unleashes a powerful ensemble of talent".] ''City Press''. South Africa. Archived from the original on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 26 March 2016</ref>Mo ngwageng oo, Mokgatlho wa Cashless o ne wa gapa dikabelo di le tharo tsa SAMA, mmogo le dikabelo di le nne kwa 'dikabong tsa Hip-Hop Indaba' tsa ngwaga le ngwaga kwa Cape Town.<ref>[http://africasacountry.com/2015/03/sahiphop2014-looking-back-at-the-year-that-was/ "#SAHipHop2014: Looking Back at the Year That Was".] ''Africasacountry.com''. Retrieved 26 March 2016.</ref>Setlhopha seno se ne sa tlhagelela mo khabareng ya kgatiso ya ntlha ya makasine wa HYPE, e leng kgatiso ya ntlha ya bosetšhaba ya hip-hop mo Aforika Borwa.<ref>[http://www.hypemagazine.co.za/ "HYPE Magazine".] Retrieved 26 March 2016.</ref>Ngwaga o o latelang o ne wa bona direkoto tse di sa gololwang tsa go rekota baopedi ba Snazz D le Young Nations ba tlhagelela mo papatsong ya ntlha ya hip-hop ya CNN Inside Africa.<ref>[http://consciousness.co.za/thoughts-of-a-young-nation/ "Thoughts of a Young Nation".] ''Consciousness.co.za''. Retrieved 26 March 2016</ref> == Discography == === Dikgatiso === ; Albums<ref name=":3">[https://www.discogs.com/artist/106756-Cashless-Society "Cashless Society – Discography".] discogs. Retrieved 29 March 2016.</ref> ;* '''''African Raw Material Vol. 1'' – Cashless Society, Unreleased Records (CDUR 1000) (2003)''' ; Singles<ref name=":3" /> ;* ''Blaze Tha Breaks'' – Cashless Society b/w "Place for a Wife" – Mizchif, Fondle 'Em Records (FE-SA1) (2000) ;* ''Blaze Tha Breaks'' – Cashless Society, Unreleased Records (CDUR 001) (2001) === Guest appearances === ; * "Blaze Tha Breaks" by Cashless Society on ''Sweet Sixteen: Vol. 16'' – DJ MK, MK Enterprizes (MK-16) (2000) * "Blaze Tha Breaks" (featuring Snazz D, Black Intellect & X-Amount) by Cashless Society on ''Farewell Fondle 'Em'' – V.A., Definitive Jux (DJX-19) (2001) * "Hottentot Hop (Bantu 1, 2)" by Cashless Society on ''Silvertab Harambe Dope Sessions'' – Various Artists, DIY Records (2003) * "Hottentot Hop (Bantu 1, 2)" by Cashless Society on ''Rhyme 'N Reason'' – Various Artists, Ready Rolled Records (RRRCD 009) (2004) * "8-3-1 (I Love You)" by Cashless Society on ''Yizo Yizo 3'' – Various Artists, CCP Record Company (CDYIZO (WL) 3) (2004) * "Dolly Partin'" by Cashless Society on ''Smirnoff Spin Hype Sessions Vol. 1'' – Various Artists, HYPE Magazine (2005) * "Taxi Wars" by Cashless Society on ''Afrolution Vol. 1 – The Original African Hip Hop Collection'' – Various Artists, Afrolution Records (afrolution001) (2005) * "Hottentot Hop (Bantu 1, 2)" by Cashless Society on ''African Grooves Volume 13'' – Various Artists, Blue Pie (2008) == Go etela mafatshe, Dipontsho tse di Botlhokwa le Bo be ga kgang == Cashless Society e tshamekile le go nna setlhogo sa dipontsho mo Aforika Borwa le Botswana ka bobedi. Ba ne ba bulela Dead Prez le Blak Twang kwa Johannesburg le Gaborone ka bobedi ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a roabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe (1999). Setlhopha seno gape se ne sa bulela [[Jean Grae]], [[Rre Len]] le [[Bobbito]] kwa Johannesburg. Di ne di tlhagisiwa mo khabareng ya Makasine wa HYPE mo kgatisong ya ntlha ya kgatiso eno. Makasine wa ntlha wa naga ka bophara wa hip-hop o o neng wa gatisiwa le mo Aforika Borwa.<ref>[https://stfrancisredblog.wordpress.com/2013/08/07/mzansi-wednesdayz-remembering-_-cashless-society/ "Remembering Cashless Society"]. ''Remembering Mzanzi Wednesdays''. Retrieved 29 March 2016.</ref> == Maloko a setlhopha sa mmino == * Dave Balsher (Draztik) – producer, lyricist * Alfred Chirwa (Criminal) – lyricist * Julian Du Plessis (Snazz D) – producer, lyricist * Jerry Kai Lewis (Black Intellect) – lyricist * Thabiso Mofokeng (Gemini) – producer, lyricist * Salim Mosidinyane (Fat Free) – lyricist * Kwezi Ngcakani (X-Amount) – producer, lyricist * Tyrone Phillips (Tizeye) – lyricist == Dietsele == === Dietsele tse di fentsweng === {| class="wikitable" |+ !ngwaga !seetsele !seetsele sa eng |- |2004 |Best Hip-Hop Album (African Raw Material Vol. 1) |SAMA |- |2004 |Best South African Rap Song (Hottentot Hop Bantu 1,2) |SAMA |- |2004 |Best South African Music Video (Hottentot Hop Bantu 1,2 |SAMA |} == Metswedi == omoh9ekvpy75mibtzr1eidx6vmkdpuo Henry Newman (rakgwebo) 0 14747 53706 53494 2026-07-31T04:48:52Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Henry Newman|birth_place=Gaborone, Botswana|occupation=Mogwebi|known for=go tlhama [[Zesta]], Verbosec|relatives=[[Randall Newman]] motsalwa le ene wa monna|website=https://henrynewman.info/}} '''Henry Newman''' ke mogwebi [[Botswana|wa Botswana]], e bile ke ene motlhami le mmereki wa tsa botegeniki wa Verbosec. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=THE AI REVOLUTION |url=https://www.pressreader.com/botswana/the-voice-botswana/20241101/281745569891852?srsltid=AfmBOoqFv2zXRFQZM-QwxWOrRBVyIH_tz9e_c2UkTnfpeU2bHIvz8Hyk |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=[[PressReader]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tlhankane |first=Mompati |date=2021-01-15 |title=Forbes 30 under 30 finalists embark on a blood donation drive |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/lifestyle/forbes-30-under-30-finalists-embark-on-a-blood-donation-drive/news |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=Mmegi Online |language=en}}</ref> == Botshelo jwa a le mmotlana le thuto == Newman o tsholetswe le go golela kwa toropo kgolo ya [[Gaborone]] kwa le ene a feditseng bongwana jwa gagwe teng. O dirile dithuto tsa gagwe tsa sekolo se segolwane kwa sekolong sa St. Joseph's College kwa Kgale. <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Adamson |first=Kabelo |date=2021-02-03 |title=Innovative twins enter food tech space » TheVoiceBW |url=https://thevoicebw.com/innovative-twins-enter-food-tech-space/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=TheVoiceBW |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Tsa pereko == O ne a ttsena mo loetong lwa kgwebo ka go tlhama maranyane a dikhopmutara le morwarraagwe, Henry Newman ba tlhama kompone ya verbosec ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borbabongwe. <ref name=":1"/> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathala |first=Sharon |date=2020-09-29 |title=Redefining entrepreneurship » TheVoiceBW |url=https://thevoicebw.com/redefining-entrepreneurship/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=TheVoiceBW |language=en-GB}}</ref> Newman o ne a tswelela go simolola skompone e e isang dijo kwa bathong ya Zesta (kwa pele e neng e le Square Eats) ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le masome a mabedi ka nako ya [[Segajaja sa Covid-19 mo Botswana|segajaja sa COVID-19]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Square Eats: delivering food and drinks to your doorstep – YourBotswana |url=https://yourbotswana.com/2020/11/18/square-eats-delivering-food-and-drinks-to-your-doorstep/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |language=en-GB |archive-date=2020-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127005052/https://yourbotswana.com/2020/11/18/square-eats-delivering-food-and-drinks-to-your-doorstep/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Release |first=Press |date=2021-01-13 |title=Square Eats Announces Plans for Expansion into South Africa |url=https://tech.africa/square-eats-south-africa/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bone, kompone ya gagwe ya Verbosec e ne ya simolola serala sa go tlhagisa e e dirilweng ka AI e e bidiwang Nexus AI. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Galeragwe|first=Moshe|date=|title=Botswana Estonia partner to develop AI strategy|url=https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/78273}}</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[Theo Baloyi]] * [[Elliot Moshoke]] * [[Bogolo Kenewendo]] == Metswedi == {{Reflist}} [[Karolo:Articles with hCards]] crhh6tuxid237lz9njcqihf9zsf4q7w Tumelo ya Bahà’i Faith mo Botswana 0 14761 53718 53594 2026-07-31T07:15:51Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 19 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53718 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tumelo ya Baháʼí mo Botswana''' e simolola morago ga gore [[ʻAbdu’l-Bahá]], yo ka nako eo e neng e le moeteledipele wa Tumelo ya Baháʼí, a kwale makwalo a a neng a rotloetsa go isa bodumedi jono kwa Afrika ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongweble lesome le borataro. Babulatsela ba ntlha ba Baháʼí ba ne ba goroga mo Botswana mo e ka nnang ka kgwei ya Phalane ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano la bone, koo ba neng ba nna ditsala le Maaforika a mantsi. Ditlhopho tsa ntlha tsa Khuduthamaga ya Sechaba ya Semoya ya Baháʼí kwa Botswana e ne e le ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le bosupa . Palo ya sechana ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bongwe e bala Baháʼí ba ka nna makgolo a supa.<ref name=":6">[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2005/51449.htm International Religious Freedom Report 2005: Botswana.] United States Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (September 14, 2005). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.''</ref>Le fa go ntse jalo, Mokgatlho wa Dipolokelo Tshedimosetso tsa Bodumedi o ne wa akanyetsa gore go ne go na le Baháʼí ba ka nna dikete di le lesome le borataro le makgolo a matlhano mo Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome. == Legato la ntlha == === Matlapa a ga Abdu'l-Bahá a Thulaganyo ya Bomodimo === ʻAbdu’l-Bahá o ne a kwalela balatedi ba tumelo kwa United States motseletsele wa makwalo, kgotsa matlapanakwalelo, ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le borataro goya ko go wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le bosupa (1916–1917)makwalo ano a ne a kokoanngwa mmogo mo bukeng ya Matlapa a Thulaganyo ya Bomodimo. Ya borobedi le ya bolesomepedi ya matlapanakwalelo ano e ne e umaka Afrika mme e ne ya kwalwa ka kgwedi ya Moranang a le lesome le borobabongwe ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le borataro le ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ale lesome le botlhano ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bongwe ka go latelana. Le fa go ntse jalo, go gatisiwa ga yone go ne ga diega kwa United States go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le borobabongwe—morago ga bokhutlo jwa Ntwa ya Lefatshe I le mokgotlhwane wa Spain. Matlapa ano a ne a ranolwa le go tlhagisiwa ke Mirza Ahmad Sohrab ka Moranang e tlhola gane ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le robabongwe , mme a gatisiwa mo makasineng wa Star of the West ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ele lesome le bobedi ngwaga wa,sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le robabongwe .<ref>Abbas, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá (April 1919). [https://bahai-library.com/abdulbaha_tablets_instructions_explanation ''Tablets, Instructions and Words of Explanation''.] Mirza Ahmad Sohrab (trans. and comments).</ref>ʻAbdu'l-Bahá o umaka go tsamaya ga ga Baháʼís "...bogolo jang go tswa kwa Amerika go ya kwa Yuropa, Afrika, Asia le Australia, le go tsamaya go ralala Japane le China. Fela jalo, go tswa kwa Jeremane barutisi le badumedi ba ka nna ba tsamaya go ya kwa dikontinenteng tsa Amerika, Aforika, Japane le China; ka bokhutshwane, ba ka nna ba tsamaya mo dikontinenteng tsotlhe le ditlhaketlhake tsa lefatshe le "bongwe jwa m"<ref>[[:en:ʻAbdu'l-Bahá|Abdu’l Bahá]] (1991) [1916-17]. ''[https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/TDP/tdp-8.html.iso8859-1 Tablets of the Divine Plan]'' (Paperback&nbsp;ed.). [[:en:Wilmette,_Illinois|Wilmette, Illinois]]: US Baháʼí Publishing Trust. pp.&nbsp;47–59. [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-87743-233-3|ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>0-87743-233-3</bdi>]].</ref> neela bana botlhe ba batho botshelo jo bosha, mme motlaagana wa kagiso ya lobopo lotlhe o tlhomiwe mo setlhoeng sa Amerika ka jalo Yuropa le Aforika di ka tshedisiwa ka mewa ya Mowa o o Boitshepo, lefatshe leno le ka nna lefatshe le lengwe, sepolotiki sa mmele se ka fitlhelela boitumelo jwa sesha.<ref>[[:en:ʻAbdu'l-Bahá|Abdu’l Bahá]] (1991) [1916-17]. ''[https://reference.bahai.org/en/t/ab/TDP/tdp-12.html.iso8859-1 Tablets of the Divine Plan]'' (Paperback&nbsp;ed.). [[:en:Wilmette,_Illinois|Wilmette, Illinois]]: US Baháʼí Publishing Trust. pp.&nbsp;82–89. [[:en:Special:BookSources/0-87743-233-3|ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>0-87743-233-3</bdi>]].</ref> == Tshimolodiso ya Badumedi == Go tlhongwa ga baagi Bodumedi bo gorogile mo lefelong leno ka nako ya bokhutlo jwa motlha wa Bechuanaland Protectorate, naga e e neng e le teng pele ga bokoloniale, ka fa tlase ga Kopano ya Aforika Borwa. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le boraro Shoghi Effendi, tlhogo ya bodumedi morago ga loso lwa ga ʻAbdu’l-Bahá, o ne a rulaganya thulaganyo ya boditšhabatšhaba ya go ruta e e bidiwang Ntwa ya Bokeresete ya Dingwaga di le Lesome.<ref name=":0">National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of South Africa (1997). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20080408202119/http://www.bahai.org.za/cm/node/19 Baháʼís in South Africa - Progress of the Baháʼí Faith in South Africa since 1911"]. ''Official Website''. National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of South Africa. Archived from the original on 8 April 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-19</ref>Ka nako ya thulaganyo babulatsela ba ne ba fudugela kwa mafatsheng a le mantsi go akaretsa le Botswana go tswa kwa mafelong. Se e ne e le ka nako ya kgolo e e anameng ya bodumedi go ralala Aforika e e kwa Borwa jwa Sahara gaufi le bokhutlo jwa paka ya Bokoloniale jwa Aforika.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071209082606/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/sub/geness.html Overview Of World Religions".] ''General Essay on the Religions of Sub-Saharan Africa''. Division of Religion and Philosophy, University of Cumbria. Archived from [http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/sub/geness.html the original] on 2007-12-09. Retrieved 2008-04-16.</ref>Maikaelelo a go tlhoma go nna teng ga Baháʼí kwa Bechuanaland a ne a abelwa Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba ya Iran e e neng e sa ntse e dira ka nako eo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022718/http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=03&page=863 Guardian's Message to the Africa Intercontinnental Conference".] ''Baháʼí News''(281): 1–3. March 1953. [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9212 ISSN&nbsp;0195-9212.]</ref>Le fa go ntse jalo, ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ngwaa wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a malthano le borarogo goroga ga bosheng ga lelapa la ga Johnson go tswa kwa Amerika ka nako eo kwa Aforika Borwa go ne ga bona go goroga ga ga John le Audrey<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140808052834/http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=04&page=6 Pioneer Letters; Excerpts from Pioneer Letter to the Africa Teaching Committee; ''Johannesburg, March, 1954''".] ''Baháʼí News'' (281): 6. July 1954. [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9212 ISSN&nbsp;0195-9212].</ref>Robarts le morwawe Patrick le morwadie Nina go tswa kwa Canada ba ba neng ba thusiwa go fitlha kwa Mafeking<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063819/http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=03&page=1063 Pioneer Letters; Excerpts from Pioneer Letter to the Africa Teaching Committee; ''Edith and Lowell Johnson, Cape Town, South Africa''".] ''Baháʼí News''(280): 15. June 1954. [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9212 ISSN&nbsp;0195-9212].</ref>(ka nako eo kwa Bechuanaland) jaaka babulatsela ba Baháʼí kwa ba neng ba goroga teng ka kgwedi ya Phalame,ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le bone <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001943/http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=04&page=64 Temple Land in Johannesburg".] ''Baháʼí News''(280): 4. October 1954. [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9212 ISSN&nbsp;0195-9212.]</ref>ba ne ba fetolwa go nna ba-Baháʼí. naga e e neng ya bona sereto sa Mogale wa Baháʼu’lláh go tswa go tlhogo ya Tumelo ya nako eo, e bong Shoghi Effendi.<ref name=":1">[https://news.bahai.org/story/356 Minister praises Baháʼí activities".] ''Baha'i World News Service''. Baháʼí International Community. 14 March 2005. Retrieved July 12, 2013.</ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le boraro go ne go na le dikopano di le pedi; ditlhopha di le supa, le leloko le le lengwe le le kgaoganeng.Ba lelapa la ga Robart ba ne ba tsene mo bodumeding jono ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mararo le borobabobedi mme fa go ne go tlhomiwa Kokoano ya ntlha ya Bosetšhaba ya Semoya ya Canada ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mane le borobabobedi , John o ne a tlhophiwa go nna modulasetulo, e leng tiro e a neng a e dira go fitlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a mane le masome a matlhano le boraro fa ba ne ba fuduga.<ref name=":2">Paccassi Pat (August 2011). "[http://www.bahaihistorycaribbean.info/Hands_visits_to_St_Lucia_.pdf Visits of the Hands of the Cause of God to St. Lucia"] (PDF). ''Some information about the Hands of the Cause of God''.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le bone Seatla sa Lebaka, Musa Banani o ne a tlhoma John go nna Leloko la Boto e e Thusang mme lelapa le ne la ya loetong lwa bodumedi lwa Baháʼí. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le botlhano Lally Warren o ne a gakologelwa gore fa a ne a le ngwana yo monnye kwa Mafikeng go ne go sa tlwaelega go kopana le batho basweu ba ba neng ba mo itumedisa ka jalo o ne a dumela gore batho basweu botlhe ba bosula.<ref name=":1" />Seo se ne sa fetoga fa a kopana le lelapa la ga Robarts. <ref name=":3">[https://bahai-library.com/hassall_bahai_communities_country#16 Hassall Graham (2000). "Baháʼí Communities by Country: Research Notes".] ''Essays and short articles and Research notes''. Baháʼí Library Online</ref>"Ba ga Robart ba ne ba sa ntshware jaaka ngwana yo montsho, ba ne ba ntshwara jaaka ngwana," she said. O ne a gakologelwa fa a ne a le dingwaga di le lesome mme lelapa la ga Robarts le ne le tla kwa ntlong ya gagwe go tla go kopana le batsadi ba gagwe, James le Stella Moncho, banyalani ba ntlha ba lefelo leo go nna Baháʼí, "Ba ne ba kgona go dira seno fela bosigo, mme fa ba tla ba lebile ntlo ba ne ba tla tshuba dipone tsa bone tsa [koloi] le go di tima go re, 'Is can it... motlakase mo lefelong le lentsho mo malatsing ao ka jalo mmè o ne a tsaya lebone a bo a le ntsha ka fensetere a bo a le tsoka go re, 'Go siame, go babalesegile gore o tle.'"<ref name=":1" /> Lelapa la ga Robarts le ne la nna tsala le Modiri Molema, ngaka ya kalafi e e tlotlegang thata e bile e le ene fela montsho yo o neng a letleletswe go tsalana le basweu.<ref name=":1" /> Dr. Molema o ne a laletsa ditsala tsa gagwe le ba lelapa la gagwe go tla go utlwa ka bodumedi jono, mme o ne a naya lelapa la ga Robarts makwalo a go itsise Kgosi (dikgosi tsa setso) tsa Bechuanaland Protectorate. Dr. Molema o ne a sokologela mo bodumeding mme go ikwadisa ga gagwe ga go a ka ga itsisiwe phatlalatsa ka ntlha ya go ka tswa go ne go tshwenngwa ka ntlha ya go nna le seabe ga gagwe mo dipolotiking tsa maemo a a kwa godimo mo nakong e e fetileng. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le botlhano wa losika lwa gagwe, Stanlake Kukama, o ne a nna Motswana wa ntlha wa lefatshe la Bechuanaland go nna Mo-Baháʼí yo o boletsweng phatlalatsa. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le botlhano Kukama o ne a gakologelwa gore e ne e le molweladitshwanelo tsa tlhaolele, mme e ne e le leloko la lekoko la sepolotiki la Aforika Borwa, African National Congress mme o ne a tlhoile batho ba basweu ka ntlha ya boikutlo jwa bone ka Maaforika mme seo se ne sa fetoga fa a utlwa ka Tumelo ya Baháʼí go tswa mo lelapeng la ga Robarts: "Ka Iháíʼard the59. melaometheo ya Tumelo e ne e le tharabololo ya go [fitlhelela] kagiso le kutlwano mo bathong.... Ke ne ka lemoga gore basweu le bantsho botlhe ba ne ba sa bone boammaaruri, ba ne ba sena leitlho la moya Ka jalo, ke ne ka nna Mo-Baháʼí tharabololo ya go tshegetsa The National1. dingwaga di le dintsi ntle le katlego. Mapodise a ne a nna a mo beile leitlho le fa a sena go nna Mo-Baháʼí ka gonne ba ne ba sa dumele gore o tlogetse dipolotiki tsa lekoko. Moragonyana Rre Kukama o ne a direla dingwaga di le dintsi e le leloko la Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba ya Semoya ya Baháʼí ba Bophuthatswana le ba Aforika Borwa.<ref name=":1" /> Ka kgwedi ya Moranang,ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le borataro Tumelo ya Baháʼí e ne e le teng ka dipalo tse dinnye go ralala mafatshena le lesome le botlhano a borwa jwa Afrika. Go tsamaisa merafe e go ne ga tlhophiwa ga khuduthamaga ya secahaba ya Semoya ya kgaolo mo Aforika Borwa Bophirima go ba akaretsa. <ref name=":4">Compiled by [http://bahai-library.com/handscause_statistics_1953-63&chapter=1 Hands of the Cause Residing in the Holy Land. "The Baháʼí Faith: 1844-1963: Information Statistical and Comparative, Including the Achievements of the Ten Year International Baháʼí Teaching & Consolidation Plan 1953-1963".] pp.&nbsp;25, 59.</ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le borataro John Robarts o ne a tlhophiwa go nna leloko la yone.<ref name=":3" />Mo tshimologongbya ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le bosupa setšhaba sa Baháʼí se ne se le batho ba ba fa gare ga lesome le masome a mabedi mme sa nna karolo ya kokoano ya bosetšhaba ya kgaolo ya Afrika Borwa le Bophirima. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le boraro go ne go na le dikopano di le pedi; ditlhopha di le supa, le leloko le le lengwe le le kgaoganeng.<ref name=":2" /> Bokopano bo ne bo le kwa [[Lobatse]], le kwa [[Mahalapye]] le ditlhopha kwa [[Gaborone]], [[Ghanzi]], [[Kopong]], [[Mafeking]], [[Molepolole]], [[Morwa]], [[Serowe]], le Mobaháʼí yo o nosi kwa Moeng (e e gaufi le Dithaba tsa Tswapong).<ref name=":4" /> == Tlhabololo ya Sechaba == Morago ga loso lwa ga Shoghi Effendi, Ntlo ya Bosiamisi ya Lefatshe Lotlhe e e tlhophilweng e ne e le tlhogo ya bodumedi mme ya simolola go rulaganya sešwa merafe ya Baháʼí ya Aforika, go akaretsa le Botswana, ka go kgaoganya merafe ya bosetšhaba go bopa Dikokoano tsa bona tsa Bosetšhaba go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bone le fa e le ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe.<ref name=":0" /> Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bosuap kokoano e ntšhwa e e tlhophilweng ya kgaolo ya Aforika Borwa Bogare, ka nako eo e ne e akaretsa dinaga tsa Botswana, Malawi le Rhodesia.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022750/http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=06&page=647 Newly-elected National Spiritual Assembly of South Central Africa…".] ''Baháʼí News'' (437): 11. August 1967. [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9212 ISSN&nbsp;0195-9212].</ref> a yone e ne e le: Willard Mahtunge, Florence Fat’he-Aazam, Esther Moncho, Esther Glauder, Brian Eames, Enayat Sohaili, Leonard Chiposi, Helen A. Hope, le John D. Sargent Sr. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa Sekolo sa Bašwa sa Bosetšhaba sa ntlha mo Botswana se ne sa tsenelwa ke bašwa ba feta masome a mararo, bagolo le barutabana.<ref>“[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063129/http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=07&page=691 Botswana First Youth Institute"]. ''Baháʼí News''(477): 11. December 1970. [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9212 ISSN&nbsp;0195-9212.]</ref>Morago ga dithuto banana ba ne ba etela metse e le meraro e e neng e rulagantswe pele ke kokoano ya setshaba ka tumelelo ya dikgosi tsa selegae kwa ba neng ba ntsha puo e e neng e amogetswe sentle e e neng e ba baakanyeditswe segolobogolo. Ka ntlha ya go amogelwa ga puo ba ne ba lalediwa kwa metseng e mengwe e merataro ke dikgosi tsa metse eo mme kgabagare ba tlhagisa bodumedi mo bathong ba ba ka nnang makgolo a supa ba ba neng ba le teng kwa dipuong tseo. Go ne ga begwa gape ka loeto lono mo radiong ya lefelo leo. Moragonyana Baháʼí ba ntlha go tswa kwa Ba-Bushmen le kwa Ba-Kgalagadi ba ne ba tsene mo bodumeding jono. Nako e ne ya goroga ya gore go tlhophiwe Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba ya Semoya ya Baháʼí ya Botswana e e neng ya tlhophiwa ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa.<ref name=":5">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063233/http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=08&page=37 Progress Report of Botswana".] ''Baháʼí News''(492): 12–13. March 1972. [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9212 ISSN&nbsp;0195-9212.]</ref> Maloko a yone mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bongwe e ne e le:<ref name=":5" />Stanley Matenge, Esther Moncho, Isaac Kgang, Dennis Makiwa, Maureen Gruber, Robert Sarracino, Bogatlu Pheto, Jeffrey Gruber, le Broer Oageng. Ka kgwedi ya Phatwe,ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bongwe go ne ga dirwa dipuo tsa ntlha tsa phatlalatsa ka ga bodumedi kwa Gaborone mme tsa gasiwa mo Radio Botswana ka setlhogo se se reng "Ditumelo tsa Setso tsa Aforika le Kutlwano ya Madumedi a Lefatshe".<ref name=":5" />oTshekatsheko ya morafe e ne ya lemoga gore kokoano ya bosetšhaba le dikokoano tsa selegae di le tlhano di ne di tsentse le go kwadisa le puso. Go tswa foo kokoano ya bosetšhaba e ne ya nna beng ba semolao ba lefelo la bosetšhaba la Baháʼí. Mafelo a le masome a marataro le bosuap a ne a tsentswe mo bodumeding mme go ne go weditswe go ranolwa ga dikwalo dingwe tsa Se-Baháʼí. Dikgosi di ka nna masome a mane mo maemong a a farologaneng di ne di rometswe melaetsa ke kokoano ya bosetšhaba ka bodumedi jono. Go ne go etetswe metse e le masome a matlhano le bosupa mme go ne ga felela ka gore go nne le dikopano tsa bontsi. Go ne go na le babulatsela ba le banè fela ka nako eo. Motse wa Boneapitse o ne o lemogiwa e le bontsi jwa Baháʼí. Kokoano ya selegae ya Ba-Bush botlhe e ne ya tlhophiwa la ntlha kwa Tshasane ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bonedi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063712/http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=08&page=584 Bushman Assembly". ''B'']''aháʼí News'' (492): 6. February 1974. [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9212 ISSN&nbsp;0195-9212.]</ref>Fa e tlhophiwa gape ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le boraro maloko a yone e ne e le: Ci-!Gau, !'ea, Titi, Diolo, Kaka, Mashipa, N!!g<nowiki>''</nowiki>ae-!Nobo, Baberi, Mpalo. Sekaka sa Kalahari (se se bontshiwang ka mmala o mohibidu) le Mogobedi wa Kalahari (mmala wa lamune) Sekolo sa ntlha sa bosetšhaba sa selemo se ne sa diragala ka kgwedi ya Morule ele masome a mabedi le borobabongwe go ya go ko go ya Hirikgonge tlhola bone ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le borobabongwe go ya ko ngwageng wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi- mme sa latelwa ke khonferense ya kgaolo ka ga go itsisiwe ga bodumedi ka botsayakarolo jwa Lobatse, Jwaneng, le Kanye mo godimo ga maloko a kokoano ya bosetšhaba le maloko a thuso ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole. Ka<ref>. ''Baháʼí News'' (594): 12. September 1980. ISSN&nbsp;0195-9212.</ref> kgwedi ya Phatwe,ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bongwe bokopano jwa ntlha ya boditšhabatšhaba ya Botswana e ne ya tsenelwa ke bagolo le bana ba le lekgolo le masome a matlhano go tswa kwa mafatsheng a le supa.<ref>[[Botswana]]". ''Baháʼí News'' (599): 14. February 1981. [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9212 ISSN&nbsp;0195-9212.]</ref> Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bone Baháʼís ba Gaborone ba ne ba tshwara dikopano di le mmalwa tsa phatlalatsa - e nngwe e ne e tlhomolola Letsatsi la UN le badiredibagolo ba le mmalwa ba toropo ba neng ba le teng kwa go lone, e nngwe e ne e le le Mogakolodi yo o etileng Hooper Dunbar e le yone e neng e begwa ke dikgang tsa thelebishene le radio.<ref>[[Botswana]]". ''Baháʼí News'' (647): 15. February 1985. [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9212 ISSN&nbsp;0195-9212.]</ref>Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le botlhano Baháʼí ba ne ba lalediwa kwa seminareng e e neng e bua ka ditumelo kwa Yunibesithing ya Batswana.<ref>[[Botswana]]". ''Baháʼí News'' (654): 15. September 1985. [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9212 ISSN&nbsp;0195-9212.]</ref> Bašwa ba feta lekgolo ba ne ba kopana kwa khonferenseng ya boditšhabatšhaba ya bašwa ka Phatwe e e neng ya bulwa ke motlatsamopresidente wa nako eo wa Botswana - [[Peter Mmusi]]<ref>[[Botswana]]". ''Baháʼí News'' (657): 14. December 1985. [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9212 ISSN&nbsp;0195-9212.]</ref>Ngwaga oo gape e ne e le one fa Tsholofetso ya Kagiso ya Lefatshe Lotlhe ya Ntlo ya Bosiamisi e ne ya neelwa moporesidente wa nako eo wa Botswana, [[Quett Masire]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304022915/http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=11&page=565 Governments receive peace statement".] ''Baháʼí News'' (659): 14. February 1986. [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9212 ISSN&nbsp;0195-9212.]</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111222/http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=12&page=228 The Promise of World Peace".] ''Baháʼí News''(683): 2–3. February 1988. [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9212 ISSN&nbsp;0195-9212.]</ref>mmogo le go ranolwa ka Setswana<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003818/http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=12&page=89 The Promise of World Peace"]. ''Baháʼí News''(675): 12. June 1987. [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9212 ISSN&nbsp;0195-9212.]</ref> jaaka karolo ya go keteka ka kakaretso Ngwaga wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Kagiso wa UN.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063722/http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=12&page=136 International Year of Peace (roll call of nations) - Botswana".] ''Baháʼí News'' (678): 3. September 1987. [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9212 ISSN&nbsp;0195-9212.]</ref> Patlisiso ya maemo a boditšhabatšhaba a bodumedi ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bosupa e fitlhetse gore le fa Botswana e ne e na le dikopano tsa bosetšhaba le tsa selegae tse di neng di amogela semolao Malatsi a a Boitshepo a Baháʼí, manyalo le go gololwa mo lekgethong jaaka bodumedi di ne di sa amogelwe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023011/http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=12&page=106 Statistical Update - Worldwide recognition of the Faith"]. ''Baháʼí News'' (676): 11. July 1987. [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9212 ISSN&nbsp;0195-9212.]</ref> Diketelo tsa Diatla tsa Lebaka Hands of the Cause ke setlhopha se se tlhophilweng sa Baháʼí, se se tlhomilweng botshelo jotlhe, se tiro ya sone e kgolo e neng e le go anamisa le go sireletsa bodumedi. Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le bongwe Seatla sa Lebaka Adelbert Mühlschlegel e ne e le ene wa ntlha go etela Botswana.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083157/http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=08&page=36 Hand of Cause visits Botswana"]. ''Baháʼí News''(683): 12–13. March 1972. [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9212 ISSN&nbsp;0195-9212.]</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a ribabongwe le masome a supa le bongwe Seatla sa Lebaka Enoch Olinga o ne a etela naga mme a etela merafe e meraro e mesha le e e matlhagatlhaga thata ya Baháʼí mo Botswana - Ratholo le Bonwapitse (ka bobedi mo kgaolong ya Tswapong Hills), le Tsela ya Palla (e e bidiwang Dinokwe) kutlwano ya batho, tshenolo e e tswelelang pele, le gore bodumedi bo ne bo le teng mo dinageng di le dintsi tse di ka kwa ga mafatshe a bone le fa dibuka tsa sekolo di ne di sa umake bodumedi joo. Moragonyana o ne a neela puo ya phatlalatsa e e bidiwang "Tumelo ya Baháʼí le Thulaganyo ya Loago" le potsolotso ya radio kwa Gaborone kwa a neng a bua ka ditlhogo tse di farologaneng go tswa mo tlhalosong ya lefoko "Baháʼí", ditsong tsa bodumedi, kamano ya jone le Bokeresete le mathata a ditlwaelo tsa loago mo Aforika Borwa. Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome s supa le bobedi Seatla sa Lebaka Ruhiyyih Khanum o ne a etela lefatshe malatsi a ka nna masome a mabedi.<ref>Nakhjavani, Violette (April 1973). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051251/http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=08&page=351 The Great Safari of Hand of the Cause Ruhiyyih Khanum, part 15"]. ''Baháʼí News'' (505): 16–21. [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9212 ISSN&nbsp;0195-9212.]</ref>O ne a kgatlhantshiwa sekgala sa oura go tswa kwa motseng wa Selebi-Phikwe ke mme yo mosha a na le losea lwa beke. Kwa metseng e le mmalwa go akaretsa le Seleka o ne a kopana le barutabana ba dikolo tsa selegae. O ne a akgola babulatsela ba ba neng ba le kwa magaeng go na le go kokoana mo motsemogolong. Kwa motseng o mongwe o ne a bua kwa kholetšheng ya katiso ya barutabana a ela tlhoko thuto ya Baháʼí ya go lekalekana ga bong le botlhokwa jwa bomme le barutabana, go fedisa go sa itse go bala le go kwala mme a re dikgang tsa tumelo ga di a ikaega ka go ithuta dibuka. Mo go Bonwapitse o ne a bua ka botlhokwa jwa thapelo, bokao jwa "Alláh'u'Abhá". Kwa Mmutlane o ne a bua ka kgang ya ditoro tse di amanang le Baháʼu’lláh le Báb. O ne a tswelela kwa metseng e mengwe mme a tshwantsha dikarabo tse di farologaneng tsa tumelo. Kwa Sekakeng sa Kalahari o ne a kopana le Ba-Bushmen fa e le ba le mmalwa fela ba ba neng ba tsene mo bodumeding go fitlha ga jaana ba solofetse gore bodumedi bo tla thusa go somarela dinonofo tsa bone tsa bonolo le bomolemo. Morago ga moo o ne a kopana le kokoano ya bosetšhaba bogolo jang ka kgang ya pono ya Baháʼí ya "therisano", ya gore madi a Baháʼí a tshwanetse go dirisiwa mo maikaelelong a a rileng a go itsise bodumedi. Kwa Lobatse o ne a bua kwa kholetšheng e nngwe ya ithutelo barutabana ka botlhokwa jwa banana. Motse wa bofelo e ne e le Tsholofelo e e Molemo kwa a neng a kopana le Baháʼí ba ntlha ba Botswana -Rre. le Mme Moncho. Ka kgwedibya Mopitlwe ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le borobabobedi Seatla sa Lebaka H. Collis Featherstone o ne a etela Botswana beke yotlhe a bua ka dikgopolo tsa Baháʼí ka ga ditlhogo tsa bodumedi mme a neela puo mo radiong.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062958/http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=09&page=815 Botswana: Hand of the Cause visits"]. ''Baháʼí News'' (570): 13. September 1978. [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9212 ISSN&nbsp;0195-9212.]</ref>Ka kgwedi ya Moranang John Robarts, yo o neng a tlhomiwa go nna Letsogo la Tiro ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le bosups, le mosadi wa gagwe Audrey ba ne ba boela mo Botswana. Ba ne ba etela metse e le mmalwa le ditsala tsa bone tsa bogologolo mme ba botsolodiwa mo Dikgannyeng tsa Botswana Daily le Radio Botswana.<ref>[[Botswana]]". ''Baháʼí News'' (505): 14. December 1981. [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9212 ISSN&nbsp;0195-9212.]</ref> == Dipolelo tsa Batho == Paula Rath o ne a nna kwa Botswana ka ngwaga wa 1972–73 le monna wa gagwe wa pele, Dick Graham jaaka babulatsela ba Baha'i mme a ne a tsamaisa lekwalodikgang le lennye le le bidiwang Puisano.<ref>Ratha Paula (March 27, 2013). "[http://paularath.com/2013/03/titi-my-bushman-friend-in-botswana/ Titi, my Bushman Friend in Botswana".] ''Blog … more than fashion''.</ref> Maureen Page e ne e le mokwaledi wa Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba ya Semoya ya Ba-Baha'i ba Botswana dingwaga di le dintsi mme monna wa gagwe Jeff Gruber e ne e le moitseanape wa puo, a ithuta puo e e rileng ya Bushman. Jeff o ne a dira mo go tlhameng alefabete e e kwadilweng ya puo ya Se-Bushman e e neng e ise e ko e aroganngwe le go bewa ka dialefabete pele ga a dira le Mo-Bushman wa Kalahari yo o neng a bua Setswana sentle. Go ne ga dirwa dithanolo mme ka ngwags wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome s supa le boraro go ne ga dirwa buka ya dithapelo tsa Baháʼí (e e neng ya gatisiwa jaaka "Dithapelo tsa Baháʼí tse di kwadilweng ke Baháʼu'lláh, Bab le ʻAbdu'l-Baha,").<ref>translated by the Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of Botswana (1999) [1977]. [http://www.bahaiprayers.org/setswana/about.htm ''Dithapelo Tsa Baháʼí''(]online&nbsp;ed.). Local Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of Shoreline, Washington (USA). [[:en:Special:BookSources/99912-0-245-5|ISBN&nbsp;<bdi>99912-0-245-5</bdi>.]]</ref> Motshabi wa kwa Iran fa e sale ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masime a supa le borobabongwe, Yousef Mostaghim, le ba lelapa la gagwe ba ne ba tswelela go ema ditiro tsa Baháʼí nokeng fa ba ne ba fudugela kwa Gaborone, kwa Botswana dikgwedi di le mmalwa, mo e ka nnang ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le madome a robabobedi le bobedi pele ga ba nna kwa United States.<ref name=":7">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130504150733/http://www.bahai.us/2013/02/28/tributes-in-brief-r-portillo-y-mostaghim-p-stern-w-johnson-a-schurgast-e-varjavandi-f-otey-p-adlparvar-r-borah-g-sen/ Tributes in brief".] National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States. February 28, 2013. Archived from [http://www.bahai.us/2013/02/28/tributes-in-brief-r-portillo-y-mostaghim-p-stern-w-johnson-a-schurgast-e-varjavandi-f-otey-p-adlparvar-r-borah-g-sen/ the original] on May 4, 2013.</ref> [[Dwight W. Allen]] o ne a dira jaaka Mogakolodi wa Tlhabololo ya Badiri wa Kholetšhe ya Thuto ya [[Molepolole]] le Lefapha la Thuto, kwa Botswana, fa e ne e le Modirisanimmogo wa Patlisiso le Yunibesithi ya Puso ya Florida ka ngwaga wa1986–88.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121101232244/http://ww2.odu.edu/educ/dwallen/ResumeAllen.htm About Dr. Dwight W. Allen"]. Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia, USA. Archived from [http://ww2.odu.edu/educ/dwallen/ResumeAllen.htm the origina]l on 2012-11-01.</ref><ref>[https://www.du.edu/con-res/newsletters/news-wi-2013/drallen.html Dr Douglas Allen, CRI Core Faculty & Director, IMBA program at DU's Daniel's College of Business"]. ''Faculty Spotlight''. Conflict Resolution Institute, University of Denver. 2005.</ref> Ash Hartwell e ne e le moithaopi wa pele wa Peace Corps mo diphatlhatirong tse di farologaneng mo Aforika mme morago a boela kwa United States. O ne a nna moithuti wa ga Dwight W. Allen ka go fetola dithulaganyo tsa thuto tsa yunibesithi, a ithuta le go tsenela Tumelo ya Baháʼí, mme morago ga moo a boela kwa Afrika. Kgabagare lelapa la gagwe le ne la fudugela kwa Botswana.<ref>Warren Odess-Gillett (February 6, 2006). "[http://www.bahaipodcast.com/archives.asp?pYrID=2006 Ash Hartwell (part 2)"]. ''A Baha'i Perspective''. Season 2006. Valley Free Radio.</ref>Fa a le koo o ne a nna le tshono ya go dirisana le Ba-Bushmen ba Kalahari ka nako ya maeto a a neng a lebisitswe mo Baháʼí mme a dira go laola thulaganyo ya go katisa barutabana ba thuto e e kwa godimo mo e ka nnang dingwaga di le tlhano pele a fetela kwa Egepeto.<ref>Warren Odess-Gillett (February 7, 2006). "[http://www.bahaipodcast.com/archives.asp?pYrID=2006 Ash Hartwell (part 3)"]. ''A Baha'i Perspective''. Season 2006. Valley Free Radio.</ref> Lally Warren e ne e le leloko la Boto ya Bagakolodi ba Kontinente mo Aforika go tloga ka ngwags wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le botlhano go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi mme o diretse bodumedi mo maemong a mangwe a mantsi.<ref name=":1" /> Ditlhopha tsa basadi tse di tswelelang Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le madime a supa le botlhano para ya basadi ba ba tswang kwa Rhodesia ba ne ba tsamaya mafelo a le mmalwa mo nageng ba tshwara dithuto tse di atolositsweng ka bodumedi mo mafelong a le mmalwa ba tsweletsa pele tiro ya basadi. Bobedi jo bo ne jwa kopanngwa ke basha ba le mmalwa ba lefelo leo.<ref>[[Botswana]]". ''Baháʼí News'' (505): 18–19. December 1975. [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9212 ISSN&nbsp;0195-9212.]</ref>Eleruri, ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le borataro ditlelapa di le tlhano tsa tiro ya diatla tsa basadi ba Baháʼí di ne di dira ka thuso ya Iran Sohaili go tswa kwa Rhodesia.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051051/http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=09&page=406 Clubs for Baháʼí women organized]". ''Baháʼí News'' (505): 2. December 1976. [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9212 ISSN&nbsp;0195-9212.]</ref> Go ne ga nna le pokano e e neng ya tswelela ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le borobabobedi fa setlhotshwana sa Baháʼí se ne se ba etela beke yotlhe mme sa ba kgothaletsa go amogela mokgele wa go atolosa motse o o gaufi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063832/http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=09&page=738 Botswana: Deepening institute held]". ''Baháʼí News'' (505): 14. May 1979. [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9212 ISSN&nbsp;0195-9212.]</ref> == Bodumedi jwa Sesha == Fa e sa le bodumedi bo tlhongwa bo nnile le seabe mo tlhabololong ya loago le itsholelo go simolola ka go naya basadi kgololesego e kgolo,<ref name=":8">Momen Moojan. "[https://bahai-library.com/momen_encyclopedia_iran#9.%20Social%20and%20economic%20development History of the Baháʼí Faith in Iran]". ''draft "A Short Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith"''. Bahai-library.com. Retrieved 2009-10-16.</ref>go itsise go rotloetsa thuto ya basadi jaaka tlhobaboroko e e tlang pele,<ref>Kimgdon,Geeta Gandhi (1997). "[https://bahai-library.com/kingdon_education_women_development Education of women and socio-economic development".] ''Baháʼí Studies Review''. '''7''' (1).</ref>mme go nna le seabe goo go ne ga newa tlhagiso e e mosola ka go tlhama dikolo, ditleliniki le dikoporasi tsa temothuo<ref name=":8" />Bodumedi bo ne jwa tsena mo kgatong e ntšhwa ya tiro fa molaetsa wa Ntlo ya Bosiamisi ya Lefatshe Lotlhe wa letlha la kgwedi ya Phalane ele masome a mabedi,ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le boraro o ne o gololwa.<ref>Momen Moojan; Smith, Peter (1989). "[https://bahai-library.com/momen_smith_developments_1957-1988 The Baháʼí Faith 1957–1988: A Survey of Contemporary Developments".] ''Religion''. '''19''' (1): 63–91. [[doi:10.1016/0048-721X(89)90077-8]].</ref> Ba-Baháʼí ba ne ba rotloediwa go batla ditsela, tse di tsamaisanang le dithuto tsa Baháʼí, tse ka tsone ba neng ba ka nna le seabe mo go tlhabololeng loago le itsholelo ya merafe e ba nnang mo go yone. Lefatshe ka bophara ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa le borobabongwe go ne go na le ditiro di le lekgolo le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe tsa tlhabololo ya loago le itsholelo tsa Baháʼí tse di neng di amogelwa semmuso. Ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le bosupa1, palo ya diporojeke tsa tlhabololo tse di amogetsweng semmuso e ne e oketsegile go ka nna sekete,makgolo a mane le masome a robabobedi le bobedi == Ditiro tsa Banana == Tiro ya ntlha ya go ruta basha botlhe e e neng ya diragala kwa Botswana, le leeto la ntlha la go ruta la setlhopha le le neng la dirwa mo Tumelong mo nageng eo, le ne la diragala ka kgwedi ya Phatwe, ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa. Setlhopha sa banana ba ka nna lesome go ya go lesome le botlhano ba Baha'i, go akaretsa le White Dikhang, Patrick Masimolole, Godfrey Peterrrabisino N, T o ne a tsamaya go tswa Gaborone borwa go ya kwa tikologong e e dikologileng Lobatse, bophirima go ya Kanye, bokone go ya Molepolole, mme a boela kwa Gaborone, a bolela le go ruta Tumelo mo metseng e ka nna lesome le bobedi. Mo motseng mongwe le mongwe o o neng o etelwa ba ne ba ya kwa kgosing kgotsa kgosana ya motse mme ba kopa go bua le ba ba neng ba kokoane kwa kgotleng ya mo mosong, e leng kgotlatshekelo ya letsatsi le letsatsi e kgosi e neng e tla e tshwara mo motseng. Mo maemong otlhe setlhopha seno sa basha se ne sa amogelwa sentle, mme gantsi tlhagiso ya ntlha e ne e latelwa ke thulaganyo e e tshelang ya dipotso le motlotlo. Gareng ga ditiro tsa ntlha tsa tlhabololo mo Botswana e ne e le go simolola ka thulaganyo porojeke e kgolo ya "Ngwaga wa Tirelo ya Bašwa" e e neng e gokaganya ditiro tsa boithaopo le dikopano tse di nang le tlhokego e e tlhalositsweng.<ref>[[Look at programs around the world". Baháʼí News (505): 2–3. April 1988. ISSN 0195-9212.|A look at programs around the world"]]. ''Baháʼí News'' (505): 2–3. April 1988. [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9212 ISSN&nbsp;0195-9212.]</ref> Se se ne sa atolosiwa ke lenaneo la go tlwaetsa bašwa mo ditsong tse di farologaneng tsa setso tsa Aforika.<ref>[[Botswana]]". ''Baháʼí News'' (505): 15. December 1988. [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9212 ISSN&nbsp;0195-9212.]</ref>Go sa le jalo, kamogelo ya tiro ya puso ya bosetšhaba ya go tshegetsa ditshwanelo tsa batho e ne ya tlhagisiwa ke kokoano ya bosetšhaba - kwa kamogelong baemedi le konokono ya bodipolomate go tswa kwa mafatsheng a le mmalwa le UN. Moemedi wa lekgotla la Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng o ne a laletsa Ba-Baha’i le bone gore ba tshegetse mmogo go keteka Letsatsi la Lekgotla la Ditšhaba Tse di Kopaneng la ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabobedi. Go ne ga tshwarwa khonferense ya boditšhabatšhaba ya banana ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe e kwa go yone batho ba le lekgolo le masome a mabedi go tswa kwa mafatsheng a le lesome le boraro ba neng ba le teng.<ref>[[Botswana]]". ''Baháʼí News'' (706): 14. February 1990. [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9212 ISSN&nbsp;0195-9212.]</ref> Ka Sedimonthole basha ba ba tswang kwa Transkei ba ne ba le gareng ga dikhwaere tse di neng tsa diragatsa kwa Moletlong wa Boditšhabatšhaba wa Mmino wa Baháʼí kwa Botswana.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001842/http://bahai-news.info/viewer.erb?vol=12&page=714 Baháʼí choir from..."] ''Baháʼí News'' (706): 16. March 1990. [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0195-9212 ISSN&nbsp;0195-9212.]</ref> Ka dingwaga tsa 1994–95, dikampa tsa banana di ne di ratwa thata mo Botswana kwa morafe o neng wa tshwara kampa ya ntlha ya banana mo lefatsheng. Ka beke e le nngwe, basha ba ne ba kokoana kwa Setheong sa Baháʼí kwa Mahalapye mme ba ithuta botshelo jwa ga Baháʼu’lláh, Kitab-i-Aqdas, le dithuto tsa bodumedi tse di jaaka boitsheko le lenyalo, le go sa sweng ga moya.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081205190222/http://info.bahai.org/article-1-9-2-8.html Baháʼí Youth: "A New Kind of People"".] Baháʼí International Community. 2013. Archived from [http://info.bahai.org/article-1-9-2-8.html the original] on 2008-12-05. Retrieved 2013-07-12.</ref>"Ke Mang yo o Kwalang Isagwe? Seminara ka ga Dikgang tsa Ngwagakgolo wa bo masome a mabedi le bongwe" ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi e e neng e tshwaretswe kwa khamphaseng ya Yunibesithi ya Botswana.<ref>[[Invitation and Program". Association for Baháʼí Studies in Southern Africa. March 2, 2000. Archived from the original on November 6, 2003.|Invitation and Program"]]. Association for Baháʼí Studies in Southern Africa. March 2, 2000. Archived from the original on November 6, 2003.</ref> Maiteko a a anameng Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bongwe Tautona wa nako eo wa Botswana Festus Mogae o ne a akgola go gatisiwa ga dibuka tsa Baháʼí ka puo ya Setswana ya lefatshe.<ref>[http://news.bahai.org/story/130 President of Botswana praises publication of Baháʼí books in native Setswana language".] ''Baháʼí World News Service''. Baháʼí International Community. 27 February 2001. Retrieved July 12, 2013.</ref>E nngwe e ne e le buka ya dithapelo tsa Baháʼí mo kgatisong ya yone ya boraro e e nang le thanolo e e tlhabolotsweng mme e nngwe e ne e le Mafoko a a Fitlhegileng a ga Baháʼu'lláh (e e gatisitsweng jaaka "Mafoko a Subhied a ga Baháʼu'lláh".) Buka ya dithapelo<ref name=":7" />e ka bonwa mo inthaneteng mahala. Tona ya pusoselegae ya Botswana, Margaret Nasha, o ne a akgola ditiro tsa morafe fa a ne a bua ka jubile ya one ya gauta e e neng e tshwerwe ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bone.<ref name=":1" /> Baháʼí ba ba tswang kwa Botswana ba ne ba le gareng ga batho ba le sekete ba ba neng ba kokoane kwa khonferenseng ya kgaolo e e neng e biditswe ke Ntlo ya Bosiamisi ya Lefatshe Lotlhe e e neng e tla tshwarelwa kwa Johannesburg, Aforika Borwa, ka kgwedi ya Ngwanaitseele ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabobedi.<ref>[[:en:Baháʼí_International_Community|Bahá í International Community]] (2008-11-23). "[https://news.bahai.org/community-news/regional-conferences/johannesburg.html The Johannesburg Regional Conference".] ''Baháʼí International News Service''.</ref> == Batho ka Bongwe ka Bongwe == Robert Sylvester o goletse mo Mokatoliking kwa Amerika mme a sokologela mo bodumeding joo ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa.[56] Ene le mosadi wa gagwe ba ne ba fudugela kwa Zambia moragonyana mo dingwageng tsa bo sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a supa9, <ref>Warren Odess-Gillett (July 21, 2008). "[http://www.bahaipodcast.com/archives.asp?pYrID=2008 Robert Sylvester".] ''A Baha'i Perspective''. Season 2008. Valley Free Radio.</ref>koo a neng a bereka gone kwa sekolong sengwe mme a direla mo setšhabeng sa Baháʼí koo. Morago ba fudugela kwa Botswana. O ne a tla direla jaaka Mogokgo (Mokhuduthamaga) wa Sekolo sa Boditšhabatšhaba sa Westwood kwa Gaborone, Botswana go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi. Mo go yone nako eo o ne a direla gape mo ditheong dingwe tsa bodumedi-a tlhomilwe kwa Setheong sa Katiso sa Leruri sa Baháʼaí kwa Botswana mo botong ya sone ya bakaedi ba nako e e fetileng (109) Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba ya Semoya ya Baháʼí ba Botswana (1999-2000) mme morago ga moo ba boela kwa United States.<ref>Sylvester Robert F. "[https://webhost.bridgew.edu/rsylvester/bahai.rtf Vita of Robert F. Sylvester".]</ref> Shahin Lockman le monna wa gagwe ba ne ba dira diphatlhatiro di le mmalwa tsa kalafi go akaretsa le kwa Botswana.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150107061113/http://www.aids.harvard.edu/news/spotlight/archives/v7i3_shapiro_lockman_profile.html Drs. Roger Shapiro and Shahin Lockman - Partners in Research & Parenting"]. ''News & Publications, Spotlight newsletter''. HAI - Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative. Fall 2010. Archived from [http://www.aids.harvard.edu/news/spotlight/archives/v7i3_shapiro_lockman_profile.html the original] on 2015-01-07. Retrieved 2013-07-12.</ref>Lockman o ne a dira ka bolwetse jwa thiibi mo Botswana. Fa a ne a etetse koo lekgetlo la ntlha ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borataro , o ne a gapa tlhokomelo ya bolwetse jo bongwe: HIV/AIDS. Bobedi jwa bone ba ne ba feleletsa ba dirile mo tekong ya ntlha ya kalafi ya tirisanommogo ya Setheo sa AIDS sa Botswana le Harvard ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi. Sean Hinton, leloko la Foramo ya Tiro ya Baeteledipele ya Setheo sa Aspen, o ne a dira jaaka motshegetsi le motlhotlheletsi wa porojeke ya go tsibosa batho ka HIV/AIDS e e bidiwang Letsema la Itlotlo (e e akanyeditsweng ke matsalaagwe Gerald le Lally Warren) go rotloetsa phetogo mo maitsholong a a dirang gore go anamisiwe HIV/AIDS ya setso mo Botswana . ditekanyetso tse di amanang le tumelo ya bodumedi jaaka maatla a phetogo ya maikutlo.<ref>[http://www.aspenleadersactionforum.org/user/149 About Sean Hinton"]. ''Action Forum Participants''. The Aspen Institute. August 1, 2013</ref>Go ne ga amogelwa dithuso tse pedi tsa go simolola go tswa kwa De Beers Botswana le go tswa kwa Ofising ya Tlhabololo ya Loago le Ikonomi ya Setšhaba sa Boditšhabatšhaba sa Baháʼí. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe Lucretia Warren, modulasetulo wa Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba ya Semoya ya Baháʼí ba Botswana le leloko la nako e e fetileng la Boto ya Bagakolodi ba Kontinente ya Baháʼí ya Aforika,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130511195110/http://www.bahai.org.au/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=FmRQn-twNOk%3d&tabid=156 International Baháʼís to address Parliament"]. ''Australian Baháʼí Report''. '''13''' (3): 1–2. October 2009. Archived from [http://www.bahai.org.au/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=FmRQn-twNOk%3D&tabid=156 the original] on May 11, 2013. Retrieved July 12, 2013</ref> o ne a tlhagisa kwa Palamenteng ya gagwe ya boraro<ref>Khosravi Beman (1 August 2004). "[https://www.bahaicouncil-ni.org.uk/comm/96/pwr.htm Parliament of the World's Religions"]. ''CommuNIqué'' (96). Retrieved July 12, 2013.</ref>ya Madumedi a Lefatshe e e neng e tshwerwe kwa Melbourne le phanele ya " ya Aforika".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130511195057/http://www.bahai.org.au/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=zdnOesmjNQE%3d&tabid=156 Baháʼís contribute to inter-faith Parliament".] ''Australian Baháʼí Report''. '''14''' (1): 4–5. February 2010. Archived from the original on May 11, 2013. Retrieved July 12, 2013.</ref> Dipalopalo Mokgatlho wa Diakhaefe tsa Tshedimosetso ya Bodumedi (o o ikaegileng thata ka Saetlopedia ya Lefatshe Lotlhe ya Bokeresete) o ne wa fopholetsa gore go na le Baháʼí ba ka nna 16 500 ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210302132059/https://www.thearda.com/QL2010/QuickList_40.asp QuickLists: Most Baha'i (sic) Nations (2010)".] ''[[:en:Association_of_Religion_Data_Archives|Association of Religion]] Data Archives''. 2010. Archived from [https://www.thearda.com/QL2010/QuickList_40.asp the original] on 2021-03-02. Retrieved 2020-10-14.</ref>Le fa go ntse jalo palo ya batho ya bosetšhaba ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bongwe e bala Baháʼí ba ka nna makgolo a supa.<ref name=":6" />Maloko a morafe mongwe le mongwe a fopholetsa gore dipalo tseno di ne di nyatsa dipalo tsa bone ka go farologana.<ref name=":6" /> == Metswedi == 246qwsvqyqj3b2ejxzrpxb4nyusp4tb Ngwaga wa 2017 mo Botswana 0 14771 53713 53572 2026-07-31T06:11:47Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53713 wikitext text/x-wiki Ditiragalo tsa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bosupa mo [[Botswana]]. == Baeteledipele ba nako eo == * Tautona: [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama]] * Mothusa Tautona:[[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] == Ditiragalo == * Moranang a le malatsi a mararo - thoromo ya lefatshe ya bokete jwa 6.5 e diragetse kwa kgaolong ya legare la [[Botswana]]<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170409201154/http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/strong-65-magnitude-quake-strikes-botswana-20170403 "Strong 6.5-magnitude quake strikes Botswana".] ''News24''. 3 April 2017. Archived from [https://www.news24.com/Africa/News/strong-65-magnitude-quake-strikes-botswana-20170403 the original] on 9 April 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2026</ref> * Ka Lwetse ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bosupa, kgotlatshekelo e kgolo ya Botswana e ne ya atlhola gore go gana go fetola bong jwa monna o o iphetotseng bong ga mokwadisi wa lefatshe go "gataka ditshwanelo tsa gagwe tsa molaomotheo tsa go nna le seriti, sephiri, kgololesego ya puo, tekatekano ya tshireletso ya molao, kgololesego mo go tlhaolweng le kgololesego mo go tshwarweng ka tsela e e seng ya setho".Balwela ditshwanelo tsa batho ba ba ratanang ka bong bo bo tshwanang ba ne ba ipelela katlholo e ba e tlhalosa e le phenyo e kgolo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190621164818/https://allafrica.com/stories/201710090073.html "Botswana: Activists Celebrate Botswana's Transgender Court Victory".] Archived from [https://allafrica.com/stories/201710090073.html the original] on 2019-06-21. Retrieved 29 july 2026</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.southernafricalitigationcentre.org/2017/09/29/press-release-botswana-high-court-rules-in-landmark-gender-identity-case/ |title=Press Release: Botswana High Court Rules in Landmark Gender Identity Case |access-date=2026-07-29 |archive-date=2020-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127140150/https://www.southernafricalitigationcentre.org/2017/09/29/press-release-botswana-high-court-rules-in-landmark-gender-identity-case/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pele, puso ya Botswana e ne ya itsise fa e tlaa ikuela ka katlholo e, mme morago ba e boela morago ka Morule, ba neela monna o o iphetotseng bong sesupo se sesha se se supang bong jwa gagwe.<ref>[http://www.mambaonline.com/2017/12/06/sweet-closure-botswana-agrees-recognise-trans-man/ “Sweet closure” as Botswana finally agrees to recognise trans man,] ''Mambaonline''</ref> Tsheko e e tshwanang, e mosadi o o iphetotseng bong a neng a batla go fetola bong jwa gagwe go nna mosadi, e ne ya reediwa ka Morule ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bosupa. Kgotlatshekelo kgolo e ne ya atlhola gore puso e tshwanetse go lemoga bong jwa gagwe.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/botswana-gaborone-transgender-identity-lgbt-rights-legabibo-court-law-a8114991.html "Botswana to recognise a transgender woman's identity for first time after historic High Court ruling". i]ndependent.co.uk. 18 December 2017. Archived from the original on 2022-05-01.</ref> O ne a re o tshwaela phenyo e motho mongwe le mongwe mo Botswana o o farologanang ka bong. [[Setshwantsho:QuettMasire1980 (cropped).jpg|thumb|200x200px|[[Quett Masire]]]] == Dintsho == * Moranang a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi - Gofaone Tiro, motshameki wa kgwele ya dinao<ref>[https://soka25east.com/?p=41114 "Township Rollers' Gofaone Tiro collapses and dies".] 28 April 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2026</ref> * Moranang a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe - [[Herbert Nkabiti]], motshameki wa mabole (o o tshotsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le motso).<ref>[http://africa.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/19278150/botswana-boxer-herbert-nkabiti-died "Botswana boxer Herbert Nkabiti has died".] ''Kwese.espn.com''. 30 April 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2026</ref> * seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bobedi - [[Quett Masire]], mopolotiki (o o tshostweng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabaongwe masome a mabedi le botlhano) == Metswedi == ifm0ri5rp741vtzwbvu1bopg6120qvw Bokopano jwa Secheba sa Botswana/ National Assembly 0 14779 53698 53610 2026-07-30T23:59:24Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53698 wikitext text/x-wiki Bokopano jwa Sechaba ke yona fela lekgotla la peomolao la Palamente ya Botswana e e nang le ntlwana e le nngwe ya palamente, e e nang le Tautona le bokopano jwa Sechaba. <ref name=":1">Botlhale, Emmanuel; Lotshwao, Kebapetse (2013). "The Uneasy Relationship Between Parliament and the Executive in Botswana". ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''45''': 39–51. JSTOR&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/90024373 90024373.]</ref>Ntlo e fetisa melao, e neela ditona go bopa Kabinete, le go okamela tiro ya puso. Gape e na le maikarabelo a go amogela tekanyetsokabo ya naga. E gakololwa ke Ntlo ya Dikgosi, lekgotla la dikgosana tsa merafe le e seng ntlo ya Palamente.<ref name=":2">Norton, Philip (21 December 2004). "How many bicameral legislatures are there?". ''The Journal of Legislative Studies''. '''10''' (4): 1–9. [[doi:10.1080/1357233042000322436]]. S2CID&nbsp;143950774.</ref> Le fa go ne go na le ba ba neng ba dira pele ga bokopano jwa Sechaba ka nako ya puso ya bokoloniale, e ne e se go fitlha ka boipuso ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome marataro le borataro (1966) fa bokopano jwa Sechaba ya Botswana e ne ya tlhomiwa semmuso. <ref name=":3">[https://www.carleton.edu/president/lewis/speeches-writings/botswana-success/]</ref><ref name=":0">Tesfahun, Amsalu Tebeje (2015). "[https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ejossah/article/view/134622 The Endurance and Decline of Single Party Dominance in African States: A Case Study of Botswana and Senegal"]. Ethiopian Journal of the Social Sciences and Humanities. 11 (1): 1–28.</ref>Go tloga ka nako eo, go nnile le ditlhopho tsa makoko a le mantsi tse di latelanang le diphetogo di le tlhano tsa bo Tautona ka kagiso. <ref name=":4">[https://africasacountry.com/2016/10/botswana-at-50-african-miracle-or-african-mirage "Botswana: African miracle or African mirage?"]. africasacountry.com. 4 March 2018. Retrieved 2022-03-10.</ref><ref name=":0" /> Mo bo gompienong, go na le maloko a le masome a marataro le botlhano a bokopano jwa Sechaba.<ref name=":5"><sup>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/25/botswanas-ruling-party-bdp-wins-general-election-chief-justice "Botswana's ruling party BDP wins general election: Chief justice".] www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2022-03-10</sup></ref>Batlhophi mo dikgaolong tse di nang le leloko le le lengwe ba tlhopha ka tlhamalalo maloko a le masome a matlhano le bosupa a paka ya dingwaga di le tlhano ka tsamaiso ya bontsi (kgotsa ya pele-pele-pele). Maloko a le marataro one a tlhophiwa ke Tautona mme a tlhophiwa ke lekgotla. Kwa bokhutlong, ba ba setseng ba babedi (Tautona le Sebui sa bokopano jwa Sechaba) ke ba ofisi.<ref name=":6">[https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Botswana_2016?lang=en Botswana 1966 (rev. 2016) Constitution - Constitute"]. ''www.constituteproject.org''. Retrieved 2022-03-10.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20221019183042/https://www.parliament.gov.bw/index.php/2012-02-13-15-06-33 "Office-Bearers & Members".] www.parliament.gov.bw. Archived from the original on 2022-10-19. Retrieved 2022-04-20.</ref> Le fa go na le ditlhopho tse di sa kgaotseng, Kopano ya setšhaba e ntse e tshwaiwa diphoso. Mo ditlhophong tsotlhe go tloga ka ditlhopho tsa motheo ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le botlhano (1965) go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024), [[Botswana Democratic Party]] e ne ya fenya bontsi jwa ditulo mo lekgotleng la peomolao. <ref name=":7">Poteete, Amy R. (2012). "Electoral competition, factionalism, and persistent party dominance in Botswana". ''The Journal of Modern African Studies''. '''50''' (1): 75–102. doi:10.1017/[[doi:10.1017/S0022278X11000619|S0022278X11000619.]] JSTOR&nbsp;41474960. S2CID&nbsp;154672233.</ref><ref>[https://www.jeuneafrique.com/depeches/102799/politique/botswana-legislatives-sur-fond-de-crise-economique/]</ref>Mo godimo ga moo, baithuti ba saense ya sepolotiki ka dinako dingwe ba ne ba supa fa ba tshwenyegile ka bokopano jwa Sechaba ka ntlha ya basadi ba le mmalwa ba e leng maloko a Palamente le go golaganngwa ga yona le khuduthamaga.<ref name=":8">Bauer, Gretchen (2010). "'Cows Will Lead the Herd into a Precipice': Where Are the Women MPs in Botswana?". ''Botswana Notes and Records''. '''42''': 56–70. JSTOR&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23237971 23237971.]</ref><ref name=":9">Sebudubudu, David; Maripe, Bugalo; Botlhomilwe, Mokganedi Z.; Malila, Ikanyeng S. (2013). "The Mutation of Parliament into a 'Registration Chamber': Executive Dominance over the Legislature in Botswana". ''The African Review: A Journal of African Politics, Development and International Affairs''. '''40''' (2): 33–59. JSTOR[https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341655 &nbsp;45341655.]</ref> == Seabe le popego == bokopano jwa Sechaba sa Botswana ke karolo ya lekala la peomolao ya Puso ya Bosetšhaba ya Botswana mme ka jalo e na le seabe sa botlhokwa sa go ngangisana le go fetisa melaotlhomo. Ka gale go na le maloko a le masome a matlhano le bosupa a kopano jwa Sechaba a a tlhophilweng ke batlhophi go tswa mo dikgaolong tsa bonno bo le bongwe. Mmogo le maloko a a tlhophilweng ano gape go na le maloko a le marataro a a tlhophilweng ke Tautona mme a tlhophilwe ka tsela e e kgethegileng ke bokopano jwa Sechaba. Kwa bokhutlong, go na gape le maloko a le mabedi a ex-officio - a le mongwe wa ona e leng Tautona.<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":9" />Kwa tshimologong, maikaelelo a maloko a a tlhophilweng ka tsela e e kgethegileng e ne e le go dira gore ditlhopha tse dinnye tsa naga di nne le kemedi mo Kopanong ya setšhaba. Moragonyana, maloko a Palamente gantsi ba ne ba beela batho ba ba nang le bokgoni jo bo batlegang mafelo ano. Mo malobeng, le fa go ntse jalo, ditulo tse di tlhophilweng ka go kgethega di dirisitswe thata jaaka tsela ya lekoko la bontsi go oketsa palo ya ditulo tsa lona mo kgotlapeomolao.<ref name=":8" /> Mo gare ga maloko a bokopano jwa Sechaba gape go na le Sebui, Motlatsa Sebui, le Moeteledipele wa Kganetso. Le fa sebui gantsi e le leloko la bokopano jwa Sechaba, maloko a Palamente ga a tshwanela go tlatsa tiro e ka Mopalamente yo mongwe. Ka jalo, fa maloko a Palamente a tlhopha sebui se se tswang kwa ntle ga setlhopha se se busang, sebui e nna leloko la bo65 la bokopano jwa Sechaba. Fa go batlega, pedi-tharo ya maloko a ka bouta go tlosa Sebui. <ref name=":6" />Mo godimo ga moo, mmogo le go nna ditokololo tsa bokopano jwa Sechaba, maloko mangwe a Palamente le ona ke karolo ya Kabinete ya Tautona. Ka nako nngwe le nngwe, go na le ditona tsa Kabinete di le masome a mabedi le borataro mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba - di le borobabobedi tsa tsona ke ditona tse di thusang.<ref name=":9" />Ka mantswe a mangwe, 42% ya bokopano jwa Sechaba le yona ke karolo ya Kabinete ya Tautona.<ref name=":1" /> Ka kakaretso, boikaelelo jo bogolo jwa Kopano ya setšhaba ke go ngangisana le go fetisa melao. Ka tlwaelo, Tautona o tlhagisa melaotlhomo mme maloko a Kabinete a kgona go e sekaseka pele. Le fa go ntse jalo, go na le melawana e le mmalwa e e atlegileng go tsena mo Kopano ya setšhaba ka ditsela tse di farologaneng. Morago ga moo, fa Molaotlhomo o sena go fitlha kwa Kopano ya setšhaba, o tshwanetse go bona bontsi jo bo bonolo go fetisediwa kwa go Tautona. Kwa bokhutlong, fa Tautona a setse a dumetse gore molaotlhomo o amogelwe, o nna molao.<ref name=":6" />Le fa go ntse jalo, gore molaotlhomo e nne molao o o siameng, ga o a tshwanela go ganetsana le Molaotheo wa Botswana. Fa molao o sa dumalane le Molaotheo, kgotlatshekelo e na le tshwanelo ya go bolela gore molao ga o na boleng. <ref name=":9" /> Mo godimo ga go fetisa melao, bokopano jwa Sechaba e na le maatla a go tlhopha Tautona. Ditlhopho tseno ga di dirwe ka go bouta, mme go na le moo ka gore a lekoko le na le bontsi mo Kopanong ya setšhaba kgotsa nnyaa. <ref name=":7" />E re ka Palamente ya Botswana e le kopanyo ya Ntlobokopano jwa Sechaba le Tautona, ditlhopho tsa Tautona bopa Palamente.[ Ka jalo, go farologana le ditsamaiso tse dintsi tsa palamente, Tautona o tla dira jaaka Tlhogo ya Naga le Tlhogo ya Puso.<ref name=":1" />Mo tirong e, Tautona o na le maatla a go tlhagisa molao, go bua le go bouta. <ref name=":6" />Mo godimo ga moo, ba na le maatla a go bitsa, go emisa le go tlhatlhamolola bokopano jwa Sechaba. <ref name=":9" /> Fa Tautona a bolela gore go na le maemo a tshoganyetso a setšhaba, Kopano ya setšhaba e nna le boikaelelo jo bongwe gape. Mo tiragalong e, Tautona nna le maatla a go itirela melawana e megolo e e tlhokegang go fedisa maemo a tshoganyetso. <ref name=":1" />Le fa go ntse jalo, ka ntlha ya Emergency Powers Act e e fetisitsweng ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borataro (1966), mo maemong a, bokopano jwa Sechaba e na le maatla a go dira jaaka tshupetso mme e tshwanetse go amogela melawana ya maemo a tshoganyetso ya Tautona. <ref name=":10">Dinokopila, Bonolo Ramadi (2020). [https://verfassungsblog.de/constitutionalism-in-a-time-of-crisis-botswanas-reaction-to-the-covid-19-pandemic/ "Constitutionalism in a Time of Crisis: Botswana's Reaction to the COVID-19 Pandemic".] Verfassungsblog: On Matters Constitutional (in German). doi:10.17176/20200427-165047-0. Retrieved 2022-03-14.</ref> == Ditso == === Tshimologo ya pele ga bokoloniale le bokoloniale === Gantsi, kwa Botswana, dikgosana di busa mo lefelong leo ka go bitsa dikokoano tsa setšhaba tse di bidiwang  ⁇ Kgotlas". Bakanoki bangwe, jaaka moitsesaense wa dipolotiki John Holm, ba supa dikokoano tse di ntseng jalo jaaka dikai tsa kafa setso sa Batswana se tsenyeletsang ditlhogo tsa puo ya setšhaba le kganetsano ka teng. Go bonala sentle gore, meono e, e supa megopolo e e tlwaelegileng ya metheo ya temokerasi.<ref name=":11">Harden, Blaine (24 April 1988). "[https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1988/04/24/a-lesson-for-africa_democracy-works/466eb6c5-adf6-45c2-ac8b-6e5df24e8311/ A Lesson for Africa—Democracy Works: A Lesson for Africa"]. ''The Washington Post''. p.&nbsp;57. ProQuest&nbsp;139741948</ref> Ka fa gare ga setso se, dikgosana di ne tsa tshegetsa puso ya selegae mo pusong ya bokoloniale.<ref name=":11" />Ka nako ya bokoloniale, Maborithane ba ne ba busa kgaolo ya Botswana ya segompieno go ya ka pholisi ya bone ya puso e e sa tlhamalalang. E ne e bidiwa Bechuanaland Protectorate ka nako eo, mme lefelo leno le ne la nna le seabe se sennye sa bokoloniale fa go bapisiwa le mafelo a mangwe mo kgaolong eo. Lebaka lengwe la seno e ne e le gore Bechuanaland e ne e se kolone ya batho ba ba neng ba nna koo. Mo godimo ga moo, se gape e ne e le ka ntlha ya gore kgaolo e ne ya tila go tsenngwa mo Afrika Borwa e e leng moagisani wa yone ya bosweu. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />Kgabagare, le fa go ntse jalo, tsereganyo ya bokoloniale e ne ya nna e e tsepameng thata ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le lesome le borobabongwe (1919) fa balaodi ba Boritane ba ne ba tlhoma Khansele ya Kgakololo ya Baagi ba Selegae kwa maemong a kgaolo. Ka bonakonyana fela morago ga moo ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a mabedi (1920), go ne ga tlhomiwa Lekgotla la Kgakololo la Yuropa. Morago ga moo, mo dingwageng tse masome a mararo le borataro tse di neng tsa latela, makgotla ano a ne a dira ka go farologana go fitlha go tlhomiwa Lekgotla le le Kopanetsweng la Kgakololo. Khansele eno e ne e sena maatla a go fetisa molao, fela e ne e ka ngangisana le go bua ka molao o o leng teng. Le fa go ntse jalo, balaodi ba dikolone tsa Boritane gantsi ba ne ba aga makgotla ano mo motheong wa dikgatlhego tsa go dirisa batho ka tsela e e sa siamang. Ka ntlha ya seo, gantsi ba ne ba tshegetsa le go pateletsa go ntshiwa ga ikonomi ya bokoloniale.<ref name=":12">Opalo, Ken Ochieng' (2019). Legislative development in Africa : politics and postcolonial legacies. Cambridge. ISBN [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-108-68465-1|978-1-108-68465-1.]] OCLC 1108755974.</ref> === Boipuso le go tlhamiwa ga lekgotla la molao === Ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a matlhano le borobabongwe (1959), mokomišenara wa Botswana, Peter Fawcus, o ne a dira mmogo le batho ba ba itsegeng ba Batswana jaaka [[Seretse Khama]] go tlhama Khansele e ntšhwa ya Molao.<ref>Kachip, Sitinga; e (17 August 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190701094543/https://voicesofafrica.co.za/botswanan-batswana-its-complicated/ "Botswanan or Batswana? It's complicated – Voices of Africa".] Retrieved 2022-04-23.</ref><ref name=":0" />Khansele eno e ne e na le maatla a go fetisa melao mme e ne e tla nna le seabe se se botlhokwa mo go feteleng kwa boipusong. Lekgotla leno le ne le dirilwe ka badiredibagolo ba le lesome ba puso, Baafrika ba le lesome, Bayuropa ba le lesome, le Mo-Asia a le mongwe yo o nnang kwa Botswana. Bontsi jwa ditokololo tse di emetseng Maaforika le Yuropa di ne di tswa mo dikhanseleng tse di neng di sa tswa go tlhomiwa tsa Aforika le Yuropa. Dikhansele tsa Kgotlapeomolao (LegCos) jaaka eno e ne e se ya Botswana fela mme e ne e tlwaelegile kwa bokhutlong jwa puso ya bokoloniale ya Boritane. Ken Opalo, yo e leng mankge wa dipolotiki tsa molao, o bolela gore badiredibagolo ba dikolone gantsi ba ne ba laola LegCos ka nako ya fa ba ne ba le teng. Ka jalo, LegCos gantsi e ne e dira go tsweletsa dikeletso tsa babusi ba bokoloniale. Ka nako ya fa go ne go fetolwa go nna le boipuso, seno se ne se akaretsa go naya badiredibagolo maatla le go lekanyetsa puso ya molao ka boyone. Mo dinageng tse dingwe tse dintsi tsa morago ga bokoloniale, seno se ne sa dira gore go nne le puso e e gagametseng ka dingwagangwaga.<ref name=":12" /> Kgabagare, jaaka puso ya bokoloniale ya Boritane e ne e simolola go fokotsega, Seretse Khama o ne a kopana le maloko a Aforika a khansele ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le bobedi (1962) go bopa [[Bechuanaland Democratic Party]] (BDP).<ref name=":13">[https://mg.co.za/article/2019-10-17-khamas-hand-still-rocks-botswana/ "Khama's hand still rocks Botswana"]. The Mail & Guardian. 2019-10-17. Retrieved 2022-03-10.</ref><ref name=":3" />Morago ga moo, ka bonako fela morago ga tiragalo e, setlhopha se se neng se bopilwe ke dikgosana, baagi ba basweu, le maloko a makoko a sepolotiki a Botswana a a neng a sa tswa go tlhomiwa a ne a kopana go tla go kwala Molaotheo wa Botswana wa isago. Mo Molaotheong ono go ne go na le dikakanyo tsa bokopano jwa Sechaba. Morago ga moo, ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe wa ngwana wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le botlhano (1965), ditlhopho tsa ntlha di ne tsa diragala ka makoko a sepolotiki a le mararo a tsaya karolo mo letsholong leno. BDP e ne ya fenya masome a robabobedi le bongwe lekgolong ya diboutu le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi ya ditulo tse masome a mararo le bongwe tse di leng teng mo kgotlapeomolao. Go ise go ye kae morago ga ditlhopho tse, naga e ne ya bona boipuso ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borataro (1966).<ref name=":0" /> === Morago ga boipuso le puso ya BDP === Le fa dinaga di le dintsi tsa Aforika di nnile le puso ya lekoko le le lengwe ka dingwagangwaga go fitlha ka dingwaga tsa bo sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe(1990), Botswana e nnile le diphetogo di le tlhano tsa boporesitente ka kagiso le temokerasi ya makoko a le mantsi e e tlhomameng fa e sale go bona boipuso. Botswana Democratic Party, eo pele e neng e bitswa Bechuanaland Democratic Party, e nnile le bontsi jwa ditulo mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba go tloga ka boipuso go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024) mme e ntse e le letshwao la mokgatlho wa kgololosego ya setšhaba.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":13" /> Go farologana le BDP, makoko a kganetso mo Kopanong ya setšhaba a ntse a fetoga fa e sale go bona boipuso. Ka dingwaga tsa bo1990, go nna mo metsesetoropong le go tlhagelela ka bonako ga lephata la meepo go ne ga koafatsa motheo wa sepolotiki wa BDP o o neng o ikaegile ka temothuo. Ka ntlha ya go sa tlhomamang gono, makoko mangwe a kganetso a ne a kgona go kopana le Botswana National Front (BNF) mme a batla a bopa lekoko le le kopaneng la kganetso go lwantsha BDP. Le fa go ntse jalo, kwa bokhutlong jwa dingwaga tsa bo ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le borobabongwe (1990), BNF e ne ya thubega mme ya se ka ya kgona go gaisana le BDP gape. <ref name=":7" /> Le fa go ntse jalo, le fa go na le kganetso e e sa tlhomamang, go busa ga BDP go dirile gore maloko a makoko a kganetso a tshwenyege ka gore a bokopano jwa Sechaba e ka kgona go laola Moporesitente. Ka mo go kgethegileng, ba le bantsi ba bona bothata ka go tlhoka kgaogano magareng ga bokopano jwa Sechaba le khuduthamaga mo go tlhamiweng ga Palamente.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" />Mo godimo ga matshwenyego a, barutegi ba saense ya sepolotiki jaaka David Sebudubudu ba lemoga gore Tautona o na le tlhotlheletso e e tlhamaletseng mo baemeding ba Palamente ka gore 42% ya bokopano jwa Sechaba le yona e mo Kabineteng ya Tautona. Mo tshosong ya Ntlobokopano jwa Sechaba, Sebudubudu le badirammogo ba gagwe ba tlhalosa gore boikanyego le maikemisetso a botho a ka kgoreletsa bokgoni jwa maloko a lekoko la BDP go dira ka kgololosego mo Ntlokokoano. Go tswa mo matshwenyegong a kakaretso, ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le borobabobedi (1988) bokopano jwa Sechaba e fetisitse tshisinyo e e rotloetsang go kgaogana ga Palamente, mme ka jalo Kokoano ya Bosetšhaba, go tswa mo ofising ya Tautona.<ref name=":9" />Morago, ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bobedi (2002), sebui Ray Molomo o ne a buisa tshisinyo eno fa a ne a kopa setlhopha se se kgethegileng go lebelela go bopa bokopano jwa Sechaba e e ikemetseng ka nosi go tswa mo lekgotleng la khuduthamaga. <ref name=":1" />Mo dingwageng tsa bo diketetse pedi le lesome (2010), go tshwenngwa ke maatla a puso go ne ga dira gore lekoko la kganetso, Botswana Movement for Democracy (BMD), le latofatse BDP ka go re ke puso e e gagametseng.<ref name=":4" /> Go na le go tshwenyega ka gore BDP e na le maemo a a kwa godimo, gape go na le go tlhobaela ka gore go na le basadi ba le mmalwa fela ba e leng maloko a Palamente mo Kopano ya setšhaba. Morago ga ditlhopho tsa setšhaba tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009 )fa basadi ba le babedi fela ba ne ba tlhophiwa ka tlhamalalo go nna maloko a lekgotla, baitsesaense bangwe ba sepolotiki jaaka Gretchen Bauer ba ne ba supa fa ba tshwenyegile ka gore kemedi ya basadi e ne e sa oketsege fa nako e ntse e tsamaya. Le fa basadi ba ba leng mo ditlhophong gantsi ba le mo kgaisanong mo ditlhophong, gantsi go thata mo go bone go fetela kwa pele mo dikgatong tsa ditlhopho tsa makoko a sepolotiki. <ref name=":8" />Mo godimo ga moo, go ya ka mokgwa o wa kemedi, bakanoki ba ba tshwanang le James Kirby le bone ba tlhalositse gore go na le sebaka se sennye sa ditlhopha tsa merafe e e kwa tlase jaaka Basarwa go tlhalosa maikutlo a bona mo Kopano ya setšhaba. <ref>Kirby, James (26 October 2019). [https://qz.com/africa/1736199/the-story-behind-botswana-closest-ever-election/ "The story behind Botswana's closest-ever election and how its consequences will play out"]. Quartz. Retrieved 2022-04-27.</ref> Morago ga ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019), matshwenyego ka basadi ba le mmalwa ba ba neng ba le maloko a Palamente a ne a tlhagelela gape fa basadi ba le bararo fela ba ne ba tlhophiwa go nna maloko a Palamente ya setšhaba. Go rarabolola bothata jono, Tautona [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] o ne a tlhopha basadi ba le banè gore ba nne mo ditulong tse di tlhophilweng ka tsela e e kgethegileng. Mongwe wa maloko a a neng a tlhophilwe e ne e le molweladiphetogo yo o itsegeng wa ditshwanelo tsa batho e bong Dr. [[Unity Dow]] le motlhankedi wa tsa madi [[Peggy Serame]].<ref>Chikura, Mountjoy (2019-06-11). [https://www.africanews.com/2019/11/06/here-w-why-botswana-s-president-nominated-4-female-mps/ "Here's why Botswana's president nominated four female MPs".] ''Africanews''. Retrieved 2022-03-12.</ref> Morago ga go tlhophiwa ga batho bano, go ne ga nna le tiragalo e nngwe e e botlhokwa mo Kopano ya setšhaba ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi (2020). Ka ntlha ya leroborobo la COVID-19, Tautona Masisi o ne a kopa gore go nne le maemo a tshoganyetso a setšhaba ka dikgwedi di le thataro gore go tle go rarabololwe mogare ono. E ne e le la bobedi fela mo hisitoring ya Botswana go dirwa kgoeletso ya maemo a tshoganyetso. Le fa go ntse jalo, le fa gone kwa bofelong Kopano ya setšhaba e ne ya dumela gore go nne le maemo a tshoganyetso a setšhaba ka dikgwedi di le thataro, maloko a makoko a kganetso a ne a sa ntse a tshwenyegile ka ntlha ya maatla a seno se neng se tla a naya poresidente. Ka ntlha ya seo, kganetsano e e neng e le teng ya go amogela maemo a tshoganyetso a setšhaba e ne ya bontshiwa mo thelebišeneng ya bosetšhaba ka maikaelelo a go tokafatsa ponalo. <ref name=":10" />Go ise go ye kae morago ga moo, bokopano jwa Sechaba ya Botswana e ne ya ngoka kgatlhego ya boditšhabatšhaba ka ntlha ya fa maloko otlhe a Palamente, go akaretsa le Tautona, ba ne ba patelediwa go nna kwa thoko ka ntlha ya go tsenwa ke mogare wa COVID-19. <ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-botswana-idUSKCN21R29I]</ref> == Ditlhopho == === Ditiragalo le mekgwa === bokopano jwa Sechaba ke yona fela karolo ya Puso ya Bosetšhaba ya Botswana e e tlhophiwang ke baagi ba poraefete. <ref name=":9" />Botswana e dirisa tsamaiso ya first-past-the-post mo ditlhophong mo bakgethi ba ba nang le diboutu tse dintsi ba fenyang mo dikgaolong tse di nang le leloko le le lengwe. <ref name=":8" />Kwa tshimologong, go ne go boutelwa ka disiki tse di neng di tsamaisana le dikgetho tse di farologaneng go ya ka mmala. Morago ga moo, ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe (1999), ditlhopho tsa bosetšhaba di ne tsa fetolelwa go dirisa dipampiri tsa ditlhopho. <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/476998.stm "BBC News | Africa | Botswana votes for new assembly".] news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2022-03-14.</ref>Malebana le pabalesego ya batlhophi, 89% ya ba ba arabileng patlisiso ya Afrobarometer ba boletse fa ba ne ba kgona go tlhopha ka kgololosego ntle le kgatelelo ya kwa ntle.<ref name=":14"><sup>[https://afrobarometer.org/publications/summary-results-afrobarometer-round-8-survey-botswana-2019-0 "Summary of results: Afrobarometer Round 8 survey in Botswana in 2019 | Afrobarometer"]. afrobarometer.org. Retrieved 2022-03-10</sup></ref> Ditlhopho tsa Ntlobokopano jwa Sechaba tsa Botswana di diragala dingwaga dingwe le dingwe di le tlhano, mme ditlhopho tsa bofelo di diragala ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024).<ref name=":5" />Mo makokong mangwe a sepolotiki, ditlhopho tsa maloko a Palamente di etelelwa pele ke ditlhopho tsa pele. Le fa go ntse jalo, go tshwara ditlhopho tsa pele ga se molao kwa Botswana. Mo godimo ga moo, ga jaana ga go na tsamaiso ya dikgetse tsa bong mo ditlhophong tsa bokopano jwa Sechaba.<ref name=":8" /> Mo patlisisong ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019), tshegetso ya tsamaiso ya dikelo ya bong e ne e batla e aroganngwa ka go lekana: 48% e amogetse mme 47% e ganne.<ref name=":14" /> Gore motho a kgone go nna moemedi wa Palamente, o tshwanetse a bo a na le dingwaga di le lesome le borobabobedi, a kwadisitswe go ka tlhopha, e bile e le moagi wa Botswana. Gape ba tshwanetse go kgona go bala le go bua Seesimane.<ref name=":6" /> Mo godimo ga moo, go na le maemo a mo go one motho a ka kgaolelwang tiro. Ka sekai, motho ga a tshwanela go wa, go tsewa gore o a tsenwa, kana go atlholelwa go nna mo kgolegelong lobaka lo lo fetang dikgwedi di le thataro. Gape ga ba ka ke ba nna leloko la Ntlo ya Dikgosi kgotsa motlhankedi wa puso yo o okametseng ditlhopho.<ref name=":6" /> Go tloga ka ngwaga wa sekete ,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le botlhano (1965 )go fitlha ka ngwagawa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024), BDP e ne ya fenya bontsi jwa ditulo mo Kopanong ya setšhaba mo ditlhophong tsotlhe. Le fa go ntse jalo, le fa BDP e ne ya bona tshegetso e e tlhomameng (segolo thata go tswa kwa dikgaolong tsa selegae), go ne go na le bosupi jwa gore ditlhopho di ntse di nna le kgaisano go ya pele.<ref name=":7" />Mo dingwageng tsa bo dikete tse pedi (2000), palo ya dikgaolo tsa ditlhopho tsa kgaisano e ne ya oketsega. Mmogo le se, BDP e bone ditulo tse dintsi mo ditlhophong tsa bosheng. <ref name=":7" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014), lekgetlo la ntlha mo hisetoring ya setšhaba, makoko a kganetso a ne a fenya bontsi jwa diboutu tsotlhe. <ref name=":4" />Morago ga moo, ka nako ya ditlhopho tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019) wa maloba Ian Khama o ne a fetola boikanyego mme a tshegetsa lekoko la kganetso la Umbrella for Democratic Change (UDC). <ref name=":5" />Le fa go ntse jalo, le fa go na le ditiragalo tse pedi tseno tse di tlhomologileng, BDP e ne ya boloka bontsi jwa ditulo tsa yone mo Kokoanong ya Bosetšhaba.[ Mo ditlhophong tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019), BDP e ne ya fenya ditulo di le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe mme UDC e ne e le kwa morago ka ditulo di le lesome le boraro fela. Tse tharo tsa ditulo tse nne tse di setseng di ne tsa ya go Botswana Patriotic Front, fa tse dingwe di ne tsa ya go Alliance for Progressives. <ref name=":5" /> BDP e ne ya fenngwa la ntlha ka ngwga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024), ya bona manno a le nne fela mo go a le masome a marataro le bongwe a a neng a ganetsanwa (lefelo la bone) mme ya bona 30.47% ya diboutu (lefelo la bobedi). Malebana le go nna le seabe ga batlhophi, go ne go na le batlhophi ba le 900,000 ba ba neng ba ikwadiseditse ditlhopho tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi lesome le borobabongwe (2019).<ref name=":2" />Go tlaleletsa, patlisiso ya Afrobarometer ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi lesome le borobabongwe(2019) e bontshitse gore 63% ya batho (64% ya basadi le 62% ya banna) ba ne ba bouta mo ditlhophong tsa palamente tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014). Mo nakong e e fetileng, ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe (1999), go tshwenyega ka go nna le seabe ga batlhophi e ne e le kgang e e tlhagelelang mo dikgannyeng mo nageng. Pele ga ditlhopho tsa , ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe (1999), batho ba le 60 000 ba ba neng ba ka kgona go tlhopha ba ne ba se ka ba tshwanelega ka phoso fa lenaane la batlhophi le ne le wediwa go setse go le thari. [[Festus Mogae]], yo e neng e le Tautona ka nako eo, o ne a goeletsa maemo a ntlha a tshoganyetso mo setšhabeng gore a bitse bokopano jwa Sechaba le go fetisa molao o o letlang batho ba ba neng ba se na ditshwanelo tsa go bouta go ka bouta. <ref name=":14" /> == Metswedi == b7cpqorz2so0rbnu2p1r1iq0959zm54 Go kentela segajaja sa COVID-19 mo Botswana 0 14780 53705 53608 2026-07-31T04:42:55Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox event|name=Go kentela segajaja sa COVID-19 mo Botswana|date=Mopitlo a le malatsi a robabobedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso go tsena gompieno|time=(GMT +2)|Location=[[Botswana]]|cause=[[Segajaja sa COVID-19 mo Botswana]]|target=Segajaja sa COVID-19|budget=didikadike tsa madi a di dolara tsa America di le lesome|organisers=Lephata la botso le boitekanelo|participants=mekento e le dikete di le 150,019 (e dirisitswe ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa 2021) batho ba le 150,019 ba kentilwe gangwe fela batho ba le ;efela ba kentilwe mo go tletseng|website=https://dhis2sms.gov.bw/vaccine/}} '''Go kentela segajaja sa COVID-19 mo Botswana''' ke letsholo le le tsweletseng la go femela batho kgatlhanong le mogare wa corona (SARS-Cov-2), mogare o o bakang bolwetse jwa Coronavirus jwa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe (COVID-19), go tsibogela segajaja se se tsweletseng mo lefatsheng le. Go kenta batho ba le bantsi go simolotse ka Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le borataro ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso, go dirisiwa mokento wa AstraZeneca Covishield pele.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210301171735/https://news.trust.org/item/20210215154035-3mjwo/ "Botswana to use AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, minister says".] ''news.trust.org''. Archived from [https://news.trust.org/item/20210215154035-3mjwo/ the original] on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> Go tswa ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a supa ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso, lefatshe la [[Botswana]] le kentile batho ka mekento e le dikete di le lekgolo masome a matlhano lesome le borobabongwe.<ref>[https://www.statista.com/statistics/1231389/daily-number-of-covid-19-vaccination-doses-in-botswana/ "Botswana: COVID-19 daily vaccine doses 2021".] ''Statista''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210620150523/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1231389/daily-number-of-covid-19-vaccination-doses-in-botswana/ Archived] from the original on 20 June 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref><ref>[https://www.gavi.org/covax-vaccine-roll-out/botswana "COVAX roll-out - Botswana".] ''www.gavi.org''. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195714/https://www.gavi.org/covax-vaccine-roll-out/botswana the original] on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> == Tse di diragetseng pele == === Mekento e e rekilweng === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Leina la mokento !Palo ya mekento !e e gorogileng !E e tlhomamisitsweng |- |Pfizer BioNTech |dikete di le lekgol le motso, makgolo a supa le masome a robabongwe |dikete di le lekgol le motso, makgolo a supa le masome a robabongwe |E tlhomamisitswe |- |CoronaVac |Go tlaa itsisiwe |dikete di le makgolo a mabedi |E tlhomamisitswe |- |Covaxin |dikete di le lekgolo, masome a marataro le borataro, makgolo a marataro |dikete di le masome a marataro le borataro, makgolo a marataro |E tlhomamisitswe |- |Janssen |sedikadike, dikete di le makgolo a mabedi |0 |E tlhomamisitswe |- |Moderna |dikete di le makgolo a matlhano |0 |E tlhomamisitswe |- |Oxford-AstraZeneca<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-health-coronavirus-botswana-idUSKBN2AF1JG "Botswana to use AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, health minister says".] ''Reuters''. 15 February 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> |dikete di le masome a mararo le borobabobedi, makgolo a mane |dikete di le masome a mararo le borobabobedi, makgolo a mane |E tlhomamisitswe |} == Ditso == === Tatelano ya ditiragalo === '''Tlhakole ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso''' Ka Tlhakole, lefatshe la [[Botswana]] le ne la dirisa madi a di dolara di nna didikadike di le lesome go reka mekento.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210306124125/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2021-02/18/c_139749569.htm "Botswana to start COVID-19 vaccination in March - Xinhua | English.news.cn".] ''www.xinhuanet.com''. Archived from the original on 6 March 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> '''Mopitlo ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso''' Tshimologo ya mekento ya ba ba dingwaga di masome a matlhano le botlhano le go feta (legato lantlha) ka Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le borataro, pele ka mekento ya Covishield e le dikete di le masome a mararo e e abetsweng lefatshe ke lefatshe la [[India]] le e le dikete di le masome a mararo le boraro le makgolo a marataro e e rekilweng ka COVAX.<ref>Mguni, Mbongeni; Basimanebotlhe, Tsaone (26 March 2021). [https://www.mmegi.bw/news/vaccination-starts-today-health-ps/news-112557 "Vaccination starts today – Health PS"]. ''Mmegi''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref><ref>MGUNI, MBONGENI (21 May 2021). [https://www.mmegi.bw/news/botswana-dodges-bullet-as-india-suspends-vaccine-exports/news "Mmegi Online :: Botswana dodges bullet as India suspends vaccine exports".] ''Mmegi Online''. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref><ref>[https://finance.yahoo.com/news/1-botswana-astrazeneca-covid-19-164147501.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnLw&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAII1hifKbgblx9fk8JmfGy1Vsda8MwB9BP7pxLFtTMEFvTjZ71LhR4wraPZ141UsJStZ3d-J714oy9h8UOeFcP6dhaUr26oIf9uVMsoilR0ojnC065cnwneU1lJd32DHaxgZ1wcvYDNHkUydB9wVXzAAu4F_sMf8pJAwYfWxqALb "UPDATE 1-Botswana to use AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, minister says".] ''[[:en:Yahoo_Finance|Yahoo! Finance]]''. Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> '''Moranang ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso''' Mo dibekeng tse nne tsa ntlha batho ba le dikete di le masome a mane le bosupa, lekgolo le masome a marataro ba ne ba amogela mokento wa ntlha.<ref>[https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/61976 "Over 47 000 vaccinated".] ''Daily News''. 26 April 2021. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210426223042/http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=61976 Archived] from the original on 26 April 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> Morago ga beke, ka Moranang a le masome a mararo, palo ya ba ba kentilweng e ne e oketsegile go nna dikete di le masome a mane le borobabongwe, makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabobedi le bobedi.<ref>MGUNI, MBONGENI (11 June 2021). [https://www.mmegi.bw/news/govt-taps-private-sector-for-p590m-vaccine-shortfall/news "Mmegi Online :: Govt taps private sector for P590m vaccine shortfall".] ''Mmegi Online''. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref><ref>[https://reliefweb.int/report/democratic-republic-congo/unhcr-covid-19-response-southern-africa-1-30-april-2021 "UNHCR COVID-19 Response: Southern Africa, 1 - 30 April 2021 - Democratic Republic of the Congo".] ''ReliefWeb''. 24 May 2021. Archived from the original on 12 June 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> '''Motsheganong ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso''' Batho ba le dikete di le masome a mane le borobabongwe makgolo a robabongwe masome a matlhano le borobabongwe ba ne ba amogela mokento wa ntlha ka Motsheganong a le malatsi a mararo; ba le dikete di le masome a matlhano le boraro, makgolo a mararo masome a supa le botlhano ka Motsheganong a le malatsi a supa; le dikete di le lekgolo masome a mane le bobedi, makgolo a robabobedi masome a. marataro le borobabongwe ka Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi.<ref name=":0">Mguni, Mbongeni (3 June 2021). [https://www.mmegi.bw/news/moderna-confirms-supply-deal-with-botswana/news "Moderna confirms supply deal with Botswana".] ''Mmegi''. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> Ka Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la amogela mekento e le dikete di le masome a mararo le borobabobedi, le makgolo a mane ya Oxford-AstraZeneca ka lenaneo la COVAX, e rulagantswe ke lekgotla la [[UNICEF Botswana]].<ref>Nimi Princewill (19 May 2021). [https://edition.cnn.com/2021/05/19/africa/covid-19-vaccine-wastage-africa-intl-cmd/index.html "African countries have struggled to secure enough Covid-19 vaccines. So why are thousands of doses going to waste?".] ''CNN''. Archived from the original on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref><ref>[https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210614005371/en/Moderna-Submits-Authorization-Application-for-its-COVID-19-Vaccine-in-Adolescents-in-Switzerland Moderna Submits Authorization Application for its COVID-19 Vaccine in Adolescents in Switzerland"]. ''www.businesswire.com''. 14 June 2021. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> '''Seetebosigo ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso''' Ka Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mararo lefatshe la Botswana le ne la amogela mekento ya Pfizer-BioNTech ka lenaneo la COVAX e le dikete di le lesome le borobabongwe makgolo a robabobedi le masome a robabongwe. Tumalano ya go tsisa mekento e e dirilweng le Moderna e ne ya itsisewe.<ref name=":0" /><ref>[https://in.search.yahoo.com/?fr2=inr "Botswana President receives first injection of Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine".] ''in.news.yahoo.com''. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2026.</ref><ref>[https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/moderna-enters-supply-deal-with-botswana-covid-19-vaccine-2021-06-03/ "Moderna enters supply deal with Botswana for COVID-19 vaccine".] Reuters. 3 June 2021. Archived from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> Ka Seetebosigo ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bone lefatshe la Botswana le ne la amogela mekento ya CoronaVac e le dikete di le makgolo a mabedi.<ref name=":1">Kgamanyane, Nnasaretha (2 July 2021). [https://www.mmegi.bw/news/phase-two-covid-19-vaccine-to-commence/news "Phase Two COVID-19 vaccine to commence".] ''Mmegi''. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> Ka mafelo a kgwedi batho ba le dikete di le masome a robabongwe le motso, makgolo a mane masome a robabobedi le bobedi ba ne ba kentilwe mo go tletseng. '''Phukwi ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso''' Go kentiwa ga batho ba ba dingwaga di le masome a matlhano le botlhano le go feta go ne ga tswelela ka Phukwi a le malatsi a matlhano. Matona a lephata la botsogo ba ne ba itsise maikaelelo a bone a go atolosa mokento kwa go ba ba dingwaga di le masome a mararo go tsena masome a matlhano le bone ka mafelo a Phukwi.<ref name=":1" /> Ka Phukwi a le lesome le borataro, lephata ka botsogo le boitekanelo le ne la bega fa go na le tlhaelo ya mekento ya Oxford-AstraZeneca e le dikete di le lesome le botlhano, e e neng e solofetswe go ka bo e gorogile ka Seetebosigo a simologa. Go baakanya seemo sa tlhaelo le go netefatsa gore ba ba setseng ba tsere mokento wa ntlha wa Oxford-AstraZeneca ba amogela mokento wa bone wa bobedi mo dibekeng di le lesome le bobedi tsa wa ntlha, lephata le ne la gakolola gore ba tseye mokento wa Moderna kgotsa Pfizer-BioNTech mo legatong la bobedi gore fa go ka direga gore Oxford-AstraZeneca e bo e seo.<ref>Phakedi, Tebogo (17 July 2021). [https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/botswana-to-use-other-vaccines-for-second-shots-due-to-delay-in-delivery-of-astrazeneca/ "Botswana to use other vaccines for second shots due to delay in delivery of AstraZeneca"]. SABC. Archived from the original on 17 July 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> Ka Phukwi  a le masome mararo, tona wa botsogo le boitekanelo o ne a itsise setshaba gore mo mekentong e le didikadike di le pedi e e rekilweng, go gorogile e le dikete di le makgolo mabedi masome a robabobedi le bobedi makgolo a robabobedi masome a robabongwe.<ref>Mguni, Mbongeni; Basimanebotlhe, Tsaone (3 August 2021). [https://www.mmegi.bw/news/frustrations-grow-as-only-14-purchased-vaccines-arrive/news "Frustrations grow as only 14% purchased vaccines arrive".] Mmegi. Archived from the original on 8 August 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> Ka mafelo a kgwedi batho ba le dikete di le lekgolo masome a mabedi le bosupa makgolo a mararo masome a marataro le bobedi ba ne ba feditse mekento ya bone yotlhe. '''Phatwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso''' [[Setshwantsho:The United States Delivers COVID-19 Vaccine Doses to Botswana (51391201321).jpg|thumb|Lefatshe la US le romela mekento ya Pfizer-BioNTech ya COVID-19 kwa [[Botswana]] e le bontlha jwa lenaneo la COVAX ka ngwaga wa 2021]] Lefatshe la US le tsisa mekento ya Pfizer-BioNTech ya COVID-19 kwa Botswana e le bontlha jwa lenaneo la COVAX ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso ka Phatwe, mookamedi wa lekgotla la bopelotlhomogi le ga tautona wa pele [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama|Ian Khama]] la Khama Foundation le ne la ntsha mokwalo o o reng lekgotla le amogetse mekento e le didikadike di le pedi ya Oxford-AstraZeneca le e le didikadike di le pedi ya Pfizer-BioNTech, e e tswang kwa femeng ya U.S ya KKM Global Group. Lekgotla le ne la re puso e reke mekento e e didikadike di le nne eo, mme le tlhoka tshwetso mo malatsing a le matlhano a pereko. Dikompone tsa Pfizer le AstraZeneca di ne tsa ganetsa gore di isitse mekento epe kwa KKM Global Group.<ref>Chakamba, Rumbi (12 August 2021). [https://www.devex.com/news/is-botswana-s-private-covid-19-vaccine-offer-too-good-to-be-true-100580 "Is Botswana's private COVID-19 vaccine offer too good to be true?".] Devex. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref><ref>Pheage, Tefo (11 August 2021). [https://www.thegazette.news/news/pfizer-denies-vaccine-middlemen/ "Pfizer denies vaccine middlemen".] The Botswana Gazette. Archived from the original on 22 August 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> Ka Phatwe a le malatsi a robabobedi, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la amogela mekento ya Oxford AstraZeneca e ke dikete di le masome a mararo le borobabobedi, makgolo a mane, ya salwa morago ke e le dikete di le lekgolo le borobabobedi ya Janssen.<ref>[https://bw.usembassy.gov/the-united-states-donates-81900-doses-of-pfizer-vaccine-to-botswana/ "The United States donates 81,900 doses of Pfizer vaccine to Botswana".] U.S. Embassy in Botswana. 20 August 2021. Archived from the original on 21 August 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> Ka Phatwe a le lesome le borobabongwe, le ne la amogela mekento ya Pfizer-BioNTech e le dikete di robabobedi le motso makgolo a robabongwe e e le abetsweng ke lefatshe la [[USA|United States]].<ref>Dube, Mqondisi (14 August 2021). [https://www.voanews.com/a/covid-19-pandemic_botswana-tightens-covid-19-restrictions-amid-rising-death-toll/6209581.html "Botswana tightens COVID-19 restrictions amid rising death toll".] VOA. Archived from the original on 22 August 2021. Retrieved 30 JULY 2026</ref> Ka Phatwe a le masome a mabedi le boraro, kgaolo ya Gaborone le metse e e mabapi e ne e feletswe ke mokento wa Oxford-AstraZeneca, Janssen le CoronaVac, ya tshwanelwa ke go emisa mekento ya ntlha go fitlhelela setshaba se itsisiwe gape, fa mekento e mengwe e sena go goroga. Mekento e ne ya tswelela morago ga kgwedi. Fa kgwedi e fela, batho ba le dikete di le makgolo a mararo masome a mararo le bosupa, makgolo a robabongwe, masome a robabobedi le borobabongwe ba ne ba amogetse mekento ya ntlha fa ba le dikete di le makgolo a mabedi lesome le botlhano, makgolo a matlhano le bobedi ba ne ba amogetse mekento yotlhe ka bobedi. '''Lwetse ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso''' Ka Lwetse a le malatsi a matlhano, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la amogela mekento ya CoronaVac e le dikete di le makgolo a mane le bone, makgolo a mane masome a robabongwe le bone.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210906101511/https://news.fr-24.com/nouvelles/176831.html "Le Botswana reçoit plus de 404 000 vaccins Sinovac COVID-19".] ''News FR-24'' (in French). 5 September 2021. Archived from the original on 6 September 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> Ka Lwetse a le lesome le borobabobedi, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la amogela mekento e le lekgolo le motso makgolo a supa le masome a marataro a mekento ya Oxford-AstraZeneca e le dikete di le makgolo a mane le motso, makgolo a mabedi le masome a robabobedi e e abetsweng lefatshe ke lefatshe la Germany.<ref>[https://www.gavi.org/news/media-room/first-delivery-german-donated-covid-vaccines-covax-land-mauritania-other-deliveries "First delivery of German-donated COVID vaccines to COVAX land in Mauritania, with other deliveries to follow".] Gavi. 8 September 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> Ka Lwetse a le masome mabedi le boraro, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la amogela mekento ya Janssen e le dikete di le masome a matlhano le makgolo a mane e e neng e abilwe ke lefatshe la [[Aforika Borwa]]. '''Phalane ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso''' Ka Phalane a le lesome le bone, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la amogela mekento ya ntlha e le dikete di le masome a mane le borobabongwe le makgolo a mabedi ka tumalano le Moderna e e dirilweng ka Seetebosigo ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso. Morago ga beke, le ne la amogela mekento e le masome a supa le bobedi ya Janssen e rekilweng ka letlole la African Vaccine Acquisition, ya salwa morafo ke e mengwe ya one mofuta o o e le dikete di le masome a supa le bobedi ka Phalane a le masome mabedi le botlhano le ele dikete di le masome a matlhano le bosupa le makgolo a marataro ka Phalane a le masome mararo. Ka mafelo a kgwedi batho ba le dikete di le makgolo a mararo masome a robabobedi le boraro, makgolo a mararo le masome a mabedi ba ne ba feditse mokento, e le masome a mane mo lekgolong la palo ya batho e e neng e tshwanetse go kentiwa. '''Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso''' Ka Ngwanatsele a le lesome le borobabobedi, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la amogela mekento ya Pfizer-BioNTech e le dikete di le lekgolo makgolo a mabedi le masome a marataro ka lenaneo la COVAX. Ka mafelo a kgwedi batho ba le dikete di le makgolo a matlhano lesome le borobabongwe, makgolo a matlhano masome a mane le bone ba ne ba tsere mekento yotlhe, e le masome a robabongwe le boraro mo lekgolong la palo yotlhe ya batho ba ba neng ba tshwanetse go tsaya mokento. '''Morule ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso''' Lefatshe la Botswana le amogetse mekento ya Pfizer-BioNTech e le dikete di le makgolo a matlhano masome a mabedi le botlhano, makgolo a mabedi le masome a mararo ka Morule a le malatsi a mabedi; dikete di le makgolo a mabedi le masome a supa a mokento o o tshwanang ka Morule a le malatsi a marataro; sekete se le lekgolo masome a matlhano le motso, makgolo a mabedi le dikete di le masome a supa le borobabongwe makgolo a mabedi a mokento wa Janssen ka Morule a le malatsi a marataro le a robabobedi ka tatelano. Ka Morule a le lesome le bobedi le ne la amogela mekento ya Janssen e le dikete di le masome a supa le bobedi le ya Oxford-AstraZeneca e le dikete di le masome a supa le bobedi e setswe morago ke e le dikete di le makgolo a supa masome a mararo le bosupa le lekgolo la ya Pfizer-BioNTech ka Morule a le lesome le borataro. Ka mafelo a kgwedi batho ba le sedikadike le boraro ba ne ba amogetse mekento yotlhe, e le palo e e fetang e e neng e akanyeditswe. '''Firikgong ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi''' Ka mafelo a kgwedi batho ba feta sedikadike le motso ba ne ba amogetse mekento yotlhe, ba fitile palo kakanyetso. '''Tlhakole ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi''' Ka mafelo a kgwedi batho ba feta sedikadike le bone ba ne ba amogetse mekengo yotlhe, ba feta palo e e neng e rulaganyeditswe. '''Moranang ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi''' Ka mafelo a kgwedi batho ba feta sedikadike le borobabongwe ba ne ba amogetse mekento yotlhe, ba fetile palo ya batho ba ba neng ba rulaganyeditswe. == Metswedi == rewg7d1wxv47nqm4ziovcojimtdvhyc Puo e e Didimetseng ya Bopelonomi 0 14786 53631 53625 2026-07-30T12:11:26Z P'kaytee 12489 Added a paragraphs 53631 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Puo e e Didimetseng ya Bopelonomi''' Puo e e Didimetseng ya Bopelonomi ke kgopolo e e tlhalosang puisano ya kutlwelobotlhoko, kutlwelobotlhoko le tlotlo ka ditiro go na le ka mafoko a a buiwang kgotsa a a kwadilweng. Kgopolo e e akantsha gore maitsholo a mannye, a a akanyediwang a ka tlhagisa tlhokomelo le go tlhaloganya ka ditsela tse di fetang puo, setso le dipharologano tsa loago. E tlwaelegile go buiwa ka yone mabapi le botlhale jwa maikutlo, botsalano jwa batho, thutotlhaloganyo le boitekanelo jwa baagi. '''Kakaretso''' Puo e e didimetseng ya bopelonomi e kaya go bontsha kutlwelobotlhoko le go rata batho ka ditiro tse di sa buiweng go na le ka mafoko a a buiwang. Maitsholo a a bonolo a a tshwanang le go nyenya, go thusa, go reetsa ka kelotlhoko, go bontsha bopelotelele le go tshwara ba bangwe ka tlotlo a bontsha gore o ba tlhokomela le go ba tlhaloganya. Ditiro tseno di thusa go aga go tshepana, go nonotsha botsalano, le go rotloetsa tirisano e e siameng ya loago. Kgopolo e gatelela gore ditiro tsa nnete tsa bopelonomi gantsi di na le tshusumetso e kgolo mo maikutlong go feta mafoko fela, ka gonne di bontsha boammaaruri ka boitshwaro jo bo nang le bokao. '''Dipharologantsho''' Puo e e didimetseng ya bopelonomi e tlhomololwa ke go utlwela botlhoko, tlotlo, go sa ipone tsapa, go tlhomama le go lemoga maikutlo. Batho ba ba bontshang bopelonomi ba batla go tlhaloganya maitemogelo le maikutlo a batho ba bangwe, ba tshwara batho ka seriti go sa kgathalesege gore ba tswa kae kgotsa ba mo maemong afe, e bile ba ba thusa ba sa lebelela gore ba tla duelwa. Bopelonomi bo bonala gape ka boitshwaro jo bo tlhomameng jwa kutlwelobotlhoko le bokgoni jwa go lemoga fa go tlhokega tshegetso ya maikutlo kgotsa ya mosola. '''Ditlamorago tsa Loago''' Babatlisisi ba thutotlhaloganyo le ba saense ya loago ba ile ba akantsha gore go itshwara ka bopelonomi go dira gore motho a nne le botsogo jo bo botoka mo tlhaloganyong, a nne le kamano e e nonofileng le go nna seoposengwe mo setšhabeng. Ditiro tsa bopelonomi di ka fokotsa maikutlo a go itlhaola, tsa kgothaletsa tirisanommogo le go rotloetsa tirisano e e siameng mo malapeng, mo dikolong, mo mafelong a tiro le mo baaging. Kgopolo eno gantsi e amanngwa le “phelelo ya go tlhotlhorega,” e ka yone tiro e le nngwe ya bopelonomi e tlhotlheletsang ditiro tse dingwe tsa bopelonomi, e dira gore go nne le melemo e e anameng ya loago fa nako e ntse e tsamaya. '''Dikopo''' Puo e e didimetseng ya bopelonomi e dirisiwa mo maemong a a farologaneng. Mo thutong, barutabana le baithuti ba dirisa bopelonomi go tlhama mafelo a go ithuta a a tshegetsang le go akaretsa. Mo tlhokomelong ya boitekanelo, puisano e e kutlwelobotlhoko le tlhokomelo e e ikaegileng ka molwetse di thusa mo go tokafatseng maitemogelo a molwetse. Mo mafelong a tiro, bopelonomi bo dira gore badiri ba buisane ka tlotlo, ba dirisane mmogo le gore ba nne le boitekanelo. Mekgatlho ya baagi e rotloetsa boithaopo le go tshegetsana, fa mo dikamano tsa botho, bopelonomi bo nonotsha go tshepana, go tlhaloganya, le kgolagano ya maikutlo ka ditiro tsa letsatsi le letsatsi tsa tlhokomelo le go akanyetsa. '''Kgalo''' Bakanoki bangwe ba bolela gore bopelonomi bo le bosi ga bo ka ke jwa rarabolola dikgwetlho tse di anameng tsa loago le tsa popego tse di jaaka lehuma, go sa lekalekane kgotsa go tlhaolwa. Ba tshegetsa gore le mororo ditiro tsa bopelonomi tsa motho ka bongwe di le botlhokwa, di tshwanetse go tsamaya le dipholisi, diphetogo tsa ditheo le maiteko a a kopanetsweng a a rarabololang dilo tse di bakang mathata a loago. 74en7dril2uq5nkqxhikpdjw822rsgc 53632 53631 2026-07-30T12:13:02Z P'kaytee 12489 Added a reference 53632 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Puo e e Didimetseng ya Bopelonomi''' Puo e e Didimetseng ya Bopelonomi ke kgopolo e e tlhalosang puisano ya kutlwelobotlhoko, kutlwelobotlhoko le tlotlo ka ditiro go na le ka mafoko a a buiwang kgotsa a a kwadilweng. Kgopolo e e akantsha gore maitsholo a mannye, a a akanyediwang a ka tlhagisa tlhokomelo le go tlhaloganya ka ditsela tse di fetang puo, setso le dipharologano tsa loago. E tlwaelegile go buiwa ka yone mabapi le botlhale jwa maikutlo, botsalano jwa batho, thutotlhaloganyo le boitekanelo jwa baagi. '''Kakaretso''' Puo e e didimetseng ya bopelonomi e kaya go bontsha kutlwelobotlhoko le go rata batho ka ditiro tse di sa buiweng go na le ka mafoko a a buiwang. Maitsholo a a bonolo a a tshwanang le go nyenya, go thusa, go reetsa ka kelotlhoko, go bontsha bopelotelele le go tshwara ba bangwe ka tlotlo a bontsha gore o ba tlhokomela le go ba tlhaloganya. Ditiro tseno di thusa go aga go tshepana, go nonotsha botsalano, le go rotloetsa tirisano e e siameng ya loago. Kgopolo e gatelela gore ditiro tsa nnete tsa bopelonomi gantsi di na le tshusumetso e kgolo mo maikutlong go feta mafoko fela, ka gonne di bontsha boammaaruri ka boitshwaro jo bo nang le bokao. '''Dipharologantsho''' Puo e e didimetseng ya bopelonomi e tlhomololwa ke go utlwela botlhoko, tlotlo, go sa ipone tsapa, go tlhomama le go lemoga maikutlo. Batho ba ba bontshang bopelonomi ba batla go tlhaloganya maitemogelo le maikutlo a batho ba bangwe, ba tshwara batho ka seriti go sa kgathalesege gore ba tswa kae kgotsa ba mo maemong afe, e bile ba ba thusa ba sa lebelela gore ba tla duelwa. Bopelonomi bo bonala gape ka boitshwaro jo bo tlhomameng jwa kutlwelobotlhoko le bokgoni jwa go lemoga fa go tlhokega tshegetso ya maikutlo kgotsa ya mosola. '''Ditlamorago tsa Loago''' Babatlisisi ba thutotlhaloganyo le ba saense ya loago ba ile ba akantsha gore go itshwara ka bopelonomi go dira gore motho a nne le botsogo jo bo botoka mo tlhaloganyong, a nne le kamano e e nonofileng le go nna seoposengwe mo setšhabeng. Ditiro tsa bopelonomi di ka fokotsa maikutlo a go itlhaola, tsa kgothaletsa tirisanommogo le go rotloetsa tirisano e e siameng mo malapeng, mo dikolong, mo mafelong a tiro le mo baaging. Kgopolo eno gantsi e amanngwa le “phelelo ya go tlhotlhorega,” e ka yone tiro e le nngwe ya bopelonomi e tlhotlheletsang ditiro tse dingwe tsa bopelonomi, e dira gore go nne le melemo e e anameng ya loago fa nako e ntse e tsamaya. '''Dikopo''' Puo e e didimetseng ya bopelonomi e dirisiwa mo maemong a a farologaneng. Mo thutong, barutabana le baithuti ba dirisa bopelonomi go tlhama mafelo a go ithuta a a tshegetsang le go akaretsa. Mo tlhokomelong ya boitekanelo, puisano e e kutlwelobotlhoko le tlhokomelo e e ikaegileng ka molwetse di thusa mo go tokafatseng maitemogelo a molwetse. Mo mafelong a tiro, bopelonomi bo dira gore badiri ba buisane ka tlotlo, ba dirisane mmogo le gore ba nne le boitekanelo. Mekgatlho ya baagi e rotloetsa boithaopo le go tshegetsana, fa mo dikamano tsa botho, bopelonomi bo nonotsha go tshepana, go tlhaloganya, le kgolagano ya maikutlo ka ditiro tsa letsatsi le letsatsi tsa tlhokomelo le go akanyetsa. '''Kgalo''' Bakanoki bangwe ba bolela gore bopelonomi bo le bosi ga bo ka ke jwa rarabolola dikgwetlho tse di anameng tsa loago le tsa popego tse di jaaka lehuma, go sa lekalekane kgotsa go tlhaolwa. Ba tshegetsa gore le mororo ditiro tsa bopelonomi tsa motho ka bongwe di le botlhokwa, di tshwanetse go tsamaya le dipholisi, diphetogo tsa ditheo le maiteko a a kopanetsweng a a rarabololang dilo tse di bakang mathata a loago. '''Tshupetso''' cp5ndb2o8d7va5m0ko1t85j2yu293wb 53646 53632 2026-07-30T13:05:47Z P'kaytee 12489 Added a picture 53646 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Puo e e Didimetseng ya Bopelonomi''' Puo e e Didimetseng ya Bopelonomi ke kgopolo e e tlhalosang puisano ya kutlwelobotlhoko, kutlwelobotlhoko le tlotlo ka ditiro go na le ka mafoko a a buiwang kgotsa a a kwadilweng. Kgopolo e e akantsha gore maitsholo a mannye, a a akanyediwang a ka tlhagisa tlhokomelo le go tlhaloganya ka ditsela tse di fetang puo, setso le dipharologano tsa loago. E tlwaelegile go buiwa ka yone mabapi le botlhale jwa maikutlo, botsalano jwa batho, thutotlhaloganyo le boitekanelo jwa baagi.<ref>https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557595/dare-to-dare-brene-brown-phd-msw/</ref> [[Setshwantsho:KindnessErnie.jpg|thumb|Puo e e Didimetseng ya Bopelonomi]] '''Kakaretso''' Puo e e didimetseng ya bopelonomi e kaya go bontsha kutlwelobotlhoko le go rata batho ka ditiro tse di sa buiweng go na le ka mafoko a a buiwang. Maitsholo a a bonolo a a tshwanang le go nyenya, go thusa, go reetsa ka kelotlhoko, go bontsha bopelotelele le go tshwara ba bangwe ka tlotlo a bontsha gore o ba tlhokomela le go ba tlhaloganya. Ditiro tseno di thusa go aga go tshepana, go nonotsha botsalano, le go rotloetsa tirisano e e siameng ya loago. Kgopolo e gatelela gore ditiro tsa nnete tsa bopelonomi gantsi di na le tshusumetso e kgolo mo maikutlong go feta mafoko fela, ka gonne di bontsha boammaaruri ka boitshwaro jo bo nang le bokao.<ref>https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557595/dare-to-dare-brene-brown-phd-msw/</ref> '''Dipharologantsho''' Puo e e didimetseng ya bopelonomi e tlhomololwa ke go utlwela botlhoko, tlotlo, go sa ipone tsapa, go tlhomama le go lemoga maikutlo. Batho ba ba bontshang bopelonomi ba batla go tlhaloganya maitemogelo le maikutlo a batho ba bangwe, ba tshwara batho ka seriti go sa kgathalesege gore ba tswa kae kgotsa ba mo maemong afe, e bile ba ba thusa ba sa lebelela gore ba tla duelwa. Bopelonomi bo bonala gape ka boitshwaro jo bo tlhomameng jwa kutlwelobotlhoko le bokgoni jwa go lemoga fa go tlhokega tshegetso ya maikutlo kgotsa ya mosola.<ref>https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557595/dare-to-dare-brene-brown-phd-msw/</ref> '''Ditlamorago tsa Loago''' Babatlisisi ba thutotlhaloganyo le ba saense ya loago ba ile ba akantsha gore go itshwara ka bopelonomi go dira gore motho a nne le botsogo jo bo botoka mo tlhaloganyong, a nne le kamano e e nonofileng le go nna seoposengwe mo setšhabeng. Ditiro tsa bopelonomi di ka fokotsa maikutlo a go itlhaola, tsa kgothaletsa tirisanommogo le go rotloetsa tirisano e e siameng mo malapeng, mo dikolong, mo mafelong a tiro le mo baaging. Kgopolo eno gantsi e amanngwa le “phelelo ya go tlhotlhorega,” e ka yone tiro e le nngwe ya bopelonomi e tlhotlheletsang ditiro tse dingwe tsa bopelonomi, e dira gore go nne le melemo e e anameng ya loago fa nako e ntse e tsamaya.<ref>https://academic.oup.com/bbok/3000</ref> '''Dikopo''' Puo e e didimetseng ya bopelonomi e dirisiwa mo maemong a a farologaneng. Mo thutong, barutabana le baithuti ba dirisa bopelonomi go tlhama mafelo a go ithuta a a tshegetsang le go akaretsa. Mo tlhokomelong ya boitekanelo, puisano e e kutlwelobotlhoko le tlhokomelo e e ikaegileng ka molwetse di thusa mo go tokafatseng maitemogelo a molwetse. Mo mafelong a tiro, bopelonomi bo dira gore badiri ba buisane ka tlotlo, ba dirisane mmogo le gore ba nne le boitekanelo. Mekgatlho ya baagi e rotloetsa boithaopo le go tshegetsana, fa mo dikamano tsa botho, bopelonomi bo nonotsha go tshepana, go tlhaloganya, le kgolagano ya maikutlo ka ditiro tsa letsatsi le letsatsi tsa tlhokomelo le go akanyetsa. <ref>https://www.gordontraining.com/free-workplace-articles/active-listening/</ref>'''Kgalo''' Bakanoki bangwe ba bolela gore bopelonomi bo le bosi ga bo ka ke jwa rarabolola dikgwetlho tse di anameng tsa loago le tsa popego tse di jaaka lehuma, go sa lekalekane kgotsa go tlhaolwa. Ba tshegetsa gore le mororo ditiro tsa bopelonomi tsa motho ka bongwe di le botlhokwa, di tshwanetse go tsamaya le dipholisi, diphetogo tsa ditheo le maiteko a a kopanetsweng a a rarabololang dilo tse di bakang mathata a loago.<ref>https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/586992/the-war-for-kindness-by-jamil-zaki</ref> '''Tshupetso''' Brown, B. (2018). Dare to Lead. Random House. https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557595/dare-to-dare-brene-brown-phd-msw/ Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ. Bantam Books. https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557595/dare-to-dare-brene-brown-phd-msw/ Lyubomirsky, S. (2007). The How of Happiness. Penguin Press.https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557595/dare-to-dare-brene-brown-phd-msw/ Post, S. G. (Ed.). (2007). Altruism and Health: Perspectives from Empirical Research. Oxford University Press. https://academic.oup.com/bbok/3000 Rogers, C. R., & Farson, R. E. (1987). Active Listening. University of Chicago, Industrial Relations Center.https://www.gordontraining.com/free-workplace-articles/active-listening/ Zaki, J. (2019). The War for Kindness: Building Empathy in a Fractured World. Crown. [https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/586992/the-war-for-kindness-by-jamil-zaki/ https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/586992/the-war-for-kindness-by-jamil-zaki] fj93ddk9vfufnzhsb9mgh6mxyymmzhn 53672 53646 2026-07-30T18:38:19Z P'kaytee 12489 Added a picture 53672 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Puo e e Didimetseng ya Bopelonomi''' Puo e e Didimetseng ya Bopelonomi ke kgopolo e e tlhalosang puisano ya kutlwelobotlhoko, kutlwelobotlhoko le tlotlo ka ditiro go na le ka mafoko a a buiwang kgotsa a a kwadilweng. Kgopolo e e akantsha gore maitsholo a mannye, a a akanyediwang a ka tlhagisa tlhokomelo le go tlhaloganya ka ditsela tse di fetang puo, setso le dipharologano tsa loago. E tlwaelegile go buiwa ka yone mabapi le botlhale jwa maikutlo, botsalano jwa batho, thutotlhaloganyo le boitekanelo jwa baagi.<ref>https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557595/dare-to-dare-brene-brown-phd-msw/</ref> [[Setshwantsho:KindnessErnie.jpg|thumb|Puo e e Didimetseng ya Bopelonomi.]] '''Kakaretso''' Puo e e didimetseng ya bopelonomi e kaya go bontsha kutlwelobotlhoko le go rata batho ka ditiro tse di sa buiweng go na le ka mafoko a a buiwang. Maitsholo a a bonolo a a tshwanang le go nyenya, go thusa, go reetsa ka kelotlhoko, go bontsha bopelotelele le go tshwara ba bangwe ka tlotlo a bontsha gore o ba tlhokomela le go ba tlhaloganya. Ditiro tseno di thusa go aga go tshepana, go nonotsha botsalano, le go rotloetsa tirisano e e siameng ya loago. Kgopolo e gatelela gore ditiro tsa nnete tsa bopelonomi gantsi di na le tshusumetso e kgolo mo maikutlong go feta mafoko fela, ka gonne di bontsha boammaaruri ka boitshwaro jo bo nang le bokao.<ref>https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557595/dare-to-dare-brene-brown-phd-msw/</ref> '''Dipharologantsho''' Puo e e didimetseng ya bopelonomi e tlhomololwa ke go utlwela botlhoko, tlotlo, go sa ipone tsapa, go tlhomama le go lemoga maikutlo. Batho ba ba bontshang bopelonomi ba batla go tlhaloganya maitemogelo le maikutlo a batho ba bangwe, ba tshwara batho ka seriti go sa kgathalesege gore ba tswa kae kgotsa ba mo maemong afe, e bile ba ba thusa ba sa lebelela gore ba tla duelwa. Bopelonomi bo bonala gape ka boitshwaro jo bo tlhomameng jwa kutlwelobotlhoko le bokgoni jwa go lemoga fa go tlhokega tshegetso ya maikutlo kgotsa ya mosola.<ref>https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557595/dare-to-dare-brene-brown-phd-msw/</ref> '''Ditlamorago tsa Loago''' Babatlisisi ba thutotlhaloganyo le ba saense ya loago ba ile ba akantsha gore go itshwara ka bopelonomi go dira gore motho a nne le botsogo jo bo botoka mo tlhaloganyong, a nne le kamano e e nonofileng le go nna seoposengwe mo setšhabeng. Ditiro tsa bopelonomi di ka fokotsa maikutlo a go itlhaola, tsa kgothaletsa tirisanommogo le go rotloetsa tirisano e e siameng mo malapeng, mo dikolong, mo mafelong a tiro le mo baaging. Kgopolo eno gantsi e amanngwa le “phelelo ya go tlhotlhorega,” e ka yone tiro e le nngwe ya bopelonomi e tlhotlheletsang ditiro tse dingwe tsa bopelonomi, e dira gore go nne le melemo e e anameng ya loago fa nako e ntse e tsamaya.<ref>https://academic.oup.com/bbok/3000</ref> '''Dikopo''' Puo e e didimetseng ya bopelonomi e dirisiwa mo maemong a a farologaneng. Mo thutong, barutabana le baithuti ba dirisa bopelonomi go tlhama mafelo a go ithuta a a tshegetsang le go akaretsa. Mo tlhokomelong ya boitekanelo, puisano e e kutlwelobotlhoko le tlhokomelo e e ikaegileng ka molwetse di thusa mo go tokafatseng maitemogelo a molwetse. Mo mafelong a tiro, bopelonomi bo dira gore badiri ba buisane ka tlotlo, ba dirisane mmogo le gore ba nne le boitekanelo. Mekgatlho ya baagi e rotloetsa boithaopo le go tshegetsana, fa mo dikamano tsa botho, bopelonomi bo nonotsha go tshepana, go tlhaloganya, le kgolagano ya maikutlo ka ditiro tsa letsatsi le letsatsi tsa tlhokomelo le go akanyetsa. <ref>https://www.gordontraining.com/free-workplace-articles/active-listening/</ref>'''Kgalo''' Bakanoki bangwe ba bolela gore bopelonomi bo le bosi ga bo ka ke jwa rarabolola dikgwetlho tse di anameng tsa loago le tsa popego tse di jaaka lehuma, go sa lekalekane kgotsa go tlhaolwa. Ba tshegetsa gore le mororo ditiro tsa bopelonomi tsa motho ka bongwe di le botlhokwa, di tshwanetse go tsamaya le dipholisi, diphetogo tsa ditheo le maiteko a a kopanetsweng a a rarabololang dilo tse di bakang mathata a loago.<ref>https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/586992/the-war-for-kindness-by-jamil-zaki</ref> '''Tshupetso''' Brown, B. (2018). Dare to Lead. Random House. https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557595/dare-to-dare-brene-brown-phd-msw/ Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ. Bantam Books. https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557595/dare-to-dare-brene-brown-phd-msw/ Lyubomirsky, S. (2007). The How of Happiness. Penguin Press.https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/557595/dare-to-dare-brene-brown-phd-msw/ Post, S. G. (Ed.). (2007). Altruism and Health: Perspectives from Empirical Research. Oxford University Press. https://academic.oup.com/bbok/3000 Rogers, C. R., & Farson, R. E. (1987). Active Listening. University of Chicago, Industrial Relations Center.https://www.gordontraining.com/free-workplace-articles/active-listening/ Zaki, J. (2019). The War for Kindness: Building Empathy in a Fractured World. Crown. [https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/586992/the-war-for-kindness-by-jamil-zaki/ https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/586992/the-war-for-kindness-by-jamil-zaki] jj8riiq30ckjg69al3ed0uuqatv83n9 Sesole sa difofane (Botswana) 0 14787 53715 53629 2026-07-31T06:41:50Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53715 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sesole sa difofane''' ke mophato wa [[Botswana Defence Force|sesole sa Botswana]] o o dirisang difofane. Mophato wa sesole sa difofane o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bosupa, ditlhopha di neelwa letshwao la "Z" le le rayang "setlhopha". == Dintlha kakaretso == Mophato wa sesole sa difofane o tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bosupa, ke bontlha jwa [[Botswana Defence Force|sesole sa Botswana]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20240506193406/https://online.bdf.org.bw/index "Botswana Defence Force".] ''online.bdf.org.bw''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> Ditlhopha tsotlhe tsa mophato o di nnetswe letshwao la "Z" le le emetseng "setlhopha".<ref>[https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/botswana "Orbats".] ''www.scramble.nl''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> Bothibelelo jwa one bo gaufi le [[Molepolole]] bo agilwe ke dikompone tsa mafatshe a sele gareng ga dingwaga tsa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le bobedi go tsena ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le borataro.<ref name=":0">[https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/botswana/air-arm.htm "Botswana Air Force".] ''www.globalsecurity.org''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> Maemelo a mangwe a difofane a a dirisiwang ke a [[Sir Seretse Khama International Airport]] le [[Phillip Gaonwe Matante International Airport|Francistown International Airport]].<ref name=":0" /> Sefofane se se tshegeditseng mophato o wa difofane ke sefofane sa pele sa kwa Canada sa Canadair CF-116s, se kwa gae se filweng letshwao la BF-5s. Difofane tse tsa ntwa di rekilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borataro go tsaya maemo a sa BAC Strikemaster, tse dingwe di le tharo tse di nang le manno a a ikemetseng le tsepedi tsa ditilo tse di pataganeng di ne tsa tsisiwa ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi. Difofane di ne tsa fiwa matshwao a OJ-1 go tsena ka 16. Go tsaya mesepele, mophato o o dirisa difofane tsa Bitten-Norman Defenders, CASA C-212 Aviocars, CASA CN-235s le Lockheed C-130 Hercules.<ref name=":1">Jane's Sentinel Country Risk Assessments Southern Africa". ''Ihs Jane's Sentinel. Country Risk Assessments. Southern Africa'' (26). [[:en:Janes_Information_Services|Jane's Information Group]]: 94–96. 2009. ISSN[https://search.worldcat.org/search?q=n2:1754-9256 &nbsp;1754-9256.]</ref> Se sesha se se sa tswang go tsenngwa mo go tsa dipalamo ke sa pele sa sesole sa [[USA|United States]] sa C-130H Hercules. Difofane tsa tlhoo tomo tsa Bell 412EP le 412SP di kgweediwa ke setlhopha sa Z21 go dira ditirelo tse di farologaneng; go senka le go falotsa, tsa botsogo, go disa kgatlhanong le go tsoma diphologolo tsa naga le go tsamaisa mophato kgotsa batho ba botlhokwa. Ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le boraro, difofane di robabongwe tsa sesole sa United States tsa Cessna O-2A di ne tsa tsisiwa go dirisiwa kgatlhanong le go tsoma diphologolo tsa naga. Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le motso, kompone e e dirang difofane ya Pilatus Aicraft Ltd e ne ya itsise fa mophato wa difofane wa Botswana o tlhophile sefofane sa PC-7 MkII se se katisang go tsaya maemo a sa Pilatus PC-7 se se saleng se dirisiwa ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe. Go reka difofane di le tlhano tsa PC-7 MkII go diriwa ka konteraka e e lopang didikadike tsa madi a Swiss di le masome a mane, di na le mafaratlhatlha a go ikatisa fa fatshe a dikhomputara, ditshipi tse di dirisiwang fa tse dingwe di senyegile, didirisiwa tse di emang nokeng, ga mmogo le mafaratlhatlha a go fetola ga mokgweetsi le motegeniki, Konteraka e, e beilwe monwana ka Moranang a le lesome le boraro ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le motso.<ref>[https://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2011/04/25/Botswana-buys-Swiss-trainers/UPI-51061303744131/ "Botswana buys Swiss trainers".] upi.com business news. Archived from the original on 29 August 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2026.</ref> Lefatshe la Botswana go dumelwa gape fa le dirisa sefofane sa Elbit Systems Silver Arrow<ref>[https://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2001/03/20/127601/botswana-builds-uav-surveillance-force.html "Botswana builds UAV surveillance force".] ''Flightglobal''. Reed Business Information. 20 March 2001. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 30 July 2026. <q>According to sources in Botswana, the southern African country recently signed a contract to purchase at least three short-range systems from Silver Arrow</q></ref> le sa Elbit Hermes 450 UAV.<ref>Peter La Franchi (5 June 2007). [https://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/06/05/214395/singapore-seals-deal-for-hermes-450-uavs.html "Singapore seals deal for Hermes 450 UAVs".] ''Flightglobal''. Reed Business Information. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930031626/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/06/05/214395/singapore-seals-deal-for-hermes-450-uavs.html Archived] from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> === Tsheko ya ga Paul Morris ya go tsietsa === Paul Morris, oa neng a na le seabe se segolo mo mophatong wa difofane (AAC), o ne a dira tshwetso ya go reka difofane tsa tlhoo tomo di le lesome tsa Bell 412EP, le fa go nste jalo, madi a a neng a dirisitswe mo tshekong ya go tsietsa, e le yone tsheko e tona mo ditsong tsa Botswana. Paul Morris morago o ne a atlholelwa loso ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi, o ne a bolawa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe. == Dikotsi le ditiragalo == * Ka Phalane a le masome mabedi ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le motso, difofane tsa mophato wa ACC di le pedi tsa mofuta wa PC-7s di ne tsa thulana mo phefong kwa godimo ga [[Letlhakeng]] dikhilomithara di le lekgolo kwa bophirima jwa [[Gaborone]]. Babereki ba sefofane ba le babedi mo go ba bane ba ne ba tlhokafala mo kotsing e.<ref>[https://www.google.co.bw/search?q=bdf+pc7+crash&oq=bdf+pc7+crash&aqs=chrome..69i57.5424j0j1&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8 "BDF assists plane crash victims."] ''dailynews.gov.bw,'' Retrieved 30 JULY 2026</ref> * Ka Seetebosigo a le masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bone, mophato wa sesole sa Botswana wa difofane o ne wa latlhegelwa ke sefofane sa tlhoo tomo sa Eurocopter AS350 Ecureuil e e neng ya phatlhakana ka nako ya katiso ya malasti otlhe kwa [[Thebephatshwa]]. Bakgweetsi ba le babedi ba ba neng ba pagame sefofane se ba ne ba isiwa kokelong ba le mo seemong se se ritibetseng.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170921095005/http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=12460 "A Botswana Defence Force (BDF) Ecureuil helicopter crashed this morning (27/6/14). Two pilots who were on board the aircraft were taken to Thebephatshwa Hospital in a conscious condition".] Prince Kangwane. Archived from [http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=12460 the original] on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Ka Tlhakole a robabongwe ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bosupa, sefofane sa CASA C-212 se ne sa phatlhakana gaufi le motse wa Thebephatshwa metsotso fela morago ga se se na go tswa kwa Thebephatshwa kwa bothibelelong jwa sesole, sa bolaya batho botlhe ka boraro ba ba neng ba se pagame. Sefofane se ne se le mo tseleng go ya kwa toropokgolo Gaborone, e e leng dikhilomithara di le masome a robabongwe kgakala.<ref>[https://www.mmegi.bw/news/bdf-plane-crashes-kills-3/news-91053 "BDF plane crashes, kills 3."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217062604/http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=66563&dir=2017%2Ffebruary%2F10|date=17 December 2018}} ''mmegi.bw,'' 10 February 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Ka Moranang a le masome mabedi le bosupa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabobedi letsatsi pele ga letsatsi la go ipelela letsatsi la sesole sa Botswana, sefofane sa BF -5 se ne sa phatlakana kwa Gaborone Golf Club ka nako ya ikatiso. Mokgweetsi ke ene fela a tlhokafetseng.<ref>@BWGovernment (27 April 2018)[https://x.com/BWGovernment/status/989848889481146369 . "PRESS RELEASE"] (Tweet) &#x2013; via Twitter.</ref> == Thulaganyo == * [[Setshwantsho:2 BDF Air Wing C-130s 2008-09-12.jpg|thumb]]Sefofane sa setlhopha sa Z1 Transport - kwa [[Mapharangwane]] (Thebephatshwa/[[Molepolole]]) * Sefofane sa setlhopha sa Z3 Transport - kwa [[Phillip Gaonwe Matante International Airport|maemelong a difofane a Francistown]] * Sefofane sa setlhopha sa Z7 se se katisang - PC-7MkII, King Air 200 - kwa Maparangwane (Thebephatshwa/Molepolole) * Sefofane sa setlhopha sa Z10 - C-130, C-212 le CN-235 - Kwa Maparangwane (Thebephatshwa/Molepolole) * Sefofane sa setlhopha sa Z12 - kwa maemelong a difofane a Francistown * Sefofane sa setlhopha sa Z21 - Bell 412 - Kwa Maparangwane (Thebephatshwa/Molepolole) * Sefofane sa setlhopha sa Z23 - AS-350 - Kwa Maparangwane (Thebephatshwa/Molepolole) * Sefofane sa batlotlegi - maemelo a difofane a [[Sir Seretse Khama International Airport]] === Mafelo a bothibelelo === Lefelo la bothibelelo la Maparangwane ke lone fela la difofane le le tletseng mo Botswana. Maemelo a difofane a Sir Seretse Khama International Airport ke maemelo a difofane tsa mesepele ya setshaba a a nang le difofane tsa batlotlegi le maemelo a difofane a [[Francistown]] ke maemelo a a kopantseng difofane tsa sesole le tsa mesepele ya setshaba le e leng la sesole sa Botswana fa e sale ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le motso.<ref>Patricia Edwin. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170921095639/http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=169&dir=2011%2FSeptember%2FThursday8 "Armed forces inherit old Francistown Airport".] Archived from the original on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> === Thulaganyo ya go laola le go sireletsa difofane === Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le botlhano, sesole sa Botswana (BDF) se ne sa abela kompone ya [[Spain]] ya Indra konteraka ya madi a di Euro di le didikadike di supa le motso go tlhabolola le go diragatsa thulaganyo ya go sireletsa le go laola difofane. Porojeke e, e ne e akaretsa go tlhabolola le go dira lefelo la go laola difofane, le na le maemo a robabongwe a batho ba ba tlhomang leitlho le go laola mesepele ya difofane go tsamaisa le go kgobokanya dintlha tsa lefelo la difofane tsa lefatshe, ba neetswe sedirisiwa sa go lekola loapi, dikamano tsa ditlhaeletsanyo le diffofane, mafaratlhatlha a a okamelang mesepele ya mo phefong.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110720142253/http://www.indra.es/servlet/ContentServer?pagename=OpenMarket%2FXcelerate%2FRender&inifile=futuretense.ini&c=SalaPrensa_FA&cid=1103830050408&p=1083830063846&pid=1083830063846&Language=en_GB&mes=January&ay=2005&retorno=Url%3AlistadoProyecto "Indra is awarded Botswana's air defence control system".] Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref><ref>[https://www.janes.com/articles/janes-land-based-air-defence/botswana-botswana.html "Botswana (Botswana) – Jane's Land-Based Air Defence".] Janes.com. 4 April 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> == Difofane == [[Setshwantsho:190620-A-NV3840030 (48103168987).jpg|thumb|Sefofane sa BDF sa Bell 412 ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borobabongwe]] Difofane tse di teng gompieno: [[Setshwantsho:Botswana DF CF-5D OJ 25 (6918328249).jpg|thumb|Sefofane sa sesole sa Botswana sa CF-5 se supiwa]] {| class="wikitable" |+ !Sefofane !Tlholego !Mofuta !Pharologanyo !palo mo tirisong !DiNtlha |- | colspan="6" |Sefofane sa ntwa |- |Canadair CF-5 |[[Canada]] |Sa ntwa |CF-5A |di le lesome<ref name=":2">Hoyle, Craig (2025). [https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=113841 "World Air Forces 2026".] Flightglobal. p.&nbsp;14. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> |Go tokafaditswe teseletso e e diretsweng mo teng ya sefofane sa pele sa Northrop F-5. Sefofane sa pele sa RCAF |- | colspan="6" |Mesepele |- |Lockheed C-130 Hercules |[[USA]] |Sa mesepele |C-130H |se le sengwe<ref name=":2" /><ref>Çetiner, Yusuf (8 July 2024). [[:en:Air_Arm_Command_(Botswana)|"The United States Donates a C-130 Hercules Military Transport Aircraft To The Botswana Defense Force".]] Overt Defense. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> |Sefofane sa pele sa USAF |- |CASA C212 |Spain |Sa mesepele | |di le tharo<ref name=":2" /> |sefofane se se kgonang go emelela le go ema mo tseleng ya difofane e khutshwane |- |CASA/IPTN CN-235 |[[Indonesia/Spain]] |Sa mesepele | |di le pedi<ref name=":2" /> | |- |Beechcraft Super King Air |United States |Sa mesepele |200 |se le sengwe<ref name=":2" /> | |- |Britten-Norman BN-2 |[[United Kingdom]] |ya ditiriso tse di farologaneng | |di pedi<ref name=":2" /> | |- |Dornier 328 |[[Germany]] |ya mesepele | |e le nngwe | |- |Bombardier Global Express |Canada |ya batlotlegi |Global 5000 |e nngwe | |- | colspan="6" |Difofane tsa tlhoo tomo |- |Bell 412 |United States |ya ditiriso tse di farologaneng | |di thataro<ref name=":2" /> | |- |Eurocopter AS350 |[[France]] |go ela tlhoko marumo le go tsamaisa baokamedi le melaetsa / ditiriso tse di farologaneng | |di lesome<ref name=":2" /> | |- |AW 189 |[[Italia]] |ya ditiriso tse di farologaneng | | |go rekilwe e le nngwe<ref name=":2" /> |- | colspan="6" |Difofane tsa katiso |- |Canadair CF-5 |Canada |go rutuntsha bakgweetsi |CF-5D |di tlhano<ref name=":2" /> |Go tokafaditswe teseletso e e diretsweng mo teng ya sefofane sa pele sa Northrop F-5. Sefofane sa pele sa RCAF |- |Pilatus PC-7 |[[Switzerland]] |go katisa |MkII |di tlhano<ref name=":2" /> | |} === Difofane tse di sa tlholeng di bereka === Difofane tse di kileng tsa dirisiwa ke sesole sa difofane ke tsa Gulfstream IV, Cessna 150, Cessna O-2 Skymaster, Britten-Norman BN-2, Pilatus PC-7 (mofuta wa ntlha), Scottish Aviation Bulldog le Short Skyvan.<ref>[https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1981/1981%20-%202500.html "World Air Forces 1981 pg. 328".] flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> === Tse di tlaa nnang teng mo isagong === Sesole sa diffofane se ntse se tlhatlhanya ka go batla sefofane se se tlaa tsayang maemo a sa BF-5 fa e sale ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le boraro, ka ntlha ya gore difofane tsa Candair CF-5s di dikgologolo, di agilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa, gape di thata go di tlhokomela le go bona ditshipi tse dingwe tsa tsone.<ref>Patrick Kenyette, May 30, 2023, [https://www.military.africa/2023/05/botswana-in-negotiation-with-india-for-tejas-aircraft/ Botswana in negotiation with India for Tejas aircraft] – updated June 12, 2023.</ref> Pego ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le boraro ya mookamedi wa mophato wa nako eo wa difofane wa sesole sa Botswana, Major General Odirile Mashinyana, e ne e lemoga letlhoko la go batla sefofane se sele go tsaya maemo a se, mme gape e gakolola gore go tokafatsa di BF-5 go tlaa letla nako ya go bolokela se se tlaa se tlhatlhamang madi.<ref>Ekene Lionel, March 25, 2021, [https://www.military.africa/2021/03/contest-for-botswana-new-fighter-jet-gathers-momentum/ Contest for Botswana's new fighter jet gathers momentum], Military Africa.</ref> Fa e sale ka nako eo, sefofane sa KAI T-50 Golden Eagle,<ref>[https://aviationweek.com/defense/south-koreas-eagle-swoops-botswana South Korea's Eagle swoops on Botswana], Times aerospace, April 10, 2018.</ref> mefuta e e dirisitsweng ya F-16 le Saab Gripen di ne di akanyediwa.<ref>[https://aviationweek.com/defense/botswana-looks-india-fighter-upgrade Botswana looks to India for fighter upgrade], Times aerospace, 2 August 2023.</ref><ref>Wyatt, Chris (5 October 2017). [https://defenceweb.co.za/?option=com_content&view=article&id=49486%3Afeature-botswanas-gripen-plan-highlights-need-for-a-defence-white-paper&catid=32%3Amilitary-art-a-science&Itemid=112 "Feature: Botswana's Gripen plan highlights need for a defence white paper | defenceWeb".] ''www.defenceweb.co.za''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> Sefofane se se ka nnang sa rekiwa sa mo bosheng ke sa kompone ya Hindustan Aeronautics Limited sa ntwa sa HAL Tejas,<ref>[https://www.africaintelligence.com/southern-africa-and-islands/2023/03/16/gaborone-looks-to-procure-indian-hal-fighter-aircraft,109924094-art Gaborone looks to procure Indian HAL fighter aircraft, Africa intelligence], 16/3/2023.</ref> le fa go ntse jalo, ka Firikgong ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le botlhano, Tejas e ne e sa tlhole e akanyediwa.<ref>[https://www.thegazette.news/news/govt-halts-plans-to-purchase-indian-fighter-jets/ "Govt Halts Plans To Purchase Indian Fighter Jets".] 23 January 2025. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> == Maemo == ''Tsebekgolo: [[Maemo a sesole sa Botswana]]'' === Maemo a baokamedi === Letshwao la maemo a baokamedi {| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;" {{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armed Forces/OF/Blank}} {{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Air Forces/OF/Botswana}} |} === Maemo a mangwe === Matshwao a baokamedi ba ba sa tlhomamisiwang le maemo a a kwa tlase {| style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;" {{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OR/Blank}} {{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Air Forces/OR/Botswana}} |} == Dintlha == # Ke difofane tsa CF-5 di le lesome le bone fela tse di sansteng di dirisiwa ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabongwe.<ref name=":1" /> == Metswedi == gwidgsi2h126yephlebar5wjzl57xpu Moeti Mohwasa 0 14789 53634 2026-07-30T12:16:40Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Moeti Mohwasa 53634 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Moeti Caesar Mohwasa''' (o belegwe ka 30 Lwetse 1969) ke radipolotiki wa Motswana yo o diretseng jaaka Tona ya Botswana ya Puso, Tautona, Tshireletso le Tshireletsego le Moetapele wa Ntlo go tloga ka 2024. E ne e le leloko la Botswana National Front (BNF) mme a tsena mo Palamenteng ya bo13 ka Ngwanatsele 2024 jaaka mongwe wa Maloko a Palamente a a tlhophilweng ka tsela e e kgethegileng ya naga. 1][2] Pele a tsena mo pusong, Mohwasa e ne e le ngaka ya BNF le UDC. O ne a dira jaaka mokwaledi wa phasalatso wa BNF, mokwaledi-kakaretso wa BNF, le tlhogo ya ditlhaeletsano tsa UDC. Ka Phukwi 2025, o ne a tlhophiwa go nna motlatsa Tautona wa BNF. 5] == Botshelo jwa gagwe jwa pele == Mohwasa ke yo mmotlana mo baneng ba le robedi mme ke rre wa ba le batlhano. Rraagwe o ne a tswa kwa Matjitjileng kwa Limpopo, Aforika Borwa, fa mmaagwe a ne a tswa kwa Serowe, Botswana. Batsadi ba gagwe ka bobedi ba ne ba ruta kwa sekolong sa poraemari. Mohwasa o ne a latlhegelwa ke batsadi ba gagwe mo kotsing ya koloi fa a ne a le dingwaga di le tlhano mme o ne a godisiwa ke mmemogolo wa ga mmaagwe, yo moragonyana a neng a mo tlhalosa e le Mokeresete yo o gagametseng le yo o nang le kgalemo.[ 3] Mohwasa a re o ne a nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa BNF a le dingwaga di le robedi morago ga go bona kopano ya BNF kwa Selebi-Phikwe. O ne gape a bua ka tlhotlheletso ya dingongorego tsa badiri kwa moepong wa BCL kwa Selebi-Phikwe, a re dipuisano le badiri ba moepong di dirile gore a utlwele botlhoko badiri le batho ba ba bokoa. [1] 3] == Tiro ya sepolotiki == === BNF le UDC ba nna le seabe === Mohwasa o ne a nna mmueledi wa BNF ka 2005 kwa khonferenseng ya bosetšhaba ya lekoko kwa Ledumang. Ka 2010, o ne a dira jaaka mokwaledi wa phasalatso wa BNF, mme a itsise gore ga a kitla a tsenela ditlhopho tsa komiti ya bogare tsa ngwaga oo, a re o eletsa go tsenela merero ya botho le go neela mongwe yo mongwe seabe seo. 4] Moragonyana o ne a nna le diofisi di le mmalwa tsa BNF, go akaretsa motlatsa modulasetulo le modulasetulo wa Lekgotla la Basha la mokgatlho mo tikologong ya Selebi-Phikwe, leloko la Boto ya Boikuelo ya Ditlhopho tsa Bosetšhaba, modulasetulo wa dikomiti tsa go keteka segopotso sa bo45 le bo50 sa BNF, le mokwaledi wa tshedimosetso le phasalatso. [1] O ne a nna mokwaledi-kakaretso wa BNF ka 2016. Mo maemong ao o ne gape a amanngwa le tiragatso ya tlhaeletsano ya UDC mme e ne e le tlhogo ya tlhaeletsano ya UDC go tloga ka 2022.[1] 3] Jaaka mokwaledi-kakaretso, Mohwasa a re BNF e tlhoka mokwaledi wa nako e e tletseng le wa didiriswa tse di botoka, a re lekoko le tshwanetse go nna kelotlhoko gore le se letle metšhine ya lona ya mokgatlho e koafala fa UDC e tsena mo pusong. [1] 3] === Ditlhopho tsa Palamente tsa 2014 === Mohwasa o ne a emela UDC kwa Selebi-Phikwe West kwa ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa Botswana tsa 2014. Ka nako ya letsholo, moeteledipele wa UDC, Duma Boko o ne a itsise Mohwasa jaaka moemedi wa palamente wa lekoko la gagwe mo tikologong eo. Mohwasa o feditse a le boraro, a amogela diboutu di le 1,215 morago ga Dithapelo Keorapetse wa Botswana Congress Party, yo o fentseng ka diboutu di le 4,247, le Opelo Makhandlela wa Botswana Democratic Party, yo o amogetseng diboutu di le 3,187. [ 7] === Mo pusong === Morago ga UDC e sena go fenya ditlhopho tsa Botswana ka 2024, Tautona Duma Boko o ne a tlhopha Mohwasa jaaka mongwe wa maloko a le marataro a a tlhophilweng ka tsela e e kgethegileng mo Palamenteng ya bo lesome le boraro ,mmogo le Bogolo Kenewendo, Lesego Chombo, Pius Mokgware, Steven Modise le Nono Kgafela-Mokoka.[ 2] Mohwasa o ne a ikana jaaka Tona ya Tautona wa Lefatshe kwa Ofising ya Tautona kwa Gaborone ka 18 Ngwanatsele 2024.[1] 8][9] Ka Tlhakole 2026, Mohwasa o ne a sireletsa tshitshinyo ya puso ya kgotlatshekelo ya molaotheo, a re e ne e ikaeletse go rarabolola dikgang tsa molaotheo le ditshwanelo tsa botho ka bophara go na le dikgang tse di rileng jaaka lenyalo la bong bo bo tshwanang kgotsa kotlhao ya loso. 10] == Metswedi == 0wuiukw6cmxjr992badas9mmds9eog4 53648 53634 2026-07-30T13:18:33Z Lucrucia98 12161 53648 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Moeti Caesar Mohwasa''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le masome a mararo ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a marataro le borobabongwe (1969) ke radipolotiki wa Motswana yo o diretseng jaaka Tona ya Botswana ya Puso, Tautona, Tshireletso le Tshireletsego le Moetapele wa Ntlo go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024). E ne e le leloko la Botswana National Front (BNF) mme a tsena mo Palamenteng ya bo lesome le boraro ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024) jaaka mongwe wa Maloko a Palamente a a tlhophilweng ka tsela e e kgethegileng ya naga. <ref name=":0">Dube, Pamela (15 November 2024). [https://www.mmegi.bw/news/the-spin-doctor-is-in-the-house/news "The spin doctor is in the House"]. Mmegi. Retrieved 3 June 2026</ref><ref name=":1">Mathala, Sharon (6 November 2024). [https://www.mmegi.bw/news/boko-explains-specially-elected-mp-choices/news "Boko explains Specially Elected MP choices"]. Mmegi. Retrieved 3 June 2026</ref> Pele a tsena mo pusong, Mohwasa e ne e le ngaka ya BNF le UDC. O ne a dira jaaka mokwaledi wa phasalatso wa BNF, mokwaledi-kakaretso wa BNF, le tlhogo ya ditlhaeletsano tsa UDC. <ref name=":2">[https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/87671 BNF elects new leadership]". ''DailyNews''. 23 July 2025. Retrieved 3 June 2026.</ref><ref name=":3">[https://guardiansun.co.bw/news/moeti-mohwasa-bnfudc-spin-doctor-par-excellence/news "Moeti Mohwasa: BNF/UDC spin-doctor par excellence".] Botswana Guardian. 31 May 2022. Retrieved 3 June 2026</ref> ka kgwedi ya Phukwi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano (2025), o ne a tlhophiwa go nna motlatsa Tautona wa BNF.<ref>[https://www.sundaystandard.info/mohwasa-pulls-out-of-bnf-leadership-race/ Mohwasa pulls out of BNF leadership race]". Sunday Standard. 5 May 2010. Retrieved 3 June 2026</ref> == Botshelo jwa gagwe jwa pele == Mohwasa ke yo mmotlana mo baneng ba le robedi mme ke rre wa ba le batlhano<ref name=":2" />. Rraagwe o ne a tswa kwa Matjitjileng kwa Limpopo, Aforika Borwa, fa mmaagwe a ne a tswa kwa Serowe, Botswana. <ref name=":2" />Batsadi ba gagwe ka bobedi ba ne ba ruta kwa sekolong sa poraemari. <ref name=":2" />Mohwasa o ne a latlhegelwa ke batsadi ba gagwe mo kotsing ya koloi fa a ne a le dingwaga di le tlhano mme o ne a godisiwa ke mmemogolo wa ga mmaagwe, yo moragonyana a neng a mo tlhalosa e le Mokeresete yo o gagametseng le yo o nang le kgalemo.<ref name=":3" /> Mohwasa a re o ne a nna le seabe mo dipolotiking tsa BNF a le dingwaga di le robedi morago ga go bona kopano ya BNF kwa Selebi-Phikwe. O ne gape a bua ka tlhotlheletso ya dingongorego tsa badiri kwa moepong wa BCL kwa Selebi-Phikwe, a re dipuisano le badiri ba moepong di dirile gore a utlwele botlhoko badiri le batho ba ba bokoa. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> == Tiro ya sepolotiki == === BNF le UDC ba nna le seabe === Mohwasa o ne a nna mmueledi wa BNF ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le botlhano (2005 )kwa khonferenseng ya bosetšhaba ya lekoko kwa Ledumang.<ref name=":3" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedile le lesome(2010), o ne a dira jaaka mokwaledi wa phasalatso wa BNF, mme a itsise gore ga a kitla a tsenela ditlhopho tsa komiti ya bogare tsa ngwaga oo, a re o eletsa go tsenela merero ya botho le go neela mongwe yo mongwe seabe seo. <ref name=":3" /> Moragonyana o ne a nna le diofisi di le mmalwa tsa BNF, go akaretsa motlatsa modulasetulo le modulasetulo wa Lekgotla la Basha la mokgatlho mo tikologong ya Selebi-Phikwe, leloko la Boto ya Boikuelo ya Ditlhopho tsa Bosetšhaba, modulasetulo wa dikomiti tsa go keteka segopotso sa bo masome a mane le botlhano le bo masome a matlhano sa BNF, le mokwaledi wa tshedimosetso le phasalatso. <ref name=":2" />O ne a nna mokwaledi-kakaretso wa BNF ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro (2016).<ref name=":2" /> Mo maemong ao o ne gape a amanngwa le tiragatso ya tlhaeletsano ya UDC mme e ne e le tlhogo ya tlhaeletsano ya UDC go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome mabedi le bobedi(2020).<ref name=":2" /> Jaaka mokwaledi-kakaretso, Mohwasa a re BNF e tlhoka mokwaledi wa nako e e tletseng le wa didiriswa tse di botoka, a re lekoko le tshwanetse go nna kelotlhoko gore le se letle metšhine ya lona ya mokgatlho e koafala fa UDC e tsena mo pusong. <ref name=":2" /> === Ditlhopho tsa Palamente tsa 2014 === Mohwasa o ne a emela UDC kwa Selebi-Phikwe West kwa ditlhophong tsa kakaretso tsa Botswana tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014). Ka nako ya letsholo, moeteledipele wa UDC, Duma Boko o ne a itsise Mohwasa jaaka moemedi wa palamente wa lekoko la gagwe mo tikologong eo.<ref>[https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/12971 "UDC has what it takes to deliver - Boko"]. DailyNews. 16 July 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2026</ref> Mohwasa o feditse a le boraro, a amogela diboutu di le sekete, makgolo a mabedi le lesome le botlhano (1,215 ) morago ga Dithapelo Keorapetse wa Botswana Congress Party, yo o fentseng ka diboutu di le dikete tse nne le makgolo a mabedi le masome a mane le bosupa (4,247), le Opelo Makhandlela wa Botswana Democratic Party, yo o amogetseng diboutu di le dikete tse tharo le lekgolo le masome a robabobedi le bosupa (3,187). <ref>[https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/15362 "BCP wins Selebi Phikwe West"]. DailyNews. 25 October 2014. Retrieved 3 June 2026</ref> === Mo pusong === Morago ga UDC e sena go fenya ditlhopho tsa Botswana ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024), Tautona Duma Boko o ne a tlhopha Mohwasa jaaka mongwe wa maloko a le marataro a a tlhophilweng ka tsela e e kgethegileng mo Palamenteng ya bo lesome le boraro ,mmogo le Bogolo Kenewendo, Lesego Chombo, Pius Mokgware, Steven Modise le Nono Kgafela-Mokoka.<ref name=":1" /> Mohwasa o ne a ikana jaaka Tona ya Tautona wa Lefatshe kwa Ofising ya Tautona kwa Gaborone ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele e le lesome le borobabobedi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024).<ref>[https://dailynews.gov.bw/photo-news-details/83149 "Six ministers and assistants take oath"]. DailyNews. 18 November 2024. Retrieved 3 June 2026</ref> <ref>[https://www.gov.bw/index.php/leadership "Leadership"]. Government of Botswana. Retrieved 3 June 2026.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le borataro (2026), Mohwasa o ne a sireletsa tshitshinyo ya puso ya kgotlatshekelo ya molaotheo, a re e ne e ikaeletse go rarabolola dikgang tsa molaotheo le ditshwanelo tsa botho ka bophara go na le dikgang tse di rileng jaaka lenyalo la bong bo bo tshwanang kgotsa kotlhao ya loso.<ref>[https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/89903 "Mohwasa Sets The Record Straight On ConCourt"]. DailyNews. 10 February 2026. Retrieved 3 June 2026</ref> == Metswedi == o5ivlrap7p4ong6ov2ryglhe02v7l8s Ngwaga wa 2023 mo Botswana 0 14790 53647 2026-07-30T13:10:14Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya ngwaga wa 2023 mo Botswana #Wikipedia25BW 53647 wikitext text/x-wiki Ditiragalo tsa ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le boraro mo Botswana. == Babusi ba nako eo == * Tautona: [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] * Mothusa tautona:[[Slumber Tsogwane]] * [[Motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente ya Botswana]] : [[Phandu Skelemani]] * Moatlhodimogolo wa Botswana: [[Terence Rannowane]] == Ditiragalo == Tse di tsweletseng - [[Segajaja sa Covid-19 mo Botswana|Segajaja sa COVID-19 mo Botswana]] === Phukwi === * Phukwi a robabobedi - ditlhopho tsa poeletso tsa kgaolo ya botlhophi ya [[Serowe Bophirima]]: tlhopho e e bakilweng ke go kobiwa ga ga [[Tshekedi Khama II]] mo [[Khudutlhamaga ya Botswana|khuduthamageng ya Botswana]]. == Dintsho == * Firikgong a robabongwe - [[Lesego Motsumi]], mopolotiki (a tshotswe ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le bone).<ref>[https://www.mmegi.bw/news/bdp-mourns-motsumi/news "BDP mourns Motsumi".] ''mmegi.bw''. 10 January 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> == Metswedi == jwkkvq10w5f5evj7bgk4zfmdbf5ltlx Lefoko Maxwell Moagi 0 14791 53649 2026-07-30T13:36:16Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Lefoko Maxwell Moagi 53649 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lefoko Maxwell Moagi''' ke ra polotiki wa Motswana le morutabana. O ne a direla jaaka Tona ya Diminerale le Maatla kwa Botswana go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Phalane ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024),<ref>[https://www.jckonline.com/editorial-article/de-beers-botswana-closer-deal/ "De Beers, Botswana Inch Closer to Final Deal - JCK"]. Retrieved 19 December 2023</ref>a tlhophilwe mo maemong ao ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019 )ke Tautona wa ga jaana wa Botswana, [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]]. Paka ya gagwe ya go nna mo setulong e simolotse ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e le lesome le boraro ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022).<ref>[https://www.govpage.co.za/botswana-government-ministries.html "Botswana Government Ministries".] www.govpage.co.za. Retrieved 2023-12-13</ref><ref>[http://www.botswana.se/News/CABINET-APPOINTMENTS "Republic of Botswana ♦ Embassy in Stockholm, Sweden ♦".] www.botswana.se. Retrieved 2023-12-13.</ref> == Metswedi == 1lh44n60vczg7hfcexhuqyn5igvtga7 Ngwaga wa 2025 mo Botswana 0 14792 53650 2026-07-30T13:46:35Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Ngwaga wa 2025 mo Botswana #Wikipedia25BW 53650 wikitext text/x-wiki Ditiragalo tsa ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le botlhano mo [[Botswana]]. == Babusi ba nako eo == * Tautona:[[Duma Boko]] * Mothusa Tautona: [[Ndaba Gaolathe]] * [[Motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente ya Botswana]]: [[Dithapelo Keorapetse]] * Moatlhodimogolo: [[Terence Rannowane]] == Ditiragalo == === Tlhakole === * Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le bone - [[Merwalela ya Botswana ya ngwaga wa 2025|merwalela ya ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le botlhano]]:batho ba robabongwe ba begiwa ba bolailwe ke merwalela e e neng e apesitse lefatshe ka bophara mo bekeng e e fetileng.<ref>[https://www.africanews.com/2025/02/25/at-least-nine-dead-in-botswana-floods-following-record-rainfall/ "At least nine dead in Botswana floods following record rainfall".] ''Africanews''. 26 February 2025.</ref> * Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le botlhano - puso e baya monwana tumalano e ntsha le De Beers e oketsa seabe sa yone mo dithekisong tsa diteemane mo femeng e e kopanetsweng ya [[Debswana]].<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/botswana-de-beers-diamond-deal-ea6abf48813eac6accbcb319163084f5 "Botswana, the country with the biggest diamonds, gets an improved 10-year deal with miner De Beers"]. ''AP News''. 26 February 2025.</ref> === Motsheganong === * Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi - Global Venture Partners (GVP) le Botswana Investment and Trade Centre (BITC) di itsise ka go tlhamiwa ga diofisikgolo tsa GPV tsa Aforika mo Botswana.<ref>[https://iol.co.za/the-star/sponsored/2025-05-27-global-venture-partners-joins-forces-with-botswana-to-drive-economic-growth-and-media-expansion/ "Global venture partners joins forces with Botswana to drive economic growth and media expansion".] ''IOL''. 2025-05-27. Retrieved 2025-05-29.</ref> === Phukwi === * Phukwi a le malatsi a mane - Lenaneo la baithuti ba ba pasitseng go gaisa la bana ba sekolo se segolwane le a emisiwa ka ntlha ya tlhaelo ya madi.<ref>[https://www.pressreader.com/botswana/the-voice-botswana/20250704/281565181761779 "Top Achievers Toppled".] ''PressReader''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> === Phatwe === * Phatwe a le masome mabedi le botlhano - [[Seemo sa bothata jwa botsogo mo Botswana sa ngwaga wa 2025]]. Tautona Boko o simolola sebaka sa seemo sa tshoganyetso sa botsogo ka ntlha ya tlhaelo ya melemo le didirisiwa mo dikokelong mo go bakilweng ke go tlhaela ga madi a a abilweng le phokotso ya thuso ya [[USA|United States]].<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/8/26/botswana-declares-public-health-emergency-over-medicine-shortage "Botswana declares public health emergency over medicine shortage".] ''Al Jazeera''. 2025-08-26. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> === Lwetse === * Lwetse a le lesome le borobabobedi - [[Busang Kebinatshipi]] o fenya seetsele sa gouta kwa dikgaisanyong tsa mabelo tsa mafatshefatshe kwa Japan, Tokyo mo lobelong lwa dimithara di le makgolo a mane, a fetsa ka metsotswana e le 43.53. O mongwe wa setlhopha sa gagwe [[Bayapo Ndori]] o fenya boronse mo lebelong leo. Botlhe ba fenya dietsele tsa Botswana tsa ntlha, mo go gwetlhang tautona Boko go dira letsatsi la Lwetse a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe letsatsi la boitapoloso.<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cqlz9ven14eo "Botswana declares public holiday after 'historic' athletics gold medal".] ''BBC''. 22 September 2025. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> === Phalane === * Phalane a rogwa - phetolo mo molaong wa meepo le ditswammung e e tlhokang gore dikompone tsa meepo di rekise 24% wa seabe sa tsone ba rekisetsa babeeletsi ba mo gae fa puso e tlhopha go sa reke, o a dirisiwa.<ref>[https://www.africanews.com/2025/10/12/botswana-new-rule-to-promote-local-ownership-of-mines/ "Botswana: New rule to promote local ownership of mines".] ''Africanews''. 12 October 2025. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> == Malatsi a boitapoloso == Metswedi:<ref>[https://publicholidays.africa/botswana/2025-dates/ "Botswana Public Holidays 2025".] ''Public Holidays Global''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref><ref>[https://www.timeanddate.com/holidays/botswana/2025 "Holidays and Observances in Botswana in 2025".] ''www.timeanddate.com''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Firikgong a rogwa - letsatsi la ngwaga o mosha * Moranang a le lesome le borobabobedi - Labotlhano o o molemo (papolo ya Morena) * Motsheganong a rogwa - letsatsi la babereki * Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe - letsatsi la tlhatlogo ya ga Keresete * Phukwi a rogwa - Matsalo a ga [[Seretse Khama]] * Phukwi a le masome mabedi le motso - letsatsi la ga tautona * Lwetse a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe - letsatsi la go ipelela phenyo ya batabogi ba ba fentseng<ref>Toby (2025-09-23). [https://publicholidaynews.com/20250923-botswana-declares-a-public-holiday-for-athletics-gold "Botswana Declares a Public Holiday for Athletics Gold".] ''Public Holidays News''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Lwetse a le masome mararo - boipuso * Morule a le masome mabedi le botlhano - letsatsi la matsalo a ga Keresete * Morule a le masome mabedi le borataro - Letsatsi la go ntsha dimpho mo mabokosong == Dintsho == * Firikgong a le masome mabedi le borataro - [[Gaositwe Chiepe]], dingwaga di le lekgolo le motso, tona wa merero ya mafatshe a sele (go tswa ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabaongwe masome a robabobedi le bone go stena ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabaongwe masome a robabaongwe le bone).<ref>Mathala, Sharon (28 January 2025). [https://www.mmegi.bw/news/dr-chiepe-died-peacefully-at-her-home-family/news "Dr Chiepe died peacefully at her home – Family".] ''Mmegi''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> == Metswedi == 0zi1b1orpdeqh1dwkfiqeeunvi52t8s Beauty Manake 0 14793 53651 2026-07-30T13:49:11Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Beauty Manake 53651 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bontle Manake''' ke radipolotiki le morutabana wa Motswana. E ne e le Mothusa Tona ya Kgwebo le Madirelo kwa [[Botswana]], a tlhophilwe mo maemong ao ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019) ke Tautona wa maloba wa Botswana, [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]]. Paka ya gagwe ya puso e simolotse ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e le lesome le boraro ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022) mme ya khutla ka kgwedi ya e thola bongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024).<ref>[https://www.govpage.co.za/botswana-government-ministries.html "Botswana Government Ministries".] www.govpage.co.za. Retrieved 2023-12-13</ref><ref>[http://www.botswana.se/News/CABINET-APPOINTMENTS "Republic of Botswana ♦ Embassy in Stockholm, Sweden] ♦". www.botswana.se. Retrieved 2023-12-13</ref> == Metswedi == 781atq4xlao3punq82sz8ikejbqbvdd Botswana Chess Federation 0 14794 53652 2026-07-30T13:56:49Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe e #Wikipedia25BW 53652 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Botswana Chess Federation''' ke lekgotla le le ikaelelang go tsibosa batho ka motshameko wa chess mo [[Botswana]]. Le rulaganya metshameko ya Botswana Chess Championship.<ref>Disele, Sylviah (2013-05-20). [https://www.mmegi.bw/sport/bcf-gets-new-president/news "BCF gets new president".] ''Mmegi.bw''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> Lekgotla la Botswana Chess Federation le ikgolagantse le la mafatshefatshe fa e sale ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabaobedi le bobedi.<ref>[https://www.fide.com/component/fidedirectory?task=country&fid=23 "International Chess Federation - FIDE".] ''www.fide.com''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> == Metswedi == qts6mkom4nh56u83p4fkk9se2yl58ex Ngwaga wa 2014 mo Botswana 0 14795 53654 2026-07-30T14:09:27Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Ngwaga wa 2014 mo Botswana #Wikipedia25BW 53654 wikitext text/x-wiki Tse di latelang ke ditiragalo tse di diragetseng ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bone mo [[Botswana]]. == Babusi ba nako eo == * Tautona: [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama]] * Mothusa tautona:[[Ponatshego Kedikilwe]] (go fitlhelela ka Ngwanatsele a le lesome le bobedi) [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] (go simolola ka Ngwanatsele a le lesome le bobedi) == Ditiragalo == === Tlhakole === * Tlhakole a le lesome le borobabongwe - Lefatshe la Botswana le fedisa botsalano jwa lone le la North Korea morago ga pego ya lekgotla la United Nations la ditshwanelo tsa sethong tsa lefatshe leo.<ref>[https://www.dailynk.com/english/botswana-dumps-north-after-damning/ "Botswana Dumps North after Damning COI Report".] 19 February 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> === Phalane === * Phalane a le masome mabedi le bone - batlhophi ba Botswana ba ya matlhophelong go tlhopha mo ditlhophong tsa kakaretso, tse phathi ya [[Botswana Democratic Party]] ya ga [[Ian Khama Seretse Khama]] e neng ya di fenya ka ditilo di le masome a mararo le boraro mo go tse di masome a matlhano le bosupa.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141026183839/http://af.reuters.com/article/botswanaNews/idAFL5N0SL00F20141026 "President Ian Khama's Botswana Democratic Party secures election win".] 26 October 2014. Archived from the original on 26 October 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> == Metswedi == c1u9nng4q7ztwoywy0atecda4cgf4sd Sethomo Lelatisitswe 0 14796 53656 2026-07-30T14:26:18Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Sethomo Lelatisitswe 53656 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sethomo Lelatisitswe''' e ne e le radipolotiki le morutabana wa Motswana.<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/TheVoiceBW/posts/pfbid02ECqkgroGhLAcgCvk5HJRdCbAA5My4xMVHtZQrAnFgRrXdhtQNgUxpjF54ScdVdZUl "JUST IN: Former Minister of Health, Sethomo Lelatisitswe has reportedly died".] The Voice Newspaper Botswana. 2 August 2025.</ref> E ne e le Motlatsa Tona ya tsa Boitekanelo kwa Botswana,<ref>Basimanebotlhe, Tsaone (2023-10-17). "[https://www.mmegi.bw/news/lelatisitswe-urges-compassion-in-communities/news Lelatisitswe urges compassion in communities".] Mmegi Online. Retrieved 2023-12-21.</ref> morago ga go latlhegelwa ke ditlhopho tsa kakaretso tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024). O ne a tlhophiwa mo maemong a mo ngwageng wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019) ke Tautona wa ga pele wa Botswana, [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]]. Paka ya gagwe ya go nna mo setulong e simolotse ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e le lesome le boraro ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022).<ref>[https://www.govpage.co.za/botswana-government-ministries.html "Botswana Government Ministries"]. www.govpage.co.za. Retrieved 2023-12-13.</ref><ref>[http://www.botswana.se/News/CABINET-APPOINTMENTS "Republic of Botswana ♦ Embassy in Stockholm, Sweden ♦"]. www.botswana.se. Retrieved 2023-12-13</ref> == Metswedi == dts0aibnt4tat0zy6uz4mtqc54txt40 Aubrey Lesaso 0 14797 53657 2026-07-30T14:56:02Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Aubrey Lesaso 53657 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Aubrey Lesaso''' ke radipolotiki wa Motswana. E ne e le Motlatsa Tona ya Thuto le Tlhabololo ya Bokgoni kwa Botswana, <ref>[https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/75607 "DailyNews]". Retrieved 20 December 2023.</ref>a tlhophilwe mo maemong ao ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019)ke [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] go fitlha ka Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024). Paka ya gagwe e simolotse ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e le lesome le boraro ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022).<ref>Staff Writer (2019-11-06). [https://www.mmegi.bw/news/new-cabinet-sworn-in/news "New cabinet sworn in"]. Mmegi Online. Retrieved 2023-12-13</ref><ref>[https://www.govpage.co.za/botswana-government-ministries.html "Botswana Government Ministries"]. ''www.govpage.co.za''. Retrieved 2023-12-13.</ref> == Metswedi == cupyd66qzpt9ab4ycqosm4tq1rfvxm9 Ngwaga wa 2021 mo Botswana 0 14798 53658 2026-07-30T15:13:50Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya ngwaga wa 2021 mo Botswana #Wikipedia25BW 53658 wikitext text/x-wiki Lefatshe la [[Botswana]] le ne la tswelela ka go rarabolola seemo sa [[Segajaja sa Covid-19 mo Botswana|segajaja sa COVID-19]] ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso, le simolola tsamaiso ya go kenta batho ka go reka mekento. Ka Ngwanatsele a le lesome le motso, Botswana e ne e le lefelo la motho wa ntlha go tsenwa ke mofuta wa COVID-19 wa SARS-CoV-2 Omicron. Ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso gape o itemogetse go bonwa ga diteemane tse pedi mo Botswana tse di neng di feta dikharete di le sekete, tsa nna ya boraro le ya bone ka botona go bonwa. Mo botsalanong jwa lone le mafatshe a a mabapi, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la tswelela ka go leka go rarabolola kgotlhang ya [[molelwane wa Botswana le Namibia]], le ne la tsena mo kgotlhang ya kwa Cabo Delgado go ema nokeng puso ya [[Mozambique]]. == Babusi ba nako eo == * Tautona: [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] * Mothusa tautona: [[Slumber Tsogwane]] * [[Motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente ya Botswana]]: [[Phandu Skelemani]] * Moatlhodimogolo - [[Terence Rannowane]] == Tse di tsweletseng == * Go tlhokafala ga ditlou tsa Botswana ngwaga wa dikete pedi le masome a mabedi go tsena wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi * [[Segajaja sa Covid-19 mo Botswana|Segajaja sa COVID-19 mo Botswana]] * [[Go kentela segajaja sa COVID-19 mo Botswana]] == Ditiragalo == === Firikgong === * Firikgong - Lefatshe la Botswana le nna bontlha jwa lenaneo la [[China]] la tsela ka nako ya loeto lwa tona wa merero ya mafatshe a sele Wang Yi.<ref>Albert, Eleanor. [https://thediplomat.com/2021/01/chinas-foreign-minister-revives-belt-and-road-on-5-country-africa-tour/ "China's Foreign Minister Revives Belt and Road on 5-Country Africa Tour". ''T'']''he Diplomat''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Firikgong a le lesome le bobedi - Debswana e emisa konteraka ya yone ya bilone le metso e le meraro le Thiess.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-botswana-diamonds-idUSKBN29H12R/ "Botswana's Debswana terminates mining contract with Australia's Thiess".] ''Reuters''. 2021-01-12. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Firikgong a le masome mabedi le botlhano - tsheko ya tiriso dikgoka mo go tsa thbalano ya mopalamente [[Poison Majaga]] e a simologa.<ref>[https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/60562 "Majaga Trial Starts Monday".] ''Daily News Botswana''. 2021-01-21. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Firikgong a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi - setlhopha sa Clicks se itsise ka go tswala ga sone ga mabentlele otlhe a a setseng a Musica.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/clicks-group-outlook-idUKL8N2K31BX/ "UPDATE 1-South Africa's Clicks drug chain to close Musica after 29 years".] ''Reuters''. 2021-01-28. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Firikgong a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe - segajaja sa COVID-19: tona wa banana, metshameko le ngwao [[Tumiso Rakgare]] o itsise bofelo jwa nakwana jwa metshameko e go amanwang mo Botswana.<ref>Lebanna, Pako (2021-01-29). [https://allafrica.com/stories/202101290748.html "Botswana: Government to Halt Contact Sport Participation".] ''allAfrica.com''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> === Tlhakole === * Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le bobedi - Banka ya Botswana e fetola ledi la yone la dipula di le lesome (10pula) go tsenya senepe sa ga tautona Masisi morago ga tiego ya dingwaga di le tharo.<ref>Friedberg, Arthur L. (2021-04-03). [https://www.coinworld.com/news/precious-metals/bank-of-botswana-finally-releases-latest-10-pula-bank-note "Bank of Botswana finally releases latest 10-pula bank note".] ''CoinWorld''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Tlhakole - Lefatshe la Botswana le emisa thuto ya batshabi ba [[Zimbabwe]] ba ba tsenang dikolo tse dikgolwane.<ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/202102230671.html "Zimbabwe Refugee Students Get Reprieve in Botswana".] ''allAfrica.com''. 2021-02-23. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le botlhano - Tautona Masisi o kopana le tautona wa [[Namibia]] [[Hage Geingob]] kwa [[Windhoek]].<ref>[https://namibiadailynews.info/cgi-sys/suspendedpage.cgi "Botswana President to visit Namibia tomorrow"]. ''Namibia Daily News''. 2021-02-24. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> === Mopitlo === * Mopitlo a le malatsi a matlhano - sefofane sa tlhoo tomo se phatlakana kwa ntle ga [[Sojwe]], se bolaya seopedi [[Sasa Klaas]]<ref>Baruti, Eli (2021-03-08). [https://www.botswanayouth.com/botswana-mourn-sasa-klass/ "Botswana Mourn Sasa Klass".] ''Botswana Youth Magazine''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Mopitlo a le lesome le borobabongwe -Tautona Masisi o kopana le tautona wa [[Aforika Borwa]] [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] kwa Aforika Borwa<ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/202103190670.html "Botswana: President Cyril Ramaphosa Hosts Working Visit By President Masisi of Botswana, 19 Mar".] ''allAfrica.com''. 2021-03-19. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le bobedi - Lefatshe la Botswana le dumalana go kopana ga makgotla a Organisation Africa, Caribbean and Pacific States, le European Union<ref>Motsamai, Mmoniemang (2021-03-24). [https://allafrica.com/stories/202103240544.html "Botswana: New Accord Gets Nod". ''a'']''llAfrica.com''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> === Moranang === * Moranang - Lefelo la boitapolos la DumaTau le bulwa gape ke Wilderness Safaris.<ref>[https://latteluxurynews.com/2021/04/08/wilderness-safaris-debuts-the-new-dumatau/ "Wilderness Safaris debuts the new DumaTau".] ''LATTE Luxury News''. 2021-04-08. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Moranang a le malatsi a matlhano - [[Goabaone Taylor]] o thapiwa go nna mookamedi wa [[Botswana Football Association|lekgotla la kgwele ya dinao la Botswana]]<ref>[https://www.cafonline.com/news "Botswana FA has appointed an experienced woman as CEO/Secretary General".] ''CAF Online''. 2021-04-08. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Moranang a le lesome le borarato - leftatshe la Botswana le simolodisa gape paka ya lone ya go tsoma, e akaretsa diteseletso tsa go tsoma ditlou di le makgolo a mabedi masome a robabaobedi le bosupa<ref>[https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210406-botswana-trophy-hunting-season-opens-after-covid-hiatus "Botswana trophy hunting season opens after Covid hiatus".] ''France 24''. 2021-04-06. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Moranang a le lesome le boraro - lenaneo la botsogo ka maranyane le a itsisiwe mo Botswana ka lenaneo la [[USA|United States]] la go kopana le dikolo tse dikgolwane.<ref>Hoyt, Lara De Meo (2021-04-19). [https://globalhealth.rutgers.edu/news/telehealth-partnership-established-in-botswana/ "Telehealth Partnership Established in Botswana".] ''Rutgers Global Health Institute''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Moranang a le lesome le bone - Lefatshe la Botswana le iletsa theko ya dikoko le tse di tswang mo go yone kwa Aforika Borwa go tsibogela go tlhagoga ga mohikela wa dinonyane.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/botswana-bans-poultry-imports-south-africa-after-avian-flu-outbreak-2021-04-14/ "Botswana bans poultry imports from South Africa after avian flu outbreak"]. ''Reuters''. 2021-04-14. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Moranang a le lesome le borataro - tona wa madi [[Thapelo Matsheka]] o tseelwa maemo ke [[Peggy Serame]]<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/botswana-replaces-finance-minister-with-immediate-effect-statement-2021-04-17/ "Botswana replaces finance minister with immediate effect - statement".] ''Reuters''. 2021-04-17. Retrieved 30 july 2026</ref> * Moranang a le lesome le borobabongwe - Access bank Group e dumalana go reka seabe se setona mo koporaseng ya dibanka tsa Aforika<ref>Popoola, Nike (2021-04-20). [https://punchng.com/access-bank-acquires-fifth-largest-bank-in-botswana/ "Access Bank acquires fifth largest bank in Botswana".] ''The Punch''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Moranang a le masome mabedi le bosupa - ** segajajaj sa COVID-19: Lefatshe la Botswana le itsise fa le rekile mekento e e lekaneng ya COVID-19 go kenta mogolo mongwe le mongwe mo lefatsheng<ref>Mguni, Mbongeni (2021-04-27). [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-27/botswana-secures-enough-vaccine-doses-for-its-adult-population "Botswana Secures Enough Vaccine Doses For Its Adult Population".] ''Bloomberg''.</ref> ** Segajaja sa COVID-19: tautona Masisi o tsena mo serubing, mo go gwetlha go tlosolosiwa ga bokopano jwa beteledipele ba borwa jwa Aforika go bua ka botsuolodi jo bo diragalang kwa [[Mozambique]]<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/botswana-president-self-quarantine-miss-meeting-mozambique-attacks-2021-04-27/ "Botswana president in self-quarantine, to miss meeting on Mozambique attacks".] ''Reuters''. 2021-04-27. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> ** Mafatshe a Botswana le [[Zambia]] a baya monwana tumalano ya botsalano ya go laola mesepele gareng ga mafatshe o o mabedi mo [[Borogo jwa Kazungula|borogong jwa Kazungul]]<nowiki/>a.<ref>Letsholo, Keamogetse (2021-04-29). [https://allafrica.com/stories/202104290170.html "Botswana, Zambia Sign Agreement".] ''allAfrica.com''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> === Motsheganong === * Motsheganong - [[Botswana Athletics Association]] e tshwara dikgaisano tsa mafatshefatshe tsa mabelo mo Botswana, le amogela mafatshe a le mantsi a Aforika<ref>Sibanda, Anastacia (2021-05-14). [https://allafrica.com/stories/202105140351.html "Botswana: All Eyes On National Championships"]. ''allAfrica.com''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Motsheganong a le lesome - [[Borogo jwa Kazungula]] bo bulwa semmuso.<ref>[https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/rest-of-africa/new-botswana-zambia-bridge-boon-for-region-3396556 "'Ripple effects': New Botswana-Zambia bridge a boon for region".] ''The East African''. 2021-05-11. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le motso - Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya Botswana e atlhola gore [[morafe wa Balete]] o tshwanetswe ke lefatshe la Forest Hill Botswana.<ref>[https://www.southernafricalitigationcentre.org/2021/05/21/news-release-botswana-high-court-finds-compulsory-acquisition-of-a-tribes-freehold-land-unlawful/ "News Release: Botswana High Court Finds Compulsory Acquisition of a Tribe's Freehold Land Unlawful".] ''Southern Africa Litigation Centre''. 2021-05-21. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le borataro - segajaj sa COVID-19: tona wa botsogo [[Edwin Dikoloti]] o istise kemo nokeng ya puso mo kgwebong epe fela e e dirang didirisiwa tse di thusang go lwantsha segajaja sa COVID-19.<ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/202105280474.html "Botswana: Government Set to Assist Local Businesses".] ''allAfrica.com''. 2021-05-28. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> === Seetebosigo === * Seetebosigo - Central Tuli Game Reserve e nna lefelo la bojanala la ntlha mo Botswana go dirisa maranyane a Smart Parks go bona kwa diphologolo di leng teng<ref>Montaqim, Abdul (2021-06-14). [https://roboticsandautomationnews.com/2021/06/14/central-tuli-game-reserve-becomes-first-smart-parks-system-in-botswana/43854/ "Central Tuli Game Reserve becomes first 'Smart Parks system' in Botswana".] ''Robotics & Automation News''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mabedi - NMG Benefits e thapiwa go nna mookamedi wa letlole la batho ba ba tlogelang tiro ka bogodi<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/botswana-pensions-idUSL5N2NL2HC/ "Botswana's $7.5 billion pension fund appoints South African administrator".] ''Reuters''. 2021-06-03. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mararo - Lefatshe la Botswana le tsena mo tumalanong le Moderna go amogela mekento ya COVID-19 ya Moderna.<ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/202106070890.html "Botswana: Moderna, Botswana Enter Supply Deal".] ''allAfrica.com''. 2021-06-07. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Seetebosigo a le malatsi a robabobedi - Lefatshe la Botswana le neela Steve Harvey kontaraka ya dingwaga tse tharo, mo go gwetlhileng go ngongorega ga babegadikgang ba mo gae<ref>[https://www.thegazette.news/news/govt-snubs-batswana-gives-steve-harvey-multimillion-pula-tender/ "Govt snubs Batswana, gives Steve Harvey multimillion pula Tender".] ''Botswana Gazette''. 2021-09-06. Retrieved 30 June 2026</ref> * Seetebosigo a le lesome le borataro - teemane ya dikharete di le sekete, masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi e neelwa [[puso ya Botswana]] morago ga gore e bonwe kwa [[Moepo wa diteemane wa Jwaneng|moepong wa diteemane wa Jwaneng]], e le ya boraro e tona go bonwa mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref>Holland, Oscar; Alam, Hande Atay (2021-06-17). [https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/botswana-diamond-third-largest/index.html "One of the world's largest diamonds has been unearthed in Botswana".] ''CNN''. Retrieved 30 June 2026</ref> == Metswedi == ktqc950fg3iuirp2bwsk4quyonnhq1f 53722 53658 2026-07-31T08:13:38Z JudithShe 9421 Ke okeditse thanolo ya tsebe ya Ngwaga wa 2021 mo Botswana #Wikipedi25BW 53722 wikitext text/x-wiki Lefatshe la [[Botswana]] le ne la tswelela ka go rarabolola seemo sa [[Segajaja sa Covid-19 mo Botswana|segajaja sa COVID-19]] ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso, le simolola tsamaiso ya go kenta batho ka go reka mekento. Ka Ngwanatsele a le lesome le motso, Botswana e ne e le lefelo la motho wa ntlha go tsenwa ke mofuta wa COVID-19 wa SARS-CoV-2 Omicron. Ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso gape o itemogetse go bonwa ga diteemane tse pedi mo Botswana tse di neng di feta dikharete di le sekete, tsa nna ya boraro le ya bone ka botona go bonwa. Mo botsalanong jwa lone le mafatshe a a mabapi, lefatshe la Botswana le ne la tswelela ka go leka go rarabolola kgotlhang ya [[molelwane wa Botswana le Namibia]], le ne la tsena mo kgotlhang ya kwa Cabo Delgado go ema nokeng puso ya [[Mozambique]]. == Babusi ba nako eo == * Tautona: [[Mokgweetsi Masisi]] * Mothusa tautona: [[Slumber Tsogwane]] * [[Motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente ya Botswana]]: [[Phandu Skelemani]] * Moatlhodimogolo - [[Terence Rannowane]] == Tse di tsweletseng == [[Setshwantsho:Man wearing a marsk and sanitizing.jpg|thumb|monna o rwele sethiba molomo gape o itshasa se bolaya mogare ka nako ya [[Segajaja sa Covid-19 mo Botswana]]]] * Go tlhokafala ga ditlou tsa Botswana ngwaga wa dikete pedi le masome a mabedi go tsena wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi * [[Segajaja sa Covid-19 mo Botswana|Segajaja sa COVID-19 mo Botswana]] * [[Go kentela segajaja sa COVID-19 mo Botswana]] == Ditiragalo == === Firikgong === * Firikgong - Lefatshe la Botswana le nna bontlha jwa lenaneo la [[China]] la tsela ka nako ya loeto lwa tona wa merero ya mafatshe a sele Wang Yi.<ref>Albert, Eleanor. [https://thediplomat.com/2021/01/chinas-foreign-minister-revives-belt-and-road-on-5-country-africa-tour/ "China's Foreign Minister Revives Belt and Road on 5-Country Africa Tour". ''T'']''he Diplomat''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Firikgong a le lesome le bobedi - Debswana e emisa konteraka ya yone ya bilone le metso e le meraro le Thiess.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-botswana-diamonds-idUSKBN29H12R/ "Botswana's Debswana terminates mining contract with Australia's Thiess".] ''Reuters''. 2021-01-12. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Firikgong a le masome mabedi le botlhano - tsheko ya tiriso dikgoka mo go tsa thbalano ya mopalamente [[Poison Majaga]] e a simologa.<ref>[https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/60562 "Majaga Trial Starts Monday".] ''Daily News Botswana''. 2021-01-21. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Firikgong a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi - setlhopha sa Clicks se itsise ka go tswala ga sone ga mabentlele otlhe a a setseng a Musica.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/clicks-group-outlook-idUKL8N2K31BX/ "UPDATE 1-South Africa's Clicks drug chain to close Musica after 29 years".] ''Reuters''. 2021-01-28. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Firikgong a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe - segajaja sa COVID-19: tona wa banana, metshameko le ngwao [[Tumiso Rakgare]] o itsise bofelo jwa nakwana jwa metshameko e go amanwang mo Botswana.<ref>Lebanna, Pako (2021-01-29). [https://allafrica.com/stories/202101290748.html "Botswana: Government to Halt Contact Sport Participation".] ''allAfrica.com''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> === Tlhakole === * Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le bobedi - Banka ya Botswana e fetola ledi la yone la dipula di le lesome (10pula) go tsenya senepe sa ga tautona Masisi morago ga tiego ya dingwaga di le tharo.<ref>Friedberg, Arthur L. (2021-04-03). [https://www.coinworld.com/news/precious-metals/bank-of-botswana-finally-releases-latest-10-pula-bank-note "Bank of Botswana finally releases latest 10-pula bank note".] ''CoinWorld''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Tlhakole - Lefatshe la Botswana le emisa thuto ya batshabi ba [[Zimbabwe]] ba ba tsenang dikolo tse dikgolwane.<ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/202102230671.html "Zimbabwe Refugee Students Get Reprieve in Botswana".] ''allAfrica.com''. 2021-02-23. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Tlhakole a le masome mabedi le botlhano - Tautona Masisi o kopana le tautona wa [[Namibia]] [[Hage Geingob]] kwa [[Windhoek]].<ref>[https://namibiadailynews.info/cgi-sys/suspendedpage.cgi "Botswana President to visit Namibia tomorrow"]. ''Namibia Daily News''. 2021-02-24. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> === Mopitlo === * Mopitlo a le malatsi a matlhano - sefofane sa tlhoo tomo se phatlakana kwa ntle ga [[Sojwe]], se bolaya seopedi [[Sasa Klaas]]<ref>Baruti, Eli (2021-03-08). [https://www.botswanayouth.com/botswana-mourn-sasa-klass/ "Botswana Mourn Sasa Klass".] ''Botswana Youth Magazine''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Mopitlo a le lesome le borobabongwe -Tautona Masisi o kopana le tautona wa [[Aforika Borwa]] [[Cyril Ramaphosa]] kwa Aforika Borwa<ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/202103190670.html "Botswana: President Cyril Ramaphosa Hosts Working Visit By President Masisi of Botswana, 19 Mar".] ''allAfrica.com''. 2021-03-19. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Mopitlo a le masome mabedi le bobedi - Lefatshe la Botswana le dumalana go kopana ga makgotla a Organisation Africa, Caribbean and Pacific States, le European Union<ref>Motsamai, Mmoniemang (2021-03-24). [https://allafrica.com/stories/202103240544.html "Botswana: New Accord Gets Nod". ''a'']''llAfrica.com''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> [[Setshwantsho:The new bridge at Kazangula.jpg|thumb|[[Borogo jwa Kazungula]]]] === Moranang === * Moranang - Lefelo la boitapolos la DumaTau le bulwa gape ke Wilderness Safaris.<ref>[https://latteluxurynews.com/2021/04/08/wilderness-safaris-debuts-the-new-dumatau/ "Wilderness Safaris debuts the new DumaTau".] ''LATTE Luxury News''. 2021-04-08. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Moranang a le malatsi a matlhano - [[Goabaone Taylor]] o thapiwa go nna mookamedi wa [[Botswana Football Association|lekgotla la kgwele ya dinao la Botswana]]<ref>[https://www.cafonline.com/news "Botswana FA has appointed an experienced woman as CEO/Secretary General".] ''CAF Online''. 2021-04-08. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Moranang a le lesome le borarato - leftatshe la Botswana le simolodisa gape paka ya lone ya go tsoma, e akaretsa diteseletso tsa go tsoma ditlou di le makgolo a mabedi masome a robabaobedi le bosupa<ref>[https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210406-botswana-trophy-hunting-season-opens-after-covid-hiatus "Botswana trophy hunting season opens after Covid hiatus".] ''France 24''. 2021-04-06. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Moranang a le lesome le boraro - lenaneo la botsogo ka maranyane le a itsisiwe mo Botswana ka lenaneo la [[USA|United States]] la go kopana le dikolo tse dikgolwane.<ref>Hoyt, Lara De Meo (2021-04-19). [https://globalhealth.rutgers.edu/news/telehealth-partnership-established-in-botswana/ "Telehealth Partnership Established in Botswana".] ''Rutgers Global Health Institute''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Moranang a le lesome le bone - Lefatshe la Botswana le iletsa theko ya dikoko le tse di tswang mo go yone kwa Aforika Borwa go tsibogela go tlhagoga ga mohikela wa dinonyane.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/botswana-bans-poultry-imports-south-africa-after-avian-flu-outbreak-2021-04-14/ "Botswana bans poultry imports from South Africa after avian flu outbreak"]. ''Reuters''. 2021-04-14. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Moranang a le lesome le borataro - tona wa madi [[Thapelo Matsheka]] o tseelwa maemo ke [[Peggy Serame]]<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/botswana-replaces-finance-minister-with-immediate-effect-statement-2021-04-17/ "Botswana replaces finance minister with immediate effect - statement".] ''Reuters''. 2021-04-17. Retrieved 30 july 2026</ref> * Moranang a le lesome le borobabongwe - Access bank Group e dumalana go reka seabe se setona mo koporaseng ya dibanka tsa Aforika<ref>Popoola, Nike (2021-04-20). [https://punchng.com/access-bank-acquires-fifth-largest-bank-in-botswana/ "Access Bank acquires fifth largest bank in Botswana".] ''The Punch''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Moranang a le masome mabedi le bosupa - ** segajajaj sa COVID-19: Lefatshe la Botswana le itsise fa le rekile mekento e e lekaneng ya COVID-19 go kenta mogolo mongwe le mongwe mo lefatsheng<ref>Mguni, Mbongeni (2021-04-27). [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-04-27/botswana-secures-enough-vaccine-doses-for-its-adult-population "Botswana Secures Enough Vaccine Doses For Its Adult Population".] ''Bloomberg''.</ref> ** Segajaja sa COVID-19: tautona Masisi o tsena mo serubing, mo go gwetlha go tlosolosiwa ga bokopano jwa beteledipele ba borwa jwa Aforika go bua ka botsuolodi jo bo diragalang kwa [[Mozambique]]<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/botswana-president-self-quarantine-miss-meeting-mozambique-attacks-2021-04-27/ "Botswana president in self-quarantine, to miss meeting on Mozambique attacks".] ''Reuters''. 2021-04-27. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> ** Mafatshe a Botswana le [[Zambia]] a baya monwana tumalano ya botsalano ya go laola mesepele gareng ga mafatshe o o mabedi mo [[Borogo jwa Kazungula|borogong jwa Kazungul]]<nowiki/>a.<ref>Letsholo, Keamogetse (2021-04-29). [https://allafrica.com/stories/202104290170.html "Botswana, Zambia Sign Agreement".] ''allAfrica.com''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> === Motsheganong === * Motsheganong - [[Botswana Athletics Association]] e tshwara dikgaisano tsa mafatshefatshe tsa mabelo mo Botswana, le amogela mafatshe a le mantsi a Aforika<ref>Sibanda, Anastacia (2021-05-14). [https://allafrica.com/stories/202105140351.html "Botswana: All Eyes On National Championships"]. ''allAfrica.com''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Motsheganong a le lesome - [[Borogo jwa Kazungula]] bo bulwa semmuso.<ref>[https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/rest-of-africa/new-botswana-zambia-bridge-boon-for-region-3396556 "'Ripple effects': New Botswana-Zambia bridge a boon for region".] ''The East African''. 2021-05-11. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le motso - Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya Botswana e atlhola gore [[morafe wa Balete]] o tshwanetswe ke lefatshe la Forest Hill Botswana.<ref>[https://www.southernafricalitigationcentre.org/2021/05/21/news-release-botswana-high-court-finds-compulsory-acquisition-of-a-tribes-freehold-land-unlawful/ "News Release: Botswana High Court Finds Compulsory Acquisition of a Tribe's Freehold Land Unlawful".] ''Southern Africa Litigation Centre''. 2021-05-21. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Motsheganong a le masome mabedi le borataro - segajaja sa COVID-19: tona wa botsogo [[Edwin Dikoloti]] o istise kemo nokeng ya puso mo kgwebong epe fela e e dirang didirisiwa tse di thusang go lwantsha segajaja sa COVID-19.<ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/202105280474.html "Botswana: Government Set to Assist Local Businesses".] ''allAfrica.com''. 2021-05-28. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> === Seetebosigo === * Seetebosigo - Central Tuli Game Reserve e nna lefelo la bojanala la ntlha mo Botswana go dirisa maranyane a Smart Parks go bona kwa diphologolo di leng teng<ref>Montaqim, Abdul (2021-06-14). [https://roboticsandautomationnews.com/2021/06/14/central-tuli-game-reserve-becomes-first-smart-parks-system-in-botswana/43854/ "Central Tuli Game Reserve becomes first 'Smart Parks system' in Botswana".] ''Robotics & Automation News''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mabedi - NMG Benefits e thapiwa go nna mookamedi wa letlole la batho ba ba tlogelang tiro ka bogodi<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/article/botswana-pensions-idUSL5N2NL2HC/ "Botswana's $7.5 billion pension fund appoints South African administrator".] ''Reuters''. 2021-06-03. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mararo - Lefatshe la Botswana le tsena mo tumalanong le Moderna go amogela mekento ya COVID-19 ya Moderna.<ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/202106070890.html "Botswana: Moderna, Botswana Enter Supply Deal".] ''allAfrica.com''. 2021-06-07. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Seetebosigo a le malatsi a robabobedi - Lefatshe la Botswana le neela Steve Harvey kontaraka ya dingwaga tse tharo, mo go gwetlhileng go ngongorega ga babegadikgang ba mo gae<ref>[https://www.thegazette.news/news/govt-snubs-batswana-gives-steve-harvey-multimillion-pula-tender/ "Govt snubs Batswana, gives Steve Harvey multimillion pula Tender".] ''Botswana Gazette''. 2021-09-06. Retrieved 30 June 2026</ref> * Seetebosigo a le lesome le borataro - teemane ya dikharete di le sekete, masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi e neelwa [[puso ya Botswana]] morago ga gore e bonwe kwa [[Moepo wa diteemane wa Jwaneng|moepong wa diteemane wa Jwaneng]], e le ya boraro e tona go bonwa mo lefatsheng ka bophara.<ref>Holland, Oscar; Alam, Hande Atay (2021-06-17). [https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/botswana-diamond-third-largest/index.html "One of the world's largest diamonds has been unearthed in Botswana".] ''CNN''. Retrieved 30 June 2026</ref> === Phukwi === [[Setshwantsho:Botswanatroopsboardplane.png|thumb|Masole a Botswana a pagama sefofane go ya Mozambique]] * Phukwi - segajaja sa mohikela wa dinonyane wa HfN1 o anama mo Botswana.<ref>Linden, Jackie (2021-09-10). [https://www.wattagnet.com/articles/43551-first-avian-flu-cases-reported-in-botswana "First avian flu cases reported in Botswana | WATTPoultry"]. ''WattPoultry''. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Phukwi a le malatsi a matlhano - lefatshe la Botswana le fa Shumba Energy tetla ya go tlhama sefetlha motlakase sa ntlha se setona.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/botswana-issues-licence-first-large-scale-solar-power-plant-2021-07-05/ "Botswana issues licence for first large scale solar power plant".] ''Reuters''. 2021-07-05. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Phukwi a le malatsi a supa - teemane ya dikharete di le sekete lekgolo masome a supa le bone e beelwa puso ya Botswana morago ga gore e upololwe kwa [[Moepo wa diteemane wa Karowe|moepong wa diteemane wa Karowe]], e le ya boraro ka botona go bonwa.<ref>Picheta, Rob; Mahmood, Zahid (2021-07-08). [https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/botswana-diamond-unearthed-scli-intl/index.html "Huge 1,174-carat diamond unearthed in Botswana".] ''CNN''. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Phukwi a le lesome le boraro - lefatshe la Botswana le simolola go bereka mo moepong wa lone wa ntlha wa tshipi.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/botswana-begins-first-iron-ore-mining-project-2021-07-13/ "Botswana begins first iron ore mining projec]t". ''Reuters''. 2021-07-13. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Phukwi a le lesome le borataro - [[Segajaja sa Covid-19 mo Botswana|segajaja sa COVID-19]] : dikolo mo Botswana di tswalwa sebaka sa kgwedi go tsibogela segajaja sa COVID-19.<ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/202107150190.html "Botswana: Early School Closure Arrangements".] ''allAfrica.com''. 2021-07-15. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Phukwi a le masome mabedi le borataro - lefatshe la Botswana le romela masole a le makgolo a mabedi masome a robabongwe le borataro kwa [[Mozambique]] go lwantsha ditsuolodi kwa Cabo Delgado<ref>Dube, Mqondisi (2021-07-26). [https://www.voanews.com/a/africa_botswana-sends-nearly-300-troops-mozambique/6208735.html "Botswana Sends Nearly 300 Troops to Mozambique".] ''VOA''. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Phukwi a le masome mararo - [[moepo wa kopore wa Khoemacau]] o bulwa semmuso.<ref>[https://yourbotswana.com/2021/07/30/president-masisi-officially-opens-khoemacau-copper-mine/ "President Masisi officially opens Khoemacau Copper Mine".] ''YourBotswana''. 2021-07-30. Retrieved 31 july 2026</ref> === Phatwe === * Phatwe - * [[Boyce Sebetela]] o thapiwa ke tautona Masisi go nna mookamedi wa babereki wa ntlha.<ref>Dube, Chakalisa (2021-08-09). [https://www.mmegi.bw/news/what-they-say-about-sebetelas-appointment/news "What they say about Sebetela's appointment".] ''Mmegi Online''. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Kompone ya Okwa Diamonds e dumalana go reka moepo wa Ghaghoo wa diteemane mo Botswana Diamonds ka didikadike di le nne <ref>Owen, Will (2021-08-25). [https://www.globalminingreview.com/mining/25082021/botswana-diamonds-announces-jv-acquisition-of-ghaghoo-diamond-mine/ "Botswana Diamonds announces JV acquisition of Ghaghoo diamond mine".] ''Global Mining Review''. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Phatwe a le masome mabedi le boraro - melato ya go leka go thankgola puso o o neng o lebisitswe  mmereki wa lekgotla la matlhale la DISS [[Welheminah Mphoeng Maswabi]] o boelwa morago.<ref>[https://cajnewsafrica.com/2021/08/24/botswana-regime-change-case-thrown-out/ "Botswana regime change case thrown out".] ''CAJ News Africa''. 2021-08-24. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Phatwe a le masome mabedi le bosupa - segajaja sa COVID-19: lefatshe la Botswana le netefatsa gore batswakwa ba ba sa kwadisiwang le batshabi ba tlaa letlelelwa go kentelwa COVID-19.<ref>[https://www.voanews.com/a/covid-19-pandemic_botswana-assures-unauthorized-immigrants-covid-19-vaccinations/6210087.html "Botswana Assures Unauthorized Immigrants of COVID-19 Vaccinations".] ''VOA''. 28 August 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> === Lwetse === * Lwetse a le malatsi a mabedi go tsena a le mararo - matona a merero ya mafatshe a sele a Botswana le Namibia a kopana go bua ka ntwa mo [[Molelwane wa Botswana le Namibia|molelwaneng wa Botswana le Namibia]]. * Lwetse a le malatsi a marataro - segajaja sa COVID-19: lefatshe la Botswana le fedisa dikiletso dingwe tsa thekiso ya bojalwa le go phuthagana.<ref>[https://iol.co.za/news/africa/2021-09-04-botswana-lifts-ban-on-alcohol-sale-public-gatherings/ "Botswana lifts ban on alcohol sale, public gatherings".] ''www.iol.co.za''. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Lwetse a le malatsi a supa - Dickey's Barbecue Pit e tsena mo tumalanong ya go bula mafelo a robabobedi mo Botswana.<ref>[https://www.bizjournals.com/dallas/news/2021/09/07/dickeys-botswana-africa-expansion.html "Dickey's continues aggressive international expansion in Africa".] ''Dallas Business Journal''. 2021-09-07. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Lwetse a robabongwe go tsena a le lesome le borobabongwe - lefatshe la Botswana le tshwara metshameko ya go iponela phatlha kwa metshamekong ya mafatshefatshe ya basadi ya ICC ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le motso.<ref>[https://www.icc-cricket.com/news "Botswana, Cameroon and Eswatini to compete in their first ICC Women's event".] ''www.icc-cricket.com''. 2021-09-08. Retrieved 31 july 2026</ref> * Lwetse a le lesome le borataro - mafatshe a Botswana le Namibia a fedisa thomo ya sennela ruri e e kopanetsweng ya tshireletso le pabalesego, ba e emeletsa ka thomo ya mafatshe a mabedi.<ref>Mbathera, Ester (2021-09-17). [https://allafrica.com/stories/202109170411.html "Botswana: Namibia, Botswana Disband Defence and Security Commission"]. ''allAfrica.com''. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Lwetse a le masome mabedi - Motlamorago Gaseitsewe o ithola marapo a botautona jwa lekgotla la [[Botswana Red Cross Society]].<ref>Basimanebotlhe, Tsaone (2021-10-18). [https://www.mmegi.bw/news/botswana-red-cross-society-president-resigns/news "Botswana Red Cross Society president resigns".] ''Mmegi Online''. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Lwetse a le masome mabedi le borobabobedi - tona wa ditswammung le kgothetso [[Lefoko Moagi]] o itsise thekiso ya moepo wa kopore wa BCL, o rekiwa ke kompone ya meepo ya Canada ya Premium Nickel Resources.<ref>[https://www.mining.com/web/botswana-sells-troubled-state-owned-mine-to-canadas-premium-nickel-resources/ "Botswana sells troubled state-owned mine to Canada's Premium Nickel Resources".] ''mining.com''. 2021-09-29. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> === Phalane === * Phalane - lefatshe la Botswana le tsena mo lekgotleng la mafatshefatshe la dikepe go rulaganya motsamao wa dikepe go ralala Mozambique.<ref>Chambers, Sam (2021-10-29). [https://splash247.com/imos-newest-member-botswana-delivers-its-first-iron-ore-cargo-to-china/ "IMO's newest member Botswana delivers its first iron ore cargo to China".] ''Splash247''. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Phalane a le lesome le bobedi - kgotlatshekelo ya boikuelo e simolola go reetsa tsheko ya go fetola go diriwa molato ga go ratana ka bong bo bo tshwanang<ref>Freund, Alexander (2021-11-29). [https://www.dw.com/en/covid-what-we-know-about-the-omicron-variant/a-59948143 "COVID: What we know about the omicron variant".] ''DW''. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Phalane a le lesome le borobabobedi - lefatshe la Botswana le baya monwana tumalano ya motlakase wa gase wa di megawatt di le lesome le Tlou Energy e le go tswa mo go diriseng wa magala.<ref>[https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/botswana-signs-10-mw-gas-fired-deal-with-tlou-wean-off-coal-imports-2021-10-18/ "Botswana signs 10 MW gas-fired deal with Tlou to wean off coal, imports".] ''Reuters''. 2021-10-18. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> === Ngwanatsele === * Ngwanatsele a le lesome - tautona Masisi o etela [[Paris]] go bua le dikompone tsa UNESCO le tsa France.<ref>[https://www.africaintelligence.com/southern-africa-and-islands/2021/11/18/masisi-engages-in-his-trademark-personal-lobbying-in-paris,109705704-art "Masisi engages in his trademark personal lobbying in Paris".] ''Africa Intelligence''. 2021-11-18. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Ngwanatsele a le lesome le motso - segajaja sa COVID-19 : mofuta o mosha wa SARS-CoV-2 wa Omicron o bonwa mo Botswana.<ref>Freund, Alexander (2021-11-29). [https://www.dw.com/en/covid-what-we-know-about-the-omicron-variant/a-59948143 "COVID: What we know about the omicron variant".] ''DW''. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Ngwanatsele a le masome mabedi le borobabongwe - kgotlatshekelo ya boikuelo e dumalana go tswelela ka tsheko ya go dira molato go ratana ka bong bo bo tshwanang.<ref>Upadhya, Ananya (2021-11-30). [https://www.jurist.org/news/2021/11/botswana-appeals-court-upholds-decriminalization-of-same-sex-sexual-relations/ "Botswana appeals court upholds decriminalization of same-sex sexual relations".] ''Jurist''. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> === Morule === * Morule a le malatsi a mabedi - lekgotla la mafatshefatshe la botsogo (WHO) le tlhomamisa gore go fetisetsa  mogare wa HIV ga mmangwana kwa loseeng mo Botswana go wetse kwa tlase ga botlhano mo lekgolong.<ref>[https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2021/december/emtct_botswana "Botswana is first country with severe HIV epidemic to reach key milestone in the elimination of mother-to-child HIV transmission".] ''UN AIDS''. 2021-12-02. Retrieved 231 July 2026</ref> * Morule a le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe - [[Goabaone Taylor]] o seegelwa kwa thoko e le mookamedi wa [[lekgotla la kgwele ya dinao la Botswana]] ka magatwe a go dirisa madi botlhaswa.<ref>[https://www.heraldonline.co.zw/botswana-latest-country-to-suspend-ceo/ "Botswana latest country to suspend CEO".] ''The Herald''. 2021-12-31. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> == Dintsho == * Firikgong a le masome mabedi le botlhano - [[David Bright]], masome a marataro le bone, mookamedi wa setlhopha sa kgwele ya dinao ([[Mogoditshane Fighters]], [[Cape Town]], setlhopha sa lefatshe); malwetsi a a bakilweng ke COVID-19.<ref>[https://www.pula24.co.bw/sports/724-botswana-mourns-the-death-former-zebras-coach-major-david-bright/ Botswana Mourns The Death Former Zebras Coach Major David Bright]</ref> * Tlhakole a le masome a mabedi le botlhano - [[Archibald Mogwe]], dingwaga di le masome a robabongwe le borobabongwe, mopolotiki le moemedi wa mafatshe, tona wa merero ya mafatshe a sele (ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bone go tsena ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi le bone).<ref>[https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/botswanas-archibald-mogwe-hailed-colossus-public-service Botswana's Archibald Mogwe hailed as colossus of public service]</ref> * Mopitlo a le malatsi a matlhano - [[Sasa Klaas]], masome a mabedi le bosupa, seopedi; go phatlakana ga sefofane<ref>[https://musicinafrica.net/magazine/botswana-mourns-rapper-sasa-klaas/ Botswana mourns rapper Sasa Klaas]</ref> * Mopitlo a le lesome le bobedi- Ismail Bhamjee, masome a supa le bosupa,  tona wa pele wa FIFA, tautona wa COSAFA, tautona wa Botswana Football Association; COVID-19<ref>[https://www.mmegi.bw/sport/sports-fraternity-loses-another-stalwart/news-112423 Sports fraternity loses another stalwart]</ref> * Seetebosigo a le malatsi a mabedi - [[Linah Mohohlo]], masome a marataro le borobabongwe, mookamedi wa banka ya Botswana; COVID-19<ref>DIKUELO, PAULINE (2 June 2021). [https://www.mmegi.bw/business/ex-bob-governor-mohohlo-passes-on-aged-69/news "Mmegi Online :: Ex-BoB governor Mohohlo passes on aged 69".] ''Mmegi Online''. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Phukwi a le masome mararo - [[Shona Ferguson]], masome a mane le bosupa, modiragatsi le mogwebi; COVID-19<ref>[https://www.news24.com/life/arts-and-entertainment/celebrities/shona-ferguson-47-has-died-20210730 Shona Ferguson, 47, has died]</ref> * Phatwe a le lesome le boraro - [[Keitumetse Paul]], masome a mane le borobabobedi, motshameki wa kgwele ya dinao, COVID-19<ref>[https://en.africatopsports.com/2021/08/14/botswana-young-zebras-coach-keitumetse-paul-succumbs-to-covid-19/ "Young Zebras coach Keitumetse Paul succumbs to Covid-19".] ''Africa Top Sports''. 2021-08-14. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Phatwe a le masome a mabedi le borobabongwe - [[Jakoba Keiphile]], masome a robabongwe le boraro, motlhami wa kereke ya Eloyi, COVID-19.<ref>Baruti, Eli (2021-08-30). [https://www.botswanayouth.com/eloyi-founder-jakoba-deceased/ "Eloyi Founder, Jakoba deceased".] ''Botswana Youth Magazine''. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> * Morule a supa - [[Naledi Williers]], mmereki wa thelebishine (The Real Housewives of Johannesburg); kankere ya lebele.<ref>Kekana, Chrizelda; Gaanakgomo, Constance; Mphande, Joy (8 December 2021)[https://web.archive.org/web/20240904034615/https://www.timeslive.co.za/amp/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2021-12-08-real-housewives-of-johannesburg-star-naledi-willers-has-died/ . "'Real Housewives of Johannesburg' star Naledi Willers has died".] ''TimesLIVE''. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 31 JULY 2026</ref> == Metswedi == bd54hhqbf883urveyw94b6zcnbhvdh4 Ngwaga wa 2026 mo Botswana 0 14799 53660 2026-07-30T15:24:51Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Ngwaga wa 2026 mo Botswana #Wikipedia25BW 53660 wikitext text/x-wiki Ditiragalo tsa ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le borataro mo [[Botswana]]. == Babusi ba nako eo == * Tautona: [[Duma Boko]] * Mothusa Tautona: [[Ndaba Gaolathe]] * [[Motsamaisa dipuisano tsa palamente ya Botswana]] : [[Dithapelo Keorapetse]] * Moatlhodimogolo: [[Terence Rannowane]] == Malatsi a boitapoloso == * Firikgong a rogwa - ngwaga o mosha * Moranang a le malatsi a mararo - Papolo ya Morena * Moranang a le malatsi a marataro - Paseka * Motsheganong a rogwa - letsatsi la babereki * Motsheganong a le lesome le bone- tlhatlhogo ya Morena * Phukwi a rogwa - matsalo a ga [[Seretse Khama]] * Phukwi a le masome mabedi le motso - letsatsi la botautona * Lwetse a le masome mararo - Boipuso * Morule a le masome mabedi le botlhano - matsalo a ga Keresete * Morule a le masome mabedi le borataro - letsatsi la go bula mabokoso a dimpho == Dintsho == * Moranang a le malatsi a mane - [[Machana Shamukuni]], tona wa tshiamiso (ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi lebobedi go tsena ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bone)<ref>[https://www.mmegi.bw/news/bdp-confirms-shamukunis-passing/news "BDP confirms Shamukuni's passing"]. Mmegi Online. 4 April 2026. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> * Motsheganong a le malatsi a robabobedi - [[Festus Mogae]], tautona(ngwaga wa setete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi go tsena ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedi)<ref>Benza, Brian (8 May 2026). [https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/botswanas-former-president-festus-mogae-dies-government-says-2026-05-08/ "Botswana's former president Festus Mogae dies at 86".] ''Reuters''. Retrieved 30 July 2026</ref> == Motswedi == 4g5u3gzxkpjlx2vn2hq0hq5fe61ip7y Mabuse Pule 0 14800 53661 2026-07-30T16:54:04Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Mabuse Pule 53661 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mabuse Pule''' ke mopolotiki wa Motswana le morutabana. Ke Mothusa Tona wa Pusoselegae le Tlhabololo ya Metsemagae kwa Botswana, <ref>[https://thevoicebw.com/anti-gbv-awards-recognise-excellence/ "Anti GBV Awards Recognise Excellence » TheVoiceBW"]. Retrieved 20 December 2023</ref>a tlhophilwe mo maemong ao ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019) ke Tautona wa maloba wa Botswana, [[Mokgweetsi Masisi|Mokgweetsi Masisi.]] <ref>"[https://www.govpage.co.za/botswana-government-ministries.html Botswana Government Ministries".] www.govpage.co.za. Retrieved 2023-12-13</ref><ref>[http://www.botswana.se/News/CABINET-APPOINTMENTS "Republic of Botswana ♦ Embassy in Stockholm, Sweden ♦".] www.botswana.se. Retrieved 2023-12-13.</ref> == Metswedi == gu5767o2jliw14f1v730ckcpkr4idt4 Kagiso Tshelametsi 0 14801 53666 2026-07-30T17:54:40Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Kagiso Tshelametsi 53666 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kagiso Tshelametsi''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e le supa ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe masome a robabobedi (1980) ke motshameki wa kgwele ya dinao wa Motswana yo o tshamekang jaaka modisa kgwele wa Notwane FC. O ne a tshamekela setlhopha sa bosetšhaba sa Botswana metshameko e le lesome le bobedi magareng ga ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi (2000 )le ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borataro (2006). Gape ke ntsalae Baoganne Tshelametsi yo o neng a dira mo lepodising la sesole la Botswana mmogo le moporesidente wa Botswana [[Sir Seretse Khama Ian Khama]]. == Metswedi == k9ux352hoy2pmh4hkqe09hquxai0r5y Ofentse Bakwadi 0 14802 53668 2026-07-30T18:14:03Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Ofentse Bakwadi 53668 wikitext text/x-wiki '''&nbsp;Ofentse Bakwadi''' motshameki wa karate wa Botswana. O ne a emela Botswana kwa Metshamekong ya Aforika ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019) mme a gapa nngwe ya dimetale tsa boronse mo kgaisanong ya banna ya kata. <ref name=":0">[https://www.sportdata.org/wkf/ausschreibungen/306/ResultBook_306_20190826_201158-min.pdf "Karate Results"] (PDF). 2019 African Games. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2020</ref>Gape o ne a gapa mongwe wa dimetlele tsa boronse mo kgaisanong ya setlhopha sa banna sa kata.<ref name=":0" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi (2018), o ne a gaisana mo kgaisanong ya kata ya banna kwa World Karate Championships e e neng e tshwaretswe kwa Madrid, Spain. <ref>[https://www.sportdata.org/wkf/ausschreibungen/188/ResultBook_188_20190309_072813-compressed.pdf "Results Book"] (PDF). 2018 World Karate Championships. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 30 December 2020</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019), o ne gape a gaisana kwa African Beach Games e e neng e tshwaretswe kwa Sal, Cape Verde koo a neng a gapa mongwe wa dimetlele tsa boronse mo kgaisanong ya banna ya kata. <ref>Pavitt, Michael (14 June 2019). "[https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1080638/morocco-earn-karate-titles-as-african-beach-games-begin-in-cape-verde Morocco earn karate titles as African Beach Games begin in Cape Verde".] ''InsideTheGames.biz''. Retrieved 26 April 2020</ref>Gape o ne a gapa sekgele sa selefera mo kgaisanong ya banna ya kata. <ref>Etchells, Daniel (12 July 2019). "[https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1082024/morocco-dominant-african-karate-champs Morocco win all four kata gold medals as African Karate Championships begin".] InsideTheGames.biz. Retrieved 26 April 2020.</ref>Kwa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019 )African Karate Championships e e neng e tshwaretswe kwa Gaborone, Botswana, o ne a gapa mongwe wa dimetlele tsa boronse mo kgaisanong ya banna ya kata. Mo go one ngwaga oo, o ne gape a gaisana mo kgaisanong ya kata ya banna ka bongwe kwa Metshamekong ya Lefatshe ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019)e e neng e tshwaretswe kwa Doha, Qatar mme a se ka a gapa sekgele. <ref>[https://back.awbg2019.bornan.net/pdfs/KTE/RBK.KTE-------------------------------_1_0.pdf Karate Results Book"] (PDF). 2019 World Beach Games. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 June 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2020</ref> == Metswedi == octjqbmbxr80ijp4qfm6s1y6t13p17g Zibani Chikanda 0 14803 53675 2026-07-30T19:18:53Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Zibani Chikanda 53675 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zibani Chikanda''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Phatwe e le masome a mabedi le boraro ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le botlhano(1985) ke motshameki wa pele wa mabole wa Botswana yo o neng a tshameka mo kgaisanong ya bokete jo bo magareng. O ne a gapa bronze medal mo metshamekong ya [[2015 African Games]] le silver medal mo metshamekong ya [[2015 African Championships.]] O ne gape a nna mmampodi wa bosetšhaba ka makgetlo a le robongwe, a fenya ditlhopho tse di latelanang go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009)go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa (2017).[1] Ka ntlha ya diphitlhelelo tsa gagwe, o ne a bidiwa motshameki wa ngwaga ke Khomišene ya Bosetšhaba ya Metshameko ya Botswana ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro (2016). == Botshelo jwa gagwe jwa pele == Chikanda tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Phatwe e le masome a mabedi le boraro ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le botlhano( 1985) kwa Mathangwane, e leng motsana o o mo Kgaolong ya Bogare ya Botswana. O ne a tsena sekolo sa [[McConnell Senior Secondary School]] kwa Tutume e e gaufi, kwa tshimologong o ne a tlhoma mogopolo mo motshamekong wa volleyball pele ga mogolowe Buzani a mo pateletsa go leka motshameko wa mabole. O simolotse go ikatisa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bobedi (2002) mme a ikgaoganya le motshameko ono morago ga go fetsa sekolo. Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bosupa (2007) o ne a kwadisetswa mo [[Botswana Defence Force]], koo a neng a kgona go boela mo seraleng jaaka leloko la Eastern Military Garrison boxing club, eo a neng a e emela mo tirong ya gagwe ya go nna motshameki wa mmampodi. 1] == Botshelo jwa go nna mmampodi == Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009), Chikanda o ne a bitswa lekgetlo la ntlha go tla go tshameka mo setlhopheng sa bosetšhaba sa Botswana. Moragonyana mo ngwageng oo o ne a fenya dikgaisano tsa gagwe tsa ntlha tsa bosetšhaba di le robongwe ka phenyo e e tshesane mo go Gomotsang Gaasite. Kgaisano ya gagwe ya ntlha ya boditšhabatšhaba e ne e le [[2011 Zone 4 African Championships]], kwa a neng a le leloko le le nosi la Team Botswana le le paletsweng ke go gapa dimetale. O ne a bona katlego e e lekanyeditsweng mo seemong sa boditšhabatšhaba mo dingwageng tse tharo tse di latelang, mme maduo a gagwe a a tlhomologileng e ne e le go gapa sekgele sa boronse kwa Sejaneng sa Ditšhaba sa Aforika sa 2012. 5] Mosebetsi wa hae o ile wa tsoswa hape ka Mmesa [[2015 ho Zone 4 African Championships]] e Pretoria, moo a ileng a hapa dintwa tsa hae tse tharo tseleng ya ho fumana kgauta. [1] [1] Dikgwedi tse nne morago ga moo, o ne a fitlha kwa makgaolakgannyeng a Dikgaisano tsa Seaforika kwa Casablanca, a fenngwa ke motshameki wa kgaisano ya lefatshe ya boronse Hosam Bakr Abdin. [2] 7] O ne a tsweletsa katlego ya gagwe kwa Metshamekong ya Aforika ka kgwedi ya Lwetse, a fitlha kwa makgaolakgannyeng a bo a ya gae ka sekgele sa boronse. [ [1] [2] O ne a tsaya karolo mo Metshamekong ya Lefatshe ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano (2015) kwa Doha, a fenngwa ke Aljaž Venko wa kwa Slovenia mo motshamekong wa ntlha. [3] 9] Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole o ne a bidiwa motshameki wa mabole wa ngwaga ke Botswana Boxing Association.[ 10] O ne gape a bidiwa motshameki wa ngwaga ke Khomišene ya Bosetšhaba ya Metshameko ya Botswana dikgwedi di le mmalwa morago ga moo, a fenya motshameki wa lebelo wa maemo a lefatshe Isaac Makwala le Ofentse Bakwadi wa karateka ka tlotlo.[ 11] O simolotse ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro (2016) ka go boeletsa phitlhelelo ya gagwe ya go gapa sekgele sa gouta kwa Zone 4 African Championships ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong. Mo kgaisanong ya African Olympic Qualification Tournament morago ga dikgwedi tse pedi, o ne a fenya Titus Joseph wa Namibia mo kgaisanong ya ntlha pele a fenngwa ke Anauel Ngamissengue. 13] Chikanda o ne a etelela pele kgaisano ya interclub e e neng e tshwaretswe kwa Eastern Military Garrison kwa Selebi-Phikwe, lefelo la gagwe la go katisa. [ Ke ngwaga wa bobedi ka tatelano a bidiwa motshameki wa motshameko wa mabole wa ngwaga ke Botswana Boxing Association. 15] O ne a tlhagelela mo metshamekong ya [[2017 African Championships]] kwa Brazzaville, fela o ne a itewa ke Ngamissengué mo ntweng ya gagwe ya ntlha. Ntwa ya gagwe ya bofelo e ne e le kwa 2017 National Championships kwa Gaborone, kwa a neng a kgona go fenya sereto sa gagwe sa bosupa sa naga ka go latelana pele a tlogela. 2] == Ditlamorago tsa boithaopo == === 2011 Zone 4 African Championships kwa Gaborone, Botswana (middleweight) [1] === * O latlhegetswe ke Josephat Mufayi (Zimbabwe) PTS === 2012 African Cup of Nations kwa Gaborone, Botswana (middleweight) [1] === * O ne a fenngwa ke Mohamed Amine Meskini (Tunisia) 18- 23 * O fentse Steven Masiyambumbi (Zimbabwe) 22- 8 * O ne a fenngwa ke Sofiane Tabi (Algeria) 12 -20 3rd place, bronze medalist ((s) === 2015 Botswana Best of the Best Tournament kwa Gaborone, Botswana (boima jo bo bobebe) [1] === * O latlhegetswe ke Thabang Motsewabeng 0 -3 2nd place, silver medalist ((s) === 2015 Zone 4 African Championships kwa Pretoria, South Africa (middleweight) [1] === * O ne a fenya Vidal Antonio Galeta (Angola) 3 -0 * O ne a fenngwa ke Siphiwe Lusizi (Afrika Borwa) WO * O ne a fenya Lourenço Cossa (Mozambique) 3 -0 1st place, gold medalist ((s) === 2015 African Championships kwa Casablanca, Morocco (middleweight) [1] === * O fentse Mayk Miyenikoue Nruguen (Gabon) 3 -0 * O ne a fenya Lassina Keita (Mali) TKO2 * O ne a fenya John Koudeha (Togo) TKO2 * O ne a fenngwa ke Hosam Bakr Abdin (Egypt) 0 -3 2nd place, silver medalist ((s) === 2015 African Games kwa Brazzaville, Congo (boima jo bo fa gare) [1] === * O ne a fenya Getachew Akililu (Ethiopia) TKO2 * O ne a fenya Lourenço Cossa (Mozambique) 3- 0 * O latlhegetswe ke Glory L'Muala (DR Congo) 0 -3 3rd place, bronze medalist ((s) === 2015 World Championships kwa Doha, Qatar (middleweight) [1] === * O ne a fenngwa ke Aljaž Venko (Slovenia) 0 -3 === 2016 Zone 4 African Championships in Maputo, Mozambique (middleweight) [1] === * O fentse Thanda Mkhatjwa (Swaziland) TKO * O ne a fenya Sinamiso Ntuli (South Africa) 3- 0 1st place, gold medalist (s) === 2016 African Olympic Qualification Tournament in Yaoundé, Cameroon (middleweight) [1] === * O ne a fenya Titus Joseph (Namibia) 3- 0 * O ne a fenngwa ke Anauel Ngamissengue (Congo) 0-3 === 2017 African Championships in Brazzaville, Congo (middleweight) [1] === * O latlhegetswe ke Anauel Ngamissengue (Congo) KO1 == Metswedi == jdaddj7uu92e4tcs8uem1oys61uh0sv 53679 53675 2026-07-30T20:00:29Z Lucrucia98 12161 53679 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zibani Chikanda''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Phatwe e le masome a mabedi le boraro ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le botlhano(1985) ke motshameki wa pele wa mabole wa Botswana yo o neng a tshameka mo kgaisanong ya bokete jo bo magareng. O ne a gapa bronze medal mo metshamekong ya [[2015 African Games]] le silver medal mo metshamekong ya [[2015 African Championships.]] O ne gape a nna mmampodi wa bosetšhaba ka makgetlo a le robongwe, a fenya ditlhopho tse di latelanang go tloga ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009)go fitlha ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa (2017).<ref name=":0">Masanako, Neo (21 February 2018). [http://www.themidweeksun.co.bw/6514-curtain-falls-for-chikanda/ "Curtain falls for Chikanda"]. The Midweek Sun. Retrieved 25 July 2020.</ref> Ka ntlha ya diphitlhelelo tsa gagwe, o ne a bidiwa motshameki wa ngwaga ke Khomišene ya Bosetšhaba ya Metshameko ya Botswana ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro (2016). == Botshelo jwa gagwe jwa pele == Chikanda tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Phatwe e le masome a mabedi le boraro ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabobedi le botlhano( 1985) kwa Mathangwane, e leng motsana o o mo Kgaolong ya Bogare ya Botswana. O ne a tsena sekolo sa [[McConnell Senior Secondary School]] kwa Tutume e e gaufi, kwa tshimologong o ne a tlhoma mogopolo mo motshamekong wa volleyball pele ga mogolowe Buzani a mo pateletsa go leka motshameko wa mabole.<ref name=":1">Batlotleng, Baleseng (February–March 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200727090827/http://www.kutlwano.gov.bw/mobile/kut-article-detail.php?aid=954&cid=6&mid=75 "The slow but steady rise of Zibani Chikanda".] Kutlwano. Vol. 55, no. 4. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2020</ref> O simolotse go ikatisa ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bobedi (2002) mme a ikgaoganya le motshameko ono morago ga go fetsa sekolo.<ref name=":1" /> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bosupa (2007) o ne a kwadisetswa mo [[Botswana Defence Force]], koo a neng a kgona go boela mo seraleng jaaka leloko la Eastern Military Garrison boxing club, eo a neng a e emela mo tirong ya gagwe ya go nna motshameki wa mmampodi. <ref name=":1" /> == Botshelo jwa go nna mmampodi == Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le borobabongwe (2009), Chikanda o ne a bitswa lekgetlo la ntlha go tla go tshameka mo setlhopheng sa bosetšhaba sa Botswana. <ref name=":1" />Moragonyana mo ngwageng oo o ne a fenya dikgaisano tsa gagwe tsa ntlha tsa bosetšhaba di le robongwe ka phenyo e e tshesane mo go Gomotsang Gaasite. <ref>[https://www.sundaystandard.info/upcoming-youngsters-unstoppable-at-national-boxing-championships/ "Upcoming youngsters unstoppable at national boxing championships"]. The Sunday Standard. 2 December 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2020.</ref>Kgaisano ya gagwe ya ntlha ya boditšhabatšhaba e ne e le [[2011 Zone 4 African Championships]], kwa a neng a le leloko le le nosi la Team Botswana le le paletsweng ke go gapa dimetale.<ref>[https://www.sundaystandard.info/botswana-sets-her-eyes-on-africa-boxing-championships-and-beyond/ Botswana sets her eyes on Africa boxing championships and beyond".] The Sunday Standard. 19 May 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2020</ref> O ne a bona katlego e e lekanyeditsweng mo seemong sa boditšhabatšhaba mo dingwageng tse tharo tse di latelang, mme maduo a gagwe a a tlhomologileng e ne e le go gapa sekgele sa boronse kwa Sejaneng sa Ditšhaba sa Aforika sa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bobedi (2012). <ref name=":2">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200727085738/https://www.aiba.org/zibani-chikanda-75-kg/ ZIBANI CHIKANDA – 75 KG"]. AIBA. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2020.</ref> Mosebetsi wa hae o ile wa tsoswa hape ka Mmesa [[2015 ho Zone 4 African Championships]] e Pretoria, moo a ileng a hapa dintwa tsa hae tse tharo tseleng ya ho fumana kgauta. <ref name=":1" /><ref>[https://www.sundaystandard.info/botswana-looks-to-conquer-africa-as-the-region-is-vanquished/ Botswana looks to conquer Africa as the region is vanquished"]. The Sunday Standard. 3 May 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2020.</ref>Dikgwedi tse nne morago ga moo, o ne a fitlha kwa makgaolakgannyeng a Dikgaisano tsa Seaforika kwa Casablanca, a fenngwa ke motshameki wa kgaisano ya lefatshe ya boronse [[Hosam Bakr Abdin.]] <ref>Tsheko, Lefoko (2 September 2015). "[https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/22820 Boxing team wins four medals".] Botswana Daily News. Retrieved 26 July 2020.</ref>O ne a tsweletsa katlego ya gagwe kwa Metshamekong ya Aforika ka kgwedi ya Lwetse, a fitlha kwa makgaolakgannyeng a bo a ya gae ka sekgele sa boronse. <ref name=":1" /> <ref>[https://www.thegazette.news/latest-news/team-botswana-well-on-course-to-obtain-20-medals/12592/#.Xx5xYPhKhQI Team Botswana well on course to obtain 20 medals]". The Botswana Gazette. 17 September 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2020.</ref>O ne a tsaya karolo mo Metshamekong ya Lefatshe ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano (2015) kwa Doha, a fenngwa ke Aljaž Venko wa kwa Slovenia mo motshamekong wa ntlha. <ref>Batlotleng, Baleseng (11 October 2015). "[https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/23626 Bagwasi, Chikanda eliminated"]. Botswana Daily News. Retrieved 26 July 2020.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole o ne a bidiwa motshameki wa mabole wa ngwaga ke Botswana Boxing Association.<ref>[http://www.themidweeksun.co.bw/7187-debswana-boba-reward-2014-15-star-boxer/ Debswana, BoBA reward 2014/15 star boxer"]. The Midweek Sun. 10 December 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2020.</ref>O ne gape a bidiwa motshameki wa ngwaga ke Khomišene ya Bosetšhaba ya Metshameko ya Botswana dikgwedi di le mmalwa morago ga moo, a fenya motshameki wa lebelo wa maemo a lefatshe [[Isaac Makwala]] le [[Ofentse Bakwadi]] wa karateka ka tlotlo.<ref>[https://www.thegazette.news/sport/sibandas-treble-illuminates-bnsc-awards/15160/#.Xxv_LfhKhQI "Sibanda's treble illuminates BNSC Awards".] ''The Botswana Gazette''. 23 June 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2020.</ref> O simolotse ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro (2016) ka go boeletsa phitlhelelo ya gagwe ya go gapa sekgele sa gouta kwa Zone 4 African Championships ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong. <ref name=":3">[http://amateur-boxing.strefa.pl/Championships/Zone4African2016.html Zone 4 African Championships]". amateur-boxing.strefa.pl. Retrieved 25 July 2020.</ref>Mo kgaisanong ya African Olympic Qualification Tournament morago ga dikgwedi tse pedi, o ne a fenya Titus Joseph wa Namibia mo kgaisanong ya ntlha pele a fenngwa ke Anauel Ngamissengue. <ref name=":4">[http://amateur-boxing.strefa.pl/Championships/AfricanOlyQual2016.html African Olympic Qualifier]". amateur-boxing.strefa.pl. Retrieved 25 July 2020</ref>Chikanda o ne a etelela pele kgaisano ya interclub e e neng e tshwaretswe kwa Eastern Military Garrison kwa Selebi-Phikwe, lefelo la gagwe la go katisa. <ref>"[http://www.botswanaguardian.co.bw/sports/item/2035-chikanda-headlines-boxing-tournament.html Chikanda headlines boxing tournament".] Botswana Guardian. 12 July 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2020.</ref>Ke ngwaga wa bobedi ka tatelano a bidiwa motshameki wa motshameko wa mabole wa ngwaga ke Botswana Boxing Association.<ref>Kolantsho, Calistus (21 November 2016). [https://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=64756&dir=2016/november/21 "EMG's Chikanda Scoops Top Boxing Award".] The Monitor. Retrieved 26 July 2020</ref> O ne a tlhagelela mo metshamekong ya [[2017 African Championships]] kwa Brazzaville, fela o ne a itewa ke Ngamissengué mo ntweng ya gagwe ya ntlha. <ref>Eloué, James Golden (21 June 2017). [http://www.adiac-congo.com/content/18e-championnats-africains-de-boxe-ngamissengue-encore-mis-ko-65685 "18e Championnats africains de Boxe : Ngamissengué a encore mis KO".] adiac-congo.com (in French). Retrieved 26 July 2020.</ref>Ntwa ya gagwe ya bofelo e ne e le kwa 2017 National Championships kwa Gaborone, kwa a neng a kgona go fenya sereto sa gagwe sa bosupa sa naga ka go latelana pele a tlogela. <ref name=":0" /> == Ditlamorago tsa boithaopo == === 2011 Zone 4 African Championships kwa Gaborone, Botswana (middleweight) <ref name=":2" /> === * O latlhegetswe ke Josephat Mufayi (Zimbabwe) PTS === 2012 African Cup of Nations kwa Gaborone, Botswana (middleweight)<ref>[http://amateur-boxing.strefa.pl/Championships/AfricanCupofNations2012.html "4.African Cup of Nations"]. amateur-boxing.strefa.pl. Retrieved 25 July 2020.</ref> === * O ne a fenngwa ke Mohamed Amine Meskini (Tunisia) 18- 23 * O fentse Steven Masiyambumbi (Zimbabwe) 22- 8 * O ne a fenngwa ke Sofiane Tabi (Algeria) 12 -20 3rd place, bronze medalist ((s) === 2015 Botswana Best of the Best Tournament kwa Gaborone, Botswana (boima jo bo bobebe)<ref>[http://amateur-boxing.strefa.pl/Tournaments/Nat_Sel_BTS2015.html Botswana Best of the Best Tournament"]. amateur-boxing.strefa.pl. Retrieved 25 July 2020.</ref> === * O latlhegetswe ke Thabang Motsewabeng 0 -3 2nd place, silver medalist ((s) === 2015 Zone 4 African Championships kwa Pretoria, South Africa (middleweight)<ref>[http://amateur-boxing.strefa.pl/Championships/Zone4African2015.html Zone 4 African Championships".] amateur-boxing.strefa.pl. Retrieved 25 July 2020.</ref> === * O ne a fenya Vidal Antonio Galeta (Angola) 3 -0 * O ne a fenngwa ke Siphiwe Lusizi (Afrika Borwa) WO * O ne a fenya Lourenço Cossa (Mozambique) 3 -0 1st place, gold medalist ((s) === 2015 African Championships kwa Casablanca, Morocco (middleweight)<ref>[http://amateur-boxing.strefa.pl/Championships/AfricanChampionships2015.html "18.African Championships".] amateur-boxing.strefa.pl. Retrieved 25 July 2020.</ref> === * O fentse Mayk Miyenikoue Nruguen (Gabon) 3 -0 * O ne a fenya Lassina Keita (Mali) TKO2 * O ne a fenya John Koudeha (Togo) TKO2 * O ne a fenngwa ke Hosam Bakr Abdin (Egypt) 0 -3 2nd place, silver medalist ((s) === 2015 African Games kwa Brazzaville, Congo (boima jo bo fa gare)<ref>[http://amateur-boxing.strefa.pl/Championships/AllAfricaGames2015.html 11.All-Africa Games".] amateur-boxing.strefa.pl. Retrieved 25 July 2020.</ref> === * O ne a fenya Getachew Akililu (Ethiopia) TKO2 * O ne a fenya Lourenço Cossa (Mozambique) 3- 0 * O latlhegetswe ke Glory L'Muala (DR Congo) 0 -3 3rd place, bronze medalist ((s) === 2015 World Championships kwa Doha, Qatar (middleweight)<ref>[http://amateur-boxing.strefa.pl/Championships/WorldChamps2015.html 18.World Championships"]. amateur-boxing.strefa.pl. Retrieved 25 July 2020</ref> === * O ne a fenngwa ke Aljaž Venko (Slovenia) 0 -3 === 2016 Zone 4 African Championships in Maputo, Mozambique (middleweight)<ref name=":3" /> === * O fentse Thanda Mkhatjwa (Swaziland) TKO * O ne a fenya Sinamiso Ntuli (South Africa) 3- 0 1st place, gold medalist (s) === 2016 African Olympic Qualification Tournament in Yaoundé, Cameroon (middleweight) <ref name=":4" /> === * O ne a fenya Titus Joseph (Namibia) 3- 0 * O ne a fenngwa ke Anauel Ngamissengue (Congo) 0-3 === 2017 African Championships in Brazzaville, Congo (middleweight) <ref>[http://amateur-boxing.strefa.pl/Championships/AfricanChampionships2017.html 19.African Championships"]. amateur-boxing.strefa.pl. Retrieved 25 July 2020</ref> === * O latlhegetswe ke Anauel Ngamissengue (Congo) KO1 == Metswedi == 8cv6zn2yeuh85atn9l1n7zinwmvj9l9 Moitseanape wa boitekanelo jwa tlhaloganyo 0 14804 53676 2026-07-30T19:24:27Z Canana12 12484 Created by translating the page "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364540143|Mental health professional]]" 53676 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Setsebi sa boitekanelo jwa tlhaloganyo''' ke ngaka ya tlhokomelo ya boitekanelo kgotsa motlamedi wa ditirelo tsa loago le batho yo o tlamelang ka ditirelo ka maikaelelo a go tokafatsa boitekanelo jwa tlhaloganyo jwa motho kgotsa go alafa malwetse a tlhaloganyo . Setlhopha seno se se anameng se ne sa tlhamiwa jaaka leina la badiri ba baagi ba ba neng ba bereka mo ditheong tse dišwa tsa boitekanelo jwa tlhaloganyo tsa baagi tse di simolotseng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go thusa batho ka bongwe ba ba fudugang go tswa kwa dikokelong tsa puso, go thibela go amogelwa le go tlamela ka tshegetso mo magaeng, mo ditirong, mo thutong le mo baaging. Batho bano (jaaka badiri ba diofisi tsa puso, badiri ba lekala la poraefete, le badiri ba mekgatlho e e sa direleng poelo e jaanong e leng badiri ba lekala la boithaopo) e ne e le bone ba ba neng ba le kwa pele go tlhama mananeo a baagi, a gompieno a ka bidiwang ka maina a a jaaka matlo a a nang le tshegetso, tsosoloso ya malwetse a tlhaloganyo, tiro e e nang le tshegetso kgotsa ya phetogo, thuto e e nang le tshegetso, tiro e e sirelediwang. Madirelo a a rotloetsang boikemelo, kalafi ya go tlhatlhoba bolwetse gabedi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Do I Find Dual Diagnosis Treatment ? {{!}} Rehabs.com |url=https://www.rehabs/dual-diagnosis-rehabs/ |access-date=2020-11-12 |website=Drug Rehab Options |language=en-US}}</ref> thuto ya tlhaloganyo ya motho ka bongwe le ya lelapa, tlhokomelo ya bagolo ya motshegare, tlhokomelo ya bana ba ba godisitsweng, ditirelo tsa lelapa le kgakololo ya boitekanelo jwa tlhaloganyo. Dingaka tsa malwetse a tlhaloganyo ke dingaka tse di dirisang mokwalo wa kalafi ya botshelo go alafa mathata a boitekanelo jwa tlhaloganyo - di ka kwalela balwetse melemo e e alafang malwetse a tlhaloganyo. Lereo bagakolodi gantsi le kaya baitseanape ba ba mo diofising ba ba neelanang ka dithulaganyo tsa kalafi go bareki ba bona, tse di tsamaisiwang ke mekgatlho e e jaaka kgakololo ya baruti (e e ka dirang kgotsa e e ka se direng le bareki ba ditirelo tsa nako e telele) le bagakolodi ba malapa. Bagakolodi ba boitekanelo jwa tlhaloganyo ba ka kaya bagakolodi ba ba dirang mo ditirelong tsa bonno mo lephateng la boitekanelo jwa tlhaloganyo mo mananeong a baagi. == Jaaka baitseanape ba baagi == Jaaka Dr. William Anthony, rraagwe tsosoloso ya tlhaloganyo, a tlhalositse, baoki ba tlhaloganyo (RNMH, RMN, CPN), baithutatlhaloganyo ba tleliniki (PsyD kgotsa PhD), badirediloago ba tleliniki (MSW kgotsa MSSW), bagakolodi ba boitekanelo jwa tlhaloganyo (MA kgotsa MS), bagakolodi ba seporofešenale, borakhemisi, mmogo le baitseanape ba bangwe ba le bantsi ba ba rutegileng ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, ba rutetswe ka mokgwa wa kakaretso wa baagi (sekao, mananeo a ditirelo tsa batho kgotsa ditirelo tsa boitekanelo le tsa batho ka 2013). Le fa go ntse jalo, sengwe se a neng a se tsepamisa mogopolo thata e ne ele gore thuto e tshwanetse go dira gore baitseanape ba ikemisetse go bereka mo ditirelong le ditshegetsong tsa nako e telele mo baaging mo setšhabeng go isa kwa boleng jo bo botoka jwa botshelo jwa motho ka bongwe, mmogo le malapa a bone le baagi ka kakaretso. Mokgwa wa tshegetso ya baagi o o neng wa tlhamiwa kwa US ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 o tsewa jaaka motheo wa ditlhabololo tse dišwa tsa kalafi (sekao, mathata a go ja, mananeo a kalafi ya bokgoba jwa diritibatsi) tse gantsi e leng ditleliniki tse di ikemetseng tsa "mathata" a a rileng. Ka tlwaelo, lereo "setsebi sa boitekanelo jwa tlhaloganyo" ga le akaretse baitseanape ba ba dirang mo mafapheng a mangwe a bogole, a a jaaka bogole jwa tlhaloganyo le bogole jwa motho. Mafapha ano a nale dithulaganyo tsa ona tsa go ruta baitseanape,, dikgatiso tsa one tsa dipatlisiso (journals), le ditsamaiso le ditheo tsa ona tsa mmuso wa United States. Tsosoloso ya balwetse ba tlhaloganyo tsosolositswe gape mme ya tsenngwa mo phetisong ya dithulaganyo tsa tlhokomelo ya boitekanelo jwa maitsholo. == Jaaka e netefaditswe le go newa laesense (go ralala ditheo le baagi) == Baitseanape bano gantsi ba samagana le malwetse a a tshwanang, mathata, maemo le dikgang (le fa ba ka kgaoganya mafelo a mo lefelong, a a tshwanang le bookelo kgotsa baagi ba setlhopha se se tshwanang); le fa go ntse jalo, bogolo jwa tiro ya bona bo a farologana mme bogolosegolo, maemo a bona le dikarolo tsa bona mo mafapheng a ditirelo le ditsamaiso tsa boitekanelo jwa tlhaloganyo. Pharologano e e botlhokwa thata fa gare ga baitseanape ba boitekanelo jwa tlhaloganyo ke melao e e amanang le thuto le katiso e e tlhokegang go ralala diporofešene tse di farologaneng. <ref name="AboutPsychs">{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=Difference Between Psychologists and Psychiatrists |url=http://psychology.about.com/od/psychotherapy/f/psychvspsych.htm |access-date=March 4, 2007}}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, phetogo e e botlhokwa thata e nnile tshwetso ya Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya Olmstead ka ga thulaganyo e e kopantsweng thata e e tshwanetseng go fokotsa tiriso ya bookelo jwa puso go ya pele; e fela ka baitseanape ba bašwa ba ba batlang tsh ya ditaelo tsa kalafi ya baagi le ditshwanelo tsa go tsamaisa melemo (mananeo a ntlha a baagi, baagi ba ne rutwa go ikabela le go nwa melemo ya bone ka nosi ka tsela e e tshwanetseng, dingwaga tsa bo 1970). Ka ngwaga wa 2013, dingaka tse dišwa tsa boitekanelo jwa tlhaloganyo di newa laesense kgotsa di newa setifikeiti mo setšhabeng (sekao, PhD, thuto mo tirong ya kalafi ya poraefete) ke dinaga, didikirii le disetifikeiti di neelwa mo mafapheng a a jaaka tsosoloso ya balwetse ba tlhaloganyo (MS, PhD), BA ya saekholoji go MA go bona laesense ya tiro. Batho ba nang le BA (go fitlha go PhD) tsamaisong ya mananeo a magareng, badiredipuso ba ba nang le bokgoni, le badirediloagoba ba tswelela go nna bone ba ba etelelang pele go amogeleng batho mo ditirelong tsa baagi kwa United States (e nang le laesense ya mmuso, gantsi le katiso ya kakaretso). Se se gakgamatsang ke gore, kaelo ya puso e dule mo kalafing ya tlhaloganyo go ya kwa boeteledipeleng jwa baagi le go dira gore tsamaiso ya ditirelo tsa baagi e nne ya seporofešenale. Go thapa le go katisa badiri ba maemo a go tsena go sa ntse go le tlhobaboroko e kgolo (go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970, ka nako eo gantsi go ne go gaisana le maemo a dijo tse di bonako), mme Badiri ba Tshegetso e e Tlhamaletseng ba Amerika ba akaretsa botlhokwa kgotsa go gatelela gape go katisa bathusi ba kalafi ya tlhaloganyo, bathusi ba maitsholo, le bathusi ba kalafi ya bokgoba jwa diritibatsi go dira mo magaeng le mo baaging. Ditsi tsa Medicaid le Medicare di na le dipeelo tse di swa tsa "go ikaela" ditirelong mme dikgetho tse diswa di tlhomilwe go rulaganya merero ya motho ka nosi ka lebaka la go tokafatsa boleng jwa botshelo. Mananeo a baagi a ntse a oketsega go dirisa matlole a tlhokomelo ya boitekanelo, jaaka Medicaid, mme Tekatekano ya Boitekanelo jwa Tlhaloganyo jaanong ke molao kwa US. l3w1rjazdn2m05oplu1l6g6r7b6j9qn 53711 53676 2026-07-31T05:51:41Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53711 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Setsebi sa boitekanelo jwa tlhaloganyo''' ke ngaka ya tlhokomelo ya boitekanelo kgotsa motlamedi wa ditirelo tsa loago le batho yo o tlamelang ka ditirelo ka maikaelelo a go tokafatsa boitekanelo jwa tlhaloganyo jwa motho kgotsa go alafa malwetse a tlhaloganyo . Setlhopha seno se se anameng se ne sa tlhamiwa jaaka leina la badiri ba baagi ba ba neng ba bereka mo ditheong tse dišwa tsa boitekanelo jwa tlhaloganyo tsa baagi tse di simolotseng ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 go thusa batho ka bongwe ba ba fudugang go tswa kwa dikokelong tsa puso, go thibela go amogelwa le go tlamela ka tshegetso mo magaeng, mo ditirong, mo thutong le mo baaging. Batho bano (jaaka badiri ba diofisi tsa puso, badiri ba lekala la poraefete, le badiri ba mekgatlho e e sa direleng poelo e jaanong e leng badiri ba lekala la boithaopo) e ne e le bone ba ba neng ba le kwa pele go tlhama mananeo a baagi, a gompieno a ka bidiwang ka maina a a jaaka matlo a a nang le tshegetso, tsosoloso ya malwetse a tlhaloganyo, tiro e e nang le tshegetso kgotsa ya phetogo, thuto e e nang le tshegetso, tiro e e sirelediwang. Madirelo a a rotloetsang boikemelo, kalafi ya go tlhatlhoba bolwetse gabedi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Do I Find Dual Diagnosis Treatment ? {{!}} Rehabs.com |url=https://www.rehabs/dual-diagnosis-rehabs/ |access-date=2020-11-12 |website=Drug Rehab Options |language=en-US}}</ref> thuto ya tlhaloganyo ya motho ka bongwe le ya lelapa, tlhokomelo ya bagolo ya motshegare, tlhokomelo ya bana ba ba godisitsweng, ditirelo tsa lelapa le kgakololo ya boitekanelo jwa tlhaloganyo. Dingaka tsa malwetse a tlhaloganyo ke dingaka tse di dirisang mokwalo wa kalafi ya botshelo go alafa mathata a boitekanelo jwa tlhaloganyo - di ka kwalela balwetse melemo e e alafang malwetse a tlhaloganyo. Lereo bagakolodi gantsi le kaya baitseanape ba ba mo diofising ba ba neelanang ka dithulaganyo tsa kalafi go bareki ba bona, tse di tsamaisiwang ke mekgatlho e e jaaka kgakololo ya baruti (e e ka dirang kgotsa e e ka se direng le bareki ba ditirelo tsa nako e telele) le bagakolodi ba malapa. Bagakolodi ba boitekanelo jwa tlhaloganyo ba ka kaya bagakolodi ba ba dirang mo ditirelong tsa bonno mo lephateng la boitekanelo jwa tlhaloganyo mo mananeong a baagi. == Jaaka baitseanape ba baagi == Jaaka Dr. William Anthony, rraagwe tsosoloso ya tlhaloganyo, a tlhalositse, baoki ba tlhaloganyo (RNMH, RMN, CPN), baithutatlhaloganyo ba tleliniki (PsyD kgotsa PhD), badirediloago ba tleliniki (MSW kgotsa MSSW), bagakolodi ba boitekanelo jwa tlhaloganyo (MA kgotsa MS), bagakolodi ba seporofešenale, borakhemisi, mmogo le baitseanape ba bangwe ba le bantsi ba ba rutegileng ka fa letlhakoreng le lengwe, ba rutetswe ka mokgwa wa kakaretso wa baagi (sekao, mananeo a ditirelo tsa batho kgotsa ditirelo tsa boitekanelo le tsa batho ka 2013). Le fa go ntse jalo, sengwe se a neng a se tsepamisa mogopolo thata e ne ele gore thuto e tshwanetse go dira gore baitseanape ba ikemisetse go bereka mo ditirelong le ditshegetsong tsa nako e telele mo baaging mo setšhabeng go isa kwa boleng jo bo botoka jwa botshelo jwa motho ka bongwe, mmogo le malapa a bone le baagi ka kakaretso. Mokgwa wa tshegetso ya baagi o o neng wa tlhamiwa kwa US ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970 o tsewa jaaka motheo wa ditlhabololo tse dišwa tsa kalafi (sekao, mathata a go ja, mananeo a kalafi ya bokgoba jwa diritibatsi) tse gantsi e leng ditleliniki tse di ikemetseng tsa "mathata" a a rileng. Ka tlwaelo, lereo "setsebi sa boitekanelo jwa tlhaloganyo" ga le akaretse baitseanape ba ba dirang mo mafapheng a mangwe a bogole, a a jaaka bogole jwa tlhaloganyo le bogole jwa motho. Mafapha ano a nale dithulaganyo tsa ona tsa go ruta baitseanape,, dikgatiso tsa one tsa dipatlisiso (journals), le ditsamaiso le ditheo tsa ona tsa mmuso wa United States. Tsosoloso ya balwetse ba tlhaloganyo tsosolositswe gape mme ya tsenngwa mo phetisong ya dithulaganyo tsa tlhokomelo ya boitekanelo jwa maitsholo. == Jaaka e netefaditswe le go newa laesense (go ralala ditheo le baagi) == Baitseanape bano gantsi ba samagana le malwetse a a tshwanang, mathata, maemo le dikgang (le fa ba ka kgaoganya mafelo a mo lefelong, a a tshwanang le bookelo kgotsa baagi ba setlhopha se se tshwanang); le fa go ntse jalo, bogolo jwa tiro ya bona bo a farologana mme bogolosegolo, maemo a bona le dikarolo tsa bona mo mafapheng a ditirelo le ditsamaiso tsa boitekanelo jwa tlhaloganyo. Pharologano e e botlhokwa thata fa gare ga baitseanape ba boitekanelo jwa tlhaloganyo ke melao e e amanang le thuto le katiso e e tlhokegang go ralala diporofešene tse di farologaneng. <ref name="AboutPsychs">{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=Difference Between Psychologists and Psychiatrists |url=http://psychology.about.com/od/psychotherapy/f/psychvspsych.htm |access-date=March 4, 2007 |archive-date=April 3, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403173150/http://psychology.about.com/od/psychotherapy/f/psychvspsych.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Le fa go ntse jalo, phetogo e e botlhokwa thata e nnile tshwetso ya Kgotlatshekelokgolo ya Olmstead ka ga thulaganyo e e kopantsweng thata e e tshwanetseng go fokotsa tiriso ya bookelo jwa puso go ya pele; e fela ka baitseanape ba bašwa ba ba batlang tsh ya ditaelo tsa kalafi ya baagi le ditshwanelo tsa go tsamaisa melemo (mananeo a ntlha a baagi, baagi ba ne rutwa go ikabela le go nwa melemo ya bone ka nosi ka tsela e e tshwanetseng, dingwaga tsa bo 1970). Ka ngwaga wa 2013, dingaka tse dišwa tsa boitekanelo jwa tlhaloganyo di newa laesense kgotsa di newa setifikeiti mo setšhabeng (sekao, PhD, thuto mo tirong ya kalafi ya poraefete) ke dinaga, didikirii le disetifikeiti di neelwa mo mafapheng a a jaaka tsosoloso ya balwetse ba tlhaloganyo (MS, PhD), BA ya saekholoji go MA go bona laesense ya tiro. Batho ba nang le BA (go fitlha go PhD) tsamaisong ya mananeo a magareng, badiredipuso ba ba nang le bokgoni, le badirediloagoba ba tswelela go nna bone ba ba etelelang pele go amogeleng batho mo ditirelong tsa baagi kwa United States (e nang le laesense ya mmuso, gantsi le katiso ya kakaretso). Se se gakgamatsang ke gore, kaelo ya puso e dule mo kalafing ya tlhaloganyo go ya kwa boeteledipeleng jwa baagi le go dira gore tsamaiso ya ditirelo tsa baagi e nne ya seporofešenale. Go thapa le go katisa badiri ba maemo a go tsena go sa ntse go le tlhobaboroko e kgolo (go tloga ka dingwaga tsa bo 1970, ka nako eo gantsi go ne go gaisana le maemo a dijo tse di bonako), mme Badiri ba Tshegetso e e Tlhamaletseng ba Amerika ba akaretsa botlhokwa kgotsa go gatelela gape go katisa bathusi ba kalafi ya tlhaloganyo, bathusi ba maitsholo, le bathusi ba kalafi ya bokgoba jwa diritibatsi go dira mo magaeng le mo baaging. Ditsi tsa Medicaid le Medicare di na le dipeelo tse di swa tsa "go ikaela" ditirelong mme dikgetho tse diswa di tlhomilwe go rulaganya merero ya motho ka nosi ka lebaka la go tokafatsa boleng jwa botshelo. Mananeo a baagi a ntse a oketsega go dirisa matlole a tlhokomelo ya boitekanelo, jaaka Medicaid, mme Tekatekano ya Boitekanelo jwa Tlhaloganyo jaanong ke molao kwa US. hf14l1xb9sdskiwslkslx134tm2pb2h Obakeng Kamberuka 0 14805 53683 2026-07-30T20:38:20Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Obakeng Kamberuka 53683 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Obakeng Kamberuka''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le borobabobedi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi leboraro(2003) ke motshameki wa lebelo go tswa Botswana. O ne a nna mmampodi wa bosetšhaba wa Botswana ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le borataro( 2026) mme o ne a gapa sekgele sa selefera mo metareng e le makgolo a mane kwa Dikgaisanyong tsa Aforika tsa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le borataro (2026).Ngwaga oo, o ne a nna mmamoratwa wa Botswana mo metshamekong ya 200 metres. <ref>[https://worldathletics.org/athletes/botswana/obakeng-kamberuka-14936354 Obakeng Kamberuka]". World Athletics. Retrieved 15 May 2026.</ref> == Ditso == Ka kgwedi ya Phatwe ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro (2023), o ne a taboga jaaka karolo ya setlhopha sa Botswana sa relay kwa Metshamekong ya Lefatshe ya Metshameko ya Maatla ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro (2023) kwa Budapest, Hungary.<ref>[https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7138987?eventId=204596 World Athletics Championships, Budapest 2023"]. ''World Athletics''. 27 August 2023. Retrieved 15 May 2026.</ref><ref>Kolantsho, Calistus (August 12, 2023). "[https://www.mmegi.bw/ampArticle/109394 Moroko makes surprise return to relay team".] ''mmegi.bw''. Retrieved 15 May 2026.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024),o ne a gapa dimetlele tsa selefera mo metshamekong ya 4 × 400 m relay,<ref>[https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7207013?eventId=10229988 "African Games]". World Athletics. 18 March 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2024</ref><ref>Mlilo, Portia (31 March 2024). "[https://thevoicebw.com/relay-rockets/ Relay rockets".] thevoicebw. Retrieved 15 May 2026.</ref>le dimetlele tsa boronse mo metshamekong ya basadi ya 4 × 400 m relay kwa Metshamekong ya Aforika ya 2023 kwa Accra, [[Ghana]].<ref>[https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7207013?eventId=204596 "African Games".] World Athletics. 18 March 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2024.</ref> O ne a taboga jaaka karolo ya Botswana Mixed 4 × 400 m relay team kwa [[2024 World Relays Championships]] kwa Nassau, Bahamas<ref>[https://www.watchathletics.com/page/5395/mixed-4x400m-results-world-athletics-relays-championships-2024 Mixed 4x400m Results - World Athletics Relays Championships 2024"]. Watch Athletics. 5 May 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2024.</ref>. O ne a gapa dimetlele tsa boronse mo metshamekong ya 4 × 400 m ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024) kwa Douala, Cameroon. <ref>[https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/80230 Mixed relay team wins bronze]". dailynews.gov.bw. Retrieved 15 May 2026</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Moranang ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le borataro (2026),o ne a taboga mo metsotswaneng e le 50.97 go fenya sekgele sa dimetara di le makgolo a mane kwa Botswana Championships ya 2026.<ref>Kolantsho, Calistus (April 13, 2026). "[https://www.mmegi.bw/ampArticle/122143 Coach hopeful of a strong women's relay team".] mmegi.bw. Retrieved 15 May 2026.</ref><ref>[https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7241518?eventId=10229511 Botswana Championships"]. World Athletics. 3 April 2026. Retrieved 15 May 2026.</ref>Ka kgwedi ya Motsheganong ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le borataro (2026), o ne a emela Botswana kwa 2026 World Athletics Relays kwa Gaborone, Botswana, mme e ne e le karolo ya setlhopha se se kopaneng sa 4 × 400 m relay se se tlhomileng rekoto e ntšhwa ya bosetšhaba ya 3:13.51.<ref>Omogbeja, Yomi (May 3, 2026)[https://www.athletics.africa/news-features/liveblogs/live-day-2-debswana-world-athletics-relays-gaborone-26-23898 . "Day 2 – Debswana World Athletics Relays Gaborone 26"]. Athletics.Africa.</ref><ref>https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-relays/gaborone26/results/mixed/4x400-metres-relay/world-ch-qualifying-round-2/startlist</ref>O ne gape a taboga mo kgaisanong ya basadi ya 4 × 400 metres relay kwa dikgaisanyong tsa bommampodi. <ref>[https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7216920?eventId=204596&gender=W World Athletics Relays]". World Athletics. 3 May 2026. Retrieved 20 May 2026.</ref> Moragonyana mo kgweding eo, o ne a gapa sekgele sa selefera mo metareng e le 400 kwa Metshamekong ya Aforika ya 2026 kwa Accra. <ref>[https://worldathletics.org/news/report/eseme-eppie-amusan-2026-african-championships-accra Historic firsts define opening days of African Championships in Accra]". World Athletics. Retrieved 15 May 2026.</ref><ref>[https://www.olympics.com/en/news/african-athletics-championships-2026-lee-eppie-botswana-charge-day-3 African Athletics Championships 2026: Lee Eppie leads Botswana charge as Day 3 delivers first medals for hosts Ghana]". Olympics.com. 14 May 2026. Retrieved 15 May 2026.</ref>Mo kgweding e e latelang, o ne a tlhoma rekoto ya bosetšhaba ya Botswana mo dimetareng tse makgolo a mabedi ka metsotswana e le 22.79 kwa Gaborone.<ref>[https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7230625?eventId=10229510 The Village Power Shot]". World Athletics. 27 June 2026. Retrieved 28 July 2026.</ref> == Metswedi == slzi8mer15p57h4pef1o43e32vpufte Mokgatlho wa Youth Impact mo Botswana 0 14806 53687 2026-07-30T21:17:50Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Mokgatlho wa Youth Impact mo Botswana 53687 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Youth Impact''' ke mokgatlho o e seng wa puso o o kwa Gaborone, Botswana, o o dirang dithulaganyo tse di theilweng mo bosuping mo go tsa boitekanelo le thuto. Maikemisetso a yone ke go golaganya basha le tshedimosetso e e itshupileng e le e e bolokang matshelo, mme Youth Impact e fitlheletse basha ba feta 100 000. Youth Impact ga jaana e tsamaisa mananeo a mabedi: Zones le Teaching at the Right Level. Thulaganyo e e tlhomologileng ya Zones, e kgothaletsa basha gore ba intshe ka pabalesego le batho ba ba lekanang le bone ka dingwaga go na le go intsha le batho ba ba godileng ba ba ka nnang ba ba tsenya mo kotsing. Lenaneo le ne le tlhotlheleditswe ke thuto ya ura e le nngwe e e neng ya neelwa kwa Kenya mme ya bontshiwa ka teko e e laolwang e e neng e dirwa ka go latelana go fokotsa selekanyo sa go ima ga basha, e leng selo se se ka dirang gore go nne le tlhakanelodikobo e e sa sireletsegeng le go fetisiwa ga HIV ka diperesente di le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi .<ref>Dupas, Pascaline (2011). [http://www.aeaweb.org/articles.php?doi=10.1257/app.3.1.1 "Do Teenagers Respond to HIV Risk Information? Evidence from a Field Experiment in Kenya]". American Economic Journal: Applied Economics. 3 (1): 1–34. doi:10.1257/app.3.1.1. ISSN 1945-7782</ref>Youth Impact e tsosolositse lenaneo le le ikaegileng ka bosupi mme ya le isa kwa Botswana le batsayakarolo ba Tirelo jaaka batlamedi ba lenaneo.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190425032320/http://www.sundaystandard.info/gov%E2%80%99t%E2%80%99s-new-employment-scheme-pay-degree-holders-p600 Gov't's new employment scheme to pay degree holders P600 - Sunday Standard".] www.sundaystandard.info. Archived from the original on 2019-04-25. Retrieved 2018-04-09.</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le botlhano (2015), Youth Impact e ne ya dira teko e e laolwang e e neng e dirwa ka go latelana go leka go bona gore a thulaganyo eno e sa ntse e dira mo Botswana. Tsheko eno e ne e akaretsa dikolo di le makgolo a mararo le masome a mane le boraro go ralala kgaolo eno. Diphitlhelelo go tswa mo RCT di supile gore go tlhokega diphetogo tse dintsi pele lenaneo le ka atolosediwa go kgaolo yotlhe; Youth Impact ga jaana e dirisa diphitlhelelo go tlhama lenaneo le le nang le seabe se se kwa godimo go gaisa.<ref>Does "[https://web.archive.org/web/20180310152221/https://globalinnovation.fund/does-sugar-daddies-replicate-the-preliminary-results-are-in-for-botswana/ Sugar Daddies" replicate? The preliminary results are in for Botswana - Global Innovation Fund"]. 29 January 2018. Archived from the original on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 9 April 2018.</ref> Lenaneo la bobedi, Teaching at the Right Level,<ref>[https://www.povertyactionlab.org/scale-ups/remedial-education "Teaching at the right level to improve learning - The Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab"]. www.povertyactionlab.org.</ref>ke lenaneo la thuto ya go baakanya le le tlhamilweng ke Pratham go thusa baithuti ba ba sa fitlheleleng ditekanyetso tsa kharikhulamo. Tharabololo eno e ile ya bontshiwa mo ditekong tse di fetang tse thataro tse go dirwang diteko ka tsone go bontsha gore e na le matswela a a molemo mo maemong a a farologaneng le mo dikaong tsa go e dirisa. Mokgwa ono o sekaseka bokgoni jwa baithuti o dirisa sedirisiwa sa go sekaseka se se nang le tsebe e le nngwe mme o bo o kgaoganya baithuti go ya ka gore ba ithutile go le kana kang go na le go ya ka dingwaga tsa bone kgotsa gore ba mo mophatong ofe. Fa ba sena go rulaganya baithuti gape, bagakolodi ba basha ba dirisa ditiro tse di kgatlhang tse di dirwang go ya ka maemo a bone mo malatsing a le masome a mararo morago ga sekolo go ruta baithuti mo maemong a bone. Go ruta baithuti go ya ka bokgoni jwa bone go na le go ba ruta go ya ka thulaganyo ya go ithuta ya mo mophatong wa bone go itshupile e le nngwe ya ditsela tse di mosola thata tsa go tokafatsa bokgoni jwa go bala le go kwala le jwa go bala le go bala dipalo. Lenaneo la boraro le ne la simololwa jaaka karolo ya kgato ya Youth Impact ya go lwantsha COVID-19.Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi (2020), dikolo go ralala lefatshe di ne tsa tswalwa ka ntlha ya leroborobo la COVID-19, mme seo sa oketsa mathata a a neng a setse a le teng a go ithuta. Mo lefatsheng lotlhe, go fopholediwa gore basha ba le dimilione di le 617 ba ba leng mo dingwageng tsa go tsena sekolo ga ba kgone go bala le go bala dipalo sentle (UIS, 2017). Fa e le gore baithuti ba ne ba sa kgone go ithuta dilo tse dintsi fa dikolo di ne di sa ntse di bulwa, go ka direga gore go se tlhole go rutiwa ka tlhamalalo go tla dira gore baithuti ba sale morago le go feta. E re ka go na le baithuti ba le dibilione di le 1,6 ba ba sa tseneng sekolo, leroborobo la COVID-19 le ile la gatelela thata gore go tlhokega mekgwa ya go ruta e e kgonang go fetofetoga le maemo e bile e kgona go emelana le maemo (UNESCO 2020). Ka fa tlase ga 40% ya malapa mo dinageng tse di nang le lotseno lo lo kwa tlase le lo lo fa gare ba na le kgono ya go dirisa Internet kgotsa go dirisa dinetweke tsa 3G tsa difouno tse di tlhokegang mo thutong e e tlwaelegileng ya "thekenoloji e e kwa godimo" ya go ithuta ka kgakajana (Center for Global Development 2020). Kwa ntle ga mafaratlhatlha le thekenoloji e e tlhokegang, bontsi jwa ditharabololo tseno di nnile le katlego e e lekanyeditsweng mo maemong ano (UNESCO 2020; Beuermann et al. 2015). Ka jalo, go tlhokega tharabololo e e motlhofo le e e fitlhelegang go tshegetsa thuto ya sekgala mo bathong ba go leng thata go ba fitlhelela le go tlhomamisa gore bana bano ga ba boge thata. E re ka 70% go ya go 90% ya malapa a a nang le lotseno lo lo kwa tlase le lo lo fa gare a na le bobotlana mogala o le mongwe wa selula, Youth Impact e ne ya dira thulaganyo ya go ruta batho go bala le go kwala ba le kgakala e e dirisang thulaganyo eno e e leng teng thata, mme e ise e dirisiwe sentle, go thusa mo thutong. Ka go dirisa megala e e bonolo le melaetsa ya SMS, Youth Impact e kgonne go fitlhelela malapa ka dithuto tse di nang le tlhotlheletso le tse di nang le tshedimosetso e e rileng go tokafatsa go ithuta. Youth Impact e ne ya tsamaisa Randomized Controlled Trial kwa Botswana, <ref>https://www.nber.org/papers/w28205</ref>e e neng ya neela bosupi jwa ntlha le jwa ntlha jwa tekeletso ka ga bokgoni jwa ditsereganyo tsa thekenoloji e e kwa tlase tsa go ithuta ka mogala mo mafelong a a kgakala, bo bontshitse gore ditsereganyo di ne di lekanyetsa tatlhegelo ya ka bonako ya go ithuta fa go na le tlhaelo ya thuto e nngwe. Gape e bontshitse bokgoni jwa gore didirisiwa tsa thekenoloji e e kwa tlase di ka dira gore motho a nne a ithuta ka lobaka lwa dikgwedi di le mmalwa, gongwe e le selo se se tlatsanang le go tsena sekolo ka metlha. Mo baithuting ba ba neng ba amogela megala le melaetsa ya SMS, re ne ra bona go fokotsega ga go sa itse go bala ka 31%. Mokgwa ono o dirile gore batsayakarolo le balekane ba lefatshe lotlhe ba tseye tsia thata mme Global Education Evidence Advisory Panel e ne ya o bitsa "Smart Buy" go tokafatsa maemo a go ithuta mo lefatsheng lotlhe. Mokgwa ono o setse o dirisitswe le go lekwa mo dinageng di le thataro go fitlha jaanong (Botswana, Kenya, India, Nepal, Philippines, le Uganda) go fitlhelela baithuti ba feta 25 000 le go tlhagisa bosupi jo bo bofefo le jo bogolo jwa dinaga tse dintsi mo thutong. Mananeo a Youth Impact a tsamaisiwa ka tirisanommogo le puso ya Botswana, mmogo le dipuso tse dingwe go ralala lefatshe. Ela tlhoko: Youth Impact e ne e bidiwa Young 1ove mme e ne ya fetolwa leina ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e le masome a mabedi le bobedi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022) ,letlha la segopotso sa dingwaga tse robabobedi tsa mokgatlho go bontsha kgolo ya ona go tswa mo lenaneong le le lengwe la boitekanelo go ya go mananeo a le mararo mo boitekanelong le mo thutong, le go tshola ka botlalo mokgatlho wa bašwa le thomo e e ikaegileng ka bosupi mo leineng la yone. == Metswedi == q34knvde94fi8iekimfbb3hynbim7k6 Renei Batlokwa 0 14807 53693 2026-07-30T22:16:16Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Renei Batlokwa 53693 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wedu Reneilwe Batlokwa''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e thola bongwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bosupa (1997) ke motshameki wa kgwele ya dinao wa Motswana yo o tshamekang jaaka motshameki wa mo gare wa Bowers & Pitsea. == Botshelo jwa pele le jwa botho == Batlokwa o ne a tsena sekolo sa Gable Hall. <ref name=":0">[https://www.southendunited.co.uk/news/2019/may/southend-announce-retained-list/ Southend United Announce Retained List]". southendunited.co.uk</ref>Go tloga ka kgwedi ya Phalane ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi (2018 )o ne a bua dipuo di le tharo ka thelelo mme a ithuta ya bone. <ref name=":0" /> == Tiro ya go tshameka == Batlokwa o simolotse tiro ya gagwe le Thurrock, a ikgolaganya le Southend United a le dingwaga di le lesome le bone .<ref>[http://nonleague.pitchero.com/headlines/bostik-league-clubs-busy-ahead-deadline/ Bostik League Clubs Busy Ahead Of Deadline".] Pitchero. 3 April 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2018</ref><ref>Chris Wise (5 April 2018). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20181029153705/http://www.edp24.co.uk/sport/lowestoft-town/lowestoft-town-football-1-5465373 Lowestoft Town boss delighted on have on-loan midfielder Batlokwa on board".] Eastern Daily Press. Archived from the original on 29 October 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2018.</ref>O ne a ya go adima kwa Lowestoft Town ka kgwedi ya Moranang ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi ( 2018).O ne a tshameka le setlhopha sa ntlha sa Southend ka nako ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi (2018) go ya ko ngwageng wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019) pre-season,<ref>Chris Phillips (17 July 2018). [https://www.echo-news.co.uk/sport/16358680.southend-united-midfielder-renei-batlokwa-sets-his-sights-on-first-team-debut/ "Southend United midfielder Renei Batlokwa sets his sights on first team debut".] Basildon Canvey Southend Echo. Retrieved 29 October 2018</ref>a dira tshimologo ya gagwe ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e thola bone ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi (2018). <ref>[https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=106465&season_id=151 Games played by Renei Batlokwa in 2018/2019"]. ''Soccerbase''. Centurycomm. Retrieved 29 October 2018.</ref><ref>Chris Phillips (5 September 2018). "[https://www.echo-news.co.uk/sport/16690987.renei-batlokwas-joy-at-making-southend-united-debut/ Renei Batlokwa's joy at making Southend United debut".] Basildon Canvey Southend Echo. Retrieved 29 October 2018.</ref> O ne a gololwa ke Southend kwa bokhutlong jwa setlha sa 2018-19.<ref>[https://www.southendunited.co.uk/news/2019/may/southend-announce-retained-list/ "Southend United Announce Retained List]". southendunited.co.uk</ref> Batlokwa o ne a ikgolaganya le Brentwood Town kwa bokhutlong jwa kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019).<ref name=":0" />O ne a tshamekela setlhopha seo go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi (2020),<ref>[https://www.brentwoodtownfc.co.uk/players/a893/reneil-batlokwa <nowiki>Profile at Brentwood Town's website[dead link]</nowiki>]. brentwoodtownfc.co.uk</ref> fa a ne a ya go nna leloko la Canvey Island. <ref>[https://www.betvictoristhmian.co.uk/canvey-swoop-for-brentwood-midfielder-61455 Canvey Swoop For Brentwood Midfielder] Archived 13 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine. betvictoristhmian.co.uk. 7 March 2020</ref>O ne a gololwa ka selemo sa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi (2020).<ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/202010160185.html Botswana: Zebras Prepare for AFCON]. allafrica.com. 15 October 2020.</ref> Ka nako ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022) go ya ko ngwageng wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro (2023), Batlokwa o ne a nna le nako e khutshwane le Concord Rangers, le fa go ntse jalo ga a ka a tshamekela setlhopha seo. <ref>[https://int.soccerway.com/players/-/494247/ Renei Batlokwa] at Soccerway</ref>Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro (2023),morago ga nako ya gagwe kwa Concord Rangers, Batlokwa o ne a fetsa nako a le mo tshekong kwa setlhopheng sa Slovak sa Tatran Liptovský Mikuláš.<ref>[https://www.regionalnespravy.sk/mfk-zemplin-na-uvod-pripravy-si-zmeral-sily-s-liptovskym-mikulasom/ "MFK Zemplín na úvod prípravy si zmeral sily s Liptovským Mikulášom]" (in Slovak). Regionálne správy. 11 January 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2024.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e thola bongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro (2023), Batlokwa o ne a saena tumalano le NIFL Premiership side Loughgall<ref>[https://www.belfastlive.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/irish-league-transfers-five-most-27640443 "Irish League transfers - five of the most intriguing deadline day moves]". BelfastLive. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2024.</ref>. Pele ga nako ya 2024 League of Ireland First Division, morago ga go tshameka makgetlho a mabedi mo Northern Ireland Football League Cup kwa Loughgall, Batlokwa o ne a saena le Athlone Town.<ref>[https://athlonetownafc.ie/match-report-athlone-town-afc-3-3-longford-town-fc/ Match Report: Athlone Town AFC 3-3 Longford Town FC"]. Athlone Town F.C. 23 March 2024. Retrieved 4 August 2024</ref> Pele ga setlha sa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024) go ya ko ngwageng wa dikete tse pedi le masome mabedi le botlhano(2025), Batlokwa o ne a boela kwa Engelane, a saena le setlhopha sa Isthmian League North Division Maldon & Tiptree. <ref>[http://www.fwp.co/maldon-and-tiptree/appearances/renei-batlokwa/972399 Maldon & Tiptree – Appearances – Renei Batlokwa]". Football Web Pages. Retrieved 18 November 2024.</ref>Ka kgwedi ya Moranang ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano (2025), Batlokwa o ne a saena tumalano le Bowers & Pitsea.<ref>[https://www.footballwebpages.co.uk/bowers-and-pitsea/appearances/renei-batlokwa/985214 Bowers & Pitsea – Appearances – Renei Batlokwa".] Football Web Pages. Retrieved 30 April 2025.</ref> == Metswedi == 57kv1dd6gqtu9zhlird2jp6fouwxhss 53714 53693 2026-07-31T06:33:04Z InternetArchiveBot 8156 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 53714 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wedu Reneilwe Batlokwa''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole e thola bongwe ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bosupa (1997) ke motshameki wa kgwele ya dinao wa Motswana yo o tshamekang jaaka motshameki wa mo gare wa Bowers & Pitsea. == Botshelo jwa pele le jwa botho == Batlokwa o ne a tsena sekolo sa Gable Hall. <ref name=":0">[https://www.southendunited.co.uk/news/2019/may/southend-announce-retained-list/ Southend United Announce Retained List]". southendunited.co.uk</ref>Go tloga ka kgwedi ya Phalane ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi (2018 )o ne a bua dipuo di le tharo ka thelelo mme a ithuta ya bone. <ref name=":0" /> == Tiro ya go tshameka == Batlokwa o simolotse tiro ya gagwe le Thurrock, a ikgolaganya le Southend United a le dingwaga di le lesome le bone .<ref>[http://nonleague.pitchero.com/headlines/bostik-league-clubs-busy-ahead-deadline/ Bostik League Clubs Busy Ahead Of Deadline".] Pitchero. 3 April 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2018</ref><ref>Chris Wise (5 April 2018). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20181029153705/http://www.edp24.co.uk/sport/lowestoft-town/lowestoft-town-football-1-5465373 Lowestoft Town boss delighted on have on-loan midfielder Batlokwa on board".] Eastern Daily Press. Archived from the original on 29 October 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2018.</ref>O ne a ya go adima kwa Lowestoft Town ka kgwedi ya Moranang ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi ( 2018).O ne a tshameka le setlhopha sa ntlha sa Southend ka nako ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi (2018) go ya ko ngwageng wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019) pre-season,<ref>Chris Phillips (17 July 2018). [https://www.echo-news.co.uk/sport/16358680.southend-united-midfielder-renei-batlokwa-sets-his-sights-on-first-team-debut/ "Southend United midfielder Renei Batlokwa sets his sights on first team debut".] Basildon Canvey Southend Echo. Retrieved 29 October 2018</ref>a dira tshimologo ya gagwe ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e thola bone ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi (2018). <ref>[https://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=106465&season_id=151 Games played by Renei Batlokwa in 2018/2019"]. ''Soccerbase''. Centurycomm. Retrieved 29 October 2018.</ref><ref>Chris Phillips (5 September 2018). "[https://www.echo-news.co.uk/sport/16690987.renei-batlokwas-joy-at-making-southend-united-debut/ Renei Batlokwa's joy at making Southend United debut".] Basildon Canvey Southend Echo. Retrieved 29 October 2018.</ref> O ne a gololwa ke Southend kwa bokhutlong jwa setlha sa 2018-19.<ref>[https://www.southendunited.co.uk/news/2019/may/southend-announce-retained-list/ "Southend United Announce Retained List]". southendunited.co.uk</ref> Batlokwa o ne a ikgolaganya le Brentwood Town kwa bokhutlong jwa kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019).<ref name=":0" />O ne a tshamekela setlhopha seo go fitlha ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi (2020),<ref>[https://www.brentwoodtownfc.co.uk/players/a893/reneil-batlokwa <nowiki>Profile at Brentwood Town's website[dead link]</nowiki>]. brentwoodtownfc.co.uk</ref> fa a ne a ya go nna leloko la Canvey Island. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200313083727/https://www.betvictoristhmian.co.uk/canvey-swoop-for-brentwood-midfielder-61455 Canvey Swoop For Brentwood Midfielder] Archived 13 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine. betvictoristhmian.co.uk. 7 March 2020</ref>O ne a gololwa ka selemo sa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi (2020).<ref>[https://allafrica.com/stories/202010160185.html Botswana: Zebras Prepare for AFCON]. allafrica.com. 15 October 2020.</ref> Ka nako ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bobedi (2022) go ya ko ngwageng wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro (2023), Batlokwa o ne a nna le nako e khutshwane le Concord Rangers, le fa go ntse jalo ga a ka a tshamekela setlhopha seo. <ref>[https://int.soccerway.com/players/-/494247/ Renei Batlokwa] at Soccerway</ref>Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro (2023),morago ga nako ya gagwe kwa Concord Rangers, Batlokwa o ne a fetsa nako a le mo tshekong kwa setlhopheng sa Slovak sa Tatran Liptovský Mikuláš.<ref>[https://www.regionalnespravy.sk/mfk-zemplin-na-uvod-pripravy-si-zmeral-sily-s-liptovskym-mikulasom/ "MFK Zemplín na úvod prípravy si zmeral sily s Liptovským Mikulášom]" (in Slovak). Regionálne správy. 11 January 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2024.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e thola bongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro (2023), Batlokwa o ne a saena tumalano le NIFL Premiership side Loughgall<ref>[https://www.belfastlive.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/irish-league-transfers-five-most-27640443 "Irish League transfers - five of the most intriguing deadline day moves]". BelfastLive. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2024.</ref>. Pele ga nako ya 2024 League of Ireland First Division, morago ga go tshameka makgetlho a mabedi mo Northern Ireland Football League Cup kwa Loughgall, Batlokwa o ne a saena le Athlone Town.<ref>[https://athlonetownafc.ie/match-report-athlone-town-afc-3-3-longford-town-fc/ Match Report: Athlone Town AFC 3-3 Longford Town FC"]. Athlone Town F.C. 23 March 2024. Retrieved 4 August 2024</ref> Pele ga setlha sa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024) go ya ko ngwageng wa dikete tse pedi le masome mabedi le botlhano(2025), Batlokwa o ne a boela kwa Engelane, a saena le setlhopha sa Isthmian League North Division Maldon & Tiptree. <ref>[http://www.fwp.co/maldon-and-tiptree/appearances/renei-batlokwa/972399 Maldon & Tiptree – Appearances – Renei Batlokwa]". Football Web Pages. Retrieved 18 November 2024.</ref>Ka kgwedi ya Moranang ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano (2025), Batlokwa o ne a saena tumalano le Bowers & Pitsea.<ref>[https://www.footballwebpages.co.uk/bowers-and-pitsea/appearances/renei-batlokwa/985214 Bowers & Pitsea – Appearances – Renei Batlokwa".] Football Web Pages. Retrieved 30 April 2025.</ref> == Metswedi == bfz9yxnre4443cvlkzmky9nj01vigdp James Freeman (Mothumi wa Botswana) 0 14808 53717 2026-07-31T07:14:06Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya James Freeman (Mothumi wa Botswana) 53717 wikitext text/x-wiki '''James Samuel Freeman ('''o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e le masome a mabedi le borobabobedi ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le bongwe (2001) ke motshameki wa motshameko wa go thuma wa [[Botswana|Botswana.]] <ref>[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=70535&dir=2017/july/28 Freeman makes huge swimming plunge".] mmegi. Retrieved 21 July 2019.</ref><ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210730064358/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/swimming/athlete-profile-n1469396-freeman-james.htm Swimming - FREEMAN James".] [[:en:Tokyo_Organising_Committee_of_the_Olympic_and_Paralympic_Games|Tokyo 2020 Olympics. Tokyo Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games.]] Archived from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2021</ref>O ne a gaisana mo kgaisanong ya banna ya 400 m freestyle kwa [[2019 World Aquatics Championships]] mme ga a ka a kgona go gaisana mo makgaolakgannyeng. <ref>[https://www.omegatiming.com/File/0001130107FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF22.pdf "Swimming Results Book" (]PDF). ''2019 World Aquatics Championships''. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2020.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190720085930/http://www.omegatiming.com/File/00011301070101EF01FFFFFFFFFFFF00.pdf 18th FINA World Championships 2019: Men's 400m Freestyle start list"] (PDF). FINA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 21 July 2019.</ref>O ne a gaisana le Botswana mo metshamekong ya [[2020 Summer Olympics]] mo kgaisanong ya banna ya 200m freestyle le banna ya 400m freestyle.<ref name=":0" /> Freeman ke moagi wa [[Palapye|Palapye,]] Botswana mme o gaisana mo maemong a kholetšhe ya Yunibesiti ya Minnesota.<ref>[https://gophersports.com/sports/mens-swimming-and-diving/roster/james-freeman/19726 James Freeman - Swimming & Diving"]. ''University of Minnesota Athletics''. Retrieved 2 August 2021</ref> == Metswedi == 52hlrx7n4k2rymrkc9hscwza0ad8f77 Tumisang Orebonye 0 14809 53721 2026-07-31T08:07:47Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Tumisang Orebonye 53721 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tumisang Orebonye''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e le masome a mabedi le borataro ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borataro (1996) ke motshameki wa kgwele ya dinao wa Motswana yo o tshamekang jaaka motshameki wa bogare wa setlhopha sa Al-Shomooa sa Libyan Premier League le setlhopha sa bosetšhaba sa Botswana. [1] Orebonye e ne e le motshameki wa ntlha wa Botswana go fenya sekgele sa kontinente, a fenya CAF Confederation Cup ka 2023 le USM Alger . [2] 2] == Tiro ya go tshameka == === USM Alger === Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e thola bongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro (2023), Orebonye o ne a ya kwa USM Alger ka konteraka ya dingwaga di le pedi le halofo, a tlogela OC Khouribga ya kwa Morocco. Kwadiso ya gagwe e ne ya diegisiwa ka gore o ne a sa ntse a le mo kgolegelong e e neng e beilwe ke Royal Moroccan Football Federation, e e neng ya mo thibela go tlhagelela mo kgaisanong ya selegae go fitlha ka Tlhakole. Orebonye o ne a tshamekela setlhopha sa gagwe sa ntlha kwa CAF Confederation Cup fa ba ne ba fenya Saint-Éloi Lupopo. Beke morago ga moo mo kgaisanong e e tshwanang kgatlhanong le Al Akhdar, Orebonye o ne a tsenya bolo ya gagwe ya ntlha mo setlhopheng. 5] Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e thola boraro ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro (2023), Orebonye o ne a gapa sekgele sa ntlha le setlhopha sa gagwe ka go fenya CAF Confederation Cup, koo a neng a nna motshameki wa ntlha wa Botswana go gapa sekgele sa kontinente. O ne a fenya gape le USM Alger, CAF Super Cup ya 2023, morago ga go fenya Al Ahly ka kgwedi ya Lwetse. 8] Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024), USM Alger e ne ya fedisa konteraka ya ga Orebonye ka tumelano, e mo letla go tlogela setlhopha jaaka moemedi yo o gololesegileng. 9][10] === AS FAR === Moragonyana ga go tswa kwa Algeria, Orebonye o ne a boela kwa Morocco go ya go saena le AS FAR Rabat ka tumelano ya dingwaga di le pedi le sephatlo kwa tshimologong ya kgwedi ya Ferikgong ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024).[1] 11] === Al-Ittihad Tripoli === Orebone o ne a nna kwa AS FAR mme morago ga moo a tsaya kgato e nngwe: ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano (2025), setlhopha sa kwa Libya sa Al Ittihad Tripoli se ne sa tsenya tirisong tumelano ya gagwe ya go mo golola, e go neng ga begwa gore e ka nna $500,000, gore a kgone go bona ditirelo tsa gagwe go tswa kwa AS FAR, mme seo sa dira gore a kopane le mokatisi Juan Carlos Garrido, yo o neng a kile a mo thapisa kwa USM Alger. 12] == Tiro ya boditšhabatšhaba == Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e le masome a mabedi le botlhano ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa (2017),Tumisang Orebonye o ne a tshameka motshameko wa gagwe wa ntlha le setlhopha sa bosetšhaba sa Botswana kgatlhanong le Tanzania mo motshamekong wa botsalano. Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le masome a mararo ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi ( 2018),Orebonye o ne a tsenya bolo ya gagwe ya ntlha ka mebala ya Botswana kgatlhanong le Namibia. Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e le lesome ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe (2021), Orebonye o ne a dira hat-trick kgatlhanong le Lesotho mo kgaisanong ya ditlhopha tsa COSAFA Cup. == Dipalopalo tsa ditiro == === Club === Go tloga ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e thola botlhano ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024)13] == Ditlotla == === Dithuthuntshwane tsa Township === * Botswana Premier League: 2018-19 === USM Alger === * CAF Confederation Cup: 2022 ⁇ 23 [1] * CAF Super Cup: 2023 [1] === Motho a le mongwe === * FUB Young Player of the Season: 2017[19] * Mascom Top 8 Cup Top Goalscorer: 2019[20] == Metswedi == 8re4moryeqncmfkpf44wuxzsuq3egpr 53726 53721 2026-07-31T09:00:19Z Lucrucia98 12161 53726 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tumisang Orebonye''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e le masome a mabedi le borataro ka ngwaga wa sekete, makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borataro (1996) ke motshameki wa kgwele ya dinao wa Motswana yo o tshamekang jaaka motshameki wa bogare wa setlhopha sa Al-Shomooa sa Libyan Premier League le setlhopha sa bosetšhaba sa Botswana. <ref>[https://www.besoccer.com/player/t-orebonye-369352 "T. Orebonye - Al-Shomooa SC".] Retrieved 9 March 2026</ref>Orebonye e ne e le motshameki wa ntlha wa Botswana go fenya sekgele sa kontinente, a fenya CAF Confederation Cup ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro (2023) le USM Alger .<ref>Pheko, Isaac (9 August 2023)[https://guardiansun.co.bw/sports/football/orebonye-talks-life-and-football . "Orebonye talks life and football".] Guardian Sun. Retrieved 5 January 2026.</ref> == Tiro ya go tshameka == === USM Alger === Ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole e thola bongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro (2023), Orebonye o ne a ya kwa USM Alger ka konteraka ya dingwaga di le pedi le halofo, a tlogela OC Khouribga ya kwa Morocco. <ref>[https://mediafootdz.dz/mercato-tumisang-orebonye-signe-a-lusma/ Mercato : Tumisang Orebonye signe à l'USMA"]. mediafootdz.dz. 1 February 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2023.</ref>Kwadiso ya gagwe e ne ya diegisiwa ka gore o ne a sa ntse a le mo kgolegelong e e neng e beilwe ke Royal Moroccan Football Federation, e e neng ya mo thibela go tlhagelela mo kgaisanong ya selegae go fitlha ka Tlhakole. <ref>[https://www.competition.dz/actualites/89-ligue-1/84339-usma-tumisang-orebonye-est-il-suspendu.html USMA : Tumisang Orebonye est-il suspendu ?]". competition.dz. 1 February 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2023.</ref>Orebonye o ne a tshamekela setlhopha sa gagwe sa ntlha kwa CAF Confederation Cup fa ba ne ba fenya Saint-Éloi Lupopo. Beke morago ga moo mo kgaisanong e e tshwanang kgatlhanong le Al Akhdar, Orebonye o ne a tsenya bolo ya gagwe ya ntlha mo setlhopheng.<ref>[https://www.dzfoot.com/football-en-algerie/coupes/caf-cc-bonne-operation-de-lusma-en-libye-238491.html CAF CC : Bonne opération de l'USMA en Libye]". dzfoot.com. 19 February 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2023.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e thola boraro ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le boraro (2023), Orebonye o ne a gapa sekgele sa ntlha le setlhopha sa gagwe ka go fenya CAF Confederation Cup, koo a neng a nna motshameki wa ntlha wa Botswana go gapa sekgele sa kontinente<ref name=":0">[https://www.barrons.com/news/usm-alger-lift-caf-cup-despite-home-loss-to-young-africans-2cdf88d4 USM Alger Lift CAF Cup Despite Home Loss To Young Africans"]. barrons.com. 3 June 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2023.</ref>.<ref>[https://enole.co.bw/tumisang-orebonye-won-caf-confederation-gold-medal/ Tumisang Orebonye won CAF Confederation Gold Medal]". enole.co.bw. 5 June 2023. Retrieved 7 June 2023.</ref>O ne a fenya gape le USM Alger, CAF Super Cup ya 2023, morago ga go fenya Al Ahly ka qkgwedi ya Lwetse. <ref name=":1">[https://mediafootdz.dz/lusma-remporte-la-supercoupe-de-la-caf-face-au-ahly/ L'USMA remporte la Supercoupe de la CAF face au Ahly"]. mediafootdz.dz. 15 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024), USM Alger e ne ya fedisa konteraka ya ga Orebonye ka tumelano, e mo letla go tlogela setlhopha jaaka moemedi yo o gololesegileng. <ref>[https://planetesport.dz/tumisang-orebonye-veut-quitter-lusma/ Tumisang Orebonye veut quitter l'USMA]". Planete Sport. 3 January 2024. Retrieved 5 January </ref><ref>[https://www.dzfoot.com/non-classe/usm-alger-resiliation-du-contrat-de-tumisang-orebonye-252486.html USM Alger : Résiliation du contrat de Tumisang Orebonye".] DZfoot. 9 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.</ref> === AS FAR === Moragonyana ga go tswa kwa Algeria, Orebonye o ne a boela kwa Morocco go ya go saena le AS FAR Rabat ka tumelano ya dingwaga di le pedi le sephatlo kwa tshimologong ya kgwedi ya Ferikgong ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024).<ref>[https://www.mmegi.bw/sports/orebonye-returns-to-morocco/news Orebonye returns to Morocco".] Orebonye returns to Morocco. 9 January 2024. Retrieved 23 December 2025.</ref> === Al-Ittihad Tripoli === Orebone o ne a nna kwa AS FAR mme morago ga moo a tsaya kgato e nngwe: ka kgwedi ya Tlhakole ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le botlhano (2025), setlhopha sa kwa Libya sa Al Ittihad Tripoli se ne sa tsenya tirisong tumelano ya gagwe ya go mo golola, e go neng ga begwa gore e ka nna $500,000, gore a kgone go bona ditirelo tsa gagwe go tswa kwa AS FAR, mme seo sa dira gore a kopane le mokatisi Juan Carlos Garrido, yo o neng a kile a mo thapisa kwa USM Alger.<ref>Géthox, Sonangnon (8 February 2025). "[https://africafootunited.com/transfert-equipe-du-botswana-tumisang-orebonye-rejoint-officiellement-al-ittihad-club/ Transfert – Équipe du Botswana : Tumisang Orebonye rejoint officiellement Al-Ittihad Club"]. ''AfricaFootUnited'' (in French). Retrieved 23 December 2025.</ref> == Tiro ya boditšhabatšhaba == Ka kgwedi ya Mopitlwe e le masome a mabedi le botlhano ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bosupa (2017),Tumisang Orebonye o ne a tshameka motshameko wa gagwe wa ntlha le setlhopha sa bosetšhaba sa Botswana kgatlhanong le Tanzania mo motshamekong wa botsalano. Ka kgwedi ya Lwetse e le masome a mararo ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi ( 2018),Orebonye o ne a tsenya bolo ya gagwe ya ntlha ka mebala ya Botswana kgatlhanong le Namibia. Ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e le lesome ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe (2021), Orebonye o ne a dira hat-trick kgatlhanong le Lesotho mo kgaisanong ya ditlhopha tsa COSAFA Cup. == Dipalopalo tsa ditiro == === Club === Go tloga ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e thola botlhano ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bone (2024)<ref>[https://int.soccerway.com/players/tumisang-orebonye/478909/ Tumisang Orebonye] at Soccerway</ref> == <ref>[https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/28927/Zambia_Botswana.html Zambia vs. Botswana"]. National Football Teams. Retrieved 5 June 2025.</ref><ref>[https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/20753/Botswana_Namibia.html Botswana vs. Namibia]". National Football Teams. Retrieved 5 June 2025.</ref>Ditlotla == === Dithuthuntshwane tsa Township Rollers === * Botswana Premier League: 2018-19 === USM Alger === * CAF Confederation Cup: 2022 ⁇ 23 <ref name=":0" /> * CAF Super Cup: 2023 <ref name=":1" /> === Motho a le mongwe === * FUB Young Player of the Season: 2017<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200702210143/http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/mobile/news-details.php?nid=38243&flag= https://web.archive.org/web/20200702210143/http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/mobile/news-details.php?nid=38243&flag=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702210143/http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/mobile/news-details.php?nid=38243&flag=]</ref> * Mascom Top 8 Cup Top Goalscorer: 2019a<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190519082354/http://www.sundaystandard.info/galaxy-are-new-mascom-top-8-stars Galaxy are the new Mascom Top 8 stars | Sunday Standard".] www.sundaystandard.info. Archived from the original on 19 May 2019.</ref> == Metswedi == 8j3hpx8fgoyrv5ayq01ah1u4s6udddy Botswana Red Cross Society 0 14810 53723 2026-07-31T08:19:16Z JudithShe 9421 ke ranotse tsebe ya Botswana Red Cross Society #Wikipedia25BW 53723 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company|founded=1968|type=Lekgotla le le senang dipoleo La ditshwanelo tsa setho|location=[[Botswana]]|website=https://www.botswanaredcross.org.bw/}} '''Botswana Red Cross Society''', e e itsegeng gape ka leina la '''LRC''',e tlhamilwe ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a marataro le borobabobedi. E na le diofisikgolo mo [[Gaborone]], [[Botswana]].<ref>Henckaerts, J.M.; Doswald-Beck, L.; Alvermann, C.; International Committee of the Red Cross (2005). [https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=DJTxx-9ayFcC&pg=PA1286&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Customary International Humanitarian Law''.] Customary International Humanitarian Law. Cambridge University Press. p.&nbsp;1286. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83937-2|<bdi>978-0-521-83937-2</bdi>.]] Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref><ref>DIANE Publishing Company (1995). [https://books.google.co.bw/books?id=luP3-pqEg_oC&pg=PA163&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ''World Disasters Report''.] DIANE Publishing Company. p.&nbsp;163. [[:en:ISBN|ISBN]]&nbsp;<bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-2261-3|978-0-7881-2261-3]]</bdi>. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> == Metswedi == p59rsll44bp3wndn2o1hvaf8f4v06b6 Botswana Athletics Association 0 14811 53725 2026-07-31T09:00:16Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Botswana Athletics Association #Wikipedia25BW 53725 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Botswana Athletics Association ('''BAA) ke leloko le le lemogiwang ke IAAF le le emetseng lefatshe la [[Botswana]] semmuso e le lekgotla le le okametseng metshameko ya mabelo.<ref>[https://www.bnsc.co.bw/index.php/node/238 "Botswana Athletics Association | Botswana National Sport Commission".] ''www.bnsc.co.bw''. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> == Ditso == Dingwaga di sa fete borataro morago ga boipuso jwa Botswana, Botswana Athletics Association e ne ya tlhamiwa kwa bokopanong kwa sekolong se segolwane sa [[Gaborone]] Secondary ka Seetebosigo a le lesome le borobabobedi ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le bobedi. Lekgotla le ne la kwadisiwa ka Seetebosigo ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe masome a supa le borobabongwe, le neela Lt. general [[Mompati Merafhe]] marapo a botautona jwa lone. Morago ga go ithola marapo mo sesoleng, Merafhe o ne a nna tona wa merero ya mafatshe a sele wa Botswana le mothusa tautona wa lefatshe la Botswana go tswa ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi le borobabobedo go tsena ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bobedi. Maikaelelo a lekgotla a akaretsa ditiragalo ka botlalo tsa mabelo jaaka lekgotla la bookamedi la IAAF, ka maikaelelo a go bona batabogi ba phadisanya mo seraleng sa mafatshefatshe.<ref>[https://www.bnsc.co.bw/node/238 "Botswana Athletics Association".]Botswana.National Sport Commission. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> Tautona wa lone wa gompieno ke Phaphane Botlhale.<ref>[https://www.bnsc.co.bw/node/363 "BAA PRESIDENT CALLS FOR REVIEW OF CONSTITUTION | Botswana National Sport Commission".] ''www.bnsc.co.bw''. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> Batabogi ba Botswana ba nnile le katlego mo mabelong a maleele le a a fa gare; [[Nijel Amos]] o ne a fenya seetsele sa ntlha sa diolimphiki e le motabogi o mmotlana, a fetsa ka seetsele sa selefera mo lobelong lwa dimithara di le makgolo a robabobedi kwa diolimphiking tsa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le bobedi a setse [[David Rudisha]] morago mo nakong ya gagwe ya mafatshefatshe. O ne a seegelwa kwa thoko dingwaga di le tharo mo mabelong ka ntlha ya go dirisa diritibatsi.<ref>[https://www.espn.com/olympics/trackandfield/story/_/id/37274377/nijel-amos-800m-silver-medalist-given-3-year-doping-ban "Silver medalist Amos given 3-year doping ban".] ''ESPN.com''. 3 May 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2025</ref> Amos o tswelela e le ene a tshegeditseng maemo a o ka lobelo loo. [[Amantle Montsho]] ke mogaka wa dikgaisano tsa mafatshefatshe tsa mabelo ka lobelo lwa dimithara di le makgolo a mane. [[Isaac Makwala]] ke motabogi wa bosupa ka lobelo wa lobelo lwa dimithara di le makgolo a mane mo ditsong, o etelela pele setlhopha sa mabelo a neelano (relay) sa batho ba le bane ba lobelo lwa dimithara di le makgolo a mane se se solofetsang, se se neng se gaisanela dietsele kwa diolimphiking tsa ngwaga wa dikete pedi lesome le borataro go fitlhelela kwa bofelong jwa lobelo. == Metswedi == h2tmpsr201xdsxjmg9knpd5xhao3k9r Zesta 0 14812 53727 2026-07-31T09:16:32Z JudithShe 9421 Ke ranotse tsebe ya Zesta #Wikipedia25BW 53727 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Company|name=Zesta|type=e e ikemetseng|industry=dithulaganyo|founded=Phatwe ngwaga wa 2020|founders=[[Henry Newman]] [[Randall Newman]]|areas_served=[[Aforika]]|services=go isa dilwana (kgwebo)|website=https://zesta.one/}} '''Zesta''' ke kompone e go rekiwang dijo mo go yone mo maranyaneng, e bo e di isa, e bereka mo kgaolong ya [[Aferika|Aforika]]. Pele e ne e itsege ka leina la Square Eats, kompone e ne ya fetola leina go nna Zesta ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le botlhano.<ref name=":0">[https://verbosec.com/square-eats-reimagined-zesta-brings-life-delivered/ "Square Eats Reimagined: Zesta Brings Life Delivered".] ''Verbosec''. 2 January 2025. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> Zesta e kopanya bareki le mabentlele a dijo, e dira ditirelo tsa go isa dijo, dithoto tse di rekilweng le diphasele le tse dingwe tsa botlhokwa.<ref>[https://yourbotswana.com/2020/11/18/square-eats-delivering-food-and-drinks-to-your-doorstep/ "Square Eats: delivering food and drinks to your doorstep – YourBotswana".] Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> == Ditso == [[Setshwantsho:Square Eats.png|thumb|Sekano sa Square Eats]] Zesta pele e tlhamilwe e le '''Square Eats''' ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi ke mawelana [[Henry Newman (rakgwebo)|Henry Newman]] le [[Randall Newman]] fa ba le dingwaga di le masome mabedi le motso.<ref>Adamson, Kabelo (3 February 2021). [https://thevoicebw.com/innovative-twins-enter-food-tech-space/ "Innovative twins enter food tech space » TheVoiceBW".] ''TheVoiceBW''. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> E ne ya simolodisiwa mo [[Gaborone]], [[Botswana]], ya nna tirelo ya go isa dijo e tumileng mo lefatsheng.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201101141818/https://azhizhi.com/1664/verbosec-launches-its-food-delivery-service-square-eats-in-botswana/ "Verbosec launches its Food-Delivery Service Square Eats in Botswana".] ''Azhizhi''. 26 July 2020. Archived from [https://azhizhi.com/1664/verbosec-launches-its-food-delivery-service-square-eats-in-botswana/ the original] on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> Kompone e ne ya emisa ditirelo ya tsaya tshwetso go ntshafatsa kgwebo ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le bobedi.<ref>[https://zesta.one/about "About Us - Zesta".] ''Zesta''. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> Ka ngwaga wa dikete pedi masome a mabedi le botlhano, kompone e ne ya itsise fa e fetola leina go nna Zesta, e gatelela maikaelelo a yone a go sa nne kompone e isang dijo fela mme le go nna maranyane a go rekiwang ka one.<ref name=":0" /> === Lenaneo la segajaja sa COVID-19 === Ka nako ya [[Segajaja sa Covid-19 mo Botswana|segajaja sa COVID-19]], Zesta (e ka nako eo e neng e le Square Eats) e ne ya dira methale ya go netefatsa pabalesego le bophepha, e akaretsa go neela bakgweetsi diatlana le melwara e e itshasiwang mo diatleng mahala le go dira ditsela tsa go isa dijo ba sa amane le bareki. Maiteko a, a ne a baya serala se go nna tirelo e e tshephagalang ka nako ya segajaja.<ref>Eats, Square (28 December 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210121212514/https://blog.sqeats.com/2020/12/28/health-and-safety-mandate/ "Our Commitment to Safer Deliveries: New Health and Safety Mandate".] ''Square Eats Blog''. Archived from [https://blog.sqeats.com/2020/12/28/health-and-safety-mandate/ the original] on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> == Tirelo == Zesta e rulaganya go isa dijo go tswa kwa bapating ba le mmalwa ba ba rekisang dijo ka maranyane a megala ya lotheka e e botlhale, a a teng mo IOS le mo Android kgotsa mo websiteng. Bareki ba ka leba dijo tsa mabentlele a ba a ratang, ba reka ba bo ba isediwa dijo kwa matlong ka nako.<ref>Staff Writer (22 August 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210123000152/https://azhizhi.com/1712/top-10-useful-mobile-apps-in-botswana/ "Top 10 useful mobile apps in Botswana".] ''Azhizhi''. Archived from [https://azhizhi.com/1712/top-10-useful-mobile-apps-in-botswana/ the original] on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2026</ref> == Ditshedimosetso tse dingwe == * [[DoorDash]] * [[Rappi]] * [[Talabat]] * [[Mascom]] * [[Randall Newman]] == Metswedi == hdhmox6wpv98o9gaw76y8lj291yce2q Thatayaone Ditlhokwe 0 14813 53728 2026-07-31T09:55:28Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Thatayaone Ditlhokwe 53728 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thatayaone Ditlhokwe''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Lwetse a le masome a mabedi le bongwe ka ngwaga wa sekete makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le borobabobedi (1998) ke motshameki wa kgwele ya dinao wa Motswana yo o tshamekang jaaka mosireletsi wa setlhopha sa Al Ittihad sa Libyan Premier League,<ref>Dithokwe, Thatayaone. "[https://au.soccerway.com/players/thatayaone-ditlhokwe/551727/ Thatayaone Dithokwe".] ''au.soccerway.com''. Retrieved 28 July 2025.</ref> le go nna motsamaisi wa setlhopha sa bosetšhaba sa Botswana. Ke motshameki wa boditšhabatšhaba wa Botswana, o tshamekile metshameko e le masome a mararo le borobongwe mme o tsentse dikgolo di le pedi fa e sale a simolola go tshameka ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo a thola bongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi (2018).<ref>"[https://globalsportsarchive.com/people/soccer/thatayaone-ditlhokwe/256676/ Thatayaone Ditlhokwe - Soccer player profile & career statistics - Global Sports Archive]". globalsportsarchive.com.</ref> == Tiro ya boditšhabatšhaba == === Mekgele ya boditšhabatšhaba === Scores and results list Botswana's goal tally first.<ref>[https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/71386.html Thatayaone Ditlhokwe]". National Football Teams. Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann. Retrieved 14 August 2019.</ref> == Metswedi == b3nkdtwh5opb8fbosdzskq3d7wobhu3 Onkabetse Makgantai 0 14814 53729 2026-07-31T10:23:48Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Onkabetse Makgantai 53729 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Onkabetse Makgantai''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e thola bongwe ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le botlhano (1995) ke motshameki wa kgwele ya dinao wa Motswana yo o tshamekelang Jwaneng Galaxy le setlhopha sa bosetšhaba sa Botswana. O ne a tswa kwa Orapa United go ya kwa AS Vita ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borataro (2016) go tshamekela setlhopha sa DRC Super Ligue. == Tiro ya boditšhabatšhaba == Makgantai o tsentse makgaolakgang a le lesome mo Botswana, mme o tsentse makgaolakgang a le lesome mo Botswana fa ba ne ba fenya Swaziland ka 2-0. Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi (2018), Makgantai o ne a gapa sekgele sa motshameki yo o tsentseng maduo a le matlhano mo metshamekong e le merataro ya setlhopha sa gagwe. <ref>[http://www.cosafa.com/south-africa-to-face-botswana-in-cosafa-cup-plate-final/ South Africa to face Botswana in COSAFA Cup Plate final"]. cosafa.com. The Council of Southern Africa Football Associations. 5 June 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2018.</ref> Ka kgwedi ya Ngwanatsele ngwaga wa dikete tse le lesome le borobabongwe (2019) e ne e le mongwe wa batshameki ba le bane ba boditšhabatšhaba ba Botswana ba ba neng ba tlogetswe mo setlhopheng sa bosetšhaba ka ntlha ya go nwa bojalwa.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50375591 "Botswana coach Adel Amrouche omits quartet caught drinking".] 11 November 2019 – via www.bbc.co.uk.</ref> == Dino tsa boditšhabatšhaba == Go tloga ka motshameko o o tshamekilweng ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e thola botlhano ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi (2018).<ref>[[Makgantai, Onkabetse"]]. National Football Teams. Retrieved 10 June 2018.</ref> == Metswedi == 4dopjd1zwxlummx6olzujdj088nbzhw Kabelo Seakanyeng 0 14815 53730 2026-07-31T10:48:53Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Kabelo Seakanyeng 53730 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kabelo Seakanyeng''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e thola masome a mabedi le botlhano ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le boraro (1993) ke motshameki wa kgwele ya dinao wa Motswana yo o tshamekang jaaka motshameki wa lefetlho la molema wa Mahgreb Fes. == Tiro ya go tshameka == Seakanyeng o ne a bidiwa motshameki yo o gaisang wa ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le boraro (2013) go ya ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le bone (2014) [[Botswana Premier League,]] fa a ne a tshamekela [[Botswana Defence Force]]. Ga jaana o tshamekela Mahgreb Fes mo Botola Pro. <ref>[http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/mobile/news-details.php?nid=10185&flag= Kabelo Seakanyeng is best]". Botswana Daily News. 28 March 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2018</ref> == Tiro ya boditšhabatšhaba == Seakanyeng o ne a nosa dinno mo Botswana mo metshamekong ya ntlha ye mebedi ya ditlhopha tsa COSAFA Cup ya 2018.<ref>[http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?aid=75982&dir=2018/june/01 Zebras injury-free ahead of Mauritius clash]". Mmegi. 1 June 2018. Retrieved 4 June 2018.</ref> == Dipalopalo tsa ditiro == === Club === Go tloga ka kgwedi ya Moranang a thola botlhano ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019).<ref>[https://int.soccerway.com/players/kabelo-seakanyeng/367269/ Kabelo Seakanyeng] at Soccerway. Retrieved 5 April 2019.</ref> == Ditlotla == === Setlhopha === * Botola Pro 2025/26 <ref>[https://www.worldfootball.net/competition/co1129/morocco-botola-pro-1/records-winners-list/ https://www.worldfootball.net/competition/co1129/morocco-botola-pro-1/records-winners-list/https://www.worldfootball.net/competition/co1129/morocco-botola-pro-1/records-winners-list/]</ref><ref>https://en.yabiladi.com/articles/details/198053/maghreb-clinch-2026-botola-title.html</ref> === Mongwe le mongwe === * Mascom Top 8 Cup Player of the Tournament: 2014<ref>[https://www.sundaystandard.info/bdf-xi-and-rollers-sweep-the-board-at-mascom-top-8-awards/ https://www.sundaystandard.info/bdf-xi-and-rollers-sweep-the-board-at-mascom-top-8-awards/https://www.sundaystandard.info/bdf-xi-and-rollers-sweep-the-board-at-mascom-top-8-awards/]</ref> * Botola Team of the Season: 2021-2022 <ref>"Instagram". www.instagram.com. Retrieved 26 September 2023.[https://www.instagram.com/p/CfzzDFCNSsp/?igshid=NzZhOTFlYzFmZQ==]</ref> == Metswedi == tigg5tjq0opuxp9fg4ywc0rqpeqkxpk Mpho Kgaswane 0 14816 53731 2026-07-31T11:13:36Z Lucrucia98 12161 #Wikipedia25BW ke ranotse tsebe ya Mpho Kgaswane 53731 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mpho Kgaswane''' (o tshotswe ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo a thola lesome le boraro ka ngwaga wa sekete,makgolo a robabongwe le masome a robabongwe le bone 1994) ke motshameki wa kgwele ya dinao wa Motswana yo o tshamekelang Cape Town Spurs F.C. == Tiro == === Club === Kgaswane o ne a tlogela Baroka ka tumelano ka kgwedi ya Sedimonthole ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabobedi (2018), mme Zira FK e ne ya mo itsise gore e tlile go baya monwana tumelano ya dikgwedi di le thataro, ka tumelano ya ngwaga o mongwe, ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e thola masome a mabedi le borataro ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019).<ref>[http://www.fczire.az//?options=news-view&id=167 ""Zirə" Kqasvane ilə müqavilə bağladı"]. ''fczire.az'' (in Azerbaijani). Zira FK. 26 January 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2019</ref>Ka kgwedi ya Seetebosigo e thola lesome ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le lesome le borobabongwe (2019), Kgaswane o ne a baya monwana tumelano ye ntsha ya dingwaga tse pedi le Zira.<ref>[http://www.fczire.az/?options=news-view&id=281 ""Zirə" 4 futbolçu ilə müqaviləni yeniləyib"]. fczire.az/ (in Azerbaijani). Zira FK. 10 June 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2019</ref> Kgaswane o tlogetse Zira ka kgwedi ya Phukwi e thola lesome le borataro ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi (2020).<ref>[https://www.facebook.com/fc.zire/photos/a.791415427661547/1919899738146438/ Zirə" PFK Riçard Qadze, Mfo Kqasvane və Bəxtiyar Həsənalızadə ilə yollarını ayırıb"]. ''www.facebook.com/fc.zire'' (in Azerbaijani). Zira FK. 16 July 2020.</ref>Ka kgwedi ya Ferikgong e thola lesome le bongwe ka ngwaga wa dikete tse pedi le masome a mabedi le bongwe (2021), Kgaswane o ne a baya monwana tumelano le Cape Town Spurs. <ref>[http://capetownspurs.co.za/2021/01/11/spurs-complete-signing-of-mpho-kgaswane/ Spurs complete signing of Mpho Kgaswane]". capetownspurs.co.za/. Cape Town Spurs F.C. 11 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021</ref> == Metswedi == 694giput4u9ohgrxisa26zyvy0y2jn3